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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Curialia Miscellanea, or Anecdotes of Old
+Times; Regal, Noble, Gentilitial, and Mis, by Samuel Pegge
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license
+
+
+Title: Curialia Miscellanea, or Anecdotes of Old Times; Regal, Noble, Gentilitial, and Miscellaneous
+       Including Authentic Anecdotes of The Royal Household
+
+Author: Samuel Pegge
+
+Release Date: December 1, 2013 [EBook #44335]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CURIALIA MISCELLANEA ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by StevenGibbs, Julia Neufeld and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_).
+
+Small capital text has been replaced with all capitals.
+
+The carat character (^) indicates that the following letter is
+superscripted (example: N^o).
+
+++ indicates a Maltese Cross symbol.
+
+*** indicates an asterism.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Illustration: titlepage]
+
+[Illustration: REV. SAMUEL PEGGE, LL.D F.S.A.
+
+_Born 1704; Died 1796._
+
+_Engraved by Philip Audinet from an Original Painting by Elias
+Needham 1788 in the Possession of Sir Christopher Pegge, M.D._
+
+_Published by Nichols, Son & Bentley, Jan. 1, 1818._]
+
+
+
+
+  Curialia Miscellanea,
+
+  OR
+
+  _ANECDOTES OF OLD TIMES_;
+
+  REGAL, NOBLE, GENTILITIAL,
+
+  AND
+
+  MISCELLANEOUS:
+
+  INCLUDING AUTHENTIC ANECDOTES OF
+
+  THE ROYAL HOUSEHOLD,
+
+  AND THE
+
+  MANNERS AND CUSTOMS OF THE COURT,
+
+  AT AN EARLY PERIOD OF THE
+
+  English History.
+
+  BY SAMUEL PEGGE, ESQ. F.S.A.
+
+  AUTHOR OF THE "CURIALIA,"
+
+  AND OF
+
+  "ANECDOTES OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE."
+
+  PRINTED BY AND FOR J. NICHOLS, SON, AND BENTLEY,
+
+  AT THE PRINTING-OFFICE OF THE NOTES OF THE HOUSE OF COMMONS,
+  25, PARLIAMENT STREET, AND 10, KING STREET, WESTMINSTER;
+
+  SOLD ALSO AT THEIR OLD OFFICE IN RED LION PASSAGE,
+  FLEET STREET, LONDON.
+  1818.
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF PLATES.
+
+
+  Portrait of the Rev. Samuel Pegge, LL.D.      _Frontispiece._
+
+  Whittington Church      p. lix.
+
+  Whittington Rectory      lxii.
+
+  Whittington Revolution House      lxiii.
+
+
+
+
+ADVERTISEMENT.
+
+
+The publication of this Volume is strictly conformable to the
+testamentary intentions of the Author, who consigned the MSS. for
+that express purpose to the present Editor[1].
+
+  [1] See the Extract in page vi.
+
+Mr. Pegge had, in his life-time, published Three Portions of
+"_Curialia_, or an Account of some Members of the Royal Houshold;"
+and had, with great industry and laborious research, collected
+materials for several other Portions, some of which were nearly
+completed for the press.
+
+Mr. Pegge was "led into the investigation," he says, "by a natural
+and kind of instinctive curiosity, and a desire of knowing what was
+the antient state of the Court to which he had the honour, by the
+favour of his Grace William the late Duke of Devonshire, to compose
+a part."
+
+Two more Portions were printed in 1806 by the present Editor. Long,
+however, and intimately acquainted as he was with the accuracy and
+diffidence of Mr. Pegge, he would have hesitated in offering those
+posthumous Essays to the Publick, if the plan had not been clearly
+defined, and the Essays sufficiently distinct to be creditable to
+the reputation which Mr. Pegge had already acquired, by the Parts of
+the "Curialia" published by himself, and by his very entertaining
+(posthumous) "Anecdotes of the English Language;"--a reputation
+which descended to him by _Hereditary Right_, and which he
+transmitted untarnished to a worthy and learned Son.
+
+It was the hope and intention of the Editor to have proceeded with
+some other Portions of the "Curialia;" but the fatal event which (in
+February 1808) overwhelmed him in accumulated distress put a stop
+to that intention. Nearly all the printed Copies of the "Curialia"
+perished in the flames; and part of the original MS. was lost.
+
+A few detached Articles, which related to the College of Arms,
+and to the Order of Knights Bachelors (which, had they been more
+perfect, would have formed one or more succeeding Portions) have
+since been deposited in the rich Library of that excellent College.
+
+The Volume now submitted to the candour of the Reader is formed from
+the wreck of the original materials. The arranging of the several
+detached articles, and the revisal of them through the press, have
+afforded the Editor some amusement; and he flatters himself that
+the Volume will meet with that indulgence which the particular
+circumstances attending it may presume to claim.--If the Work has
+any merit, it is the Author's. The defects should, in fairness, be
+attributed to the Editor.
+
+  J. N.
+
+  _Highbury Place, Dec. 1, 1817._
+
+
+*** Extract from Mr. PEGGE'S Will.
+
+     "Having the Copy-right of my little Work called _Curialia_ in
+     myself, I hereby give and bequeath all my interest therein,
+     together with all my impressions thereof which may be unsold at
+     the time of my decease, to my Friend Mr. John Nichols, Printer,
+     with the addition of as much money as will pay the Tax on this
+     Legacy. I also request of the said Mr. John Nichols, that he
+     would carefully peruse and digest all my Papers and Collections
+     on the above subject, and print them under the title of
+     _Curialia Miscellanea_, or some such description.--There is also
+     another Work of mine, not quite finished, intitled _Anecdotes of
+     the English Language_, which I wish Mr. Nichols to bring forward
+     from his Press. SAMUEL PEGGE."
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+  PARENTALIA: or, Memoirs of the Rev. Dr. Samuel
+        Pegge, compiled by his Son                Page ix-lviii
+
+
+               Appendix to the Parentalia:
+
+  Description of Whittington Church                         lix
+
+  Description of Whittington Rectory                       lxii
+
+  Description of The Revolution House at Whittington      ibid.
+
+  Origin of the Revolution in 1688                         lxiv
+
+  Celebration of the Jubilee in 1788                        lxv
+
+  Stanzas by the Rev. P. Cunningham                        lxxi
+
+  Ode for the Revolution Jubilee                         lxxiii
+
+  Extracts from Letters of Dr. Pegge to Mr. Gough         lxxiv
+
+  Memoirs of Samuel Pegge, Esq. by the Editor            lxxvii
+
+  Appendix of Epistolary Correspondence                 lxxxiii
+
+
+                   HOSPITIUM DOMINI REGIS:
+            or, The History of the Royal Household.
+
+  Introduction                                          Page  1
+
+  William I.                                                  6
+
+  William Rufus                                              18
+
+  Henry I.                                                   24
+
+  Stephen                                                    38
+
+  Henry II. (Plantagenet)                                    48
+
+  Richard I.                                                 63
+
+  Henry IV.                                                  68
+
+  Edward IV.                                                 69
+
+  Extracts from the _Liber Niger_                            71
+
+  Knights and Esquires of the Body                           73
+
+  Gentleman Usher                                            74
+
+  Great Chamberlain of England                               76
+
+  Knights of Household                                       77
+
+  Esquires of the Body                                       79
+
+  Yeomen of the Crown                                        84
+
+  A Barber for the King's most high and dread Person         86
+
+  Henxmen                                                    88
+
+  Master of Henxmen                                          89
+
+  Squires of Household                                       91
+
+  Kings of Arms, Heralds, and Pursuivants                    95
+
+  Serjeants of Arms                                          97
+
+  Minstrels                                                  99
+
+  A Wayte                                                   101
+
+  Clerk of the Crown in Chancery                            103
+
+  Supporters, Crests, and Cognizances, of the Kings of
+        England                                             104
+
+  Regal Titles                                              109
+
+  On the Virtues of the Royal Touch                         111
+
+  Ceremonies for Healing, for King's Evil                   154
+
+  Ceremonies for blessing Cramp-Rings                       164
+
+  _Stemmata Magnatum_: Origin of the Titles of some of
+        the English Nobility                                173
+
+  English Armorial Bearings                                 201
+
+  Origin and Derivation of remarkable Surnames              208
+
+  _Symbola Scotica_: Mottoes, &c. of Scottish Families      213
+
+  Dissertation on Coaches and Sedan Chairs                  269
+
+  Dissertation on the Hammer Cloth                          304
+
+  Articles of Dress.--Gloves                                305
+
+  Ermine--Gentlewomen's Apparel                             312
+
+  Apparel for the Heads of Gentlewomen                      313
+
+  Mourning                                                  314
+
+  Beard, &c.                                                316
+
+  Origin of the Name of the City of Westminster             320
+
+  Memoranda relative to the Society of the Temple in
+        London, written in 1760                             323
+
+  Dissertation on the Use of _Simnel_ Bread, and the
+        Derivation of the Word _Simnel_                     329
+
+  Historical Essay on the Origin of "Thirteen Pence
+        Half-penny," as Hangman's Wages                     331
+
+  Custom observed by the Lord Lieutenants of Ireland        349
+
+
+
+
+Parentalia:
+
+OR,
+
+MEMOIRS OF THE REV. DR. PEGGE,
+
+COMPILED BY HIS SON.
+
+
+The Rev. Samuel Pegge, LL. D. and F.S.A. was the Representative
+of one of four Branches of the Family of that name in Derbyshire,
+derived from a common Ancestor, all which existed together till
+within a few years. The eldest became extinct by the death of Mr.
+William Pegge, of Yeldersley, near Ashborne, 1768; and another by
+that of the Rev. Nathaniel Pegge, M.A. Vicar of Packington, in
+Leicestershire, 1782.
+
+The Doctor's immediate Predecessors, as may appear from the
+Heralds-office, were of Osmaston, near _Ashborne_, where they
+resided, in lineal succession, for four generations, antecedently
+to his Father and himself, and where they left a patrimonial
+inheritance, of which the Doctor died possessed[2].
+
+  [2] In Church-street, at Ashborne, is an Alms-house, originally
+  founded by Christopher Pegge, Esq. The name occurs also on the table
+  of Benefactors in Ashborne Church.
+
+Of the other existing branch, Mr. Edward Pegge having [1662] married
+Gertrude, sole daughter and heir of William Strelley, Esq. of
+Beauchief, in the Northern part of Derbyshire, seated himself there,
+and was appointed High Sheriff of the County in 1667; as was his
+Grandson, Strelley Pegge, Esq. 1739; and his Great-grandson, the
+present Peter Pegge, Esq. 1788.
+
+It was by Katharine Pegge, a daughter of Thomas Pegge, Esq. of
+Yeldersley, that King Charles II. (who saw her abroad during his
+exile) had a son born (1647), whom he called Charles _Fitz-Charles_,
+to whom he granted the Royal arms, with a baton sinister, Vairé,
+and whom (1675) his Majesty created Earl of _Plymouth_, Viscount
+_Totness_, and Baron _Dartmouth_[3]. He was bred to the Sea, and,
+having been educated abroad, most probably in Spain, was known by
+the name of _Don Carlos_[4]. The Earl married the Lady Bridget
+Osborne, third Daughter of Thomas Earl of Danby, Lord High
+Treasurer (at Wimbledon, in Surrey), 1678[5], and died of a flux
+at the siege of Tangier, 1680, without issue. The body was brought
+to England, and interred in Westminster Abbey[6]. The Countess
+re-married Dr. Philip Bisse, Bishop of Hereford, by whom she had
+no issue; and who, surviving her, erected a handsome tablet to her
+memory in his Cathedral.
+
+  [3] Docquet-book in the Crown-office.
+
+  [4] See Sandford, p. 647, edit. 1707. Granger erroneously calls him
+  _Carlo_; and also, by mistake, gives him the name of _Fitz-roy_.
+
+  [5] See Mr. Lysons's Environs of London, vol. I. p. 537.
+
+  [6] Dart's History of Westminster Abbey, vol. II. p. 55.
+
+Katharine Pegge, the Earl's mother, married Sir Edward Greene, Bart.
+of Samford in Essex, and died without issue by him[7].
+
+  [7] There is a half-length portrait of the Earl, in a robe de
+  chambre, laced cravat, and flowing hair (with a ship in the back
+  ground of the picture), by Sir Peter Lely, now in the family: and
+  also two of his Mother, Lady Greene; one a half-length, with her
+  infant Son standing by her side; the other, a three-quarters; both
+  either by Sir Peter Lely, or by one of his pupils.
+
+But to return to the Rev. Dr. Pegge, the outline _only_ of whose
+life we propose to give. His Father (Christopher) was, as we have
+observed, of Osmaston, though he never resided there, even after
+he became possessed of it; for, being a younger Brother, it was
+thought proper to put him to business; and he served his time with
+a considerable woollen-draper at Derby, which line he followed
+till the death of his elder Brother (Humphry, who died without
+issue 1711) at Chesterfield in Derbyshire, when he commenced
+lead-merchant, then a lucrative branch of traffick there; and,
+having been for several years a Member of the Corporation, died in
+his third Mayoralty, 1723.
+
+He had married Gertrude Stephenson (a daughter of Francis
+Stephenson, of Unston, near Chesterfield, Gent.) whose Mother was
+Gertrude Pegge, a Daughter of the before-mentioned Edward Pegge,
+Esq. of Beauchief; by which marriage these two Branches of the
+Family, which had long been diverging from each ether, became
+reunited, both by blood and name, in the person of Dr. Pegge, their
+only surviving child.
+
+He was born Nov. 5, 1704, N.S. at Chesterfield, where he had his
+school education; and was admitted a Pensioner of St. John's
+College, Cambridge, May 30, 1722, under the tuition of the Rev. Dr.
+William Edmundson; was matriculated July 7; and, in the following
+November, was elected a Scholar of the House, upon Lupton's
+Foundation.
+
+In the same year with his Father (1723) died the Heir of his
+Maternal Grandfather (Stephenson), a minor; by whose death a moiety
+of the real estate at Unston (before-mentioned) became the property
+of our young Collegian, who was then pursuing his academical
+studies with intention of taking orders.
+
+Having, however, no immediate prospect of preferment, he looked
+up to a Fellowship of the College, after he had taken the degree
+of A.B. in January 1725, N.S.; and became a candidate upon a
+vacancy which happened favourably in that very year; for it was a
+Lay-fellowship upon the Beresford Foundation, and appropriated to
+the Founder's kin, or at least confined to a Native of Derbyshire.
+
+The competitors were, Mr. Michael Burton (afterwards Dr. Burton),
+and another, whose name we do not find; but the contest lay between
+Mr. Burton and Mr. Pegge. Mr. Burton had the stronger claim,
+being indubitably related to the Founder; but, upon examination,
+was declared to be so very deficient in Literature, that his
+superior right, as Founder's kin, was set aside, on account of the
+insufficiency of his learning; and Mr. Pegge was admitted, and sworn
+Fellow March 21, 1726, O. S.
+
+In consequence of this disappointment, Mr. Burton was obliged
+to take new ground, to enable him to procure an establishment
+in the world; and therefore artfully applied to the College for
+a testimonial, that he might receive orders, and undertake some
+cure in the vicinity of Cambridge. Being ordained, he turned the
+circumstance into a manœuvre, and took an unexpected advantage
+of it, by appealing to the Visitor [the Bishop of Ely, Dr. Thomas
+Greene], representing, that, as the College had, by the testimonial,
+thought him qualified for Ordination, it could not, in justice, deem
+him unworthy of becoming a Fellow of the Society, upon such forcible
+claims as Founder's kin, and also as a Native of Derbyshire.
+
+These were irresistible pleas on the part of Mr. Burton; and the
+Visitor found himself reluctantly obliged to eject Mr. Pegge; when
+Mr. Burton took possession of the Fellowship, which he held many
+years[8].
+
+  [8] Dr. Burton was President (_i. e._ Vice-master of the College)
+  when Mr. Pegge's Son was admitted of it, 1751; but soon afterwards
+  took the Rectory of Staplehurst in Kent, which he held till his
+  death in 1759.
+
+Thus this business closed; but the Visitor did Mr. Pegge the favour
+to recommend him, in so particular a manner, to the Master and
+Seniors of the College, that he was thenceforward considered as an
+honorary member of the body of Fellows (_tanquam Socius_), kept his
+seat at their table and in the chapel, being placed in the situation
+of a Fellow-commoner.
+
+In consequence, then, of this testimony of the Bishop of Ely's
+approbation, Mr. Pegge was chosen a Platt-fellow on the first
+vacancy, A. D. 1729[9]. He was therefore, in fact, _twice_ a Fellow
+of St. John's.
+
+  [9] The _Platt-fellowships_ at St. John's are similar to what are
+  called _Bye-fellowships_ in some other Colleges at Cambridge, and
+  are not on the Foundation. The original number was _six_, with a
+  stipend of 20_l., per annum_ each, besides rooms, and commons at
+  the Fellows' table. They were founded by William Platt, Esq. (Son
+  of Sir Hugh Platt, Knt.) an opulent citizen of London, out of an
+  estate then of the annual value of 140_l._ Being a rent-charge,
+  the Fellowships cannot be enlarged in point of revenue, though the
+  number has been increased to _eight_, by savings from the surplus.
+  There is a good portrait of Mr. Platt in the Master's Lodge at St.
+  John's, with the date of 1626, æt. 47. He died in 1637. More of him
+  may be seen in Mr. Lysons's Environs of London, vol. III. pp. 59,
+  66, 70, 71, 110, 376.
+
+There is good reason to believe that, in the interval between his
+removal from his first Fellowship, and his acceding to the second,
+he meditated the publication of Xenophon's "_Cyropædia_" and
+"_Anabasis_," from a collation of them with a Duport MS. in the
+Library at Eton--to convince the world that the Master and Seniors
+of St. John's College did not judge unworthily in giving him so
+decided a preference to Mr. Burton in their election.
+
+It appears that he had made very large collections for such a
+work; but we suspect that it was thrown aside on being anticipated
+by Mr. Hutchinson's Edition, which was formed from more valuable
+manuscripts.
+
+He possessed a MS "Lexicon Xenophonticum" by himself, as well
+as a Greek Lexicon in MS.; and had also "An English Historical
+Dictionary," in 6 volumes folio; a French and Italian, a Latin, a
+British and Saxon one, in one volume each; all corrected by his
+notes; a "Glossarium Generale;" and two volumes of "Collections in
+English History."
+
+During his residence in Kent, Mr. Pegge formed a "Monasticon
+Cantianum," in two folio MS volumes; a MS Dictionary for Kent;
+an Alphabetical List of Kentish Authors and Worthies; Kentish
+Collections; Places in Kent; and many large MS additions to the
+account of that county in the "Magna Britannia."
+
+He also collected a good deal relative to the College at Wye, and
+its neighbourhood, which he thought of publishing, and engraved the
+seal, before engraved in Lewis's Seals. He had "Extracts from the
+Rental of the Royal Manor of Wye, made about 1430, in the hands of
+Daniel Earl of Winchelsea;" and "Copy of a Survey and Rental of the
+College, in the possession of Sir Windham Knatchbull, 1739."
+
+While resident in College (and in the year 1730) Mr. Pegge was
+elected a Member of the Zodiac Club, a literary Society, which
+consisted of twelve members, denominated from the Twelve Signs.
+This little institution was founded, and articles, in the nature
+of statutes, were agreed upon Dec. 10, 1725. Afterwards (1728)
+this Society thought proper to enlarge their body, when six select
+additional members were chosen, and denominated from six of the
+Planets, though it still went collectively under the name of the
+_Zodiac Club_[10]. In this latter class Mr. Pegge was the original
+_Mars_, and continued a member of the Club as long as he resided
+in the University. His secession was in April 1732, and his seat
+accordingly declared vacant.
+
+  [10] Of this little academical literary Society the late Samuel
+  Pegge, Esq. possessed a particular History in MS. EDIT.
+
+In the same year, 1730, Mr. Pegge appears in a more public literary
+body;--among the Members of the Gentlemen's Society at Spalding,
+in Lincolnshire, to which he contributed some papers which will be
+noticed below[11].
+
+  [11] In 1733, his Life of Archbishop Kempe was in forwardness for
+  press, and he solicited assistance for it from MSS.
+
+  In 1734, he sent them a critical letter on the name and town of Wye.
+
+  In 1739, an Account of a Religious House in Canterbury, not noticed
+  before, his conjectures on which were approved by Mr. Thorpe.
+
+  An Account of the Endowment of the Vicarage of Westfield in Sussex,
+  by Richard second Bishop of Chichester, 1249, in the hands of Sir
+  Peter Webster, Bart.
+
+  Account of the Amphitheatre in the Garden of the Nuns of Fidelite at
+  Angers: the arena 150 feet diameter, outer wall 20 feet thick, the
+  caveæ 14 feet long and wide, with layers of Roman brick and stone 3
+  or 4 feet asunder.
+
+Having taken the degree of A. M. in July 1729, Mr. Pegge was
+ordained Deacon in December in the same year; and, in the February
+following, received Priest's orders; both of which were conferred by
+Dr. William Baker, Bishop of Norwich.
+
+It was natural that he should now look to employment in his
+profession; and, agreeably to his wishes, he was soon retained
+as Curate to the Rev. Dr. John Lynch (afterwards [1733] Dean of
+Canterbury), at Sundrich in Kent, on which charge he entered
+at Lady-day 1730; and in his Principal, as will appear, soon
+afterwards, very unexpectedly, found a Patron.
+
+The Doctor gave Mr. Pegge the choice of three Cures under
+him--of Sundrich, of a London Living, or the Chaplainship of St.
+Cross, of which the Doctor was then Master. Mr. Pegge preferred
+Sundrich, which he held till Dr. Lynch exchanged, that Rectory for
+Bishopsbourne, and then removed thither at Midsummer 1731.
+
+Within a few months after this period, Dr. Lynch, who had married a
+daughter of Archbishop Wake, obtained for Mr. Pegge, unsolicited,
+the Vicarage of Godmersham (cum Challock), into which he was
+inducted Dec. 6, 1731.
+
+We have said _unsolicited_, because, at the moment when the Living
+was conferred, Mr. Pegge had more reason to expect a _reproof_
+from his Principal, than a _reward_ for so short a service of these
+Cures. The case was, that Mr. Pegge had, in the course of the
+preceding summer (unknown to Dr. Lynch) taken a little tour, for a
+few months, to Leyden, with a Fellow Collegian (John Stubbing, M.
+B. then a medical pupil under Boerhaave), leaving his Curacy to the
+charge of some of the neighbouring Clergy. On his return, therefore,
+he was not a little surprized to obtain actual preferment through
+Dr. Lynch, without the most distant engagement on the score of the
+Doctor's interest with the Archbishop, or the smallest suggestion
+from Mr. Pegge.
+
+Being now in possession of a Living, and independent property, Mr.
+Pegge married (April 13, 1732) Miss Anne Clarke, the only daughter
+of Benjamin, and sister of John Clarke, Esqrs. of Stanley, near
+Wakefield, in the county of York, by whom he had one Son [Samuel, of
+whom hereafter], who, after his Mother's death, became eventually
+heir to his Uncle; and one Daughter, Anna-Katharina, wife of
+the Rev. John Bourne, M.A. of Spital, near Chesterfield, Rector
+of Sutton cum Duckmanton, and Vicar of South Winfield, both in
+Derbyshire; by whom she had two daughters, Elizabeth, who married
+Robert Jennings, Esq. and Jane, who married Benjamin Thompson, Esq.
+
+While Mr. Pegge was resident in Kent, where he continued twenty
+years, he made himself acceptable to every body, by his general
+knowledge, his agreeable conversation, and his vivacity; for he was
+received into the familiar acquaintance of the best Gentlemen's
+Families in East Kent, several of whom he preserved in his
+correspondence after he quitted the county, till the whole of those
+of his own standing gave way to fate before him.
+
+Having an early propensity to the study of Antiquity among his
+general researches, and being allowedly an excellent Classical
+Scholar, he here laid the foundation of what in time became a
+considerable collection of books, and his little cabinet of Coins
+grew in proportion; by which two assemblages (so scarce among
+Country Gentlemen in general) he was qualified to pursue those
+collateral studies, without neglecting his parochial duties, to
+which he was always assiduously attentive.
+
+The few pieces which Mr. Pegge printed while he lived in Kent
+will be mentioned hereafter, when we shall enumerate such of his
+Writings as are most material. These (exclusively of Mr. _Urban_'s
+obligations to him in the Gentleman's Magazine) have appeared
+principally, and most conspicuously, in the _Archæologia_, which may
+be termed the Transactions of the Society of Antiquaries. In that
+valuable collection will be found more than fifty memoirs, written
+and communicated by him, many of which are of considerable length,
+being by much the greatest number hitherto contributed by any
+individual member of that respectable Society.
+
+In returning to the order of time, we find that, in July 1746, Mr.
+Pegge had the great misfortune to lose his Wife; whose monumental
+inscription, at Godmersham, bears ample testimony of her worth:
+
+  "MDCCXLVI.
+   Anna Clarke, uxor Samuelis Pegge
+   Vicarii hujus parochiæ;
+   Mulier, si qua alia, sine dolo,
+   Vitam æternam et beatam fidenter hic sperat;
+   nec erit frustra."
+
+This event entirely changed Mr. Pegge's destinations; for he now
+zealously meditated on some mode of removing himself, without
+disadvantage, into his Native County. To effect this, one of two
+points was to be carried; either to obtain some piece of preferment,
+tenable in its nature with his Kentish Vicarage; or to exchange the
+latter for an equivalent; in which last he eventually succeeded
+beyond his immediate expectations.
+
+We are now come to a new epoch in the Doctor's life; but there is
+an interval of a few years to be accounted for, before he found an
+opportunity of effectually removing himself into Derbyshire.
+
+His Wife being dead, his Children young and at school, and himself
+reduced to a life of solitude, so ungenial to his temper (though no
+man was better qualified to improve his leisure); he found relief by
+the kind offer of his valuable Friend, Sir Edward Dering, Bart.
+
+At this moment Sir Edward chose to place his Son[12] under the care
+of a private Tutor at home, to qualify him more competently for the
+University. Sir Edward's personal knowledge of Mr. Pegge, added to
+the Family situation of the latter, mutually induced the former
+to offer, and the latter to accept, the proposal of removing from
+Godmersham to Surrenden (Sir Edward's mansion-house) to superintend
+Mr. Dering's education for a short time; in which capacity he
+continued about a year and a half, till Mr. Dering was admitted of
+St. John's College, Cambridge, in March 1751.
+
+  [12] Afterwards Sir Edward Dering, the sixth Baronet of that Family,
+  who died Dec. 8, 1798.
+
+Sir Edward had no opportunity, by any patronage of his own,
+permanently to gratify Mr. Pegge, and to preserve him in the circle
+of their common Friends. On the other hand, finding Mr. Pegge's
+propensity to a removal so very strong, Sir Edward reluctantly
+pursued every possible measure to effect it.
+
+The first vacant living in Derbyshire which offered itself was the
+Perpetual Curacy of _Brampton_, near Chesterfield; a situation
+peculiarly eligible in many respects. It became vacant in 1747; and,
+if it could have been obtained, would have placed Mr. Pegge in the
+centre of his early acquaintance in that County; and, being tenable
+with his Kentish living, would not have totally estranged him from
+his Friends in the South of England. The patronage of Brampton is in
+the Dean of Lincoln, which Dignity was then filled by the Rev. Dr.
+Thomas Cheyney; to whom, Mr. Pegge being a stranger, the application
+was necessarily to be made in a circuitous manner, and he was
+obliged to employ more than a double mediation before his name could
+be mentioned to the Dean.
+
+The mode he proposed was through the influence of William the
+third Duke of Devonshire; to whom Mr. Pegge was personally known
+as a Derbyshire man (though he had so long resided in Kent),
+having always paid his respects to his Grace on the public days
+at Chatsworth, as often as opportunity served, when on a visit in
+Derbyshire. Mr. Pegge did not, however, think himself sufficiently
+in the Duke's favour to make a direct address for his Grace's
+recommendation to the Dean of Lincoln, though the object so fully
+met his wishes in moderation, and in every other point. He had,
+therefore, recourse to a friend, the Right Rev. Dr. Fletcher, Bishop
+of Dromore, then in England; who, in conjunction with Godfrey
+Watkinson, of Brampton Moor, Esq. (the principal resident Gentleman
+in the parish of Brampton) solicited, and obtained, his Grace's
+interest with the Dean of Lincoln: who, in consequence, nominated
+Mr. Pegge to the living.
+
+One point now seemed to be gained towards his re-transplantation
+into his native soil, after he had resisted considerable offers
+had he continued in Kent; and thus did he think himself virtually
+in possession of a living in Derbyshire, which in its nature was
+tenable with Godmersham in Kent. Henceforward, then, he no doubt
+felt a satisfaction that he should soon be enabled to live in
+Derbyshire, and occasionally visit his friends in Kent, instead of
+residing in that county, and visiting his friends in Derbyshire.
+
+But, after all this assiduity and anxiety (as if _admission_ and
+_ejection_ had pursued him a second
+
+time), the result of Mr. Pegge's expectations was far from answering
+his then present wishes; for, when he thought himself secure by the
+Dean's nomination, and that nothing was wanting but the Bishop's
+licence, the Dean's _right of Patronage_ was controverted by the
+Parishioners of Brampton, who brought forward a Nominee of their own.
+
+The ground of this claim, on the part of the Parish, was owing
+to an ill-judged indulgence of some former Deans of Lincoln, who
+had occasionally permitted the Parishioners to send an Incumbent
+directly to the _Bishop_ for his licence, without the intermediate
+nomination of the _Dean_ in due form.
+
+These measures were principally fomented by the son of the last
+Incumbent, the Rev. Seth Ellis, a man of a reprobate character,
+and a disgrace to his profession, who wanted the living, and was
+patronised by the Parish. He had a desperate game to play; for
+he had not the least chance of obtaining any preferment, as no
+individual Patron, who was even superficially acquainted with his
+_moral_ character alone, could with decency advance him in the
+church. To complete the detail of the fate of this man, whose
+interest the deluded part of the mal-contents of the parish so
+warmly espoused, he was soon after suspended by the Bishop from
+officiating at Brampton[13].
+
+  [13] The Bishop's Inhibition took place soon after the decision of
+  the cause at Derby, and was not revoked till late in the year 1758,
+  which was principally effected by Mr. Pegge's intercession with
+  his Lordship, stating Mr. Ellis's distressed circumstances, and
+  his having made a proper submission, with a promise of future good
+  behaviour. This revocation is contained in a letter addressed to Mr.
+  Pegge, under the Bishop's own hand, dated Oct. 30, 1758.
+
+Whatever inducements the Parish might have to support Mr. Ellis so
+strenuously we do not say, though they manifestly did not arise from
+any pique to one Dean more than to another; and we are decidedly
+clear that they were not founded in any aversion to Mr. Pegge
+as an individual; for his character was in all points too well
+established, and too well known (even to the leading opponents to
+the Dean), to admit of the least personal dislike in any respect. So
+great, nevertheless, was the acrimony with which the Parishioners
+pursued their visionary pretensions to the Patronage, that, not
+content with the decision of the Jury (which was highly respectable)
+in favour of the Dean, when the right of Patronage was tried in
+1748; they had the audacity to carry the cause to an Assize at
+Derby, where, on the fullest and most incontestable evidence, a
+verdict was given in favour of the Dean, to the confusion and
+indelible disgrace of those Parishioners who espoused so bad a
+cause, supported by the most undaunted effrontery.
+
+The evidence produced by the Parish went to prove, from an entry
+made nearly half a century before in the accompts kept by the
+Churchwardens, that the _Parishioners_, and not the _Deans of
+Lincoln_, had hitherto, on a vacancy, nominated a successor to the
+Bishop of the Diocese for his licence, without the intervention of
+any other person or party. The Parish accompts were accordingly
+brought into court at Derby, wherein there appeared not only a
+palpable erasement, but such an one as was detected by a living and
+credible witness; for, a Mr. _Mower_ swore that, on a vacancy in the
+year 1704, an application was made by the Parish to the _Dean of
+Lincoln_ in favour of the Rev. Mr. Littlewood[14].
+
+  [14] We believe this witness to have been _George Mower_, Esq. of
+  Wood-seats, in this county, who served the office of Sheriff in 1734.
+
+In corroboration of Mr. Mower's testimony, an article in the Parish
+accompts and expenditures of that year was adverted to, and which,
+when Mr. Mower saw it, ran thus:
+
+"Paid William Wilcoxon, for going _to Lincoln to the Dean_
+concerning Mr. Littlewood, five shillings."
+
+The Parishioners had before alleged, in proof of their title, that
+they had _elected_ Mr. Littlewood; and, to uphold this asseveration,
+had clumsily altered the parish accompt-book, and inserted the
+words "to _Lichfield_ to the BISHOP," in the place of the words "to
+_Lincoln_ to the DEAN."
+
+Thus their own evidence was turned against the Parishioners; and not
+a moment's doubt remained but that the patronage rested with the
+DEAN _of Lincoln_.
+
+We have related this affair without a strict adherence to
+chronological order as to facts, or to collateral circumstances,
+for the sake of preserving the narrative entire, as far as it
+regards the contest between the _Dean of Lincoln_ and the _Parish of
+Brampton_; for we believe that this transaction (uninteresting as it
+may be to the publick in general) is one of very few instances on
+record which has an exact parallel.
+
+The intermediate points of the contest, in which Mr. Pegge was more
+peculiarly concerned, and which did not prominently appear to the
+world, were interruptions and unpleasant impediments which arose in
+the course of this tedious process.
+
+He had been nominated to the Perpetual Curacy of Brampton by Dr.
+_Cheyney_, Dean of Lincoln; was at the sole expence of the suit
+respecting the right of Patronage, whereby the verdict was given in
+favour of the Dean; and he was actually licensed by the Bishop of
+Lichfield. In consequence of this decision and the Bishop's licence,
+Mr. Pegge, not suspecting that the contest could go any farther,
+attended to qualify at Brampton, on Sunday, August 28, 1748, in
+the usual manner; but was repelled _by violence_ from entering the
+Church.
+
+In this state matters rested regarding the Patronage of Brampton,
+when Dr. Cheyney was unexpectedly transferred from the Deanry of
+_Lincoln_ to the Deanry of _Winchester_, which (we may observe by
+the way) he solicited on motives similar to those which actuated
+Mr. Pegge at the very moment; for Dr. Cheyney, being a Native of
+Winchester, procured an exchange of his Deanry of Lincoln with the
+Rev. Dr. William George, Provost of Queen's college, Cambridge, for
+whom the Deanry of Winchester was intended by the Minister on the
+part of the Crown.
+
+Thus Mr. Pegge's interests and applications were to begin _de novo_
+with the Patron of Brampton; for, his nomination by Dr. Cheyney,
+in the then state of things, was of no validity. He fell, however,
+into liberal hands; for his activity in the proceedings which had
+hitherto taken place respecting the living in question had rendered
+fresh advocates unnecessary, as it had secured the unasked favour
+of Dr. George, who not long afterwards voluntarily gave him the
+Rectory of _Whittington_, near Chesterfield, in Derbyshire; into
+which he was inducted Nov. 11, 1751, and where he resided for
+upwards of 44 years without interruption[15].
+
+  [15] Dr. George's letter to Mr. Pegge on the occasion has been
+  preserved, and is conceived in the most manly and generous terms.
+  On account of the distance, Mr. Pegge then residing in Kent, the
+  Dean was so obliging as to concert matters with Bishop (Frederick)
+  Cornwallis, who then sat at Lichfield, that the living might _lapse_
+  without injury to Mr. Pegge, who therefore took it, in fact, from
+  his Lordship by _collation_.
+
+Though Mr. Pegge had relinquished all farther pretensions to
+the living of _Brampton_ before the cause came to a decision at
+Derby, yet he gave every possible assistance at the trial, by the
+communication of various documents, as well as by his personal
+evidence at the Assize, to support the claim of the new Nominee, the
+Rev. John Bowman, in whose favour the verdict was given, and who
+afterwards enjoyed the benefice.
+
+Here then we take leave of this troublesome affair, so nefarious
+and unwarrantable on the part of the Parishioners of _Brampton_;
+and from which PATRONS of every description may draw their own
+inferences.
+
+Mr. Pegge's ecclesiastical prospect in Derbyshire began soon to
+brighten; and he ere long obtained the more eligible living of
+_Whittington_. Add to this that, in the course of the dispute
+concerning the Patronage of Brampton, he became known to the
+Hon. and Right Rev. Frederick (Cornwallis) Bishop of Lichfield
+and Coventry; who ever afterwards favoured him not only with his
+personal regard, but with his patronage, which extended even beyond
+the grave, as will be mentioned hereafter in the order of time.
+
+We must now revert to Mr. Pegge's old Friend Sir Edward Dering,
+who, at the moment when Mr. Pegge decidedly took the living of
+_Whittington_, in Derbyshire, began to negotiate with his Grace
+of Canterbury (Dr. Herring), the Patron of _Godmersham_, for an
+exchange of that living for something tenable with Whittington.
+
+The Archbishop's answer to this application was highly honourable to
+Mr. Pegge: "Why," said his Grace, "will Mr. Pegge leave my Diocese?
+If he will continue in Kent, I promise you, Sir Edward, that I will
+give him preferment to his satisfaction[16]."
+
+  [16] Mr. Pegge became known, at least by name, to Dr. Herring, when
+  Archbishop of York, by an occasional Sermon (which will be adverted
+  to among Mr. Pegge's writings), on the publication whereof his
+  Grace sent him a letter in handsome terms. When the Archbishop was
+  translated to Canterbury, Mr. Pegge was, most probably, personally
+  known to him as the Diocesan.
+
+No allurements, however, could prevail; and Mr. Pegge, at all
+events, accepted the Rectory of _Whittington_, leaving every other
+pursuit of the kind to contingent circumstances. An exchange was,
+nevertheless, very soon afterwards effected, by the interest of Sir
+Edward with the _Duke of Devonshire_, who consented that Mr. Pegge
+should take his Grace's Rectory of _Brinhill_[17] in Lancashire,
+then luckily void, the Archbishop at the same time engaging
+to present the _Duke's_ Clerk to _Godmersham_. Mr. Pegge was
+accordingly inducted into the Rectory of _Brindle_, Nov. 23, 1751,
+in less than a fortnight after his induction at _Whittington_[18].
+
+  [17] More usually called _Brindle_.
+
+  [18] The person who actually succeeded to the Vicarage of Godmersham
+  was the Rev. _Aden Ley_, who died there in 1766.
+
+In addition to this favour from the Family of _Cavendish_, Sir
+Edward Dering obtained for Mr. Pegge, almost at the same moment,
+a _scarf_ from the _Marquis of Hartington_ (afterwards the fourth
+Duke of Devonshire), then called up to the House of Peers, in
+June 1751, by the title of Baron _Cavendish_ of _Hardwick_. Mr.
+Pegge's appointment is dated Nov. 18, 1751; and thus, after all his
+solicitude, he found himself possessed of two livings and a dignity,
+honourably and indulgently conferred, as well as most desirably
+connected, in the same year and in the same month; though this
+latter circumstance may be attributed to the voluntary lapse of
+Whittington[19]. After Mr. Pegge had held the Rectory of _Brinhill_
+for a few years, an opportunity offered, by another obliging
+acquiescence of the Duke _of Devonshire_, to exchange it for the
+living of _Heath_ (alias _Lown_), in his _Grace's_ Patronage,
+which lies within seven miles of Whittington: a very commodious
+measure, as it brought Mr. Pegge's parochial preferments within a
+smaller distance of each other. He was accordingly inducted into the
+Vicarage of _Heath_, Oct. 22, 1758, which he held till his death.
+
+  [19] Soon after the fourth Duke of Devonshire came of age, 1769,
+  finding that he had many friends of his own to oblige, it was
+  suggested to the Senior Chaplains that a resignation would be deemed
+  a compliment by his Grace. Mr. Pegge, therefore (among some others),
+  relinquished his Chaplainship, though he continued to wear the
+  _scarf_.
+
+This was the last favour of the kind which Mr. Pegge _individually_
+received from the DUKES OF DEVONSHIRE; but the Compiler of this
+little Memoir regarding his late Father, flatters himself that it
+can give no offence to that Noble Family if he takes the opportunity
+of testifying a sense of his own _personal_ obligations to William
+the fourth DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE, when his Grace was _Lord Chamberlain_
+of his MAJESTY'S _Household_.
+
+As to Mr. Pegge's other preferments, they shall only be briefly
+mentioned in chronological order; but with due regard to his
+obligations. In the year 1765 he was presented to the Perpetual
+Curacy of _Wingerworth_, about six miles from. Whittington, by the
+Honourable and Reverend James _Yorke_, then _Dean of Lincoln_,
+afterwards _Bishop of Ely_, to whom he was but little known but by
+name and character. This appendage was rendered the more acceptable
+to Mr. Pegge, because the seat of his very respectable Friend Sir
+Henry Hunloke, Bart. is in the parish, from whom, and all the
+Family, Mr. Pegge ever received great civilities.
+
+We have already observed, that Mr. Pegge became known, insensibly
+as it were, to the Honourable and Right Reverend Frederick
+(_Cornwallis_), Bishop of Lichfield, during the contest respecting
+the living of _Brampton_; from whom he afterwards received more
+than one favour, and by whom another greater instance of regard was
+intended, as will be mentioned hereafter.
+
+Mr. Pegge was first collated by his Lordship to the Prebend of
+_Bobenhull_, in the Church of _Lichfield_, in 1757; and was
+afterwards voluntarily advanced by him to that of _Whittington_ in
+1763, which he possessed at his death[20].
+
+  [20] It is rather a singular coincidence, that Mr. Pegge should have
+  been at the same time _Rector_ of _Whittington_ in _Derbyshire_
+  and _Prebendary_ of _Whittington_ in _Staffordshire_, both in one
+  Diocese, under different patronages, and totally independent of each
+  other. These two _Whittingtons_ are likewise nearly equidistant from
+  places of the name of _Chesterfield_.
+
+In addition to the Stall at Lichfield, Mr. Pegge enjoyed the Prebend
+of _Louth_, in the Cathedral of _Lincoln_, to which he had been
+collated (in 1772) by his old acquaintance, and Fellow-collegian,
+the late Right Reverend John _Green_, Bishop of that See[21].
+
+  [21] The Prebend of _Louth_ carries with it the _Patronage_ of the
+  Vicarage of the _Parish_ of _Louth_, to which Mr. Pegge presented
+  more than once. On the first vacancy, having no Clerk of his own,
+  he offered the nomination to his Benefactor Bishop _Green_; at the
+  last, he gave the living, uninfluenced, to the present Incumbent,
+  the Rev. _Wolley Jolland_, son of the Recorder of Louth.
+
+This seems to be the proper place to subjoin, that, towards the
+close of his life, Mr. Pegge declined a situation for which, in more
+early days, he had the greatest predilection, and had taken every
+active and modest measure to obtain--a _Residentiaryship_ in the
+Church of _Lichfield_.
+
+Mr. Pegge's wishes tended to this point on laudable, and almost
+natural motives, as soon as his interest with the Bishop began to
+gain strength; for it would have been a very pleasant interchange,
+at that period of life, to have passed a portion of the year at
+_Lichfield_. This expectation, however, could not be brought forward
+till he was too far advanced in age to endure with tolerable
+convenience a removal from time to time; and therefore, when the
+offer was realized, he declined the acceptance.
+
+The case was literally this: While Mr. Pegge's elevation in the
+Church of _Lichfield_ rested solely upon Bishop (_Frederick_)
+Cornwallis, it was secure, had a vacancy happened: but his
+Patron was translated to _Canterbury_ in 1768, and Mr. Pegge had
+henceforward little more than personal knowledge of any of his
+Grace's Successors at _Lichfield_, till the Hon. and Right Reverend
+_James_ Cornwallis (the Archbishop's Nephew) was consecrated Bishop
+of that See in 1781.
+
+On this occasion, to restore the balance in favour of Mr. Pegge,
+the Archbishop had the kindness to make an _Option_ of the
+_Residentiaryship_ at _Lichfield_, then possessed by the Rev. Thomas
+_Seward_. It was, nevertheless, several years before even the tender
+of this preferment could take place; as his _Grace_ of _Canterbury_
+died in 1783, while Mr. _Seward_ was living.
+
+_Options_ being personal property, Mr. Pegge's interest, on the
+demise of the _Archbishop_, fell into the hands of the Hon. Mrs.
+_Cornwallis_, his Relict and Executrix, who fulfilled his _Grace's_
+original intention in the most friendly manner, on the death of Mr.
+_Seward_, in 1790[22].
+
+  [22] It was said at the time, as we recollect, that this piece of
+  preferment was so peculiar in its tenure, as not to be strictly
+  _optionable_; for, had the _See_ of _Lichfield_ been possessed by a
+  Bishop inimical to the Archbishop or to Mr. Pegge at the time of the
+  vacancy of the Stall, such Bishop might have defeated his _Grace's_
+  intentions. The qualifications of the Residentiaries in this
+  Cathedral we understand to be singular, dependent on the possession
+  of certain _Prebendal Houses_, which are in the absolute disposal of
+  the Bishop, as a _sine quâ non_, to constitute the eligibility which
+  is vested in the _Dean_ and _Chapter_. As matters stood, in this
+  case, at the death of Mr. _Seward_, the present Bishop of Lichfield
+  (_Dr. James Cornwallis_), Mr. Pegge's warm Friend, co-operating with
+  the Dowager Mrs. _Cornwallis_, removed every obstruction.
+
+The little occasional transactions which primarily brought Mr.
+Pegge within the notice of Bishop (_Frederick_) Cornwallis at
+Eccleshall-castle led his Lordship to indulge him with a greater
+share of personal esteem than has often fallen to the lot of a
+private Clergyman so remotely placed from his Diocesan. Mr. Pegge
+had attended his Lordship two or three times on affairs of business,
+as one of the Parochial Clergy, after which the Bishop did him the
+honour to invite him to make an annual visit at Eccleshall-castle
+as an _Acquaintance_. The compliance with this overture was not
+only very flattering, but highly gratifying, to Mr. Pegge, who
+consequently waited upon his Lordship for a fortnight in the
+Autumn, during several years, till the Bishop was translated to the
+Metropolitical See of _Canterbury_ in 1768. After this, however,
+his Grace did not forget his humble friend, the _Rector of_
+_Whittington_, as will be seen; and sometimes corresponded with him
+on indifferent matters.
+
+About the same time that Mr. Pegge paid these visits at
+Eccleshall-castle, he adopted an expedient to change the scene,
+likewise, by a journey to London (between Easter and Whitsuntide);
+where, for a few years, he was entertained by his old Friend and
+Fellow-collegian the Rev. Dr. _John Taylor_, F. S. A. Chancellor of
+Lincoln, &c. (the learned Editor of Demosthenes and Lysias), then
+one of the Residentiaries of St. Paul's.
+
+After Dr. Taylor's death (1766), the Bishop of Lincoln, Dr. _John
+Green_, another old College-acquaintance, became Mr. Pegge's
+London-host for a few years, till _Archbishop Cornwallis_ began
+to reside at Lambeth. This event superseded the visits to Bishop
+_Green_, as Mr. Pegge soon afterwards received a very friendly
+invitation from his _Grace_; to whom, from that time, he annually
+paid his respects at _Lambeth-palace_, for a month in the Spring,
+till the _Archbishop's_ decease, which took place about Easter 1783.
+
+All these were delectable visits to a man of Mr. Pegge's turn of
+mind, whose conversation was adapted to every company, and who
+enjoyed _the world_ with greater relish from not living in it every
+day. The society with which he intermixed, in such excursions,
+changed his ideas, and relieved him from the _tædium_ of a life of
+much reading and retirement; as, in the course of these journeys, he
+often had opportunities of meeting old _Friends_, and of making new
+_literary acquaintance_.
+
+On some of these occasions he passed for a week into _Kent_, among
+such of his old Associates as were then living, till the death of
+his much-honoured Friend, and former Parishioner, the elder _Thomas
+Knight_, Esq. of Godmersham, in 1781[23]. We ought on no account to
+omit the mention of some _extra-visits_ which Mr. Pegge occasionally
+made to Bishop _Green_, at _Buckden_, to which we are indebted for
+the Life of that excellent Prelate _Robert Grosseteste_, Bishop of
+_Lincoln_;--a work upon which we shall only observe here, that it
+is Dr. Pegge's _chef-d'œuvre_, and merits from the world much
+obligation. To these interviews with Bishop _Green_, we may also
+attribute those ample Collections, which Dr. Pegge left among his
+MSS. towards a History of the _Bishops_ of _Lincoln_, and of that
+_Cathedral_ in general, &c. &c.
+
+  [23] The very just character of Mr. _Knight_ given in the
+  Gentleman's Magazine, vol. LI. p. 147, was drawn by Mr. _Pegge_, who
+  had been intimate with him very nearly half a century.
+
+With the decease of Archbishop Cornwallis (1783), Mr. Pegge's
+excursions to London terminated. His old familiar Friends, and
+principal acquaintance there, were gathered to their fathers; and
+he felt that the lot of a long life had fallen upon him, having
+survived not only the _first_, but the _second_ class of his
+numerous distant connexions.
+
+While on one of these visits at Lambeth, the late _Gustavus
+Brander_, Esq. F. S. A. who entertained an uncommon partiality for
+Mr. Pegge, persuaded him, very much against his inclination, to
+sit for a Drawing, from which an octavo _Print_ of him might be
+engraved by Basire. The Work went on so slowly, that the Plate was
+not finished till 1785, when Mr. Pegge's current age was 81. Being a
+_private Print_, it was at first only intended for, and distributed
+among, the particular Friends of Mr. Brander and Mr. Pegge. This
+Print, however, _now_ carries with it something of a publication;
+for a considerable number of the impressions were dispersed after
+Mr. _Brander_'s death, when his Library, &c. were sold by auction;
+and the Print is often found prefixed to copies of "The Forme of
+Cury," a work which will hereafter be specified among Mr. Pegge's
+literary labours[24].
+
+  [24] This Print has the following inscription:
+
+        "SAMUEL PEGGE, A.M. S.A.S.
+          A.D. MDCCLXXXV. Æt. 81.
+
+    Impensis, et ex Voto, Gustavi Brander, Arm.
+            Sibi et Amicis."
+
+  We cannot in any degree subscribe to the resemblance, though, the
+  print is well engraved. There is, however, a three-quarters portrait
+  in oil (in the possession of his grandson, Sir Christopher Pegge,
+  and much valued by him) painted in 1788, by Mr. Elias Needham, a
+  young Provincial Artist, and a native of Derbyshire, which does
+  the Painter great credit, being a likeness uncommonly striking.
+  Dr. Pegge being an old gentleman well known, with a countenance
+  of much character, the Portrait was taken at the request of Mr.
+  Needham; who, after exhibiting it to his Patrons and Friends, made a
+  present of it to Mr. Pegge. Those who knew Dr. Pegge, and have had
+  an opportunity of comparing the Portrait with the Print, will agree
+  with us, that no two pictures of the same person, taken nearly at
+  the same point of life, and so unlike each other, can both be true
+  resemblances.--A faithful Engraving from Mr. Needham's Portrait is
+  prefixed to the present Volume.
+
+The remainder of Mr. Pegge's life after the year 1783 was, in a
+great measure, reduced to a state of quietude; but not without an
+extensive correspondence with the world in the line of Antiquarian
+researches: for he afterwards contributed largely to the
+_Archæologia_, and the Bibliotheca_ Topographica Britannica_, &c.
+&c. as may appear to those who will take the trouble to compare the
+dates of his Writings, which will hereafter be enumerated, with the
+time of which we are speaking.
+
+The only periodical variation in life, which attended Mr. Pegge
+after the Archbishop's death, consisted of Summer visits at
+Eccleshall-castle to the present Bishop (_James_) Cornwallis, who
+(if we may be allowed the word) _adopted_ Mr. Pegge as his guest so
+long as he was able to undertake such journeys.
+
+We have already seen an instance of his Lordship's kindness in the
+case of the intended _Residentiaryship_; and have, moreover, good
+reasons to believe that, had the late _Archdeacon_ of _Derby_ (Dr.
+Henry Egerton) died at an earlier stage of Mr. Pegge's life, he
+would have succeeded to that dignity.
+
+This part of the Memoir ought not to be dismissed without observing,
+to the honour of Mr. Pegge, that, as it was not in his power to
+make any individual return (in his life-time) to his Patrons, the
+two Bishops of _Lichfield_ of the name of _Cornwallis_, for their
+extended civilities, he directed, by testamentary instructions, that
+_one hundred volumes_ out of his Collection of Books should be given
+to the Library of the Cathedral of _Lichfield_[25].
+
+  [25] He specified, in writing, about fourscore of these volumes,
+  which were chiefly what may be called Library-books; the rest were
+  added by his Son.
+
+During Mr. Pegge's involuntary retreat from his former associations
+with the more remote parts of the Kingdom, he was actively awake to
+such objects in which he was implicated nearer home.
+
+Early in the year 1788 material repairs and considerable alterations
+became necessary to the Cathedral of _Lichfield_. A subscription
+was accordingly begun by the Members of the Church, supported by
+many Lay-gentlemen of the neighbourhood; when Mr. Pegge, as a
+Prebendary, not only contributed handsomely, but projected, and drew
+up, a circular letter, addressed to the Rev. Charles Hope, M. A. the
+Minister of All Saints (the principal) Church in Derby, recommending
+the promotion of this public design. The Letter, being inserted in
+several Provincial Newspapers, was so well seconded by Mr. Hope,
+that it had a due effect upon the Clergy and Laity of the Diocese in
+general; for which Mr. Pegge received a written acknowledgment of
+thanks from the present Bishop of _Lichfield_, dated May 29, 1788.
+
+This year (1788), memorable as a Centenary in the annals of England,
+was honourable to the little Parish of _Whittington_, which
+accidentally bore a subordinate _local_ part in the History of the
+_Revolution;_ for it was to an inconsiderable public-house _there_
+(still called the _Revolution-house_) that the Earl of Devonshire,
+the Earl of Danby, the Lord Delamere, and the Hon. John D'Arcy, were
+driven for shelter, by a sudden shower of rain, from the adjoining
+common (_Whittington-Moor_), where they had met by appointment,
+disguised as farmers, to concert measures, unobservedly, for
+promoting the succession of King William III. after the abdication
+of King James II.[26]
+
+  [26] In this year he printed "A Narrative of what passed at the
+  Revolution-house at Whittington in the year 1688, with a view and
+  plan of the house by Major Rooke (reprinted in Gent. Mag. vol. LIX.
+  p. 124)." [See the Appendix.]
+
+The celebration of this Jubilee, on Nov. 5, 1788, is related at
+large in the Gentleman's Magazine of that month[27]; on which day
+Mr. Pegge preached a Sermon[28], apposite to the occasion, which
+was printed at the request of the Gentlemen of the Committee who
+conducted the ceremonial[29], which proceeded from his Church to
+Chesterfield in grand procession.
+
+  [27] See the Appendix to this Memoir.
+
+  [28] In this Discourse the venerable Preacher, taking for his text
+  Psalm cxviii. 24, first recites, in plain and unaffected language,
+  the blessings resulting from the event here commemorated to Church
+  and State; and then points out the corruptions of the present age,
+  with advice for their reformation.
+
+  [29] This solemnity took place on _Wednesday_; and, the Church being
+  crowded with strangers, the Sermon was repeated to the parochial
+  congregation on the following _Sunday_.--Mr. Pegge was then very
+  old, and the 5th of November N. S. was his birth-day, when he
+  entered into the 85th year of his age.
+
+In the year 1791 (July 8) Mr. Pegge was created D. C. L. by the
+University of OXFORD, at the Commemoration. It may be thought a
+little extraordinary that he should accept an advanced Academical
+Degree so late in life, as he wanted no such aggrandizement in the
+Learned World, or among his usual Associates, and had _voluntarily_
+closed all his expectations of ecclesiastical elevation. We are
+confident that he was not ambitious of the compliment; for, when
+it was first proposed to him, he put a _negative_ upon it. It must
+be remembered that this honour was not conferred on an unknown man
+(_novus homo_); but on a _Master of Arts of_ CAMBRIDGE, of name and
+character, and of acknowledged literary merit[30]. Had Mr. Pegge
+been desirous of the title of _Doctor_ in earlier life, there can
+be no doubt but that he might have obtained the superior degree of
+D. D. from Abp. Cornwallis, upon the bare suggestion, during his
+familiar and domestic conversations with his Grace at Lambeth-palace.
+
+  [30] Mr. Pegge, at the time, was on a visit to his Grandson, the
+  present Sir Christopher Pegge, M. D. then lately elected Reader of
+  Anatomy at Christ Church, Oxford, on Dr. Lee's foundation.
+
+Dr. Pegge's manners were those of a gentleman of a liberal
+education, who had seen much of the world, and had formed them upon
+the best models within his observation. Having in his early years
+lived in free intercourse with many of the principal and best-bred
+Gentry in various parts of Kent; he ever afterwards preserved the
+same attentions, by associating with respectable company, and (as we
+have seen) by forming honourable attachments.
+
+In his avocations from reading and retirement, few men could relax
+with more ease and cheerfulness, or better understood the _desipere
+in loco_;--could enter occasionally into temperate convivial mirth
+with a superior grace, or more interest and enliven every company by
+general conversation.
+
+As he did not mix in business of a public nature, his better
+qualities appeared most conspicuously in private circles; for he
+possessed an equanimity which obtained the esteem of his Friends,
+and an affability which procured the respect of his dependents.
+
+His habits of life were such as became his profession and station.
+In his clerical functions he was exemplarily correct, not entrusting
+his parochial duties at _Whittington_ (where he constantly resided)
+to another (except to the neighbouring Clergy during the excursions
+before-mentioned) till the failure of his eye-sight rendered it
+indispensably necessary; and even _that_ did not happen till within
+a few years of his death.
+
+As a Preacher, his Discourses from the pulpit were of the didactic
+and exhortatory kind, appealing to the understandings rather than
+to the passions of his Auditory, by expounding the Holy Scriptures
+in a plain, intelligible, and unaffected manner. His voice was
+naturally weak, and suited only to a small Church; so that when
+he occasionally appeared before a large Congregation (as on
+Visitations, &c.), he was heard to a disadvantage. He left in his
+closet considerably more than 230 Sermons composed by himself, and
+in his own hand-writing, besides a few (not exceeding 26) which he
+had transcribed (in substance only, as appears by collation) from
+the printed works of eminent Divines. These liberties, however,
+were not taken in his early days, from motives of idleness, or
+other attachments--but later in life, to favour the fatigue of
+composition; all which obligations he acknowledged at the end of
+each such Sermon.
+
+Though Dr. Pegge's life was sedentary, from his turn to studious
+retirement, his love of Antiquities, and of literary acquirements
+in general; yet these applications, which he pursued with, great
+ardour and perseverance, did not injure his health. Vigour of mind,
+in proportion to his bodily strength, continued unimpaired through
+a very extended course of life, and nearly till he had reached
+"_ultima linea rerum_:" for he never had any chronical disease; but
+gradually and gently sunk into the grave under the weight of years,
+after a fortnight's illness, Feb. 14, 1796, in the 92d year of his
+age.
+
+He was buried, according to his own desire, in the chancel at
+_Whittington_, where a mural tablet of black marble (a voluntary
+tribute of filial respect) has been placed, over the East window
+with the following short inscription:
+
+  "At the North End of the Altar Table, within the Rails,
+                    lie the Remains of
+                   SAMUEL PEGGE, LL. D.
+     who was inducted to this Rectory Nov. 11, 1751,
+                 and died Feb. 14, 1796;
+               in the 92d year of his Age."
+
+Having closed the scene; it must be confessed, on the one hand,
+that the biographical history of an individual, however learned,
+or engaging to private friends, who had passed the major part of
+his days in secluded retreats from what is called _the world_, can
+afford but little entertainment to the generality of Readers. On
+the other hand, nevertheless, let it be allowed that every man of
+acknowledged literary merit, had he made no other impression, cannot
+but have left many to regret his death.
+
+Though Dr. Pegge had exceeded even his "_fourscore_ years and ten,"
+and had outlived all his more early friends and acquaintance; he
+had the address to make new ones, who _now_ survive, and who, it is
+humbly hoped, will not be sorry to see a modest remembrance of him
+preserved by this little Memoir.
+
+Though Dr. Pegge had an early propensity to the pursuit of
+_Antiquarian_ knowledge, he never indulged himself materially in it,
+so long as more essential and _professional_ occupations had a claim
+upon him; for he had a due sense of the _nature_ and _importance_
+of his _clerical_ function. It appears that he had read the Greek
+and Latin _Fathers_ diligently at his outset in life. He had also
+re-perused the _Classicks_ attentively before he applied much to the
+_Monkish_ Historians, or engaged in _Antiquarian_ researches; well
+knowing that a thorough knowledge of the Learning of the _Antients_,
+conveyed by _classical_ Authors, was the best foundation for any
+literary structure which had not the _Christian Religion_ for its
+_cornerstone_.
+
+During the early part of his incumbency at Godmersham in Kent, his
+reading was principally such as became a _Divine_, or which tended
+to the acquisition of _general knowledge_, of which he possessed a
+greater share than most men we ever knew. When he obtained allowable
+leisure to follow _unprofessional_ pursuits, he _attached_ himself
+more closely to the study of _Antiquities_; and was elected a Fellow
+of the SOCIETY of ANTIQUARIES, Feb. 14, 1751, N. S. in which year
+the _Charter_ of _Incorporation_ was granted (in November), wherein
+his name stands enrolled among those of many very respectable and
+eminently learned men[31].
+
+  [31] The only Member of the Society at the time of its
+  Incorporation, who survived Dr. Pegge, was _Samuel Reynardson_, Esq.
+
+Though we will be candid enough to allow that Dr. Pegge's _style_ in
+general was not sufficiently terse and compact to be called elegant;
+yet he made ample amends by the matter, and by the accuracy with
+which he treated every copious subject, wherein all points were
+matured by close examination and sound judgment[32].
+
+  [32] The first Piece that appears to have been, in any degree,
+  _published_ by Dr. _Pegge_, was, A _Latin_ Ode on the Death of King
+  George I. 1727. See "Academiæ Cantabrigiensis Luctus" Signature
+  Z. z. fol. b. [Dr. Pegge was then lately elected Fellow of St.
+  John's College (the first time) as he signs it "Sam. Pegge, A.
+  B. Coll. Div. Joh. Evang. Soc." See before, p. xiii.]--1731. An
+  _irregular English_ Ode on Joshua vi. 20, which he contributed to
+  a Collection of "Miscellaneous Poems and Translations," published
+  (with a numerous subscription) by the Rev. Henry Travers, 1731,
+  octavo, p, 170. [See "Anonymiana," p. 327, for an account of Mr.
+  Travers, and this publication.] A marginal note in Dr. Pegge's
+  copy of Mr. Travers's publication tells us, that this _Ode_ was an
+  _academical exercise_, when the Doctor was an _under-graduate_ at
+  St. John's, which was sent to the _Earl_ of _Exeter_. His Lordship's
+  Ancestors had been Benefactors to the College, a circumstance which,
+  we presume, gave rise to the custom of sending such _periodical
+  exercises_ to the then Earl; though the practice, as far as we
+  know, does not continue. Thus much of this Commemoration, as we
+  believe, remains, that _two_ Sermons are still annually preached
+  (the one at _Hatfield_, and the other at _Burleigh)_ by Fellows
+  of the College, which we apprehend to have been enjoined by the
+  Benefactor. The _Ode_, of which we have spoken, became some years
+  after an _auxiliary_ contribution to Mr. _Travers's_ Collection from
+  Dr. Pegge, jointly with other contemporaries, to relieve the Editor
+  from some pecuniary embarrassments.--An Examination of "The Enquiry
+  into the meaning of Demoniacks in the New Testament; in a Letter to
+  the Author," 1739. An octavo (of 86 pages), with his name prefixed.
+  [This controversy originated from the Rev. Dr. Arthur-Ashley Sykes,
+  who published "An Enquiry into the Meaning of the Demoniacks in the
+  New Testament" (1737). under the obscure signature of "T. P. A.
+  P. O. A. B. I. T. C. O. S." The interpretation of this is, _T_he
+  _P_recentor _A_nd _P_rebendary _O_f _A_lton-_B_orealis, _I_n _T_he
+  _C_hurch _O_f _S_alisbury. Dr. Sykes had been vicar of Godmersham;
+  so that _two_ vicars of Godmersham became, incidentally, parties
+  in the controversy. The question engaged several other Writers;
+  _viz._ Rev. Leonard Twells, Rev. Thomas Hutchinson, and Rev. William
+  Winston, who were followed by Dr. Pegge. He, however, entered so
+  late into the lists, after the subject was almost worn out, that
+  his Publication was not much attended to, though it attracted
+  the applause of several competent judges, such as the Rev. Dr.
+  Newcome, Master of St. John's College, Cambridge; Rev. Dr. Taylor
+  (late Residentiary of St. Paul's); the very learned Bp. Smalbroke;
+  and some others.]--A Sermon on St. John i. 5: "The Light Shineth
+  in Darkness," preached on St. John's-day, 1742, at _Canterbury_
+  cathedral, and inscribed to his much-respected friend, Thomas
+  Knight, Esq. of _Godmersham_, in _Kent_.--A Sermon, preached
+  also at _Canterbury_ Cathedral during the Rebellion, 1746. [The
+  avowed design of the Discourse was, to prove that "Popery was an
+  encouragement to vice and immorality." This Sermon attracted the
+  civilities (mentioned in p. xxxi.) which Dr. Pegge received from
+  _Archbishop_ Herring.
+
+  These are the principal _professional_ Publications by Dr. Pegge;
+  to which ought to be added some short _pastoral_ and _gratuitous_
+  printed distributions at various times; _viz._ 1755. A Discourse
+  on Confirmation (of 23 pages, octavo), being an enlarged Sermon,
+  preached at _Chesterfield_ previously to the Bishop's triennial
+  Visitation, and dispersed.--1767. A brief Examination of the Church
+  Catechism, for the Use of those who are just arrived at Years of
+  Discretion.--1790.
+
+A short Paraphrase of the Lord's Prayer (4 pages octavo), first
+addressed to his Parishioners of Brindle, in Lancashire, 1753;
+and afterwards reprinted and distributed in his three parishes of
+Whittington, Heath, and Wingerworth, in Derbyshire, 1790. and a fund
+of knowledge, more than would have displayed itself in any greater
+work, where the subject requires but _one_ bias, and _one_ peculiar
+attention[33].
+
+  [33] An accurate list of these detached publications may be seen in
+  the Gentleman's Magazine for 1796, pp. 979, 1081.
+
+Frivolous as many detached _morsels_, scattered up and down in the
+GENTLEMAN'S MAGAZINE, may appear to some Readers, they may be called
+the ruminations of a busy mind; which shews an universality of
+reading, a love of investigation,
+
+It is but justice to say, that few men were so liberal in the
+diffusion of the knowledge which he had acquired, or more ready to
+communicate it, either _vivâ voce_, or by the loan of his MSS. as
+many of his living Friends can testify.
+
+In his publications he was also equally _disinterested_ as in his
+private communications; for he never, as far as can be recollected,
+received any _pecuniary_ advantage from any pieces that he printed,
+committing them all to the press, with the sole reserve of a few
+copies to distribute among his particular Friends[34].
+
+  [34] We shall here specify Mr. Pegge's several Memoirs printed (by
+  direction of the Council of the Society of Antiquaries) in the
+  Archæologia, as being the principal _combined_ work to which he
+  contributed. Herein we shall proceed as they successively occur in
+  those volumes, rather than by the times at which the communications
+  themselves were actually read before the Society.
+
+  Vol. I. No. XXXVII. p. 155. Some Observations on an antique Marble
+  of the Earl of Pembroke.--No. XXXVIII. p. 161. Dissertation on an
+  Anglo-Saxon Jewel.--No. LV. p. 319. Of the Introduction, Progress,
+  State, and Condition, of the Vine in Britain.--No. LVII. p. 335.
+  A Copy of a Deed in Latin and Saxon of Odo, Bishop of Baieux, with
+  some Observations thereon.
+
+  Vol. II. No. IX. p. 68. Observations on the Mistakes of Mr.
+  Lisle and Mr. Hearne in respect of King Alfred's Present to the
+  Cathedrals. The late use of the Stylus, or metalline Pen. Mr.
+  Wise's Conjecture concerning the famous Jewel of King Alfred
+  further pursued; shewing it might possibly be part of the Stylus
+  sent by that King, with Gregory's Pastorals, to the Monastery
+  at Athelney.--No. XIII. p. 86. The Bull-running at Tutbury, in
+  Staffordshire, considered.--No. XVI. p. 100. Observations on Dr.
+  Percy's (afterwards Bishop of Dromore) Account of Minstrels among
+  the Saxons. [See vol. III. Art. XXXIV. p. 310.]--No. XIX. p. 124.
+  Observations on Stone Hammers.--No. XXV. p. 171. A Dissertation on
+  the Crane, as a Dish served up at great Tables in England.--No.
+  XXXVI. p. 276. A succinct and authentic Narrative of the Battle of
+  Chesterfield [co. Derby], A. D. 1266, in the Reign of K. Henry III.
+
+  Vol. III. No. I. p. 1. Of the Horn, as a Charter, or Instrument
+  of Conveyance. Some Observations on Mr. Samuel Foxlow's Horn; as
+  likewise on the Nature and Kinds of those Horns in general.--No. X.
+  p. 39. On Shoeing of Horses among the Antients.--No. XI. p. 53. The
+  Question considered, whether England formerly produced any Wine from
+  Grapes. [See vol. I. Art. LV. p. 319. This Question was answered by
+  the Hon. Daines Barrington in the 12th article of this volume, p.
+  67.]--No. XIV. p. 101. Remarks on Belatucader.--No. XVIII. p. 125.
+  Memoir concerning the Sac-Friars, or _Fratres de Pœnitentiâ
+  Jesu Christi_, as settled in England.--No. XIX. p. 132. Ἀλεκτρυόνων
+  Ἀγών. A Memoir on Cock-Fighting; wherein the Antiquity
+  of it, as a Pastime, is examined and stated; some Errors of the
+  Moderns concerning it are corrected; and the Retention of it among
+  Christians absolutely condemned and proscribed.--No. XX. p. 151. An
+  Inscription in honour of Serapis, found at York, illustrated.--No.
+  XXXIV. p. 310. A Letter to Dr. Percy (afterwards Bishop of Dromore),
+  on the Minstrels among the antient Saxons, occasioned by some
+  Observations on the Subject printed in the second Volume, p. 100.
+  [In this short Letter, Dr. Pegge very candidly acknowledges that
+  the Bishop had removed all his doubts in the most satisfactory
+  manner, by a more copious discussion of the subject in a subsequent
+  edition, which the Doctor had not seen when he wrote the Memoir in
+  vol. II. p. 100]--No. XXXVI. p. 316. Remarks on the first Noble
+  (coined 18 Edw. III. A. D. 1344) wherein a new and more rational
+  Interpretation is given of the Legend on the Reverse.--No. XLII. p.
+  371. Observations on two Jewels in the Possession of Sir Charles
+  Mordaunt, Bart.
+
+  Vol. IV. No. III. p. 29. An Enquiry into the Nature and Cause of
+  King John's Death; wherein it is shewn that it was not effected by
+  Poison.--No. IV. p. 47. Illustrations of a Gold enamelled Ring,
+  supposed to have been the Property of Alhstan, Bishop of Sherburne,
+  with some Account of the State and Condition of the Saxon Jewelry in
+  the more early Ages.--No. VIII. p. 110. Observations on Kits Cotty
+  House in Kent.--No. XVII. p. 190. A Dissertation on a most valuable
+  Gold Coin of Edmund Crouchback, son of King Henry III.--No. XXVI. p.
+  414. Remarks on the Bones of Fowls found in Christ-church Twynham,
+  Hampshire.
+
+  Vol. V, No. I. p. 1. Observations on the History of St. George,
+  the Patron Saint of England; wherein Dr. Pettingall's allegorical
+  Interpretation of the Equestrian Figure on the George, and the
+  late Mr. Byrom's Conjecture, that St. George is mistaken for Pope
+  Gregory, are briefly confuted; and the Martyr of Cappadocia, as
+  Patron of England, and of the Order of the Garter, is defended
+  against both. [N. B. Dr. Pegge's Name to this Article is omitted in
+  the Contents to the Volume; but see the Signature, p. 32.]--No. V.
+  p. 95. On the Rudston Pyramidal Stone.--No. VII. p. 101. Remarks
+  on Governor Pownall's Conjecture concerning the Croyland Boundary
+  Stone.--No. XIII. p. 160. An Examination of a mistaken Opinion
+  that Ireland, and [The Isle of] Thanet, are void of Serpents.--No.
+  XXI. p. 224. Observations on the Stone Coffins found at Christ
+  Church [in Hampshire].--No. XXVII. p. 272. An important Historical
+  Passage of Gildas amended and explained.--No. XXXVI. p. 346. The
+  Question discussed concerning the Appearances of the Matrices of so
+  many Conventual Seals.--No. XXXIX. p. 369. Remarks on the ancient
+  Pig of Lead [then] lately discovered in Derbyshire. [The Date is
+  1777.]--No. XLI. p. 390. The Penny with the name of Rodbertus IV.
+  ascribed to Robert Duke of Normandy, and other Matters relative to
+  the English Coinage, occasionally discussed.
+
+  Vol. VI. No. VIII. p. 79. Observations on the Plague in England--No.
+  XX. p. 150. The Commencement of the Day among the Saxons and Britons
+  ascertained.
+
+  Vol. VII. No. II. p. 19. Illustration of some Druidical Remains in
+  the Peak of Derbyshire, drawn by Hayman Rooke, Esq.--No. IX. p.
+  86. Observations on the present Aldborough Church, in Holderness;
+  proving that it was not a Saxon Building, as Mr. Somerset [_i.
+  e._ John-Charles Brooke, Esq. Somerset Herald] contends.--No.
+  XIII. p. 131. A Disquisition on the Lows, or Barrows, in the Peak
+  of Derbyshire, particularly that capital British Monument called
+  Arbelows.--No. XVIII. p. 170. Description of a Second Roman Pig of
+  Lead found in Derbyshire, in the Possession of Mr. Adam Wolley,
+  of Matlock, in that County, with Remarks.--No. XXIV. p. 211.
+  Observations on the Chariots of the Antient Britons.--No. XXXVIII.
+  p. 362. Observations on a Seal of Thomas, Suffragan Bishop of
+  Philadelphia.
+
+  Vol. VIII. No. I. p. 1. A Sketch of the History of the Asylum, or
+  Sanctuary, from its Origin to the final Abolition of it in the
+  Reign of King James I.--No. III. p. 58. Observations on the Stanton
+  Moor Urns, and Druidical Temples.--No. XX. p. 159. A circumstantial
+  Detail of the Battle of Lincoln, A. D. 1217 (1 Henry III).
+
+  Vol. IX. No. V. p. 45. Description of another [a third] Roman Pig of
+  Lead found in Derbyshire.--No. IX. p. 84. Observations on some Brass
+  Celts, and other Weapons, discovered in Ireland, 1780.--No. XVIII.
+  p. 189. Discoveries on opening a Tumulus in Derbyshire.
+
+  Vol. X. No. II. p. 17. Derbeiescira Romana.--No. IV. p. 50. Some
+  Observations of the Paintings in Brereton Church.--No. XIX. p. 156.
+  On the hunting of the antient Inhabitants of our Island, Britons
+  and Saxons.--No. XXIII. p. 177. Observations on an antient Font at
+  Burnham-Deepdale, in Norfolk.
+
+  The following articles appear to have been contributed by Mr. Pegge
+  to that useful and interesting reservoir of British Topographical
+  History, the _Bibliotheca Topographica Britannica; viz._ No. XVII.
+  A Memoir on the Story of Guy Earl of Warwick [1783].--No. XXI. The
+  History and Antiquities of Eccleshal-Manor and Castle, in the County
+  of Stafford; and of Lichfield House in London [1784]. [This Memoir
+  is inscribed to four successive Bishops of Lichfield: the Right Rev.
+  Dr. John Egerton (then Bishop of Durham); Hon. and Right Rev. Dr.
+  Brownlow North, then (and still) Bishop of Winchester; Right Rev.
+  Dr. Hurd, then Bishop of Worcester; and the Hon. and Right Rev. Dr.
+  Cornwallis, the present Bishop of Lichfield, who has done Dr. Pegge
+  the honour to deposit a copy of it among the Archives belonging to
+  that See.--No. XXIV. The Roman Roads (Ikenild-Street and Bath-Way)
+  discovered and investigated through the Country of the Coritani,
+  or the County of Derby; with the Addition of a Dissertation on the
+  Coritani. [1784.]--No. XXV. An Historical Account of that venerable
+  Monument of Antiquity, the Textus Roffensis; including Memoirs
+  of Mr. William Elstob, and his Sister, Mrs. Elizabeth Elstob.
+  [1784.]--No. XXVIII. Some Account of that Species of Prelates
+  formerly existing in England, usually called "Bishops _in Partibus
+  Infidelium_." [1784.] [The article before us is combined with some
+  others to consolidate what has been written on the subject. It
+  begins with a Letter from the Rev. Thomas Brett, LL. D. on Suffragan
+  Bishops in England, extracted from Drake's Antiquities of York (p.
+  539), which is followed by a Memoir on the same Topick from the Rev.
+  Mr. Lewis, of Margate. To these is subjoined Dr. Pegge's Account
+  of "Bishops _in Partibus Infidelium_." [N. B. This Number closes
+  with "A List of the Suffragan Bishops in England, drawn up by the
+  late Rev. Henry Wharton, M.A. and extracted from his MSS. in the
+  Lambeth Library."]--No. XXXII. Sketch of the History of Bolsover
+  and Peak Castles, in the County of Derby (in a Letter to his Grace
+  the Duke of Portland), illustrated with various Drawings by Hayman
+  Rooke, Esq. [1785].--No. XLI. A Sylloge of the authentic remaining
+  Inscriptions relative to the Erection of our English Churches,
+  embellished with Copperplates. Inscribed to Richard Gough, esq.
+  [1787.]
+
+  Independent Publications on Numismatical, Antiquarian, and
+  Biographical Subjects: 1756. No. I. "A Series of Dissertations on
+  some elegant and very valuable Anglo-Saxon Remains." [42 pages,
+  4to. with a Plate.] 1. A Gold Coin in the Pembrochian Cabinet, in a
+  Letter to Martin Folkes, Esq. late President of the Royal Society,
+  and Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries. [Dated Godmersham,
+  1751.] 2. A Silver Coin in the Possession of Mr. John White.
+  [Dated Whittington, 1755.] 3. A Gold Coin in the Possession of Mr.
+  Simpson, of Lincoln, in a Letter to Mr. Vertue. [Dated Godmersham,
+  1751.] 4. A Jewel in the Bodleian Library. [No place or date.]
+  5. Second Thoughts on Lord Pembroke's Coin, in a Letter to Mr.
+  Ames, Secretary to the Society of Antiquaries. [Dated Whittington,
+  1755.] [These Dissertations are prefaced by a Question, candidly
+  debated with the Rev. George North, Whether the Saxons coined any
+  Gold?]--No. II. 1761. "Memoirs of Roger de Weseham, Dean of Lincoln,
+  afterwards Bishop of Lichfield; and the principal Favourite of
+  Robert Grosseteste, Bishop of Lincoln." [60 pages, 4to.] [This
+  work (as we are told in the title-page) was intended as a prelude
+  to the Life of that most excellent Bishop, Robert Grosseteste;
+  which accordingly appeared (as will be mentioned) in the year 1795.
+  These Memoirs were compiled soon after Dr. Pegge was collated, by
+  Bishop [Frederick] Cornwallis, to the prebend of _Bobenhull_, in
+  the church of Lichfield, 1757, (founded by Bishop Weseham) and
+  gratefully inscribed to his patron the Bishop of Lichfield, and to
+  his friend Dr. John Green, then Dean of Lincoln, as Roger de Weseham
+  had successively filled both those dignities.-- No. III. 1766. "An
+  Essay on the Coins of Cunobelin; in an Epistle to the Right Rev.
+  Bishop of Carlisle [Charles Lyttelton], President of the Society of
+  Antiquaries." [105 pages, 4to.] [This collection of coins is classed
+  in two plates, and illustrated by a Commentary, together with
+  observations on the word _tascia_. N. B. The impression consisted
+  of no more than 200 copies.]--No. IV. 1772. "An Assemblage of Coins
+  fabricated by Authority of the Archbishops of Canterbury. To which
+  are subjoined, Two Dissertations." [125 pages, 4to.] 1. On a fine
+  Coin of Alfred the Great, with his Head. 2. On an Unic, in the
+  Possession of the late Mr. Thoresby, supposed to be a Coin of St.
+  Edwin; but shewn to be a Penny of Edward the Confessor. [An Essay
+  is annexed on the origin of metropolitical and other subordinate
+  mints; with an Account of their Progress and final Determination:
+  together with other incidental Matters, tending to throw light on a
+  branch of the Science of Medals, not perfectly considered by English
+  Medalists.]--No. V. 1772. "Fitz-Stephen's Description of the City of
+  London, newly translated from the Latin Original, with a necessary
+  Commentary, and a Dissertation on the Author, ascertaining the exact
+  Year of the Production; to which are added, a correct Edition of
+  the Original, with the various Readings, and many Annotations." [81
+  pages, 4to.] [This publication (well known _now_ to have been one
+  of the works of Dr. Pegge) was, as we believe, brought forward at
+  the instance of the Hon. Daines Barrington, to whom it is inscribed.
+  The number of copies printed was 250.]--No. VI. 1780. "The Forme of
+  Cury. A Roll of antient English Cookery, compiled about the Year
+  1390, Temp. Ric. II. with a copious Index and Glossary." [8vo.] [The
+  curious Roll, of which this is a copy, was the property of the late
+  Gustavus Brander, esq. It is in the hand-writing of the time, a
+  facsimile of which is given facing p. xxxi. of the Preface. The work
+  before us was a _private_ impression; but as, since Mr. Brander's
+  decease, it has fallen, by sale, into a great many hands, we refer
+  to the Preface for a farther account of it. Soon after Dr. Pegge's
+  elucidation of the Roll was finished, Mr. Brander presented the
+  autograph to the British Museum.]--No. VII. 1789. "Annales Eliæ de
+  Trickenham, Monachi Ordinis Benedictini. Ex Bibliothecâ Lamethanâ."
+  To which is added, "Compendium Compertorum. Ex Bibliothecâ Ducis
+  Devoniæ." [4to.] [Both parts of this publication contain copious
+  annotations by the Editor. The former was communicated by Mr.
+  John Nichols, Printer, to whom it is _inscribed_. The latter was
+  published by permission of his Grace the Duke of Devonshire, to whom
+  it is _dedicated_. The respective Prefaces to these pieces will best
+  explain the nature of them.]--No. VIII. 1793. "The Life of Robert
+  Grosseteste, the celebrated Bishop of Lincoln." [4to.] [This Work
+  we have justly called his _chef-d'œuvre_; for, in addition to
+  the life of an individual, it comprises much important history of
+  interesting times, together with abundant collateral matter.]--The
+  two following works have appeared since the Writer's death: No. IX.
+  1801. "An Historical Account of Beauchief Abbey, in the County of
+  Derby, from its first Foundation to its final Dissolution. Wherein
+  the three following material Points, in opposition to vulgar
+  Prejudices, are clearly established: 1st, That this Abbey did not
+  take its name from the Head of Archbishop Becket, though it was
+  dedicated to him. 2d, That the Founder of it had no hand in the
+  Murder of that Prelate; and, consequently, that the House was not
+  erected in Expiation of that Crime. 3d, The Dependance of this House
+  on that of Welbeck, in the County of Nottingham; a Matter hitherto
+  unknown." [4to.]--No. X. 1809. "_Anonymiana_; or, Ten Centuries of
+  Observations on various Authors and Subjects. Compiled by a late
+  very learned and reverend Divine; and faithfully published from the
+  original MS. with the Addition of a copious Index." [8vo.]]
+
+In the following Catalogue we must be allowed to deviate from
+chronological order, for the sake of preserving Dr. Pegge's
+_contributions_ to various _periodical_ and _contingent_
+Publications, distinct from his independent WORKS; to all which,
+however, we shall give (as far as possible) their respective dates.
+
+The greatest honour, which a literary man can obtain, is the
+_eulogies_ of those who possessed equal or more learning than
+himself. "_Laudatus à laudatis viris_" may peculiarly and deservedly
+be said of Dr. Pegge, as might be exemplified from the frequent
+mention made of him by the most respectable contemporary writers in
+the _Archæological_ line; but modesty forbids our enumerating them.
+
+[Illustration: WHITTINGTON CHURCH, DERBYSHIRE.
+
+_Gent. Mag. Supp. 1809. Pl. II, p. 1201._
+
+_Schnebbelie del. 1789._]
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX TO THE PARENTALIA.
+
+
+1. WHITTINGTON CHURCH.
+
+The annexed View was taken in 1789, by the ingenious Mr. Jacob
+Schnebbelie; and the following concise account of it was
+communicated in 1793, by the then worthy and venerable Rector.
+
+"WHITTINGTON, of whose Church the annexed Plate contains a Drawing
+by the late Mr. Schnebbelie, is a small parish of about 14 or 15
+hundred acres, distant from the church and old market-place of
+Chesterfield about two miles and a half. It lies in the road from
+Chesterfield to Sheffield and Rotherham, whose roads divide there
+at the well-known inn _The Cock and Magpye_, commonly called _The
+Revolution House_.
+
+The situation is exceedingly pleasant, in a pure and excellent
+air. It abounds with all kinds of conveniences for the use of the
+inhabitants, as coal, stone, timber, &c.; besides its proximity to a
+good market, to take its products.
+
+The Church is now a little Rectory, in the gift of the Dean of
+Lincoln. At first it was a Chapel of Ease to Chesterfield, a very
+large manor and parish; of which I will give the following short
+but convincing proof. The Dean of Lincoln, as I said, is Patron of
+this Rectory, and yet William Rufus gave no other church in this
+part of Derbyshire to the church of St. Mary at Lincoln but the
+church of Chesterfield; and, moreover, Whittington is at this day
+a parcel of the great and extensive manor of Chesterfield; whence
+it follows, that Whittington must have been once a part both of the
+rectory and manor of Chesterfield. But whence comes it, you will
+say, that it became a rectory, for such it has been many years? I
+answer, I neither know how nor when; but it is certain that chapels
+of ease have been frequently converted into rectories, and I suppose
+by mutual agreement of the curate of the chapel, the rector of the
+mother church, and the diocesan. Instances of the like emancipation
+of chapels, and transforming them into independent rectories, there
+are several in the county of Derby, as Matlock, Bonteshall, Bradley,
+&c.; and others may be found in Mr. Nichols's "History of Hinckley,"
+and in his "Bibliotheca Topographica Britannica," No. VI.
+
+_Fig._ 1 is an inscription on the _Ting-tang_, or Saints Bell, of
+Whittington Church, drawn by Mr. Schnebbelie, 27 July, 1789, from an
+impression taken in clay. This bell, which is seen in the annexed
+view, hangs within a stone frame, or tabernacle, at the top of the
+church, on the outside between the Nave and the Chancel. It has a
+remarkable fine shrill tone, and is heard, it is said, three or four
+miles off, if the wind be right. It is very antient, as appears
+both from the form of the letters, and the name (of the donor, I
+suppose), which is that in use before surnames were common. Perhaps
+it may be as old as the fabrick of the church itself, though this is
+very antient.
+
+_Fig._ 2 is a stone head, near the roof on the North side of the
+church.
+
+In the East window of the church is a small Female Saint.
+
+In this window, A. a fess Vaire G. and O. between three
+water-bougets Sable. _Dethick._
+
+Cheque A. and G. on a bend S. a martlet. _Beckering._
+
+At the bottom of this window an inscription,
+
+  Rogero Cric.
+
+Roger Criche was rector, and died 1413, and probably made the
+window. He is buried within the rails of the communion-table, and
+his slab is engraved in the second volume of Mr. Gough's "Sepulchral
+Monuments of Great Britain," Plate XIX. p. 37. Nothing remains of
+the inscription but Amen.
+
+In the upper part of the South window of the Chancel, is a picture
+in glass of our Saviour with the five Wounds; an angel at his left
+hand sounding a trumpet[35].--On a pane of the upper tier of the West
+window is the portrait of St. John; his right hand holding a book
+with the Holy Lamb upon it: and the forefinger of his left hand
+pointing to the Cross held by the Lamb, as uttering his well-known
+confession: "Behold the Lamb of God, which taketh away the sin of
+the world[35]."
+
+  [35] Both these are engraved in the "Antiquaries Museum," from
+  drawings made by Mr. Schnebbelie. EDIT.
+
+In the South window of the Chancel is, Barry wavy of 6 A. and G. a
+chief A. Ermine and Gules. _Barley._
+
+Ermine, on a chief indented G. or lozengé.
+
+In the Easternmost South window of the nave is A. on a chevron
+Sable, three quatrefoils Argent. _Eyre._
+
+This window has been renewed; before which there were other coats
+and some effigies in it.
+
+  _Jan. 1, 1793._
+
+  SAMUEL PEGGE, Rector."
+
+
+2. WHITTINGTON RECTORY.
+
+This View was taken also, in 1789, by Mr. Schnebbelie; and the
+account of it drawn up in 1793 by Dr. Pegge, then resident in it, at
+the advanced age of 88.
+
+"The Parsonage-house at Whittington is a convenient substantial
+stone building, and very sufficient for this small benefice. It
+was, as I take it, erected by the Rev. Thomas Callice, one of my
+predecessors; and, when I had been inducted, I enlarged it, by
+pulling down the West end, making a cellar, a kitchen, a brew-house,
+and a pantry, with chambers over them. There is a glebe of about 30
+acres belonging to it with a garden large enough for a family, and a
+small orchard. The garden is remarkably pleasant in respect to its
+fine views to the North, East, and South, with the Church to the
+West. There is a fair prospect of Chesterfield Church, distant about
+two miles and a half; and of Bolsover Castle to the West; and, on
+the whole, this Rectorial house may be esteemed a very delightful
+habitation.
+
+  S. PEGGE."
+
+In this Parsonage the Editor of the present Volume, accompanied by
+his late excellent Friend Mr. Gough, spent many happy hours with
+the worthy Rector for several successive years, and derived equal
+information and pleasure from his instructive conversation.
+
+[Illustration: WHITTINGTON RECTORY.
+
+_Gent. Mag. Sep. 1810. Pl. II, p. 217._
+
+_Schnebbelie del._]
+
+
+3. THE REVOLUTION HOUSE.
+
+To complete the little series of Views at Whittington more
+immediately connected with Dr. Pegge, a third plate is here given,
+from another Drawing by Mr. Schnebbelie, of the small public-house
+at Whittington, which has been handed down to posterity for above a
+century under the honourable appellation of "The Revolution House."
+It obtained that name from the accidental meeting of two noble
+personages, Thomas Osborne Earl of Danby, and William Cavendish
+Earl of Devonshire, with a third person, Mr. John D'Arcy[36],
+privately one morning, 1688, upon Whittington, Moor, as a middle
+place between Chatsworth, Kniveton, and Aston, their respective
+residences, to consult about the Revolution, then in agitation[37];
+but a shower of rain happening to fall, they removed to the village
+for shelter, and finished their conversation at a public-house
+there, the sign of _The Cock and Pynot_[38].
+
+  [36] It appears, from traditional accounts, that Lord Delamere, an
+  ancestor of the present Earl of Stamford and Warrington, was also at
+  this meeting. H. ROOKE.
+
+  [37] Kennett.
+
+  [38] A Provincial name for a _Magpye_.
+
+The part assigned to the Earl of Danby was, to surprize York; in
+which he succeeded: after which, the Earl of Devonshire was to take
+measures at Nottingham, where the Declaration for a free Parliament,
+which he, at the head of a number of Gentlemen of Derbyshire, had
+signed Nov. 28, 1688[39], was adopted by the Nobility, Gentry, and
+Commonalty of the Northern Counties, assembled there for the defence
+of the Laws, Religion, and Properties[40].
+
+  [39] Rapin, XV. 199.
+
+  [40] Deering's Nottingham, p. 258.
+
+The success of these measures is well known; and to the concurrence
+of these Patriots with the proceedings in favour of the Prince of
+Orange in the West, is this Nation indebted for the establishment of
+her rights and liberties at the glorious Revolution.
+
+The cottage here represented stands at the point where the road from
+Chesterfield divides into two branches, to Sheffield and Rotherham.
+The room where the Noblemen sat is 15 feet by 12 feet 10, and is
+to this day called _The Plotting Parlour_. The old armed chair,
+still remaining in it, is shewn by the landlord with particular
+satisfaction, as that in which it is said the Earl of Devonshire
+sat; and he tells with equal pleasure, how it was visited by his
+descendants, and the descendants of his associates, in the year
+1788. Some new rooms, for the better accommodation of customers,
+were added about 20 years ago.
+
+     The Duke of LEEDS' own account of his meeting the Earl of
+     DEVONSHIRE and Mr. JOHN D'ARCY[41] at Whittington, in the County
+     of Derby, A. D. 1688.
+
+  [41] Son and heir of Conyers Earl of Holderness.
+
+The Earl of Derby, afterwards Duke of Leeds, was impeached, A.D.
+1678, of High Treason by the House of Commons, on a charge of being
+in the French interest, and, in particular, of being Popishly
+affected: many, both Peers and Commoners, were misled, and had
+conceived an erroneous opinion concerning him and his political
+conduct. This he has stated himself, in the Introduction to his
+Letters, printed A. 1710, where he says, "That the malice of my
+accusation did so manifestly appear in that article wherein I was
+charged to be Popishly affected, that I dare swear there was not one
+of my accusers that did then believe that article against me."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+His Grace then proceeds, for the further clearing of himself, in
+these memorable words, relative to the meeting at Whittington, the
+subject of this memoir.
+
+"The Duke of Devonshire also, when we were partners in the secret
+trust about the Revolution, and who did meet me and Mr. John D'Arcy,
+for that purpose, at a town called Whittington, in Derbyshire,
+did, in the presence of the said Mr. D'Arcy, make a voluntary
+acknowledgment of the great mistakes he had been led into about me;
+and said, that both he, and most others, were entirely convinced of
+their error. And he came to Sir Henry Goodrick's house in Yorkshire
+purposely to meet me there again, in order to concert the times
+and methods by which he should act at Nottingham (which was to be
+his post), and one at York (which was to be mine); and we agreed,
+that I should first attempt to surprize York, because there was a
+small garrison with a Governor there; whereas Nottingham was but
+an open town, and might give an alarm to York, if he should appear
+in arms before I had made my attempt upon York; which was done
+accordingly[42]; but is mistaken in divers relations of it. And I
+am confident that Duke (had he been now alive) would have thanked
+nobody for putting his prosecution of me amongst the glorious
+actions of his life."
+
+  [42] For the Earl of Devonshire's proceedings at Derby and
+  Whittington see Mr. Deering's History of Nottingham, p. 260. Mr.
+  Drake, p. 177 of his Eboracum, just mentions the Earl of Danby's
+  appearance at York.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+     Celebration of the REVOLUTION JUBILEE, at Whittington and
+     Chesterfield, on the 4th and 5th of November, 1788.
+
+On Tuesday the 4th instant, the Committee appointed to conduct
+the Jubilee had a previous meeting, and dined together at the
+Revolution House in Whittington. His Grace the Duke of Devonshire,
+Lord Stamford, Lord George and Lord John Cavendish, with several
+neighbouring Gentlemen, were present. After dinner a subscription
+was opened for the erecting of a Monumental Column, in Commemoration
+of the Glorious Revolution, on that spot where the Earls of
+Devonshire and Danby, Lord Delamere, and Mr. John D'Arcy, met to
+concert measures which were eminently instrumental in rescuing
+the Liberties of their Country from perdition. As this Monument
+is intended to be not less a mark of public Gratitude, than the
+memorial of an important event; it was requested, that the present
+Representatives of the above-mentioned families would excuse their
+not being permitted to join in the expence.
+
+On the 5th, at eleven in the morning, the commemoration commenced
+with divine service at Whittington Church. The Rev. Mr. Pegge, the
+Rector of the Parish, delivered an excellent Sermon from the words
+"This is the day, &c." Though of a great age, having that very
+morning entered his 85th year, he spoke with a spirit which seemed
+to be derived from the occasion, his sentiments were pertinent, well
+arranged, and his expression animated.
+
+The descendants of the illustrious houses of Cavendish, Osborne,
+Boothe, and Darcy (for the venerable Duke of Leeds, whose age would
+not allow him to attend, had sent his two grandsons, in whom the
+blood of Osborne and D'Arcy is united); a numerous and powerful
+gentry; a wealthy and respectable yeomanry; a hardy, yet decent and
+attentive peasantry; whose intelligent countenances shewed that they
+understood, and would be firm to preserve that blessing, for which
+they were assembled to return thanks to Almighty God, presented a
+truly solemn spectacle, and to the eye of a philosopher the most
+interesting that can be imagined.
+
+After service the company went in succession to view the old
+house, and the room called by the Anti-revolutionists "The
+Plotting-Parlour," with the old armed-chair in which the Earl of
+Devonshire is said to have sitten, and every one was then pleased to
+partake of a very elegant cold collation, which was prepared in the
+new rooms annexed to the cottage. Some time being spent in this, the
+procession began:
+
+Constables with long staves, two and two.
+
+The Eight Clubs, four and four; _viz_.
+
+     1. Mr. Deakin's: Flag, blue, with orange fringe, on it the
+     figure of Liberty, the motto, "The Protestant Religion, and the
+     Liberties of England, we will maintain."
+
+     2. Mr. Bluett's: Flag, blue, fringed with orange, motto,
+     "Libertas; quæ sera, tamen respexit inertem." Underneath the
+     figure of Liberty crowning Britannia with a wreath of laurels,
+     who is represented sitting on a Lion, at her feet the Cornucopiæ
+     of Plenty; at the top next the pole, a Castle, emblematical of
+     the house where the club is kept; on the lower side of the flag
+     Liberty holding a Cap and resting on the Cavendish arms.
+
+     3. Mr. Ostliff's: Flag, broad blue and orange stripe, with
+     orange fringe; in the middle the Cavendish arms; motto as No. 1.
+
+     4. Mrs. Barber's: Flag, garter blue and orange quarter'd,
+     with white fringe, mottoes, "Liberty secured." "The Glorious
+     Revolution 1688."
+
+     5. Mr. Valentine Wilkinson's: Flag, blue with orange fringe, in
+     the middle the figure of Liberty; motto as No. 1.
+
+     6. Mr. Stubbs: Flag, blue with orange fringe, motto, "Liberty,
+     Property, Trade, Manufactures;" at the top a head of King
+     William crowned with laurel, in the middle in a large oval,
+     "Revolution 1688." On one side the Cap of Liberty, on the other
+     the figure of Britannia; on the opposite side the flag of the
+     Devonshire arms.
+
+     Mrs. Ollerenshaw's: Flag, blue with orange fringe; motto as No.
+     1. on both sides.
+
+     Mr. Marsingale's: Flag, blue with orange fringe; at the top the
+     motto, "In Memory of the Glorious Assertors of British Freedom
+     1688," beneath, the figure of Liberty leaning on a shield, on
+     which is inscribed, "Revolted from Tyranny at WHITTINGTON 1688;"
+     and having in her hand a scroll with the words "Bill of Rights"
+     underneath a head of King William the Third; on the other side
+     the flag, the motto, "The Glorious Revolter from Tyranny 1688"
+     underneath the Devonshire arms; at the bottom the following
+     inscription, "WILLIELMUS DUX DEVON. Bonorum Principum Fidelis
+     Subditus; Inimicus et Invisus Tyrannis."
+
+  The Members of the Clubs were estimated 2000
+  persons, each having a white wand in his hand
+  with blue and orange tops and favours, with
+  the REVOLUTION stamped upon them.
+
+  The Derbyshire militia's band of music.
+
+  The Corporation of Chesterfield in their formalities,
+  who joined the procession on entering the town.
+
+  The Duke of Devonshire in his coach and six.
+
+  Attendants on horseback with four led horses.
+
+  The Earl of Stamford in his post chaise and four.
+
+  Attendants on horseback.
+
+  The Earl of Danby and Lord Francis Osborne in their
+  post-chaise and four.
+
+  Attendants on horseback.
+
+  Lord George Cavendish in his post-chaise and four.
+
+  Attendants on horseback.
+
+  Lord John Cavendish in his post-chaise and four.
+
+  Attendants on horseback.
+
+  Sir Francis Molyneux and Sir Henry Hunloke, Barts.
+  in Sir Henry's coach and six.
+
+  Attendants on horseback.
+
+  And upwards of forty other carriages of the neighbouring
+  gentry, with their attendants.
+
+  Gentlemen on horseback, three and three.
+
+  Servants on horseback, ditto.
+
+The procession in the town of Chesterfield went along
+Holywell-Street, Saltergate, Glumangate, then to the left along
+the upper side of the Market-place to Mr. Wilkinson's house, down
+the street past the Mayor's house, along the lower side of the
+Market-place to the end of the West Barrs, from thence past Dr.
+Milnes's house to the Castle, where the Derbyshire band of music
+formed in the centre and played "_Rule Britannia_," "_God save the
+King, &c._" the Clubs and Corporation still proceeding in the same
+order to the Mayor's and then dispersed.
+
+[Illustration: REVOLUTION House at WHITTINGTON.
+
+_Gent. Mag. Suppl. to Vol. LXXX. Part II, p. 609._
+
+_Schnebbelie del._]
+
+The whole was conducted with order and regularity, for
+notwithstanding there were fifty carriages, 400 gentlemen on
+horseback, and an astonishing throng of spectators, not an accident
+happened. All was joy and gladness, without a single burst of unruly
+tumult and uproar. The approving eye of Heaven shed its auspicious
+beams, and blessed this happy day with more than common splendour.
+
+The company was so numerous as scarcely to be accommodated at the
+three principal inns. It would be a piece of injustice not to
+mention the dinner at the Castle, which was served in a style of
+unusual elegance.
+
+The following toasts were afterwards given:
+
+  1. THE KING.
+  2. The glorious and immortal Memory of King William the IIId.
+  3. The Memory of the Glorious Revolution.
+  4. The Memory of those Friends to their Country, who, at the risk of
+           their lives and fortunes, were instrumental in effecting
+           the Glorious Revolution in 1688.
+  5. The Law of the Land.
+  6. The PRINCE of WALES.
+  7. The QUEEN, and the rest of the Royal Family.
+  8. Prosperity to the British Empire.
+  9. The Duke of Leeds, and prosperity to the House of Osborne.
+  10. The Duke of Devonshire, and prosperity to the House of
+            Cavendish.
+  11. The Earl of Stamford, and prosperity to the united House of
+            Boothe and Grey.
+  12. The Earl of Danby, and prosperity to the united House of Osborne
+            and Darcy.
+  13. All the Friends of the Revolution met this year to commemorate
+            that glorious Event.
+  14. The Dke of Portland.
+  15. Prosperity to the County of Derby.
+  16. The Members for the County.
+  17. The Members for the Borough of Derby.
+  18. The Duchess of Devonshire, &c.
+
+In the evening a brilliant exhibition of fireworks was played off,
+under the direction of Signor Pietro; during which the populace were
+regaled with a proper distribution of liquor. The day concluded with
+a ball, at which were present near 300 gentlemen and ladies; amongst
+whom were many persons of distinction. The Duchess of Devonshire,
+surrounded by the bloom of the Derbyshire hills, is a picture not to
+be pourtrayed. Near 250 ball-tickets were received at the door.
+
+The warm expression of gratitude and affection sparkling in every
+eye, must have excited in the breasts of those noble personages,
+whose ancestors were the source of this felicity, a sensation which
+Monarchs in all their glory might envy. The utmost harmony and
+felicity prevailed throughout the whole meeting. An hogshead of ale
+was given to the populace at Whittington, and three hogsheads at
+Chesterfield; where the Duke of Devonshire gave also three guineas
+to each of the eight clubs.
+
+It was not the least pleasing circumstance attending this meeting,
+that all party distinctions were forgotten. Persons of all ranks
+and denominations wore orange and blue, in memory of our glorious
+Deliverer; And the most respectable Roman Catholic families,
+satisfied with the mild toleration of government in the exercise of
+their Religion, vied in their endeavours to shew how just a sense
+they had of the value of CIVIL LIBERTY.
+
+
+Letter from the Rev. P. CUNNINGHAM to Mr. PEGGE.
+
+     _Eyam, near Tideswal,
+     Nov. 2, 1788._
+
+     REV. AND DEAR SIR,
+
+     You will please to accept of the inclosed Stanzas, and the
+     Ode for the Jubilee, as a little testimony of the Author's
+     respectful remembrance of regard; and of his congratulations,
+     that it has pleased Divine Providence to prolong your days, to
+     take a distinguished part in the happy commemoration of the
+     approaching Fifth of November.
+
+     Having accidentally heard yesterday the Text you proposed for
+     your Discourse on Wednesday, I thought the adoption of it, as an
+     additional truth to the one I had chosen, would be regarded as
+     an additional token of implied respect. In that light I flatter
+     myself you will consider it.
+
+     I shall be happy if these poetic effusions should be considered
+     by you as a proof of the sincere respect and esteem with which I
+     subscribe myself,
+
+     Dear Sir, your faithful humble servant,
+     P. CUNNINGHAM.
+
+
+Stanzas, by the Rev. P. _Cunningham_, occasioned by the
+     Revolution Jubilee, at Whittington and Chesterfield, Nov. 5,
+     1788. Inscribed to the Rev. SAMUEL PEGGE, Rector of Whittington.
+
+"This is the day which the Lord hath made; we will rejoice and be glad
+in it." Psalms.
+
+     "Esto perpetua!" _F. P. Sarpi da Venez._
+
+    Round the starr'd Zodiack, now the golden Sun
+      Eventful Time a Century hath led;
+    Since Freedom, with her choicest wreath, begun
+      Smiling, to grace her long-loved Nation's head.
+
+    Welcome again, the fair auspicious Morn!
+      To Freedom, first and fairest of the year;
+    When from her ashes, like a Phœnix born,
+      Reviving Britain rose in Glory's sphere.
+
+    When, starting from their mournful death-like trance,
+      Her venerable Laws their fasces rais'd.
+    Her stern-eyed Champions grasp'd th' avenging lance,
+      And pure Religion's trembling altars blaz'd.
+
+    For then, from Belgia, through the billowy storm,
+      And, heaven-directed in an happy hour,
+    Britain's good Genius, bearing WILLIAM'S form,
+      Broke the dire Sceptre of Despotic Power.
+
+    Ev'n now, to Fancy's retrospective eyes,
+      Fix'd on the triumphs of his Patriot-Reign;
+    Majestic seems the Hero's shade to rise,
+      With Commerce, Wealth, and Empire, in his train.
+
+    Undimm'd his[43] Eagle-eye, serene his air,
+      Of Soul heroic, as in Fields of Death;
+    See! Britain's Weal employs his latest care,
+      Her Liberty and Laws his latest breath.
+
+    "Visions of Glory! crouding on his sight,"
+      With your still-growing lustre gild the day,
+    When Britons, worthy of their Sires, unite
+      Their Orisons at Freedom's Shrine to pay.
+
+    To eternize the delegated hand,
+      That seal'd their great forefathers' fields their own;
+    Rais'd ev'ry art that decks a smiling land,
+      And Laws that guard the Cottage as the Throne.
+
+    That to the free, unconquerable mind
+      Secur'd the sacred Rights of Conscience, given
+    To Man, when tender Mercy first design'd
+      To raise the Citizen of Earth to Heaven.
+
+    And hark! the solemn Pæans grateful rise
+      From rural Whittington's o'erflowing fane;
+    And, with the heart's pure incense to the skies,
+      Its venerable Shepherd's[44] hallow'd strain.
+
+    See! pointing to the memorable scene,
+      He bids that Heath[45] to latest times be known,
+    Whence her three Champions[46], Freedom, heaven-born Queen,
+      Led with fresh glories to the British Throne.
+
+    Oh, Friend! upon whose natal morn[47] 'tis given,
+      When seventeen Lustres mark thy letter'd days,
+    To lead the Hymn of Gratitude to Heav'n,
+      And blend the Christian's with the Briton's praise.
+
+    Like hoary Sarpis[48], patriot Sage, thy pray'r
+      With Life shall close in _his_ emphatic Strain;
+    "As on _this_ day, may Freedom, ever fair,
+      In Britain flourish, and for ever reign!"
+
+     _Eyam, Derbyshire._
+     P. C.
+
+  [43] Sir John Dalrymple's "Continuation of Memoirs of Great Britain."
+
+  [44] Samuel Pegge.
+
+  [45] Whittington Moor.
+
+  [46] Earl of Devon, Earl of Danby, and Mr. John D'Arcy.
+
+  [47] Birth-day of the Rev. Samuel Pegge, 1704.
+
+  [48] Father Paul.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Ode for the Revolution Jubilee, 1788.
+
+    When lawless Power his iron hand,
+    When blinded Zeal her flaming brand
+      O'er Albion's Island wav'd;
+    Indignant freedom veil'd the sight;
+    Eclips'd her Son of Glory's light;
+      Her fav'rite Realm enslav'd.
+
+    Distrest she wander'd:--when afar
+    She saw her NASSAU'S friendly star
+      Stream through the stormy air:
+    She call'd around a Patriot Band;
+    She bade them save a sinking land;
+      And deathless glory share.
+
+    Her cause their dauntless hearts inspir'd,
+    With ancient Roman virtue fir'd;
+      They plough'd the surging main;
+    With fav'ring gales from Belgia's shore
+    Her heaven-directed Hero bore,
+      And Freedom crown'd his Reign.
+
+    With equal warmth her spirit glows,
+    Though hoary Time's centennial snows
+      New silver o'er her fame.
+    For hark, what songs of triumph tell,
+    Still grateful Britons love to dwell,
+      On WILLIAM'S glorious name.
+
+
+EXTRACTS FROM LETTERS TO MR. GOUGH.
+
+     DEAR SIR,
+     _Whittington, Oct. 11, 1788._
+
+     We are to have most grand doings at this place, 5th of November
+     next, at the _Revolution House_, which I believe you saw when
+     you was here. The Resolutions of the Committee were ordered to
+     be inserted in the London prints[49]; so I presume you may have
+     seen them, and that I am desired to preach the Sermon.
+
+     I remain your much obliged, &c.
+     S. PEGGE.
+
+  [49] "The Committee appointed by the Lords and Gentlemen at the
+  last Chesterfield Races, to conduct and manage the Celebration of
+  the intended Jubilee, on the Hundredth Anniversary of the glorious
+  Revolution, at the Revolution House in Whittington, in the County of
+  Derby, where measures were first concerted for the promotion of that
+  grand constitutional event, in these midland parts, have this day
+  met, and upon consideration, come to the following resolutions:
+
+  That General Gladwin do take the chair at this meeting. That the
+  Rev. Samuel Pegge be requested to preach a Sermon on the occasion,
+  at Whittington Church, on the 5th day of November next. That the
+  Gentlemen who intend to honor the meeting with their company, do
+  assemble at Whittington Church, exactly at eleven o'clock in the
+  forenoon of that day to attend divine service. That immediately
+  after service, they meet at the Revolution House, where a cold
+  collation will be provided. That they go in procession from thence
+  to Chesterfield, where ordinaries will be provided at the Angel,
+  Castle, and Falcon inns. That the meeting be open to all friends of
+  the Revolution. That letters be written to the Dukes of Devonshire
+  and Leeds, and the Earl of Stamford, to request the honour of
+  their attendance at that meeting. That there be a ball for the
+  Ladies in the evening at the Assembly Room in Chesterfield. That a
+  subscription of one guinea each be entered into for defraying the
+  extraordinary expenses on the occasion, and that the same be paid
+  into the hands of Messrs. Wilkinson's, in Chesterfield. That the
+  Committee do meet again on Wednesday the 8th of October next, at the
+  Angel Inn, in Chesterfield, at one o'clock. That these resolutions
+  be published in the Derby and Nottingham newspapers, and in the St.
+  James's of Whitehall, and Lloyd's Evening Posts, and the London and
+  English Chronicles.
+
+       _Chesterfield, Sept. 27, 1788._
+       HENRY GLADWIN, Chairman."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+     _Whittington, Nov. 29, 1788._
+
+     MY DEAR MR. GOUGH,
+
+     Mr. Rooke slept at the Vicarage on the 4th, in order to be ready
+     for our grand celebrity the next day; and to distribute then to
+     his friends his drawing, which he had caused to be engraved by
+     Basire, of the _Revolution House_ at Whittington, which he did,
+     with a paper of mine, respecting the meeting there of the Earl
+     of Devonshire, the Earl of Derby, &c. in 1688, annexed.
+
+     The 5th of November is now gone and over, and they said I
+     acquitted myself very well. Indeed, I was in good spirits, and,
+     as my Son-in-law read the prayers, I went fresh into the pulpit.
+     The Duke of Devon was too late; but we had the Earl of Stamford
+     at church, with Lord George and Lord John Cavendish, Lord Danby
+     (Son of the Marquis of Carmarthen), and Lord Francis Osborne,
+     with their Preceptor Dr. Jackson, Prebendary of Westminster, &c.
+     The cavalcade from Whittington to Chesterfield, where we were
+     to dine at four o'clock, was amazingly grand, no less than 50
+     coaches and chaises with horses dressed with orange ribbons;
+     large and fine banners, with sundry bands of music. There were
+     about 1000 on foot, with orange cockades, and about 300 on
+     horseback, many of whom, besides cockades, were in blue, with
+     orange capes. At half past six the fireworks, by an Italian
+     artist, began, and very admirable they were; he had twenty
+     pounds given him by the _Managers_. The ball room, at nine, was
+     so crowded that, though it is large, there could be but little
+     dancing. The ball was given to the Ladies, with an entertainment
+     of cakes, sweetmeats, negus, &c. It was a fine day; and not the
+     least accident happened, though it is supposed not less than
+     30,000 people were assembled. Hogsheads of liquor were given by
+     the Managers at Whittington and Chesterfield, and the Duke of
+     Devon gave twenty-four guineas to the footmen mentioned above. I
+     saw nobody however in liquor; and when Mr. Rooke and I returned
+     to Whittington, at one o'clock or after, we had a sober driver.
+
+     It happened to be my birth-day; which being known to some
+     gentlemen at all the three great inns where the company dined,
+     they drank my health with three cheers, requesting me to print
+     my Sermon. This request I have complied with, and it is now
+     printed at Chesterfield; I will take care that a copy be sent to
+     you and Mr. Nichols. But I must observe to you on the occasion,
+     that the Sermon will not read so well as it was heard, because
+     having good command over myself at the time, I delivered it with
+     energy and emphasis.
+
+     There will be a monument erected at the Revolution House in
+     Whittington; a column I suppose; and 148 guineas are already
+     subscribed. N. B. The Duke of Devon and the Earl of Stamford
+     were excepted from subscribing, so they reluctantly desisted.
+     Sir H. Hunloke, a Catholic, is a subscriber, and went in the
+     cavalcade, but was not at church, as you may suppose.
+
+     We have a very fine time here, no signs of winter but the
+     absence of leaves; the want of water however is very wonderful,
+     considering the time of year, and is even distressing. I grow
+     very idle and good for nothing; but, such as I am, I remain your
+     very affectionate and much obliged servant,
+
+     S. PEGGE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+     _Whittington, Dec. 22, 1788._
+
+     DEAR SIR,
+
+     By this time I hope you are in possession of my Sermon, as I
+     desired my Son to send one copy to you, and another to Mr.
+     Nichols. If I know you, your sentiments in politics coincide
+     with mine; so that I have no fear of your concurrence in that
+     respect and have only to wish that the composition may please
+     you.
+
+     I am, dear Sir, your truly affectionate and much obliged servant,
+
+       S. PEGGE.
+
+
+
+
+SEQUEL TO THE PARENTALIA.
+
+BY THE EDITOR.
+
+
+Samuel Pegge, Esq. the only surviving Son[50] of the venerable
+Antiquary whose Life has just been recorded, was born in 1731.
+After an excellent classical education, at St. John's College,
+Cambridge, he was admitted a Barrister of the Middle Temple; and
+was soon after, by the favour of the Duke of Devonshire, then
+Lord Chamberlain, appointed one of the Grooms of His Majesty's
+Privy-Chamber, and an Esquire of the King's Household.
+
+  [50] Another son, Christopher, died an infant in 1736.
+
+Mr. Pegge married Martha, daughter of Dr. Henry Bourne, an eminent
+Physician, of Spital, near Chesterfield, in Derbyshire[51], and
+sister to the Rev. John Bourne[52], Rector of Sutton, and Vicar of
+South Wingfield, co. Derby.
+
+  [51] Who died in 1775, in his 89th year.
+
+  [52] Who married Anne-Katharine, Mr. S. Pegge's only sister.
+
+By this lady, who was born in 1732, and died in 1767, he had
+one son, Christopher, of whom hereafter; and one daughter,
+Charlotte-Anne, who died, unmarried, March 17, 1793.
+
+Mr. Pegge married, secondly, Goodeth Belt, daughter of Robert Belt,
+Esq. of Bossall, co. York, by whom he had no issue[53].
+
+  [53] She died Oct. 23, 1807, in her 82d year.
+
+After the death of his Father, Mr. Pegge, though somewhat advanced
+in life, was desirous of becoming a Member of the Society of
+Antiquaries. He was accordingly elected in 1796; having previously
+shewn that he was well deserving of that distinction, by the
+accuracy and intelligence displayed in the "Curialia."
+
+He survived his Father little more than four years; during which
+period he enjoyed but an indifferent state of bodily health. His
+mental faculties, however, were, to the last, strong and unimpaired;
+his manners truly elegant; his conversation always sensible and
+pleasant; and his epistolary correspondence[54] lively and facetious.
+
+  [54] A few extracts from his Letters are given in p. lxxxiii.
+
+His death is thus recorded on an upright stone on the West side of
+Kensington church-yard:
+
+          "SAMUEL PEGGE, Esq.
+  died May the 22d, 1800, aged 67 years.
+
+    MARTHA, Wife of SAMUEL PEGGE, Esq.
+    died June 28, 1767, aged 35 years.
+
+    CHARLOTTE-ANNE, the only Daughter
+        of SAMUEL and MARTHA PEGGE,
+   died March 17, 1793, aged 31 years.
+
+  Mrs. CHRISTIANA PEGGE died July 1, 1790."
+
+To Mr. Pegge, we are indebted for the foregoing circumstantial
+Memoir or his very learned Father; and for several occasional
+communications to the Gentleman's Magazine.
+
+But his principal Work Was intituled, "_Curialia_; or, an Historical
+Account of some Branches of the Royal Household[55];" Three
+Portions of which he published in his life-time:
+
+     Part I. consisted of "Two Dissertations, addressed to the
+     President of the Society of Antiquaries, London; _viz._ 1. On
+     the obsolete Office of the Esquires of the King's Body. 2. On
+     the original Nature, Duty, &c. of the Gentlemen of the King's
+     Most Honourable Privy Chamber, 1782."
+
+     Part II. contains "A Memoir regarding the King's Honourable Band
+     of Gentlemen Pensioners, from its Establishment to the present
+     Time, 1784."
+
+     Part III. is "A Memoir respecting the King's Body-Guard of
+     Yeomen of his Guard, from its Institution, A. D. 1485; 1791."
+
+  [55] Had Mr. Pegge lived to have completed his whole design, the
+  Title would have run thus: "_Hospitium Regis_; or, a History of
+  the Royal Household, and the several Officers thereof, principally
+  in the Departments of the Lord Steward, the Lord Chamberlain, the
+  Master of the Horse, and the Groom of the Stole. Collected and
+  digested by Samuel Pegge, Esq. F.S.A."
+
+During the remaining period of his life, Mr. Pegge amused himself
+in preparing several other Numbers of his "Curialia" for the press;
+the materials for which, and also his "Anecdotes of the English
+Language," he bequeathed to Mr. Nichols; who printed "The Anecdotes
+of the English Language" in 1803. This Work having been noticed
+with much approbation in the principal Reviews, and very favourably
+received by the Publick at large, a Second Edition (corrected and
+improved from his own detached MSS.) was published in 1814. To this
+Edition was added, "A Supplement to the Provincial Glossary of
+Francis Grose, Esq." compiled by Mr. Pegge.
+
+In 1806 Mr. Nichols published Two additional Numbers of the
+"Curialia:"
+
+     Part IV. "A History of Somerset House[56], from the Commencement
+     of its Erection in 1549."
+
+     Part V. "A Dissertation[57] on the ancient Establishment and
+     Function of the Serjeant at Arms."
+
+  [56] The History of Somerset House was with Mr. Pegge a favourite
+  subject; and to this, with the exception of the two concluding
+  pages, he had put the finishing hand.
+
+  [57] Announced by the Author in his Introduction to Part III. and by
+  himself very nearly completed for the press.
+
+The further continuation of that interesting work was broken off by
+the melancholy accident mentioned in page v.
+
+In the early part of his life Mr. Pegge was a considerable
+proficient in Musick. He composed a complete Melo-Drama, both the
+words and the musick in score, which still remains in MS. Many
+Catches and Glees also, and several of the most popular Songs for
+Vauxhall Gardens were written and set to music by him.
+
+His Muse was very fertile; and though his modesty forbade the
+avowal, he was the Author of some occasional Prologues and Epilogues
+which were favourably received by the Publick: a Prologue,
+particularly, spoken by Mr. Yates at Birmingham in 1760, on taking
+the Theatre into his own hands; an Epilogue spoken by the same
+excellent Actor, at Drury Lane, on his return from France, and
+another Epilogue, filled with pertinent allusions to the Game of
+Quadrille, spoken by Mrs. Yates, at her Benefit, in three different
+seasons, 1769, 1770, and 1774. He was the Author also of a pathetic
+Elegy on his own Recovery from a dangerous Illness; and of some
+pleasant Tales and Epigrammatic Poems.
+
+His other acknowledged writings were,
+
+1. "An Elegy on the Death of Godfrey Bagnall Clerke, Esq. (late one
+of the Representatives in Parliament for the County of Derby), who
+died Dec. 26, 1774.[58]"
+
+2. "Memoirs of Edward Capell, Esq."[59]
+
+3. "Illustrations of the Churchwardens' Accompts of St. Michael
+Spurrier Gate, York," in the "Illustrations of the Manners and
+Expences of Antient Times, 1797."
+
+4. "On a Custom observed by the Lord Lieutenants of Ireland."
+(Antiquarian Repertory, Edit. 1809, vol. IV. p. 622.)
+
+5. "Historical Anecdotes of the French Word Carosse." (Ibid. p.
+642.)--The two last mentioned Tracts are re-printed in the present
+volume.
+
+  [58] Of this Elegy Mr. Pegge printed only a few copies to be given
+  to particular Friends; but, by his permission, it was re-printed for
+  sale by Mr. Joseph Bradley, of Chesterfield.
+
+  [59] See the "Illustrations of Literature," vol. I. p. 427.
+
+Mr. Pegge also superintended through the Press the greater part of
+his Father's "History of Beauchief Abbey;" but died before it was
+completed.
+
+His only Son, the present Sir Christopher Pegge, was admitted a
+Commoner at Christ Church, Oxford, in 1782; took the Degree of B. A.
+there in 1786; was elected Fellow of Oriel College in 1788; resigned
+his Fellowship in 1790, and was re-admitted of Christ Church, having
+been appointed, through favour of the Dean and Chapter, Dr. Lee's
+Reader in Anatomy (which situation he resigned in 1816, an asthmatic
+complaint having rendered change of residence adviseable); took the
+Degrees of M. A. and M. B. 1789, and that of M. D. 1792. He was
+elected one of the Physicians to the Radcliffe Infirmary in 1791
+(which he resigned in 1803); F. L. S. 1792; F.R.S. 1795; and Fellow
+of the College of Physicians 1796; received from his Majesty the
+Honour of Knighthood in 1799, and the Dignity of Regius Professor of
+Physic in 1801.
+
+Sir Christopher Pegge married, in 1791, Amey, the eldest daughter of
+Kenton Couse, Esq. of Whitehall; by whom he has issue one daughter,
+Mary, married in 1816 to the Rev. Richard Moore Boultbee, of Merton
+College, Oxford (second son of Joseph Boultbee, Esq. of Springfield
+House, near Knowle, Warwickshire), and had a daughter, born Dec. 9,
+1817.
+
+
+APPENDIX, No. II.
+
+To RICHARD GOUGH, Esq.
+
+_Whittington, March 17, 1796._
+
+DEAR SIR,
+
+There are no persons in the world to whom so much regard is due,
+respecting my late Father's Collections in the literary line, as
+to yourself and Mr. Nichols. I daily see obligations, from Books
+which you have respectively conferred upon him, which call for every
+acknowledgement. I am as daily concerned in looking over papers of
+various kinds; and will preserve them all sacredly, and report upon
+them when I return to Town, which must be in May or June.
+
+I am labouring to keep possession of this house as long as I can,
+and believe I shall be amply indulged; a circumstance which will
+enable me to pay every attention to what may be of real use to my
+Father's Friends: for, as Botanists allow nothing to be weeds, so I
+admit nothing to be waste paper.
+
+What I write to you I mean should be said to Mr. Nichols, with every
+kind remembrance. I have only to desire that I may be considered (by
+descent at least) as
+
+  Your obliged Friend,
+  S. PEGGE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+To Mr. Deputy NICHOLS.
+
+  _Whittington, March 30, 1796._
+
+  DEAR SIR,
+
+A peck of March dust is said to be worth a King's ransom;--and to
+you (who know this house) I may say that I am enveloped in as much
+dust[60] as would ransom an Emperor. I shall be in Town at the end
+of May at the farthest, and would wish to work double tides in
+the History of Beauchief-Abbey while I stay; for I shall find it
+necessary to pass as long a Summer as I can here, where (by the new
+Rector's leave) I hope to continue till the approach of Winter.
+
+  S. PEGGE.
+
+  [60] The Books in the Library at Whittington had, probably, not been
+  dusted for 20 to 30 years.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  _Whittington, April 12, 1796._
+
+  DEAR SIR,
+
+I am really so much engaged (for I am not half through my Herculean
+labour) that I have not leisure to think of my late nearest Friend,
+so as to _erect_ any memorial in the Gentleman's Magazine _at
+present_.
+
+I have written to Lord Leicester and to Mr. Topham by this post, to
+request that I may be _hung up, according to Law_, at the Society of
+Antiquaries, in hopes of being honourably cut down, and receiving
+Christian Burial. The _Director_[61], I trust, will appear _to
+character_ when my Trial comes up. God send me a good deliverance!
+What I write to you, I write to Mr. Gough also through you.
+
+  Your obliged Friend, &c.
+  S. PEGGE.
+
+  [61] Mr. Gough was then Director of the Society of Antiquaries.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+To GEORGE ALLAN, Esq. Darlington.
+
+  _Whittington, May 2, 1796._
+
+  SIR,
+
+In the course of the last year my late Father (Rev. Dr. Pegge) among
+other Books made me a present off "The Northumberland Household
+Book;" which he told me (as I since find by his memoranda) was lent
+to you. I take the liberty of wishing to have it returned soon,
+directed to my Friend Mr. Nichols.
+
+I have heard my Father often speak of you, Sir, with much respect,
+and I shall always honour my Father's Friends. I am, &c.
+
+  S. PEGGE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  _Whittington, May 23, 1796._
+  SIR,
+
+I thank you for the favour of your Letter, which was anticipated
+by a line from Mr. Nichols, advising me that "The Northumberland
+Household Book" was safe in his hands. The honourable mention I
+hear of my late Father, almost every day, is very gratifying to me,
+though I know it is not undeserved on his part. As to Mr. Brander's
+Print of my father, I have a very few in London; and one of the
+best of them shall be at your service. I cannot think the Print in
+the least like my Father; but I have a Painting[62] which is a very
+strong resemblance.
+
+Your very obedient humble servant,
+
+  S. PEGGE.
+
+  [62] This striking resemblance of my worthy old friend Dr. Pegge,
+  which I have often had the agreeable opportunity of comparing with
+  the Original when conversing with the good Doctor at Whittington,
+  is now in the possession of his Grandson, Sir Christopher Pegge;
+  by whose kind permission a faithful Engraving from it, admirably
+  executed by Philip Andinet, accompanies the present Publication.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+To Mr. NICHOLS.
+
+  _Whittington, July 28, 1796._
+
+  DEAR SIR,
+
+We left London on Monday the eleventh; but did not _make_
+Whittington till last Sunday the 24th inst. We passed part of
+Wednesday the 13th, and all the 14th and 15th, at Southwell, with
+the new Rector of Whittington, and had a very pleasurable visit. We
+next _touched_ at Spital, and as we thought only for three or four
+days, but were detained there by _contrary winds_, which _blew_ us
+into parties of company and venison.
+
+I am, dear Sir, yours very sincerely, S. PEGGE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  _York, Sunday, Sept. 11, 1796._
+
+  DEAR SIR,
+
+Where and when this will find you, whether in _Urban_ or in _Sylvan_
+scenes, I know not: but the purport of it is to desire that you
+would send me (to Whittington) the _last Impression_ of the Family
+Pedigree of _Bourne_.
+
+Whether you ever insert it in your _Leicestershire_ or not, I wish
+to have it completed, as far as may be, from my own connexion with
+it; and because I know that every difficulty is doubled to every
+succeeding generation. The Historian of Leicestershire must have had
+repeated experience of this circumstance in his investigations.
+
+  Yours, &c.
+  S. PEGGE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  _Scotland yard, Feb. 20, 1797._
+
+  DEAR SIR,
+
+I am now going seriously to work, to bring the Coins forward by
+auction. The whole collection amounts in number to between 1100 and
+1200; but of what value the hammer must determine.
+
+  S. PEGGE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  _June 10, 1797._
+
+  DEAR SIR,
+
+Mr. Gough was so obliging as to mention hopes of seeing us at
+Enfield; and I have been for several days on the point of writing to
+him a line of thanks, and to express the willingness of the spirit,
+and the weakness of the flesh; for, alas! I have got as much gout as
+will last me till we go into Derbyshire in the second week in July.
+In this situation it would be much to the honour of your humanity to
+come and pass an evening with us. I am sure to be found at home.
+
+  S. P.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  _Scotland yard, June 18, 1797._
+
+  DEAR SIR,
+
+I hope this will find you safely returned from your excursion,
+and disengaged, as I wish you to pass a _long_ evening with me.
+Mr. Bowyer Nichols would tell you that I am now at leisure to go
+on with "Beauchief Abbey" for a little while; but without your
+assistance, know not how. Send me word what evening you can best
+spare, and bring your Son with you, and let it be very _speedily_. I
+shall soon put an end to the Session, and this _Printing-ment_ will
+be prorogued to the 5th of October, then to meet for dispatch of
+business.
+
+  S. PEGGE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  _December 7, 1797._
+
+  DEAR SIR,
+
+As you are connected with the Representatives of Dr. Farmer, or the
+person who acts for them, I wish you would procure a receipt for a
+copy of Skelton, which was found in my Father's collection after his
+death, and which was evidently Mr. Farmer's property.
+
+As I hear that Dr. Farmer's Library is intended for sale, I should
+be glad that this book might be soon restored to the Executors; and
+my original wish to return it, may appear from a letter of mine to
+Dr. Farmer, dated so long ago as the 4th of February last, which has
+probably been found among his papers. I received no answer to it,
+which I imputed to his then bad state of health.
+
+  Yours, &c.
+  S. PEGGE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  _Harrowgate, Aug. 25, 1799._
+
+  DEAR SIR,
+
+Our history, since I saw you, is briefly this. We left London on
+the 18th of July, and made a journey of three days to Spital, near
+Chesterfield. After resting there, for as many days, we set off for
+this place, which we found very full, and made our quarters good
+at the humblest house we could find; but with the most comfortable
+accommodations that a very uncomfortable place can afford; and
+are reconciled to our situation. We dine (_en masse_) about 20 on
+the average, keep good hours, and are not pestered with gamblers,
+ladies-maids, or lap-dogs. In some houses they dine 120 people!!!
+
+The water of this place is a very strong sulphur, and I believe,
+is the most powerful of any in the kingdom. The most quiet of this
+sort of houses is much too turbulent for me; besides that it is
+difficult for one who cannot walk, or even saunter about, as others
+do, to fill up the chasms between meals, except by reading, which
+is scarcely practicable here. I find myself, however, tolerably
+habituated to noise and talk; and as to the art of doing nothing, I
+have made myself perfectly master of it. As a proof of it, I have
+been three weeks in writing this letter.
+
+If you ask me how I do? I answer, I don't know at present. I have
+experienced much _non_-valescence, and am told _con_-valescence will
+follow.
+
+  S. PEGGE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  _Monday, January 27, 1800._
+
+  DEAR SIR,
+
+The Lady[63] mentioned in the enclosed Article is my Niece, who
+hopes to open the Ball in the List of Marriages in this Month. I
+send also an article for the Obituary[64], the death of a Brother of
+my Wife, and whose death has long been expected. I am a lodger in my
+own first-floor, with some gout, which will neither lead nor drive;
+but I should be very happy to receive a charitable visit of chat in
+any evening that you can spare. I do not ask Mr. Bowyer Nichols, as
+I cannot encounter more than one person at a time.
+
+  Your very sincere friend,
+  S. PEGGE.
+
+  [63] Elizabeth, daughter of the Rev. John Bourne, of Spital, was
+  married, Jan. 1, 1800, to Robert Jennings, Esq. of Hull.
+
+  [64] Mr. John Belt, of York, Surgeon, died Jan. 23, 1800.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  _March 17, 1800._
+
+  DEAR SIR,
+
+Presuming that you are returned from Hinckley, and _have nothing
+in the world to do_, I hope you will give us your company in an
+evening very soon; for at that time of the day I see nobody else.
+Let me hear by one of your _Representatives in Parliament_[65] on
+what evening I may expect you, that I may _rectify_ my spirits
+accordingly.
+
+     Adieu!
+     S. PEGGE.
+
+  [65] So he humourously styled the Printer's Errand Boys.
+
+
+
+
+Hospitium Domini Regis;
+
+OR,
+
+THE HISTORY
+
+OF THE
+
+ROYAL HOUSEHOLD.
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+I was led into the following investigation from a natural and kind
+of instinctive curiosity, and a desire of knowing what was the
+antient state of the Court to which I have the honour, by the favour
+of his Grace William the late Duke of Devonshire, to compose a part.
+It is obvious to suppose that so large a body must have undergone
+various revolutions, and have borne very different complexions
+according to times and circumstances: and having occasion to consult
+some MSS. in the Lord Chamberlain's Office, by his Lordship's
+permission, upon a matter of no consequence to relate, I thought
+I discerned, in the course of my search, that materials were to be
+found sufficient to furnish out a detail. Having free access to the
+use of a large Library, and by the favour of many friends, to whom
+I take this opportunity of testifying my obligations, I was enabled
+to trace back the state of the Court in darker ages, though but by a
+glimmering light.
+
+Notwithstanding ample revenues have always been provided for support
+of the dignity and splendour of the Royal House of the Kings of
+England, equal, if not perhaps superior, to those of any Court in
+Europe, yet we shall find they have varied very much in different
+Reigns, as times and circumstances have required; though not always
+for laudable reasons. Some of our Kings have been so profuse,
+that, either from their extensive liberality, or more frequently
+worse inducements, they have thereby lessened the estates of the
+Crown so very much, that retrenchments, either in the number or
+expence of their Households (and sometimes both) have become the
+necessary consequence. Others[66] have found the Crown Revenues so
+much contracted at their Accession, that they have been obliged to
+demand resumptions of grants made by their immediate Predecessor,
+in order to enable themselves to support the Regal dignity with a
+proper degree of splendour. Others[67], again, from a wanton spirit
+of prodigality, have rendered it necessary for them to resume even
+_their own_ grants; a measure equally scandalous to the character of
+the Prince, as derogatory to the honour of the Crown.
+
+As to _resumptions_, several of each sort will be seen in the
+following sheets, antecedent to the Reformation; and since that
+period there have been repeated occasions for _reductions (ex
+necessitate rei)_ in the tumultuous reigns of Charles the First,
+Charles the Second, and James the Second.
+
+When we speak of the superior magnificence of our own Court, we may
+add, that no other makes so liberal appointments to its Officers,
+could we know the Establishments of the rest.
+
+  [66] Henry II.
+
+  [67] William Rufus.
+
+In France they figure away with thousands of livres _per annum_;
+but, when these come to be liquidated into pounds sterling, the idea
+is lost, and the appointment of a Lord of the Bed-chamber sinks down
+into a salary not superior to our Gentlemen Ushers.
+
+In Poland the Officers of the State and Household have no salaries
+nor fees[68]; but are content with the honour, unless the King chose
+to reward them with a _Starostie_, a kind of Fiefs inherent in the
+Crown for this purpose.
+
+  [68] See Letters concerning the present state of Poland, printed for
+  T. Payne, 1773, Letter iii. p. 57.
+
+At the Court of Turin, the salaries of the Officers of the Court
+are extremely small, and every way inadequate to their rank.
+Frugality and œconomy, exercised in a Royal manner, are the
+characteristics of that Court; insomuch as that, if the Officers of
+State had not an income arising from their patrimony, their salaries
+would not afford them food and raiment[69].
+
+  [69] Lord Corke's Letters from Italy, published 1773, p. 52.
+
+The Emperor of Germany has one very singular prerogative, very
+inconvenient to the inhabitants of Vienna, that of taking to himself
+the _first floor_ of every house in the City (a few privileged
+places excepted) for the use of the _Officers of his Court and
+Army_; so that, on this account, says my Author[70], "Princes,
+Ambassadors, and Nobles, usually inhabit the second stories; and
+the third, fourth, and even fifth floors (the houses being large
+and high) are well fitted up for the reception of opulent and noble
+families." The houses being so large, a single floor suffices for
+most of the principal and largest families in the City.
+
+  [70] Dr. Burney, in his Present State of Munich, in Germany, vol. I.
+  pp. 205, 295.
+
+For particulars relative to the Court of Denmark, it may be
+sufficient to refer to the account given by Lord Molesworth, who
+resided several years as Envoy Extraordinary from King William III.
+
+
+
+
+WILLIAM I.
+
+
+After that great Revolution called _The Conquest_, it is to be
+supposed that a competent part, and that no inconsiderable one,
+was allotted for the support of the Dignity of the King's House.
+How large the establishment of the Household was, it would be very
+difficult to ascertain at this distance of time; but we know that
+the Conqueror's Revenues were very great, and that, besides the
+public branch of it for the defence of the Kingdom against invasions
+from abroad, there must have been an ample residue to maintain the
+Court in dignity and magnificence at home. William, as soon as he
+was seated on his new Throne, was careful to make a general and
+accurate Survey of the whole kingdom, notwithstanding there had
+been a Survey taken within less than 200 years by King Alfred, then
+remaining at Winchester.[71] But William's jealous caution did
+not permit him to trust to this. He saw the necessity there was to
+make the most of things; and, looking on money as a necessary means
+of maintaining and increasing power, he accumulated as much as he
+could, though rather, perhaps, from an ambitious than a covetous
+motive; at least his avarice was subservient to his ambition; and he
+laid up wealth in his coffers, as he did arms in his magazines, to
+be drawn out on proper occasions, for the defence and enlargement of
+his dominions[72].
+
+  [71] Called Codex Wintoniensis. See Sir John Spelman's Life of
+  Alfred.
+
+  [72] Lord Lyttelton's Life of Henry II. vol. i. p. 74; edit. 8vo.
+
+In William's Survey, which we call _Domesday Book_, particular
+attention was first paid to the King's right; and the _Terra Regis_
+(as it was called), which consisted of such lands as either had
+belonged to the Crown, or to the King individually, was placed
+first; and, upon the whole, 1422[73] manors, or lordships, were
+appropriated to the Crown; besides lands and farms, and besides
+quit-rents paid out of other subordinate manors. Whether William
+assumed to himself and the Crown more than he ought, is hard to
+say; but it is to be supposed he was not very sparing or delicate.
+The _Terra Regis_ is said to have consisted of such lands as Edward
+the Confessor was found to have been possessed of, the alienation
+of which was held impious; to which some think William added the
+forfeited estates of those who opposed him at the decisive battle of
+Hastings[74]; and likewise the lands of such Barons, and others, who
+afterwards forsook him. These advantages he might, perhaps, be glad
+to take, as they enabled him better to reward his Norman friends
+and followers, who were numerous; and furnished him likewise with a
+plea to enrich himself, by annexing part of such lands to the Crown,
+and distributing the rest, with a reservation of quit-rents and
+services. We may add to these, many apparently unjustifiable means
+which the Conqueror used to enrich himself, though by the greatness
+of the antient Crown-estate, and the feudal profits to which he
+was legally entitled, he was already one of the richest Monarchs
+in Europe. The Saxon Chronicle says, he omitted no opportunity of
+extorting money from his subjects upon the slightest pretext, and
+speaks of it as a thing of course[75]. It must be owned, however,
+(says Lord Lyttelton) that, if his avarice was insatiably and
+unjustly rapacious, it was not meanly parsimonious, nor of that
+sordid kind which brings on a Prince dishonour and contempt. He
+supported the _dignity of the Crown_ with a _decent magnificence_;
+and, though he never was _lavish_, he was sometimes _liberal_[76].
+
+  [73] Domesday Book.
+
+  [74] Rapin.
+
+  [75] "_Pro more suo_, extorsit multum pecuniæ suis subditis
+  ubicunque haberet aliquem pretextum, sive jure sive aliter."
+  Chron. Sax. p. 187. In another place the writer says, he extorted
+  money, "partim justè, maximâ verò ex parte injustè, rebus parùm
+  urgentibus." p. 191.
+
+  [76] Lord Lyttelton's Henry II. vol. i. p. 74.
+
+Thus did the Conqueror leave an ample and splendid revenue to
+his Successor, sufficient to maintain his Court in dignity and
+magnificence, and adequate to every expence both foreign and
+domestic. It is, at this day, almost impossible to discover the
+nature and magnitude of William's Household; but most probably,
+as it was numerous, it was likewise magnificent; though, perhaps,
+composed of Officers and Offices very different from what have been
+adopted in succeeding Reigns.
+
+We read of Treasurers, for such a King _must_ have: and in the
+next Reign mention is made of Robert Fitz-Hamon, _Gentleman of the
+Bed-chamber_[77], who conquered Wales, while William Rufus was
+engaged in a war with Scotland, anno 1091; and we afterwards read
+of other Officers similar to what we have at present, though the
+rudeness of the times rendered most of the offices now in being
+unnecessary, which seem to have been added from time to time, as
+luxury and refined necessity required, and in conformity to the
+pride and ostentatious spirit of the Prince who erected them.
+
+  [77] _Gentleman of the Bed-chamber_ means what we now call a _Lord
+  of the Bed-chamber_; which last is a title of a late introduction.
+  When the _Gentleman_ was the superior, the next subordinate Officer
+  was the _Groom_; which last title continues to this day. Had the
+  first been originally called _Lords_, the latter would probably have
+  been styled the _Gentleman_. William of Malmsbury speaks of the
+  _Cubicularius_ in that ridiculous instance of William Rufus's absurd
+  profusion with respect to the price of a pair of hose; by whom, I
+  should suppose, he means an inferior Officer of the _Bed-chamber_,
+  by the rough language he uses to him; no less than calling him a
+  _son of a whore.--Filî, ait, meretricis._
+
+It is probable, however, that what was wanting in parade, was
+equalled by an expence in hospitality, which must, of course,
+employ a great many Domestics of different kinds in their several
+departments, to which we may suppose were added many of a Military
+nature, which the situation of the Conqueror rendered necessary in
+his new dominion.
+
+There being but few Placemen in those times, the Court was chiefly
+composed of Ecclesiastics, Barons, Knights, and other Military
+Gentlemen, led by the hopes of preferment or promotion; and Lord
+Lyttelton says, William was always liberal to his Soldiers and to
+the Church[78]. The Barons were, at this time of day, the chief
+Council of the Realm; they held their Baronies of the King, for
+which they were perpetually doing homage; and on these accounts the
+Court must have been crowded,--at least much frequented.
+
+  [78] Life of Henry II. vol. i. p. 74.
+
+As to the internal part of the Court, I mean the Attendants on the
+Royal person, we know but very little. King Alfred, however, who
+lived 200 years before the Conquest, during his attention to the
+Police of his Kingdom in general, did not forget the internal good
+government of his Household; for we learn from Ingulphus[79] that
+he divided his Attendants into three classes, who were appointed to
+wait by turns, _monthly_.
+
+  [79] Dividens Familiam in tres Turmas, singulis Turmis singulos
+  Principes imposuit; et unusquisque Princeps cum suâ Turmâ per unum
+  mensem in Regis Ministerio Palatium conservavit. Uno mense completo,
+  exiens ad proprios agros cum suâ Turmâ, propriis negotiis per duorum
+  mensium spatium intendebat; et interim secundus Princeps per unum
+  mensem, et tertius Princeps per alium mensem post illum in Regis
+  Palatio ministrabat: ut postea propriis utilitatibus per duos menses
+  quælibet Turma vacaret. Hâc revolutione Servorum suorum, totiusque
+  familiæ suæ rotatione, usus est omni tempore vitæ suæ. Ingulph.
+  Hist. p. 870.
+
+Whether this mode was continued by his Successors, I do not
+learn. William might perhaps reject it as being Saxon, and
+adopt a plan similar to the French Court, in compliment to his
+Norman adherents. This routine of waiting, not much unlike the
+present mode, rendered the service of Alfred's attendants both
+œconomical, and agreeable to themselves. Sir John Spelman, in
+his Life of King Alfred, supposes that the Officers who are now
+called _Quarter-waiters_ are, from their title, a relique of this
+mode of waiting established by Alfred. But this (with deference to
+the Gentlemen of that Corps) seems to be going too far, and does
+not agree with Ingulphus, from whom Sir John takes his account; who
+says, that the Officers of King Alfred's Household were divided
+into three classes, and that each class waited alternately monthly,
+not quarterly; so that no one class waited two consecutive months,
+and each would, of course, wait _four months_ in the year, with an
+interval of two months between each wait. It is true, they would
+renew their waiting once in a quarter of course, from the number of
+classes, but no part of them attended for a quarter together; and
+I apprehend the Quarter-waiters received their name because they
+waited a quarter of a year at a time by turns, as their superiors,
+the Daily-waiters, waited daily by turns. Alfred's Household most
+resembled the Gentlemen Pensioners in the mode of attendance, who,
+to this day, wait in _classes_ quarterly.
+
+I shall now give Sir John Spelman's account at large (as I have
+Ingulphus's), where he gives a supposed, and not improbable, reason
+for this mode of attendance.
+
+"He [Alfred] having, it seems, observed the course that Solomon
+took in preparing timber at Lebanon for the Temple, where thirty
+thousand, assigned to the work, went by ten thousand at a time,
+wrought there a month, and then returning, stayed two months at
+home, until their turn in the fourth month came about again[80]--he,
+applying this to his own occasions, ordained the like course in
+his attendance, making a triplicate thereof, insomuch that he had
+a three-fold shift of all Domestic Officers; each of which were,
+by themselves, under the command of a several _Major-domo_[81], or
+Master of the Household, who, coming with his servants under his
+charge, to wait at Court, stayed there a month, and then returning
+home, were supplied by the second ternary, and they again by the
+third, until the course coming about, the first of them (after
+two months recess at home) did, with the quarter[82], renew their
+monthly service at the Court. I should conjecture (continues he)
+that the King, for his more honourable attendance, took this course
+in point of Royalty and State, there being (as it then stood with
+the State) very few men of quality fit to stand before a King,
+who, by their fortunes or dependency, were not otherwhere besides
+engaged; neither was there, in those times, any great assurance
+to be had of any man, unless he were one of such condition, whose
+service, when the King was fain to use one month in the quarter,
+it was necessary for the common-wealth that he should remit them
+the other two months unto their own occasions. Neither used he
+this course with some of his Officers only (as there are those who
+understand it to have been a course taken only with those of his
+Guard), but with all his whole attendance; neither used he it for a
+time only, but for his whole life; and I little doubt but that the
+use at Court, at this day, of Officers, _Quarter-waiters_, had the
+first beginning even from this invention of the King[83]."
+
+  [80] Ingulph. ubi supra.
+
+  [81] Princeps. Ingulphus, in eod.
+
+  [82] This, I suppose, led Sir John into the above supposition about
+  the Quarter-Waiters.
+
+  [83] Spelman's Life of Alfred, edit. Hearne, p. 198.
+
+The Translator of this Life of Alfred into Latin, Dr. Obadiah
+Walker, has taken a little latitude in the last sentence of
+this passage, and has wandered totally from the mark. His
+words are, "Neque multum dubito quin _Dapiferi_ hodierni (quos
+_Quarter-waiters_ appellamus) qui per singulos anni quadrantes,
+Regi ad _mensam_ ministrant, ab hoc Regis instituto, manarint." Now
+it is pretty certain that the Quarter-waiters are not Officers at
+all connected, by their post, with the King's _table_, they being a
+secondary degree of _Gentlemen Ushers_, called in a grant of Fees
+temp. Car. I. (in Rymer's Fœdera) _Ante-Ambulones_. The Doctor
+seems, by the word _Dapiferi_, to have confounded them with the
+_Sewers_; which is strengthened by the following words, "qui ad
+_mensam_ ministrant."
+
+It is allowed that King Alfred enlarged his Household very much;
+but, what was the nature and office of the individuals of it, we
+shall probably never be able to gather. We may, however, fairly
+suppose his Retinue in number, and his Court in splendour, was far
+superior to those of any of his Predecessors.
+
+Of the _Conqueror's Court_ we know still less, neither do I learn
+that King Alfred's establishment was followed by his immediate
+successors; but it is reasonable to suppose that the _Court_, as
+well as the _Kingdom_, would be new-modelled, and assume a different
+face, upon so great a revolution as that of the Conquest.
+
+
+
+
+WILLIAM RUFUS.
+
+
+Notwithstanding the fair inheritance left by the Conqueror, equal
+to the Regal Dignity, and the exigences of the State, William
+Rufus, the successor, not only dissipated the great treasure of
+which he was possessed at the demise of his Father, but ran into so
+extravagant a profusion of expence, that he was at last obliged to
+apply to resources, unwarrantable in themselves, and derogatory to
+his Crown and Dignity. The late King's treasures were said to amount
+to 60,000_l._; but, according to Henry of Huntingdon[84], who lived
+very near the time, to 60,000 pound _weight_ of silver, exclusive of
+gold, jewels, plate, and robes; and "the silver money alone (says
+Lord Lyttelton[85]), according to the best computation I am able to
+make, was equivalent at least to nine hundred thousand pounds of our
+money at present:" but this would not suffice; for the Crown-lands,
+which were held so sacred by his ancestors, were alienated; and
+he was at last compelled, as a dernier resort, to resume his own
+grants, a practice now used for the first (but not the last) time,
+and a measure equally scandalous and iniquitous. Rufus's ordinary
+revenues did not probably exceed those of his Father; but, as he
+ran into more needless and wanton expenses, he was necessitated to
+make frequent demands upon his people. Considering the influence
+of artful Churchmen, in those times of Papal tyranny, over weak
+Princes, it is not to be wondered that Rufus should be easily
+prevailed upon by Ranulphus, Bishop of Durham[86], who was Master
+both of his Councils and his Conscience, to resume his own grants,
+though made for valuable considerations; or to take any measure,
+however unwarrantable and unprecedented--
+
+  "Tantum Religio potuit suadere malorum."
+
+  [84] Erant autem in Thesauro 60 Mille Libræ Argenti. Lib. vi.
+
+  [85] Introduction to the Life of Henry II. The Reader may see his
+  Lordship's grounds of computation in a long note on this passage.
+  The Saxon Chronicle says, the King's Treasures were _difficiles
+  numeratu_, p. 192.
+
+  [86] Lord Lyttelton calling him Ralph Flambard, a Norman. Life of
+  Henry II. vol. i. p. 87, where his character may be seen at large.
+
+Amongst other acts of rapacity, made in a manner necessary by his
+former profusion, he kept the See of Canterbury vacant four years
+(upon the death of Lanfranc), that he might take the profits to
+his own use; nay, he did the same by the Bishoprick of Lincoln,
+and all others that became void in his Reign; and at the time of
+his death he had in his hands the Sees of Canterbury, Winchester,
+Salisbury, twelve[87] rich Abbeys, besides many other Benefices
+of less consideration[88]; so little regard has ever been paid to
+things _sacred_ by Arbitrary Princes (as our Kings were at that
+time) to gratify either their necessities or their passions. But
+this was not the worst part of the story; for, not satisfied with
+the First-fruits, to which he was entitled,--after he had seized the
+vacant Benefices, and pillaged them of every thing valuable (even
+to the very Shrines), he sold them publicly to the best bidder,
+without regard to merit or capacity[89].
+
+  [87] The Saxon Chronicle says but Eleven.
+
+  [88] Matthew Paris.
+
+  [89] Saxon Chronicle.
+
+After having been led, by the nature of the subject, to speak thus
+freely of this King's rapacity, it is but justice to mention an
+instance of his generosity. It is related that, two Monks striving
+to outbid each other for a rich Abbey, the King perceived a third
+standing by, who did not bid any thing; to whom the King addressing
+himself, asked "how much _he_ would give?" The Monk replied, "he had
+no money, and, if he had, his conscience would not suffer him to lay
+it out in that manner:" upon which the King swore his usual oath[90]
+"that he best deserved it, and should have it for nothing[91]."
+
+  [90] "Per Vultum di Lucca." See Lord Lyttelton's note, vol. i. p.
+  424, octavo. I have seen a private letter from his Lordship in
+  defence of his opinion.
+
+  [91] Higden.
+
+Though William was thus continually filling his coffers with these
+dishonourable and sacrilegious spoils, yet was he avaricious
+without frugality, covetous and prodigal at the same time; always
+in want, and devising new ways to raise money, however mean and
+despicable. I cannot omit one artful and almost ludicrous method
+which Rufus practised to raise money, in the war with his brother
+Robert, who had engaged the French in his interest. "Under pretence
+(says M. Rapin, from Simeon Dunelmensis, Matthew Paris, &c.) that
+there was occasion for supplies of men, William Rufus [then in
+Normandy] sent orders into England, to raise, with all possible
+speed, 20,000 men. In raising this army, such were purposely
+taken for soldiers who were well to pass, or to whom it was very
+inconvenient to leave their families. When these levies were going
+to embark, the King's Treasurer told them, by his order, "that
+they might every man return home, upon payment of ten shillings
+each." This news was so acceptable to the soldiers, listed thus
+against their wills, that there was not one but who was glad to be
+dismissed at so easy a rate. By this means William raised the sum
+of 10,000_l._ with which he bribed the French to retire. Various
+other instances of extortion and rapacity (though not attended with
+so much ingenuity as this) might be adduced from the history of
+this Reign, recorded by contemporary writers; but enough has been
+mentioned to convince us that but little order or decorum is to be
+expected within the walls of the Court of so unprincipled a King.
+On the contrary, indeed, all writers agree[92] in their accounts of
+the dissolute manners of his Household and Adherents, which called
+forth rigid edicts in the next Reign, for the suppression of vices
+which had grown too flagrant to be removed by reprobation alone. The
+crimes laid to the charge of his retinue were, some of them, of the
+most serious nature, and required an uncommon exertion of severity;
+as we shall see presently. "In the magnificence of his _Court_
+and buildings, however, (says Lord Lyttelton[93],) he _greatly_
+exceeded any King of that age. But though his profuseness (continues
+his Lordship) arose from a noble and generous nature, it must be
+accounted rather a vice than a virtue; as, in order to supply the
+unbounded extent of it, he was very rapacious. If he had lived long,
+his expences would have undone him, and they had brought him some
+years before his death into such difficulties, that even if his
+temper had not been despotic, his _necessities_ would have rendered
+him a Tyrant.
+
+  [92] "Ipse namque, et qui ei famulabantur (says Matthew Paris) omnia
+  rapiebant, omnia conterebant, et subvertebant. Adulteria violenter,
+  et _impunè_ committebant, quicquid fraudis et nequitiæ antea non
+  erat, his temporibus pullulavit." Henry of Huntingdon uses nearly
+  the same, but rather stronger, expressions.
+
+  [93] Introduction to History of Henry II.
+
+
+
+
+HENRY I.
+
+
+After so bad an œconomist (to say no worse of William Rufus),
+we may hope to see a more prudent direction of the revenues of the
+State, and a less abandoned Retinue about the Royal Person. This
+is, however, no great compliment to Henry, who succeeded: for a
+moderate character will appear with some degree of lustre, after
+one so very much disfigured as that of Rufus. Henry had, without
+question, many good qualities. He was a wise and prudent Prince,
+and, as the Saxon Chronicle says, "magno honore habitus[94];" but
+yet, we shall discover, one of his ruling passions was avarice, when
+we come to look nearly into his interior conduct in life. There was
+a glaring inconsistency in his very outset; for, soon after his
+accession, we find him punishing and imprisoning the abettors of
+William Rufus's exactions, and, among the rest, Ranulph Bishop of
+Durham, the _Minister_ and instrument of all those oppressive and
+unwarrantable measures; and yet, very soon after, we behold Henry
+sequestering to his own use the revenues of the Archbishopric of
+Canterbury, and keeping them in his hands for five years, after the
+example of the very man whose rapacious conduct he had, but just
+before, publicly condemned[95]. It is true he recalled many grants
+bestowed upon _creatures_ and undeserving persons in the late Reign;
+but whether upon motives of justice or avarice I do not determine.
+It will be found that he died exceedingly rich for those times (by
+whatever means the wealth was amassed); for he did not omit any
+opportunity of taxing his subjects, where he could do it with a
+tolerable grace, though he did it not in so bare-faced a manner as
+Rufus had done. Thus he availed himself of an antient Norman feudal
+custom, on occasion of the marrying his eldest daughter[96]. This
+custom was not now first established by Henry himself, as some have
+supposed[97]; but was one of the antient aids due to the King from
+his subjects, and having lain dormant many years, was now revived,
+but not introduced otherwise, than that Henry happened to be the
+first King, of the Norman race, who married his eldest daughter.
+In this he might be justifiable enough; but then he seems to have
+laid the tax at a prodigious high rate, for it is said, by some
+calculations, to have amounted to upwards of 800,000_l._ sterling.
+Among other things, Henry was very attentive to the reformation of
+abuses and irregularities that had crept into the _Court_ during the
+Reign of his Brother.
+
+  [94] Saxon Chronicle, p. 237.
+
+  [95] Morem fratris sui Willielmi Regis secutus. Eadmer.
+
+  [96] Aide à Fille marier.
+
+  [97] Polydore Vergil.
+
+The accounts given of William's Court are surprizing for that
+age, when one would suppose our ancestors to have been rough and
+unpolished, little addicted to the softer vices, and totally
+unacquainted with the effeminacies of succeeding times; but we
+find that, notwithstanding men's minds were then so much turned
+to war and athletic diversions, excess and sensuality prevailed
+in a very scandalous manner among the Nobility, and even among
+the Clergy. Vanity, lust, and intemperance, reigned through the
+whole kingdom. The men appeared so effeminate in their dress and
+manners, that they shewed themselves men in nothing but their
+attempts upon the chastity of women[98]. So William of Malmsbury,
+speaking of the effeminacy of William Rufus's Court, says,
+"Mollitie corporis certare cum fœminis--gressum frangere--gestu
+soluto--et latere nudo incedere, Adolescentium specimen erat:
+enerves--emolliti--expugnatores alienæ pudicitiæ, prodigi suæ." By
+many evidences it appears that a luxury in apparel was very general
+among the Nobles and Gentry of that age; even the Nuns were not free
+from it.
+
+  [98] Eadmer.
+
+The garments of the English, before their intermixture with the
+Normans, were generally plain; but they soon adopted the fashions of
+these new-comers, and became as magnificent in their dress as their
+fortunes could bear[99]. So that we see the French have, ever since
+the Conquest, been the standard of the English dress; and though we
+often complain of the folly of our times, in adopting French modes,
+it appears to be a practice that has existed time immemorial. Lord
+Lyttelton informs us (from Ordericus Vitalis) that there was a
+revolution in dress in William Rufus's reign, not only in England,
+but in all the Western parts of Europe; and that, instead of close
+coats, which till then had been used, as most commodious for
+exercise and a military life, trailing garments with long sleeves,
+after the manner of the Asiaticks, were universally worn. The men
+were also very nice in curling and dividing their hair, which,
+on the fore-part of their heads, was suffered to grow very long,
+but cut short behind[100];--a style of head-dressing, which, if
+introduced now, would spoil all the _Macaroni's_ of the age; for
+their comfort, however, it may be inferred from hence that similar
+beings have long subsisted in some shape or other.
+
+  [99] Lord Lyttelton.
+
+  [100] Introduction to Life of Henry II.
+
+To return to Henry. We find the reformation of his _Court_ was one
+of the first steps towards ingratiating himself with his subjects.
+The _Courtiers_, for the most part, sure of impunity, were wont to
+tyrannize over the people in a shameful manner. Not content with
+every species of oppression, and of secretly attempting the chastity
+of women, they gloried in it publicly. To remedy these disorders
+in his _Court_, Henry published a very severe edict against all
+offenders in general, and particularly against _Adulterers_; and
+such as abused their power by oppressing the people, he ordered to
+be put to death without mercy. Some who were already notorious on
+that account were banished the Court, among whom was Ranulph Bishop
+of Durham, who was likewise imprisoned by the advice of the great
+Council of the Kingdom[101]. This was in the first year of Henry's
+Reign; but it had so little effect, that five years afterwards we
+find a _second_ reformation; for, the former proclamation being
+ineffectual, it was necessary to publish another, with still greater
+penalties; and this severity was unavoidably necessary, to check the
+licentiousness that had crept in, from the connivance which offences
+of every kind had hitherto met with.
+
+  [101] Matthew Paris.
+
+Thus, we see, the dissoluteness of William Rufus's Court did not
+die with him; nor is it an easy thing to subdue so many-headed a
+monster as Vice in power. When the Magnates set bad examples in
+_Courts_, the inferior Officers are always ready to ape them;
+and crimes that in the commission are common to all men very soon
+descend from the _Prince_ to the _Page_. In the King's progresses
+during the late Reign, the _Court_ and its Followers committed many
+outrages of a very serious nature, in places where they lodged; such
+as extorting money from the hosts who entertained them, and abusing
+the chastity of women without restraint. But now the grievance
+was become much worse; for Henry's Attendants, in his progresses,
+plundered every thing that came in their way; so that the country
+was laid waste wherever the King travelled; for which reason people,
+when they knew of his approach, left their houses, carrying away
+what provisions they could, and sheltering themselves in the woods
+and bye-places, for fear their provisions should be taken away by
+the King's Purveyors[102]. These things called loudly for redress:
+it was therefore made public, by the King's command, that whoever,
+belonging to the Court, spoiled any goods of those who entertained
+them in these progresses, or abused the persons of their hosts,
+should, on proof, have their eyes put out, or their hands and feet
+cut off[103]. To us these seem cruel and unwarrantable punishments;
+but it must be remembered that, at this day, punishments were not
+prescribed, but arbitrary; there was no common law, and but little
+statute-law, and nothing to regulate the hand of Justice, which was
+directed by caprice, and the temper of the reigning King. Coiners
+of false money were grown so numerous and bare-faced, employed and
+even protected by the great men about the Court, that this kind
+of imposition on the publick became, among the rest, an object of
+redress, and the penalty inflicted was the loss of eyes and genitals.
+
+  [102] Eadmer.
+
+  [103] Eadmer.
+
+Taking the whole together, one must conclude that the profligacy,
+and wanton cruelty, of the King's _Suite_ must have been very
+enormous, to have required punishments so repugnant to natural
+mercy;--but we can but ill judge, at so distant a period, of the
+necessity there might be for such severity.
+
+The Kings, in these ages, moved their _Court_ very frequently, and
+often to considerable distances; and, as the state of the roads
+would not permit them to travel far in a day, they were forced to
+accommodate themselves as well as they could at such houses as lay
+convenient, there being then no receptacles of a public nature.
+These motions of so large a body of people, added to the frequency
+of them, were often, of themselves, very oppressive to the Yeomanry,
+who were obliged to supply the Court with carts and horses from
+place to place; and the abuse the people sustained in this kind of
+Purveyance was the occasion of edicts afterward to restrain any from
+_taking carriages_ from the subject, for this purpose, except by
+the persons authorized and appointed to the office, who were called
+the King's _Cart-takers_, a post which is now in being, though out
+of use. But, although the Court was not fixed in these times, yet
+the Kings generally kept the Feast of Christmas in one place[104],
+according to their liking or convenience. The other Feasts they kept
+at different places, as it happened, they having Palaces almost
+at every considerable place in the Kingdom, _viz._ besides London
+and its environs, at York, at Gloucester, Winchester, Salisbury,
+Marlborough, Bath, Worcester, and many other places, too numerous
+to mention _nominatim_. The great Feasts (together with that of St.
+George, after the institution of the Order of the Garter,) were kept
+with great solemnity, even so late as the Reign of King ... when the
+public observance of them was dropped by the King and Court.
+
+  [104] _Pro more_, as the Monkish writers say: though Henry I. does
+  not appear to have confined himself to keep the Feast of Christmas
+  at one place. According to the Saxon Chronicle, William I. had
+  stated places for each Feast; and on these occasions the Kings wore
+  their Crowns. "Ter gessit [Willielmus] suam Coronam singulis annis
+  quoties esset in Angliâ; ad _Pascha_ eam gessit in _Winchester;_
+  ad Pentecosten in _Westminster;_ et ad _Natales_ in _Gloucester_."
+  Chronic. Saxon. p. 190. So before anno 1085 "Rex _induta Corona_
+  tenuit Curiam in _Winchester_ ad _Pascha_, atque ita Itinera
+  instituit ut esset ad _Pentecosten_ apud _Westminster;_ ubi armis
+  militaribus honoravit filium suum Henricum;" p. 187.
+
+  William Rufus was not so uniform. He sometimes held his Court
+  at one, and sometimes at another; but for the most part the
+  Easter-Court at Winchester, as his Father had done. At Whitsuntide
+  1099, he kept his Court for the first time in his new Hall at
+  Westminster (Saxon Chronicle); for which purpose, I suppose, he
+  built it. Henry I. was not regular in the places where he kept his
+  Court, but it was held oftener in Westminster Hall than any where
+  else, perhaps on account of its novelty and convenience in point of
+  magnitude, or for greater magnificence. The custom of wearing the
+  Crown during the celebration of the great Festivals was much left
+  off, however, after Henry II. It is said to have grown by degrees
+  into disuse after Henry II. and his Queen, 1136, laid their Crowns
+  on the Altar, after their third Coronation at Worcester, vowing they
+  would never wear them again. What the occasion of this vow was,
+  nobody has told us; and Lord Lyttelton does not even guess at the
+  reason.
+
+Henry was not wanting in splendour and magnificence on these
+occasions. Eadmerus, speaking of one of them, and more might be
+produced, says, "Rex Henricus [in Festivitate Pentecostes] _curiam_
+suam Lundoniæ in _magnâ_ mundi _gloriâ_, et _diviti apparatu_
+celebravit." Wherever the King kept his Court, or indeed wherever
+he resided, _there_ was, of course, the general resort of all the
+great men of the time, who brought with them, no doubt, large
+retinues; and in so great a concourse it is no wonder there should
+be many disorderly and abandoned people, in spite of all edicts and
+penalties.
+
+Hitherto I have met with very little mention of any Officers
+of the _Court_ or _Household_. In this Reign, however, we hear
+of William de Tankerville, whom Lord Lyttelton calls, "Henry's
+_Great Chamberlain_." The Annotator on M. Rapin calls him
+only _Chamberlain_; and Matthew Paris, _Camerarius_; but this
+unquestionably means _Treasurer_, or _High Treasurer_, and not
+the great Officer we now understand by the _Chamberlain_, or the
+_Great Chamberlain_. The Latin term for these is _Cambellanus_,
+which Du Cange says, is--"diversus à _Camerario_, penes quem erat
+cura _Cameræ_ seu Thesauri Regii--_Cambellano_ autem fuit cura
+_Cubiculi_[105]. We have the term _Chamberlain_, in the sense of
+_Camerarius_, still preserved in the City of London, where the
+Treasurer is called the _Chamberlain_, and the office the _Chamber_;
+and indeed this Officer, of every Corporation, is, for the most
+part, called the _Chamberlain_. In the account given by the Saxon
+Chronicle[106] of the persons who were so unfortunately drowned with
+Prince William, King Henry's son, in returning from Normandy, in the
+year 1120, it is said there perished "quamplurimi de Regis familiâ,
+_Dispensatores_[107], _Cubicularii_[108], _Pincernæ_[109], aliique
+Ministri;" indeed all who were on board perished, except one man.
+These, it is supposed, were all menial and inferior Officers of the
+King's Household; those of a higher rank, and who appertained to the
+King's person, probably being on board the same ship with himself.
+
+  [105] Du Cange, Gloss. in voce _Cambellanus_.
+
+  [106] P. 222.
+
+  [107] The _Dispensatores_ should seem to be something like our
+  Gentlemen of the Buttery, Pantry, &c.; or such as delivered out
+  provisions of various sorts in their several provinces.
+
+  [108] The _Cubicularii_ I have already supposed to mean the inferior
+  Officers of the Bed-chamber.
+
+  [109] The _Pincernæ_, Butlers,--"_Pincerna_, qui Vinum Convivis
+  miscet;" Du Cange in voce: and _Pincernare_, he says, is "Vinum
+  prægustare priusquam Principi propinetur;" Idem in voce. So that it
+  seems to be what we call _A Yeoman of the Mouth_.
+
+
+
+
+STEPHEN.
+
+
+Stephen, at his accession, found in his Uncle's Treasury upwards of
+100,000_l._[110] besides plate and jewels, the fruits of Henry's
+rapacity and oppression. As Stephen came in upon a doubtful
+title, the people were willing to take this opportunity of
+securing themselves against future usurpations and exactions; and
+accordingly, after some debate about the succession, when Stephen
+was placed on the throne, they imposed a new oath upon their new
+King; which imported, that he should fill the vacant Bishoprics,
+that he should not seize the Woods which belonged to private
+persons, upon frivolous pretences, as his Predecessors had done; but
+be content with the Forests which belonged to the two Williams, and
+make restitution of such as Henry had usurped. The Bishops, on the
+other hand, took a conditional oath, that they would pay allegiance
+no longer than he should continue to maintain the privileges of the
+Church. All this, and more, Stephen afterwards confirmed by Charter;
+but yet it tended only to amuse the people, till he was fully seated
+in his Throne, and felt himself a King; for, not many months after
+the signing the Charter, wherein he particularly covenants not to
+meddle with vacant Bishoprics, do we find that, upon the death of
+the Archbishop, he seized the revenues of the See of Canterbury, and
+kept them in his hands above two years. It is true, he only followed
+the examples of his Predecessors; but with this aggravation, that
+Stephen had given the most sacred engagements that can be had
+between men, that he would not intermeddle with the revenues of the
+vacant Bishoprics, but that they should be sequestered in the hands
+of Ecclesiastics till the vacancy was filled. No wonder then that
+a King, with so little regard to every tie, however sacred, should
+soon be involved in tumultuous scenes of disaffection and revolt. To
+heal this wound, and to buy off the reproaches of his subjects (of
+whose assistance he foresaw he should soon have occasion, in growing
+ruptures with neighbouring Powers), he not only became lavish of
+_titles_ and _honours_, but alienated many of the Crown lands, to
+secure the interest of such as he thought might be serviceable to
+him. But this bounty had not the desired effect: some who accepted
+his favours thought them no more than their due; others, who were
+passed by, became jealous, and thought themselves neglected, and
+soon shewed their resentment, which proved the source of the
+approaching troubles. So difficult is it to regain the lost esteem
+of a brave and spirited people!
+
+  [110] William of Malmesbury; "Æstimabantur denarii fere ad centum
+  millia libras," p. 179.
+
+One very great error in the politics of the preceding three Kings
+was, heaping favours and honours on the Normans, to the exclusion
+of the English; by which the affection of the Natives was warped,
+the natural security of the Kingdom (the People) divided, and their
+hearts turned against the King and his Adherents. The filling the
+Court with Normans, and lavishing honours and estates amongst them,
+was weakening the attachment of the English to such a degree, that
+it became eventually out of the power of the latter to support the
+Royal Family when it wanted protection. Stephen, at his accession,
+had made large promises to the Barons, to engage them in support of
+his weak title to the Throne; and had given them strong assurances
+that they should enjoy more privileges and offices under him, than
+they had possessed in the Reigns of his Norman Predecessors. These
+promises (which, perhaps, were never intended to be performed)
+answered Stephen's end, by securing to him the Crown, and were the
+sole motive that induced the Barons to concur so warmly in his
+interest; and the non-performance was the cause of the general
+revolt that happened in a few years. From the time of Stephen's
+accession, he had been perpetually reminded by his _Courtiers_ of
+his large promises, which he was forced to parry by other still
+larger promises, and often by actual grants, to satisfy those that
+were most importunate.
+
+Their private resentments were covered with public outside[111]; but
+most Writers agree that this was only an ostensible excuse for an
+opportunity to gratify their revenge; and that the true reasons of
+discontent were, that they did not receive rewards and emoluments
+equal to their expectations, and Stephen's promises. The greatest
+after-engagements that the King could devise were not, however,
+sufficient to secure the allegiance of his Courtiers; every one was
+grasping at the same posts, the same estates, the same honours.
+Reason has little weight among such claimants; and it is no wonder
+that the situation of the parties should kindle a flame that should
+spread itself over the whole Kingdom.
+
+  [111] The breach of his oath to Matilda.
+
+During so turbulent a period, it is not to be supposed that much
+attention should be paid to the interior regulation of the King's
+House or Household; it was probably as much distracted as the rest
+of the Kingdom. The King being obliged to fly about from place
+to place, as the exigency of affairs required, there was little
+time to study _State_ and _Magnificence_ in his _Court_. In the
+former part of Stephen's Reign his Court was extremely magnificent,
+exceeding that of his Predecessors. He held his Court at Easter,
+in the first year of his Reign, at London, which was the most
+splendid, in every respect, that had yet been seen in England[112].
+One may judge a little of the hospitality of the Court in those
+days, by the manner of living among the Nobility: for at this time,
+and many ages after, the great halls of the castles or principal
+manor-houses of the Nobility and Gentry were crowded with vast
+numbers of their vassals and tenants, who were daily fed at their
+cost. And in houses of inferior rank, upon occasions of feasting,
+the floor was strewed with flowers, and the jovial company drank
+wine out of gilded horns, and sang songs when they became inebriated
+with their liquor[113]. This custom of strewing the floor, in those
+days, was a part of the luxury of the times; and _Becket_, when
+he was Chancellor, in the next Reign, according to a contemporary
+Author[114], ordered his hall to be strewed every day, in the winter
+with fresh straw or hay, and in summer with rushes, or green leaves,
+fresh gathered; and this reason is given for it, that such Knights
+as the benches could not contain might sit on the floor without
+dirtying their fine cloaths. But even this rustic simplicity was
+mixed with great magnificence in gold and silver plate[115]. This
+custom of strewing the rooms extended to the apartments of the Kings
+themselves in those days; for in the time of Edward I. "Willielmus
+filius Willielmi de Aylesbury tenet tres virgatas terræ ... per
+serjeantiam inveniendi _stramen_ ad straminandam cameram Domini
+Regis in _Hyeme_ et in _Æstate Herbam_ ad juncandam[116] cameram
+suam[117]." It may be observed, further, that there is a relique
+of this custom still subsisting; for at Coronations the ground is
+strewed with flowers by a person who is upon the establishment,
+called the _Herb-strewer_, with an annual salary.
+
+  [112] Quâ nunquam fuerat splendidior _in Angliâ_ multitudine,
+  magnitudine, auro, argento, gemmis, Vestibus, omnimodâ dapsilitate.
+           Henry of Huntingdon, Lib. viii.
+
+  [113] Lord Lyttelton, from John of Salisbury.
+
+  [114] Fitzstephen.
+
+  [115] Idem. Vide Lord Lyttelton's Life of Henry II. vol. iii. p. 483.
+
+  [116] _Juncare_ is properly, to strew with rushes.
+
+  [117] Blount's Jocular Tenures.
+
+But the commotions of this Reign even put a stop to these meetings
+of the Court and Council[118], and all Royal magnificence was broken
+down and defaced. Had it not been for the turbulency of the times,
+Stephen might doubtless have kept a very large Household, and a
+splendid Court; for, added to the wealth he inherited with the Crown
+from his Predecessor, he had large revenues, derived from different
+sources; _viz._ the demesnes of the Crown, escheats, feudal profits
+from the demesnes of others, fines, aids, and several others; but
+the exigency of his affairs, and the situation to which he was
+reduced with his Barons, obliged him to give largely, and at last
+to resume what he had before given, the price of the dissembled
+affection of his Courtiers.
+
+  [118] Jam quippe Curiæ solennes, et ornatus Regii Schematis prorsus
+  evanuerant. Annals of Waverly.
+
+Stephen had liberality, and loved splendour; so that, had he lived
+in times more favourable to it, he would, probably, have shone with
+great lustre in his _Court_ and _Household_, if we may take the
+Court which attended him in his first year, and the magnificence
+there exhibited, for a specimen.
+
+King Stephen, being a Foreigner, and an Usurper, might not choose
+to ask _Aids_ of the people of England, and it does not appear that
+he did. He had two sons, Eustace and William, both of whom lived to
+be married, and no doubt were _Knights_, which, according to the
+complexion of the times, every person of the least consequence was,
+though these Princes do not appear to have received that honour in
+England. King Stephen was unpopular; and being embroiled in domestic
+wars with his Cousin the Empress Maud, made no demands of _aids_ of
+this sort of which we are speaking. His two elder Sons died in his
+life-time; and his third, William, was by Henry II. restored to his
+titles of Earl of Bolleigne, Surrey, and Mortaine; and dying without
+issue, was succeeded by his sister Mary, who, after having been
+Abbess of Ramsey, was married to the second son of Theodoric, Earl
+of Flanders, who, in her right, was Earl of Bolleigne.
+
+King Stephen, during the internal disquietudes in the Kingdom, was
+taken prisoner by _Maud_, the Empress, and afterwards released at
+the suit of his Son _Eustace_. It is not said that any sum of money
+was paid on the occasion, and indeed it will admit of a question
+whether the Norman _aid_, allowed for ransom of the King's Person
+if taken prisoner, would extend to such a domestic war. The Kingdom
+was divided; and the Title to the Crown suspended, and in such an
+unquiet hour, it was difficult for the Nation at large to refuse or
+comply.
+
+
+
+
+HENRY II. (PLANTAGENET.)
+
+
+Henry at his Accession found himself so contracted in his Royal
+Revenues, by the imprudence of his immediate Predecessor, Stephen,
+that some spirited measures became necessary, to enable him to
+support his dignity equal to the Sovereign of a great Kingdom, and
+his own wishes.
+
+Henry soon saw that the resumption of several grants made by
+Stephen was absolutely necessary; and these having been conferred
+on great and powerful men, the measure must be conducted with
+firmness and delicacy. In a Treaty made at Winchester, after the
+close of the Civil Commotions in the late Reign, after Stephen
+had contented himself that Henry, then Duke of Normandy, should
+assume the Rights and Power of a King, reserving to himself only
+_the Image of the Royal Dignity_, it was stipulated, _inter alia_,
+by a separate and secret article, that the King (Stephen) "should
+resume what had been alienated to the Nobles, or usurped by them,
+of the Royal Demesne[119]." This article was limited to whatever
+lands or possessions had belonged to the Crown at the death of
+King Henry I.; all which were to be restored, except those that
+Stephen had granted to William his Son, or had bestowed on the
+Church. Among these resumable gifts were some made by Matilda; for
+she too, acting as Sovereign, had followed Stephen's example, in
+giving away certain parts of the Estate of the Crown, to reward
+her adherents. Add to these, much that had been usurped by the
+Barons of both Parties, without any warrant, by the licence of the
+times, on unjustifiable pretences[120]. No article of the Treaty
+of Winchester was more necessary to be fulfilled than a resumption
+of all these alienations, which had been neglected by Stephen,
+indigent as he was; for, had this not been now executed, Henry
+would have been little better than Stephen, a Sovereign without
+a Royal Revenue--"Rex et preterea nihil."--His power would soon
+have vanished; and the Barons, having usurped the Crown Lands,
+would very soon have contended for the Sovereign Power: and had
+not Henry exerted the spirit and conduct which he soon shewed, it
+is more than probable the Government of the Kingdom at this period
+had sunk into an Aristocracy. Henry, therefore, as soon as he was
+well and fully confirmed on the Throne, set about the execution of
+this secret article of the Treaty of Winchester, relating to the
+alienated lands, which Stephen had neglected. The necessity of this
+measure, however arduous and disagreeable in itself, appeared in the
+most glaring colours to Henry; for Stephen's extravagance, and the
+insatiable demands of his faction, had induced him to alienate so
+much of the ancient Demesne of the Crown, that the remaining Estate
+was not (as has been said) sufficient to maintain the Royal Dignity.
+Royal Cities, and Forts of great consequence, had been also granted
+away, which could not be suffered to continue in the hands of the
+Nobles, without endangering the peace of the Kingdom. Policy and Law
+concurred in demanding these concessions back again. The Antient
+Demesne of the Crown was held so very sacred, and so inalienable,
+that no length of time could give a right of prescription to any
+other possessors, even by virtue of grants from the Crown, against
+the claim of succeeding Princes[121]. William Rufus made grants, and
+revoked them at pleasure, to supply his extravagance and ridiculous
+humour. This was base and unmanly. Henry's resumptions neither
+impeached his generosity nor his justice. The grants he reclaimed
+were such as sound policy and the exigencies of the State demanded,
+being made by a weak Prince in embarrassed situations; as they were
+all of no earlier date than the Reign of King Stephen, and had not
+been transmitted down through several generations. Foreseeing,
+however, that this step would raise much discontent in those who
+were to be affected by it, who were numerous and powerful, Henry was
+cautious not to act without a legal sanction, and the approbation
+of his Council. He therefore summoned a Parliament, wherein almost
+all his Nobles were present; and having properly laid before them
+the wants of the Crown, the losses it had suffered, the illegality
+of the grants, and the urgent necessity of a speedy resumption;
+obtained their concurrence to it, and proceeded to put it into
+immediate execution. The vigour of his government was such, that he
+met with less opposition than he had reason to expect; very near
+all that had been granted to Laymen, or usurped by them, from the
+Royal Demesne, was surrendered to him without bloodshed, after a
+little delay, and some ineffectual marks of reluctance in a few of
+the greatest Barons[122]. The cause assigned for these resumptions
+was not a defect in the title of the grantor, nor any unworthiness
+in the grantee, but the apparent and indispensable necessity
+of recovering the just and inseparable Rights of the Crown. No
+distinction was made between the grants of Stephen and Matilda;
+for that would have carried an appearance of Henry's acting from
+motives, not of Royal economy and public expediency, but of party
+revenge; and by this equal and impartial proceeding, he left the
+adherents of Stephen no reason to complain. In the course of this
+business, however, Henry was once very near losing his life; for
+Roger de Mortimer would not submit, which obliged Henry, incensed by
+his obstinacy, to lead an army against him, with which he assaulted,
+among others, the castle of Bridgnorth, in Shropshire, which was
+defended by Mortimer himself. Henry commanded in person, and exposed
+himself to so much danger, that he would have been infallibly slain,
+if a faithful vassal (Hubert de St. Clare[123]) who stood by his
+side, had not preferred the King's life to his own; for, seeing an
+arrow aimed at Henry by one of Mortimer's archers, he stepped before
+him, and received it in his own breast. The wound proved mortal,
+and he expired in Henry's arms; recommending his daughter, an only
+child, and an infant, to the care of that Prince[124]. It is hard
+to say which deserves the most admiration (continues my Noble
+Author[125]) a subject who died to save his King, or a King whose
+personal virtues could render his safety so dear to a subject whom
+he had not obliged by any extraordinary favours[126].
+
+  [119] Lord Lyttelton.
+
+  [120] Lord Lyttelton.
+
+  [121] Lord Lyttelton.
+
+  [122] Lord Lyttelton.
+
+  [123] Constable or Governor of Colchester Castle.
+
+  [124] The daughter was educated by Henry with all the affection he
+  owed to the memory of her father, and was afterwards married to a
+  Nobleman of great distinction.
+
+  [125] Lord Lyttelton.
+
+  [126] A very similar circumstance happened in our times in Poland.
+  The King, anno 1771, being shot at with arrows by the Regicides, H.
+  Butzau, a Hussar, interposed, and received the arrows in his own
+  breast, of which wounds he died. The King erected a monument (1773)
+  to his memory. See the public prints of the years 1771 and 1773.
+
+Henry, now firmly seated on his Throne, possessed of an ample Royal
+Revenue, confirmed the Charter of his Grandfather, Henry I; but, not
+content only to restore good Laws, he enforced a due execution of
+them. This Reign is so pregnant with interesting events, and shining
+transactions of a public nature, that it is no wonder Historians
+are silent as to lesser matters, such as the internal direction of
+his _Court_; but there is, I think, little question to be made but
+that it was magnificent; and as England became in his Reign one
+of the most powerful States in Europe, one would infer that his
+_Court_ was likewise equal (at least) to any other in dignity and
+splendour. He entertained at one time, in his Palace at Westminster,
+the several Ambassadors of Manuel, Emperor of Constantinople; of
+Frederic, Emperor of the Romans; of William, Archbishop of Triers;
+of the Duke of Saxony; and of Philip, Earl of Flanders: an uncommon
+resort in these days, who, doubtless, were attracted by the power
+of the King, and both received from, and added, lustre to the
+brilliancy and magnificence of his Court[127].
+
+  [127] Speed, p. 519.
+
+Lord Lyttelton, after giving an account of his person and temper,
+speaking of his munificence, says, he assigned the tenth part of
+the Provisions of his _Household_ to be constantly given in daily
+alms to the poor; which one must imagine to have been a very
+considerable donation, considering the hospitable manner of living
+in those days. "His own table (continues his Lordship) was frugal,
+his diet plain, and in his dress he affected the utmost simplicity,
+disliking all ornaments which might encumber him in his exercise, or
+shew an effeminate regard to his person." He introduced the Angevin
+fashion of wearing short cloaks or mantles (contrary to the mode
+that prevailed in William Rufus's Reign), which he himself had worn
+from his childhood, and from which he obtained the sobriquet, or
+nick-name, of Court-Mantle[128]. In this he would soon be followed
+by his Court, and the People; for it is every day seen how fast
+the fashions of the Great descend into the remotest parts of the
+Kingdom. Lord Lyttelton, however, observes, that the long garments
+introduced temp. Will. Rufus, were not wholly laid aside; so that
+Henry's fashion did not prevail universally[129]. The use of silk
+made by silk-worms (the _Bombycina_) was brought hither from Sicily
+about this time; there was also a costly stuff at this day in great
+request here, called in Latin _Aurifrisium_. What it was called in
+English, Mr. Camden declares himself ignorant[130]; but supposes it
+_not_ to mean Embroidery, although, by other testimonies, _that_ was
+much worn by the Nobility, and was termed in Latin _Opera Phrigia_,
+and the corruption seems very easy and allowable. "Whatever it was,"
+says he, "it was much desired by the Popes, and highly esteemed in
+Italy."
+
+  [128] _i.e._ Short Mantle.--"Ab Infantiâ vocabatur Henricus
+  _Curtmantell_, nam iste primus omnium _curta mantella_ ab Andegaviâ
+  (Anjou) in Angliam transvexit." Brompton, p. 1150.
+
+  [129] Vide note to vol. iii. octavo.
+
+  [130] Camden's Remains, p. 194.
+
+Hitherto I have not been able to learn any thing concerning Henry's
+_Household_, or the internal disposition of his Family. He appears
+himself to have lived in a great degree of familiarity with his
+Courtiers, whom he honoured with his intimacy; and would frequently
+unbend, and lay aside the King, and was fond of the _desipere in
+loco_. But "his good humour and jocularity," says Lord Lyttelton,
+"seems to have been sometimes too _playful in the eye of the
+public_; and to have carried him into things that were _infra_
+_dignitatem_[131]." In a note on this passage, his Lordship gives
+a pleasant story, which I shall relate, to relieve the Reader, and
+certainly cannot do it better than in his Lordship's own words, from
+Fitz-Stephen's Life of Archbishop Becket. "As the King and Becket,
+his Chancellor[132], were riding together through the streets of
+London, in cold and stormy weather, the King saw, coming towards
+them, a poor old man, in a thin coat, worn to tatters. Would it not
+be a great charity (said he to the Chancellor) to give this naked
+wretch, who is so needy and infirm, a good warm cloak? Certainly,
+answered that Minister; and you do the duty of a King, in turning
+your eyes and thoughts to such objects. While they were thus
+talking, the man came near; the King asked him if he wished to have
+a good cloak? and, turning to the Chancellor, said,--_You shall have
+the merit of this good deed of charity_; then suddenly laying hold
+on a fine new scarlet cloak, lined with fur, which Becket had on,
+he tried to pull it from him, and, after some struggle, in which
+they had both like to have fallen from their horses, prevailed.
+The poor man had the cloak, and the Courtiers laughed, like good
+Courtiers, at the pleasantry of the King[133]."
+
+  [131] Life of Henry II. vol. iii. p. 40.
+
+  [132] He was not then Archbishop.
+
+  [133] Life of Henry II. vol. iii. p. 311.
+
+King Henry II. in the early part of his life, was in a very doubtful
+situation with regard to his accession to the Crown of England,
+which depended upon the success of his Mother, the Empress, against
+the Usurper, King Stephen. As soon, however, as he attained his
+_sixteenth_ year, A. D. 1149, he came over into England; and at
+Carlisle, where his Great Uncle David, King of Scots, then lay, was
+by him made a Knight, among several others of equal age, at the
+feast of Pentecost[134], and for which no _Aid_ could be demanded.
+
+  [134] Gervas. Dorob. inter Decem Scriptores, col. 1366.
+
+His issue, which is all that concerns the matter before us,
+consisted of four Sons: Henry, Richard, Geoffrey, and John; and
+three Daughters, Maud, Alianor, and Joan.
+
+It is difficult, in a Reign where the subjects were so loaded with
+taxations of every kind, and so generally and indiscriminately
+imposed, to separate any particular charge from the aggregate.
+Henry was a Prince that would not forego his rights and privileges;
+and, as his Children were all natives of England, would doubtless
+avail himself of such laws and indulgences as he found established,
+and as would operate in his favour on their account. It does not
+appear, upon the face of common history, that any _Aid_ was paid
+for the _Knighthood_ of his eldest Son, though I have not the
+least doubt but that it was comprehended in some of those numerous
+subsidies, tallages, &c. which he levied, from time to time, on
+his subjects, for his transfretations (to use a Monkish word) into
+foreign parts. There is some ground for the surmise that the charge
+might be enveloped in some of those exactions; for, though there
+was a national contribution or _Aid_ demanded for the marriage of
+one of his daughters, yet it does not transpire but in a general
+Inquisition for the purpose of discoverig what monies had been
+received, in every County, by the Sheriffs, &c. This was effected by
+Itinerant Justices, who were dispatched over the whole Kingdom; and,
+among other articles contained in their general commission, they
+were directed to inquire--"concerning the _Aid_ to marry the King's
+Daughter, what was received in every hundred, in every township, and
+of every man, and who received it[135]." This took place in the year
+1170, in the sixteenth year of the King's Reign.
+
+  [135] From Brady's History, p. 309, who cites Gervas. Dorob. col.
+  1410.
+
+With regard to this King's _transfretations_, as I have called
+them, he was not contented with mere feudal contributions in lieu
+of personal service; but, upon a rupture with France, respecting
+settlements upon an intended marriage between two Sons of Henry
+(Henry, the then eldest, and Richard, the then second Son) with two
+Daughters of France; the King commanded all his _Tenants in capite_,
+Earls, Barons, and Knights, to attend him in person, properly
+prepared with horse and arms, who were to serve a whole year in
+Normandy at their own charge[136].
+
+To conclude all I have to observe upon the subject of exactions
+towards the King's expences in foreign wars, when he passed
+_outre-mer_; I can but remark one, which fell not a little heavy on
+the subject, imputable indeed to the religious frenzy of the times,
+which was occasioned by a joint resolution of _Henry of England_ and
+_Philip of France_ to go to the relief of _Jerusalem_, in what is
+known by the name of the _Holy War_. These levies were made in the
+most oppressive manner; every one who _did not_ go in person being
+taxed to the extent of his property real and personal; and this was
+not called an _Aid_, a _Subsidy_, or a _Tallage_, but (forsooth!)
+an ALMS[137]. It ought not to be forgotten that those who _did_ go,
+whether Clerk or Layman, were to have a free pardon of all sins
+repented of; and their securities were God, St. Peter, St. Paul, and
+the Pope[138].
+
+  [136] Brady, 330; A. D. 1177.
+
+  [137] Consult Brady, who gives authorities, p. 344.
+
+  [138] Ibid.
+
+
+
+
+RICHARD I.
+
+
+The following Reign is too full of the business of the Holy War,
+with which Richard was, above all men, most infatuated, to afford
+much matter for our purpose. Henry had, by the good government and
+direction of his revenues, left behind him great treasures; but
+these, or ten times as much, would not answer the purpose of his
+Successor, who ransacked every corner of his Kingdom for money
+to carry on this work of zeal, which had seized all Christendom,
+whereby Richard, on the Throne of a great and opulent Kingdom,
+thought he saw so fair a prospect of reaping honour and renown.
+
+Henry left in his treasury at Winchester more than nine hundred
+thousand pounds[139], besides jewels, and other valuable
+things[140]; but this would go but a very little way towards
+recovering Jerusalem, which had been taken, and was now in the
+hands of the Saracens. Before the death of Henry, Richard had bound
+himself in a vow to Philip of France, to join in this undertaking;
+and every one, _ad Regis exemplum_, strove either to go in person,
+or to supply money towards the expence of the expedition. Nothing,
+however sacred, could withstand Richard, in his schemes to raise
+money for this purpose. Most of the Crown lands which Henry had,
+with so much prudence and address, but a few years before, recovered
+out of private hands, and annexed to the State, were again put
+up to public sale, to be purchased by such as were able. Every
+expedient was devised, to create a fund for this enterprize; and
+among the rest, he obtained of the Pope a power to dispense with
+the vows of such who had rashly engaged in the Crusade, by which he
+raised very large sums. The Bishop of Norwich paid him 1000 marks,
+to be excused. Where he could, he borrowed; and where he could not
+borrow, he compelled. The people murmured at his oppression, and
+the alienation of the estates of the Crown; but Richard told them,
+_he would sell London itself, if he could meet with a purchaser_.
+So great, however, was the general infatuation, that he had less
+difficulty in raising men than money. The Clergy laboured as
+zealously to procure him soldiers, as he himself had been active
+in raising subsidies; his army soon became very numerous, and at a
+cheap rate, for every officer and private soldier provided himself
+with necessaries. One would think the great wealth that Richard had
+amassed would have answered all his purposes; but in a few years
+after, he had occasion for fresh supplies, to carry on a war with
+Philip of France; not to mention the ransom which was paid for his
+release, on his being taken prisoner by the Emperor Henry, amounting
+to 150,000 marks, which were raised for the occasion by his subjects
+in England. Philip of France had so maltreated Richard, by leaguing
+himself with his Brother John, and bribing the Emperor to detain
+him prisoner, that, as soon as Richard returned home, he could no
+longer deny himself the satisfaction of revenge. His Kingdom was
+already drained, and little able to furnish out supplies for a war
+with France; but Richard was resolved, and money must be had at any
+rate, let the means be ever so dishonourable. For this purpose he
+revoked all the grants of the Crown lands, which he had made before
+his expedition to Palestine. The pretext for this was, that the
+purchasers had enjoyed them long enough to re-imburse themselves
+out of the profits, and therefore he did them no injury by taking
+the lands back again. This was one device; the next was, to avail
+himself of the loss of the Great Seal, by ordering a new one to be
+made; and obliged all who had commissions under the old one, to
+renew them, and have them resealed, by which he must have raised a
+considerable sum[141].
+
+  [139] "Numero et Pondere." Brompton.
+
+  [140] "Præter Utensilia, et Jocalia, et Lapides pretiosos." Matthew
+  Paris.
+
+  [141] In passing between Cyprus and Rhodes, in his Expedition to
+  the Holy War, three of his Ships were lost, and among other persons
+  that perished was the Vice-Chancellor, who had the Great Seal in his
+  custody, and was afterwards found with it about his neck. Brompton.
+  This was the manner in which the Seal was formerly carried by the
+  Chancellor himself--"_circa_ cujus _Collum suspensum_ Regis Sigillum
+  postea repertum est," are Brompton's words.
+
+King Richard I. having no child of either sex, there was not an
+opening for demanding the two common _Aids_; but the third, in
+the order they are usually placed, _viz._ for the _ransom_ of the
+_King's Person_, was exercised for the first time in this Reign.
+Other taxations, heavy and enormous, on frivolous and nugatory
+occasions, not to our immediate purpose, were copiously extorted
+from the subject, and even in a shameful manner[142]. If ever the
+Latin adage, "Quicquid delirant Reges," &c. could be properly
+applied, it belonged to Richard.
+
+  [142] Sir Richard Baker, p. 73.
+
+The favourite system of this King was the _Holy-War_, and his
+intemperate zeal led to the point before us. Failing in the attempt
+to recover Jerusalem from the Saracens, he concluded a truce of
+three years with Saladan their King; and, on his return towards
+England through Germany, was made prisoner by the Arch-duke of
+Austria (upon a pretext that he had killed the Margrave Conrade at
+Tyre); who delivered him into the hands of the Emperor, where he
+remained a captive full _fifteen months_, till he was ransomed[143].
+
+  [143] Consult the Monkish Historians.
+
+The sum demanded for the King's release is generally allowed to have
+been 100,000_l._; though some writers reduce it a third part, and
+call it 100,000 _marks_; but, let it be either of them, it was, in
+those days, a sum not to be raised without the greatest extortion;
+and I am justified in saying, it was not done without what,
+eventually, almost amounted to _sacrilege_[144]. The church was
+ransacked for plate, which was pretended to have been only borrowed
+for the moment--but the debt was never repaid.
+
+  [144] Sir Richard Baker reckons this no more than a voluntary
+  contribution, forgetting that it was one of the established Norman
+  _Feudal Aids_, though now first brought forward since the Conquest.
+
+
+
+
+HENRY IV.
+
+
+In the eleventh year of King Henry IV. a certain portion of the
+customs in the several ports, of subsidies in several ports, of the
+issues of the hamper [now the Hanaper], and of the profers [_sic_]
+of escheators and sheriffs, were, by the King's letters patent,
+set apart for the expences of his Household. This was done by the
+assent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, assembled in the King's
+Council[145].
+
+  [145] Rymer's Fœdera, tom. viii. p. 610.--From Madox's MSS. n.
+  4486, p. 70.
+
+
+
+
+EDWARD IV.
+
+
+In the Reign also of King Edward IV. it was usual for the King to
+grant to his servants, or ministers, assignments for their salaries,
+or debts, upon divers officers who were concerned in receiving
+his revenue; _viz._ upon Sheriffs of Counties, Bailiffs, or _Men_
+[fortè Mayors] of Towns, Collectors of Customs, Subsidies, &c.
+Upon these assignments the Assignees had Patent-Letters, Tallies
+of the Exchequer, or Writs of Liberate currant, made forth for
+their avail; and, in default of payment, they brought actions of
+debt in the Court of Exchequer, upon such Assignments, Tallies, or
+Liberates, against the Sheriffs, or other Officers aforesaid; many
+instances of which may be seen in the fifth year of King Edward IV.
+in the Placita coram Baronibus, 5 Edward IV. in the Rolls of the
+Exchequer[146].
+
+  [146] Madox's MSS. n. 4486, p. 71.
+
+The King was wont to distribute his revenue in such manner as
+he thought fit. He assigned, at his pleasure, part of it to the
+expences of his Household, and other parts to the expences of either
+civil government or war[147].
+
+  [147] Idem, p. 69.
+
+An act done within the verge of the King's Palace was said to be
+done in _præsentiâ Regis_. The party offending was tried in the
+Court held in the Palace, before the Steward and Marshal; and
+the proceedings there, were styled _Placita Aulæ Domini Regis de
+Coronâ_[148].
+
+  [148] Idem, pp. 22, 23.
+
+
+
+
+EXTRACTS
+
+FROM THE
+
+LIBER NIGER.
+
+
+The Liber Niger Domûs Regis Angliæ[149] [_i. e._ Edward IV.]
+contains Orders for his said Majesty's Household, anno 1478; and
+relates to the following Officers:
+
+  A Chamberlain.
+  Bannerets, or Bachelor Knights, to be Carvers and Cup-bearers (four).
+  Knights of Household (twelve) to do the Office of Ewerers.
+  A Secretary.
+  Chaplains (four).
+  Esquires for the Body (four).
+  A Sewer for the King.
+  Surveyor for the King, _i. e._ of the Dresser.
+  Wardrobe.
+  Gentlemen Ushers of Chamber (four).
+  Yeomen of the Crown (twenty-four).
+  Yeomen of Chamber (four).
+  Wardrobe of Robes.
+  Wardrobe of Beds.
+  Grooms of Chamber (ten).
+  Pages of Chamber (four).
+  Jewel-house.
+  Doctor of Physic.
+  Master Surgeon.
+  Apothecary.
+  Barber.
+  Henxmen. Six Infants.
+  Master of the Henchmen.
+  Squires of Household.
+  Kings of Arms, Heralds, and Pursuivants.
+  Serjeants at Arms (four).
+  Minstrels (thirteen).
+
+     A Wayte. N. B. This Yeoman (for such was his rank) waiteth (_i.
+     e._ playeth; I suppose) at the making of Knights of the Bath,
+     watching upon them by night-time in the Chapel. Wherefore he
+     hath of fee all the watching cloathing that the Knights should
+     wear upon [them.]
+
+  Messagers (four).
+  Dean of the Chapel.
+
+  Chaplains, and Clerks of the Chapel (twenty-six).
+  Yeomen of the Chapel (two).
+  Children of the Chapel (eight).
+  Clerk of the Closet.
+  Master of Grammar, to teach the Henxmen and Children of the Chapel.
+  Office of Vestiary, _i. e._ Vestry.
+  Clerk of Crown in Chancery.
+  Clerk of the Market.
+  Clerk of the Works.
+  Marriage of Wards.
+  Steward of Household.
+  Treasurer of Household.
+  Controller of Household.
+  Cofferer.
+  Clerks of Green Cloth.
+
+  [149] Harleian MSS. in the British Museum, N^o 369, corrected by N^o
+  642.
+
+
+EXTRACTS FROM THE LIBER NIGER.
+
+KNIGHTS AND ESQUIRES OF THE BODY.
+
+Item, that all Knights for the Body, Cup-Bearers, and Knight
+Carvers, Squires for the Body, &c. be put to their attendance,
+and a book thereof delivered from the King's Highness into the
+compting-house, for a quarter of a year; the quarters to begin at
+October, January, April, and July.
+
+Among the provisions, it is said
+
+_Knights of the Body_, Carvers, and Cup-Bearers, [may have] every
+of them, _two_ Yeomen sitting in the hall; and for their livery
+at night, _one_ loaf and _an half_, and _a_ gallon of ale; _one_
+talshed and an _half_, and _three_ sizes of white lights[150].
+
+  [150] By white lights I understand tallow candles, they being so
+  distinguished from wax in other places: which last, I presume, at
+  that time were yellow.
+
+
+GENTLEMAN USHER.
+
+Item, that the Marshall, ne Usher of the Chamber, send his _rod_ by
+any mean person or persons, to pantry, buttery, or cellar, spicery,
+chaundry, or any other office; but go in his own person. But if he
+be occupied, so that he may not, then he send such one with his
+_rod_, as he will answer for on the morrow, and also that he will
+breve for, upon pain of six days wages.
+
+Item, that weekly there be warned and appointed by the Huishiers
+[Ushers] of the Chamber, [those] who shall attend and serve the
+King for the week next following, that is to say, Carvers, Sewers,
+Cup-Bearers, _Squires for the Bod_y, and others.
+
+Item, that every Lord, Knight, and Esquire, as well _Squire for the
+Body_, as other within the Household, wear daily a collar of the
+King's livery about their _nekket_ (sic) as to them appertaineth,
+and that none of the said Squires fail hereof, upon pain of losing a
+week's wages.
+
+Item, that the liveries for _All-night_, for the King and Queen be
+set by day-light, from Candlemas to Michaelmas; and in the winter
+time, to eight of the clock at farthest.
+
+Item, after the King and Queen's liveries delivered as aforesaid, no
+officer abide in his office, nor resort unto his said office after
+his departing, without a special commandment of the King or of the
+Queen; or else by special token from the Steward of the Household,
+or from the King or Queen's Chamberlains.
+
+Punishment for neglect of Duty.
+
+For the first offence, the party to be warned to amend.
+
+For the second offence, imprisonment at the discretion of his
+Superior.
+
+And for the third offence, a discharge from his office[151].
+
+  [151] In the time of Henry the Eighth (as in some cases in these
+  Orders) they used stoppages of wages in lieu of imprisonment. This
+  was called _checquing_. Hence, I apprehend, the office of a Clerk of
+  the Cheque.
+
+
+GREAT CHAMBERLAIN OF ENGLAND,
+
+cometh to this Court at the six principal feasts of the year;
+takes such livery and service after the estate he is of; and for
+his winter and summer robes, for the feasts of Christmas and
+Whitsuntide, to be taken of the counting-house by even portions, ten
+pounds thirteen shillings and four pence; and for his fee of the
+King's Household, at the two terms of Easter and Michaelmas, by even
+portions, twenty marks in the counting-house.
+
+
+KNIGHTS OF HOUSEHOLD[152].
+
+  [152] Of this Office, and that of the Esquires of the Body, see Mr.
+  Pegge's Curialia, Part I.
+
+Twelve Bachelors, sufficient and most valiant men of that order, of
+every Country, and more in number if it please the King, whereof
+_four_ to be continually abiding and attending upon the King's
+Person in Court, beside the Carvers abovesaid, for to serve the King
+of his bason, or such other service as they may do the King, in
+absence of the Carvers, sitting in the King's Chamber and Hall with
+persons of like service; every of them have eating in the hall one
+Yeoman, and taking for his chamber, at noon and night, one loaf, one
+quart of wine, one gallon of ale, one pitcher of wine, one candle
+wax, two candles pis, one tallwood and an half, for winter livery,
+from All-Hallowen-tide till Easter: rushes and litter all the year,
+of the Serjeant Usher, and for keeping of their stuff and Chamber,
+and to purvey for their stuff. Also at their livery in the Country,
+amongst them all, four Yeomen, after time eight of these Knights be
+departed from Court, and the four Yeomen to eat daily in the hall
+with Chamberlains, till their said Masters come again; so that the
+number of Knights' servants be not increased when their Masters be
+present. Every Knight shall have into this Court resorting, _three_
+persons, Waiters; the remanent of their servants to be at their
+livery in the Country, within seven miles to [of] the King, by the
+Herbergers sufficiently lodged; and, if it may be, _two_ Knights
+together. Also they pay, in this Court, for the carriage of their
+own stuff. And if a Knight take clothing, it is by warrant made to
+the King's Wardrober, and not of the Treasurer of Household. Some
+time Knights took a fee here yearly, of _ten_ marks, and clothing;
+but because[153] their clothing is not according for the King's
+Knights, therefore it was left.
+
+  [153] N^o 369 reads _Ray_ Clothing.
+
+Item, if he be sick, or specially let blood, or clystered, then he
+taketh livery, _four_ loaves, _two_ mess of great meat and roast,
+half a pitcher of wine, _two_ gallons of ale. This letting blood,
+or clystering, is to avoid pestilence; and therefore the people
+take livery out of the Court, and not for every sickness in man
+continuing in this Court.
+
+
+ESQUIRES FOR THE BODY.
+
+_Four_ Noble, of condition, whereof always two be attendant on
+the King's person, to array him, and unarray him; watch day and
+night; and to dress him in his cloaths. And they be callers to the
+Chamberlaine, if any thing lack for his person or pleasance. Their
+business is in many _secrets_, some sitting in the King's chamber,
+some in the hall with persons of like service, which is called
+_Knight's service_. Taking, every of them, for his livery at night,
+half a chet loaf, one quart of wine, one gallon of ale; and for
+winter livery, from All-Hallowtide till Easter, one _percher_ wax,
+one candle wax, two candles pric.[154] one talshide and an half,
+and wages in the compting-house. If he be present in the Court
+daily, seven-pence halfpenny; and cloathing with the Household,
+winter and summer, or else forty shillings, besides his other fee
+of the Jewel-house, or of the Treasurer of England; and besides
+his watching cloathing of Chamber of the King's Wardrobe. He hath,
+abiding in this Court, but two servants; livery sufficient for his
+horses in the country, by the Herberger. And if any Esquire be
+let blood, or else fore-watched, he shall have like livery with
+Knights. Litter and rushes all the year, of the Serjeant Usher of
+the Hall and Chamber. Oftentimes these stand instead of Carvers and
+Cup-bearers.
+
+  [154] Fortè _Prickets_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_In the "Statutes of Eltham."_
+
+Esquires of the Body, every of them, to have ordinary within the
+Court _four_ persons, of the which to have sitting in the Hall two
+persons, and the residue _ut supra_ [_i. e._ to have no meat or
+drink within the House, but to be at board wages in the town]; and
+for their bouche of Court, every of them to have for their livery at
+night, one chet loaf, half a pitcher of wine, and one gallon of ale,
+one size wax, three white lights, two talsheds, and two faggots.
+
+In the appointment of Herbagage be ordinary for all Noble Estates,
+and others, for stabling of their horses, and beds for their
+servants, appointed by the King's Highness, at his Manor of Eltham,
+the 19th of January, in the 17th year of his Noble Reign.
+
+It is appointed to Knights for the Body, and other Knights, _six_
+horses and _two_ beds.
+
+To every Esquire for the Body, _five_ horses and two beds.
+
+[N. B. Every Gentleman Usher of the Privy Chamber, whereof six,
+_six_ horses and _two_ beds.
+
+Every Groom of the Privy Chamber, _two_ horses and _two_ beds.
+
+Every Gentleman Usher Daily Waiter, _three_ horses and _one_ bed.
+
+Every Gentleman Usher of the Privy Chamber, _four_ horses and _one_
+bed[155].]
+
+  [155] _Sic_: but query if not Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber; they
+  not being otherwise mentioned in either copy.
+
+For the good order of the King's Chamber, it is said, the Pages
+of the King's Chamber must daily arise at _seven_ o'clock, or soon
+after, and make a fire; and warn the Esquires of the Body of that
+hour, to the intent they may then arise, so as they may be ready,
+and the King's Chamber dressed in every thing as appertaineth, by
+_eight_ of the clock at the farthest.
+
+Item, that none of the servants of the said Esquires come within
+the Pallet Chamber; but be attendant at the door, as well at night
+as in the morning, with such gear as their Masters shall wear. And
+the said Pages, at the request of the said Esquires, to fetch in,
+and bear out, their night-gear, and all other their apparel, and
+likewise to make them ready, both at night and in the morning.
+
+Item, that, if the Esquires for the Body do not arise at the warning
+of the Pages, so as the King's Chamber may be ready and dressed by
+the hour afore limited; that then immediately the Pages are to shew
+the same to the Lord Chamberlain.
+
+[In the appointment of Lodgings, is a chamber for the _six_
+Gentlemen _and_ Ushers of the Privy Chamber, to sup in; which
+explains the above article.]
+
+The Esquires for the Body, mentioned to have been at Eltham at that
+time, were, Sir Arthur Poole, Sir Edward Baynton, Sir Humphrey
+Forster, and [Mr.] Francis Pointz.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In the New Book of the King's Household of Edward IV. anno 1478:
+
+Six Knights and five Squires appear to have been on duty for eight
+weeks from the last day of October, at the end of which they were
+relieved by _five_ Knights and four Esquires. Sir Roger Ray, being
+Vice Chamberlain, was in both lists; for it is said afterwards,
+"We will that Sir Roger Ray, Deputy to my Lord Chamberlain, two
+Gentlemen Ushers, and two Yeomen Ushers, at least, be always
+attending upon us."
+
+
+YEOMEN OF THE CROWN[156].
+
+  [156] See the "Curialia," Part III.
+
+Twenty-four most seemly persons, cleanly and strongest Archers,
+honest of conditions, and of behaviour, bold men chosen and tried
+out of every Lord's house in England for their cunning and virtue
+thereof. One to be Yeoman of the Robes, another to be Yeoman of
+the Wardrobe of Beds in Household. These two, in certainty, eat in
+the King's Chamber daily. Other two be Yeomen Ushers of Chamber,
+eating there also. Another to be Yeoman of the Stole, if it please
+the King. Another to be Yeoman of the Armory. Another to be Yeoman
+of the Bows for the King. Another Yeoman to keep the King's Books.
+Another to keep his Dogs for the Bow. And, except the first four
+persons, the remnant may to the Hall, as the Usher, &c. or another
+to keep his best; and thus they may be put to business. Also
+it accordeth that they be chosen men of manhood, shooting, and
+specially of virtuous conditions. In the King's Chamber be daily
+sitting four messes of Yeomen; and all the remnant eating in the
+Hall, sitting together above, joining to the Yeomen of Household;
+except at the five Great Feasts of the year, then as many Yeomen of
+Crown and Chamber as may sit in the King's Chamber shall be served
+there during the Feast; and every of them present in Court, hath
+daily allowed in the counting-house _three-pence_, and cloathing
+for winter and summer, and ... yearly, or else eighteen shillings,
+beside their watching cloathing of the King's Wardrobe. And if
+any of them be sent out by the King's Chamberlain, then he taketh
+his wages of the Jewel-house, and vacat in the Cheque Roll till
+he be seen in Court again. Also lodging in the town, or in the
+country, sufficient for their horses, as nigh together as the
+Herbiger of Household may dispose; and always two Yeomen of Crown
+to have an honest servant in to [the] Court, in the Noble Edward's
+Statutes. And these were called "The Twenty-four Archers de pié
+courants entièrement devant le Roy par pairs pour Gard [de] Corps
+du Roy[157]." These were called the King's Watchment. At this [or
+rather that] day, a Yeoman took but ten shillings for his gown, and
+four shillings and eight pence for his hosen and shoone. They have
+nothing else with the Household _sans_ carriage of their beds, two
+men together, by deliverance or assignment for that carriage of
+the Controllers, and litter for their beds of the Serjeant Usher
+of the Hall and Chamber. And if any of them be sick, or let blood,
+he taketh for all day a cast of bread, one mess of great meat, one
+gallon of ale; and if it be of great sickness, he must remove out of
+the Court.
+
+  [157] Sic lego.
+
+Also, when they make watch nightly, they should be gird with their
+swords, or with other weapons ready, and harness about them.
+
+
+A BARBER FOR THE KING'S MOST HIGH AND DREAD PERSON.
+
+To be taking in this Court after that he standeth in degree,
+Gentleman, Yeoman, or Groom. It hath been much accustomed to one or
+two well-known Officers of the Ewry in Household, such as been for
+the month, Serjeant, or other. Also we find how this hath been used
+among ... by a well-betrusted Yeoman of Chamber, for lack of cunning
+of these other men. It is accustomed that a Knight of Chamber, or
+else Squire for the Body, or both, be present every time when the
+King will be shaven.
+
+This Barber shall have every Saturday at night, if it please the
+King to cleanse his head, legs, or feet, and for his shaving, two
+loaves, one pitcher of wine; and the Ushers of Chamber ought to
+testify this, if this be necessary dispended or no.
+
+Also, this Barber taketh his shaving cloths, basons, and all his
+other towels[158], and things necessary, by the Chamberlain's
+assignment, of the Jewel-house; no fees of plate or silver, but
+it be in his instrumental tools used by occupation, and that by
+allowance of the King's Chamberlain.
+
+  [158] _Tools_ in No. 642, in Bib. Harl.
+
+
+HENXMEN.
+
+Six infants, or more, as it shall please the King, all these
+eating in the Hall, and sitting at one board together; and to be
+served two or three to a mess, as the Sovereigns appoint; taking
+daily for their breakfasts, amongst them all, two loaves, a mess
+of great meat, a gallon of ale. Also, for their supper in fasting
+days, according to their age, and livery nightly for them all to
+their chamber, one loaf, one gallon of ale; and for winter livery,
+two candles wax, four candles p'is, three talsheds, for them all.
+Rushes and litter all the year, of the Serjeant Usher of the Hall
+and Chamber. And if these Gentlemen, or any of them, be Wards; then,
+after their births and degrees, the Steward and Treasurer, with
+the Chamberlain, may appoint the service more large in favour by
+their discretions, when as often as them needeth, till the King's
+Grace hath given or sold[159] their lands and wards. And all their
+competent harness to be carried, and beddings. Two lodged together
+at the King's carriage, by oversight of the Comptroller; and every
+of them an honest servant to keep their chamber and harness, and to
+array him in this Court whilst their Masters be present in Court; or
+else to allow here no chamber dokyns, &c. And all other findings for
+their beds they take of the King's Wardrobe, by suit of the Master
+of Henxmen, made to the King's Chamberlain for warrants.
+
+  [159] _i. e._ granted them during non-age.
+
+
+MASTER OF HENXMEN.
+
+To shew the schools of urbanity and nurture of England; to learn
+them to ride cleanly and surely; to draw them also to justs; to
+learn them wear their harness; to have all courtesy in words, deeds,
+and degrees; diligently to keep them in rules of goings and sittings
+after they be of honour. Moreover to teach them sundry languages,
+and other learnings virtuous; to harping, to pipe, sing, and dance,
+with other honest and temperate behaving and patience; and to
+keep daily and weekly with these children due [discipline], with
+corrections in their chambers, according to such gentlemen; and each
+of them to be used to that thing of virtue that he shall be most
+apt to learn, with remembrance daily of God's service accustomed.
+This Master sitteth in the Hall next unto beneath these Henxmen,
+at the same board; to have his respects unto their demeanings,
+how mannerly they eat and drink; and to their communication, and
+other forms curial, after the book of urbanity. He taketh daily, if
+he be present in Court, wages, cloathing, and other liveries, as
+other Esquires of Household, save he is not charged with serving
+of the Hall. Carriage also for harness in Court competent by the
+Comptroller to be with the Henxmen his harness in Court; and to have
+into this Court one servant, whilst he is present; and sufficient
+liveries for his horses, in the town or country, by the Herberger.
+And if he be sick in Court, or let blood, he taketh two loaves, two
+mess of great meat, one gallon ternoise[160]. And for the fees that
+he claimeth among the Henxmen of all their apparel, the Chamberlain
+is the judge.
+
+  [160] Fortè _Tournois_.
+
+
+SQUIRES OF HOUSEHOLD.
+
+Forty, or more, if it please the King, by the advice of his High
+Council, to be chosen men of their profession, worship, and wisdom;
+also to be of sundry Shires, by whom it may be known the disposition
+of the Countries. And of these, to be continually in this Court
+Twenty Squires attendant upon the King's Person, in riding and going
+at all times, and to help serve his table from the Surveying-board,
+and from other places, as the Assewar will assign.--Also, by their
+common assent, to assign amongst themselves some to serve the King's
+Chamber, at one day, week, or time, some to serve the Hall at
+another time, of every mess that cometh from the dressing-board to
+their hands for such service, so that thereof be nothing withdrawn
+by the Squires, upon such pain as Steward, Treasurer, or Controller,
+or in their absence other Judges at the counting-board, will award,
+after their demerits.--They eat in the hall, sitting together at
+any of the both meals as they serve, some the first meal, some the
+latter, by assent. This hath be [been] always the manner amongst
+them for honour [and] profit to the King.--It may be, that the King
+taketh into Household in all Sixty Squires, and yet, amongst them
+all, Twenty take not the whole wages _of the year_ [sic]; wherefore
+the number of persons may be received and suffered the better in
+the checque-roll for a worship, and the King's profit saved, and
+ease to them self.--Every of them taketh for his livery at night,
+half a gallon of ale; and for winter season, each of them taketh two
+candles parris, one faggot, or else half talwode.
+
+When any of them is present in Court, he is allowed for daily wages,
+in the checque roll, seven-pence halfpenny, and clothing winter and
+summer; or else forty shillings. It hath ever been in special charge
+to Squires in this Court, to wear the King's Livery customably,
+for the more glory, and in worship of this honourable Household:
+and every of them to have in to this Court an honest servant, and
+sufficient livery in the towns or countries for their horses, and
+other servants, by the herberger. Two Gentlemen lodged together, and
+they be coupled bed-fellows by the Gentlemen Ushers.--And if any
+of them be let blood or sick in Court, or nigh, thereto, he taketh
+livery in eating days, two loaves, two mess of great meat, one
+gallon of ale, for all day, and litter all the year of the Serjeant
+Usher of the hall for their beds in Court.--And if any of these
+Squires be sent out of Court, by Steward, Treasurer, or Controller,
+or other of the counting-house, for matter touching the Household,
+then he hath daily allowed him twelve pence by petition. Also they
+pay for their carriage of harness in Court. They take no part of
+the general gifts, neither with chamber nor with hall, but if the
+giver give them specially a part by express name or words. None of
+these should depart from Court but by licence of Steward, Treasurer,
+or Sovereigns of the Counting-house, that know how the King is
+accompanied best: and to take a day when they should come again,
+upon pain of loss of wages at his next coming.--That no Serjeant
+of Office, nor Squire, nor Yeoman, nor Groom, but as be appointed
+in this Book, to dine or sup out of Hall and King's Chamber, nor to
+withdraw any service, or else to hurt or little the almesse [alms]
+of Hall or Chamber, upon such pain as the Sovereigns of Household
+will award by the Statutes of Noble Edward III. "In none office, &c."
+
+It hath been often, in days before, commanded by the Counting-house,
+that in ferial days, after that the King and Queen, and their
+Chambers, and the Sovereigns of Household in the Hall, be served,
+that then such honest Yeomen of Household be called or assigned to
+serve from the dresser to the hall the remnant, specially such as
+bear wages, that, if any service be withdrawn by them, that then
+they to be corrected therefor.
+
+These Squires of Household, of old, be accustomed, winter and
+summer, in afternoons and in evenings, to draw to Lord's Chambers
+within Court, there to keep honest company, after their cunning, in
+talking of chronicles of Kings, and of other policies, or in piping
+or harping, songings, or other acts marriables[161]; to help to
+occupy the Court, and accompany strangers, till the time require of
+departing.
+
+  [161] Sic.
+
+"Item, that daily there awaite twenty-four Squires to serve the King
+and Queen, of whom _twelve_ to serve at the first dinner, and to
+dine at the second; and the twelve sitting at the first dinner, to
+serve the second dinner, and there to awaite to serve the King and
+Queen[162]."
+
+Dom. Regis Angliæ. The Esquires--"oftentimes these stand instead of
+Carvers and Cup-Bearers[162]."
+
+  [162] Harleian MSS. 642, p. 177.--Rigid Orders regarding Offenders,
+  p. 97. b.
+
+
+KINGS OF ARMS, HERALDS, AND PURSUIVANTS.
+
+Coming into this Royal Court to the worship of these five Feasts in
+the year, sitting at meats and suppers in the Hall, and to begin
+that one end of the table together, upon days of estate, by the
+Marshall's assignation, at one meal. And if the King keep estate,
+by the Marshall's assignation, in the Hall, then these walk before
+the Steward, Treasurer, and Comptroller, coming with the King's
+Surveyor[163] from the surveying-board at every course. And, after
+the last course, they cry the King's largesse, shaking their great
+cup. They take their largesse of the Jewel-house; and during these
+Festival-days they wait upon the King's Person coming and going
+to and from the Church, Hall, and Chamber, before his Highness,
+in their coats of arms. They take neither wages, cloathing, nor
+fees, by the Compting-house; but livery for their chamber, day and
+night, amongst them two loaves, a pitcher of wine, two gallons of
+ale; and for winter season, if there be present a King of Arms, for
+them all, one tortays at chandry, two candles wax, three candles
+p'is, three talsheds. These Kings of Arms are served in the Hall
+as Knights, service and livery for their horses nigh the Court, by
+the Herberger.--Alway remembered, that the cup which the King doth
+create any King of Arms or Herald withal, it standeth in the charge
+of the Jewel-house, and not upon the Treasurer of Household.
+
+  [163] Rectiùs, No. 642 reads _Service_.
+
+The fees that they shall take at the making of Knights of the Bath,
+it appeareth next after the chapter of Squires.
+
+
+SERJEANTS OF ARMS[164].
+
+  [164] See the "Curialia," Part V.
+
+Four chosen proved men, of haviour and condition, for the King and
+his Honourable Household; whereof two alway to be attending upon the
+King's Person and Chamber; and to avoid the press of people before
+where as the King shall come: in like wise at the conveyance of his
+meat at every course from the surveying board; also observing for
+[of] the King's commandments, and so after the Steward, Chamberlain,
+Treasurer, and Controller, for the King, or for his Household. They
+eat in the Hall, together or with Squires of Household, taking their
+wages of twelve-pence by [the] day, or four-pence, as it pleaseth
+the King, after their abilities, by letters patents; and clothing
+also, to be taken of the issue and profit growing to the King in
+divers counties of England, by the hands of the receivers of them.
+No more having in Household; but every of them, when he is present
+in Court, at night, a gallon of ale; and for winter livery, one
+candle wax, two candles p'is, one talshed; rushes [and] litter for
+their chamber of the Serjeant Usher all the year. They pay for the
+carriage of their proper harness and bedding; and every of them to
+have in to this Court, one honest servant. By the Statutes of the
+Noble Edward, were thirty Serjeants of Arms, sufficiently armed and
+horsed, riding before his Highness when he journeyed by the country
+for a Garde de Corps du Roi. And if any of these be sick, or be
+let blood, he taketh daily two loaves, two messes of great meat,
+one gallon of ale, and thus to be brevied in the Pantry-Roll. Also
+sufficient lodging assigned these Serjeants together, not far from
+Court, for hasty errands [when] they fall.
+
+
+MINSTRELS.
+
+Thirteen; whereof one is Verger, that directeth them all in festival
+days to their stations, to blowings and pipings to such offices
+as must be warned to prepare for the King and his Household, at
+meats and suppers, to be the more ready in all services; and all
+these sitting in the Hall together, whereof some use trumpets, some
+shalmuse[165] and small pipes, and some are strange-men coming to
+this Court at five feasts of the year; and then to take their wages
+of Household after four-pence halfpenny a day, if they be present
+in Court; and then they to avoid the next day after the feasts be
+done. Besides each of them another reward yearly, taking [taken]
+of the King, in the Receipt of the Chequer, and cloathing with the
+Household, winter and summer, or twenty shillings a-piece, and
+livery in Court at even--amongst them all four gallons of ale; and
+for winter season, three candles wax, six candles p'is, four tallow
+candles, and sufficient lodging, by the Herbergers for them and
+their horses in the Court. Also having in the Court two servants,
+honest, to bear the trumpets, pipes, and other instruments; and a
+torch for winter nights, whilst they blow to suppers, and other
+revels at Chaundry. And always two of these persons to continue
+in Court in wages, being present to warn at the King's ridings,
+when he goeth to horseback, as oft as it shall require. And by
+their blowings the Household-men may follow in the countries. And
+if any of these two Minstrels be sick in Court, he taketh two
+loaves, a mess of great meat, a gallon of ale. They have part of
+any rewards given to the Household. And if it please the King to
+have two strange Minstrels to continue in like wise. The King woll
+not for his worship that his Minstrels be too presumptuous, nor too
+familiar, to ask any rewards of the Lords of his land, remembering
+"De Henrico Secundo Imperatore, qui omnes Joculatores suos et ...
+monuerit ut nullus eorum in ejus nomine, vel dummodo steterunt in
+servicio suo, nihil ab aliquo in regno suo deberent petere donandum,
+scilicet, quod ipsi Domini donatores pro Regis amore citius
+pauperibus erogarent."
+
+  [165] Shawms.
+
+
+A WAYTE.
+
+That nightly, from Michaelmas till Shere-Thursday[166], pipeth the
+watch within this Court _four_ times, and in summer nights _three_
+times, and he to make _bon Gayte_, and every chamber-door and
+office, as well for fire as for other pikers, or pellys[167]. He
+eateth in the Hall with the Minstrels, and taketh livery at night,
+half a paine, half a gallon of ale; and for summer nights, _two_
+candles p'is, half a bushel of coals; and for winter nights, half
+a loaf, half a gallon of ale, four candles p'is, half a bushel of
+coals; and daily, if he be present in Court, by the Cheque Roll,
+_four-pence halfpenny_, or _three pence_, by the discretion of
+Steward and Treasurer, and after the cunning that he can, and good
+deserving. Also cloathing with the Household Yeomen, or Minstrels,
+according to the wages that he taketh. And if he be sick, or let
+blood, he taketh _two_ loaves, half a mess of great meat, [and]
+one gallon of ale. Also he partaketh with the general gifts of
+Household, and hath his bedding carried, and his grooms together, by
+the Controller's assignment. And under this Yeoman, _a Groom Wayte_;
+if he can excuse the Yeoman in his Office, and absence, then he
+taketh reward and cloathing, meet rewards, and other things, like to
+the other _Grooms_ of Household. Also this _Yeoman_ wayteth at the
+makings of _Knights_ of the Bath, watching by night-time upon them
+in the chapel; wherefore he hath of fee all the watching cloathing
+that the Knights do wear upon [them].
+
+  [166] _i. e._ Maunday Thursday.
+
+  [167] Perhaps Perils.
+
+
+CLERK OF THE CROWN IN CHANCERY.
+
+This Officer was anciently one of the Chancellor's Family[168].
+
+  [168] Lex Parliamentaria.
+
+Formerly accompanied the Masters in Chancery in carrying Bills to
+the Lower House[169].
+
+  [169] Ibid. p. 195.
+
+Reads the Titles of Bills in the House of Lords[170].
+
+  [170] Ibid. 197.
+
+Sir George Copping was Clerk of the Crown, anno 1 Jac. I.[171]
+
+  [171] Ibid. 301.
+
+The fee of the Clerk of the Crown, in the Reign of Queen Elizabeth,
+was 20_l._[172]
+
+  [172] See Peck's Desiderata Curiosa, vol. i. p. 51.
+
+
+
+
+SUPPORTERS,
+
+CRESTS, AND COGNIZANCES,
+
+OF THE
+
+KINGS OF ENGLAND.
+
+
+RICHARD II.
+
+Was the first who bore his Escocheon supported; _viz._ by Two
+_Angels_.
+
+_Cognizances._--A White Hart couchant, gorged with a Gold Chain and
+Coronet, under a Tree; derived from the Princess Joan his Mother.
+
+Also a Peascod Branch, with the Pods open, but the Peas out.
+
+
+HENRY IV.
+
+Dexter, a _Swan_. Sinister, an _Antelope_.
+
+_Cognizance._--A Fox's Tail dependant.
+
+
+HENRY V.
+
+Two _Swans_, when Prince of Wales, holding in their beaks an
+Ostrich-feather and a Scroll; when King, a _Lion_ and an _Antelope_.
+
+N. B. He first bore three Fleurs de Lis, instead of the Semée; and
+wrote himself King of _England_ and _France_, whereas those before
+him wrote _France_ and _England_.
+
+
+HENRY VI.
+
+Two Antelopes, Argent, attired, accolled with Coronets, and chained
+Or.
+
+_Cognizance._--Two Feathers in Saltire.
+
+
+EDWARD IV.
+
+A _Lion_ for Marche; and a _Bull_ for Clare.
+
+_Two Lions_, Argent.
+
+The _Lion_ and the _White Hart_ of Richard II.
+
+_Cognizances._--The _White Rose_.
+
+The _Fetter-Lock_.
+
+The _Sun_ after the Battle of Mortimer's Cross, when three _Suns_
+were seen, which immediately conjoined.
+
+The Rose is in the centre.
+
+
+EDWARD V.
+
+The _Lion_ and a _Hinde_, Argent.
+
+_Cognizance._--The Rose and the Falcon in a Fetter-Lock.
+
+
+RICHARD III.
+
+Two _Boars_.
+
+A White Boar.
+
+    "The Cat, the Rat, and Lovel the Dog,
+    Rule all England under the _Hog_."
+
+_i. e._ Sir William Catesby, Sir Richard Ratcliff, and Lord Lovel,
+creatures of King Richard. One Collingborne was executed for this
+poetry[173].
+
+  [173] Leigh's Choice Observations.
+
+_Cognizance._--The Rose.
+
+
+HENRY VII.
+
+_Red Dragon_ (for Cadwallader), Dexter.
+
+A _Greyhound_, Argent, accolled Gules, Sinister, for Nevile.
+
+_Cognizances._--The _White Rose_ united to the _Red_.
+
+A Portcullis for Beaufort.
+
+A Hawthorn Bush with the Crown in it.
+
+Richard's Crown was found in a Hawthorn Bush after the Battle of
+Bosworth[174].
+
+  [174] Leigh's Choice Observations, p. 151.
+
+
+HENRY VIII.
+
+The _Red Dragon_ and _Greyhound_.
+
+Afterwards, the _Lion_ Dexter; the _Dragon_ Sinister.
+
+_Cognizances._--A Red Rose.
+
+A Fleur de Lis.
+
+A Portcullis.
+
+An Archer (Green) drawing his Arrow to the Head; with "Cui adhæreo
+præest." taken at the interview between him and Francis I.
+
+
+EDWARD VI.
+
+The Lion and Red Dragon.
+
+_Cognizance._--He bore the device of Prince of Wales, though never
+created.
+
+
+QUEEN MARY.
+
+An Eagle and Lion.--These are the Supporters in the Coat of
+Philip and Mary, impaled, over the chimney in the Hall of Trinity
+College, Oxford, as of the year 1554, put up 1772, when Lord North,
+afterwards Earl of Guilford, became Chancellor[175].
+
+  [175] Churchill, in his Divi Britannici, gives a Lion and a Griffin.
+
+_Cognizance._--When Princess, the White and Red Rose for York and
+Lancaster, with a Pomegranate for Spain.--When Queen, Time winged,
+drawing Truth out of a Pit; with "Veritas Temporis Filia."
+
+
+_Queen Elizabeth._
+
+A Lion and Red Dragon.
+
+_Cognizance._--A Sieve, without a motto.
+
+The words Video; Taceo. Semper Eadem[176].
+
+  [176] Vide Camden's Remains.
+
+
+JAMES I.
+
+The Lion (for England), and the Unicorn (for Scotland).
+
+_Cognizances._--A Rose; a Fleur de Lis; a Harp (for Ireland); a
+Greyhound current.
+
+
+
+
+REGAL TITLES.
+
+
+"HIS MOST CHRISTIAN MAJESTY THE KING OF FRANCE."
+
+Stowe says that Charlemagne, being chosen Emperor, A.D. 800, on
+account of his great zeal for the good of Christendom, was the first
+King of France that attributed to himself (I rather think received
+from the Pope) the Style and Title of _The Most Christian King of
+France_; and from him his Successors have continued it[177].
+
+  [177] Chronicle, p. 693.
+
+
+HIS SACRED MAJESTY THE KING OF GREAT BRITAIN.
+
+First given to (or rather assumed by) King James I.[178]--GRACE was
+the old Title.--MAJESTY succeeded to it at the latter end of the
+Reign of Henry VIII.[179]
+
+  [178] Mortimer's Dictionary, in voce _Sacred_.
+
+  [179] Mortimer's Dictionary.
+
+
+HIS CATHOLIC MAJESTY.
+
+(SPAIN.)
+
+About the year 1493, Pope Alexander VI. gave to Ferdinand, King of
+Spain, the Title of _Catholick King_, in memory and acknowledgment
+of the many Victories he had obtained over the Moors[180].
+
+  [180] Platina.
+
+
+
+
+ON THE
+
+VIRTUES
+
+OF
+
+The Royal Touch.
+
+
+KINGS OF ENGLAND.
+
+As the following subject, which has exercised the faith and
+incredulity of mankind for so many ages, comes before me in the
+light of a religious ceremonial, I shall not attempt to defend or
+depreciate the validity of this gift; though it may be necessary to
+observe some circumstances as they occur, which may point different
+ways. Well-attested instances of the effect of this power of healing
+may be produced; though other examples are too ludicrous and futile
+to attract serious attention. We may, however, in these enlightened
+and unsuperstitious times, speak freely on a subject, which for
+many years, I may say centuries, absorbed the faith of whole
+Nations; _viz._ the Cure of the King's Evil by the Royal Touch. As
+Mr. Addison, in the quality of The Spectator, professed a modest
+veneration for a couple of sticks, if concealed under petticoats;
+so am I loyally and religiously induced to "honour the King," as a
+part of our excellent Constitution: but why Kings should have in
+themselves a preternatural gift above other men, by healing the most
+stubborn of all diseases, exceeds my comprehension. Every body is,
+at this time, I dare believe, of the same opinion; and this foolish
+affectation of a divine inherent power has wisely been laid aside,
+ever since the accession of the House of Hanover.
+
+If Kings really possessed such an uncommon, such a wonderful gift,
+why has it been taken away? The same legal rights remain in the
+Royal Person now that have adhered to it for ages--while this
+Divine Prerogative has fallen away; or rather let us say, that the
+incredulity of the world has increased.
+
+The cases brought forward by the advocates for this Gift are
+exceedingly strong and well attested; but yet there is something
+so palpably absurd in the mere supposition, that the evidence,
+when brought forward, will be found to destroy itself on a
+cross-examination.
+
+As to the subject, and all its wonderful consequences, I have just
+as much faith as I have in the two following circumstances:
+
+Lord Bolingbroke tells us, from Bodin, Amyot, and other writers,
+that Ferdinand King of Spain, and Alphonsus King of Naples,
+were cured of desperate distempers by reading Livy and Quintus
+Curtius[181]. Again, there was such astonishing virtue in Quintus
+Curtius, that we are further told, Alphonsus IX. King of Spain[182]
+was healed by reading his works, after having in vain read the Bible
+throughout fourteen times[183]. _Credat qui vult._ And yet I
+could as soon subscribe to these, as to the cures performed by the
+Royal Touch.
+
+  [181] Bolingbroke, on the Study of History, p. 22.
+
+  [182] Obiit 1214. Query if not the same as Alphonsus above?
+
+  [183] Warton's History of English Poetry, p. 133.
+
+Anciently there was great reputed sanative virtue in a seventh
+son; and he was looked upon as a heaven-born Doctor, and those
+his medical abilities were reverenced for that reason only by the
+common people. So far the Doctor would be safe, and might kill with
+impunity; but it was a crime to heal.
+
+Thus I have a case before me in the Reign of King Charles I. where
+a poor unfortunate man, who was the seventh son of a seventh
+son, and never killed any body (for he was a gardener, and not a
+physician), was severely treated, because he pretended to have in
+him the faculty of healing several disorders, and especially the
+King's Evil, by the Touch or stroking of his hand. This man was
+imprudent enough to depreciate the Royal Touch; otherwise, at that
+time, he might have obtained a comfortable subsistence from his
+credulous patients; but that unfortunate intrenchment on the Royal
+Prerogative drew down upon him the double vengeance of the Court of
+Star-Chamber, and of the College of Physicians; which last, in the
+most courtly manner, denounced him to be an impostor[184]. _Delenda
+est Carthago._ It was highly necessary for the reputation of the
+Royal pretensions that this man should be proscribed.
+
+  [184] See the story at large in Granger, from Dr. Charles Goodall's
+  Works.
+
+The next person who appears to have usurped this Gift was Mr.
+Valentine Greatrackes, a gentleman of Ireland, who first practised
+his art of healing by the Touch in his own country; and afterwards
+came into England, where, at first, he obtained great reputation,
+which fell off by degrees, so that there was no occasion for any
+violent measures to prevent his intrenching on the Royal Prerogative.
+
+This gentleman wrote an account of his several cures, in a Letter to
+the Honourable Robert Boyle, which was printed in 1668. Whether Mr.
+Boyle was a believer I know not; but it was at a time when the King
+practised, so that he might think it prudent to conceal his real
+sentiments.
+
+How far imagination will operate in such cases, as the old women,
+even of this age, contend it does in Agues, is a question not for me
+to discuss; but it tempts me to transcribe the following story, as
+given by Mr. Granger, vol. IV. p. 32.
+
+"I was myself a witness of the powerful workings of imagination in
+the populace, when the waters of Glastonbury were at the height of
+their reputation. The virtues of the spring there were supposed to
+be supernatural, and to have been discovered by a revelation made in
+a dream to one Matthew Chancellor. The people did not only expect
+to be cured of such distempers as were in their nature incurable,
+but even to recover their lost eyes, and their mutilated limbs.
+The following story, which scarce exceeds what I observed upon the
+spot, was told me by a gentleman of character. 'An old woman in the
+workhouse at Yeovil, who had long been a cripple, and made use of
+crutches, was strongly inclined to drink of the Glastonbury waters,
+which she was assured would cure her of her lameness. The master of
+the workhouse procured her several bottles of water, which had such
+an effect, that she soon laid aside one crutch, and not long after,
+the other. This was extolled, as a miraculous cure. But the man
+protested to his friends, that he had imposed upon her, and fetched
+the water from an ordinary spring.' I need not inform the Reader,
+that when the force of imagination had spent itself, she relapsed
+into her former infirmity."
+
+
+FRENCH KINGS.
+
+Whether the French Kings possessed this Gift in a greater or less
+degree than our own, I cannot decide; but in point of antiquity, by
+the accounts of their Historians, they exceed us by many centuries.
+
+The advocates for the priority of the Kings of England in this
+wonderful Gift, tell you, that the French, seeing it with a jealous
+eye, invented a tale, and carried their claim up to Clovis, the
+first of that name in France, and their first Christian King, who
+acceded to the Throne A. D. 481; whereas we do not pretend to go
+higher than Edward the Confessor, who died in 1066.
+
+In reward for Clovis's faith and conversion, this Gift was bestowed
+upon him at his baptism, A. D. 496; and which he accordingly
+exercised immediately on one of his favourites[185].
+
+  [185] See Mezeray. The name of this person was Lancinet.
+
+How it was first discovered to be inherent in the French King we are
+not told; though we are assured as to our own, that the knowledge of
+such power in King Edward was discovered, like many other similar
+wonders, from a dream.
+
+The usual date of the introduction of this miraculous Gift
+into France is fixed in the Reign of St. Louis [_i. e._ IX], a
+contemporary with our Henry III. about 160 years after the death of
+the Confessor[186].
+
+  [186] Browne's "Adenochoiradelogia," 1684. See hereafter, under
+  Charles II.
+
+Unfortunately for the French Kings, there is a story extant, which
+overthrows their healing power, in a palpable instance which
+happened to Louis XI. who having had an apoplexy, sent for a famous
+man to cure him, by name Francis of Poul. Francis, unhappily, had
+the Evil; but, alas! the Saint could not cure the King; and, what
+was worse, the King could not cure the Saint[187].
+
+  [187] Davies, ii. 181.
+
+On the other hand, as the French Kings possessed the faculty sooner
+than our Kings, so did it last longer; for King George I. had the
+good sense not to pretend to it; whereas the French Kings kept
+up the farce at least till 1775, though with some address in the
+words spoken by the King; _viz._ "The King touches you, and may
+God heal you!" ["Le Roy te touche, Dieu te guerisse."] So that, in
+case the Touch fails, it is known where the blame is to lie; which
+is to be attributed to the anger of God, or the want of faith in
+the party[188]. The French Kings gave alms on the occasion; but
+I find no mention of particular pieces, as was the custom with
+us. I do not find that the French Kings ever touched, except upon
+Coronations; though it was a repeated, if not an annual ceremony
+with us, performed daily for a certain season[189], attended with a
+Form of Prayer, compiled for the purpose, which I shall hereafter
+preserve at length in the Appendix, together with the Ceremonial,
+after having given such accounts of the Practice itself, under the
+respective Kings, as are recorded by Writers on the subject.
+
+  [188] Louis XVI. of France went through this ceremony, as appears
+  from the Formule of his Coronation, published at the time, A. D.
+  1775. Louis XV. touched no less than 2000 persons, and Louis XIV.
+  upwards of 2500.
+
+  Gemelli(the famous Traveller) gives an account of 1600 persons being
+  presented for this purpose to Louis XIV. on Easter Sunday 1686.
+  Every Frenchman received 15 sous, and every Foreigner 30.
+
+  In "De mirabili Strumas Sanandi vi solis Galliæ Regibus
+  Christianissimis Divinitus concessa. Authore Andreâ Laurentio, Regis
+  Consiliario et Medico Primario, 1609," is a very curious Print,
+  representing King Henry IV. touching for the Evil; in which are
+  introduced many Patients and Officers of the Court.
+
+  The French confined their expression to the word _Touch_, though we
+  use the term _Heal_.
+
+  [189] See Browne.
+
+
+EDWARD THE CONFESSOR[190].
+
+To begin in order of time, I shall give you the narrative in Mr.
+Stowe's words, from the Latin account by Alfred, Abbot of Rivaulx.
+Thus then it is:
+
+"A young woman, married, but without children, had a disease about
+her jawes, and under her cheeke, like unto kernels, which they
+termed akornes, and this disease so corrupted her face with stench,
+that shee coulde scarce without great shame speake to any man. This
+woman was admonished in her sleepe, to go to King Edwarde, and get
+him to washe her face with water, and shee shoulde bee whole. To
+the Court shee came; and the King hearing of this matter, disdained
+not to doe it; having a bason of water brought unto him, hee dipped
+his hand therein, and washed the womannes face, and touched the
+diseased place; and this hee did oftentimes, sometimes also signing
+it with the signe of the Crosse, which after hee hadde thus washed
+it, the hard crust or skinne was softened and dissolved; and drawing
+his hand by divers of the holes, out of the kernels came little
+wormes, whereof they were full with corrupt matter and blood, the
+King still pressed it with his handes to bring forth the corruption,
+and disdained not to suffer the stench of the disease, untill hee
+hadde brought forth all the corruption with pressing: this done,
+hee commanded her a sufficient allowance every day for all thinges
+necessary, untill she hadd received perfect health, which was within
+a weeke after; and whereas shee was ever beefore barren, within one
+yeere shee had a childe by her husband. And although this thing
+seeme strange, yet the Normans sayde that hee often did the like in
+his youth, when he was in Normandy[191]."
+
+  [190] Dr. Plot, in his Natural History of Oxfordshire, c. 10, § 125,
+  Plate 16, No. 5, gives a Drawing of the Touch-piece, supposed to
+  have been given by Edward the Confessor. The ribbon, he says, was
+  white.
+
+  [191] Stowe's Annals, p. 98.
+
+It does not appear that the King knew of this Gift before; but he
+continued to use it ever after, and his successors followed him in
+the practice.
+
+But this is not all: for Stowe affords us but one instance of the
+cure of a blind man by King Edward; whereas the Abbot's account[192]
+extends to six men totally blind, besides another who had lost one
+of his eyes; all of whom were restored to perfect sight by the
+King[193].
+
+  [192] See the "Decem Scriptores."
+
+  [193] Mr. Browne likewise believes that several blind persons were
+  restored to sight by King Charles II.
+
+
+WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR
+
+Had business enough upon his hands to employ his time, without
+thinking of such a matter as this; but however, that he might, in
+quieter times, enjoy this Kingly attribute (though only a Bastard
+Son of a Territorial Duke), Voltaire tells us, that some dependants
+endeavoured to persuade the world, that this Gift was bestowed upon
+him from Heaven[194]. Whether he ever exercised it does not appear.
+Nothing but a special bounty of Heaven could convey to him this
+privilege; and such interference was necessary; for it was anciently
+held not to be inherent in any but lawful Kings, and not to extend
+to Usurpers; so that it must have slept during all the wars between
+the Houses of York and Lancaster, till resumed by Henry VII. as will
+be mentioned in its place.
+
+
+EDWARD III.
+
+Mr. Joshua Barnes, the most copious Historiographer of this Reign,
+does not positively say that King Edward exercised this Gift,
+presuming only that he had a double right to it, as Heir to both the
+Realms of England and of France; and, consequently, more eminently
+endowed than Philip of Valois, the then French King[195]. The
+French, no doubt, would deny it to him, as an usurping claimant of
+their Crown; though they could not refuse his right, as derived to
+him as a legal King of England.
+
+  [194] See Davies, ii. 180.
+
+  [195] Barnes's History, b. ii. ch. 7. sect. 5.
+
+
+HENRY VI.
+
+I have already conceived the Gift of healing by the Touch to have
+been, as it were, in abeyance during the Civil Wars between the
+Houses of York and Lancaster; and therefore have found no historical
+record of Cures performed by this _Saint-like_ King, who had such
+ample religious claims. I have called him Saint-like, because he
+never was canonized, though it was attempted and refused by the Pope
+in the Reign of Henry VII. for reasons to be seen in Fuller's Church
+History of Britain[196].
+
+  [196] Book iv. p. 154.
+
+Two reasons against the canonization are suggested by different
+Writers:--1. That the then Pope thought King Henry VI. too simple
+to be sainted:--2. That the contingent expence amounted to more than
+King Henry VII. was willing to defray, being not less than 1500
+ducats of gold, a large sum at that time of day[197].
+
+  [197] Id. in eod.
+
+But, however, although King Henry VI. performed no Cures in his
+life-time, yet was a man miraculously saved from death at the
+gallows by the appearance of the King, 40 years after his demise (in
+the 10th year of Henry VII.), by which intervention the halter had
+no effect; for the convict was found alive, after having hung the
+usual hour, and went speedily (as in duty bound) to return thanks
+at the King's Tomb at Chertsey, for such a wonderful deliverance.
+The Story states, that the man was really innocent, though, from
+circumstantial evidence, presumed to have been guilty; otherwise the
+Ghost of so pious and merciful a King had doubtless never appeared
+to him and interposed.
+
+
+HENRY VII.
+
+It is evident, from various concurrent circumstances, that this King
+touched for the Evil, as the Religious Ceremonial used upon those
+occasions, such as Prayers, Benedictions, Suffrages, &c. during
+his Reign, are to be found not only in MS. in the British Museum,
+but were afterwards printed by order of King James II. A. D. 1686;
+both in Latin. Another proof arises from charges made for pieces of
+money delivered for this purpose in that Reign; for, in the 18th
+year of Henry VII. we find a disbursement of 20 shillings, made by
+John Heron, "for heling 3 seke folks;" and again, "13_s._ 4_d._
+for heling 2 seke folks." From these sums it is evident, that the
+Touch-pieces given were Nobles, or 6_s._ 8_d._ in value[198]. The
+accounts of this John Heron are preserved, together with those of
+divers others, in the office of the Remembrancer of the Exchequer.
+The fact is further established from the testimony of Polydore
+Vergil, who wrote his History at the command of King Henry VII.
+(though it was not made public till the following Reign); wherein
+the Writer, after going a little into the origin of this Gift,
+adds, that the Kings of England, even in his time, healed persons
+afflicted with this disease ["Nam Reges Angliæ _etiam nunc_ Tactu
+strumosos sanant."] He further subjoins, that the exercise of it was
+attended with hymns, and other devout cæremonies; meaning, no doubt,
+those above-mentioned: ["quibusdam hymnis non sine ceremoniis prius
+recitatis[199]."] From looking over the Ceremonial, I conceive that
+by hymns, Polydore Vergil means the Gospel, which at that time was
+_sung_, or the suffrages, which might be chanted.
+
+  [198] In the Ceremonial, the King crossed the Sore of the Sick
+  Person, with an _Angel-Noble_.
+
+  [199] Polydore Vergil, p. 143. Basil edit 1546.
+
+Fabian Philips, in his Treatise on Purveyance, p. 257, asserts,
+"that the Angels issued by the Kings of England on these occasions,
+amounted to a charge of three thousand pounds _per annum_."]
+
+I shall give a transcript of the service appropriated to this
+occasion in the Appendix, (No. I.) as the printed copies are very
+scarce.
+
+I cannot dismiss this Reign without observing that the learned
+Editor of the Northumberland Household Book[200] is hereby proved to
+have been very inattentive, when he says that "this miraculous Gift
+was left to be claimed by the _Stuarts_; our ancient _Plantagenets_
+were humbly content to cure the _Cramp_[201]."
+
+  [200] The late truly venerable Bishop Percy.
+
+  [201] Notes to p. 334.--This Ceremony of consecrating the
+  _Cramp-Rings_ will be added to this account of the King's Evil. See
+  Appendix, No. III.
+
+What part the _Plantagenets_ took in this business, for want of
+information, must be left doubtful; but ample proof has been
+offered, that the _Tudors_ possessed the Gift of Healing.
+
+
+EDWARD VI.
+
+The King now before us, though he kept a journal of all material
+occurrences, does not, however, once hint that he touched for the
+Evil, as probably his natural piety would have led him to have
+done, had it ever taken place; but, if there be any truth in the
+immediate prevalence of prayer on the ears of Heaven, an instance is
+recorded wherein the King obtained his request, in a more notable
+instance than any cure he might have performed by the operation
+of his Touch. Sir John Cheke, his Tutor for the Greek language,
+lay very dangerously ill, to the great disquiet and concern of the
+King, who, after frequent and daily inquiries, learned from the
+Physicians at last that there was not the least hope of life. "No,"
+said the King, "he will not die now; for this morning I begged his
+life from God in my prayers, and obtained it." This accordingly came
+to pass; and Sir John recovered speedily, contrary to all medical
+expectations. The truth was ascertained by an ear-witness, the Earl
+of Huntingdon, who related it to the grandson of Sir John Cheke
+(Sir Thomas Cheke, of Pirgo, Essex), by whom it was mentioned to my
+Author[202].
+
+  [202] Fuller's Church History of Britain, book vii. p. 425.
+
+  "Nec Deus intersit nisi dignus vindice Nodus;"
+
+and, if ever necessary, it was on this occasion; though the King
+lived but one year afterwards; and Cheke survived, to disgrace the
+Protestant Religion by his revolt.
+
+
+QUEEN ELIZABETH.
+
+That the Queen touched, is acknowledged; but it is as evident that
+she had no high opinion of the efficacy of such operation; for she
+once threw out an expression tending much to disparage the validity
+of it. Being on a Progress in Gloucestershire, her Majesty was
+so pestered with applications from diseased people, who pressed
+about her person in hopes of obtaining the Royal Touch, that she
+unguardedly, and in an ill-humour, exclaimed, "Alas, poor people,
+_I_ cannot, _I_ cannot cure you; it is God alone who can do it."
+This was interpreted by some, as a renunciation of the Gift; but,
+nevertheless, the Queen afterwards admitted a general resort
+to her for the purpose of being touched, and one in particular
+was healed[203]. On this, or some other occasion, a rigid Papist
+was under a necessity of applying for the Queen's Touch, after
+having tried every other means in vain; and was, says my Author,
+perfectly healed. This happening soon after the Pope had denounced
+the sentence of Excommunication against her Majesty, raised the
+reputation of this Gift in the Royal Line of England; seeing that
+the Pope had no power to divest the Queen of it[204].
+
+  [203] Browne, book iii. p. 124.
+
+  [204] Browne in eod.; and Tooker's "Charisma," ch. 6.
+
+The Queen, at another time, A. D. 1575, being on a Progress in
+Warwickshire, where she was entertained by the Earl of Leicester at
+Kenilworth Castle, during her abode there, "touched nine for the
+King's Evil[205]."
+
+  [205] Strype's Annals, iv. p. 394.
+
+
+JAMES I.
+
+It does not appear that the Kings of Scotland ever pretended to this
+Gift; but when their James VI. came to the Throne of England, the
+virtue appeared in him; and he exercised it, as is evident from a
+passage in Macbeth[206], and still more strongly from Proclamations
+in this Reign, still extant[207].
+
+  [206] Davies, ii. 179.
+
+  [207] By a Proclamation, March 25, 1616, it appears that the Kings
+  of England would not permit patients to approach them during the
+  summer.
+
+Being lineally descended from Henry the Seventh's Daughter,
+Margaret, this King had the same title to the Gift as Henry himself,
+who, as has been seen, used it, though descended from a line of
+Usurpers.
+
+
+CHARLES I.
+
+So pious a King, and so jealous of every prerogatory right,
+divine and human, could not fail to exercise this preternatural
+endowment[208]; and accordingly we find him regulating the manner
+and time that persons shall be admitted to the Royal Touch, by
+divers Proclamations[209]. One is dated soon after his Accession,
+in 1621[210]; another in 1626; and a third in 1628[211]. He cured by
+his words only[212].
+
+  [208] The following interesting remarks on this subject were
+  communicated to Mr. Nichols, in 1781, by the learned and very
+  ingenious Dr. Aikin. "Though the superstitious notions respecting
+  the cure of the King's Evil by the Touch of our English Kings are
+  probably at present entirely eradicated, it is still a curious and
+  not uninstructive object of enquiry, by what means they were so
+  long supported, and by what kind of evidence they have been able to
+  gain credit even in the dawning of a more enlightened period. The
+  testimony of Richard Wiseman, Serjeant-Surgeon to King Charles I.
+  has been alleged as one of the strongest and most unexceptionable
+  in favour of the Touch. He was a man of the greatest eminence
+  in his profession; and his Works (collected in a folio volume,
+  intituled, "Several Chirurgical Treatises, by Richard Wiseman,
+  Serjeant-Chirurgeon, 1676") bear all the marks of an honest and
+  upright disposition in their author. On the subject of the Royal
+  Touch he delivers himself in the following strong and unequivocal
+  terms: 'I myself have been a frequent eye-witness of many hundreds
+  of cures performed by his Majesty's Touch alone, without any
+  assistance of Chirurgery; and those many of them such as had tired
+  out the endeavours of able Chirurgeons before they came thither.
+  It were endless to recite what I myself have seen, and what I have
+  received acknowledgments of by letter, not only from the several
+  parts of the Nation, but also from Ireland, Scotland, Jersey, and
+  Guernsey.' The question which will naturally arise upon this passage
+  is, Did Wiseman really believe what he asserted, or was he knowingly
+  promoting an imposture? Both suppositions have their difficulties;
+  yet both are in some degree probable. His warm attachment to the
+  Royal Family, and early prejudices, might in some measure make his
+  faith preponderate against his judgment; and, on the other hand,
+  certain passages in his treatise necessarily shew a consciousness
+  of collusion and fraudulent pretensions. It was his business, as
+  Serjeant-surgeon, to select such afflicted objects as were proper
+  to be presented for the Royal Touch. In the history of the disease,
+  relating its various states and appearances, he says, 'Those which
+  we present to his Majesty are chiefly such as have this kind of
+  tumour about the _musculus mastoideus_, or neck, with whatever
+  other circumstances they are accompanied; nor are we difficult in
+  admitting the thick-chapped upper lips, and eyes affected with a
+  _lippitudo;_ in other cases we give our judgment more warily.'
+  Here is a selection of the slightest cases, and a manifest doubt
+  expressed concerning the success in more inveterate ones. A little
+  below, observing that the _strumæ_ will often be suppurated, or
+  resolved unexpectedly from accidental ferments, he says, 'In case
+  of the King's Touch, the resolution doth often happen where our
+  endeavours have signified nothing; yea, the very _gummata;_ insomuch
+  that I am cautious of predicting concerning them (though they appear
+  never so bad) till 14 days be over.' From this we learn, that the
+  Touch was by no means infallible, and that the pretence of its
+  succeeding was not given up till a fortnight had passed without
+  any change for the better. Indeed it appears very plain, that the
+  worst kind of cases were seldom or never offered the Touch; for in
+  no disease does Wiseman produce more observations from his practice
+  of difficult and dangerous chirurgical treatment, and in not one
+  of these did he call in the assistance of the Royal Hand. It was
+  indeed proposed in a single instance, but under such circumstances
+  as furnish a stronger proof of imposture than any thing hitherto
+  related. A young gentlewoman had an obstinate scrophulous tumour
+  in the right side of the neck, under the maxilla. Wiseman applied
+  a large caustic to it, brought it to suppuration, treated it with
+  escharotics, and cured it. 'About a year after,' he says, 'I saw her
+  again in town, and felt a small gland, of the bigness of a lupin,
+  lying lower on that side of the neck. I would have persuaded her
+  to admit of a resolvent emplaster, and to be touched; but she did
+  not, as she said, believe it to be the King's Evil.' Here, after
+  allowing his patient to undergo a course of very severe surgery, he
+  is willing to trust the relics of the disease to the Royal Touch,
+  assisted by a resolving plaster; but the complaint was now too
+  trifling to engage her attention. Surely the greatest opponent of
+  the Touch will not place it in a more contemptible light!"
+
+  [209] By a Proclamation, June 18, 1626, it is ordered, that no one
+  shall apply for this purpose, who does not bring a certificate that
+  he was never touched before; a regulation which undoubtedly arose
+  from some supposed patients, who had attempted to receive the bit of
+  gold more than once.
+
+  [210] Rymer, tom, xviii. p. 118.
+
+  [211] Id. p. 1023.
+
+  [212] Browne, book iii. p. 135.
+
+One would naturally be surprized to read of such numbers who
+received the Royal Touch in the 17th century, when the disease is
+now so nearly worn out; but Mr. Browne tells us it raged remarkably
+at the period when he lived.
+
+As to the giving of a piece of Gold, Mr. Browne says, "it only shews
+his Majestie's Royal well-wishes towards the recovery of those
+who come thus to be healed." In other parts of his book, however,
+he tells us that "some, losing their Gold[213], their diseases
+have seized them afresh; when, upon obtaining a second Touch, and
+new Gold, their diseases have been seen to vanish." Again, as to
+the virtue contained in the Gold, he relates a story of a father
+and a son, who both were afflicted with the Evil, for which the
+former was touched, and received a piece of Gold; but the latter
+never was touched, and had no Gold; upon which the son borrows
+the father's Gold, and received great relief from it. During this
+interval the father grew worse, received back his Gold, and, after
+wearing it a little time, became better; and this practice was
+pursued for several years. Mr. Browne likewise gives other examples
+of the operation of the Gold, on, persons who had never received
+the Touch.--Though we have called it Gold, which, in itself, was
+anciently reckoned to have a sanative quality in itself, yet Silver
+would do as well; for Mr. Browne does not deny but that a Silver
+two-pence has effectually done the business. The case was, that the
+King (Charles I.), who was the Operator, was then a Prisoner at
+Hampton Court, and perhaps had no Gold to spare; and therefore, in
+several instances, he used Silver, with which many were known to
+have been cured:--but, after all, by way of salvo, Mr. Browne adds,
+that such as failed of their cure--_wanted Faith_. From another
+passage in Mr. Browne's preface, one would be tempted to think that
+the virtue neither consisted in the Gold or the Silver, but in the
+Ribbon to which it was pendent; for he assures those who contended
+that a _second_ piece of _Gold_ was necessary on a _second_ Touch,
+that the same Gold, newly strung upon a White Ribbon, would work as
+effectually as a fresh piece of Gold. Some, he tells us, have been
+cured with the Touch only, without Gold or Silver.
+
+  [213] Sir Kenelm Digby informed Mons. Monconys, that if the person
+  had lost the piece of gold, the complaint immediately returned.
+
+Among other salvos in case of failure of the Touch, added to the
+want of faith, is, that the disease was mistaken in many instances;
+and that the Patients did not labour under the Struma, or Evil, but
+some other similar disorder, over which the Royal Hand had no divine
+influence.
+
+There was such sympathy between the Royal Hand and the part touched,
+that Mr. Browne seems to believe a case that had been sent to him,
+of a woman, at a distance from London, who had formerly been cured
+by King Charles I. and whose sores broke out afresh upon the day of
+the King's death, though she was so ignorant of the world as not to
+know that it was to take place. But she soon recovered her health.
+
+The effect of this Divine Emanation has been said even to extend
+beyond the life of this unfortunate Monarch; for part of the blood
+of this King being preserved on a piece of linen dipped therein, was
+found to have the same effect as the Touch, or his Prayers, when he
+was living[214].
+
+  [214] Browne, book iii. p. 109.
+
+A wen is said to be cured by the hand of a dead man while hanging on
+the gallows. This is still a superstitious notion among the common
+people at this day; and a child's cawl is a preservative against
+drowning in the notions of sailors (who are extremely credulous in
+general): one often sees them advertised for sale; and, if bought at
+all, they find a vent, no doubt, at Wapping.
+
+A wedding ring of gold, rubbed on a stye upon the eyelid, used to
+be esteemed a sovereign remedy; but, if I mistake not, it must be
+applied nine times.
+
+
+CHARLES II.
+
+In January 1683, the following Proclamation was ordered to be
+published in every Parish in the Kingdom[215].
+
+  [215] One of these is still preserved in a frame in the Vestry of
+  St. Martin's Church at Leicester, placed there by the Rev. Samuel
+  Carte, Vicar of that Parish, and brother of Mr. Thomas Carte the
+  Historian.
+
+     "At the Court at Whitehall, 9th of January 1683. Present, the
+     King's Most Excellent Majesty; Lord Keeper, Lord Privy Seal,
+     Duke of Ormond, Duke of Beaufort, Earl of Oxford, Earl of
+     Huntingdon, Earl of Bridgewater, Earl of Peterborow, Earl of
+     Chesterfield, Earl of Clarendon, Earl of Bathe, Earl of Craven,
+     Earl of Nottingham, Earl of Rochester, Lord Bishop of London,
+     Mr. Secretary Jenkins, Mr. Chancellor of the Duchy, Lord Chief
+     Justice Jeffryes, Mr. Godolphin. Whereas, by the grace and
+     blessing of God, the Kings and Queens of this Realm, by many
+     ages past, have had the happiness, by their sacred Touch, and
+     invocation of the name of God, to cure those who are afflicted
+     with the disease called the King's Evil; and his Majesty, in
+     no less measure than any of his Royal Predecessors, having
+     had good success therein; and, in his most gracious and pious
+     disposition, being as ready and willing as any King or Queen
+     of this Realm ever was, in any thing to relieve the distresses
+     and necessities of his good subjects; yet, in his princely
+     wisdom, foreseeing that in this (as in all other things) order
+     is to be observed, and fit times are necessary to be appointed
+     for the performing of this great work of charity, his Majesty
+     was therefore this day pleased to declare in Council his Royal
+     will and pleasure to be, That (in regard heretofore the usual
+     times of presenting such persons for this purpose have been
+     prefixed by his Royal Predecessors) the times of public healings
+     shall from henceforth be from the Feast of All-Saints, commonly
+     called Alhallow-tide, till a week before Christmas; and after
+     Christmas, until the first day of March, and then to cease
+     till the Passion-week, being times most convenient, both for
+     the temperature of the season, and in respect of contagion,
+     which may happen in this near access to his Majesty's sacred
+     Person. And when his Majesty shall at any time think fit to go
+     any progress, he will be pleased to appoint such other times
+     for healing as shall be most convenient. And his Majesty doth
+     hereby accordingly order and command, that, from the time of
+     publishing this his Majesty's order, none presume to repair to
+     his Majesty's Court to be healed of the said disease, but only
+     at or within the times for that purpose hereby appointed as
+     aforesaid. And his Majesty was farther pleased to order, that
+     all such as shall hereafter come or repair to the Court for
+     this purpose, shall bring with them certificates, under the
+     hands and seals of the parson, vicar, or minister, and of both
+     or one of the churchwardens of the respective parishes where
+     they dwell, and from whence they come, testifying, according to
+     the truth, that they have not, at any time before, been touched
+     by his Majesty, to the intent to be healed of their disease.
+     And all ministers and churchwardens are hereby required to be
+     very careful to examine into the truth before they give such
+     certificates; and also to keep a register of all certificates
+     they shall from time to time give. And, to the end that all his
+     Majesty's loving subjects may the better take knowledge of this
+     his Majesty's command, his Majesty was pleased to direct, that
+     this Order be read publicly in all parish-churches, and then be
+     affixed to some conspicuous place there; and for that end the
+     same be printed, and a convenient number of copies sent to the
+     Most Reverend Father in God the Lord Archbishop of Canterbury,
+     and the Lord Archbishop of York, who are to take care that
+     the same be delivered to all parishes within their respective
+     provinces.
+
+     LOYD.
+
+     "London, printed by the Assigns of John Bill, deceased, and by
+     Henry Hills, Printers to the King's Most Excellent Majesty."
+
+A regular Notice to the same effect was published by authority in
+the London Gazette.
+
+In 1684, John Browne, Sworn Chirurgeon in Ordinary to the King's
+Most Excellent Majesty, published a work, not now easily to be
+met with, except in the Libraries of the curious; and perhaps,
+for its general subjects, exploded at this day, as the fashion
+of physick has much altered, as well as many new and important
+discoveries been made, since it was written. It is in three Books.
+The Titles to the three Books are--1. "_Adenochoiradelogia_; or,
+an Anatomick-Chyrurgical Treatise of Glandules and Strumaes, or
+King's Evil Swellings. Together with the Royal Gift of Healing or
+Cure thereof, by contact or imposition of Hands, performed for above
+640 years by our Kings of England, continued with their admirable
+Effects and miraculous Events; and concluded with many wonderful
+Examples of Cures by their Sacred Touch; all which are succinctly
+described by John Browne, one of His Majesty's Chyrurgeons in
+Ordinary, and Chyrurgeon of his Majesty's Hospital; published
+with His Majesty's Royal Approbation: Together with the Testimony
+of many eminent Doctors and Chyrurgeons. Sold by Samuel Lowndes,
+over-against Exeter Change in the Strand." 2. "_Chæradelogia_; or
+an Exact Discourse of Strumaes, or King's Evil Swellings; wherein
+are discovered their Names and Natures, Differences, Causes, Signs,
+Presages, and Cure, in that modest and plain Dress, that the meanest
+capacity may hereby find out the Disease." 3. _Charisma Basilicon_;
+or, the Royal Gift of Healing Strumaes, or King's Evil, Swellings,
+by Contact or Imposition of the Sacred Hands of our Kings of
+England and of France, given them at their Inaugurations. Shewing
+the Gift itself, and its continued Use, declaring all Persons Healed
+thereby, without any respect either to their Age, Sex, Temper,
+or Constitution; with the Manner, Form, and Ceremonies thereof;
+and divers general Rules for the meanest capacity to find out the
+Disease. The best expedient to prevent poor People from unnecessary
+Journeys. The whole concluded with above Sixty admirable Cures,
+performed with and without Gold, by His Majesty's Benediction;
+by His Late Majesty's precious Blood; and the like." Prefixed to
+the work is a portrait of Browne, engraved by R. White, inscribed
+"Johannes Browne, Regis Britannici necnon Nosocomii sui Chirurgus
+Ordinarius;" and a curious frontispiece, also engraved by White,
+entitled "The Royal Gift of Healing," representing Charles II.
+seated on his Throne, surrounded by his Court, touching for the
+King's Evil.
+
+This ceremony seems to have been in high vogue during this reign.
+"The King gives freely," says Mr. Browne, "not calling the Angels
+to witness, nor sinking so low as others do, to perform the
+same by Black Art or Inchantment. He does it with a pure heart,
+in the presence of the Almighty, who knows all things, without
+superstition, curing all that approach his Royal Touch. And this
+I may frankly presume to aver, that never any of his Predecessors
+have ever exercised it more, or more willingly or freely, whose
+wonderful effects, and certainty of cure, we must and shall ever
+acknowledge[216]."
+
+  [216] Browne, book iii. p. 126.
+
+This is followed by accounts of about 70 "wonderful and miraculous
+cures, performed by his Majesty's Sacred Hands;" and also by "An
+Account of the Number of Persons touched for the King's Evil, from
+May 1660 to September 1664, from the Registers kept by Thomas
+Haynes, Esq. Serjeant of the Chapel Royal; from which I shall copy
+the totals of each year:
+
+  1660       6725
+  1661       4619
+  1662       4275
+  1663       4667
+  1664       3335
+
+Another account, kept by Mr. Thomas Donkley, Keeper of his Majesty's
+Closet belonging to the Chapel Royal, continues the Numbers as
+follows:
+
+  1667       3078
+  1668       3543
+  1669       2983
+  1670       3377
+  1671       3568
+  1672       3771
+  1673       4457
+  1674       5079
+  1675       3471
+  1676       4454
+  1677       4607
+  1678       3456
+  1679       3752
+  1680       3796
+  1681       2461
+  1682       8577
+
+  Summa Totalis      92,107
+
+
+QUEEN ANNE.
+
+It appears by the Newspapers of the time, that on the 30th of
+March, 1714, _two hundred_ persons were touched by Queen Anne[217].
+Amongst these was _Samuel Johnson_, afterwards the justly celebrated
+Moral Writer. He was sent by the advice of Sir John Floyer, then a
+Physician at Lichfield; and many years afterwards, being asked if he
+could remember Queen Anne, said, "he had a confused, but somehow a
+sort of solemn recollection of a Lady in diamonds, and a long black
+hood."
+
+  [217] The Ceremony used in this Reign is given in the Appendix, No.
+  II.
+
+The Honourable Daines Barrington[218] has preserved an anecdote,
+which he heard from an old man who was witness in a cause with
+respect to this supposed miraculous power of Healing. "He had, by
+his evidence, fixed the time of a fact, by Queen Anne's having
+been at Oxford, and touched him, whilst a child, for the Evil.
+When he had finished his evidence, I had an opportunity of asking
+him, whether he was really cured? Upon which he answered, with a
+significant smile, "that he believed himself to have never had any
+complaint that deserved to be considered as the Evil; but that his
+parents were poor, _and had no objection to the bit of gold_."
+
+  [218] Observations on the Statutes.
+
+The learned and honourable Writer very properly observes on this
+occasion, "that this piece of gold, which was given to those who
+were touched, accounts for the great resort upon this occasion, and
+the supposed afterwards miraculous cures."
+
+
+GEORGE I.
+
+Although this Monarch, who succeeded to the Crown in 1714, had the
+good sense not to pretend to this miraculous Gift, it was assumed by
+the Descendants of the race of Stuarts. And it is well recollected,
+that Mr. Carte's (in other respects very excellent) "History of
+England" fell into almost immediate disrepute, on his making, in
+one of his notes, a bold assertion, the substance of which shall be
+here given:
+
+     "Whatever is to be said in favour of its being appropriated to
+     the eldest Descendant of the first branch of the Royal Line of
+     the Kings of France, England, &c. I have _myself_ seen a very
+     remarkable instance of such a cure, which could not possibly be
+     ascribed to the Royal _Unction_. One Christopher Lovel, born at
+     Wells in Somersetshire, but when he grew up residing in the City
+     of Bristol, where he got his living by labour, was extremely
+     afflicted for many years with that distemper, and such a flow
+     of the scrophulous humour, that, though it found a vent by five
+     running sores about his breast, neck, and arms, there was such
+     a tumour on one side of his neck, as left no hollow between his
+     cheek and the upper part of his left shoulder, and forced him
+     to keep his head always awry. The young man was reduced, by
+     the virulence of the humour, to the lowest state of weakness;
+     appeared a miserable object in the eyes of all the inhabitants
+     of that populous city; and, having for many years tried all
+     the remedies which the art of physic could administer, without
+     receiving any benefit, resolved at last to go _abroad_ to be
+     touched. He had an uncle in the place, who was an old seaman,
+     and carried him from Bristol, at the end of August, A. D. 1716,
+     along with him to Cork in Ireland, where he put him on board a
+     ship that was bound to St. Martin's in the Isle of Ree. From
+     thence Christopher made his way first to Paris, and thence to
+     the place where he was touched, in the beginning of November
+     following, by the eldest lineal Descendant of a race of Kings,
+     who had, indeed, for a long succession of ages, cured that
+     distemper by the _Royal Touch_. But this descendant and next
+     heir of their blood had not, at least at that time, been crowned
+     or _anointed_. The usual effect, however, followed: from the
+     moment that the man was touched and invested with the narrow
+     riband, to which a small piece of silver was pendant, according
+     to the rites prescribed in the office appointed by the Church
+     for that solemnity, the humour dispersed insensibly, his sores
+     healed up, and he recovered strength daily, till he arrived
+     in perfect health, in the beginning of January following, at
+     Bristol, having spent only four months and some few days in his
+     voyage. There it was, and in the week preceding St. Paul's fair,
+     that I saw the man, in his recovered vigour of body, without
+     any remains of his complaint, but what were to be seen in the
+     red scars then left upon the five places where the sharp humour
+     had found a vent, but which were otherwise entirely healed, and
+     as sound as any other part of his body. Dr. Lane, an eminent
+     physician in the place, whom I visited on my arrival, told me of
+     this cure, as the most wonderful thing that ever happened; and
+     pressed me as well to see the man upon whom it was performed,
+     as to talk about his case with Mr. Samuel Pye, a very skilful
+     surgeon, and I believe still living in that city, who had tried
+     in vain, for three years together, to cure the man by physical
+     remedies. I had an opportunity of doing both; and Mr. Pye, after
+     dining together, carrying me to the man, I examined and informed
+     myself fully of all particulars, relating as well to his illness
+     as his cure; and found upon the whole, that if it is not to be
+     deemed miraculous, it at least deserved the character given it
+     by Dr. Lane, of being one of the most wonderful events that has
+     ever happened."
+
+
+APPENDIX, No. I.
+
+_The Ceremonies for the Healing of them that be diseased with the
+King's Evil, as they were practised in the time of King Henry
+VII_[219].
+
+  [219] Published by Command of King Charles II.; and printed by
+  Henry Hills, Printer to the King's Most Excellent Majesty, for his
+  Household and Chapel, 1686.
+
+_Rubrick._--First, the King, kneeling, shall begin, and say,
+
+In nomine Patris, et Filii, et Spiritûs Sancti. Amen.
+
+_Rubrick._--And so soon as He hath said that, He shall say,
+Benedicite.
+
+_Rubrick._--The Chaplain, kneeling before the King, having a stole
+about his neck, shall answer, and say,
+
+Dominus sit in corde tuo et labiis tuis, ad confitendum omnia
+peccata tua, in nomine Patris, et Filii, et Spiritûs Sancti. Amen.
+
+_Rubrick._--Or else to say,
+
+Jesus nos exaudiat, in nomine Patris, et Filii, et Spiritûs Sancti.
+
+_Rubrick._--Then by and by the King shall say, Confiteor Deo, Beatæ
+Mariæ Virgini, Omnibus Sanctis, et Vobis, quia peccavi nimis in
+cogitatione, locutione, et opere, mea culpa [sic.] Precor Sanctam
+Mariam, omnes Sanctos Dei, et Vos, orare pro me.
+
+_Rubrick._--The Chaplain shall answer, and say,
+
+Misereatur Vestri Omnipotens Deus, et demittat Vobis omnia peccata
+Vestra, liberet Vos ab omni malo, salvet et confirmet in bono, et ad
+vitam perducat æternam. Amen.
+
+Absolutionem et Remissionem omnium peccatorum Vestrorum, spatium
+veræ pœnitentiæ, et emendationem vitæ, gratiam et consolationem
+Sancti Spiritûs, tribuat Vobis omnipotens et misericors Dominus.
+Amen.
+
+_Rubrick._--This done, the Chaplain shall say, Dominus Vobiscum.
+
+_Rubrick._--The King shall answer,
+
+Et cum Spiritu tuo.
+
+_Rubrick._--The Chaplain.
+
+Sequentia Sancti Evangelii secundùm Marcum.
+
+_Rubrick._--The King shall answer.
+
+Gloria tibi, Domine.
+
+_Rubrick._--The Chaplain shall read the Gospel.
+
+In illo tempore, recumbentibus undecim Discipulis apparuit illis
+Jesus; et exprobavit incredulitatem eorum, et duritiem cordis, qui
+iis qui viderant eum resurrexisse, non crediderunt. Et dixit eis,
+Euntes in mundum universum, prædicate Evangelium omni creaturæ.
+Qui crediderit et baptizatus fuerit, salvus erit; qui verò non
+crediderit, condemnabitur. Signa autem eos, qui crediderint, hæc
+sequentur: In nomine meo dæmonia ejicient, linguis loquentur novis,
+serpentes tollent; et si mortiferum quid biberint non eis nocebit;
+super ægros manus imponent, et bene [seipsos] habebunt.
+
+_Rubrick._--Which clause [super ægros, &c.] the Chaplain repeats as
+long as the King is handling the Sick Person. And in the time of
+the repeating the aforesaid words [super ægros, &c.] the Clerk of
+the Closet shall kneel before the King, having the Sick Person upon
+the right hand, and the Sick Person shall likewise kneel before the
+King; and then the King shall lay his hand upon the Sore of the Sick
+Person. This done, the Chaplain shall make an end of the Gospel;
+and in the mean time the Chirurgeon shall lead away the Sick Person
+from the King.
+
+--Et Dominus quidem Jesus, postquam locutus est eis, assumptus
+est in cœlum, et sedet à dextris Dei. Illi autem profecti,
+prædicaverunt ubique, Domino cooperante, et sermonem confirmante,
+sequentibus signis.
+
+_Rubrick._--Then the Chaplain shall begin to say again, Dominus
+Vobiscum.
+
+_Rubrick._--The King shall answer,
+
+Et cum spiritu tuo.
+
+_Rubrick._--The Chaplain. Initium Sancti Evangelii secundum Joannem.
+
+_Rubrick._--The King shall say.
+
+Gloria tibi, Domine.
+
+_Rubrick._--The Chaplain then shall say this Gospel following.
+
+In principio erat Verbum, et Verbum erat apud Deum, et Deus erat
+Verbum. Hoc erat in principio apud Deum. Omnia per ipsum facta sunt;
+et sine ipso factum est nihil, quod factum est: in ipso vita erat,
+et vita erat Lux hominum; et Lux in tenebris lucet, et Tenebræ
+eam non comprehenderunt. Fuit homo missus a Deo, cui nomen erat
+Joannes. Hic venit in testimonium, ut testimonium perhiberet de
+lumine, ut omnes crederent per illum. Non erat ille Lux, sed ut
+testimonium perhiberet de lumine. Erat Lux vera quæ illuminat omnem
+hominem venientem in hunc mundum.
+
+_Rubrick._--Which last clause [Erat Lux vera, &c.] shall still be
+repeated so long as the King shall be crossing the Sore of the Sick
+Person with an Angel Noble. And the Sick Person to have the same
+Angel hanged about his neck, and to wear it until he be full whole.
+
+This done, the Chirurgeon shall lead away the Sick Person, as he did
+before; and then the Chaplain shall make an end of the Gospel.
+
+--In mundo erat, et mundus per ipsum factus est, et mundus eum non
+cognovit. In propria venit, et sui eum non receperunt. Quot quot
+autem receperunt eum dedit eis potestatem filios Dei fieri, his, qui
+credunt in nomine ejus, qui non ex sanguinibus, neque ex voluntate
+carnis, neque ex voluntate viri, sed ex Deo nati sunt. Et Verbum
+caro factum est, et habitavit in nobis; et vidimus gloriam ejus,
+gloriam quasi unigeniti a Patre, plenum gratiæ et veritatis.
+
+_Rubrick._--Then the Chaplain shall say,
+
+Sit nomen Domini benedictum.
+
+_Rubrick._--The King shall answer,
+
+Ex hoc nunc et usque in seculum.
+
+_Rubrick._--Then shall the Chaplain say this Collect following,
+praying for the Sick Person or Persons.
+
+Domine exaudi orationem meam [nostram].
+
+_Rubrick._--The King shall answer,
+
+Et clamor meus [noster] ad te veniat. Oremus.
+
+Omnipotens sempiterne Deus, salus æterna credentium, exaudi nos pro
+famulis tuis, pro quibus misericordiæ tuæ imploramus auxilium, ut,
+redditâ sibi sanitate, tibi in Ecclesiâ tuâ referant actiones. Per
+Christum Dominum nostrum. Amen.
+
+_Rubrick._--This Prayer is to be said secretly, after the Sick
+Persons are departed from the King, at his pleasure.
+
+Dominator Domine Deus Omnipotens, cujus benignitate cæci vident,
+surdi audiunt, muti loquuntur, claudi ambulant, leprosi mundantur,
+omnes infirmorum curantur languores, et à quo solo donum Sanationis
+humano generi etiam tribuitur, et tanta gratia pro incredibili tuâ
+ergà hoc regnum bonitate, Regibus ejusdem concessa est, ut solâ
+manuum illorum impositione, morbus gravissimus fœtidissimusque
+depellatur: concede propitius ut tibi propterea gratias agamus, et
+pro isto singulari beneficio in nos collato, non nobis ipsis, sed
+nomini tuo assiduè gloriam demus, nosque sic ad pietatem semper
+exerceamus, ut tuam nobis donatam gratiam non solùm diligenter
+conservare, sed indies magis magisque adaugere laboremus; et præsta
+ut quorumcunque corporibus in nomine tuo manus imposuerimus, hâc
+tuâ virtute in illis operante et nobis ministrantibus, ad pristinam
+sanitatem restituantur, eam conservent, et pro eâdem tibi, ut summo
+Medico et omnium morborum depulsori, perpetuò nobiscum gratias
+agant; sicque deinceps vitam instituant, ut non corpus solùm ab
+infirmitate, sed anima etiam à peccato omnino sanata videatur.
+Per Dominum nostrum Jesum Christum Filium tuum, qui tecum vivit
+et regnat in unitate Sancti Spiritûs, per omnia secula seculorum.
+Amen.[220]
+
+  [220] "Ritualia Varia," in the British Museum.
+
+
+APPENDIX, No. II.
+
+From a FOLIO PRAYER BOOK, printed 1710.
+
+_At the Healing._
+
+Prevent us, O Lord, &c.
+
+Gospel.
+
+From the 16th Chapter of St. Mark, beginning at the 14th Verse:
+"Afterwards he appeared, &c." to the end of the Chapter: "and
+confirming the Word with Signs following."
+
+    Let us pray.
+    Lord have mercy upon us.
+    Christ, &c.
+    Lord, &c.
+    Our Father, &c.
+
+--[Then shall the Infirm Persons, one by one, be presented to the
+Queen upon_Rubrick._ their Knees; and, as every one is presented,
+and while the Queen is laying her Hands upon them, and putting the
+Gold about their necks, the Chaplain that officiates, turning
+himself to her Majesty, shall say these words following:]
+
+God give a Blessing to this Work; and grant that _these_ Sick
+Persons, on whom the Queen lays her Hands, may recover, through
+Jesus Christ our Lord.
+
+_Rubrick._--[After all have been presented, the Chaplain shall say,]
+
+_Verse._--O Lord, save thy Servants;
+
+_Resp._--Who put their Trust in Thee.
+
+_Verse._--Send them Help from thy Holy Place.
+
+_Resp._--And evermore mightily defend them.
+
+_Verse._--Help us, O God of our Salvation.
+
+_Resp._--And, for the Glory of thy Name deliver us, and be merciful
+to us Sinners for thy Name's Sake.
+
+_Verse._--O Lord, hear our Prayers.
+
+_Resp._--And let our Cry come unto Thee.
+
+_Rubrick._--[These answers are to be made by them that come to be
+healed.]
+
+Let us pray.
+
+O Almighty God, who art the Giver of all Health, and the Aid of them
+that seek to thee for Succour, we call upon thee for thy Health and
+Goodness mercifully to be shewed upon these thy Servants, that they,
+being healed of their Infirmities, may give Thanks unto thee in thy
+Holy Church, through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.
+
+_Rubrick._--[Then the Chaplain, standing with his face towards them
+that come to be healed, shall say,]
+
+The Almighty Lord, who is a most strong Tower to all them that put
+their Trust in him; to whom all things in Heaven, in Earth, and
+under the Earth, do bow and obey, be now and evermore your Defence;
+and make you know and feel, that there is none other Name under
+Heaven given to Man, in whom, and through whom, you may receive
+Health and Salvation, but only the Name of our Lord Jesus Christ.
+Amen.
+
+The Grace of our Lord, &c. Amen.
+
+
+APPENDIX, No. III.
+
+_The Ceremonies of Blessing Cramp-Rings on Good-Friday, used by the
+Catholick Kings of England._
+
+The Psalme "Deus misereatur nostri," &c. with the "Gloria Patri."
+
+May God take pity upon us, and blesse us;* may he send forth the
+light of his face upon us, and take pity on us.
+
+That we may know thy ways on earth* among all nations thy salvation.
+
+May people acknowledge thee, O God:* may all people acknowledge thee.
+
+Let nations reioice, and be glad, because thou iudgest people with
+equity,* and doest guide nations on the earth.
+
+May people acknowledge thee, O God, may all people acknowledge
+thee,* the earth has sent forth her fruit.
+
+May God blesse us, that God who is ours: may that God blesse us,*
+and may all the bounds of the earth feare him.
+
+Glory be to the Father, and to the Son,* and to the Holy Ghost.
+
+As it was in the beginning, and now, and ever,* and for ever, and
+ever. Amen.
+
+Then the King reades this Prayer:
+
+Almighty eternal God, who by the most copious gifts of thy grace,
+flowing from the unexhausted fountain of thy bounty, hast been
+graciously pleased, for the comfort of mankind, continually to grant
+us many and various meanes to relieve us in our miseries; and art
+willing to make those the instruments and channels of thy gifts, and
+to grace those persons with more excellent favours, whom thou hast
+raised to the Royal dignity; to the end that, as by Thee they Reign,
+and govern others, so by Thee they may prove beneficial to them, and
+bestow thy favours on the people: Graciously heare our prayers, and
+favourably receive those vows we powre forth with humility, that
+Thou mayst grant to us, who beg with the same confidence the favour
+which our Ancestours, by their hopes in thy mercy have obtained:
+through Christ our Lord. Amen.
+
+The Rings lying in one bason or more, this prayer is to be said over
+them:
+
+O God, the Maker of heavenly and earthly creatures, and the most
+gracious Restorer of mankind, the Dispenser of spiritual grace, and
+the Origin of all blessings; send downe from heaven thy Holy Spirit
+the Comforter upon these Rings, artificially fram'd by the workman;
+and by thy greate power purify them so, that all the malice of the
+fowle and venomous Serpent be driven out; and so the metal, which by
+Thee was created, may remaine pure, and free from all dregs of the
+enemy: through Christ our Lord. Amen.
+
+The Blessing of the Rings.
+
+O God of Abraham, God of Isaac, God of Jacob, heare mercifully
+our prayers. Spare those who feare Thee. Be propitious to thy
+suppliants; and graciously be pleased to send downe from Heaven
+thy holy Angel, that he may sanctify ++ and blesse ++ these Rings;
+to the end they may prove a healthy remedy to such as implore thy
+name with humility, and accuse themselves of the sins which ly
+upon their conscience: who deplore their crimes in the sight of thy
+divine clemency, and beseech, with earnestness and humility, thy
+most serene piety. May they in fine, by the invocation of thy holy
+name, become profitable to all such as weare them, for the health of
+their soule and body, through Christ our Lord. Amen.
+
+A Blessing.
+
+O God, who hast manifested the greatest wonders of thy power by the
+cure of diseases, and who were pleased that Rings should be a pledge
+of fidelity in the Patriark Judah, a priestly ornament in Aaron,
+the mark of a faithful guardian in Darius, and in this Kingdom a
+remedy for divers diseases; graciously be pleased to blesse ++ and
+sanctify ++ these Rings; to the end that all such who weare them may
+be free from all snares of the Devil, may be defended by the power
+of celestial armour; and that no contraction of the nerves, or any
+danger of the falling-sickness, may infest them; but that in all
+sort of diseases by thy help they may find relief. In the name of
+the Father, ++ and of the Son, ++ and of the Holy Ghost. ++ Amen.
+
+Blesse, O my soule, the Lord,* and let all things which are within
+me praise his holy name.
+
+Blesse, O my soule, the Lord,* and do not forget all his favours.
+
+He forgives all thy iniquities,* he heales all thy infirmities.
+
+He redeemes thy life from ruin,* he crownes thee with mercy and
+commiseration.
+
+He fils thy desires with what is good:* thy youth, like that of the
+eagle, shall be renewed.
+
+The Lord is he who does mercy,* and does, iustice to those who
+suffer wrong.
+
+The merciful and pitying Lord:* the long sufferer, and most mighty
+merciful.
+
+He wil not continue his anger for ever;* neither wil he threaten for
+ever.
+
+He has not dealt with us in proportion to our sins;* nor has he
+rendered unto us according to our offences.
+
+Because according to the distance of heaven from earth,* so has he
+enforced his mercies, upon those who feare him.
+
+As far distant as the east is from the west,* so far has he divided
+our offences from us.
+
+After the manner that a Father takes pity of his sons; so has the
+Lord taken pity of those who feare him;* because he knows what we
+are made of.
+
+He remembers that we are but dust. Man, like hay, such are his
+days;* like the flower in the field, so wil he fade away.
+
+Because his breath wil passe away through him, and he wil not be
+able to subsist,* and it wil find no longer its owne place.
+
+But the mercy of the Lord is from all eternity;* and wil be for ever
+upon those who feare him.
+
+And his iustice comes upon the children of their children,* to those
+who keep his wil.
+
+And are mindful of his commandments,* to performe them.
+
+The Lord in heaven has prepared himself a throne, and his kingdom
+shall reign over all.
+
+Blesse yee the Lord, all yee Angels of his; yee who are powerful in
+strength:* who execute his commands, at the hearing of his voice
+when he speakes.
+
+Blesse yee the Lord, all yee vertues of his:* yee Ministers who
+execute his wil.
+
+Blesse yee the Lord, all yee works of his throughout all places of
+his dominions:* my Soule praise thou the Lord.
+
+Glory be to the Father, and to the Son,* and to the Holy Ghost.
+
+As it was in the beginning, and now and ever,* and for ever and
+ever. Amen.
+
+Wee humbly implore, O merciful God, thy infinit clemency; that as we
+come to Thee with a confident soule, and sincere faith, and a pious
+assurance of mind: with the like devotion thy beleevers may follow
+on these tokens of thy grace. May all superstition be banished
+hence; far be all suspicion of any diabolical fraud; and to the
+glory of thy name let all things succeede: to the end thy beleevers
+may understand Thee to be the dispenser of all good; and may be
+sensible, and publish, that whatsoever is profitable to soule or
+body, is derived from Thee: through Christ our Lord. Amen.
+
+These Prayers being said, the King's Highnes rubbeth the Rings
+between his hands, saying,
+
+Sanctify, O Lord, these Rings, and graciously bedew them with the
+dew of thy benediction, and consecrate them by the rubbing of our
+hands, which thou hast been pleased according to our ministery to
+sanctify by an external effusion of holy oyle upon them: to the end
+that what the nature of the mettal is not able to performe, may be
+wrought by the greatnes of thy grace: through Christ our Lord. Amen.
+
+Then must holy water be cast on the Rings, saying,
+
+In the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost.
+Amen.
+
+O Lord, the only begotten Son of God, Mediatour of God and men,
+Jesus Christ, in whose name alone salvation is sought for; and to
+such as hope in thee givest an easy acces to thy Father: who, when
+conversing among men, thyself a man, didst promise, by an assured
+oracle flowing from thy sacred mouth, that thy Father should grant
+whatever was asked him in thy name: Lend a gracious eare of pity to
+these prayers of ours; to the end that, approaching with confidence
+to the throne of thy grace, the beleevers may find, by the benefits
+conferr'd upon them, that by thy mediation we have obtained what we
+have most humbly begd in thy name: who livest and reignest with God
+the Father, in the unity of the Holy Ghost, one God for ever and
+ever. Amen.
+
+Wee beseech thee, O Lord, that the Spirit, which proceedes from
+thee, may prevent and follow on our desires; to the end that
+what we beg with confidence for the good of the faithful, we may
+efficaciously obtaine by thy gracious gift: through Christ our Lord.
+Amen.
+
+O most clement God; Father, Son, and Holy Ghost; wee supplicate and
+beseech thee, that what is here performed by pious ceremonies to
+the sanctifying of thy name, may be prevalent to the defense of our
+soule and body on earth; and profitable to a more ample felicity in
+heaven: who livest and reignest God, world without end. Amen.
+
+
+
+
+Stemmata Magnatum.
+
+ORIGIN OF THE TITLES
+
+OF SOME OF THE
+
+ENGLISH NOBILITY.
+
+
+    "When Adam dolve, and Eva span,
+    Who was then a Gentleman?
+    Then came the Churle, and gather'd Good;
+    And thence arose the Gentle Blood."
+
+"It is an ancient received saying, that there is no Poverty but is
+descended of Nobility; nor no Nobility but is descended of Beggary."
+
+  History of the Gwedir Family, p. 94.
+
+
+WESTMORELAND, Earl.--From the County.
+
+_Burghersh_[221], Baron (_Fane_).--Bartholomew, Baron of Burghersh,
+was the Tenth Knight of the Order of the Garter, at the Institution
+1350; who left a Daughter and Heir, who married Edward Le Despenser;
+which official Title was afterwards erected into a Barony by
+Summons, A. D. 1285; and was for a long time merged in the Family
+of Fane, Earl of Westmoreland, till the failure of Male Issue in a
+direct line, 1762. The Earldom and Barony of Burghersh passed to a
+distant branch, of the name of Fane; but the Barony of Le Despenser
+went by a Female to Sir Francis Dashwood, Bart. in right of his
+Mother.
+
+  [221] A corruption of Burghwash, a little Village in Sussex, on the
+  River Rother. See Camden's Brit.
+
+
+LE DESPENSER, Baron (STAPLETON).--A nominal Title from official
+derivation. It was held originally by Descent and Summons, A.D.
+1295. Anno 23 Edward I. it passed by Marriage to the Earl of
+Westmoreland; and, being a Fee, descended to Sir Francis Dashwood,
+Bart.; and after him to his Sister, Lady Austen, and now, 1788, is
+vested in Sir Thomas Stapleton, Bart. of Oxfordshire.
+
+
+WENTWORTH[222], Viscount (NOEL).--After the Barony of _Wentworth_
+had continued for several successions in the name of _Wentworth_,
+of Nettlestead in Suffolk, the Title devolved on Anne, the Wife of
+John Lord Lovelace, whose Daughter Martha inherited the Barony of
+_Wentworth_, and to whom the Title was confirmed, by Descent, in
+Parliament, A.D. 1702; and she walked at the Coronation of Queen
+Anne as Baroness _Wentworth_ in her own right. She dying without
+Issue, 1745, the Title devolved on the Descendants of Sir William
+_Noel_, Bart. who had married Margaret, another Daughter of Lord
+Lovelace, by Anne, the Heiress of Wentworth Lord _Wentworth_. Hence
+the Title passed to Edward, the eldest Son of Sir Clobery _Noel_,
+Bart. who succeeded to his Father's Title of Baronet, 1733; and
+to the Barony of _Wentworth_, as Heir of Margaret, 1745. He was
+created Viscount Wentworth of Wellesborough, co. Leic. 1762.
+
+  [222] The Ancestor of this Family was Thomas Wentworth, _Earl of
+  Cleveland;_ which Title became extinct, for want of Male Issue,
+  1667. The Barony passed as above.
+
+
+HOWLAND, Baron (RUSSELL).--A Barony in the Duke of Bedford, granted
+in honour of Elizabeth, Daughter of John Howland, Esq. of Streatham
+in Surrey (by whom the Family acquired that estate), who married
+Wriothesley, Grandson of the first Duke of Bedford, and the eldest
+Son of Lord William Russell, who was beheaded 1683[223].
+
+  [223] See Collins's Baronage, i. 267, 272.
+
+
+NORMANBY, Marquis, extinct (SHEFFIELD).--The second Title of
+Sheffield Duke of Buckingham, taken from an obscure place in
+Lincolnshire.
+
+
+CHANDOS, Duke (BRYDGES).--The Patent is dated April 29, 1719,
+wherein the Grantee is styled "Duke of Chandos in the County of
+Hereford." The Dukedom became extinct, by the death of James the
+third Duke, s. p. 1789. The Barony exists (1790), if a claim to it
+can be established, as that creation bears date A. D. 1554.
+
+
+ARUNDEL OF WARDOUR, Baron (ARUNDEL[224]).--From Wardour Castle in
+Wiltshire. He is a Count of the Empire by Grant of Rodolph II. A. D.
+1595[225].
+
+  [224] See Camden's Britannia, col. 112.
+
+  [225] See Camden, for the words of the Patent.
+
+
+SONDES, Baron (WATSON).--A revived Title, from the inheritance of
+part of the estates of Lewis Watson, Earl of Rockingham and Viscount
+_Sondes_. Lewis Watson, having married the Heiress of Sir George
+_Sondes_, K.B. was created Earl of Rockingham and Viscount _Sondes_,
+in honour of his Wife's Father, 1714; so that the present Title is
+nominal. The Estate at Lees-Court in Kent came by the above marriage.
+
+
+ONSLOW AND CRANLEY, Baron (ONSLOW).--This Barony is both nominal and
+local, for the Family came from Onslow in Shropshire. Their first
+settlement in Surrey was at Knowle, in the Parish of _Cranley_,
+whence came the second Barony by creation to George Onslow, the Son
+of Arthur (the Speaker), in the life-time of his Cousin Richard,
+then Lord Onslow, 1776. The original Patent, 1716, to Richard (who
+was Speaker also) the eldest Son of Sir Arthur Onslow, Bart. was
+limited to the Heirs Male of his Father, which carried the Title of
+Baron Onslow of Onslow and Clendon[226], to the Son of Arthur (the
+Speaker), on the death of his Cousin Richard Lord Onslow, 1776[227].
+
+  [226] Clendon is the Seat of the Family in Surrey.
+
+  [227] See Camden's Brit. col. 182, as to the Family.
+
+N.B. George Lord Onslow and _Cranley_ was created into the latter
+Title, May 14, 1776; and succeeded his Cousin Richard in the Title
+of Onslow, on the 8th of the following October.
+
+
+BERKELEY, Earl.--From Berkeley Castle, the present Seat of the
+Family, in Gloucestershire. The Barony of Berkeley is a Feudal
+Honour by the Tenure of the Castle of Berkeley; and the Possessor
+of it had Summons to Parliament as a Baron by that Tenure, anno 23
+Edward I.[228]
+
+  [228] Dale's Catalogue of the Nobility, 1697, p. 72.
+
+
+DURSLEY, Viscount.--From Dursley in Gloucestershire, the original
+Seat of the Family.
+
+
+DE CLIFFORD, Baron (SOUTHWELL).--From Clifford Castle in
+Herefordshire; where Walter Fitz-Ponce, whose Father possessed it
+by marriage, resided, and took the name of Clifford. The first
+Fitz-Ponce came hither with the Conqueror, to whom he was related.
+The Barony passed in the Female Line to the Family of Southwell, to
+which it was confirmed A.D. 1775. The first Summons to Parliament
+was anno 23 Edward I. 1295.
+
+
+DUCIE, Baron, OF MORTON AND TORTWORTH (REYNOLDS).--The Peer of the
+name of _Ducie_ was descended from Sir Robert Ducie, Lord Mayor
+of London, 1631; and who had been created a Baronet[229]. The
+Issue Male of the name of _Ducie_ failing, the Title was renewed
+by Patent, 1763, to Matthew Ducie, Lord Ducie of _Morton_ in
+Staffordshire; with a Limitation to Thomas and Francis _Reynolds_,
+his Nephews, and their Heirs Male successively, by the Style of Lord
+Ducie of _Tortworth_ in Gloucestershire. _Thomas_ Reynolds succeeded
+to this Title on the death of his Uncle, 1770; and dying without
+Issue 1785, it devolved on his Brother _Francis;_ who dying in 1808,
+was succeeded by his Son Thomas, present Lord Ducie.
+
+  [229] Pennant's London, fourth edition, p. 346.
+
+
+POWIS, Earl (HERBERT).--Powis is a part of Shropshire bordering on
+Wales; and was formerly a little Kingdom, still known by the name of
+Powis-Land. The first Baron was created by Henry I. on a surrender
+of the actual Territory, and an acknowledgment of service[230].
+
+  [230] Pennant's Tour in North Wales, vol. II. p. 436.
+
+
+LUDLOW, Viscount.--From the Town of that name in Shropshire[231].
+
+  [231] The Barony of Herbert of Cherbury was revived in this Branch
+in 1743.
+
+
+AUDLEY, Baron (THICKNESSE-TOUCHET). Audley is in Staffordshire. John
+Touchet married Joan, eldest Daughter of Lord Audley of Heleigh,
+whose Descendant was found Heir, and had Summons to Parliament,
+A.D. 1296[232]. The honour of Peerage in the name of Touchet, who
+was also Earl of Castlehaven in Ireland, ended in a Daughter (Lady
+Elizabeth), who married Philip Thicknesse, Esq. and died in 1762,
+leaving Issue; the Barony (being a Fee) passed to George Thicknesse,
+her Son, on the death of the Earl of Castlehaven, 1777; and who has
+taken, by sign-manual, 1784, the additional name of Touchet. The
+Earldom is extinct.
+
+  [232] Collins's Peerage.
+
+
+ABERGAVENNY, Earl (NEVILE).--This is a Title derived from a Lord
+Marcher, and taken, among many others now merged or extinct, from
+the place conquered. Mr. Pennant says, it is the only surviving
+Title of that nature[233].
+
+  [233] Tour in North Wales, vol. II. p. 439, 4to.
+
+
+NEVILE, Viscount.--From the Name.
+
+
+MIDDLETON, Baron (WILLOUGHBY).--From an obscure Village, near
+Sutton-Coldfield, in Warwickshire[234].
+
+  [234] Pennant's Journey from Chester to London, 4to, 1782, p. 127.
+
+
+COVENTRY, Earl.--From the City, or the Name.
+
+
+DEERHURST, Viscount (COVENTRY).--From a place in Gloucestershire.
+
+
+STANHOPE, Earl.--A nominal Title. The first Peer of this Branch was
+created Viscount Stanhope of Mahon, and Baron Stanhope of Elvaston,
+in the County of Derby, 1717, from his having taken Port-Mahon, in
+the Island of Minorca, 1708.
+
+
+MAHON, Viscount (STANHOPE).--The same Peer was created Earl Stanhope
+1718, by which his second Title became "Viscount Mahon."
+
+
+DUDLEY AND WARD, Viscount (WARD).--The Barony of _Ward_ is nominal,
+and was conferred in 1644. The Viscounty (by creation in 1763) is
+derived from a Village near Birmingham in Warwickshire.
+
+N. B. The Viscounty includes both Honours; the Title being Viscount
+_Dudley and Ward_.
+
+
+DORCHESTER, Earl (DAMER).--Lord Milton, a Baron both of England and
+Ireland, was created Earl of Dorchester in _Dorsetshire_, 1792.
+
+
+MILTON, Viscount.--From Milton Abbey, the Seat of the Family, in
+Dorsetshire. The Title of Viscount was granted by the Patent in
+1792.
+
+
+DORCHESTER, Baron[235] (CARLETON).--Sir Guy Carleton, K. B. was
+created Baron of Dorchester in _Oxfordshire_, 1786. Sir Dudley
+Carleton was created Baron Carleton 1626, and Viscount Dorchester in
+_Oxfordshire_ 1628. It is, however, denied by the Heralds that Sir
+Guy is of that Family.
+
+  [235] The Marquisate of Dorchester, which was in the late Dukes of
+  Kingston, was from Dorchester, Dorset.
+
+
+LEEDS, Duke (OSBORNE).--From the Town of Leeds in Yorkshire.
+
+
+CARMARTHEN, Marquis.--From Carmarthen in Wales.
+
+
+DANBY, Earl.--From a Castle of the name in Cleveland, a District of
+Yorkshire.
+
+
+ALBEMARLE, Earl.--otherwise Aumerle, and Aumale [Albo Marla, or
+White Marle], from a Town in Normandy, which gave Title to a Peer of
+France. It was conferred by William III. when at war with Louis XIV.
+
+
+BURY, Viscount (KEPPEL).--In Suffolk.
+
+
+HARRINGTON, Earl (STANHOPE[236]).--From a Village in
+Northamptonshire.
+
+  [236] Sir Michael Stanhope, of Harington in Northamptonshire, was
+  the common Ancestor of the Earls of Chesterfield and of Harrington;
+  as also of Earl Stanhope.
+
+
+PETERSHAM, Viscount (STANHOPE).--A Village near Richmond in
+Surrey[237].
+
+  [237] At Petersham was a Villa belonging to the Earl of Rochester,
+  which was burnt down in 1721; after which the Earl of Harrington
+  possessed and took it for his second Title in 1742.
+
+
+SUFFOLK, Earl.--From the County.
+
+
+BINDON, Viscount (HOWARD).--In Dorsetshire. It was the Seat of Lord
+Marney (A. D. 1607); and came to this Branch of the Family of Howard
+by a Marriage with the Heiress of Lord Marney[238].
+
+  [238] Camden, col. 57.
+
+
+SHIPBROOKE, Viscount.--Richard Vernon was possessed of the Barony of
+Shipbroke, in Cheshire, in the time of Richard the First[239].
+
+  [239] Pennant's Journey from Chester, 1782, p. 19.
+
+
+ORWELL, Baron (VERNON).--Vernon, Baron of Shipbroke, was one of the
+Barons (of the Palatinate of Chester) created by Hugh Lupus, the
+first Norman Earl of Chester. Extinct[240].
+
+  [240] Pennant's Tour in North Wales, 1778, p. 125.
+
+
+BEAULIEU, Earl; BEAULIEU, Baron (HUSSEY-MONTAGUE).--Beaulieu is an
+Abbey in Hampshire, and was part of the Estate of John (Montagu)
+Duke of Montagu, inherited by his Daughter and Co-heiress the
+Duchess of Manchester, who married Sir Edward Hussey, K. B. Upon
+this marriage he took the additional name of Montague.
+
+
+VERNON, Baron (VERNON).--The Title is nominal and local,
+from _Vernon_ in Normandy[241]. The Descent is from Hamon de
+Massie-Venables, of Kinderton, in Cheshire, who was one of Hugh
+Lupus's Palatinate Barons, as Earl of Chester.
+
+  [241] Collins's Peerage, 1779.
+
+
+HARCOURT, Earl.--The Title is from the Name, which is local, from a
+Town in Normandy, and which is also the Title of a French Dukedom.
+
+
+NUNEHAM, Viscount (HARCOURT).--From the Earl's Seat in Oxfordshire.
+The Earldom was erected in 1749.
+
+
+GRAFTON, Duke.--From a Village in Northamptonshire, which was
+erected into an Honour, and conferred by King Charles II. on his
+Natural Son by the Duchess of Cleveland.
+
+
+EUSTON, Earl (FITZROY).--From the Seat in Suffolk.
+
+
+DEVONSHIRE, Duke (CAVENDISH).--From the County. Descended from a
+Gentleman Usher to Cardinal Wolsey[242].
+
+  [242] See Cavendish's Life of Wolsey. Collins's Collections.
+
+
+HARTINGTON, Marquis (CAVENDISH).--From an obscure Village (the
+Property of the Duke) in the Peak of Derbyshire.
+
+
+DORSET, Duke.--From the County. Sir Lionel Cranfield, Knight, Lord
+Cranfield, &c. was a Shop-keeper in London, as his Father had been
+before him[243].
+
+  [243] Bibl. Top. Brit. vol. VI. No XV. from D'Ewes's MS Journal in
+  the British Museum.
+
+
+EFFINGHAM, Earl (HOWARD).--From Effingham in Surrey, a Seat of this
+Branch of the Family, and where there was a Castle.
+
+
+SUSSEX, Earl.--From the County.
+
+
+LONGUEVILLE, Viscount (YELVERTON).--Sir Henry Yelverton, the Second
+Baronet, married Susan Baroness Grey of Ruthyn, Daughter and sole
+Heiress of Charles Longueville, Lord Grey of Ruthyn. To this Title
+the eldest Son of Sir Henry succeeded on the death of his Mother
+(being a Barony in Fee); and was followed by his Brother Henry, who
+was created Viscount Longueville 1690. Talbot Yelverton, the eldest
+Son of Henry, was created Earl of Sussex in 1717.
+
+
+BEAUFORT, Duke.--Henry Beaufort, third Duke of Somerset, temp.
+Henry VII. had a Natural Son, to whom he gave the names of Charles
+Somerset (afterwards a Knight), whose Descendant was created Duke
+of Beaufort. Thus, by a Child of Casualty, the Name and Title have
+changed positions; as what was Beaufort Duke of Somerset is now
+Somerset Duke of Beaufort.
+
+
+WORCESTER, Marquis (SOMERSET). From the City.
+
+
+MANCHESTER, Duke.--From the Town.
+
+
+MANDEVILLE, Viscount (MONTAGU).--A nominal Title from Geoffrey de
+Mandeville, who possessed Kimbolton, the Seat of the Family, temp.
+Guil. Conq.[244]
+
+[244] Kelham's Key to Domesday Book, p. 35.
+
+Mandeville is a Village in Normandy (a corruption of Magnaville,
+_i. e._ Magna Villa), which gave name to the person who accompanied
+William the Conqueror[245].
+
+  [245] Vincent on Brooke.
+
+
+WALDEGRAVE, Earl.--Waldegrave is a Village in Northamptonshire.
+
+
+CHEWTON, Viscount (WALDEGRAVE).--From a place in Somersetshire[246].
+
+  [246] Camden's Britannia, col. 85.
+
+
+MOUNT-EDGECUMBE, Earl.--Baron Edgecumbe by Creation, 1742. Earl of
+Mount-Edgecumbe by Creation, 1789. From the Family Seat in Cornwall.
+
+
+VALLETORT, Viscount (EDGECUMBE).--From an old Norman Barony (De
+Valle Tortâ), with Lands annexed, in Devonshire, the property of the
+Family[247].
+
+  [247] Ibid. col. 21.
+
+
+GAINSBOROUGH, Earl.--From the Town.
+
+
+CAMPDEN, Viscount (NOEL).--Campden is in Gloucestershire.
+
+Sir Baptist Hicks, created Viscount Campden 1628, left two
+Daughters, the elder of whom married Lord Noel, one of whose
+Descendants (Edward) was created Earl of Gainsborough 1682.
+
+
+DIGBY, Earl.--This Title, when a Barony, was nominal (though local
+in itself, from Digby, co. Lincoln) till Henry, the late Peer, was
+created Earl of Digby in 1790. He dying in 1793, was succeeded by
+Edward the present Earl.
+
+
+COLESHILL, Viscount (DIGBY).--In Warwickshire. The Manor of
+Coleshill was forfeited by Sir Simon Montfort, on a charge of High
+Treason in supporting Perkin Warbeck; when it was given to Simon
+Digby, then Deputy Constable of Coleshill Castle[248].
+
+  [248] Pennant's Journey from Chester, p. 129.
+
+
+MONTAGU, or MONTACUTE, Viscount (BROWNE).--From a high Hill in a
+Village in Somersetshire; where William Earl of Moreton, Maternal
+Brother to William the Conqueror, built a Castle, which, as it
+rises from its base to a sharp point, he called _Mons acutus_. Thus
+far the tradition; and Bishop Gibson, in his Edition of Camden's
+Britannia, allows this to have been the place from which Sir Anthony
+Browne, the first Viscount, had the Title[249].
+
+  [249] Camden's Britannia, col. 72.
+
+
+RUTLAND, Duke.--From the County.
+
+
+GRANBY, Marquis (MANNERS).--From a Village in Nottinghamshire.
+
+The Barony of Roos of Hamlake[250] gives Title to the eldest Son of
+a Marquis of Granby, in his Father's life-time.
+
+  [250] Collins, in his Peerage 1735, says, that _Hamlake_ is the same
+  as _Hemsley_ in Yorkshire (North Riding).
+
+
+KENT, Duke.--From the County.
+
+
+HAROLD, Earl (GREY), Extinct.--From a place of the name in
+Bedfordshire.
+
+There was in this Family the Viscounty of _Gooderich_, from
+_Gooderich_ Castle in Herefordshire.
+
+
+ABINGDON, Earl.--In Berkshire.
+
+
+NORREYS, Baron (BERTIE).--James Bertie, the first Earl of Abingdon
+(who was the second Son of Montagu Bertie, the second Earl of
+Lindsey) was the Issue of a second Wife; _viz._ Bridget Baroness
+Norreys of Rycote in her own right. He had Summons to Parliament as
+Baron Norreys in 1572, and was created Earl of Abingdon in 1682[251].
+
+  [251] See Camden's Britannia, col. 315.
+
+
+DACRE, Baron (ROPER, late BARRETT-LEONARD).--Originally both nominal
+and local, the first Peer having been _Dacre_ of _Dacre_ Castle in
+Cumberland.
+
+Being a Barony in Fee, it has had owners of different names[252].
+
+  [252] There were two Barons of this Title existing at the same time;
+  _viz._ Lord Dacre of the North, and Lord Dacre of the South. Both at
+  length centered in Barrett-Leonard Lord Dacre.
+
+
+GODOLPHIN, Earl.--From a Hill (perhaps anciently a Seigniory)
+in Cornwall. The proper name is _Godolcan_, corrupted into
+_Godolphin_. The word signifies, in the Cornish language, "White
+Eagle;" agreeably to which, the Arms of the Family are, "Gules, an
+Eagle displayed between three Fleurs de Lis Argent [253]."
+
+  [253] See Camden's Britannia, col. 14.
+
+
+RIALTON, Viscount.--From a Village in Cornwall[254].
+
+  [254] On the death of Francis Earl of Godolphin, 1766, the Barony
+  devolved to Francis, his first cousin; and on his death, in 1785,
+  became extinct.
+
+
+TANKERVILLE, Earl.--Originally from a Town and Castle in
+Normandy[255]. The present Title is derived from Ford Lord Grey
+of Werk, who was created Earl of Tankerville (a dormant Title in
+his Family) in 1695. This Earl left an only Daughter, who married
+Charles Bennet, Baron of Ussulston, who was afterwards (1714)
+created Earl of Tankerville.
+
+  [255] See Peerage, 1711, vol. II.
+
+USSULSTON, Baron (BENNET).--From one of the Hundreds of Middlesex.
+
+
+ARLINGTON, Earl.--The Title was derived from Arlington in Middlesex,
+the Seat of Sir Henry Bennet, who was created Baron Arlington 1664,
+and Earl of Arlington in 1672. He died in 1685.
+
+
+THETFORD, Viscount (BENNET), Extinct.--In Norfolk.
+
+
+BRIDGEWATER, Duke (EGERTON).--The Lord Chancellor was the founder
+of this Family, and was a Natural Son of Sir Richard Egerton,
+Knight, of Ridley in Cheshire, by the Daughter of one Sparks of
+Bickerton[256].
+
+  [256] For other circumstances see Mr. Pennant's Tour in North
+  Wales, vol. I. p. 105; and vol. II. p. 187, in the corrections and
+  additions to vol. I.
+
+
+GREY DE WILTON, Baron (EGERTON).--The present Peer (Sir Thomas
+Egerton, Bart.) is descended from Bridget, sole Sister and Heir to
+Thomas Lord Grey of Wilton, a Female Barony, denominated from Wilton
+in the County of Hereford[257].
+
+  [257] The Barony was conferred upon Sir Thomas Egerton by Creation
+  in 1784, notwithstanding his claim by Descent.--His Lordship was in
+  1801 advanced to the Titles of Viscount Grey de Wilton, and Earl of
+  Wilton.
+
+
+HERTFORD, Earl.--From the Town.
+
+
+BEAUCHAMP, Viscount (CONWAY).--Nominal and local, from a place in
+Normandy.
+
+
+SCARBOROUGH, Earl.--From Scarborough in Yorkshire.
+
+
+LUMLEY, Viscount (LUMLEY, with the additional name of
+SANDERSON).--From Lumley Castle, in the Bishoprick of Durham.
+
+
+RIVERS, Baron (PITT).--The first of the name, _De Redvers_, came
+hither with William the Conqueror, and was made Earl of Devonshire.
+Baldwin de _Redveriis_ (or _Riveriis_), Earl of Devonshire, had
+Estates in the neighbourhood of Exeter[258].
+
+  [258] See Tanner's Notitia.--The name is written _Ridvers_, alias
+  _Redvers_, in Camden's Brit. col. 156.
+
+George Pitt, Ancestor of the present Lord Rivers (created in 1776),
+married Jane Daughter of Savage, Earl Rivers of Rock-Savage in
+Cheshire, Relict of George, the sixth Lord Chandos. She brought a
+large Estate to her second Husband, partly as Heiress of Savage Earl
+Rivers, and partly from her first Husband.
+
+
+DARLINGTON, Earl.--From Darlington, in the Bishoprick of Durham.
+
+
+BARNARD, Viscount (VANE).--From Barnard-Castle, in the Bishoprick of
+Durham.
+
+
+BROWNLOW, Baron (CUST).--A nominal Title; for Sir Richard Cust,
+Bart. married Anne Daughter of Sir William Brownlow, Bart. Sister,
+and at length Heir, to John Brownlow, Viscount Tyrconnel, of the
+Kingdom of Ireland, seated at Belton in Lincolnshire.
+
+
+HAWKESBURY, Baron (JENKINSON).--Though this Family is styled of
+Walcot in Oxfordshire, it was originally seated at Hawkesbury in
+Gloucestershire.
+
+
+HEATHFIELD, Baron (ELIOT).--Sir George Augustus Eliot, K. B. who
+commanded at Gibraltar during the celebrated Siege, chose this
+place in Sussex (his property) for his Title. It is said that the
+decisive Battle, called "The Battle of Hastings," was fought on this
+spot[259].
+
+  [259] East-Bourne Guide, p. 73.
+
+
+CAMDEN, Marquis.--From his House at Chislehurst in Kent, formerly
+the residence of Camden the celebrated Antiquary, and now called
+Camden Place.
+
+
+BAYHAM, Viscount (PRATT).--From Bayham Abbey, in Sussex, an Estate
+in the Family of Pratt, and now in possession of the Marquis.
+
+
+DYNEVOR, Baroness (RICE and DE CARDONEL).--From Dinevawr in
+Caermarthenshire. She is the Daughter of the first Earl Talbot,
+and Widow of George Rice, Esquire. In the year 1780 the Earl was
+created Baron of Dinevawr, with limitation to his Daughter and her
+Issue male; and which took place on the Earl's death, in 1782. She
+enjoyed the Title till her death, 1793, when it descended to her
+eldest Son George Talbot Rice, who, in pursuance of the Will of
+his Grandmother, Lady Talbot (whose maiden name was De Cardonel),
+changed his Name, Arms, and Crest, to those of De Cardonel only, by
+Sign Manual, in May 1793 [See the Gazette].[260]
+
+  [260] The Baroness had taken the Name and Arms of De Cardonel on the
+  death of her Mother in 1787. The Barony of Talbot, on the Earl's
+  death, passed to his Nephew, though the Earldom became extinct, but
+  was afterwards revived.
+
+
+NEWCASTLE, Duke (HOLLES).--From Sir William Holles, Lord Mayor of
+London[261].
+
+  [261] See Collins's Collections.
+
+
+HOLDERNESS, Earl (DARCY), Extinct.--For the origin of the Family,
+see Leland's Itinerary, vol. VI. p. 24.
+
+
+NORTHAMPTON, Marquis (PARR), Extinct.--For the origin of this
+Family, see also Leland's Itinerary, vol. VIII. p. 96.
+
+
+
+
+English Armorial Bearings.
+
+
+_Edward_ IV. is by Shakespeare made to say that he would bear Three
+fair shining Suns on his Target, from the time he is said to have
+seen Three Suns at one time. (Hen. VI. Part III. Act ii. Sc. i.)[262]
+
+  [262] Consult Sandford, &c. for his Armorial Bearings.
+
+_Monteagle._--Stanley, Baron of Monteagle, so entitled for his
+valour at Flodden Field, because his Ancestors bore an Eagle for
+their Crest. Vide Hon. Anglic, p. 109.
+
+_Carey.--_In the Reign of Henry V. was held, at Smithfield, a Just
+between Robert Carey _of the West_, Son of Sir John Carey, Knight,
+and a Foreign Knight, of the Kingdom of Aragon. Carey vanquished
+the Aragonese, and took his Coat Armour in lieu of his own; _viz._
+"Argent, on a Bend Sable, Three Roses of the First:" which have ever
+since been borne by the name of _Carey_, whose antient Coat was
+"Gules, a Chevron between Three Swans Proper, one whereof they still
+retain in their Crest[263]."
+
+  [263] Stowe's History of London, Book iii. p. 239.
+
+N. B. These are the Arms of _Carey_; though, from the words "_of the
+West_," one would think _Carew_ was intended. But the account agrees
+with the Arms of Viscount _Falkland_.
+
+_Cooper_ and _Cowper_.--Cooper Earl of Shaftesbury bears Three
+Bulls: Cowper Earl Cowper does not.
+
+"The Eagle and Child" having been adopted as the Crest of the Earl
+of _Derby_, its Origin is a circumstance of no small curiosity.
+
+Nothing is more common than for a Tenant or Dependant to take the
+Crest of his Lord or Chief for a Sign; which will account for the
+greatest part of the Bulls' Heads, Griffins, Falcons, Lions,
+Boars, &c. in the Kingdom. Thus from one quarter they straggled
+into different places, as those people who had occasion for Signs
+emigrated from their own Counties and Districts. Amongst these the
+Sign in question is one; and is to be found in various places that
+have no present connexion with the original, the Importer of such
+Device being, perhaps, long since dead. This, being the Crest or
+Cognizance of the Stanleys, Earls of Derby, it most probably was
+first used in Lancashire, and the parts contiguous, as a Sign.
+
+I at first conceived it to be a fabulous affair; but find, from
+good and respectable authorities, that there is not only probable,
+but substantial History contained in it; as the major part of the
+Estate is derived to the Family from the Issue of the very Child
+in question. The first account of this matter I shall give from "A
+Survey of the _Isle of Man_[264]," of which the _Stanleys_ were for
+several ages Kings and Lords, holding of the Kings of England,
+by Grant of Henry IV. (anno 7), by Homage and the Service of a
+[265]Cast (of Falcons), payable on Coronations. The _Stanleys_
+were Kings as much as any Tributary King whatsoever, making Laws,
+&c. They appeared on a certain day in Royal Array, sitting in a
+Chair, covered with a Royal Cloth and Cushions, with their Visage
+to the East; the Sword borne before them, with the point upwards;
+with their Barons, Knights, Squires, &c. about them. Such were the
+Descendants of the Child we are going to speak of more largely.
+
+  [264] By William Sacheverell, Esq. late Governor of the Island,
+  printed at London, 1702.
+
+  [265] _i. e._ Two Falcons. Dugdale's Baronage.
+
+_Sir John Stanley_ (temp. Richard II.) was a Knight of the greatest
+fame in matters of Chivalry; who, having been a great Traveller,
+was known for his prowess in most parts of Europe. On his return,
+he was followed by a _Frenchman_, who challenged the whole English
+Nation. _Sir John_ accepted his challenge, fought, and slew him
+in the presence of the King. This addition to his fame raised his
+reputation among the men, and procured him so much favour with the
+ladies, that he attracted the particular attention of the Heiress
+of the Family of _Latham_, who was young, rich, and beautiful. _Sir
+John_, with the true spirit of Errantry, declared it was for her he
+fought; and at length, contrary to the inclination of her Father,
+married the Lady.
+
+Mr. Sacheverell then relates the story which gave birth to this
+appendage to the Armorial Bearing of the _Stanley_ Family. These are
+his words:
+
+"The Lord of _Latham_ and his Lady, being Childless, as they were
+walking in the Park, heard a Child crying in an Eagle's nest:
+they immediately ordered their servants to search the Eyery, who
+presented them with a beautiful Boy, in rich swadling-cloaths. The
+good old lady looked upon it as a present sent from Heaven, ordered
+it to be carefully educated, and gave it the Surname of _Latham_.
+He (the Child) was knighted by King Edward III. by the name of Sir
+_Oskytel Latham_, and left sole Heir of that vast estate. He had one
+daughter, named _Isabella_, who by marriage brought the honours of
+_Latham_ and _Knowsley_, with many other Lordships, to _Sir John
+Stanley_."
+
+Mr. Sacheverell goes no further into the Story; and the Reader
+will be naturally inclined to know whose Child this was, and how
+it was conveyed into the Eagle's nest. For this we must have
+recourse to Sir William Dugdale[266], who relates the Story more
+circumstantially, and, as he says, upon credible tradition; _viz._
+That a _Sir Thomas de Latham_ had a natural Son, called _Oskytel_,
+by an obscure woman, who lived near him; and, "having no Child by
+his Lady, he designed to adopt this _Oskytel_ for his Heir; but so
+that he himself might not be suspected to have been the Father.
+Observing, therefore, that an Eagle had built her Nest in a large
+spread oak within his Park at Lathom, he caused the Child in
+swadling cloaths to be privily conveyed thither; and (as a wonder)
+presently called forth his Wife to see it; representing to her,
+that, having no Issue, God Almighty had thus sent him a Male Child,
+and so preserved, that he looked upon it as a miracle; disguising
+the truth so artificially from her, that she forthwith took him (the
+Child) with great fondness into the house, educating him with no
+less affection than if she had been his natural Mother; whereupon he
+became Heir to that fair inheritance; and that, in token thereof,
+not only his Descendants, whilst the Male Line endured, but the
+_Stanleys_ proceeding from the said Isabel (the Heir Female), have
+ever since borne the Child in the Eagle's Nest, with the Eagle
+thereon, for their Crest.
+
+  [266] Baronage, vol. II. p. 257.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Francis Bourgeois_, Member of the Royal Academy, had leave from
+King George III. to wear the Polish Order "Merentibus." The Diploma
+is dated Warsaw, February 16, 1791. Ordered to be registered in the
+College of Arms.
+
+
+
+
+ORIGIN AND DERIVATION
+
+OF A FEW
+
+Remarkable Surnames.
+
+
+_Lewkenor._--Sir Lewis, Master of the Ceremonies; from one of the
+Hundreds of Lincolnshire, called anciently _Levechenora_[267].
+
+  [267] Brady's History of England, General Preface, p. 50.
+
+_Kempe._--The same as _Champion_. The Danish word[268].
+
+  [268] Brady's Preface to the Norman History, p. 150.
+
+_Misenor._--From _Mesonero_, an Inn-keeper; Spanish.
+
+_Muncaster._--The old name of Newcastle upon Tyne; quasi
+_Monk-Caster_. The present name was perhaps taken on its being
+rebuilt.
+
+_Mease._--From _Meze_, a messuage[269].
+
+  [269] See Blount's Dict.
+
+_Hugesson._--Cardinal _Hugezun_ came over as the Pope's Legate,
+temp. Henry II.[270]
+
+  [270] Brady's Hist. p. 415.
+
+_Dempster._--The Judges of the Isle of Man were called
+Deemsters[271].
+
+  [271] Sacheverell's History of the Island, p. 2.
+
+_Eldred._--There was an Archbishop of York of the name of _Aldred_,
+temp. William the Conqueror. Perhaps contracted from _Alured_, the
+Latin of Alfred.
+
+_Brettell._--There is a Seignory in Normandy of the name of
+Bretteville. So we have corrupted the name of _Frescheville_ into
+_Fretwell_.
+
+_Belassis._--Something of this name may be seen in Brady's History,
+p. 196.
+
+_Larpent._--From the French, _L'Arpent_; _Arpent_ signifying an
+acre. We drop the apostrophe.
+
+_Duppa._--_De Uphaugh_ and, by apostrophe, _D'Uphaugh_, according to
+Anthony Wood.
+
+_Firmin._--From St. Fermin in France.
+
+_Paliser._--An official name of such person or persons who had the
+care of the pales of a forest[272].
+
+  [272] Manwood's Forest Laws.
+
+_Ord._--Signifies a Promontory in the Highland; and, I presume, is
+Erse[273].
+
+  [273] Pennant's Tour, p. 158.
+
+_Bownas_ and _Bonas_.--Corrupted from _Buchan-Ness_, the seat of the
+Earl of Errol[274].
+
+  [274] Ibid. p. 124.
+
+_Ridgeway._--A local term for the way of the ford, or passage over a
+stream. _Ryd_ and _Rith_ signifying a ford[275].
+
+  [275] Hasted's History of Kent.
+
+_Fitzherbert._--It is written Filius-Herberti in very old
+deeds[276]. The _Finches_ were called _Finch-Herbert_ formerly;
+which led Daniel Earl of Winchelsea to think he was related to
+the Fitzherberts. Thus Leland: "The Finches that be now, say,
+that theire propre name is _Hereberte_; and that with mariage of
+the Finche-Heyre, they tooke the Finche's name, and were called
+Finche-Herebert, joining booth names[277]."
+
+  [276] Ex inform. Dom. Gul. Fitzherbert, Baronetti.
+
+  [277] Itinerary, VI. 52.
+
+_Herbert_ of Kent married the heiress of Finch, and took that name
+as a prefix, which they soon corrupted into _Fitz-herbert_. But the
+Fitzherberts were a family before the _Finches_ were fledged; and
+in old deeds the name is given _Filius Herberti_.
+
+_Champernoun._--Devonshire: a corruption of _Campernulph_, or _De
+Campo Arnulphi_; called, says Camden, _Champernoun_[278].
+
+  [278] Britannia, col. 35.
+
+_Smelt._--Ralph Luvel (or Lovel) an ancestor of the Percivals, was,
+in the time of King Stephen, called also _Simelt_, for which no
+reason is given[279].
+
+  [279] See Collins's Peerage, 1779, art. _Lovel and Holland_.
+
+Names of Men, of Places, and Things, have changed, and by seeming
+corruption have come right again.
+
+Thus, for Men.
+
+  Tollemache                Talmash           Tollemache
+  Legarde                   Ledgiard          Legarde
+  Lyttelton                 Littleton         Lyttelton
+  Fauconberg                Falconbridge      Fauconberg[280]
+  Cholmondeley              Cholmley          Cholmondeley
+  Osbaldiston.              Osberton          Osbaldiston.
+
+  [280] So Shakspeare has it.
+
+I take this to be a local name, from _Osbaldiston_ in Lancashire, q.
+_Osbald his Town_. There is in Yorkshire _Osbaldwick_, pronounced
+_Osberwick_. It should be _Oswald_, a Bishop of York and Martyr, in
+both cases.
+
+We have the name _Bernardiston_, from a place of the name in
+Suffolk[281].
+
+  [281] For both the places see Spelman's Villare.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Robertsbridge_, in Sussex, appears to be a corruption of
+_Rothersbridge_, as it was long called, and with plausibility; for
+it is situated on the river _Rother_: but the former is the truth,
+as I have been informed that in old Latin deeds it is styled _Pons
+Roberti_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+There are some terms which, by a double corruption, have got
+home again; as _Crevisses_, in Derbyshire; where _Crevise_, the
+word for a _Cray-fish_, is a corruption: but it gets home by it;
+for the French word from whence _cray-fish_ was first formed, is
+_ecrevisse_. This too is the radical word; for the lobster is but a
+species of it, and called _l'ecrevisse de mer_, or _sea-cray-fish_;
+what is now called the sea-cray-fish, is properly the lobster. This
+difference consists in the want of claws.
+
+
+
+
+Symbola Scotica;
+
+OR,
+
+
+An Attempt to Elucidate some of the more Obscure Armorial Bearings,
+principally the MOTTOES used by many of the Scottish Families.
+
+
+_In a Letter to the Earl of LEICESTER, President of the Society of
+Antiquaries,_
+
+"Arma Viramque."
+
+There seems to be something peculiarly significant and quaint in
+the greatest part of the Mottoes and Devices used by the Scottish
+Nobility, and perhaps in those of many Families of inferior Rank;
+though these last do not so easily come under our observation.
+
+My intention is, to trouble your Lordship with my thoughts on
+a few of these Mottoes (as we call them); and refer to your
+extensive knowledge in the science of Heraldry, and your love of
+investigation, for the rest of these obscure impreses.
+
+We must, however, distinguish between the Motto and the _Slug horn_
+(or, as Sir George Mackenzie gives it, upon the more Southern
+pronunciation, _Slogan_[282]); the latter being a _cry de guerre_,
+whereas the former (though one may sometimes answer both purposes)
+seems more to relate to some historical circumstance by which the
+Family have been signalized. The original idea of these words, I
+have no doubt, related to War, and operated as what we now call the
+Watch-Word, and more emphatically _the Word_ by the circulation
+of which the King can, at this day, call his guards about him, as
+the Chiefs of Scotland formerly assembled their Vassals in their
+respective divisions or clans. The French call it a _Mot_; and the
+Italians, by an augmentation, _Motto_; which last we have adopted
+when we speak in an heraldic style. The true Scottish term is a
+_Ditton_, the _Slughorn_ being properly the _cry de Guerre_. Not
+to go into the antiquity of Mottoes, or Armory, further than the
+subject in question shall lead me, I shall content myself with
+observing that Armorial Bearings in general, with us in England,
+have little more than the fancy of the party, with Heraldic
+sanction, for their foundation; or some distant allusion to the
+name. Take one singular instance of this last case, which Mr. Boyer
+(in his Theatre of Honour) gives, as a whimsical bearing. The Arms
+of the name of _Matthias_ are three Dice (sixes as the highest
+throw), having, I make no doubt (though Mr. Boyer gives no reason
+for it), a reference to the election of St. Matthias into the
+Apostleship: "And the lot fell upon Matthias." One of the writers
+in the Antiquarian Discourses (Mr. Agarde) thinks the old Motto of
+the _Caves_, of Stanford, in Northamptonshire, a happy conceit;
+the ancient Crest being a Grey-hound currant, with a label issuing
+out of its mouth, with these words, "Adsum; Cave." Had the _Cavè_
+stood alone, without the Dog or the _Adsum_, it might have been
+very well, and have operated religiously, morally, or politically:
+but otherwise the Dog seems to run away with the Wit. The Family,
+since Mr. Agarde's time, appear to have been sensible of this
+awkward compound, and have adopted the French word _Gardez_ for
+the Motto; though I think they had better have kept the _Cavè_ (as
+I have observed), and hanged the Grey-hound; though perhaps it was
+conceived at the time the _Adsum_ was dropped, that Ca-vè, in the
+Latin, might be confounded with the English, _Cave_; and that it
+would have appeared as if they had taken the name for the Motto,
+without another Latin word to denote that language; and therefore
+might take _Gardez_, which shews itself to be French.
+
+  [282] The Glossary to Douglas's Virgil adduces the Term from the
+  Anglo-Saxon _Slegan_, interficere.
+
+Mr. Agarde's own Motto is much more apposite to his name; which,
+he tells us at the end of his Memoir, was, _Dieu me Garde_; but
+at the same time this would have admitted of improvement; for the
+French verb _Garder_ was originally _Agarder_, which, had he known
+it, would have enabled him to have made the pun complete--_Dieu
+m'Agarde_.
+
+Before I quit the subject in general, I cannot help mentioning
+a _bon mot_ of a friend of mine (and he has so much wit that I
+shall not rob him in the least by the repetition), on his visiting
+Chatsworth, to see the house. The Motto of the noble owner is,
+as your Lordship well knows, _Cavendo Tutus_, to which the Family
+has happily adhered in their Political concerns. The state rooms
+in that house are floored with old oak, waxed, and very slippery,
+in consequence of which my friend had very near fallen down; when,
+recovering his equilibrium, he observed, "that he rather supposed
+the Motto related to the floors than the name."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+But it is time to lead to the matter I proposed, _viz._ the SCOTTISH
+MOTTOES; and yet, before I proceed to them, I wish to premise
+something on the grounds of a few of the ARMORIAL BEARINGS among the
+most ancient Scottish Families, which have originated from History.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The principal Family of the name of
+
+DOUGLAS
+
+carries "A Man's Heart Gules," as a fixed principal Charge, because
+the Good Sir James Douglas, as he is styled, carried the Heart
+of King Robert I. (of the name of Bruce) to Jerusalem, and there
+interred it[283]. The original Coat Armour of Douglas was, "Azure,
+in chief Three Stars Argent[284]." The Heart is now imperially
+crowned; but that is a later introduction[285], not borne at least
+by those who merely quartered the Arms.
+
+  [283] Nisbet's Cadencies, p. 178.
+
+  [284] Idem, p, 208.
+
+  [285] Nisbet, Armories, p. 199.
+
+
+CAMPBELL,
+
+Duke of Argyle, Marquis of Lorn, &c. bears in the Second and Third
+Quarters (for the Lordship of Lorn) a Feudal Charge of "Or, a
+Limphad (or small Ship) Sable, with Flames of Fire issuing out of
+the Top of the Mast, and from the Fore and Hindermost Parts of the
+Ship:" which Fire, says my Author, was called in old blazonry St.
+Anthony's Fire. The reason is, that, as the Territory lay upon the
+Coast, this Bearing was indicative of the Tenure by which the Lands
+were held in capite; _viz_. by supplying a Ship with twenty Oars in
+time of War, if required. The _Reddendum_ runs, for the provision
+of "Unam navem viginti Remorum, si petatur, tempore Belli, &c."[286]
+
+  [286] Nisbet, Armories, p. 203.
+
+By Marriage, this Lordship, after many generations, came into the
+Family of Campbell, then Earl of Argyle; but, in process of time,
+the Flames issuing from the Ship have been extinguished.
+
+This was not an uncommon Armorial Appendage to other Feudal Lords,
+and Lordships similarly situated.
+
+Thus the Arms of the Isle of Arran are, "Argent, a Ship, with its
+Sails furled, Sable."
+
+The Earls of Orkney and Caithness have the Bearing of a Ship for the
+like reason; being Lordships, or Feudal Earldoms, situate on the
+Coast; but with Differences.
+
+The Earl of Orkney (and from thence the Earl of Caithness) bears a
+Ship of a more modern form, with three Masts; but it has the honour
+of being within a double Tressure, counter-fleured, to shew its
+connexion with Royalty.
+
+
+DRUMMOND
+
+carries, "Or, Three Bars wavy Gules." This simple Bearing, we are
+told, involves a Piece of History; for that an Hungarian Gentleman,
+of the name of Maurice, in the Reign of Malcolm III. had the
+command of a Ship in which Edgar Atheline, his Mother Agatha, and
+his Sisters Margaret and Christian, were embarked, in their return
+from England to Hungary. A Storm arose, and drove them on the
+Coast of Scotland, where they were landed in the Frith of Forth,
+and entertained by the King, who afterwards married Margaret. This
+Maurice so ingratiated himself with King Malcolm, that he was
+solicited by the King to settle in Scotland, which he did, and had
+grants of many Lands; and particularly those at Drymen or Drummond,
+of which last he took the name. Drummond, as we must now call him,
+was afterwards appointed Seneschal of Lenox; and the King assigned
+him the above Arms, alluding to his original Profession of a Naval
+Officer, and in memory of his having conducted the then Queen safe
+through the Storm into the Port in Scotland[287].
+
+  [287] Douglas's Peerage, p. 547. The Scottish Writers give different
+  Derivations of the Name of Drummond, not to our present purpose;
+  though all seem to agree as to the reason of the Armorial Bearing of
+  the Family. See the Works of Drummond of Hawthornden.
+
+
+SETON EARL OF WINTON.
+
+The Paternal Arms of Seton, afterwards Earls of Winton, were
+_Crescents_, for which no particular reason appears: but the Lords
+of Seton have for some hundreds of years carried, "Or, a Sword
+erected in pale, supporting an Imperial Crown Proper, betwixt
+Three Crescents within a Double Tressure, counter-fleured, Gules."
+This honourable Augmentation was granted by Robert the Bruce to
+his Nephew Sir Alexander Seton, of that Ilk, for the special and
+seasonable services performed by him and his Father Sir Christopher
+to that Monarch during the time of his troubles. Sir Christopher
+Seton, it seems, had lost two Estates of great value, one in
+Scotland, the other in England, together with his Life, in the
+Service of his King and Country; upon which account King Robert
+(whose Sister, Christian Bruce, Sir Christopher had married), when
+he had overcome his Enemies, restored his Nephew, Sir Alexander
+Seton, to the Lands in Scotland which his Father had lost, though
+he could not re-possess him of the English Estate; granted the
+Augmentation of the _Sword and Crown_ to his Paternal Coat-Armour,
+to perpetuate their gallant Actions; and added the Double Tressure,
+which at that time was given to none but such as had married, or
+were descended from, Daughters of the Blood-Royal[288]. One branch
+of the Family, _viz._ Sir Alexander Seton of Pitwedden (at one time
+a Lord of Session), upon the event of the death of his Father,
+who, in the Reign of King Charles I. (during the Civil Commotions)
+was killed by a Shot from the King's Enemies, with a Banner in his
+hand, assumed the Armorial Bearing of "An Heart distilling Drops of
+Blood[289]."
+
+  [288] Nisbet, Cadencies, p. 191.
+
+  [289] Ibid. p. 200.
+
+These, my Lord, I offer in the line of _Nobility_, as Historical
+Bearings; but many may likewise be found among the _Gentry_, who
+have Armorial Devices allusive to gallant actions, high employments,
+or other honourable circumstances.
+
+Of those, the few that follow, most easily occur, from the works of
+that laborious Herald, Mr. Alexander Nisbet.
+
+
+GRAHAM
+
+of Inchbrackie, descended of an eldest Son, of a second Marriage, of
+the first Earl of Montrose, gives, "Or, a Dyke [or Wall] fess-wise,
+Azure, broken down in several parts, &c." The Dyke there is assumed,
+to difference the Bearer from his Chief, and to perpetuate that
+action of Gramus (one of the Predecessors of the noble Family of
+Graham) in pulling down the Wall [anno 420] built by the Roman
+Emperor Severus, which was thereafter called "Graham's Dyke."
+
+N. B. By the Dyke the Scots seem to mean the Wall, _i.e._ the
+Vallum, which is formed out of the Dyke.
+
+
+CLARK
+
+of Pennycuik. Sir John Clark, of Pennycuik, had this Motto, "Free
+for a Blast," which is explained in part by the Crest, which is a
+Man blowing a Horn: but for both the Crest itself, and the Motto, we
+must look into the Tenure of the Estate, which they derived, most
+probably by Marriage, from the Pennycuiks of that Ilk, an old Family
+in Mid-Lothian, who bore "Or, a Fess between Three Hunting Horns
+Sable, stringed Gules;" and, by the ancient Tenure of their Lands,
+were obliged, once a year, to attend in the Forest of Drumsleich,
+since called Barrowmuir, to give a Blast of a Horn at the King's
+Hunting.
+
+The _Clarks_, holding by the same Tenure, preserved the Motto.
+
+
+KIRKPATRICK,
+
+who gave the last Blow to Cummin, supposed to have been slain, cried
+out, "Lest he should not be quite dead, _I will secure him_," and
+stabbed him with his Dagger. Hence the Family took the Crest of "A
+Hand holding a Dagger in Pale, distilling Drops of Blood;" and with
+the Motto "I'll make sicker (sure);" or, "I'll make sure."[290]
+
+  [290] Nisbet, p. 147. See also Hume's History, ch. xiii.
+
+
+CARRICK.
+
+STEWART, Earl of Carrick. The Paternal Arms of Stewart, out of which
+was a _Lion naissant_, all within a Double Tressure, counter-fleured
+Gules: the Lion naissant intimating his original right to the
+Crown[291].
+
+  [291] Nisbet, Cadencies, p. 33.
+
+
+FARQUHARSON,
+
+of Invercald, carries, in addition to his Paternal Coat, "Argent, a
+Fir Tree growing out of a Mount Proper on a Chief Gules,--the Banner
+of Scotland in Bend, and on a Canton of the first (_viz._ Or), a
+Dexter Hand couped at the wrist, grasping a Dagger, point downwards,
+Gules." Mr. Nisbet says[292], they carried the Fir Trees because
+their Country abounded with such Trees; the Hand grasping a Dagger,
+for killing the Cumming; and the Banner is lately added, because
+the Grand-father of the present John Farquharson (1702) was killed
+at the Battle of Pinkie, carrying the Banner of Scotland.
+
+  [292] Cadencies, p. 196.
+
+
+WOOD.
+
+The Chiefs of this name have given Trees in different forms; but
+Wood of Largoe placed his Tree between Two Ships under sail, as
+Admiral to King James III. and IV. in whose reigns he defeated the
+English with an inferior Force. Another Branch of the Family gave a
+Hunting-horn hanging upon the Branch of a Tree, to shew he was the
+King's Forester[293].
+
+  [293] Nisbet, Cadencies, p. 202.
+
+
+FORBES,
+
+of Watertown, charges his Coat with an "Escocheon Argent, a Sword
+and Key in Saltire Gules," as being Constable of Aberdeen: and for a
+Difference from the Grays, places a Quill or Pen in the Paw of the
+Lion in the Arms of Gray, because his Ancestor was Sheriff's Clerk
+of Angus[294].
+
+  [294] Idem, p. 203.
+
+
+JOHN RAMSAY,
+
+descended of the Ramsays of Wylicleuch in the Merss, who was Page
+to King James VI. thereafter Earl of Holdernesse, got for addition
+to his Paternal Bearing, "An Arm holding a naked Sword enfilé of
+a Crown, with a Man's Heart on the point," because he rescued
+King James VI. from the Conspiracy of the Earl of Gowrie and his
+Confederates. The Paternal Coat was, "Argent, an Eagle displayed
+Sable."[295] These are what the Scottish Heralds call "Arms of
+Special Concession."[296]
+
+  [295] Nisbet, Cadencies, p. 196.
+
+  [296] See Nisbet's Armories.
+
+
+AYTON,
+
+of Kippo. This Family bears "A Baton Peri Or, couped;" which, Mr.
+Nisbet says, is an uncommon Bearing for a younger legitimate Son, it
+being a mark of Bastardy by its position; but he tells us, the Baton
+of this description, and thus borne, was granted to Sir John Ayton
+of Kippo, Knight, by King Charles II. as an Augmentation, because he
+had been Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod to that King. Upon the
+Family Coat he therefore carried "A Baton Sable, charged on the top
+with one of the Lions of England."
+
+
+STIRLING,
+
+of Glorat, carries "Argent, on a Bend engrailed Azure, Three
+Buckles Or; a Chief Gules, charged with a Naked Arm issuing out
+of a Cloud from the Sinister side, grasping a Sword in pale, and
+therewith guarding an Imperial Crown; all within a double Tressure,
+counterfleured of Thistles Vert." Which honourable Addition was
+granted to this Family for special Services done to King Charles I.
+and King Charles II. in their Troubles.
+
+
+BINNING,
+
+of Easter Binning, a Cadet of Binning of that Ilk, who carried
+"Argent, a Bend engrailed Sable," added, for Difference, on the
+Bend, a Waggon of the first, because he and his seven Sons went in
+a Waggon covered with Hay, and surprised and took the Castle of
+Linlithgow, then in the possession of the English, in the Reign of
+David the Bruce[297].
+
+  [297] Nisbet, Cadencies, p. 195.
+
+
+LOCKART.
+
+This Name now bears a Man's Heart Proper, within a Padlock Sable, in
+perpetuation, they tell you, that one of the Name accompanied the
+good Sir James Douglas to Jerusalem, with the Heart of King Robert
+the Bruce. Be that as it may, it is intended to play upon the Name;
+and, to preserve the Story the more entire, some Branches of the
+Family have strengthened it by the Motto, "Corda serata Pando" [some
+have it, Fero]. These Devices are differently placed by different
+Branches; but Mr. Nisbet insinuates[298] that this Bearing is an
+assumption of a modern date; and that the old Arms were, till within
+a century before he wrote [1702], "Three Boars' Heads erazed; the
+Crest, a Dexter Hand holding a Boar's Head erazed, Proper; the
+Motto, 'Feroci Fortior.'"
+
+  [298] Marks of Cadency, p. 199.
+
+
+NORFOLK.
+
+The Duke of Norfolk has an augmentation, _viz._ an _Escocheon Or_,
+in the middle of the Bend, charged with a _Demi-Lion_ Rampant,
+_pierced through the Mouth with an Arrow_, within a double Tressure
+counterfleur'd Gules; which was granted by King Henry VIII. for his
+services at the Battle of Flodden Field[299].
+
+  [299] Nisbet's Cadencies, pp. 91, 92.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Besides these and many other Bearings, not at this day easily,
+if at all, to be accounted for, the Scots have, like ourselves,
+several that are responsive to the Name. Of these I have selected
+the few which follow, and have given their material Charge, without
+attending to the Colours, or to the Blazonry of the whole. Thus
+
+_Cockburn_ has a Charge of Three Cocks.
+
+_Craw_ and _Craufurd_, Three Crows[300].
+
+  [300] This Bearing is of late introduction, as alluding to the
+  Name; for those of the Name anciently gave for Arms "Gules, a Fess
+  Ermine;" and another Branch gave "Argent, Three Stags' Heads erased
+  Gules." [Nisbet]. Crawfurd of Cloverhill has a still stronger
+  relation both to the Name and to his Seat; for to the original
+  Bearing he adds Three Crows; for Crest has a Garb (or Wheatsheaf);
+  and for Motto, "God feeds the Crows." Id. p. 57.--Like the Motto of
+  our Corbet, "Deus pascit Corvos."
+
+_Fraser_, Three Frases or Cinquefoils.
+
+_Falconer_, a Falcon.
+
+_Forester_, Three Bugle Horns; and the Peer of that Name and Title
+has for his Motto, "Blow, Hunter, thy Horn."
+
+_Heart_, Three Men's Hearts.
+
+_Hog_, Three Boars' Heads.
+
+_Justice_, A Sword in Pale, supporting a Balance.
+
+_Skene_, Three Daggers, in the Scottish Language called Skenes.
+
+
+
+
+Mottoes.
+
+
+The Motto of DALZIEL, Earl of CARNWARTH, now an attainted Title, is,
+"I Dare;" the reason of which is given by Crawfurd, in his Peerage
+of Scotland. The ancient armorial bearing of this Family was, A Man
+hanging on a Gallows, though it is now only a Naked Man with his
+Arms expanded. Some one of the Family having, perhaps, dropped the
+Gallows and the Rope, as deeming it an ignominious Bearing.
+
+But to proceed to the Motto. The Historian says, that a Favourite
+of Kenneth II. having been hanged by the Picts, and the King being
+much concerned that the Body should be exposed in so disgraceful
+a situation, offered a large Reward to him who would rescue the
+Body. Alpinus, the Father of Kenneth, with many of his Nobles, had
+been inhumanly put to death; and the Head of the King (Alpinus),
+placed upon a Pole, was exposed to the Populace. It was not for
+the redemption of his Father's Body, that the new King, Kenneth,
+offered the Reward; but for that of some young Favourite, perhaps
+of equal age, who was thus ignominiously hanging as a public
+spectacle, for the King appears to have been beheaded.[301] This
+being an enterprize of great danger, no one was found bold enough
+to undertake it, till a Gentleman came to the King and said, "Dal
+Ziel," _i.e._ "I Dare," and accordingly performed the hazardous
+exploit. In memory of this circumstance, the Family took the
+above-mentioned Coat-Armour, and likewise the Name of _Dalziel_,
+with the interpretation of it, "I Dare," as a Motto. The Maiden Name
+(as I may call it) of this Family is not recorded, neither is the
+original Coat Armour of the Gentleman mentioned. These circumstances
+are related by Crawfurd, upon the authority of Mr. Nisbet, in his
+Marks of Cadency, p. 41.
+
+  [301] Buchanan.
+
+Occasional changes in Coats of Arms, it is very well known, have
+always been common, owing to accidents and incidents, as well as
+atchievements, several instances of which may be seen in Camden's
+Remains.
+
+Similar to the case of Dalziel, is the reason given for the Motto
+of _Maclellan_, Lord Kircudbright, which is, "Think on." Crawfurd's
+account is to this effect. A Company of Saracens, from Ireland,
+in the Reign of King James II. infested the County of Galloway,
+whereupon the King issued a Proclamation, declaring that "Whoever
+should disperse them, and bring their Captain, dead or alive, should
+have the Barony of Bombie for his reward." This was performed by the
+Son of the Laird of Bombie, who brought the Head of the Captain, on
+the Point of his Sword, to the King, who put him into the immediate
+possession of the Barony; to perpetuate which action, the Baron took
+for his Crest a Moor's Head, on the Point of a Sword, with the words
+"Think on," for his Motto.
+
+It may be difficult to ascertain the meaning of these words; and one
+is at liberty either to suppose he addressed them to the King on the
+occasion, as if he had said "Think on your Promise:"--or they may
+apply to Posterity, advising them to Think on the gallant Action
+whereby they became ennobled: but I more incline to the former
+interpretation, because, in Yorkshire, which abounds with Scottish
+idioms, words, and proverbs, they say, "I will do so and so when I
+think on;" and "I would have done so and so, but I did not think
+on," Our expression is, "Think of it."
+
+MAXWELL, of Calderwood, has the same Motto, on a different idea.
+The _Crest_ is "A Man's Head looking upright," to which the _Motto_
+seems to give a religious interpretation, and to imply, "Think on"
+_Eternity_[302].
+
+  [302] See Nisbet's Heraldry, p. 138.
+
+A similar change appears to have been brought about, by religious
+attachments, in the _Crest_ and _Motto_ of BANNERMAN, which seems to
+extend to the rest of the Armorial Bearings. Sir Alexander Bannerman
+of Elsick, the chief, bore, "Gules, a Banner displayed Argent, and
+thereon a Canton Azure, charged with a St. Andrew's Cross. Crest, a
+Demi-Man in Armour, holding in his Right Hand a Sword Proper. Motto,
+_Pro Patriâ_." This Bearing is by Grant, 1692; but a younger Son
+of this House bore (when Mr. Nisbet wrote) the Field and Banner as
+above, "within a Bordure Argent, charged with Four Buckles Azure,
+and as many Holly-Leaves Vert, alternately." Buckles, in certain
+case we shall see hereafter, admit of a religious interpretation,
+and the Holly-Leaves (quasi Holy-Leaves), seem to have a similar
+import, especially when added to the new Crest, _viz_. "A Man
+issuing out of the Wreath in a Priest's habit, and praying posture,"
+with this Motto, "Hæc prestat Militia[303]." This change might
+possibly take place about the enthusiastic time of the Union of the
+two Kingdoms, when religious party spirit ran high in Scotland[304].
+
+  [303] Nisbet's Heraldry, p. 414, 415.
+
+  [304] See Memoirs of Ker of Kersland.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Ross, Lord Ross, has the same Motto as Dalziel Earl of Carnwath; but
+on what pretensions does not appear.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I shall now proceed to another conjectural interpretation, as to the
+Motto of Lord NAPIER; which is, "Ready, aye Ready." Sir Alexander
+Napier was killed at the Battle of Flodden Field (1513), leaving
+Issue Alexander, who married Margaret, the Daughter of Sir Duncan
+Campbell of Glenorchy, ancestor of the Earls of Breadalbine. The
+Motto, or rather, perhaps, Slug-Horn, of the Laird of Glenorchy,
+was, "Follow me." On this marriage, therefore, I am led to believe
+that Alexander Napier might take the responsive Slug-Horn of "Ready,
+aye Ready," as if he had said, "always ready to follow you." This
+may, perhaps, _primâ facie_, appear too hypothetical; but it is
+grounded upon the authority of a Friend, a Native of Scotland, who
+once told me that the Mottoes of the Lairds often had a reference to
+that of their Chief.
+
+Something like this appears in the Motto of FRASER, late Lord Lovat,
+which is, "I am Ready." That Family is descended from a younger
+Branch, the elder having ended in Daughters. They had for their
+Ancestor, in the Female line, the Sister of King Robert I.; and the
+Motto seems, if not responsive, at least expressive of Loyalty.
+
+This sort of Motto seems to prevail in the Family of DOUGLAS. That
+of the elder Branches is, "Forward;" to which the younger Branches
+reply, "Jamais Arrière," which may, perhaps, be best translated by
+the vulgar Scottish expression, "Hard at your Back."
+
+The Motto of HAY, Earl of ERROL, which is, "Serva Jugum," deserves
+our particular attention; and is founded on a well-attested
+historical fact, related to this effect by Mr. Crawfurd. In the
+Reign of Kenneth III. (anno 980), when the Danes invaded this
+Island, and gave Battle to the Scots, whom they had routed at the
+Village of Loncarty, near Perth, a certain Husbandman of the name
+of Hay, who was tilling his Land, perceived his Countrymen flying
+before the Enemy; when he and his two Sons, arming themselves with
+their Plough-gear, the old Man having the Yoke of the Oxen for his
+own Weapon, upbraided the Scots for their Cowardice, and, after much
+difficulty, persuaded them to rally. They accordingly, under the
+Command of this unexpected Leader and his Sons, armed with Yokes and
+Plough-shares, renewed the Engagement; when the Danes, supposing
+their Enemy had received a reinforcement, fled in their turn. The
+King, in reward for this uncommon Service, advanced _Hay_ to the
+Rank of Noblesse, and gave him as much Land as a Falcon, let loose
+from the Fists, should compass at one flight. The lucky Bird, says
+Dr. Abercrombie, seemed sensible of the merits of those that were to
+enjoy it; for she made a circuit of seven or eight miles long, and
+four or five broad; the limits of which are still extant. This Tract
+of Ground, continues my Author, being called _Errol_, the Family
+took from thence its designation, or title.
+
+To these circumstances the Armorial Bearings of the Family have
+very strong allusions; for the Supporters are Two Labourers with
+each a Yoke on his Shoulder; the Crest is a Falcon; and the Motto
+"Serva Jugum." The Coat Armour likewise is, Argent, Three Escocheons
+Gules; or, to speak in the language of noble Blazonry, Pearl, Three
+Escutcheons Ruby; to intimate that the Father and his Two Sons had
+been the three fortunate Shields by which Scotland had been defended
+and saved.
+
+Another Branch of the Family (HAY, Earl of KINNOUL,) gives the same
+Coat, with a Bordure for difference; the Supporters are likewise
+Two Husbandmen, the one having a Plough-share, and the other a Pick,
+or Spade, upon his Shoulder. The Yoke is preserved in the Crest,
+upon the Shoulder of a Demi-Man, from the waist upwards; and the
+Motto seems to refer to the rallying of the Scottish Army in these
+words, "Renovate Animos."
+
+Buchanan, further tells us, with regard to the modesty of these
+unexpected Conquerors, that, when they were brought to the King,
+rich and splendid Garments were offered to them, that they might
+be distinguished in a Triumphal Entry which was to be made into
+the Town of Perth; but the old Man rejected them with a decent
+contempt; and, wiping the dust from his ordinary Clothes, joined
+the Procession, with no other distinction than the Yoke upon his
+shoulder, preceded and followed by the King's Train. More minute
+circumstances of this extraordinary Victory, obtained, after a
+palpable Defeat, at the instigation of one obscure Man, are related
+by Buchanan, to whom I refer your Lordship; and you will find it
+equal to any instance we have of Roman Virtue, and the _Amor
+Patriæ_, so much boasted of among the Ancients.
+
+Lloyd, in his Worthies, among his observations on the Life of James
+Hay, Earl of Carlisle, tells us a chimerical story, but on what
+authority I do not discover; after having mentioned slightly the
+above fact, that James Hay, 600 years afterwards, "saved the King
+of that Country from the Gowries at their House with a Cultre (or
+Plough-share) in his hand;" and that he had as much Land assigned
+him as he could ride round in two days. It does not appear from
+the accounts we have of the Gowry conspiracy, that any person of
+the name of Hay was concerned; but rather that this story has been
+confounded with the other, because, according to Dr. Abercrombie's
+account, the Land over which the Falcon flew in the first case, was
+in a part of Scotland known by the name of Gowry.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CONYNGHAM, Earl of GLENCAIRN, has this very singular Motto, "Over
+Fork Over," alluding to the principal Charge upon the Shield, which
+is the rude and ancient Hay-Fork, called in Scotland a Shake-Fork,
+and is in shape not unlike the Roman letter Y.
+
+This Bearing, some of their Heralds tell us, was official, because,
+they say, the Family had been Hereditary Masters of the King's
+Horses and Stables, of which employment this instrument was
+indicative. Such official Charges and Sur-charges were common in
+Scotland: thus, CARNEGIE, Earls of Southesk, charge the Breast of
+their Blue Eagle with a Cup of Gold, being Hereditary Cup-Bearers
+to the Kings of Scotland. But this will not hold good as to the
+CONYNGHAMS; though their Sur-charge of a Man on Horseback upon
+the Shake-Fork may perhaps be such an official Bearing. Different
+conjectures have been brought forward; and Mr. Camden and some
+others have interpreted the Fork to have been an Archiepiscopal
+Pall; for which surmise a very vague reason is given, viz. that an
+Ancestor of the Family was concerned in the Murder of Thomas Becket,
+Archbishop of Canterbury. Which Bearing, Mr. Nisbet observes,
+would in such case operate rather as an abatement than a badge
+of honour[305]. This conjecture, however, will not hold good on
+heraldic principles; for a Pall, when used as a Charge, is very
+differently represented, the three ends of it being square, and even
+touching the borders of the Escocheon; whereas the device before
+us is pointed at the ends, and does not come in contact with the
+edges of the Shield. But what has the Pall to do with the Motto? We
+must therefore advert to other circumstances for an interpretation
+of both the reason of the Armorial Bearing and the Motto, which
+generally assist to explain each other. The account which comes
+nearest the point in the present question is given by Mr. Nisbet
+from Frederick Van Bassen, a Norwegian, who, he says, was a good
+Genealogist, and left in MS. an account of the rise of some Scottish
+Families, and among the rest of this of Conyngham; from which MS.
+Mr. Nisbet gives this account--"that Malcome, the Son of Friskine,
+assisting Prince Malcom (afterwards surnamed Canmore) to escape from
+Macbeth's tyranny, and being hotly pursued by the Usurper's Men, was
+forced at a place to hide his Master by forking Straw or Hay above
+him. And after, upon that Prince's happy accession to the Crown,
+he, the King, rewarded his Preserver Malcome with the Thanedom of
+Cunnigham, from which he and his Posterity have their Surname, and
+took this Figure to represent the Shake-Fork with which he, Malcome,
+forked Hay or Straw above the Prince, to perpetuate the happy
+deliverance their Progenitor had the good fortune to give to their
+Prince." Admitting this to be a fact, or even a legendary tale,
+credited by the Family when this Bearing was granted or assumed,
+there is an affinity between the Device and the Motto not to be
+found among the other conjectures.
+
+  [305] Becket's Murderers were Four Barons, and Knights, no doubt,
+  of course; _viz._ Reginald Fitz-Urse, William de Tracy, Hugh de
+  Morville, and Richard Breto. [Consult Lord Lyttelton and his
+  Authorities.]
+
+There is another Family where the true Armorial Ensigns are
+illustrated by the Motto; _viz._ the Arms of BAILIE of Lanington,
+which have often been blazoned as Nine Mullets or Spurrials (or 3,
+3, 2, and 1); whereas it is evident they were Stars from the Motto,
+which is, "Quid clarius Astris?"
+
+I make no doubt there are many others of a like kind to be found,
+arising from inattention or ignorance. It has been observed, that
+the Shake-Fork is now much obscured by an Armed Man on Horseback
+within an Inescocheon, which is supposed to allude to the Hereditary
+Office of Master of the Horse; though whether this was the case,
+or whether that Bearing came by alliance, may be doubtful; for Mr.
+Crawfurd, in his Peerage, does not give it as a part of the Family
+Coat of Conyngham in 1716; though the more modern Peerages have it.
+The shape of the Fork is more discernible in the Arms of Conyngham,
+Peers of Ireland, where it is not covered by a Sur-charge. The
+meaning of the name is local, _Konyng-Ham; i.e._ The King's Village
+or Habitation; which Etymon has been so long obscured by age, that
+the Lion Office, on granting Supporters to the Family, have given
+Two Rabbits, or Conies. The Irish Branch has different Supporters;
+_viz._ a Horse and a Buck; though it preserves the Motto.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Earl of TRAQUAIR has for his Motto "Judge noucht;" though there
+is nothing in his Armorial Bearings to which it can allude. One
+is therefore to look for some event interesting to the Family to
+ground it upon, which probably was this: Sir John Stewart, first
+created Baron, and afterwards Earl, of Traquair, by King Charles
+I. was Lord High Treasurer of Scotland, anno 1635, and remained a
+firm friend to the Royal Cause to the last. His adherence to it,
+however, drew on him the resentment of the opposite party, insomuch
+that he was, 1641, impeached of High Treason, and found guilty; but
+the Parliament submitted his punishment to the King, who ordered
+him a Pardon under the Great Seal, the Preamble to which sets forth
+the King's high opinion of his abilities and his integrity in the
+discharge of his duty. Upon this transaction, it seems more than
+possible that the Earl, alluding to the rash and cruel treatment he
+had received from the Parliament for his loyalty to the King, might
+assume the Motto "Judge noucht;" the complement of which, we all
+know, is, "That ye be not judged."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+JOHNSTON, Marquis of ANNANDALE.--The modern _Motto_ is "Nunquam
+non paratus;" but in the original _Motto_ there is History, which
+connects with other parts of the Bearing. The _Crest_ is "A winged
+Spur," and one of the _Supporters_ is "A Horse furnished." The
+_Crest_ was taken, because the _Johnstons_ were often Wardens of the
+West Borders, and active in suppressing Thieves and Plunderers, who
+infested them during the Wars between England and Scotland; whence
+was derived the original _Motto_, "Alight Thieves all;" commanding,
+either by their authority or prowess, those Thieves to surrender.
+The _Horse_ as a _Supporter_ alludes to the same circumstance, or
+might be considered as a Bearing of Conquest, from a _Horse_ taken
+from some famous Marauder[306].
+
+  [306] Peerage of Scotland, 1767, octavo.
+
+The Johnstons of Westrow, or Westerhall, have a different principal
+Bearing in their Arms; _viz._ "A Man's Heart, ensigned with an
+Imperial Crown proper, in base," being part of the Arms of Douglas,
+in memory of the apprehension of Douglas Earl of Ormond, when in
+rebellion against James II.[307]
+
+  [307] Nisbet's Heraldry, p. 146.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+HAMILTON, Duke of HAMILTON.--Motto, "Through." This Motto is older
+than the Nobility of the Family, if my conjecture be true; as it
+seems to have originated from a circumstance which happened in the
+Reign of the Scottish King, Robert I. in England, at the Court of
+our King Edward II. Battles, sieges, &c. had been maintained, with
+various success, between the two Kings, for a long time. During
+these animosities Sir Gilbert Hamilton, an Englishman, happening
+to speak in praise of the intrepidity of Robert I. King of Scots,
+one of the De Spencers (John, Mr. Crawfurd says,) who was of King
+Edward's Bed-chamber, drew his falchion, and wounded him. Sir
+Gilbert, more concerned at the contumely than at the wound, and
+being prevented at the moment from resenting it; yet when he met
+his antagonist the next day in the same place, ran him _through_
+the body. On this he immediately fled for protection to the King of
+Scots, who gave him lands and honours for this bold vindication of
+his valour[308].
+
+  [308] Crawfurd's Peerage, in Duke of Hamilton. Buchanan, vol. I.
+  p. 332, 333. Dr. Abercrombie, however, gives us reasons to doubt
+  that this was the first introduction of the name of Hamilton into
+  Scotland: though that is not material, if it was the occasion which
+  introduced the _Motto_. This has no apparent connexion with the
+  Crest or Arms, and is therefore, more conclusive. Query as to the
+  Crest?
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Motto of MURRAY, now Duke of ATHOL, is, "Furth, Fortune,
+and fill the Fetters;" but it was originally given to John
+_Stewart, Earl_ of Athol, and came to the Family of Murray by
+an intermarriage with the Heiress of Stewart. The first _Earl_
+of Athol of the name of _Stewart_ was constituted Lieutenant to
+King James III. (1457); and for his defeating, and bringing to
+submission, Mac-Donald, Lord of the Isles, who had rebelled, he had
+a special grant of several lands, and the above Motto added to his
+Arms[309], which seems to mean, _Go forth, be successful, and fill
+the Fetters with the Feet of all other rebellious Subjects_; for I
+understand "_Fortune_" to be a verb, and chosen probably for the
+sake of the alliteration. One appendage to the Arms of _Murray_,
+probably received from Stewart, has an allusion to the Motto; for
+the Supporter, on the Sinister side, is a Savage, with his Feet in
+Fetters.
+
+  [309] Crawfurd's Peerage.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SETON, Earl of WINTON (attainted). The original Motto of _Lord_
+Seton was "Invia Virtuti Via nulla;" but another was assumed by the
+first _Earl_, alluding to an additional charge which he took, by
+grant I presume, when he was created into that dignity with great
+pomp (1601) at Holy-Rood House. To the original _Sword_ and Imperial
+_Crown_ which he bore in an Inescocheon with a Tressure, was added
+a Blazing Star of Twelve Points, with this new Motto, "Intaminatis
+fulget honoribus[310]," expressive of the unshaken Loyalty of the
+Family, which the last Peer unhappily forgot, and forfeited in the
+Rebellion 1715.
+
+  [310] Nisbet's Cadencies, p. 192. See also Douglas's Peerage.
+
+The Slughorn of the Family is _Set on_[311], which, by
+amplification, I apprehend, means _Set upon your Enemy_, as an
+incitement to ardour; and is rather analogous to the Motto _Think
+on_, of the Lord _Kirkcudbright_, before-mentioned.
+
+  [311] Douglas's Peerage, in the Arms.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+BRUCE, Earl of ELGIN. This, and other Branches of that ancient
+and once Kingly Family, has, for its Motto, "_Fuimus_," alluding
+strongly to their having been formerly in possession of the Crown of
+Scotland. The Crest is likewise denotative of Royal pretensions,
+_viz._ "A Hand holding a Sceptre." Something, however, is worth
+observing in several of the subordinate Branches, more distant from
+the original Stock, where one may discern the gradual dispirited
+declension of the Family, in point of Regal claims. One private
+House, indeed, bears the Lion Rampant in the Arms, and likewise the
+Crest, and the Motto of the Peer. Another descendant drops the Lion
+in the Arms, and only bears for Crest, "_A Hand holding a Sword_,"
+with this modest Motto, "_Venture forward_." A third seems to give
+up all for lost, by the Crest, _viz._ "_A Setting Sun_," with this
+Motto, "_Irrevocable_;" while a fourth appears to relinquish a
+Temporal for the hope of an Eternal Crown, by this Motto, "_Spes mea
+supernè_."[312]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GORDON, Duke of GORDON. The primitive Bearing of this Family was,
+"Azure, a Boar's Head couped, Or;" though at present it carries
+"Azure, _Three_ Boars Heads couped, Or." The first is the more
+honourable Charge, as the Unit is always accounted in Heraldry
+preferable to Numbers, not only on account of its simplicity[313],
+but in a religious sense (often couched in Armory), as it betokens
+God the Father, while the Charge of Three has the like reference
+to the Trinity. The traditional story, however, relating to the
+particular Coat Armour before us, is told by Douglas, in his
+Peerage of Scotland, to this effect; _viz._ that in the Reign of
+King Malcolm Canmore, in the eleventh century, a valiant Knight,
+of the name of _Gordon_, came into Scotland, but from whence is
+not said, and was kindly received by that Prince. The Knight, not
+long afterwards, killed a Wild _Boar_, which greatly infested the
+Borders[314], when Malcolm gave him a grant of lands in the Shire
+of Berwick. These lands, according to the custom of those times, the
+Knight called _Gordon_, after his own name, and settled upon them,
+taking a _Boar's_ Head for his Armorial Ensign, in memory of his
+having killed "that monstrous animal[315]." This may seem a trivial
+reason in itself, but we have another similar tradition in the Arms
+of Forbes[316].
+
+  [312] Nisbet's Heraldry, vol. I. p. 145.
+
+  [313] Nisbet's Heraldry.
+
+  [314] In rude times, such as those were of which we have been
+  speaking, it was accounted an action of no small valour to kill so
+  fierce an animal as a _Wild Boar_; being attended with considerable
+  personal danger, for want of such weapons, offensive and defensive,
+  as we have at present. On this account I may be excused bringing
+  forward a parallel honour attending a circumstance of this sort,
+  though I fetch it from the Hottentots, a people to whose very
+  name we seem to have falsely annexed ideas, far from the truth,
+  of every thing below the dignity of human nature, and placed them
+  but one degree above the brute creation. On the contrary, they are
+  represented by Kolben, who had opportunities of personal intercourse
+  with them, and was well qualified to observe and reason upon what he
+  saw, as a people much wronged by our unfavourable opinions of them.
+  But to the point: their country appears to be, from its situation,
+  exceedingly exposed to the incursions of the fiercest of beasts,
+  lions and tigers; insomuch that a Hottentot who kills one of these
+  animals with his own hand is _deified_, and his person held sacred
+  ever after.
+
+  [315] Douglas's Peerage, p. 295.
+
+  [316] Nisbet's Heraldry, p. 327.
+
+In process of time the Gordons, according to the practice in
+Heraldry, increased the number of _Boars Heads_ to _three_, two and
+one; and thus they continue to be borne at this day, with proper
+differences; one of which, being particular, I shall mention,
+_viz._ GORDON, _Earl_ of _Aboyne_. The reference contained in the
+Motto of this Branch seems merely to be confined to the _Cheveron_
+placed between the _Boars Heads_, in these words, "_Stant cætera
+Tigno_," which last word is the acknowledged Latin word for the
+_Cheveron_[317]. This is, perhaps, the greatest compliment ever paid
+to the _Cheveron_, which is accounted one of the humblest Charges
+known, in Heraldic language, by the name of Ordinaries.
+
+  [317] Gibbon's Introd. ad Latinam Blazoniam. See also Nisbet's
+  Heraldry, p. 316.
+
+Thus much for the Arms of the _Duke of Gordon_, and for what has
+been said both of the Arms and Motto of the Earl of Aboyne; but
+the Motto of the Ducal Branch of the Family is yet unaccounted for,
+which is "Bydand." This, I make no doubt, is a compound word, and
+of no little antiquity; and I take the resolution of it to be, by
+contraction, _Byde th' End_, with the letter D in the place of the
+TH; for the Glossarist to some ancient Scottish Poems, published
+from the MSS. of George Bannatyne, at Edinburgh, 1770, p. 247,
+renders the word _Bidand, pendente Lite_. See also the Glossary, ad
+calcem. As to its import, it may refer to Family transactions, in
+two points of view; _viz._ either to loyal or religious attachments.
+In support of the first, we find that Sir Adam Gordon was a
+strenuous asserter of the claims of the Bruces, and peculiarly
+active in the cause of King Robert I. (in that long contest), who
+accordingly rewarded him with a large grant of land, sufficient to
+secure his interest, and make him _byde the end_ of the contest as
+a feudatory under that King. The Son and Grandson of Sir Adam were
+both faithful to the interest of the Bruces, and had the above
+grant confirmed by King David II.[318] If this is not satisfactory,
+we have instances of acts of piety done by the early Branches of
+this Family, sufficient to warrant the Motto on the interpretation
+here given; for in the Reign of Malcolm IV. the Family had large
+possessions, part of which they devoted to religious purposes, by
+considerable endowments and benefactions given to the Abbey of
+Kelso[319].
+
+  [318] Crawfurd's Peerage.
+
+  [319] Ibid.
+
+I incline, however, more strongly to the military sense of the
+Motto; and the more, as it is borne by other Families, manifestly
+with that reference, though I cannot account for the connexion of
+the two Houses. Thus, for instance, _Leith_, in one Branch, has for
+the Motto, "_Semper Fidus_;" in another, "_Trusty to the End_;"
+and in a third, "_Trusty and Bydand_;" in this last, I think the
+contraction of the last word, as above suggested, is more clearly
+established[320].
+
+  [320] Nisbet's Heraldry, p. 217.
+
+In these Mottoes of _Leith_, it must be confessed there is more
+appearance of a religious application than in that of the Duke
+of _Gordon_, as the Armorial Bearings are partly compounded of
+Cross-Croslets, and the Crest of the first is likewise a Turtle-dove.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ELPHINSTON, Lord ELPHINSTON; has for his Motto "_Caus Causit_[321],"
+or, as written by Mr. Nisbet, "_Cause caused it_."[322]
+
+  [321] Crawfurd's Peerage.
+
+  [322] System of Heraldry, p. 154.
+
+In Almon's Short Peerage of Scotland _Caus_ or _Cause_ is
+interpreted _Chance_, which leads us to search for some casual
+circumstance in the history of the Family, whereby it was elevated.
+
+Alexander Elphinston was ennobled by King James IV. in the time of
+our Henry VIII.; to whom a fatal incident happened, to which his
+Descendants might have a retrospect when the Motto was assumed.
+Some branches of the story are controverted; but enough is left by
+tradition to found our conjecture, and for the Family to rest the
+choice of their Motto upon. This Alexander, the first Peer, was
+slain at the Battle of Flodden Field (1513), together with King
+James IV.; and being, in his person and face, very like the King,
+his body was carried by the English to Berwick, instead of that of
+the King, and treated with some indignity. The controvertible part
+of the circumstance is, that the King escaped by this means, and
+lived to reward the Family who had thus lost their valiant Chief;
+but strong proofs are to be found, that the King was actually
+slain, though by some accounts not in the Battle, as his body was
+identified by more than one of his confidential Servants, who
+recognized it by certain private indelible marks[323].
+
+  [323] Drake's Hist. Ang. Scot.
+
+Buchanan allows that the King escaped from the Battle; but adds,
+that he was killed the same day by a party of his own Subjects,
+whose interest it was to take him off, to avoid a punishment due to
+themselves for cowardice in the preceding Battle[324].
+
+  [324] Buchanan's History, Book xiii. p. 26.
+
+Holinshed tells us, that in order to deceive the Enemy, and
+encourage his own Troops, the King caused several of his Nobles to
+be armed and apparelled like himself[325]; and this practice, at
+that time of day, seems not to have been uncommon; for Shakspeare
+makes Richard say, during the Battle of Bosworth Field,
+
+    "I think, there be _Six_ Richmonds in the Field:
+    _Five_ have I slain to-day instead of him[326]."
+
+  [325] Holinshed's Chronicle.
+
+  [326] Act v. Sc. iv.
+
+Let this pass for truth; yet was Lord Elphinston's case the most
+remarkable, and most deserving of favour to his posterity, on
+account of the insults offered to his body, under a supposition
+that it was the body of the King. After the death of James IV. a
+long Minority ensued, and consequently a Regency; but what reward
+the Family of _Elphinston_ had, or what weight they bore in the
+Reign of James V. or in that of Queen Mary, History is not minute
+enough to inform us; though we find, that the Great Grandson of the
+first Peer slain at Flodden-Field was of the Privy Council, and
+High Treasurer to James VI. (anno 1599) before his accession to the
+Crown of England. This King was too well read not to have known
+what passed in the Reign of his Great Grandfather respecting the
+first Lord _Elphinston_; and I am willing to suppose the Descendants
+of that Peer were equally informed of the fact above related; and
+that the Lord Treasurer _Elphinston_ modestly imputed his elevation
+ultimately to that circumstance, and allusively took the Motto
+before us.
+
+Lest this surmise should not be satisfactory, I will offer another
+on a very different ground, arising from the _Crest_, which is,
+"A Lady from the middle richly attired, holding a _Castle_ in her
+Right Hand, and in her Left a Branch of _Laurel_." This throws the
+matter open to another conjecture; for the Bearing of the _Lady_,
+with the _Castle_ in her Right Hand, may well be supposed to relate
+to Alliances; several of the Ancestry of the Family, which came
+originally from Germany in the time of Robert the Bruce (in the
+Reign of our Edward II.) having married Heiresses[327], whereby
+they obtained Lands, Castles, Power, and Nobility. These events
+often repeated, which may be termed the effects of _chance_, give
+us latitude to suppose the Motto may, on the other hand, relate to
+those casual means, whereby the Family rose to the honour of the
+Peerage.
+
+  [327] Nisbet's Heraldry, p. 154.
+
+These are the only two conjectures I have to offer; and I do not at
+present meet with any other historical matter to warrant a third.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+LESLIE, Earl of ROTHES.--The Motto of this Family is "Grip (or
+Gripe) Fast[328]," and seems to contain a double allusion; first
+to the old Motto "Firmâ Spe," and afterwards to some parts of the
+additional Armorial Appendages. I call it the old Motto, from the
+account Mr. Nisbet gives of the original Bearing and its adjuncts;
+_viz._ "Argent, on a Fess, between two Cross-Croslets Azure,
+Three Buckles Or." Crest, "A Griphon's (or Griffin's) Head couped
+Proper, charged with a Cross-Croslet fitched Argent." Motto, "Firmâ
+Spe."[329] Herein the Cross-Croslets repeated, taken together with
+the new Motto, admit of a religious allusion, as _holding fast_ the
+Faith of Christ with _firm Hope_, expressed allegorically by the
+Head of the Griffin. It may therefore be conceived, that the change
+of the Motto might take place after the Family, on being ennobled,
+chose Griffins for Supporters; thereby giving a loose and whimsical
+translation, if I may call it so, of "Firmâ Spe," by the words
+"Grip Fast." The ancient Bearings of the Cross-Croslets are now
+discharged, nothing remaining on the Field but a _Bend_, instead of
+a _Fess_, charged with Three Buckles; so that the meaning, couched
+under the Cross-Croslets, the Griffin's Head, and the original words
+of the Motto, is entirely lost: and at present nothing remains but
+a quaint allusion to the group of those chimerical Animals. The
+_Buckles_, borne first on the _Fess_, and afterwards on the _Bend_
+(a Change not uncommon as a Difference, in token of Cadency or
+Cadetship in Scotland), may likewise have regard to that strong
+metaphorical description of Christian Defence against the Powers
+of Darkness in the Sixth Chapter of the Epistle to the Ephesians,
+or to the First Epistle to the Thessalonians (Chap. v. 21). "Hold
+fast that which is good;" _viz_. the Faith and Hope in the Cross
+of Christ. In support of this idea, as being primarily religious,
+it appears that one subordinate Branch of the Family (_Leslie_ of
+Talloch) bears for a Crest, not a Griffin's, but "An Eagle's Neck,
+with Two Heads erased Sable;" with the Motto "Hold Fast:" and
+another has for its Motto "Keep Fast:"[330] so that _Grip_, or
+_Gripe Fast_, may be considered as a mere canting Motto, arising
+from old Heraldic wit. _Leslie_ of Burdsbank, carries the quartered
+Coat of the Earl of Rothes, with Differences; with the _Crest_, "A
+Buckle Or," and the Motto "Keep Fast."
+
+  [328] The traditional Family History of this Motto is, that a
+  Countess of Rothes (then Head of the House in her own right), riding
+  behind a servant through a dangerous ford, had nearly lost her seat
+  from fear; when the man, encouraging her by the words "_Gryp Fast_,"
+  the Countess took the advice, was rescued from imminent danger, and
+  her life preserved. This account of the origin of the Motto was
+  given by one of the Family to a Friend of mine; but how far it may
+  gain credit I do not determine.
+
+  [329] Nisbet's Heraldry, vol. i. p. 96.
+
+  [330] Nisbet's Heraldry, vol. I. ubi supra.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I close this attempt (for I call it nothing more) with a singular
+Motto of a Private Family.
+
+HAIG, or perhaps _Haigh_, of Bemerside, has for the Family Motto
+"Tyde what may," founded on a Prophecy of Sir Thomas Lermont (well
+known in Scotland by the name of "Thomas the Rhymer," because he
+wrote his Prophecies in Rhyme), who was an Herald in the Reign of
+Alexander III. He is said to have foretold the time of his own
+death; and particularly, among other remarkable occurrences, the
+Union of England and Scotland, which was not accomplished till the
+Reign of James VI. some hundreds of years after this Gentleman died.
+These Prophecies were never published in a perfect state; but the
+Epitome of them is well known in Scotland, though Mr. Nisbet says
+it is very erroneous. The original, he tells us, is a Folio MS.
+which Mr. Nisbet seems to have seen; for he adds, "Many things are
+missing in the small book which are to be met with in the original,
+particularly these two lines, concerning his (Sir Thomas Lermont's)
+neighbour, Haig of Bemerside:
+
+    'Tyde what may betide,
+    Haig shall be Laird of Bemerside.'
+
+"And," continues Mr. Nisbet, "his Prophecy concerning that ancient
+Family has hitherto been true; for since that time till this day
+(1702) the Haigs have been Lairds of that place."[331]
+
+  [331] Nisbet's Cadencies, pp. 158, 159.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"Cave Adsum" is the Motto of JARDIN, of Applegirth, Bart. in
+Scotland. The Ingredients (as they may be called) to which
+it alludes, are very dispersed, and to be collected from the
+Supporters, the Bearing, and Crest: the Arms having "Three Mullets
+charged on the Chief;" the Supporters, "An Armed Man and a Horse;"
+and the Crest, "A Mullet or Spur-Rowel." This might allude to Justs
+and Tournaments[332].
+
+  [332] See Nisbet's Heraldry.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I shall conclude with one Irish Motto; that of FITZGERALD--"_Crom
+a Boo_;" a Cri de Guerre, or Term of Defiance. _A Boo_ means _the
+Cause_, or the _Party_, and _Crom_ was the ancient Castle of the
+Fitz-Geralds. So _Butler_ a _Boo_ meant the Ormond Party, the Cri on
+the other side; by which they insulted each other, and consequently
+frays and skirmishes ensued[333].
+
+  [333] I owe this observation to my noble Friend, and kind
+  Correspondent, Lord Dacre.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Simon Fitz-Alan had a Son Robert, who, being of a fair complexion,
+was called _Boyt_, or _Boyd_, from the Celtic or Gallic word
+_Boidh_, which signifies fair or _yellow_[334], from which he
+assumed his Sur-name, and from him all the Boyds in Scotland are
+descended[335].
+
+  [334] So _Douglas_ means White Man. See "Armories."
+
+  [335] Douglas, p. 373.
+
+_Canmore_ is a Sobriquet. So might _GoldBerry_, from the colour
+of Boyd's hair. Sobriquets common in England and France; there
+was scarce a French King without some addition, relative to their
+persons, or to their good or bad qualities.
+
+_Goldberry_ is a Slughorn, for the Motto is _Confido_, as applying
+to the confidence the Chief had in the Vassals belonging to the
+Clan; though by the modern Crest (a Thumb and two Fingers pointing
+to Heaven) it seems to admit of a religious interpretation.
+
+
+
+
+DISSERTATION
+
+ON
+
+Coaches.
+
+
+Every thing has History belonging to it, though perhaps it is seldom
+worth investigation; and what follows will, I suspect, be thought
+not unlike Gratiano's reasons; _viz_. "As two grains of wheat hid
+in two bushels of chaff; you shall seek all day ere you find them,
+and when you have them, they are not worth the search[336]." But,
+as the History of Coaches in general, and particularly of Hackney
+Coaches, has never been drawn together, I shall attempt to do it as
+an historical detail of that species of luxury.
+
+  [336] Merchant of Venice.
+
+The Nobleman, and the man of fortune, steps into his own carriage;
+and the humbler orders of men into their occasional coach, even
+with the gout upon them, when walking is out of the question;
+without ever thinking with the smallest gratitude of those who
+introduced or improved such a convenience; and all this because
+these Vehicles are now too common to attract our notice further than
+their immediate use suggests.
+
+It is the business of Antiquaries to rescue subjects of this sort
+from oblivion, as to their origin, their improvements, &c. to the
+present hour; who of course must leave it to others of the same
+class, to shew their decline; for it is not improbable that even the
+present gay families, or their posterity, may be witnesses of such a
+revolution.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The first Wheel-Carriages of the Coach kind were in use with us
+in the Reign of King Richard II., and were called _Whirlicotes_;
+though we cannot but suppose they were such as, but for the name of
+riding, our ancestors might as well have walked on foot. Let us
+hear the account given either by Master John Stowe, or some of his
+Editors, on this matter, who tells us that "Coaches were not known
+in this Island; but Chariots, or _Whirlicotes_, then so called, and
+they only used of Princes, or men of great estates, such as had
+their footmen about them. And for example to note, I read[337] that
+Richard II. being threatened by the Rebels of Kent, rode from the
+Tower of London to the Miles-End, and with him his Mother, because
+she was sick and weak, in a Whirlicote.... But in the year next
+following, the said Richard took to wife Anne, daughter to the King
+of Bohemia, who first brought hither the riding upon side-saddles;
+and so was the riding in those _Whirlicotes_ and Chariots forsaken,
+except at Coronations, and such like spectacles. But now of late,"
+continues he, "the use of Coaches brought out of Germany, is taken
+up and made so common, as there is neither distinction of time, nor
+difference of persons, observed; for the world runs on wheels with
+many whose parents were glad to go on foot[338]."
+
+  [337] He cites Lib. S. Mariæ Aborum.
+
+  [338] Survey of London and Westminster, book i.
+
+We may hence suppose that the _Whirlicote_ was not much more than a
+Litter upon Wheels, and adapted both to state and invalidity, among
+the higher orders of mankind; for we have seen that they gave place
+even to riding on Horseback, among the Ladies, as soon as proper
+Saddles were introduced.
+
+The word _Coach_ is evidently French, from their word _Carrosse_,
+and was formerly often written _Carroche_, as it appears in Stowe's
+Chronicle, where the two words appear almost in the same sentence.
+The French word, nevertheless, is not radically such, but formed
+from the Italian _Carroccio_, or _Carrozza_, for they have both;
+and that even the latter is a compound of _Carro Rozzo_, it being
+a _red_ Carriage, whereon the Italians carried the Cross when they
+took the field. So says Mr. Menage[339]; and if so, this Vehicle
+passed from Italy to Germany, from thence to France, and at length
+to us. According to Mr. De Caseneuve, the Italian _Carrocio_ had
+four wheels; and he adds to what Mr. Menage has said, that they
+carried their Standards upon it[340].
+
+  [339] Orig. Ital.
+
+  [340] Appendix to Menage, Orig. Fr.
+
+The French _Charrette_, from whence our _Chariot_[341], had but two
+wheels. But we may observe how our word is degraded, for it properly
+signifies a _Cart_, though it had four wheels[342]. The French,
+since Coaches came into use, have been ashamed of the term, and call
+it a Carrosse Coupé, or Half-Coach.
+
+  [341] Chariot--v. Carruca in Du Cange. Used in France at the end of
+the Reign of Francis I. and Henry II.
+
+  [342] Richelet.
+
+By the above account the _Chariot_ seems to have been the elder
+Vehicle, or rather the Coach in its infancy; which will lead us
+towards the etymon of our word _Coach_, and to the original nature
+of our _Chariot_, though both of them have the same common parent.
+
+We may, however, collect enough from these accounts, to satisfy
+ourselves that the introduction of Coaches took place in the Reign
+of Queen Elizabeth; and Stowe's Continuator adds a very natural
+consequence:--That, after the Royal example, "divers great ladies
+made them Coaches, and rode in them up and down the countries, to
+the great admiration of all the beholders." After this, he tells us,
+they grew common among the Nobility and opulent Gentry; that within
+twenty years Coach-making became a great trade, and that Coaches
+grew into more general use soon after the accession of King James.
+
+What sort of Carriages they originally were with us, in point of
+elegance, is not easily said; but in Germany, about that period, we
+are told they were--"ugly Vehicles made of four boards, which were
+put together in a very clumsy manner[343]." Of these, however, my
+Author adds, that John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg, when he
+went to Warsaw to do homage for the Dutchy of Prussia, A. D. 1618,
+had in his train thirty-six of these Coaches, each drawn by six
+horses.
+
+  [343] Memoirs of the House of Brandenburg, p. 222.
+
+Either the Chariots of that time were usually more elegant, or the
+Denmarkers had more taste than the Germans; for the same Author
+tells us, that, when the King of Denmark passed through Berlin, in
+the Reign of the Elector John George, who died 1598, the King made
+his entry "in a black-velvet Chariot, laced with gold; drawn by
+eight white coursers, with bits and caparisons all of silver[344]."
+
+  [344] Memoirs, p. 221.
+
+The Chariot I take to have been a much more ancient Vehicle, and an
+open Vehicle; for we read of them in the Reign of our Henry VII. and
+even of our Richard II.
+
+Queen Elizabeth, when she went to St. Paul's, 1588, after the
+Spanish Armada, was in a _Chariot_ supported by four pillars, and
+drawn by two white horses[345].
+
+  [345] Nichols's Preface to Queen Elizabeth's Progresses, p. xxiii.
+
+It is generally agreed, by those Writers who have touched upon the
+subject, that Coaches were introduced into this Kingdom in the Reign
+of Queen Elizabeth; but they must have had an earlier appearance
+amongst us than Anderson, in his History of Commerce, vol. I. p.
+421, allows, who affirms, that the first of them was brought hither
+by [Henry] Fitz-Alan, the last Earl of Arundel of that name, in the
+year 1580; which cannot be the truth; for his Lordship died 1579.
+This Earl, after having served Kings Henry VIII. and Edward VI. and
+Queen Mary, became likewise high in the favour of Queen Elizabeth,
+and was Lord Steward of her Household; but, finding himself
+supplanted by the Earl of Leicester, he went abroad A. D. 1566[346].
+It is to be supposed that he travelled to the sea-coast in the
+accustomed manner on Horseback; but he is said to have returned in
+his Coach, which, Mr. Granger says, was the first Equipage of the
+kind ever seen in England[347]; but that Author has left us without
+the date; so that we are yet to seek for that point.
+
+  [346] Camden's Elizabeth.
+
+  [347] Biographical History of England, I. 193, 8vo.
+
+Another Writer robs his Lordship entirely of the honour of such
+introduction; for Stowe's Continuator expressly says, that "In
+the year 1564 (two years before the Earl of Arundel went abroad),
+Guilliam Boonen, a Dutchman, became the Queen's Coachman, and was
+the first that brought the use of Coaches into England[348]." This
+very Coachman is said also to have driven the Queen's Coach, when
+she visited Oxford, 1592. Which of these two stories be true, the
+Relaters, Granger and Stowe, must answer for: but Anderson is
+palpably wrong in his date.
+
+  [348] Chronicle, p. 867. This Coachman's Wife had also the honour of
+  introducing the Art of Starching Cambric and Lawn, and was the first
+  Starcher the Queen had. Idem in eod.
+
+I can form no better an idea of our first Coaches than that they
+were heavy and unwieldy, as they continued to be for nearly two
+centuries afterwards; and I can at best but take the standard from
+the present State Coaches of the Archbishop of Canterbury and the
+Speaker of the House of Commons[349].
+
+  [349] I must here stop a moment to relate an Anecdote of the late
+  Right Honourable Arthur Onslow, when Speaker of the House of
+  Commons, whose ideas of travelling did not exceed the expedition of
+  a pair of horses tugging his own lumbering State Coach. King George
+  II. died on Saturday morning early, October 25, 1760. The Duke of
+  Devonshire (then at Chatsworth) was Lord Chamberlain; and the Duke
+  of Rutland (then at Belvoir Castle) was Lord Steward. Expresses
+  were dispatched to these great Officers, among others, immediately;
+  and the Duke of Devonshire arrived in Town on the Monday evening,
+  though the distance was 150 miles. Tuesday and Wednesday came, but
+  without the Lord Steward, to the utter astonishment of the Speaker,
+  who knew that his distance from the Metropolis was not so great
+  as that of the Duke of Devonshire, who had arrived on the Monday.
+  "But I am told," cried he, "that his Grace of Devonshire travels
+  at a prodigious rate; not less than _50 miles a day_!" Such was
+  the prejudice of ideas, confirmed by long habitude, in a man who
+  never extended his journeys further than his Seat in Surrey, a few
+  miles from London; and in Parliament time did little more than
+  oscillate between his Town House and the House of Commons.--It was
+  a misconception on the part of the Duke of Rutland, who understood
+  that the King of Prussia was dead, and not King George II. I mention
+  the circumstance, only to shew the ignorance of some parts of
+  mankind, when taken out of their routine.--The Duke of Devonshire at
+  that time usually ran to or from Chatsworth in about 18 or 20 hours.
+
+It cannot be any matter of surprize, after so luxurious a conveyance
+had found its way into the Royal Establishment, that it should be
+adopted by others who could support the expence, when not curbed by
+sumptuary laws; and we have accordingly seen, that Coaches prevailed
+much, early in the Reign of King James; but Hackney Coaches, which
+are professedly the Subject of this Memoir, waited till luxury had
+made larger strides among us, and till private Coaches came to
+market at second hand.
+
+
+HACKNEY COACH.
+
+There having always been an imitative luxury in mankind, whereby the
+inferior orders might approximate the superior; so those that could
+not maintain a Coach _de die in diem_ contrived a means of having
+the use of one _de horâ in horam_. Hence arose our occasional
+Vehicles called Hackney Coaches.
+
+The French word _Haquenée_[350] implies a common horse for all
+purposes of riding, whether for private use or for hire; generally
+an ambler, as distinguished from the horses of superior orders,
+such as the _palfrey_ and the _great horse_. The former of these
+are often called _pad-nags_, and were likewise _amblers_; while
+horses for draught were called _trotting-horses_[351]: so that the
+_Haquenée_ was in fact, and in his use, distinct from all the rest,
+and inferior in rank and quality. This term for an ambling-nag
+occurs in Chaucer[352]. Thus we obtained our _Haquenée_ or _Hackney
+Horses_ long before we had any Coaches to tack to them; and the
+term had likewise, at the same time, made its way into metaphor, to
+express any thing much and promiscuously used. Thus Shakspeare, who
+never lived to ride in a _Hackney Coach_, applies the word _Hackney_
+to a common woman of easy access[353]: and again, in the First Part
+of Henry IV. (Act iii. Sc. 4), the King says to the Prince of Wales,
+
+  [350] See the French Lexicographers.
+
+  [351] Northumberland Household Book, p. 127.
+
+  [352] The Romaunt of the Rose.
+
+  [353] Love's Labour's Lost, Act ii. Sc. 2.
+
+    "Had I so lavish of my presence been,
+    So common-_hackneyed_ in the eyes of men,
+    So stale and cheap to vulgar company," &c.
+
+Now Shakspeare died in the year 1616; whereas Hackney Coaches were
+not known, in the Streets at least, till about the year 1625[354].
+
+  [354] Mortimer's Pocket Dictionary.
+
+Though the term _Haquenée_ is French, it is not used in France
+for Coaches of a like kind; yet, after we had adopted the word as
+applied to horses of the common sort, it was easy to put them in
+harness, for the service of drawing, and the convenience of the
+Inhabitants of the Metropolis; whereby the word _Hackney_ became
+transferred to the whole Equipage, then in want of a differential
+name; whereof the Coach, being the more striking part, obtained the
+name by pre-eminence.
+
+Before I return to my subject, give me leave to add a word or
+two on the French Coaches of a similar nature, which are called
+_Fiacres_[355]. The term is thus accounted for, though I did not
+suspect I should have found the meaning in a Martyrology. _Fiacre_
+was the name of a Saint, whose Portrait, like those of many other
+famous men of their times both in Church and State, had the honour
+to adorn a Sign-Post; and the Inn in Paris, Rue St. Antoine,
+from which these Coaches were first let out to hire on temporary
+occasions, had the Sign of _St. Fiacre_, and from thence they took
+their name. M. Richelet, in his Dictionary[356], tells us, that a
+_Fiacre_ is "Carosse de loüage, auquel on a donné ce nom à cause
+de l'Enseigne d'un logis de la Rue St. Antoine de Paris ou l'on
+a premierement löué ces sortes de Carosse. Ce logis avoit pour
+Enseigne un _Saint Fiacre_." As to the Saint himself, he was no less
+a personage than the second Son, and at length Heir, of Eugenius
+IV. King of Scots, who lived in the Seventh Century. He went into
+France, took a religious habit, refusing the Crown of Scotland some
+years afterwards, on his Brother's death; and, when he died, was
+canonized. There is a Chapel dedicated to him at St. Omer's. His
+death is commemorated on the 30th of August[357].
+
+  [355] About the same period that our Hackney Coaches became in use,
+  a sort of Carriage arose at Paris under the name of a _Fiacre_. I
+  mention them to account for the term, which in the common French
+  Dictionaries is simply rendered a Hackney Coach.
+
+  [356] Voc. _Fiacre_. See also Menage, Orig. de la Langue Françoise.
+
+  [357] English Martyrology. Moreri's Dictionary. Collyer. St. Fiacre
+  was the Patron Saint of persons afflicted with the _Piles_. "The
+  Troops of Henry V. are said to have pillaged the Chapel of the
+  Highland Saint; who, in revenge, assisted his Countrymen in the
+  French Service to defeat the English at Bauge; and afterwards
+  afflicted Henry with the _Piles_, of which he died. This Prince
+  complained, that he was not only plagued by the living Scots, but
+  even persecuted by those who were dead." Smollett's Travels, Letter
+  IV.
+
+  N. B. There was a Prelate of the name _Fiachre_ in Ireland, whose
+  death is remembered there on the 8th of February. He lived about the
+  same time. [British Piety, in the Supplement]. He was not a Saint.
+
+As to the time when the French _Fiacres_ first came into use, we are
+led pretty nearly to it by Mr. Menage, who, in his "Origines de la
+Langue Françoise," published in Quarto, 1650, speaks of them as of a
+late introduction. His words are, "On appelle ainsi [Fiacre] à Paris
+_depuis quelques années_ un Carosse de loüage." He then gives the
+same reason as we find in Richelet: but the words "_depuis quelques
+Années_" shew, that those Coaches had not then been long in use, and
+are to be dated either a little before or a little after our own;
+insomuch that it is probable the one gave the example to the other,
+allowing Mr. Menage credit for twenty-five years, comprehended in
+his expression of _quelques Années_[358].
+
+  [358] It is a little singular, that neither Cotgrave himself, in his
+  Dictionary, first published in 1611, nor his Editor, James Howell,
+  either in his Edition of 1650, or in that of 1673, take any notice
+  of the word _Fiacre_ in the sense before us.
+
+But to return to our Hackney Coaches, which took birth A. D. 1625
+(the first year of King Charles I.); and either began to ply in
+the Streets, or stood ready at Inns to be called for if wanted: and
+at that time did not exceed _twenty_ in number[359]. But, as luxury
+makes large shoots in any branch where it puts forth, so we find
+that, in no more than ten years, this new-planted scyon had grown so
+much as to require the pruning-knife; for that the Street Coaches
+had become in reality a national nuisance in various particulars:
+and accordingly a Proclamation issued A.D. 1635 in the following
+words:
+
+     "That the great numbers of Hackney Coaches of late time seen
+     and kept in London, Westminster, and their Suburbs, and the
+     general and promiscuous use of Coaches there, were not only
+     _a great disturbance to his_ Majesty, his dearest Consort the
+     Queen, the Nobility, and others of place and degree, in their
+     passage through the Streets_; but the Streets themselves were
+     so pestered, and the pavements so broken up, that the common
+     passage is thereby hindered and made dangerous; and the prices
+     of hay and provender, and other provisions of stable, thereby
+     made exceeding dear: Wherefore we expressly command and forbid,
+     That, from the Feast of St. John the Baptist next coming,
+     no Hackney or Hired Coaches be used or suffered in London,
+     Westminster, or the Suburbs or Liberties thereof, except they be
+     to travel at least _three_ miles out of London or Westminster,
+     or the Suburbs thereof. And also, that no person shall go in a
+     Coach in the said Streets, except the owner of the Coach shall
+     constantly keep up _Four able Horses for our Service, when
+     required_[360]. Dated January 19, 1635-6."
+
+  [359] Anderson on Commerce, II. 20.
+
+  [360] Rymer, tom. XIX. p. 721.
+
+This Proclamation, so long as it was observed, must have put a
+considerable check to the use of these Carriages; nor can I think it
+could operate much in the King's favour, as it would hardly be worth
+a Coach-Master's while to be at so great a contingent charge as the
+keeping of Four Horses to be furnished at a moment's warning for his
+Majesty's occasional employment. We are to construe this, then, as
+amounting to a prohibition, on account of the certain expence which
+must follow an uncertain occupation. The nature of this penalty, as
+I may call it, was founded on the Statute of Purveyance, not then
+repealed.
+
+But there was another co-operating cause that suspended the use
+of Coaches for a short time, which was the introduction of the
+_Hackney Chairs_, which took place a very little while before the
+Proclamation. They arose from the incommodities stated in the Royal
+Edict, and, no doubt, tended in some measure towards the suppression
+of the Hackney-Coaches; till by degrees being found incompetent
+to answer all their seemingly intended purposes, we shall see the
+Coaches, in about _two_ years time, return into the streets, and
+resume their functions. But to proceed with the History of the
+_Chairs_. At the critical time, then, when Government was devising
+measures to prevent the increase of _Coaches_ as much as possible,
+for the reasons alleged in the Proclamation, there stepped in a
+Knight, by name Sir Saunders Duncombe, a Gentleman-Pensioner, and a
+travelled man, who proposed the introduction of _Chairs_, after the
+model he had seen abroad[361]. This was in the year 1634; when Sir
+Saunders obtained an exclusive Patent for the setting them forth
+for hire, dated the first day of October, for the term of _fourteen_
+years. The number is not specified, but left perhaps indefinite,
+it being impossible to say what would be necessary in a new device
+of this sort, tending to be beneficial to the introductor, as well
+as convenient to the Publick. The tenor of the Grant, omitting the
+words of course, runs thus:
+
+  "CHARLES, &c.
+
+  [361] He was knighted, together with fourteen other Gentlemen of
+  the Band, by King James, in Scotland, 1617; as appears from a
+  Catalogue of Knights, published by J. P. Esq. 1660.
+
+     "Whereas the several Streets and Passages within our Cities of
+     _London_ and _Westminster_, and the Suburbs of the same, are of
+     late time so much encumbered and pestered with the unnecessary
+     multitude of Coaches therein used, that many of our good and
+     loving Subjects are by that means oftentimes exposed to great
+     danger; and the necessary use of Carts and Carriages for the
+     necessary Provisions of the said Cities and Suburbs thereby
+     also much hindered. And whereas, our servant, _Sir Sanders
+     Duncombe_, Knight, hath lately preferred his humble Petition
+     unto us; thereby shewing, that in many parts beyond the Seas,
+     the people there are much carried in the Streets in Chairs that
+     are covered; by which means very few Coaches are used amongst
+     them: and thereof he hath humbly besought us to grant unto him
+     the sole using and putting forth to hire of certain covered
+     Chairs, which he will procure to be made at his own proper costs
+     and charges, for carrying such of our loving Subjects as shall
+     desire to use the same, in and about our said Cities of _London_
+     and _Westminster_, and the Suburbs thereof.
+
+     "Know ye, that we, of our princely care of the good and welfare
+     of all our loving Subjects, desiring to use all good and
+     lawful ways and means that may tend to the suppressing of the
+     excessive and unnecessary number of Coaches now of late used
+     in and about our said Cities, and the Suburbs thereof; and to
+     the intent the said _Sir Sanders Duncombe_ may reap some fruit
+     and benefit of his industry, and may recompense himself of the
+     costs, charges, and expences, which he shall be at in and about
+     the directing, making, procuring, and putting in use of the
+     said covered Chairs, of the purpose aforesaid; and for divers
+     other good causes and considerations, us hereunto moving, of
+     our special grace, certain knowledge, and mere motion, have
+     given and granted, and by these Presents, for Us, our Heirs
+     and Successors, do give and grant, unto the said _Sir Sanders
+     Duncombe_, his Executors, Administrators, and Assigns, and
+     to his and their, and every of their, Deputy and Deputies,
+     Servants, Workmen, Factors, and Agents, and to all and every
+     such person and persons as shall have power and authority
+     from him, them, or any of them, in that behalf, full and free
+     Licence, Privilege, Power, and Authority, that they only, and
+     none other, shall or may, from time to time, during the term of
+     fourteen years hereafter granted, use, put forth, and lett to
+     hire, within our said Cities of _London_ and _Westminster_, and
+     the Suburbs and Precincts thereof, or in any part of them, or
+     any of them, the said covered Chairs, to be carried and borne as
+     aforesaid.
+
+     "Witness Ourself at _Canbury_, the First day of October[362]."
+
+  [362] Rymer, tom. XIX. p. 572.
+
+The place principally hinted at in the above Grant, or Patent, seems
+to have been the City of _Sedan_ in Champagne; where, we are at
+liberty to suppose, these covered Chairs being most in use, they
+obtained with us the name of _Sedan Chairs_, like the local names of
+_Berlin_ and _Landau_[363].
+
+  [363] Mr. Reed, the Editor of the Old Plays [2d Edit. 1780], from
+  the above account, must therefore certainly be in an error, when
+  he supposes that _Sedan Chairs_ were the introduction of the Duke
+  of Buckingham, about the year 1619. [See Note to vol. V. p. 475.]
+  _Sedan_--mentioned by the name only in the Life of Dr. Thomas
+  Fuller, 1661, 18mo. p. 57.
+
+These new Vehicles, hitherto unseen in our orbit, had, doubtless,
+patrons among the beaus and fine gentlemen of the age; though, in
+their general utility, they manifestly could not be so commodious
+as Coaches, were it for no other reason than that they could carry
+but one person. They might prevail with persons of a certain rank
+and description; but the opulent Merchant, and others in a similar
+line of family life, still were in want of a conveyance of greater
+capacity; a circumstance which would depress the _Chairs_, and
+gradually hasten the re-introduction of the _Coaches_, and which,
+as has been observed, took place accordingly in little more than
+two years. The following special commission was therefore granted
+by the King, A. D. 1637, wherein the number of the Coaches seems
+rather to have enlarged, and the management of them was placed in
+the department of the Master of the Horse. It runs essentially in
+the following words:
+
+     "That we, finding it very requisite for our Nobility and Gentry,
+     as well as for Foreign Ambassadors, Strangers, and others,
+     that there should be a competent number of Hackney Coaches
+     allowed for such uses, have, by the advice of our Privy Council,
+     thought fit to allow _Fifty Hackney Coachmen_ in and about
+     London and Westminster; limiting them not to keep above Twelve
+     Horses a-piece. We therefore grant to you [the Marquis] during
+     your Life, the Power and Authority to license _Fifty_ Hackney
+     Coachmen, who shall keep no more than Twelve good Horses each,
+     for their, or any of their, Coach and Coaches respectively. You
+     also hereby have Power to license so many in other Cities and
+     Towns of England as in your wisdom shall be thought necessary;
+     with power to restrain and prohibit all others from keeping any
+     Hackney Coach to let to hire, either in London or elsewhere.
+     Also to prescribe _Rules_ and _Orders_ concerning the daily
+     _Prices_ of the said licensed Hackney Coachmen, to be by them,
+     or any of them, taken for _our own_ particular service, and in
+     their employment for our Subjects; provided such orders be first
+     allowed by us, under our Royal Hand."[364]
+
+  [364] Rymer, tom. XX. fol. 159.
+
+We may observe that the article of Purveyance is here very gently
+touched upon, and confined to a sign-manual. Mr. Anderson supposes
+that there must have been many more than _fifty_ Coaches introduced
+by the above allowance of _twelve_ horses; but it seems rather to
+imply that no Coach-Master should engross more than six Coaches to
+himself. This also might be a tacit mode of preserving a supply of
+horses to be purveyed for the King when necessary.
+
+One may collect from hence that private Coaches were sparingly kept,
+by the mention of the Nobility and Gentry.
+
+Hitherto we have found the Hackney Coaches under the regulation
+of the Crown, or its immediate Officers; but we are now to look
+for them at a time when the Monarchical Government was suspended,
+during the Protectorate. Whether the Master of the Horse received
+any emolument from granting the above Licences, is not apparent;
+but under the Commonwealth we find that the Coaches became subject
+to a tax towards the expence of their regulation; for by an Act
+of Oliver's Parliament, A. D. 1654, the number of such Coaches,
+within London and Westminster, was enlarged to _two hundred_[365].
+The outlying distance was also augmented to _six_ miles _round
+the late lines of communication_, as the Statute expresses it; by
+which I conceive that the greatest distance was extended to _nine_
+miles, including the _three_ prescribed, or rather enjoined, by the
+regulating proclamation of King Charles I. in the year 1635. By this
+Act of Oliver's Parliament, the government of the Hackney Coaches,
+with respect to their _stands_, _rates_, &c. was placed in the
+Court of Aldermen of London; and as, of course, this new business
+would require Clerks, and other officers, to supervise it, the
+Coach-Masters were made subject to the payment of _twenty shillings_
+yearly for every such Coach.
+
+  [365] Anderson says _three hundred_, but that must be an error; for
+  the Docquet of the Act in Scobel says, that "the number of persons
+  keeping Hackney Coaches shall not at one time exceed _two hundred_."
+  This must apply to the number of Carriages; and so Sir William
+  Blackstone understood it. Commentaries, vol. I, 4to.
+
+Here we have brought the Coaches under a Police similar to
+that of our own time; but it did not long remain in the hands
+of the Corporation; for in the year after the Restoration, the
+establishment was new-modelled by an Act of the 13th and 14th of
+King Charles II. 1661, wherein it is specified that no Coaches
+were to be used without a Licence,--who may be entitled to such
+Licences,--that the number shall not exceed 400,--what shall be the
+rates,--with penalties for exacting more[366].
+
+  [366] See the Act in the Statute Book.
+
+Each of these four hundred Coaches so licensed was obliged to
+pay annually five pounds for the privilege, to be applied towards
+the keeping in repair certain parts of the streets of London and
+Westminster[367]; a very rational appropriation of such fund, for
+who ought so much to contribute to the amendment of the streets, as
+those who lived by their demolition?
+
+  "Nex Lex æquior ulla, quam," &c.
+
+Within a few years after the Revolution (anno 5 Gul. et Mar. ch.
+xxii.) the number of Coaches arose to seven hundred, each of which
+paid to the Crown annually four pounds. This, primâ facie, one
+would suppose was a relief to the Coach-Masters, and that the
+reduction in the impost accrued from the number; but that was not
+the case, for every Owner, for each Coach, was constrained to pay
+down fifty pounds for his first Licence for twenty-one years, or
+forego his employment; which seeming indulgence was, in fact, paying
+five pounds _per annum_ for that term; whereas, probably, the
+Coach-Master would rather have continued at the former five pounds,
+and have run all risks, than have purchased an exclusive privilege,
+in the gross, at so high a price.
+
+  [367] Anderson, II. 115. Journals of the House of Commons.
+  Blackstone.
+
+The finances, and even the resources, of Government, must have been
+very low at this moment, or Ministry could never have stooped to so
+paltry and oppressive an expedient, to raise so small a sum as would
+arise from these Licences. By the increase of the number of Coaches
+from four hundred at five pounds _per annum_, to seven hundred
+at four pounds _per annum_, the gain to the Treasury was £.800
+annually:--and what did the licences at fifty pounds each Coach, for
+the term of twenty-one years, yield to the State?--£.3,500! Whereas,
+had such lease of the privilege of driving a Coach been kept at the
+rack rent of five pounds _per annum_, it had produced in that period
+£.14,700.
+
+Thus, however the matter rested, till the ninth year of Queen Anne,
+1710, when a Statute was made, which brought the business to its
+present standard, with a few variations, which will be observed in
+the order of time. By this Act every circumstance was new modelled;
+for thereby the Crown was impowered to appoint five Commissioners
+for regulating and licensing both Hackney Coaches and Chairs,
+from the time the late Statute of the fifth of William and Mary
+should expire, _viz._ at Midsummer A. D. 1715, authorizing such
+Commissioners to grant licences to eight hundred Hackney Coaches
+from that time for the term of thirty-two years, which should be
+allowed to be driven in the Cities of London and Westminster, and
+the Suburbs thereof, or any where within the Bills of Mortality;
+each Coach paying for such privilege the sum of five shillings _per_
+week[368]. It was at the same time enacted, that from the 24th of
+June, 1711, all _horses_ to be used with an Hackney Coach shall be
+fourteen hands high, according to the standard; and further, that
+every _Coach_ and _Chair_ shall have a mark of distinction, "by
+_figure_ or otherwise," as the Commissioners shall think fit; and
+"the said _mark_ shall be placed on each side of every such Coach
+and Chair respectively, in the most convenient place to be taken
+notice of, to the end that they may be known if any complaints shall
+be made of them[369]."
+
+  [368] By Monthly Payments.
+
+  [369] The Figures of the Chairs are too small and inconspicuous;
+  there should be one both on the outside and inside of each.
+
+This was all that could then be done respecting the _Coaches_,
+forasmuch as the old term of twenty-one years, granted in the
+fifth year of William and Mary, 1694, was subsisting, whereby
+seven hundred Coaches were allowed, and for which privilege the
+Owners had paid fifty pounds each, on whom Government shewed some
+tenderness. With regard, however, to regulation, &c. there was,
+no doubt, room sufficient for the exercise of the powers given to
+the Commissioners. There was, likewise, another object involved in
+this Statute; _viz._ the _Chairs_, which were not comprehended in
+the same agreement and contract with the Coaches, but were open
+immediately to new laws. Therefore under the same commissions was
+placed the management and licensing of the Hackney Chairs, to
+commence from the 24th of June in the following year, 1711, for the
+said term of thirty-two years; which were thereby limited to the
+number of _two hundred_, each paying for such licence the annual
+sum of ten shillings[370]. As the number of both Coaches and Chairs
+was enlarged, whereby many new persons would come forward, perhaps
+to the ousting of the old Coach-Masters and Chair-Masters, it is
+required by this Act that the Commissioners shall give a preference
+to such of the Lessees, as I may call them, whose terms had not then
+expired, whether the right remained in themselves or their widows,
+if they applied within a given time[371].
+
+  [370] By Quarterly Payments. Thus the Power of the Commissioners
+  over the Chairs arose before that over the Coaches.
+
+  [371] Some Lawsuits having arisen from this Clause, it was explained
+  by a short Act of the 12th year of the Queen (1713), subjecting such
+  _Widows_ to the same Rules, Penalties, &c. made, or to be made, as
+  any acting Chairman. And thus it continues to this day; for the
+  owner of a _Figure_, as it is called, is answerable for certain
+  faults of his or her assignee.
+
+By this statute likewise the rates were limited to time and
+distance, at ten shillings by the Day.--One shilling and six
+pence for the first Hour, and one shilling for every succeeding
+Hour.--One shilling for the distance of a mile and a half.--One
+shilling and six pence for any distance more than a mile and a half,
+and not exceeding two miles; and so on, in the proportion of six
+pence for every succeeding half mile.
+
+The Chairs are likewise at the same time rated at two-thirds of the
+distance prescribed to the Coaches, so that they were allowed to
+take one shilling for a mile, and six pence for every succeeding
+half mile.
+
+Though the time of waiting is not specified in the Act with regard
+to the Chairs, yet it follows, by implication, to be intended the
+same as the Coaches. These have been altered by a very late Statute,
+1785. It is well known that it is left in the option of either
+Coachmen or Chairmen, whether they will be paid by the distance or
+the time, which is but a reasonable privilege; but there is another
+circumstance, not generally known, of which the passengers are not
+perhaps aware, _viz_. that if the room which a Coach will occupy
+in turning about should exceed the distance allowed, the Coachman
+is entitled to a larger fare, that is, as much as if he had gone
+another half mile. The doctrine is the same respecting Chairs, and
+the room allowed is eight yards in the case of a Coach, and four
+yards in the case of a Chair. As the Statute gives all competent
+allowances to the Coachmen and Chairmen, so it was requisite, on
+the other hand, to make the contract obligatory, and that each of
+them should be compellable to perform their parts; and therefore,
+to do this, and at the same time to prevent extortion, it became
+necessary to add a severe penal clause, _viz._ "that if any
+Hackney-Coachman or Chairman shall refuse to go at, or shall exact
+more for his hire than, the several rates hereby limited, he shall,
+for every such offence, forfeit the sum of _forty shillings_." These
+penalties were, by this Act, to have gone in the proportion of
+_two_-thirds to the Queen, and _one_-third to the Plaintiff. [Since
+made half to the Crown and half to the Complainant.] The Coachmen
+and Chairmen are thereby likewise liable to be deprived of their
+Licences for misbehaviour, or by giving abusive language[372]. On
+the other hand, that the Coachmen and Chairmen might have a remedy
+in case of refusal to pay them their just fare, any Justice of the
+Peace is impowered, upon complaint, to issue a warrant to bring
+before him the Recusant, and to award reasonable satisfaction to
+the party aggrieved, or otherwise to bind him over to the next
+Quarter-Session, where the Bench is empowered to levy the said
+satisfaction by distress. The Act proceeds to other matters touching
+the Commissioners themselves, &c.; and then states, that whereas by
+a Statute of the 29th of Charles II. the use of all Hackney Coaches
+and Chairs had been prohibited on Sundays, it gives full power both
+to stand and to ply as on other days.[373]
+
+  [372] Turned afterwards into a mulct.
+
+  [373] Restrained by a subsequent Act.
+
+This is the substance of the Act before us; but it may here be
+observed, that in the 10th year of the Queen, 1711, _one hundred
+more Chairs_ were added by Statute, subject to the same regulations
+as the rest, being found not only convenient but necessary; as the
+number of Coaches, consistently with Public Faith, could not be
+enlarged till the year 1715, when the old term of twenty-one years
+should have expired.
+
+Before all the provisions in the Act of the year 1710, referred to
+the future period of 1715, could take place, a demise of the Crown
+intervened, A. D. 1714, by which all such clauses, which extended to
+a future time, were of course become a nullity.
+
+By Act 12 George I. chap. 12, the number of Chairs was raised to
+400, on account of the increase of Buildings Westward.[374]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  [374] The MS here ends abruptly.--On the subject of Chairs, however,
+  see Acts 3 Geo. I. chap. 7; 16 Geo. II. chap. 26; 20 Geo. II. chap.
+  10; 30 Geo. II. chap. 22; 33 Geo. II. chap. 25.
+
+
+THE HAMMER CLOTH.
+
+To shew how trifling, though necessary conveniences, arise to great
+and expensive luxuries, let us remark the original insignificant
+appendage of what we call the Hammer Cloth. It was requisite that
+the Coachman should have a few implements in case of accidents, or a
+sudden and little repair was wanting to the Coach; for which purpose
+he carried a hammer with a few pins, nails, &c. with him, and placed
+them under his seat, made hollow to hold them, and which from thence
+was called the Coach Box; and, in a little time, in order to conceal
+this unsightly appearance, a cloth was thrown over the box and its
+contents, of which a hammer was the chief, and thence took the name
+of the Hammer-Cloth. This is my idea of the etymon of these two
+common terms. And here again it can but be observed that this little
+appendage is now become the most striking and conspicuous ornament
+of the equipage.
+
+
+
+
+Articles of Dress.
+
+
+GLOVES.
+
+About the year 790, Charlemagne granted an unlimited right of
+hunting to the Abbot and Monks of Sithin, for making their _Gloves_
+and Girdles of the Skins of the Deer they killed, and Covers for
+their Books. [Mabillon de Re Diplom. p. 611. Grose.]
+
+Anciently richly adorned and decorated with precious Stones,--as
+in the Rolls of Parliament, anno 53 Hen. III. A. D. 1267. "Et de 2
+Paribus _Chirothecarum_ cum lapidibus." [Warton's History of Poetry,
+vol. I. p. 182, note. Grose.]
+
+Edward Vere, Earl of Oxford, according to Mr. Walpole's account, on
+the authority of Stowe,--"having travelled into Italy, is recorded
+to have been the first that brought into England _embroidered_
+GLOVES and Perfumes; and presenting the Queen [Elizabeth] with a
+Pair of the former, she was so pleased with them, as to be drawn
+with them in one of her Portraits." [Royal and Noble Authors, vol.
+i. p. 159. Note to Winter's Tale, edit. Johnson and Steevens, 1778,
+p. 388.]
+
+  "Give _Gloves_ to the Reapers, a Largesse to cry."
+
+  [Tusser, _v._ Hist. of Hawsted. 190.]
+
+The Monastery of Bury allowed its Servants two pence apiece for
+_Glove-Silver_ in Autumn. [Hist. of Hawsted. 190.]
+
+The rural Bridegroom, in Laneham's (or Langham's) Account of the
+Entertainment of Queen Elizabeth at Kenelworth Castle, 1575, had--a
+Payr of _Harvest Gloves_ on his Hands, as a sign of good Husbandry.
+Id. in eod.
+
+When Sir Thomas Pope, the Founder of Trinity College, Oxford,
+visited it, 1556, "The Bursars offered him a present of embroidered
+_Gloves_." [Warton's Life of Sir Thomas Pope, p. 119.]
+
+When Sir Thomas Pope had founded the College, the University
+complimented him with a Letter of Thanks, which was accompanied
+with a Present of _rich Gloves_, 1556. [Warton's Life, p. 132,
+note.] The Gloves were sent both to himself and Lady, and cost 6_s._
+8_d._ [Id. in eod.]
+
+After the death of Sir Thomas Pope, his Widow married Sir Hugh
+Powlett; on which occasion the College presented her, as the Wife
+of the Founder, with a Pair of very rich Gloves, the charge for
+which runs--Pro _Pari Chirothecarum_ dat. Dom. Powlett et Domine
+Fundatrici, xvi s. Idem, p. 185. See also p. 191, ubi sæpe; and p.
+411. "Pro Chirothecis Magistri Pope, xxxii s.
+
+An article charged in the Bursar's books of Trinity College, Oxford,
+is "pro fumigatis _Chirothecis_." [Warton.] These were often given
+to College-Tenants, and Guests of Distinction; but this fell into
+disuse soon after the Reign of Charles I. Idem. [Grose.]
+
+George Clifford, Earl of Cumberland, received a _Glove_ from Queen
+Elizabeth. The Queen had dropped it, when he taking it up to return
+to her, she presented it to him as a mark of her esteem. He adorned
+it with Jewels, and wore it in the front of his Hat on days of
+Tournaments. It is expressed in a print of him by Robert White.
+[Bray's Tour, p. 319.]
+
+See for Gloves worn in Hats, Old Plays, vol. ii. p. 132, second
+edition: King Lear, act iii. sc. 4. edit, 1778 by Johnson and
+Steevens.
+
+N. B. Such Tokens as these were called _Favours_[375], from whence
+we derive the term for Ribbons given on Weddings. I presume they are
+supposed to be given by the hand of the Bride.
+
+  [375] See Walpole's Royal and Noble Authors, vol. i. p. 131. So
+  Shakspeare, Richard II. act v. sc. 2.
+
+Dr. Glisson, in his last visit to Queen Elizabeth, received from her
+a Pair of rich Spanish leather _Gloves_, embossed on the backs and
+tops with gold embroidery, and fringed round with gold plate. The
+Queen, as he tells us, pulled them from her own Royal Hands, saying,
+"Here, Glisson, wear them for my sake." Life of Corinna (or Mrs.
+Eliz. Thomas), p. xxxi.
+
+Perfumed Gloves[376]; v. supra.
+
+  [376] Mistress of the _Sweet_-Coffers, occurs in the Old
+  Establishments. The present Queen (Charlotte) has her Gloves kept in
+  a _perfumed_ box.
+
+  "These Gloves the Count sent me; they are an excellent _Perfume_."
+
+  Much Ado about Nothing, act ii. sc. 4.
+
+Gloves given at Weddings. Old Plays, vol. v. p. 8.
+
+A Glove hung up in a Church, as a public Challenge. Gilpin's Life of
+Bernard Gilpin, by Mr. Gilpin, p. 179.
+
+Swearing by Gloves, in jocular conversation, very common. "Aye, by
+these Gloves!" is an expression I have somewhere seen.
+
+Ladies' Sleeves, as well as Gloves, were worn as tokens of
+Gallantry. Vide Troil. and Cress, act. v. sc. 2. edit. Johnson and
+Steevens, 1778.
+
+Gifts that admitted of it (especially to Women from Men) were
+usually worn on the Sleeve.
+
+  "I knew her by this Jewel on her _Sleeve_."
+
+  Love's Labour Lost, act v. sc. 1.
+
+Fairings, and such Tokens, were of this sort. Hence the Question and
+Answer.
+
+     Q. What have you brought me? (from the Fair, &c.) A. A _new
+     nothing_, to pin on your _Sleeve_.
+
+Hence also to _pin_ one's _Faith_ upon another's _Sleeve_.
+
+  "Wear my Heart upon my Sleeve."
+
+  Othello, act i. sc. 1.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+F. GROSE, Esq. to S. PEGGE, F. S. A.
+
+     September 4, 1784.
+
+     Dear Sir,
+
+     I have had such a variety of interruptions (agreeable ones),
+     that I have made no hand of your _Gloves:_ all that has occurred
+     on that subject, I here send you.
+
+     Blood, who attempted to steal the Crown, presented Mr. Edwards,
+     Keeper of the Jewel Office, with _four_ Pair of White Gloves,
+     as from his Wife, in gratitude for his civility to her in
+     a pretended qualm or sickness. The whole transaction is in
+     Maitland's History of London.
+
+     To give one's Glove was considered as a challenge. See
+     Shakspeare, in Hen. V. It is still considered in that light by
+     the Highlanders, of which I once saw an instance in Flanders.
+     Dropping the Gauntlet, at the Coronation, is a kind of challenge.
+
+     When the Judge invites the Justices to dine with him at a County
+     Assize, a Glove is handed about by the Crier or Clerk of the
+     Court, who delivers the invitation; into this Glove every one
+     invited puts a shilling.
+
+     A Bribe is called a Pair of Gloves.
+
+     In a Play, I think called the Twin Rivals, an Alderman presents
+     his Glove, filled with Broad Pieces, to a Nobleman, as a Bribe
+     to procure a Commission for his Son.
+
+     Item, for three dozen Leder Gloves, 12s. Vide Account of Henry
+     VII. in Remembrancer's Office.
+
+     I set off next week for Christchurch, where I propose staying a
+     month, or six weeks at farthest. My best wishes attend you and
+     yours.
+
+     Adieu!
+
+     F. GROSE.
+
+ERMINE
+
+GENTLEWOMEN'S APPAREL.
+
+What we call _Ermine_ is an erroneous conception, for we give the
+name to White Fur tufted with Black, whereas it is the Black only
+that is properly Ermine, of which numberless instances may be
+produced, and this is one.
+
+_Powderings on her Bonnet._--This may require an explanation to
+those who are unacquainted with the language of that age. What we
+call Ermine, is a compound, which will bear a little analysis, for
+it is formed of the Fur of one animal, and the tip of the Tail of
+another. The White Ground is, properly speaking, _Minever_, so
+called from a Russian animal of that name. [v. Philips's Dictionary,
+in voce.] The Ermine is the Armenian Mouse, the tip of whose Tail is
+Black, which being placed as a falling tuft upon the Minever, forms
+what we collectively call Ermine, the value of which is enhanced
+the more, as one animal can afford but one tuft. [v. Bailey's Dict,
+in voce.] Every one of these tufts is termed a _Powdering_.
+
+The Heralds make a distinction between the singular _Ermine_, and
+the Plural, _Ermines_; the latter, in their language, importing
+Black powdered with White: and they go into still more minute
+modifications, _Erminois_, &c.
+
+
+APPAREL FOR THE HEADS OF GENTLEWOMEN.
+
+First, none shall wear an Ermine, or Lettice-Bonnet, unless she be a
+Gentlewoman born, having Arms.
+
+Item, a _Gentleman_'s Wife, she being a Gentlewoman born, shall wear
+an Ermine or Lettice Bonnet, having _one_ Powdering in the Top. And
+if she be of honourable stock, to have _two_ Powderings, one before
+another, in the Top.
+
+Item, an _Esquire_'s Wife to have _two_ Powderings.
+
+Item, an _Esquire_'s Wife _for the Body_ to wear _five_ Powderings;
+and if she be of great Blood, _two_ before, which maketh seven.
+
+Item, a _Knight_'s Wife to wear on her Bonnet, _seven_ Powderings,
+or _eight_ at the most, because of higher Blood, as before.
+
+Item, a _Banneret_'s Wife to wear _ten_ Powderings.
+
+Item, a _Baron_'s Wife _thirteen_.
+
+Item, a _Viscount_'s [Wife] to wear _eighteen_.
+
+Item, a _Countess_ to wear _twenty-four_. And above that Estate the
+number convenient, at their pleasures.
+
+  Ex Bibl. Harl. No. 1776. fol. 31. b.
+
+
+MOURNING.
+
+The French Queens, before the Reign of Charles VIII. wore _White_
+upon the death of the King; and were called "_Reines Blanches_." It
+was changed to _Black_ on the death of Charles VIII. 1498. [See P.
+Dan. Hist. iv. 590.]
+
+In a Wardrobe account for half a year, to Lady-day 1684 (a MS.
+purchased by Mr. Brander at the sale of the Library of Geo. Scot,
+Esq. of Woolston-Hall, 1781), are the following entries for the
+King's Mourning.
+
+"A Grey Coat lined with Murrey and White flowered Silk, with Gold
+Loops, and four Crape Hat-bands."
+
+Again, "A Sad-coloured Silk Coat, lined with Gold-striped
+Lutestring, with Silver-and-Silk Buttons; and a Purple Crape
+Hatband."
+
+Again, "A Purple Coat."
+
+The Emperor Leopold, who died 1705, never shaved his Beard during
+the time of Mourning, which often lasted for a long time. [Bancks's
+Hist. of Austria, p. 277.]
+
+The Empress-Dowagers never lay aside their Mourning, and even their
+Apartments are hung with Black till their deaths. [Bancks's Hist. of
+Austria, p. 400. He says this from Baron Polnitz's Memoirs, vol. iv.
+p. 46.]
+
+The Bavarian Family never give a Black Livery, or line their
+Coaches, in the deepest Mourning. [Polnitz, i. letter 22.]
+
+The Pope's Nieces never wear Mourning, not even for their nearest
+Relations; as the Romans reckon it so great a happiness for a
+Family to have a Pope in it, that nothing ought to afflict his
+Holiness's kindred. [Polnitz's Memoirs, ii. letter 33.]
+
+Queen Anne, on the death of Prince George of Denmark, wore Black
+and White, with a mixture of Purple in some part of her Dress. The
+precedent was taken from that worn by Mary Queen of Scots for the
+Earl of Darnley, which was exactly in point. [Secret History of
+England, ii. 299.]
+
+King Charles I. put the Court into Mourning for one Day on the death
+of the Earl of Portland (Richard Weston), Lord High Treasurer.
+[Stafford's Letters, i. 389.]
+
+
+BEARD, &c.
+
+CHARLES I.[377]--WILLIAM I.
+
+  [377] See "The Life of Corinna," or Mrs. Elizabeth Thomas, Jun.
+  Printed in 1731.
+
+Mrs. Thomas's Great Grand-Father was Mr. Richard _Shute_, a
+Turkey Merchant, one of the Members for the City of London,
+and much favoured by King Charles I. who gave him the Name of
+_Sattin_-Shute, by way of distinction from another Branch of the
+same Name and Family, and from his usually wearing a _Sattin_
+Doublet cut upon White Taffata.
+
+"Without doubt," says Mrs. Thomas (for she was her own Biographer),
+"he was very nice in the mode of that Age, his Valet being some
+hours every morning in _starching_ his _Beard_, and _curling_ his
+_Whiskers_; but," continues she, "during that time a Gentleman, whom
+he maintained as a Companion, always read to him on some useful
+subject." He lived in Leaden-Hall Street, the site on which stands
+the India House, and had a Country-seat at Berking, in Essex. Here
+he had a very fine Bowling-green, as he delighted much in that
+exercise. The King, who was fond of the diversion, once told Mr.
+Shute, he would dine with him some day, and try his skill on his
+Bowling-green. The King went, and was so pleased with the place, it
+being very retired, and likewise with Mr. Shute's skill in Bowling
+(he being accounted one of the best Bowlers of his time), that he
+frequently visited afterwards Berking-Hall, without any Guards, and
+with three or four select Gentlemen, his attendants, when, as the
+King expressed it, he had a mind to _drop State, and enjoy himself
+as a private man_:--"_Ah, Shute_," said he one day, with a deep
+sigh, "how much happier than I art thou, in this blessed retirement,
+free from the cares of a Crown, a factious Ministry, and rebellious
+Subjects!" They generally played high, and punctually paid their
+losings; and though Mr. Shute often won, yet the King would, one
+day, set higher than usual, and, having lost several games, gave
+over; when Mr. Shute said,--"An please your Majesty, _One thousand
+pounds rubber more, perhaps Luck may turn_:"--"_No, Shute_," replied
+the King, laying his hand gently on his shoulder, "_Thou hast won
+the day, and much good may it do thee, but I must remember I have a
+Wife and Children_." P. xxi.
+
+This place was afterwards dismantled by Mr. Shute's heir, and in a
+few years became a ploughed field. The King gave Mr. Shute several
+places; among which were the Deputy Lieutenancy of the Ordnance,
+and the Mastership of St. Cross's Hospital, to the amount of four
+thousand pounds _per annum_. P. xxv.
+
+These he gave up when the Civil War broke out; and retired to
+Hamburgh, where he died a few years after the death of the King. P.
+xxvii.
+
+William the Conqueror played _deep_; for, tradition says, that
+Walter Fitzbourne, a Norman Knight, and great Favourite of the King,
+playing at Chess on a Summer's evening, on the banks of the _Ouse_,
+with the King, won all he played for. The King threw down the Board,
+saying he had nothing more to play for. "Sir," said Sir Walter,
+"here is land." "There is so," replied the King; "and if thou
+beatest me this Game also, thine be all the Land on this side the
+Bourne, or River, which thou canst see as thou sittest." He had the
+good fortune to _win_; and the King, clapping him on the shoulder,
+said, "Henceforth thou shalt no more be called _Fitzbourne_, but
+_Ousebourne_."' Hence it is supposed came the name of _Osborne_.
+Life of Corinna, p. xxviii.
+
+
+
+
+WESTMINSTER.
+
+
+Lord Coke, in his 3d Inst. (cap. 51.) speaking of the City of
+Westminster, says, "It hath its name of 'the Monastery,' which
+_Minster_ signifieth, and it is called _West_minster, in respect of
+_East_minster, not far from the Tower of London. This Westminster,
+Sebert, the first King of the East Saxons that was christened,
+founded." It is added in a note in the margin, Segbert began his
+Reign A. D. 603.
+
+Lord Coke, however excellent a Lawyer, I fear was but a bad
+Antiquary; for the reverse rather seems to be the case, as it
+will appear that _East_minster was so called in respect of
+_West_minster. For in Stowe's Survey of London (edit. 1633), p.
+497, he gives the following account of the Foundation of the Church
+of Westminster:--"This Monasterie was founded and builded in the
+year 605, by Sebert, King of the East Saxons, upon the perswasion
+of Ethelbert, King of Kent, who, having embraced Christianity, and
+being baptized by Melitus, Bishop of London, immediately (to shew
+himself a Christian indede) built a Church to the honor of God and
+St. Peter, on the West side of the City of London, in a place, which
+(because it was overgrown with thornes, and environed with water)
+the Saxons called 'Thornez,' or 'Thorney;' ... whereupon, partly
+from the situation to the _West_, and partly from the Monasterie or
+_Minster_, it began to take the name of _Westminster_:" and then he
+goes on with the history of that Church.
+
+So far of Westminster. Of Eastminster Stowe gives the following
+account, by which it will appear that the foundation of Eastminster
+was subsequent to that of Westminster, by at least 700 years. "In
+the year 1348," says he, "the 23d of Edward the Third, the first
+great Pestilence in his time began, and increased so sore, that for
+want of roome in Church-yards to bury the dead of the City and of
+the Suburbs, one John Corey, Clerke, procured of Nicholas, Prior of
+the Holy Trinity within Ealdgate, one toft of ground neere unto
+East Smithfield, for the buriall of them that dyed; with condition,
+that it might be called the Church-yard of the Holy Trinity: which
+ground he caused, by the ayd of divers devout Citizens, to be
+inclosed with a wall of stone; ... and the same was dedicated by
+Ralfe Stratford, Bishop of London, where innumerable bodies of the
+dead, were afterwards buried, and a Chapel built in the same place
+to the honour of God; to the which King Edward setting his eye
+(having before, in a tempest on the sea, and peril of drowning, made
+a vow to build a Monastery to the honour of God, and _our Lady of
+Grace_, if God would give him _grace_ to come safe to land), builded
+there a Monasterie, causing it to be named _Eastminster_, placing an
+Abbot and Monks of the Cistercian or White order." P. 117.
+
+In Stowe, p. 751, is a list of all the "Patrones of all the
+Benefices in London," in which this Foundation seems to be twice
+mentioned, first as the "Abbey of White Monks," and then as "Mary de
+Grace, an Abbey of Monkes, by the Towre of London."
+
+
+
+
+MEMORANDA
+
+RELATIVE TO THE
+
+Society of the Temple,
+
+LONDON;
+
+_Written in or about the Year 1760._
+
+
+The Societies of the Temple have no Charter; but the Fee was granted
+by a Patent to the Professors and Students of the Law, to them and
+their Successors for ever.
+
+The King is Visitor of the Temples; and orders have been sent down
+from him so lately as Charles the Second's time, for the Regulation
+of them, which were brought in great form by the Lord Chancellor and
+twelve Judges, and signed by them.
+
+The _Discipline_ of these Societies was formerly, till within
+these eighty years, very strict. The Students appeared, upon all
+occasions, and in all places, in their proper habits; and for
+neglecting to appear in such habit, or for want of decency in
+it, they were punished by being put two years backward in their
+standing. This habit was discontinued, because the Templars having
+been guilty of riots in some parts of the town, being known by their
+habits to be such, a reproach was thereby reflected on the Society,
+for want of discipline.
+
+_Commons._--Till there was a relaxation of discipline, the Commons
+were continued in the Vacation as well as in the Terms; and the
+Members obliged to attend, upon severe penalties for neglect of
+it. The Barristers, though they were called to their degree, were
+not admitted to practise, but by special leave from the Judges,
+till three years after their call, during which their attendance to
+Commons, both in Term and Vacation, was not to be compounded for, or
+dispensed with.
+
+The Law Societies were, at first, under one general regulation and
+establishment, till they branched out, and divided, as it were,
+into Colonies. The Societies of each Temple are very zealous in
+contending for the Antiquity of their Society.
+
+_The Society of the Middle Temple_ must now be very rich; and it
+consists in money, they having no real estate. I have been assured,
+that the certain yearly expences of it, exclusive of repairs,
+amounts to a considerable sum.
+
+The _Benchers_ are generally in number about twenty, though there
+is no fixed number. They may be called to the Bench at eighteen or
+twenty years standing. The Bench have power to call whom they think
+proper of such standing to the Bench; which if they answer not, they
+pay a Fine of Fifty Pounds.
+
+The Benchers eat at their own expence in this Society, having
+nothing allowed but their Commons; which few, I believe none, of the
+Benchers of the other Houses do.
+
+The _Readings_, which generally were upon some Statute, continued
+about eight days, when there were Treats and Balls at the Reader's
+expence; and there is an Order of the House, of no very old date, by
+which the Reader was restrained from having above Eight Servants,
+which shews, in some measure, the luxury and expence attending
+them. They have now been discontinued upwards of seventy years
+(the last Reader being Sir William Whitlocke, 1684); but there is
+a Reader still appointed every year, and some small Treat, at the
+expence of the Society, of Venison, &c.; and the Arms of the Reader
+are put up in a Pannel in the Hall.
+
+Mr. Bohun, the Writer of several excellent Books in different
+branches of the Law, having, when he was Reader at New Inn, put up a
+question tending to Blasphemy, (I think it was, whether the Person
+of our Saviour was God,) was _excommoned_ by the Society; that is,
+he was denied the privilege of coming into the Hall, and at the same
+time obliged to pay for full Commons. They judged expulsion too mild
+a punishment.
+
+The _Old Hall_ stood on the South side of Pump Court, which, upon
+building a new one, was converted into Sets of Chambers; and which,
+by Order of Queen Elizabeth, were not to exceed eight in number.
+This was soon after pulled down, and Chambers built in its stead.
+
+_Library._--Left by Will to the Society, by Astley, a Bencher of
+it. It contains about Nine Thousand Volumes. Besides this, he left
+a Set of Chambers, value three hundred pounds, for the maintenance
+of a Librarian, who at first was a Barrister; but, not being thought
+worth their acceptance, it is now in the Butler.
+
+_Present Hall._--Built by Plowden, who was seven years in perfecting
+it. He was three years Treasurer successively; and after he quitted
+the Treasurership, he still continued the direction of the Building.
+
+_The Temple Organ_ was made by _Smith_. The Societies, being
+resolved to have a good Organ, employed one _Smith_ and one
+_Harris_ to make each of them an Organ, value five hundred pounds;
+and promised that they would give seven hundred pounds for that
+which proved the best. This was accordingly done, and Smith's was
+preferred and purchased. The other, made by Harris, was sold to
+Christ-Church in Dublin; but, being afterwards exchanged for another
+made by Byfield for four hundred pounds difference, it was sold by
+Byfield to the Church at Woolwich[378].
+
+  [378] Mr. Snetzler.
+
+_Inns of Chancery_, like the Halls at Oxford.
+
+_New-Inn_ belongs to the Middle Temple; and at the expiration of a
+long lease, the Fee Simple will be vested in us.
+
+
+
+
+Simnel.
+
+
+"_Simnel.--Siminellus_ from the Latin _Simila_, which signifies
+the Finest Part of the Flour. Panis similageneus, Simnel Bread. It
+is mentioned in 'Assisa Panis;' and is still in use, especially in
+Lent. Bread made into a Simnel shall weigh two shillings less than
+Wastell Bread." Stat. 51 Henry III.
+
+The Statute, intituled Assisa Panis et Cervisiæ, made Anno 51 Hen.
+III. Stat. I.; and Anno Dom. 1266. Cotton MS. Claudius, D. 2.
+
+... Panis verò de siminello ponderabit minus de Wastello de duobus
+solidis, quia bis coctus est.
+
+For the Ordinance for the Assise and Weight of Bread in the City of
+London, see Stowe's Survey, p. 740, Edit. 1633.
+
+It was sometime called _Simnellus_, as in the Annals of the Church
+of Winchester, under the year 1042. "Rex Edwardus instituit,
+et cartâ confirmavit, ut quoties ipse vel aliquis Successorum
+suorum Regum Angliæ diadema portaret Wintoniæ vel Wigorniæ vel
+Westmonasterii; Præcentor loci recipiet de fisco ipsâ die dimidiam
+marcam, et conventus centum Sumnellos et unun modium vini." But,
+indeed, the true reading is _Siminel_.
+
+The English Simnel was the purest White Bread, as in the Book
+of Battle Abbey. "Panem Regiæ Mensæ aptam, qui _Simenel_ vulgò
+vocatur[379]."
+
+  [379] Cowell's Interpreter. See also Blount's Glossary, in voce.
+
+_Simula._--A Manchet, a White Loaf. Among the Customs of the Abbey
+of Glastonbury: "In diebus solemnibus, cum Fratres fuerunt in
+cappis, Medonem habuerunt in Justis, et Simulas super mensam, et
+vinum ad caritatem, et tria generalia." Chartular. Abbat. Glaston.
+MS. fol. 10.
+
+For the use of Saffron, now used for colouring the Crust of the
+Simnel, see Shakespear's Winter's Tale; where the Clown (Act iv.)
+says, "Then I must have Saffron to colour the Warden Pyes."
+
+
+
+
+Origin of Thirteen Pence Halfpenny,
+
+AS
+
+HANGMAN'S WAGES;
+
+
+_In a Letter to_ EDWARD KING, _Esq. President of the Society of
+Antiquaries_.
+
+The vulgar notion, though it will not appear to be a vulgar error,
+is, that Thirteen Pence Halfpenny is the fee of the Executioner in
+the common line of business at Tyburn[380], and therefore is called
+Hangman's Wages. The sum is singular, and certainly there is a
+reason for its having obtained so odious an appellation, though it
+may not be very obvious.
+
+  [380] The Executions, on ordinary occasions, were removed from this
+  memorable place, and were performed in the street of the Old Bailey,
+  at the door of Newgate. This was first practised on the 9th of
+  December 1783. See the printed account. Every of these Executions, I
+  was told by Mr. Reed, 1785, is attended with an expence of upwards
+  of nine pounds. Twenty persons were hanged at once in February 1785.
+
+We find that anciently this Office was, in some parts of the
+Kingdom, annexed to other Posts; for the Porter of the City of
+Canterbury was the Executioner for the County of Kent, temporibus
+Hen. II. and Hen. III. for which he had an allowance from the
+Sheriff, who was re-imbursed from the Exchequer, of Twenty Shillings
+_per annum_[381].
+
+  [381] Madox's History of the Exchequer, ii. p. 373.
+
+Though this is an Office in great and general disesteem, yet the
+Sheriffs are much obliged to those who will undertake it, as
+otherwise the unpleasant and painful duty must fall upon themselves.
+They are the persons to whom the Law looks for its completion,
+as they give a Receipt to the Gaoler for the Bodies of condemned
+Criminals whom they are to punish, or cause to be punished,
+according to their respective Sentences. The business is of such an
+invidious nature, that, in the Country, Sheriffs have sometimes had
+much difficulty to procure an Executioner, as, in the eyes of the
+lower people, it carries with it a Stigma, apart from any shock that
+it must give to Humanity and Compassion. I remember a very few years
+ago, if the News-papers said true, the Sheriff of one of the Inland
+Counties was very near being obliged to perform the unwelcome Office
+himself.
+
+So that in fact the Hangman is the Sheriff's immediate Deputy
+in criminal matters, though there is always, at present, an
+Under-Sheriff for civil purposes. But, before I bring you to the
+point in question, it will not be amiss to lead you gradually to
+it, by inquiring into the nature and dignity of the Office in some
+particulars, and into the Rank of the Officer, for we have all heard
+of _Squire Ketch_. These will be found to be supportable matters, as
+well as the Fee of Office, which is our ground-work.
+
+The Sheriff is, by being so styled in the King's Patent under the
+Great Seal, an Esquire, which raises him to that Rank, unless he
+has previously had the Title adventitiously. None were anciently
+chosen to this Office, but such Gentlemen whose fortunes and
+stations would warrant it; so, on the other hand, Merchants,
+and other liberal branches of the lower order, were admitted
+first into the rank of Gentlemen, by a grant of Arms, on proper
+qualifications; from the Earl Marshal, and the Kings of Arms,
+respectively, according to their Provinces. After a Negotiant has
+become a Gentleman, courtesy will very soon advance that rank, and
+give the party the title of Esquire; and so it has happened with
+the worthy _Gentleman_ before us, for such I shall prove him once
+with ceremony to have been created. This remarkable case happened
+in the year 1616, and was as follows. Ralph Brooke, whose real name
+was Brokesmouth, at that time York Herald, not content with being
+mischievous, was the most turbulent and malicious man that ever wore
+the King's Coat. After various malversations in Office, not to the
+present purpose, he put a trick upon Sir William Segar, Garter King
+of Arms, which had very nearly cost both of them their places. The
+story is touched upon in Mr. Anstis's Register of the Order of the
+Garter[382]; but is more fully and satisfactorily related in the
+Life of Mr. Camden, prefixed to his "Britannia," to this effect.
+Ralph Brooke employed a person to carry a Coat of Arms ready drawn
+to Garter, and to pretend it belonged to one Gregory Brandon, a
+Gentleman who had formerly lived in London, but then residing in
+Spain, and to desire Garter to set his hand to it. To prevent
+deliberation, the messenger was instructed to pretend that the
+vessel, which was to carry this confirmation into Spain, when it had
+received the Seal of the Office and Garter's Hand, was just ready to
+sail[383]. This being done, and the Fees paid, Brooke carries it to
+Thomas Earl of Arundel, then one of the Commissioners for executing
+the Office of Earl Marshal; and, in order to vilify Garter, and to
+represent him as a rapacious negligent Officer, assures his Lordship
+that those were the Arms of Arragon, with a Canton for Brabant, and
+that Gregory Brandon was a mean and inconsiderable person. This was
+true enough; for he was the common Hangman for London and Middlesex.
+Ralph Brooke afterwards confessed all these circumstances to the
+Commissioners who represented the Earl Marshal; the consequence of
+which was, that Garter was, by order of the King, when he heard
+the case, committed to Prison for negligence, and the Herald for
+treachery. Be this as we find it, yet was Gregory Brandon the
+Hangman become a _Gentleman_, and, as the Bastard says in King John,
+"could make any Joan a Gentlewoman."
+
+  [382] Vol. ii. p. 399.
+
+  [383] These Arms actually appear in Edmondson's Body of Heraldry,
+  annexed to the name of _Brandon_, _viz_. the Arms of Arragon with a
+  difference, and the Arms of Brabant in a Canton.
+
+Thus was this Gregory Brandon advanced, perhaps from the state of a
+Convict, to the rank of a Gentleman; and though it was a personal
+honour to himself, notwithstanding it was surreptitiously obtained
+by the Herald, of which _Gregory Brandon, Gentleman_, was perhaps
+ignorant, yet did it operate so much on his successors in office,
+that afterwards it became transferred from the Family to the Officer
+for the time being; and from Mr. Brandon's popularity, though not
+of the most desirable kind, the mobility soon improved his rank,
+and, with a jocular complaisance, gave him the title of _Esquire_,
+which remains to this day. I have said that Mr. Brandon was perhaps
+a Convict; for I know that at York the Hangman has usually been a
+pardoned Criminal, whose case was deemed venial, and for which the
+performance of this painful duty to fellow-prisoners was thought a
+sufficient infliction. It seems too as if this Office had once, like
+many other important Offices of State, been hereditary; but whether
+Mr. Brandon had it by descent I cannot say, yet Shakspeare has this
+passage in Coriolanus[384]:
+
+"_Menenius._--Marcius, in a cheap estimation, is worth all your
+Predecessors, since Deucalion; though, peradventure, some of the
+best of them were Hereditary Hangmen."
+
+  [384] Act ii. sc. 1.
+
+This looks as if the Office of Executioner had run in some Family
+for a generation or two, at the time when Shakspeare wrote; and that
+it was a circumstance well understood, and would be well relished,
+at least by the Galleries. This might indeed, with regard to time,
+point at the ancestors of Mr. Brandon himself; for it was in the
+Reign of King James I. that this person was, as we have seen,
+brought within the pale of Gentility. Nay, more, we are told by Dr.
+Grey, in his Notes on Shakspeare[385], that from this Gentleman, the
+Hangmen, his Successors, bore for a considerable time his Christian
+name of Gregory, though not his Arms, they being a personal honour,
+till a greater man arose, _viz. Jack Ketch_, who entailed the
+present official name on all who have hitherto followed him[386].
+
+  [385] Vol. ii. p. 163.
+
+  [386] The Hangman was known by the name of _Gregory_ in the year
+  1642, as we learn from the Mercurius Aulicus, p. 553.
+
+Whether the name of _Ketch_ be not the provincial pronunciation of
+_Catch_ among the Cockneys, I have my doubts, though I have printed
+authority to confront me; for that learned and laborious Compiler,
+B. E. Gent. the Editor of the Canting Dictionary, says that _Jack
+Kitch_, for so he spells it, was the real name of a Hangman, which
+has become that of all his successors. When this great man lived,
+for such we must suppose him to have been, and renowned for his
+popularity or dexterity, Biographical History is silent.
+
+So much for this important Office itself; and we must now look
+to the Emoluments which appertain to it, and assign a reason why
+Thirteen Pence Halfpenny should be esteemed the standard Fee for
+this definitive stroke of the law.
+
+Hogarth has given a fine Picture of the _sang-froid_ of an
+Executioner in his Print of the London Apprentice; where the Mr.
+Ketch for the time being is lolling upon the Gallows, and smoaking
+his Pipe; waiting, with the utmost indifference, for the arrival of
+the Cart and the Mob that close the melancholy Procession. But Use
+becomes Nature in things at which even Nature herself revolts.
+
+Before we proceed to matters of a pecuniary nature, having said
+so much upon the _Executioner_, permit me to step out of the way
+for a moment, and add a word or two on the _Executioné_, which will
+explain a Yorkshire saying. It was for the most unsuspected crime
+imaginable, that the truly unfortunate man who gave rise to the
+adage suffered the Sentence of the Law at York. He was a Saddler
+at Bawtry, and occasioned this saying, often applied among the
+lower people to a man who quits his friends too early, and will not
+stay to finish his bottle; "That he will be hanged for leaving his
+liquor, like the Saddler of Bawtry." The case was this: There was
+formerly, and indeed it has not long been suppressed, an Ale-house,
+to this day called "_The Gallows House_," situate between the City
+of York and their Tyburne; at which House the Cart used always to
+stop; and there the Convict and the other parties were refreshed
+with liquors; but the rash and precipitate Saddler, under Sentence,
+and on his road to the fatal Tree, refused this little regale, and
+hastened on to the Place of Execution--when, very soon after he was
+turned-off, a Reprieve arrived; insomuch that, had he stopped, as
+was usual, at the Gallows House, the time consumed there would have
+been the means of saving his life; so that he was hanged, as truly
+as unhappily, for leaving his liquor.
+
+The same compliment was anciently paid to Convicts, on their passage
+to Tyburne, at St. Giles's Hospital; for we are told by Stowe[387],
+that they were there presented with a Bowl of Ale, called "_St.
+Giles's Bowl_;" "thereof to drink at their pleasure, as their last
+refreshing in this life." This place (Tyburne) was the established
+scene of Executions in common cases so long ago as the first year of
+King Henry IV; Smithfield and St. Giles's Field being reserved for
+persons of higher rank, and for crimes of uncommon magnitude; such
+as treason and heresy: in the last of these, Sir John Oldcastle,
+Lord Cobham, was burnt, or rather roasted, alive; having been
+hanged up over the fire by a chain which went round his waist[388].
+
+  [387] History of London, vol. II. p. 74.
+
+  [388] Rapin. See also Bale's Life and Trial of Sir John Oldcastle.
+  St. Giles's was then an independent Village, and is still called
+  St. Giles's in the Fields, to distinguish it from St. Giles's,
+  Cripplegate; being both in the same Diocese.
+
+The Execution of the Duke of Monmouth (in July 1685) was peculiarly
+unsuccessful in the operation.
+
+The Duke said to the Executioner, "Here are Six Guineas for you:
+pray do your business well; do not serve me as you did my Lord
+Russell: I have heard you struck him three or four times. Here" (to
+his Servant); "take these remaining Guineas, and give them to him if
+he does his work well."
+
+_Executioner._--"I hope I shall."
+
+_Monmouth._--"If you strike me twice, I cannot promise you not to
+stir. Pr'ythee let me feel the Axe." He felt the edge, and said, "I
+fear it is not sharp enough."
+
+_Executioner._--"It is sharp enough, and heavy enough."
+
+The Executioner proceeded to do his office; but the Note says, "it
+was under such distraction of mind, that he fell into the very error
+which the Duke had so earnestly cautioned him to avoid; wounding him
+so slightly, that he lifted up his head, and looked him in the face,
+as if to upbraid him for making his death painful; but said nothing.
+He then prostrated himself again, and received two other ineffectual
+blows; upon which the Executioner threw down his Axe in a fit of
+horror; crying out, "_he could not finish his work_." but, on being
+brought to himself by the threats of the Sheriffs, took up the fatal
+weapon again, and at two other strokes made a shift to separate the
+Head from the Body." [Lord Somers's Tracts, vol. I. pp. 219, 220;
+the Note taken from the Review of the Reigns of Charles and James,
+p. 885.]
+
+As to the Fee itself, which has occasioned me to give you so
+much trouble, I incline to think this seeming singular sum must
+have been of Scottish extraction, though not used for the like
+purpose; for, I presume, from the value of money there, a man
+might formerly be hanged at a much cheaper rate, and that we have
+it by transplantation. The Scottish Mark (not ideal or nominal
+money, like our Mark) was a Silver Coin, in value Thirteen Pence
+Halfpenny and Two Placks, or Two-Thirds of a Penny; which Plack is
+likewise a Coin. This, their Mark, bears the same proportion to
+their Pound, which is Twenty Pence, as our Mark does to our Pound,
+or Twenty Shillings; being Two-Thirds of it. By these divisions
+and sub-divisions of their Penny (for they have a still smaller
+piece, called a Bodel or Half a Plack) they can reckon with the
+greatest minuteness, and buy much less quantities of any article
+than we can[389]. This Scottish Mark was, upon the Union of the
+two Crowns in the person of King James I. made current in England
+at the value of Thirteen Pence Half-penny (without regarding the
+fraction), by Proclamation, in the first year of that King; where
+it is said, that "the Coin of Silver, called the Mark Piece, shall
+be from henceforth currant within the said Kingdom of England, at
+the value of Thirteen Pence Halfpeny[390]." This, probably, was a
+revolution in the current money in favour of the Officer of whom
+we have been speaking, whose Fee before was perhaps no more than
+a Shilling. There is, however, very good reason to conclude, from
+the singularity of the sum, that the odious title of _Hangman's
+Wages_ became at this time, or soon after, applicable to the sum of
+_Thirteen Pence Halfpenny_. Though it was contingent, yet at that
+time it was very considerable pay; when one Shilling _per diem_ was
+a standing annual stipend to many respectable Officers of various
+kinds.
+
+  [389] Mr. Ray, in his Itinerary, gives the Fractional Parts of the
+  Scottish Penny.
+
+  [390] The Proclamation may be seen in Strype's Annals, vol. IV.
+  p. 384; where the Mark-Piece is valued exactly at Thirteen Pence
+  Halfpenny.
+
+After having discovered the pay of an Office, one naturally inquires
+for Perquisites and other Emoluments; for all posts, from the High
+Chancellor to the Hangman, carry some; and which, in many cases, as
+well as this, often exceed the established pay itself. Nothing can
+well vary more than the Perquisites of this Office; for it is well
+known that Jack Ketch has a _Post-obit_ interest in the Convict,
+being entitled to his Cloaths, or to a composition for them; though,
+on the other hand, they must very frequently be such Garments that,
+as Shakspeare says, "a Hangman would bury with those who wore
+them[391]."
+
+  [391] Coriolanus, Act i. Sc. 8.
+
+This emolument is of no modern date; and has an affinity to other
+Droits on very dissimilar occasions, which will be mentioned
+presently. The Executioner's perquisite is at least as old as Henry
+VIII.; for Sir Thomas More, on the morning of his Execution, put
+on his best Gown, which was of Silk Camlet, sent him as a present,
+while he was in the Tower, by a Citizen of Lucca with whom he
+had been in correspondence; but the Lieutenant of the Tower was
+of opinion that a worse Gown would be good enough for the person
+who was to have it, meaning the Executioner, and prevailed upon
+Sir Thomas to change it, which he did for one made of frize[392].
+Thus the antiquity of this obitual emolument, so well known in
+Shakspeare's time, seems well established; and, as to its nature,
+has a strong resemblance to a fee of a much longer standing, and
+formerly received by Officers of very great respectability: for
+anciently Garter King of Arms had specifically the Gown of the Party
+on the creation of a Peer; and again, when Archbishops, Bishops,
+Abbots, and Priors, did homage to the King, their upper garment was
+the perquisite even of the Lord Chamberlain of the Household. The
+fee in the latter case was always compounded for, though Garter's
+was often formerly received in kind, inasmuch as the Statute which
+gives this fee to the Lord Chamberlain, directs the composition,
+because, as the words are, "it is more convenient that religious
+men should fine for their upper garment, than to be stripped[393]."
+The same delicate necessity does not operate in the Hangman's case;
+and his fee extends much farther than either of them, he being
+entitled to _all_ the sufferer's garments, having first rendered
+them useless to the party. Besides this perquisite, there has always
+been a pecuniary compliment, where it could possibly be afforded,
+given by the Sufferer to the Executioner, to induce him to be speedy
+and dexterous in the operation, which seems to be of still greater
+antiquity; for Sir Thomas More tells us that St. Cyprian, Bishop of
+Carthage, gave his Executioner thirty pieces of gold; and Sir Thomas
+himself gave (according to his Historian, his Great Grandson), on
+the like occasion, an angel of gold, being almost the last penny he
+had left. These outward gifts may likewise be understood as tokens
+of inward forgiveness.
+
+  [392] More's Life of Sir Thomas More, p. 271.
+
+  [393] Stat. 13 Edward I.
+
+Upon the whole, Sir, I conceive that what I have offered above,
+though with much enlargement, is the meaning of the ignominious
+term affixed to the sum of Thirteen Pence Halfpenny; and cannot but
+commiserate those for whom it is to be paid.
+
+  I am, Sir,
+  Your faithful humble Servant,
+  SAMUEL PEGGE.
+
+
+
+
+CUSTOM
+
+OBSERVED BY THE
+
+LORD LIEUTENANTS OF IRELAND.
+
+
+On the great road from London to West Chester, we find, at the
+principal Inns, the Coats of Arms of several Lord Lieutenants of
+Ireland, framed, and hung up in the best rooms. At the bottom of
+these Armorial Pictures (as I may call them) is a full display of
+all the Titles of the Party, together with the date of the year
+when each Viceroyship commenced. I have often inquired the reason
+of this custom, but never could procure a satisfactory answer.
+I do not reprobate the idea of this relique of ancient dignity,
+as these Heraldic Monuments were doubtless intended to operate
+as public evidences of the passage of each Lord-Deputy to his
+delegated Government. They now seem only to be preserved for the
+gratification of the vanity of the capital Inn-keepers, by shewing
+to Humble Travellers that such and such Lord-Lieutenants did them
+the honour to stop at their houses; and yet I will not say, but that
+for half-a-crown handsomely offered to his Excellency's Gentleman,
+they might likewise become part of the furniture of every alehouse
+in Dunstable.
+
+After fruitless inquiry, accident furnished me with the ground of
+this custom, which now only serves to excite a little transitory
+curiosity. Having occasion to look into Sir Dudley Digge's "Complete
+Ambassador," published in 1654, I was obliged to the Editor for
+a solution, who, in the Preface (signed A. H.), speaking of the
+reserve of the English Ambassadors, in not making public their
+Negotiations, has this observation:--"We have hardly any notion of
+them but by their _Arms_, which are hung up in _Inns_ where they
+passed."
+
+This paragraph at once accounts for the point before us, and
+is sufficient, at the same time, to shew that the custom was
+anciently, and even in the seventeenth century, common to every
+Ambassador, though it now only survives with those who go in the
+greater and more elevated line of Royal representation to Ireland.
+
+  SAMUEL PEGGE.
+
+THE END.
+
+
+
+
+  _Of the Publishers of this Work may be had_
+
+  ANONYMIANA;
+  OR,
+  TEN CENTURIES OF OBSERVATIONS
+  ON VARIOUS AUTHORS AND SUBJECTS;
+
+  (Compiled by the late very Learned and Reverend
+  DR. PEGGE);
+
+  _With a copious Index.----8vo. Price 12s._
+
+  "Whether as an Antiquary, a classical, poetical, and historical
+  Critick, a Biographer, or Enquirer into the Beauties and
+  Niceties of Grammar and Languages, we find everywhere that
+  Dr. Pegge's remarks are not only striking and useful, but
+  original; and, in this last respect, we have little hesitation in
+  preferring the _Anonymiana_ to the greater part of the Works
+  of this description, which have been lately published, either at
+  home or abroad. There is scarcely a taste among the various
+  divisions of human liking, that will not find something appropriate
+  and gratifying. It would be impossible to withhold, in
+  these times of levity, just praise from a Work that so ably combines
+  'light reading' with 'serious thinking.'"
+
+  _Gent. Mag. 1809._
+
+  ANECDOTES
+  OF THE
+  ENGLISH LANGUAGE,
+
+  chiefly regarding the Local Dialect of London and it's Environs;
+  whence it will appear, that the Natives of the Metropolis, and
+  its Vicinities, have not corrupted the Language of their Ancestors.
+
+  By SAMUEL PEGGE, Esq. F.S.A.
+  Second Edition, enlarged and corrected.
+
+  To which is added, A SUPPLEMENT to the PROVINCIAL
+  GLOSSARY of FRANCIS GROSE, Esq.
+
+  8vo. Price 12s. boards.
+
+  *** The Provincial Glossary may be had separate, Price 3s.
+
+  Printed at the VOTES Printing Office, King Street, Westminster,
+  _By Nichols, Son, and Bentley_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+Minor typographical errors have been corrected without note.
+Irregularities and inconsistencies in the text have been retained as
+printed.
+
+The illustrations have been moved so that they do not break up
+paragraphs.
+
+Mismatched quotes are not fixed if it's not sufficiently clear where
+the missing quote should be placed.
+
+The cover for the eBook version of this book was created by the
+transcriber and is placed in the public domain.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Curialia Miscellanea, or Anecdotes of
+Old Times; Regal, Noble, Gentilitial,, by Samuel Pegge
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CURIALIA MISCELLANEA ***
+
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Curialia Miscellanea, or Anecdotes of Old
+Times; Regal, Noble, Gentilitial, and Miscellaneous, by Samuel Pegge
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license
+
+
+Title: Curialia Miscellanea, or Anecdotes of Old Times; Regal, Noble, Gentilitial, and Miscellaneous
+       Including Authentic Anecdotes of The Royal Household
+
+Author: Samuel Pegge
+
+Release Date: December 1, 2013 [EBook #44335]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CURIALIA MISCELLANEA ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by StevenGibbs, Julia Neufeld and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_).
+
+Text enclosed by plus symbols indicates Greek transliteration
+ (+Alektruon�n Ag�n+)
+
+Small capital text has been replaced with all capitals.
+
+The carat character (^) indicates that the following letter is
+superscripted (example: N^o).
+
+++ indicates a Maltese Cross symbol.
+
+*** indicates an asterism.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Illustration: titlepage]
+
+[Illustration: REV. SAMUEL PEGGE, LL.D F.S.A.
+
+_Born 1704; Died 1796._
+
+_Engraved by Philip Audinet from an Original Painting by Elias
+Needham 1788 in the Possession of Sir Christopher Pegge, M.D._
+
+_Published by Nichols, Son & Bentley, Jan. 1, 1818._]
+
+
+
+
+  Curialia Miscellanea,
+
+  OR
+
+  _ANECDOTES OF OLD TIMES_;
+
+  REGAL, NOBLE, GENTILITIAL,
+
+  AND
+
+  MISCELLANEOUS:
+
+  INCLUDING AUTHENTIC ANECDOTES OF
+
+  THE ROYAL HOUSEHOLD,
+
+  AND THE
+
+  MANNERS AND CUSTOMS OF THE COURT,
+
+  AT AN EARLY PERIOD OF THE
+
+  English History.
+
+  BY SAMUEL PEGGE, ESQ. F.S.A.
+
+  AUTHOR OF THE "CURIALIA,"
+
+  AND OF
+
+  "ANECDOTES OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE."
+
+  PRINTED BY AND FOR J. NICHOLS, SON, AND BENTLEY,
+
+  AT THE PRINTING-OFFICE OF THE NOTES OF THE HOUSE OF COMMONS,
+  25, PARLIAMENT STREET, AND 10, KING STREET, WESTMINSTER;
+
+  SOLD ALSO AT THEIR OLD OFFICE IN RED LION PASSAGE,
+  FLEET STREET, LONDON.
+  1818.
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF PLATES.
+
+
+  Portrait of the Rev. Samuel Pegge, LL.D.      _Frontispiece._
+
+  Whittington Church      p. lix.
+
+  Whittington Rectory      lxii.
+
+  Whittington Revolution House      lxiii.
+
+
+
+
+ADVERTISEMENT.
+
+
+The publication of this Volume is strictly conformable to the
+testamentary intentions of the Author, who consigned the MSS. for
+that express purpose to the present Editor[1].
+
+  [1] See the Extract in page vi.
+
+Mr. Pegge had, in his life-time, published Three Portions of
+"_Curialia_, or an Account of some Members of the Royal Houshold;"
+and had, with great industry and laborious research, collected
+materials for several other Portions, some of which were nearly
+completed for the press.
+
+Mr. Pegge was "led into the investigation," he says, "by a natural
+and kind of instinctive curiosity, and a desire of knowing what was
+the antient state of the Court to which he had the honour, by the
+favour of his Grace William the late Duke of Devonshire, to compose
+a part."
+
+Two more Portions were printed in 1806 by the present Editor. Long,
+however, and intimately acquainted as he was with the accuracy and
+diffidence of Mr. Pegge, he would have hesitated in offering those
+posthumous Essays to the Publick, if the plan had not been clearly
+defined, and the Essays sufficiently distinct to be creditable to
+the reputation which Mr. Pegge had already acquired, by the Parts of
+the "Curialia" published by himself, and by his very entertaining
+(posthumous) "Anecdotes of the English Language;"--a reputation
+which descended to him by _Hereditary Right_, and which he
+transmitted untarnished to a worthy and learned Son.
+
+It was the hope and intention of the Editor to have proceeded with
+some other Portions of the "Curialia;" but the fatal event which (in
+February 1808) overwhelmed him in accumulated distress put a stop
+to that intention. Nearly all the printed Copies of the "Curialia"
+perished in the flames; and part of the original MS. was lost.
+
+A few detached Articles, which related to the College of Arms,
+and to the Order of Knights Bachelors (which, had they been more
+perfect, would have formed one or more succeeding Portions) have
+since been deposited in the rich Library of that excellent College.
+
+The Volume now submitted to the candour of the Reader is formed from
+the wreck of the original materials. The arranging of the several
+detached articles, and the revisal of them through the press, have
+afforded the Editor some amusement; and he flatters himself that
+the Volume will meet with that indulgence which the particular
+circumstances attending it may presume to claim.--If the Work has
+any merit, it is the Author's. The defects should, in fairness, be
+attributed to the Editor.
+
+  J. N.
+
+  _Highbury Place, Dec. 1, 1817._
+
+
+*** Extract from Mr. PEGGE'S Will.
+
+     "Having the Copy-right of my little Work called _Curialia_ in
+     myself, I hereby give and bequeath all my interest therein,
+     together with all my impressions thereof which may be unsold at
+     the time of my decease, to my Friend Mr. John Nichols, Printer,
+     with the addition of as much money as will pay the Tax on this
+     Legacy. I also request of the said Mr. John Nichols, that he
+     would carefully peruse and digest all my Papers and Collections
+     on the above subject, and print them under the title of
+     _Curialia Miscellanea_, or some such description.--There is also
+     another Work of mine, not quite finished, intitled _Anecdotes of
+     the English Language_, which I wish Mr. Nichols to bring forward
+     from his Press. SAMUEL PEGGE."
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+  PARENTALIA: or, Memoirs of the Rev. Dr. Samuel
+        Pegge, compiled by his Son                Page ix-lviii
+
+
+               Appendix to the Parentalia:
+
+  Description of Whittington Church                         lix
+
+  Description of Whittington Rectory                       lxii
+
+  Description of The Revolution House at Whittington      ibid.
+
+  Origin of the Revolution in 1688                         lxiv
+
+  Celebration of the Jubilee in 1788                        lxv
+
+  Stanzas by the Rev. P. Cunningham                        lxxi
+
+  Ode for the Revolution Jubilee                         lxxiii
+
+  Extracts from Letters of Dr. Pegge to Mr. Gough         lxxiv
+
+  Memoirs of Samuel Pegge, Esq. by the Editor            lxxvii
+
+  Appendix of Epistolary Correspondence                 lxxxiii
+
+
+                   HOSPITIUM DOMINI REGIS:
+            or, The History of the Royal Household.
+
+  Introduction                                          Page  1
+
+  William I.                                                  6
+
+  William Rufus                                              18
+
+  Henry I.                                                   24
+
+  Stephen                                                    38
+
+  Henry II. (Plantagenet)                                    48
+
+  Richard I.                                                 63
+
+  Henry IV.                                                  68
+
+  Edward IV.                                                 69
+
+  Extracts from the _Liber Niger_                            71
+
+  Knights and Esquires of the Body                           73
+
+  Gentleman Usher                                            74
+
+  Great Chamberlain of England                               76
+
+  Knights of Household                                       77
+
+  Esquires of the Body                                       79
+
+  Yeomen of the Crown                                        84
+
+  A Barber for the King's most high and dread Person         86
+
+  Henxmen                                                    88
+
+  Master of Henxmen                                          89
+
+  Squires of Household                                       91
+
+  Kings of Arms, Heralds, and Pursuivants                    95
+
+  Serjeants of Arms                                          97
+
+  Minstrels                                                  99
+
+  A Wayte                                                   101
+
+  Clerk of the Crown in Chancery                            103
+
+  Supporters, Crests, and Cognizances, of the Kings of
+        England                                             104
+
+  Regal Titles                                              109
+
+  On the Virtues of the Royal Touch                         111
+
+  Ceremonies for Healing, for King's Evil                   154
+
+  Ceremonies for blessing Cramp-Rings                       164
+
+  _Stemmata Magnatum_: Origin of the Titles of some of
+        the English Nobility                                173
+
+  English Armorial Bearings                                 201
+
+  Origin and Derivation of remarkable Surnames              208
+
+  _Symbola Scotica_: Mottoes, &c. of Scottish Families      213
+
+  Dissertation on Coaches and Sedan Chairs                  269
+
+  Dissertation on the Hammer Cloth                          304
+
+  Articles of Dress.--Gloves                                305
+
+  Ermine--Gentlewomen's Apparel                             312
+
+  Apparel for the Heads of Gentlewomen                      313
+
+  Mourning                                                  314
+
+  Beard, &c.                                                316
+
+  Origin of the Name of the City of Westminster             320
+
+  Memoranda relative to the Society of the Temple in
+        London, written in 1760                             323
+
+  Dissertation on the Use of _Simnel_ Bread, and the
+        Derivation of the Word _Simnel_                     329
+
+  Historical Essay on the Origin of "Thirteen Pence
+        Half-penny," as Hangman's Wages                     331
+
+  Custom observed by the Lord Lieutenants of Ireland        349
+
+
+
+
+Parentalia:
+
+OR,
+
+MEMOIRS OF THE REV. DR. PEGGE,
+
+COMPILED BY HIS SON.
+
+
+The Rev. Samuel Pegge, LL. D. and F.S.A. was the Representative
+of one of four Branches of the Family of that name in Derbyshire,
+derived from a common Ancestor, all which existed together till
+within a few years. The eldest became extinct by the death of Mr.
+William Pegge, of Yeldersley, near Ashborne, 1768; and another by
+that of the Rev. Nathaniel Pegge, M.A. Vicar of Packington, in
+Leicestershire, 1782.
+
+The Doctor's immediate Predecessors, as may appear from the
+Heralds-office, were of Osmaston, near _Ashborne_, where they
+resided, in lineal succession, for four generations, antecedently
+to his Father and himself, and where they left a patrimonial
+inheritance, of which the Doctor died possessed[2].
+
+  [2] In Church-street, at Ashborne, is an Alms-house, originally
+  founded by Christopher Pegge, Esq. The name occurs also on the table
+  of Benefactors in Ashborne Church.
+
+Of the other existing branch, Mr. Edward Pegge having [1662] married
+Gertrude, sole daughter and heir of William Strelley, Esq. of
+Beauchief, in the Northern part of Derbyshire, seated himself there,
+and was appointed High Sheriff of the County in 1667; as was his
+Grandson, Strelley Pegge, Esq. 1739; and his Great-grandson, the
+present Peter Pegge, Esq. 1788.
+
+It was by Katharine Pegge, a daughter of Thomas Pegge, Esq. of
+Yeldersley, that King Charles II. (who saw her abroad during his
+exile) had a son born (1647), whom he called Charles _Fitz-Charles_,
+to whom he granted the Royal arms, with a baton sinister, Vair�,
+and whom (1675) his Majesty created Earl of _Plymouth_, Viscount
+_Totness_, and Baron _Dartmouth_[3]. He was bred to the Sea, and,
+having been educated abroad, most probably in Spain, was known by
+the name of _Don Carlos_[4]. The Earl married the Lady Bridget
+Osborne, third Daughter of Thomas Earl of Danby, Lord High
+Treasurer (at Wimbledon, in Surrey), 1678[5], and died of a flux
+at the siege of Tangier, 1680, without issue. The body was brought
+to England, and interred in Westminster Abbey[6]. The Countess
+re-married Dr. Philip Bisse, Bishop of Hereford, by whom she had
+no issue; and who, surviving her, erected a handsome tablet to her
+memory in his Cathedral.
+
+  [3] Docquet-book in the Crown-office.
+
+  [4] See Sandford, p. 647, edit. 1707. Granger erroneously calls him
+  _Carlo_; and also, by mistake, gives him the name of _Fitz-roy_.
+
+  [5] See Mr. Lysons's Environs of London, vol. I. p. 537.
+
+  [6] Dart's History of Westminster Abbey, vol. II. p. 55.
+
+Katharine Pegge, the Earl's mother, married Sir Edward Greene, Bart.
+of Samford in Essex, and died without issue by him[7].
+
+  [7] There is a half-length portrait of the Earl, in a robe de
+  chambre, laced cravat, and flowing hair (with a ship in the back
+  ground of the picture), by Sir Peter Lely, now in the family: and
+  also two of his Mother, Lady Greene; one a half-length, with her
+  infant Son standing by her side; the other, a three-quarters; both
+  either by Sir Peter Lely, or by one of his pupils.
+
+But to return to the Rev. Dr. Pegge, the outline _only_ of whose
+life we propose to give. His Father (Christopher) was, as we have
+observed, of Osmaston, though he never resided there, even after
+he became possessed of it; for, being a younger Brother, it was
+thought proper to put him to business; and he served his time with
+a considerable woollen-draper at Derby, which line he followed
+till the death of his elder Brother (Humphry, who died without
+issue 1711) at Chesterfield in Derbyshire, when he commenced
+lead-merchant, then a lucrative branch of traffick there; and,
+having been for several years a Member of the Corporation, died in
+his third Mayoralty, 1723.
+
+He had married Gertrude Stephenson (a daughter of Francis
+Stephenson, of Unston, near Chesterfield, Gent.) whose Mother was
+Gertrude Pegge, a Daughter of the before-mentioned Edward Pegge,
+Esq. of Beauchief; by which marriage these two Branches of the
+Family, which had long been diverging from each ether, became
+reunited, both by blood and name, in the person of Dr. Pegge, their
+only surviving child.
+
+He was born Nov. 5, 1704, N.S. at Chesterfield, where he had his
+school education; and was admitted a Pensioner of St. John's
+College, Cambridge, May 30, 1722, under the tuition of the Rev. Dr.
+William Edmundson; was matriculated July 7; and, in the following
+November, was elected a Scholar of the House, upon Lupton's
+Foundation.
+
+In the same year with his Father (1723) died the Heir of his
+Maternal Grandfather (Stephenson), a minor; by whose death a moiety
+of the real estate at Unston (before-mentioned) became the property
+of our young Collegian, who was then pursuing his academical
+studies with intention of taking orders.
+
+Having, however, no immediate prospect of preferment, he looked
+up to a Fellowship of the College, after he had taken the degree
+of A.B. in January 1725, N.S.; and became a candidate upon a
+vacancy which happened favourably in that very year; for it was a
+Lay-fellowship upon the Beresford Foundation, and appropriated to
+the Founder's kin, or at least confined to a Native of Derbyshire.
+
+The competitors were, Mr. Michael Burton (afterwards Dr. Burton),
+and another, whose name we do not find; but the contest lay between
+Mr. Burton and Mr. Pegge. Mr. Burton had the stronger claim,
+being indubitably related to the Founder; but, upon examination,
+was declared to be so very deficient in Literature, that his
+superior right, as Founder's kin, was set aside, on account of the
+insufficiency of his learning; and Mr. Pegge was admitted, and sworn
+Fellow March 21, 1726, O. S.
+
+In consequence of this disappointment, Mr. Burton was obliged
+to take new ground, to enable him to procure an establishment
+in the world; and therefore artfully applied to the College for
+a testimonial, that he might receive orders, and undertake some
+cure in the vicinity of Cambridge. Being ordained, he turned the
+circumstance into a manoeuvre, and took an unexpected advantage
+of it, by appealing to the Visitor [the Bishop of Ely, Dr. Thomas
+Greene], representing, that, as the College had, by the testimonial,
+thought him qualified for Ordination, it could not, in justice, deem
+him unworthy of becoming a Fellow of the Society, upon such forcible
+claims as Founder's kin, and also as a Native of Derbyshire.
+
+These were irresistible pleas on the part of Mr. Burton; and the
+Visitor found himself reluctantly obliged to eject Mr. Pegge; when
+Mr. Burton took possession of the Fellowship, which he held many
+years[8].
+
+  [8] Dr. Burton was President (_i. e._ Vice-master of the College)
+  when Mr. Pegge's Son was admitted of it, 1751; but soon afterwards
+  took the Rectory of Staplehurst in Kent, which he held till his
+  death in 1759.
+
+Thus this business closed; but the Visitor did Mr. Pegge the favour
+to recommend him, in so particular a manner, to the Master and
+Seniors of the College, that he was thenceforward considered as an
+honorary member of the body of Fellows (_tanquam Socius_), kept his
+seat at their table and in the chapel, being placed in the situation
+of a Fellow-commoner.
+
+In consequence, then, of this testimony of the Bishop of Ely's
+approbation, Mr. Pegge was chosen a Platt-fellow on the first
+vacancy, A. D. 1729[9]. He was therefore, in fact, _twice_ a Fellow
+of St. John's.
+
+  [9] The _Platt-fellowships_ at St. John's are similar to what are
+  called _Bye-fellowships_ in some other Colleges at Cambridge, and
+  are not on the Foundation. The original number was _six_, with a
+  stipend of 20_l., per annum_ each, besides rooms, and commons at
+  the Fellows' table. They were founded by William Platt, Esq. (Son
+  of Sir Hugh Platt, Knt.) an opulent citizen of London, out of an
+  estate then of the annual value of 140_l._ Being a rent-charge,
+  the Fellowships cannot be enlarged in point of revenue, though the
+  number has been increased to _eight_, by savings from the surplus.
+  There is a good portrait of Mr. Platt in the Master's Lodge at St.
+  John's, with the date of 1626, �t. 47. He died in 1637. More of him
+  may be seen in Mr. Lysons's Environs of London, vol. III. pp. 59,
+  66, 70, 71, 110, 376.
+
+There is good reason to believe that, in the interval between his
+removal from his first Fellowship, and his acceding to the second,
+he meditated the publication of Xenophon's "_Cyrop�dia_" and
+"_Anabasis_," from a collation of them with a Duport MS. in the
+Library at Eton--to convince the world that the Master and Seniors
+of St. John's College did not judge unworthily in giving him so
+decided a preference to Mr. Burton in their election.
+
+It appears that he had made very large collections for such a
+work; but we suspect that it was thrown aside on being anticipated
+by Mr. Hutchinson's Edition, which was formed from more valuable
+manuscripts.
+
+He possessed a MS "Lexicon Xenophonticum" by himself, as well
+as a Greek Lexicon in MS.; and had also "An English Historical
+Dictionary," in 6 volumes folio; a French and Italian, a Latin, a
+British and Saxon one, in one volume each; all corrected by his
+notes; a "Glossarium Generale;" and two volumes of "Collections in
+English History."
+
+During his residence in Kent, Mr. Pegge formed a "Monasticon
+Cantianum," in two folio MS volumes; a MS Dictionary for Kent;
+an Alphabetical List of Kentish Authors and Worthies; Kentish
+Collections; Places in Kent; and many large MS additions to the
+account of that county in the "Magna Britannia."
+
+He also collected a good deal relative to the College at Wye, and
+its neighbourhood, which he thought of publishing, and engraved the
+seal, before engraved in Lewis's Seals. He had "Extracts from the
+Rental of the Royal Manor of Wye, made about 1430, in the hands of
+Daniel Earl of Winchelsea;" and "Copy of a Survey and Rental of the
+College, in the possession of Sir Windham Knatchbull, 1739."
+
+While resident in College (and in the year 1730) Mr. Pegge was
+elected a Member of the Zodiac Club, a literary Society, which
+consisted of twelve members, denominated from the Twelve Signs.
+This little institution was founded, and articles, in the nature
+of statutes, were agreed upon Dec. 10, 1725. Afterwards (1728)
+this Society thought proper to enlarge their body, when six select
+additional members were chosen, and denominated from six of the
+Planets, though it still went collectively under the name of the
+_Zodiac Club_[10]. In this latter class Mr. Pegge was the original
+_Mars_, and continued a member of the Club as long as he resided
+in the University. His secession was in April 1732, and his seat
+accordingly declared vacant.
+
+  [10] Of this little academical literary Society the late Samuel
+  Pegge, Esq. possessed a particular History in MS. EDIT.
+
+In the same year, 1730, Mr. Pegge appears in a more public literary
+body;--among the Members of the Gentlemen's Society at Spalding,
+in Lincolnshire, to which he contributed some papers which will be
+noticed below[11].
+
+  [11] In 1733, his Life of Archbishop Kempe was in forwardness for
+  press, and he solicited assistance for it from MSS.
+
+  In 1734, he sent them a critical letter on the name and town of Wye.
+
+  In 1739, an Account of a Religious House in Canterbury, not noticed
+  before, his conjectures on which were approved by Mr. Thorpe.
+
+  An Account of the Endowment of the Vicarage of Westfield in Sussex,
+  by Richard second Bishop of Chichester, 1249, in the hands of Sir
+  Peter Webster, Bart.
+
+  Account of the Amphitheatre in the Garden of the Nuns of Fidelite at
+  Angers: the arena 150 feet diameter, outer wall 20 feet thick, the
+  cave� 14 feet long and wide, with layers of Roman brick and stone 3
+  or 4 feet asunder.
+
+Having taken the degree of A. M. in July 1729, Mr. Pegge was
+ordained Deacon in December in the same year; and, in the February
+following, received Priest's orders; both of which were conferred by
+Dr. William Baker, Bishop of Norwich.
+
+It was natural that he should now look to employment in his
+profession; and, agreeably to his wishes, he was soon retained
+as Curate to the Rev. Dr. John Lynch (afterwards [1733] Dean of
+Canterbury), at Sundrich in Kent, on which charge he entered
+at Lady-day 1730; and in his Principal, as will appear, soon
+afterwards, very unexpectedly, found a Patron.
+
+The Doctor gave Mr. Pegge the choice of three Cures under
+him--of Sundrich, of a London Living, or the Chaplainship of St.
+Cross, of which the Doctor was then Master. Mr. Pegge preferred
+Sundrich, which he held till Dr. Lynch exchanged, that Rectory for
+Bishopsbourne, and then removed thither at Midsummer 1731.
+
+Within a few months after this period, Dr. Lynch, who had married a
+daughter of Archbishop Wake, obtained for Mr. Pegge, unsolicited,
+the Vicarage of Godmersham (cum Challock), into which he was
+inducted Dec. 6, 1731.
+
+We have said _unsolicited_, because, at the moment when the Living
+was conferred, Mr. Pegge had more reason to expect a _reproof_
+from his Principal, than a _reward_ for so short a service of these
+Cures. The case was, that Mr. Pegge had, in the course of the
+preceding summer (unknown to Dr. Lynch) taken a little tour, for a
+few months, to Leyden, with a Fellow Collegian (John Stubbing, M.
+B. then a medical pupil under Boerhaave), leaving his Curacy to the
+charge of some of the neighbouring Clergy. On his return, therefore,
+he was not a little surprized to obtain actual preferment through
+Dr. Lynch, without the most distant engagement on the score of the
+Doctor's interest with the Archbishop, or the smallest suggestion
+from Mr. Pegge.
+
+Being now in possession of a Living, and independent property, Mr.
+Pegge married (April 13, 1732) Miss Anne Clarke, the only daughter
+of Benjamin, and sister of John Clarke, Esqrs. of Stanley, near
+Wakefield, in the county of York, by whom he had one Son [Samuel, of
+whom hereafter], who, after his Mother's death, became eventually
+heir to his Uncle; and one Daughter, Anna-Katharina, wife of
+the Rev. John Bourne, M.A. of Spital, near Chesterfield, Rector
+of Sutton cum Duckmanton, and Vicar of South Winfield, both in
+Derbyshire; by whom she had two daughters, Elizabeth, who married
+Robert Jennings, Esq. and Jane, who married Benjamin Thompson, Esq.
+
+While Mr. Pegge was resident in Kent, where he continued twenty
+years, he made himself acceptable to every body, by his general
+knowledge, his agreeable conversation, and his vivacity; for he was
+received into the familiar acquaintance of the best Gentlemen's
+Families in East Kent, several of whom he preserved in his
+correspondence after he quitted the county, till the whole of those
+of his own standing gave way to fate before him.
+
+Having an early propensity to the study of Antiquity among his
+general researches, and being allowedly an excellent Classical
+Scholar, he here laid the foundation of what in time became a
+considerable collection of books, and his little cabinet of Coins
+grew in proportion; by which two assemblages (so scarce among
+Country Gentlemen in general) he was qualified to pursue those
+collateral studies, without neglecting his parochial duties, to
+which he was always assiduously attentive.
+
+The few pieces which Mr. Pegge printed while he lived in Kent
+will be mentioned hereafter, when we shall enumerate such of his
+Writings as are most material. These (exclusively of Mr. _Urban_'s
+obligations to him in the Gentleman's Magazine) have appeared
+principally, and most conspicuously, in the _Arch�ologia_, which may
+be termed the Transactions of the Society of Antiquaries. In that
+valuable collection will be found more than fifty memoirs, written
+and communicated by him, many of which are of considerable length,
+being by much the greatest number hitherto contributed by any
+individual member of that respectable Society.
+
+In returning to the order of time, we find that, in July 1746, Mr.
+Pegge had the great misfortune to lose his Wife; whose monumental
+inscription, at Godmersham, bears ample testimony of her worth:
+
+  "MDCCXLVI.
+   Anna Clarke, uxor Samuelis Pegge
+   Vicarii hujus parochi�;
+   Mulier, si qua alia, sine dolo,
+   Vitam �ternam et beatam fidenter hic sperat;
+   nec erit frustra."
+
+This event entirely changed Mr. Pegge's destinations; for he now
+zealously meditated on some mode of removing himself, without
+disadvantage, into his Native County. To effect this, one of two
+points was to be carried; either to obtain some piece of preferment,
+tenable in its nature with his Kentish Vicarage; or to exchange the
+latter for an equivalent; in which last he eventually succeeded
+beyond his immediate expectations.
+
+We are now come to a new epoch in the Doctor's life; but there is
+an interval of a few years to be accounted for, before he found an
+opportunity of effectually removing himself into Derbyshire.
+
+His Wife being dead, his Children young and at school, and himself
+reduced to a life of solitude, so ungenial to his temper (though no
+man was better qualified to improve his leisure); he found relief by
+the kind offer of his valuable Friend, Sir Edward Dering, Bart.
+
+At this moment Sir Edward chose to place his Son[12] under the care
+of a private Tutor at home, to qualify him more competently for the
+University. Sir Edward's personal knowledge of Mr. Pegge, added to
+the Family situation of the latter, mutually induced the former
+to offer, and the latter to accept, the proposal of removing from
+Godmersham to Surrenden (Sir Edward's mansion-house) to superintend
+Mr. Dering's education for a short time; in which capacity he
+continued about a year and a half, till Mr. Dering was admitted of
+St. John's College, Cambridge, in March 1751.
+
+  [12] Afterwards Sir Edward Dering, the sixth Baronet of that Family,
+  who died Dec. 8, 1798.
+
+Sir Edward had no opportunity, by any patronage of his own,
+permanently to gratify Mr. Pegge, and to preserve him in the circle
+of their common Friends. On the other hand, finding Mr. Pegge's
+propensity to a removal so very strong, Sir Edward reluctantly
+pursued every possible measure to effect it.
+
+The first vacant living in Derbyshire which offered itself was the
+Perpetual Curacy of _Brampton_, near Chesterfield; a situation
+peculiarly eligible in many respects. It became vacant in 1747; and,
+if it could have been obtained, would have placed Mr. Pegge in the
+centre of his early acquaintance in that County; and, being tenable
+with his Kentish living, would not have totally estranged him from
+his Friends in the South of England. The patronage of Brampton is in
+the Dean of Lincoln, which Dignity was then filled by the Rev. Dr.
+Thomas Cheyney; to whom, Mr. Pegge being a stranger, the application
+was necessarily to be made in a circuitous manner, and he was
+obliged to employ more than a double mediation before his name could
+be mentioned to the Dean.
+
+The mode he proposed was through the influence of William the
+third Duke of Devonshire; to whom Mr. Pegge was personally known
+as a Derbyshire man (though he had so long resided in Kent),
+having always paid his respects to his Grace on the public days
+at Chatsworth, as often as opportunity served, when on a visit in
+Derbyshire. Mr. Pegge did not, however, think himself sufficiently
+in the Duke's favour to make a direct address for his Grace's
+recommendation to the Dean of Lincoln, though the object so fully
+met his wishes in moderation, and in every other point. He had,
+therefore, recourse to a friend, the Right Rev. Dr. Fletcher, Bishop
+of Dromore, then in England; who, in conjunction with Godfrey
+Watkinson, of Brampton Moor, Esq. (the principal resident Gentleman
+in the parish of Brampton) solicited, and obtained, his Grace's
+interest with the Dean of Lincoln: who, in consequence, nominated
+Mr. Pegge to the living.
+
+One point now seemed to be gained towards his re-transplantation
+into his native soil, after he had resisted considerable offers
+had he continued in Kent; and thus did he think himself virtually
+in possession of a living in Derbyshire, which in its nature was
+tenable with Godmersham in Kent. Henceforward, then, he no doubt
+felt a satisfaction that he should soon be enabled to live in
+Derbyshire, and occasionally visit his friends in Kent, instead of
+residing in that county, and visiting his friends in Derbyshire.
+
+But, after all this assiduity and anxiety (as if _admission_ and
+_ejection_ had pursued him a second
+
+time), the result of Mr. Pegge's expectations was far from answering
+his then present wishes; for, when he thought himself secure by the
+Dean's nomination, and that nothing was wanting but the Bishop's
+licence, the Dean's _right of Patronage_ was controverted by the
+Parishioners of Brampton, who brought forward a Nominee of their own.
+
+The ground of this claim, on the part of the Parish, was owing
+to an ill-judged indulgence of some former Deans of Lincoln, who
+had occasionally permitted the Parishioners to send an Incumbent
+directly to the _Bishop_ for his licence, without the intermediate
+nomination of the _Dean_ in due form.
+
+These measures were principally fomented by the son of the last
+Incumbent, the Rev. Seth Ellis, a man of a reprobate character,
+and a disgrace to his profession, who wanted the living, and was
+patronised by the Parish. He had a desperate game to play; for
+he had not the least chance of obtaining any preferment, as no
+individual Patron, who was even superficially acquainted with his
+_moral_ character alone, could with decency advance him in the
+church. To complete the detail of the fate of this man, whose
+interest the deluded part of the mal-contents of the parish so
+warmly espoused, he was soon after suspended by the Bishop from
+officiating at Brampton[13].
+
+  [13] The Bishop's Inhibition took place soon after the decision of
+  the cause at Derby, and was not revoked till late in the year 1758,
+  which was principally effected by Mr. Pegge's intercession with
+  his Lordship, stating Mr. Ellis's distressed circumstances, and
+  his having made a proper submission, with a promise of future good
+  behaviour. This revocation is contained in a letter addressed to Mr.
+  Pegge, under the Bishop's own hand, dated Oct. 30, 1758.
+
+Whatever inducements the Parish might have to support Mr. Ellis so
+strenuously we do not say, though they manifestly did not arise from
+any pique to one Dean more than to another; and we are decidedly
+clear that they were not founded in any aversion to Mr. Pegge
+as an individual; for his character was in all points too well
+established, and too well known (even to the leading opponents to
+the Dean), to admit of the least personal dislike in any respect. So
+great, nevertheless, was the acrimony with which the Parishioners
+pursued their visionary pretensions to the Patronage, that, not
+content with the decision of the Jury (which was highly respectable)
+in favour of the Dean, when the right of Patronage was tried in
+1748; they had the audacity to carry the cause to an Assize at
+Derby, where, on the fullest and most incontestable evidence, a
+verdict was given in favour of the Dean, to the confusion and
+indelible disgrace of those Parishioners who espoused so bad a
+cause, supported by the most undaunted effrontery.
+
+The evidence produced by the Parish went to prove, from an entry
+made nearly half a century before in the accompts kept by the
+Churchwardens, that the _Parishioners_, and not the _Deans of
+Lincoln_, had hitherto, on a vacancy, nominated a successor to the
+Bishop of the Diocese for his licence, without the intervention of
+any other person or party. The Parish accompts were accordingly
+brought into court at Derby, wherein there appeared not only a
+palpable erasement, but such an one as was detected by a living and
+credible witness; for, a Mr. _Mower_ swore that, on a vacancy in the
+year 1704, an application was made by the Parish to the _Dean of
+Lincoln_ in favour of the Rev. Mr. Littlewood[14].
+
+  [14] We believe this witness to have been _George Mower_, Esq. of
+  Wood-seats, in this county, who served the office of Sheriff in 1734.
+
+In corroboration of Mr. Mower's testimony, an article in the Parish
+accompts and expenditures of that year was adverted to, and which,
+when Mr. Mower saw it, ran thus:
+
+"Paid William Wilcoxon, for going _to Lincoln to the Dean_
+concerning Mr. Littlewood, five shillings."
+
+The Parishioners had before alleged, in proof of their title, that
+they had _elected_ Mr. Littlewood; and, to uphold this asseveration,
+had clumsily altered the parish accompt-book, and inserted the
+words "to _Lichfield_ to the BISHOP," in the place of the words "to
+_Lincoln_ to the DEAN."
+
+Thus their own evidence was turned against the Parishioners; and not
+a moment's doubt remained but that the patronage rested with the
+DEAN _of Lincoln_.
+
+We have related this affair without a strict adherence to
+chronological order as to facts, or to collateral circumstances,
+for the sake of preserving the narrative entire, as far as it
+regards the contest between the _Dean of Lincoln_ and the _Parish of
+Brampton_; for we believe that this transaction (uninteresting as it
+may be to the publick in general) is one of very few instances on
+record which has an exact parallel.
+
+The intermediate points of the contest, in which Mr. Pegge was more
+peculiarly concerned, and which did not prominently appear to the
+world, were interruptions and unpleasant impediments which arose in
+the course of this tedious process.
+
+He had been nominated to the Perpetual Curacy of Brampton by Dr.
+_Cheyney_, Dean of Lincoln; was at the sole expence of the suit
+respecting the right of Patronage, whereby the verdict was given in
+favour of the Dean; and he was actually licensed by the Bishop of
+Lichfield. In consequence of this decision and the Bishop's licence,
+Mr. Pegge, not suspecting that the contest could go any farther,
+attended to qualify at Brampton, on Sunday, August 28, 1748, in
+the usual manner; but was repelled _by violence_ from entering the
+Church.
+
+In this state matters rested regarding the Patronage of Brampton,
+when Dr. Cheyney was unexpectedly transferred from the Deanry of
+_Lincoln_ to the Deanry of _Winchester_, which (we may observe by
+the way) he solicited on motives similar to those which actuated
+Mr. Pegge at the very moment; for Dr. Cheyney, being a Native of
+Winchester, procured an exchange of his Deanry of Lincoln with the
+Rev. Dr. William George, Provost of Queen's college, Cambridge, for
+whom the Deanry of Winchester was intended by the Minister on the
+part of the Crown.
+
+Thus Mr. Pegge's interests and applications were to begin _de novo_
+with the Patron of Brampton; for, his nomination by Dr. Cheyney,
+in the then state of things, was of no validity. He fell, however,
+into liberal hands; for his activity in the proceedings which had
+hitherto taken place respecting the living in question had rendered
+fresh advocates unnecessary, as it had secured the unasked favour
+of Dr. George, who not long afterwards voluntarily gave him the
+Rectory of _Whittington_, near Chesterfield, in Derbyshire; into
+which he was inducted Nov. 11, 1751, and where he resided for
+upwards of 44 years without interruption[15].
+
+  [15] Dr. George's letter to Mr. Pegge on the occasion has been
+  preserved, and is conceived in the most manly and generous terms.
+  On account of the distance, Mr. Pegge then residing in Kent, the
+  Dean was so obliging as to concert matters with Bishop (Frederick)
+  Cornwallis, who then sat at Lichfield, that the living might _lapse_
+  without injury to Mr. Pegge, who therefore took it, in fact, from
+  his Lordship by _collation_.
+
+Though Mr. Pegge had relinquished all farther pretensions to
+the living of _Brampton_ before the cause came to a decision at
+Derby, yet he gave every possible assistance at the trial, by the
+communication of various documents, as well as by his personal
+evidence at the Assize, to support the claim of the new Nominee, the
+Rev. John Bowman, in whose favour the verdict was given, and who
+afterwards enjoyed the benefice.
+
+Here then we take leave of this troublesome affair, so nefarious
+and unwarrantable on the part of the Parishioners of _Brampton_;
+and from which PATRONS of every description may draw their own
+inferences.
+
+Mr. Pegge's ecclesiastical prospect in Derbyshire began soon to
+brighten; and he ere long obtained the more eligible living of
+_Whittington_. Add to this that, in the course of the dispute
+concerning the Patronage of Brampton, he became known to the
+Hon. and Right Rev. Frederick (Cornwallis) Bishop of Lichfield
+and Coventry; who ever afterwards favoured him not only with his
+personal regard, but with his patronage, which extended even beyond
+the grave, as will be mentioned hereafter in the order of time.
+
+We must now revert to Mr. Pegge's old Friend Sir Edward Dering,
+who, at the moment when Mr. Pegge decidedly took the living of
+_Whittington_, in Derbyshire, began to negotiate with his Grace
+of Canterbury (Dr. Herring), the Patron of _Godmersham_, for an
+exchange of that living for something tenable with Whittington.
+
+The Archbishop's answer to this application was highly honourable to
+Mr. Pegge: "Why," said his Grace, "will Mr. Pegge leave my Diocese?
+If he will continue in Kent, I promise you, Sir Edward, that I will
+give him preferment to his satisfaction[16]."
+
+  [16] Mr. Pegge became known, at least by name, to Dr. Herring, when
+  Archbishop of York, by an occasional Sermon (which will be adverted
+  to among Mr. Pegge's writings), on the publication whereof his
+  Grace sent him a letter in handsome terms. When the Archbishop was
+  translated to Canterbury, Mr. Pegge was, most probably, personally
+  known to him as the Diocesan.
+
+No allurements, however, could prevail; and Mr. Pegge, at all
+events, accepted the Rectory of _Whittington_, leaving every other
+pursuit of the kind to contingent circumstances. An exchange was,
+nevertheless, very soon afterwards effected, by the interest of Sir
+Edward with the _Duke of Devonshire_, who consented that Mr. Pegge
+should take his Grace's Rectory of _Brinhill_[17] in Lancashire,
+then luckily void, the Archbishop at the same time engaging
+to present the _Duke's_ Clerk to _Godmersham_. Mr. Pegge was
+accordingly inducted into the Rectory of _Brindle_, Nov. 23, 1751,
+in less than a fortnight after his induction at _Whittington_[18].
+
+  [17] More usually called _Brindle_.
+
+  [18] The person who actually succeeded to the Vicarage of Godmersham
+  was the Rev. _Aden Ley_, who died there in 1766.
+
+In addition to this favour from the Family of _Cavendish_, Sir
+Edward Dering obtained for Mr. Pegge, almost at the same moment,
+a _scarf_ from the _Marquis of Hartington_ (afterwards the fourth
+Duke of Devonshire), then called up to the House of Peers, in
+June 1751, by the title of Baron _Cavendish_ of _Hardwick_. Mr.
+Pegge's appointment is dated Nov. 18, 1751; and thus, after all his
+solicitude, he found himself possessed of two livings and a dignity,
+honourably and indulgently conferred, as well as most desirably
+connected, in the same year and in the same month; though this
+latter circumstance may be attributed to the voluntary lapse of
+Whittington[19]. After Mr. Pegge had held the Rectory of _Brinhill_
+for a few years, an opportunity offered, by another obliging
+acquiescence of the Duke _of Devonshire_, to exchange it for the
+living of _Heath_ (alias _Lown_), in his _Grace's_ Patronage,
+which lies within seven miles of Whittington: a very commodious
+measure, as it brought Mr. Pegge's parochial preferments within a
+smaller distance of each other. He was accordingly inducted into the
+Vicarage of _Heath_, Oct. 22, 1758, which he held till his death.
+
+  [19] Soon after the fourth Duke of Devonshire came of age, 1769,
+  finding that he had many friends of his own to oblige, it was
+  suggested to the Senior Chaplains that a resignation would be deemed
+  a compliment by his Grace. Mr. Pegge, therefore (among some others),
+  relinquished his Chaplainship, though he continued to wear the
+  _scarf_.
+
+This was the last favour of the kind which Mr. Pegge _individually_
+received from the DUKES OF DEVONSHIRE; but the Compiler of this
+little Memoir regarding his late Father, flatters himself that it
+can give no offence to that Noble Family if he takes the opportunity
+of testifying a sense of his own _personal_ obligations to William
+the fourth DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE, when his Grace was _Lord Chamberlain_
+of his MAJESTY'S _Household_.
+
+As to Mr. Pegge's other preferments, they shall only be briefly
+mentioned in chronological order; but with due regard to his
+obligations. In the year 1765 he was presented to the Perpetual
+Curacy of _Wingerworth_, about six miles from. Whittington, by the
+Honourable and Reverend James _Yorke_, then _Dean of Lincoln_,
+afterwards _Bishop of Ely_, to whom he was but little known but by
+name and character. This appendage was rendered the more acceptable
+to Mr. Pegge, because the seat of his very respectable Friend Sir
+Henry Hunloke, Bart. is in the parish, from whom, and all the
+Family, Mr. Pegge ever received great civilities.
+
+We have already observed, that Mr. Pegge became known, insensibly
+as it were, to the Honourable and Right Reverend Frederick
+(_Cornwallis_), Bishop of Lichfield, during the contest respecting
+the living of _Brampton_; from whom he afterwards received more
+than one favour, and by whom another greater instance of regard was
+intended, as will be mentioned hereafter.
+
+Mr. Pegge was first collated by his Lordship to the Prebend of
+_Bobenhull_, in the Church of _Lichfield_, in 1757; and was
+afterwards voluntarily advanced by him to that of _Whittington_ in
+1763, which he possessed at his death[20].
+
+  [20] It is rather a singular coincidence, that Mr. Pegge should have
+  been at the same time _Rector_ of _Whittington_ in _Derbyshire_
+  and _Prebendary_ of _Whittington_ in _Staffordshire_, both in one
+  Diocese, under different patronages, and totally independent of each
+  other. These two _Whittingtons_ are likewise nearly equidistant from
+  places of the name of _Chesterfield_.
+
+In addition to the Stall at Lichfield, Mr. Pegge enjoyed the Prebend
+of _Louth_, in the Cathedral of _Lincoln_, to which he had been
+collated (in 1772) by his old acquaintance, and Fellow-collegian,
+the late Right Reverend John _Green_, Bishop of that See[21].
+
+  [21] The Prebend of _Louth_ carries with it the _Patronage_ of the
+  Vicarage of the _Parish_ of _Louth_, to which Mr. Pegge presented
+  more than once. On the first vacancy, having no Clerk of his own,
+  he offered the nomination to his Benefactor Bishop _Green_; at the
+  last, he gave the living, uninfluenced, to the present Incumbent,
+  the Rev. _Wolley Jolland_, son of the Recorder of Louth.
+
+This seems to be the proper place to subjoin, that, towards the
+close of his life, Mr. Pegge declined a situation for which, in more
+early days, he had the greatest predilection, and had taken every
+active and modest measure to obtain--a _Residentiaryship_ in the
+Church of _Lichfield_.
+
+Mr. Pegge's wishes tended to this point on laudable, and almost
+natural motives, as soon as his interest with the Bishop began to
+gain strength; for it would have been a very pleasant interchange,
+at that period of life, to have passed a portion of the year at
+_Lichfield_. This expectation, however, could not be brought forward
+till he was too far advanced in age to endure with tolerable
+convenience a removal from time to time; and therefore, when the
+offer was realized, he declined the acceptance.
+
+The case was literally this: While Mr. Pegge's elevation in the
+Church of _Lichfield_ rested solely upon Bishop (_Frederick_)
+Cornwallis, it was secure, had a vacancy happened: but his
+Patron was translated to _Canterbury_ in 1768, and Mr. Pegge had
+henceforward little more than personal knowledge of any of his
+Grace's Successors at _Lichfield_, till the Hon. and Right Reverend
+_James_ Cornwallis (the Archbishop's Nephew) was consecrated Bishop
+of that See in 1781.
+
+On this occasion, to restore the balance in favour of Mr. Pegge,
+the Archbishop had the kindness to make an _Option_ of the
+_Residentiaryship_ at _Lichfield_, then possessed by the Rev. Thomas
+_Seward_. It was, nevertheless, several years before even the tender
+of this preferment could take place; as his _Grace_ of _Canterbury_
+died in 1783, while Mr. _Seward_ was living.
+
+_Options_ being personal property, Mr. Pegge's interest, on the
+demise of the _Archbishop_, fell into the hands of the Hon. Mrs.
+_Cornwallis_, his Relict and Executrix, who fulfilled his _Grace's_
+original intention in the most friendly manner, on the death of Mr.
+_Seward_, in 1790[22].
+
+  [22] It was said at the time, as we recollect, that this piece of
+  preferment was so peculiar in its tenure, as not to be strictly
+  _optionable_; for, had the _See_ of _Lichfield_ been possessed by a
+  Bishop inimical to the Archbishop or to Mr. Pegge at the time of the
+  vacancy of the Stall, such Bishop might have defeated his _Grace's_
+  intentions. The qualifications of the Residentiaries in this
+  Cathedral we understand to be singular, dependent on the possession
+  of certain _Prebendal Houses_, which are in the absolute disposal of
+  the Bishop, as a _sine qu� non_, to constitute the eligibility which
+  is vested in the _Dean_ and _Chapter_. As matters stood, in this
+  case, at the death of Mr. _Seward_, the present Bishop of Lichfield
+  (_Dr. James Cornwallis_), Mr. Pegge's warm Friend, co-operating with
+  the Dowager Mrs. _Cornwallis_, removed every obstruction.
+
+The little occasional transactions which primarily brought Mr.
+Pegge within the notice of Bishop (_Frederick_) Cornwallis at
+Eccleshall-castle led his Lordship to indulge him with a greater
+share of personal esteem than has often fallen to the lot of a
+private Clergyman so remotely placed from his Diocesan. Mr. Pegge
+had attended his Lordship two or three times on affairs of business,
+as one of the Parochial Clergy, after which the Bishop did him the
+honour to invite him to make an annual visit at Eccleshall-castle
+as an _Acquaintance_. The compliance with this overture was not
+only very flattering, but highly gratifying, to Mr. Pegge, who
+consequently waited upon his Lordship for a fortnight in the
+Autumn, during several years, till the Bishop was translated to the
+Metropolitical See of _Canterbury_ in 1768. After this, however,
+his Grace did not forget his humble friend, the _Rector of_
+_Whittington_, as will be seen; and sometimes corresponded with him
+on indifferent matters.
+
+About the same time that Mr. Pegge paid these visits at
+Eccleshall-castle, he adopted an expedient to change the scene,
+likewise, by a journey to London (between Easter and Whitsuntide);
+where, for a few years, he was entertained by his old Friend and
+Fellow-collegian the Rev. Dr. _John Taylor_, F. S. A. Chancellor of
+Lincoln, &c. (the learned Editor of Demosthenes and Lysias), then
+one of the Residentiaries of St. Paul's.
+
+After Dr. Taylor's death (1766), the Bishop of Lincoln, Dr. _John
+Green_, another old College-acquaintance, became Mr. Pegge's
+London-host for a few years, till _Archbishop Cornwallis_ began
+to reside at Lambeth. This event superseded the visits to Bishop
+_Green_, as Mr. Pegge soon afterwards received a very friendly
+invitation from his _Grace_; to whom, from that time, he annually
+paid his respects at _Lambeth-palace_, for a month in the Spring,
+till the _Archbishop's_ decease, which took place about Easter 1783.
+
+All these were delectable visits to a man of Mr. Pegge's turn of
+mind, whose conversation was adapted to every company, and who
+enjoyed _the world_ with greater relish from not living in it every
+day. The society with which he intermixed, in such excursions,
+changed his ideas, and relieved him from the _t�dium_ of a life of
+much reading and retirement; as, in the course of these journeys, he
+often had opportunities of meeting old _Friends_, and of making new
+_literary acquaintance_.
+
+On some of these occasions he passed for a week into _Kent_, among
+such of his old Associates as were then living, till the death of
+his much-honoured Friend, and former Parishioner, the elder _Thomas
+Knight_, Esq. of Godmersham, in 1781[23]. We ought on no account to
+omit the mention of some _extra-visits_ which Mr. Pegge occasionally
+made to Bishop _Green_, at _Buckden_, to which we are indebted for
+the Life of that excellent Prelate _Robert Grosseteste_, Bishop of
+_Lincoln_;--a work upon which we shall only observe here, that it
+is Dr. Pegge's _chef-d'oeuvre_, and merits from the world much
+obligation. To these interviews with Bishop _Green_, we may also
+attribute those ample Collections, which Dr. Pegge left among his
+MSS. towards a History of the _Bishops_ of _Lincoln_, and of that
+_Cathedral_ in general, &c. &c.
+
+  [23] The very just character of Mr. _Knight_ given in the
+  Gentleman's Magazine, vol. LI. p. 147, was drawn by Mr. _Pegge_, who
+  had been intimate with him very nearly half a century.
+
+With the decease of Archbishop Cornwallis (1783), Mr. Pegge's
+excursions to London terminated. His old familiar Friends, and
+principal acquaintance there, were gathered to their fathers; and
+he felt that the lot of a long life had fallen upon him, having
+survived not only the _first_, but the _second_ class of his
+numerous distant connexions.
+
+While on one of these visits at Lambeth, the late _Gustavus
+Brander_, Esq. F. S. A. who entertained an uncommon partiality for
+Mr. Pegge, persuaded him, very much against his inclination, to
+sit for a Drawing, from which an octavo _Print_ of him might be
+engraved by Basire. The Work went on so slowly, that the Plate was
+not finished till 1785, when Mr. Pegge's current age was 81. Being a
+_private Print_, it was at first only intended for, and distributed
+among, the particular Friends of Mr. Brander and Mr. Pegge. This
+Print, however, _now_ carries with it something of a publication;
+for a considerable number of the impressions were dispersed after
+Mr. _Brander_'s death, when his Library, &c. were sold by auction;
+and the Print is often found prefixed to copies of "The Forme of
+Cury," a work which will hereafter be specified among Mr. Pegge's
+literary labours[24].
+
+  [24] This Print has the following inscription:
+
+        "SAMUEL PEGGE, A.M. S.A.S.
+          A.D. MDCCLXXXV. �t. 81.
+
+    Impensis, et ex Voto, Gustavi Brander, Arm.
+            Sibi et Amicis."
+
+  We cannot in any degree subscribe to the resemblance, though, the
+  print is well engraved. There is, however, a three-quarters portrait
+  in oil (in the possession of his grandson, Sir Christopher Pegge,
+  and much valued by him) painted in 1788, by Mr. Elias Needham, a
+  young Provincial Artist, and a native of Derbyshire, which does
+  the Painter great credit, being a likeness uncommonly striking.
+  Dr. Pegge being an old gentleman well known, with a countenance
+  of much character, the Portrait was taken at the request of Mr.
+  Needham; who, after exhibiting it to his Patrons and Friends, made a
+  present of it to Mr. Pegge. Those who knew Dr. Pegge, and have had
+  an opportunity of comparing the Portrait with the Print, will agree
+  with us, that no two pictures of the same person, taken nearly at
+  the same point of life, and so unlike each other, can both be true
+  resemblances.--A faithful Engraving from Mr. Needham's Portrait is
+  prefixed to the present Volume.
+
+The remainder of Mr. Pegge's life after the year 1783 was, in a
+great measure, reduced to a state of quietude; but not without an
+extensive correspondence with the world in the line of Antiquarian
+researches: for he afterwards contributed largely to the
+_Arch�ologia_, and the Bibliotheca_ Topographica Britannica_, &c.
+&c. as may appear to those who will take the trouble to compare the
+dates of his Writings, which will hereafter be enumerated, with the
+time of which we are speaking.
+
+The only periodical variation in life, which attended Mr. Pegge
+after the Archbishop's death, consisted of Summer visits at
+Eccleshall-castle to the present Bishop (_James_) Cornwallis, who
+(if we may be allowed the word) _adopted_ Mr. Pegge as his guest so
+long as he was able to undertake such journeys.
+
+We have already seen an instance of his Lordship's kindness in the
+case of the intended _Residentiaryship_; and have, moreover, good
+reasons to believe that, had the late _Archdeacon_ of _Derby_ (Dr.
+Henry Egerton) died at an earlier stage of Mr. Pegge's life, he
+would have succeeded to that dignity.
+
+This part of the Memoir ought not to be dismissed without observing,
+to the honour of Mr. Pegge, that, as it was not in his power to
+make any individual return (in his life-time) to his Patrons, the
+two Bishops of _Lichfield_ of the name of _Cornwallis_, for their
+extended civilities, he directed, by testamentary instructions, that
+_one hundred volumes_ out of his Collection of Books should be given
+to the Library of the Cathedral of _Lichfield_[25].
+
+  [25] He specified, in writing, about fourscore of these volumes,
+  which were chiefly what may be called Library-books; the rest were
+  added by his Son.
+
+During Mr. Pegge's involuntary retreat from his former associations
+with the more remote parts of the Kingdom, he was actively awake to
+such objects in which he was implicated nearer home.
+
+Early in the year 1788 material repairs and considerable alterations
+became necessary to the Cathedral of _Lichfield_. A subscription
+was accordingly begun by the Members of the Church, supported by
+many Lay-gentlemen of the neighbourhood; when Mr. Pegge, as a
+Prebendary, not only contributed handsomely, but projected, and drew
+up, a circular letter, addressed to the Rev. Charles Hope, M. A. the
+Minister of All Saints (the principal) Church in Derby, recommending
+the promotion of this public design. The Letter, being inserted in
+several Provincial Newspapers, was so well seconded by Mr. Hope,
+that it had a due effect upon the Clergy and Laity of the Diocese in
+general; for which Mr. Pegge received a written acknowledgment of
+thanks from the present Bishop of _Lichfield_, dated May 29, 1788.
+
+This year (1788), memorable as a Centenary in the annals of England,
+was honourable to the little Parish of _Whittington_, which
+accidentally bore a subordinate _local_ part in the History of the
+_Revolution;_ for it was to an inconsiderable public-house _there_
+(still called the _Revolution-house_) that the Earl of Devonshire,
+the Earl of Danby, the Lord Delamere, and the Hon. John D'Arcy, were
+driven for shelter, by a sudden shower of rain, from the adjoining
+common (_Whittington-Moor_), where they had met by appointment,
+disguised as farmers, to concert measures, unobservedly, for
+promoting the succession of King William III. after the abdication
+of King James II.[26]
+
+  [26] In this year he printed "A Narrative of what passed at the
+  Revolution-house at Whittington in the year 1688, with a view and
+  plan of the house by Major Rooke (reprinted in Gent. Mag. vol. LIX.
+  p. 124)." [See the Appendix.]
+
+The celebration of this Jubilee, on Nov. 5, 1788, is related at
+large in the Gentleman's Magazine of that month[27]; on which day
+Mr. Pegge preached a Sermon[28], apposite to the occasion, which
+was printed at the request of the Gentlemen of the Committee who
+conducted the ceremonial[29], which proceeded from his Church to
+Chesterfield in grand procession.
+
+  [27] See the Appendix to this Memoir.
+
+  [28] In this Discourse the venerable Preacher, taking for his text
+  Psalm cxviii. 24, first recites, in plain and unaffected language,
+  the blessings resulting from the event here commemorated to Church
+  and State; and then points out the corruptions of the present age,
+  with advice for their reformation.
+
+  [29] This solemnity took place on _Wednesday_; and, the Church being
+  crowded with strangers, the Sermon was repeated to the parochial
+  congregation on the following _Sunday_.--Mr. Pegge was then very
+  old, and the 5th of November N. S. was his birth-day, when he
+  entered into the 85th year of his age.
+
+In the year 1791 (July 8) Mr. Pegge was created D. C. L. by the
+University of OXFORD, at the Commemoration. It may be thought a
+little extraordinary that he should accept an advanced Academical
+Degree so late in life, as he wanted no such aggrandizement in the
+Learned World, or among his usual Associates, and had _voluntarily_
+closed all his expectations of ecclesiastical elevation. We are
+confident that he was not ambitious of the compliment; for, when
+it was first proposed to him, he put a _negative_ upon it. It must
+be remembered that this honour was not conferred on an unknown man
+(_novus homo_); but on a _Master of Arts of_ CAMBRIDGE, of name and
+character, and of acknowledged literary merit[30]. Had Mr. Pegge
+been desirous of the title of _Doctor_ in earlier life, there can
+be no doubt but that he might have obtained the superior degree of
+D. D. from Abp. Cornwallis, upon the bare suggestion, during his
+familiar and domestic conversations with his Grace at Lambeth-palace.
+
+  [30] Mr. Pegge, at the time, was on a visit to his Grandson, the
+  present Sir Christopher Pegge, M. D. then lately elected Reader of
+  Anatomy at Christ Church, Oxford, on Dr. Lee's foundation.
+
+Dr. Pegge's manners were those of a gentleman of a liberal
+education, who had seen much of the world, and had formed them upon
+the best models within his observation. Having in his early years
+lived in free intercourse with many of the principal and best-bred
+Gentry in various parts of Kent; he ever afterwards preserved the
+same attentions, by associating with respectable company, and (as we
+have seen) by forming honourable attachments.
+
+In his avocations from reading and retirement, few men could relax
+with more ease and cheerfulness, or better understood the _desipere
+in loco_;--could enter occasionally into temperate convivial mirth
+with a superior grace, or more interest and enliven every company by
+general conversation.
+
+As he did not mix in business of a public nature, his better
+qualities appeared most conspicuously in private circles; for he
+possessed an equanimity which obtained the esteem of his Friends,
+and an affability which procured the respect of his dependents.
+
+His habits of life were such as became his profession and station.
+In his clerical functions he was exemplarily correct, not entrusting
+his parochial duties at _Whittington_ (where he constantly resided)
+to another (except to the neighbouring Clergy during the excursions
+before-mentioned) till the failure of his eye-sight rendered it
+indispensably necessary; and even _that_ did not happen till within
+a few years of his death.
+
+As a Preacher, his Discourses from the pulpit were of the didactic
+and exhortatory kind, appealing to the understandings rather than
+to the passions of his Auditory, by expounding the Holy Scriptures
+in a plain, intelligible, and unaffected manner. His voice was
+naturally weak, and suited only to a small Church; so that when
+he occasionally appeared before a large Congregation (as on
+Visitations, &c.), he was heard to a disadvantage. He left in his
+closet considerably more than 230 Sermons composed by himself, and
+in his own hand-writing, besides a few (not exceeding 26) which he
+had transcribed (in substance only, as appears by collation) from
+the printed works of eminent Divines. These liberties, however,
+were not taken in his early days, from motives of idleness, or
+other attachments--but later in life, to favour the fatigue of
+composition; all which obligations he acknowledged at the end of
+each such Sermon.
+
+Though Dr. Pegge's life was sedentary, from his turn to studious
+retirement, his love of Antiquities, and of literary acquirements
+in general; yet these applications, which he pursued with, great
+ardour and perseverance, did not injure his health. Vigour of mind,
+in proportion to his bodily strength, continued unimpaired through
+a very extended course of life, and nearly till he had reached
+"_ultima linea rerum_:" for he never had any chronical disease; but
+gradually and gently sunk into the grave under the weight of years,
+after a fortnight's illness, Feb. 14, 1796, in the 92d year of his
+age.
+
+He was buried, according to his own desire, in the chancel at
+_Whittington_, where a mural tablet of black marble (a voluntary
+tribute of filial respect) has been placed, over the East window
+with the following short inscription:
+
+  "At the North End of the Altar Table, within the Rails,
+                    lie the Remains of
+                   SAMUEL PEGGE, LL. D.
+     who was inducted to this Rectory Nov. 11, 1751,
+                 and died Feb. 14, 1796;
+               in the 92d year of his Age."
+
+Having closed the scene; it must be confessed, on the one hand,
+that the biographical history of an individual, however learned,
+or engaging to private friends, who had passed the major part of
+his days in secluded retreats from what is called _the world_, can
+afford but little entertainment to the generality of Readers. On
+the other hand, nevertheless, let it be allowed that every man of
+acknowledged literary merit, had he made no other impression, cannot
+but have left many to regret his death.
+
+Though Dr. Pegge had exceeded even his "_fourscore_ years and ten,"
+and had outlived all his more early friends and acquaintance; he
+had the address to make new ones, who _now_ survive, and who, it is
+humbly hoped, will not be sorry to see a modest remembrance of him
+preserved by this little Memoir.
+
+Though Dr. Pegge had an early propensity to the pursuit of
+_Antiquarian_ knowledge, he never indulged himself materially in it,
+so long as more essential and _professional_ occupations had a claim
+upon him; for he had a due sense of the _nature_ and _importance_
+of his _clerical_ function. It appears that he had read the Greek
+and Latin _Fathers_ diligently at his outset in life. He had also
+re-perused the _Classicks_ attentively before he applied much to the
+_Monkish_ Historians, or engaged in _Antiquarian_ researches; well
+knowing that a thorough knowledge of the Learning of the _Antients_,
+conveyed by _classical_ Authors, was the best foundation for any
+literary structure which had not the _Christian Religion_ for its
+_cornerstone_.
+
+During the early part of his incumbency at Godmersham in Kent, his
+reading was principally such as became a _Divine_, or which tended
+to the acquisition of _general knowledge_, of which he possessed a
+greater share than most men we ever knew. When he obtained allowable
+leisure to follow _unprofessional_ pursuits, he _attached_ himself
+more closely to the study of _Antiquities_; and was elected a Fellow
+of the SOCIETY of ANTIQUARIES, Feb. 14, 1751, N. S. in which year
+the _Charter_ of _Incorporation_ was granted (in November), wherein
+his name stands enrolled among those of many very respectable and
+eminently learned men[31].
+
+  [31] The only Member of the Society at the time of its
+  Incorporation, who survived Dr. Pegge, was _Samuel Reynardson_, Esq.
+
+Though we will be candid enough to allow that Dr. Pegge's _style_ in
+general was not sufficiently terse and compact to be called elegant;
+yet he made ample amends by the matter, and by the accuracy with
+which he treated every copious subject, wherein all points were
+matured by close examination and sound judgment[32].
+
+  [32] The first Piece that appears to have been, in any degree,
+  _published_ by Dr. _Pegge_, was, A _Latin_ Ode on the Death of King
+  George I. 1727. See "Academi� Cantabrigiensis Luctus" Signature
+  Z. z. fol. b. [Dr. Pegge was then lately elected Fellow of St.
+  John's College (the first time) as he signs it "Sam. Pegge, A.
+  B. Coll. Div. Joh. Evang. Soc." See before, p. xiii.]--1731. An
+  _irregular English_ Ode on Joshua vi. 20, which he contributed to
+  a Collection of "Miscellaneous Poems and Translations," published
+  (with a numerous subscription) by the Rev. Henry Travers, 1731,
+  octavo, p, 170. [See "Anonymiana," p. 327, for an account of Mr.
+  Travers, and this publication.] A marginal note in Dr. Pegge's
+  copy of Mr. Travers's publication tells us, that this _Ode_ was an
+  _academical exercise_, when the Doctor was an _under-graduate_ at
+  St. John's, which was sent to the _Earl_ of _Exeter_. His Lordship's
+  Ancestors had been Benefactors to the College, a circumstance which,
+  we presume, gave rise to the custom of sending such _periodical
+  exercises_ to the then Earl; though the practice, as far as we
+  know, does not continue. Thus much of this Commemoration, as we
+  believe, remains, that _two_ Sermons are still annually preached
+  (the one at _Hatfield_, and the other at _Burleigh)_ by Fellows
+  of the College, which we apprehend to have been enjoined by the
+  Benefactor. The _Ode_, of which we have spoken, became some years
+  after an _auxiliary_ contribution to Mr. _Travers's_ Collection from
+  Dr. Pegge, jointly with other contemporaries, to relieve the Editor
+  from some pecuniary embarrassments.--An Examination of "The Enquiry
+  into the meaning of Demoniacks in the New Testament; in a Letter to
+  the Author," 1739. An octavo (of 86 pages), with his name prefixed.
+  [This controversy originated from the Rev. Dr. Arthur-Ashley Sykes,
+  who published "An Enquiry into the Meaning of the Demoniacks in the
+  New Testament" (1737). under the obscure signature of "T. P. A.
+  P. O. A. B. I. T. C. O. S." The interpretation of this is, _T_he
+  _P_recentor _A_nd _P_rebendary _O_f _A_lton-_B_orealis, _I_n _T_he
+  _C_hurch _O_f _S_alisbury. Dr. Sykes had been vicar of Godmersham;
+  so that _two_ vicars of Godmersham became, incidentally, parties
+  in the controversy. The question engaged several other Writers;
+  _viz._ Rev. Leonard Twells, Rev. Thomas Hutchinson, and Rev. William
+  Winston, who were followed by Dr. Pegge. He, however, entered so
+  late into the lists, after the subject was almost worn out, that
+  his Publication was not much attended to, though it attracted
+  the applause of several competent judges, such as the Rev. Dr.
+  Newcome, Master of St. John's College, Cambridge; Rev. Dr. Taylor
+  (late Residentiary of St. Paul's); the very learned Bp. Smalbroke;
+  and some others.]--A Sermon on St. John i. 5: "The Light Shineth
+  in Darkness," preached on St. John's-day, 1742, at _Canterbury_
+  cathedral, and inscribed to his much-respected friend, Thomas
+  Knight, Esq. of _Godmersham_, in _Kent_.--A Sermon, preached
+  also at _Canterbury_ Cathedral during the Rebellion, 1746. [The
+  avowed design of the Discourse was, to prove that "Popery was an
+  encouragement to vice and immorality." This Sermon attracted the
+  civilities (mentioned in p. xxxi.) which Dr. Pegge received from
+  _Archbishop_ Herring.
+
+  These are the principal _professional_ Publications by Dr. Pegge;
+  to which ought to be added some short _pastoral_ and _gratuitous_
+  printed distributions at various times; _viz._ 1755. A Discourse
+  on Confirmation (of 23 pages, octavo), being an enlarged Sermon,
+  preached at _Chesterfield_ previously to the Bishop's triennial
+  Visitation, and dispersed.--1767. A brief Examination of the Church
+  Catechism, for the Use of those who are just arrived at Years of
+  Discretion.--1790.
+
+A short Paraphrase of the Lord's Prayer (4 pages octavo), first
+addressed to his Parishioners of Brindle, in Lancashire, 1753;
+and afterwards reprinted and distributed in his three parishes of
+Whittington, Heath, and Wingerworth, in Derbyshire, 1790. and a fund
+of knowledge, more than would have displayed itself in any greater
+work, where the subject requires but _one_ bias, and _one_ peculiar
+attention[33].
+
+  [33] An accurate list of these detached publications may be seen in
+  the Gentleman's Magazine for 1796, pp. 979, 1081.
+
+Frivolous as many detached _morsels_, scattered up and down in the
+GENTLEMAN'S MAGAZINE, may appear to some Readers, they may be called
+the ruminations of a busy mind; which shews an universality of
+reading, a love of investigation,
+
+It is but justice to say, that few men were so liberal in the
+diffusion of the knowledge which he had acquired, or more ready to
+communicate it, either _viv� voce_, or by the loan of his MSS. as
+many of his living Friends can testify.
+
+In his publications he was also equally _disinterested_ as in his
+private communications; for he never, as far as can be recollected,
+received any _pecuniary_ advantage from any pieces that he printed,
+committing them all to the press, with the sole reserve of a few
+copies to distribute among his particular Friends[34].
+
+  [34] We shall here specify Mr. Pegge's several Memoirs printed (by
+  direction of the Council of the Society of Antiquaries) in the
+  Arch�ologia, as being the principal _combined_ work to which he
+  contributed. Herein we shall proceed as they successively occur in
+  those volumes, rather than by the times at which the communications
+  themselves were actually read before the Society.
+
+  Vol. I. No. XXXVII. p. 155. Some Observations on an antique Marble
+  of the Earl of Pembroke.--No. XXXVIII. p. 161. Dissertation on an
+  Anglo-Saxon Jewel.--No. LV. p. 319. Of the Introduction, Progress,
+  State, and Condition, of the Vine in Britain.--No. LVII. p. 335.
+  A Copy of a Deed in Latin and Saxon of Odo, Bishop of Baieux, with
+  some Observations thereon.
+
+  Vol. II. No. IX. p. 68. Observations on the Mistakes of Mr.
+  Lisle and Mr. Hearne in respect of King Alfred's Present to the
+  Cathedrals. The late use of the Stylus, or metalline Pen. Mr.
+  Wise's Conjecture concerning the famous Jewel of King Alfred
+  further pursued; shewing it might possibly be part of the Stylus
+  sent by that King, with Gregory's Pastorals, to the Monastery
+  at Athelney.--No. XIII. p. 86. The Bull-running at Tutbury, in
+  Staffordshire, considered.--No. XVI. p. 100. Observations on Dr.
+  Percy's (afterwards Bishop of Dromore) Account of Minstrels among
+  the Saxons. [See vol. III. Art. XXXIV. p. 310.]--No. XIX. p. 124.
+  Observations on Stone Hammers.--No. XXV. p. 171. A Dissertation on
+  the Crane, as a Dish served up at great Tables in England.--No.
+  XXXVI. p. 276. A succinct and authentic Narrative of the Battle of
+  Chesterfield [co. Derby], A. D. 1266, in the Reign of K. Henry III.
+
+  Vol. III. No. I. p. 1. Of the Horn, as a Charter, or Instrument
+  of Conveyance. Some Observations on Mr. Samuel Foxlow's Horn; as
+  likewise on the Nature and Kinds of those Horns in general.--No. X.
+  p. 39. On Shoeing of Horses among the Antients.--No. XI. p. 53. The
+  Question considered, whether England formerly produced any Wine from
+  Grapes. [See vol. I. Art. LV. p. 319. This Question was answered by
+  the Hon. Daines Barrington in the 12th article of this volume, p.
+  67.]--No. XIV. p. 101. Remarks on Belatucader.--No. XVIII. p. 125.
+  Memoir concerning the Sac-Friars, or _Fratres de Poenitenti� Jesu
+  Christi_, as settled in England.--No. XIX. p. 132. +Alektruon�n
+  Ag�n+.] A Memoir on Cock-Fighting; wherein the Antiquity of it,
+  as a Pastime, is examined and stated; some Errors of the Moderns
+  concerning it are corrected; and the Retention of it among
+  Christians absolutely condemned and proscribed.--No. XX. p. 151. An
+  Inscription in honour of Serapis, found at York, illustrated.--No.
+  XXXIV. p. 310. A Letter to Dr. Percy (afterwards Bishop of Dromore),
+  on the Minstrels among the antient Saxons, occasioned by some
+  Observations on the Subject printed in the second Volume, p. 100.
+  [In this short Letter, Dr. Pegge very candidly acknowledges that
+  the Bishop had removed all his doubts in the most satisfactory
+  manner, by a more copious discussion of the subject in a subsequent
+  edition, which the Doctor had not seen when he wrote the Memoir in
+  vol. II. p. 100]--No. XXXVI. p. 316. Remarks on the first Noble
+  (coined 18 Edw. III. A. D. 1344) wherein a new and more rational
+  Interpretation is given of the Legend on the Reverse.--No. XLII. p.
+  371. Observations on two Jewels in the Possession of Sir Charles
+  Mordaunt, Bart.
+
+  Vol. IV. No. III. p. 29. An Enquiry into the Nature and Cause of
+  King John's Death; wherein it is shewn that it was not effected by
+  Poison.--No. IV. p. 47. Illustrations of a Gold enamelled Ring,
+  supposed to have been the Property of Alhstan, Bishop of Sherburne,
+  with some Account of the State and Condition of the Saxon Jewelry in
+  the more early Ages.--No. VIII. p. 110. Observations on Kits Cotty
+  House in Kent.--No. XVII. p. 190. A Dissertation on a most valuable
+  Gold Coin of Edmund Crouchback, son of King Henry III.--No. XXVI. p.
+  414. Remarks on the Bones of Fowls found in Christ-church Twynham,
+  Hampshire.
+
+  Vol. V, No. I. p. 1. Observations on the History of St. George,
+  the Patron Saint of England; wherein Dr. Pettingall's allegorical
+  Interpretation of the Equestrian Figure on the George, and the
+  late Mr. Byrom's Conjecture, that St. George is mistaken for Pope
+  Gregory, are briefly confuted; and the Martyr of Cappadocia, as
+  Patron of England, and of the Order of the Garter, is defended
+  against both. [N. B. Dr. Pegge's Name to this Article is omitted in
+  the Contents to the Volume; but see the Signature, p. 32.]--No. V.
+  p. 95. On the Rudston Pyramidal Stone.--No. VII. p. 101. Remarks
+  on Governor Pownall's Conjecture concerning the Croyland Boundary
+  Stone.--No. XIII. p. 160. An Examination of a mistaken Opinion
+  that Ireland, and [The Isle of] Thanet, are void of Serpents.--No.
+  XXI. p. 224. Observations on the Stone Coffins found at Christ
+  Church [in Hampshire].--No. XXVII. p. 272. An important Historical
+  Passage of Gildas amended and explained.--No. XXXVI. p. 346. The
+  Question discussed concerning the Appearances of the Matrices of so
+  many Conventual Seals.--No. XXXIX. p. 369. Remarks on the ancient
+  Pig of Lead [then] lately discovered in Derbyshire. [The Date is
+  1777.]--No. XLI. p. 390. The Penny with the name of Rodbertus IV.
+  ascribed to Robert Duke of Normandy, and other Matters relative to
+  the English Coinage, occasionally discussed.
+
+  Vol. VI. No. VIII. p. 79. Observations on the Plague in England--No.
+  XX. p. 150. The Commencement of the Day among the Saxons and Britons
+  ascertained.
+
+  Vol. VII. No. II. p. 19. Illustration of some Druidical Remains in
+  the Peak of Derbyshire, drawn by Hayman Rooke, Esq.--No. IX. p.
+  86. Observations on the present Aldborough Church, in Holderness;
+  proving that it was not a Saxon Building, as Mr. Somerset [_i.
+  e._ John-Charles Brooke, Esq. Somerset Herald] contends.--No.
+  XIII. p. 131. A Disquisition on the Lows, or Barrows, in the Peak
+  of Derbyshire, particularly that capital British Monument called
+  Arbelows.--No. XVIII. p. 170. Description of a Second Roman Pig of
+  Lead found in Derbyshire, in the Possession of Mr. Adam Wolley,
+  of Matlock, in that County, with Remarks.--No. XXIV. p. 211.
+  Observations on the Chariots of the Antient Britons.--No. XXXVIII.
+  p. 362. Observations on a Seal of Thomas, Suffragan Bishop of
+  Philadelphia.
+
+  Vol. VIII. No. I. p. 1. A Sketch of the History of the Asylum, or
+  Sanctuary, from its Origin to the final Abolition of it in the
+  Reign of King James I.--No. III. p. 58. Observations on the Stanton
+  Moor Urns, and Druidical Temples.--No. XX. p. 159. A circumstantial
+  Detail of the Battle of Lincoln, A. D. 1217 (1 Henry III).
+
+  Vol. IX. No. V. p. 45. Description of another [a third] Roman Pig of
+  Lead found in Derbyshire.--No. IX. p. 84. Observations on some Brass
+  Celts, and other Weapons, discovered in Ireland, 1780.--No. XVIII.
+  p. 189. Discoveries on opening a Tumulus in Derbyshire.
+
+  Vol. X. No. II. p. 17. Derbeiescira Romana.--No. IV. p. 50. Some
+  Observations of the Paintings in Brereton Church.--No. XIX. p. 156.
+  On the hunting of the antient Inhabitants of our Island, Britons
+  and Saxons.--No. XXIII. p. 177. Observations on an antient Font at
+  Burnham-Deepdale, in Norfolk.
+
+  The following articles appear to have been contributed by Mr. Pegge
+  to that useful and interesting reservoir of British Topographical
+  History, the _Bibliotheca Topographica Britannica; viz._ No. XVII.
+  A Memoir on the Story of Guy Earl of Warwick [1783].--No. XXI. The
+  History and Antiquities of Eccleshal-Manor and Castle, in the County
+  of Stafford; and of Lichfield House in London [1784]. [This Memoir
+  is inscribed to four successive Bishops of Lichfield: the Right Rev.
+  Dr. John Egerton (then Bishop of Durham); Hon. and Right Rev. Dr.
+  Brownlow North, then (and still) Bishop of Winchester; Right Rev.
+  Dr. Hurd, then Bishop of Worcester; and the Hon. and Right Rev. Dr.
+  Cornwallis, the present Bishop of Lichfield, who has done Dr. Pegge
+  the honour to deposit a copy of it among the Archives belonging to
+  that See.--No. XXIV. The Roman Roads (Ikenild-Street and Bath-Way)
+  discovered and investigated through the Country of the Coritani,
+  or the County of Derby; with the Addition of a Dissertation on the
+  Coritani. [1784.]--No. XXV. An Historical Account of that venerable
+  Monument of Antiquity, the Textus Roffensis; including Memoirs
+  of Mr. William Elstob, and his Sister, Mrs. Elizabeth Elstob.
+  [1784.]--No. XXVIII. Some Account of that Species of Prelates
+  formerly existing in England, usually called "Bishops _in Partibus
+  Infidelium_." [1784.] [The article before us is combined with some
+  others to consolidate what has been written on the subject. It
+  begins with a Letter from the Rev. Thomas Brett, LL. D. on Suffragan
+  Bishops in England, extracted from Drake's Antiquities of York (p.
+  539), which is followed by a Memoir on the same Topick from the Rev.
+  Mr. Lewis, of Margate. To these is subjoined Dr. Pegge's Account
+  of "Bishops _in Partibus Infidelium_." [N. B. This Number closes
+  with "A List of the Suffragan Bishops in England, drawn up by the
+  late Rev. Henry Wharton, M.A. and extracted from his MSS. in the
+  Lambeth Library."]--No. XXXII. Sketch of the History of Bolsover
+  and Peak Castles, in the County of Derby (in a Letter to his Grace
+  the Duke of Portland), illustrated with various Drawings by Hayman
+  Rooke, Esq. [1785].--No. XLI. A Sylloge of the authentic remaining
+  Inscriptions relative to the Erection of our English Churches,
+  embellished with Copperplates. Inscribed to Richard Gough, esq.
+  [1787.]
+
+  Independent Publications on Numismatical, Antiquarian, and
+  Biographical Subjects: 1756. No. I. "A Series of Dissertations on
+  some elegant and very valuable Anglo-Saxon Remains." [42 pages,
+  4to. with a Plate.] 1. A Gold Coin in the Pembrochian Cabinet, in a
+  Letter to Martin Folkes, Esq. late President of the Royal Society,
+  and Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries. [Dated Godmersham,
+  1751.] 2. A Silver Coin in the Possession of Mr. John White.
+  [Dated Whittington, 1755.] 3. A Gold Coin in the Possession of Mr.
+  Simpson, of Lincoln, in a Letter to Mr. Vertue. [Dated Godmersham,
+  1751.] 4. A Jewel in the Bodleian Library. [No place or date.]
+  5. Second Thoughts on Lord Pembroke's Coin, in a Letter to Mr.
+  Ames, Secretary to the Society of Antiquaries. [Dated Whittington,
+  1755.] [These Dissertations are prefaced by a Question, candidly
+  debated with the Rev. George North, Whether the Saxons coined any
+  Gold?]--No. II. 1761. "Memoirs of Roger de Weseham, Dean of Lincoln,
+  afterwards Bishop of Lichfield; and the principal Favourite of
+  Robert Grosseteste, Bishop of Lincoln." [60 pages, 4to.] [This
+  work (as we are told in the title-page) was intended as a prelude
+  to the Life of that most excellent Bishop, Robert Grosseteste;
+  which accordingly appeared (as will be mentioned) in the year 1795.
+  These Memoirs were compiled soon after Dr. Pegge was collated, by
+  Bishop [Frederick] Cornwallis, to the prebend of _Bobenhull_, in
+  the church of Lichfield, 1757, (founded by Bishop Weseham) and
+  gratefully inscribed to his patron the Bishop of Lichfield, and to
+  his friend Dr. John Green, then Dean of Lincoln, as Roger de Weseham
+  had successively filled both those dignities.-- No. III. 1766. "An
+  Essay on the Coins of Cunobelin; in an Epistle to the Right Rev.
+  Bishop of Carlisle [Charles Lyttelton], President of the Society of
+  Antiquaries." [105 pages, 4to.] [This collection of coins is classed
+  in two plates, and illustrated by a Commentary, together with
+  observations on the word _tascia_. N. B. The impression consisted
+  of no more than 200 copies.]--No. IV. 1772. "An Assemblage of Coins
+  fabricated by Authority of the Archbishops of Canterbury. To which
+  are subjoined, Two Dissertations." [125 pages, 4to.] 1. On a fine
+  Coin of Alfred the Great, with his Head. 2. On an Unic, in the
+  Possession of the late Mr. Thoresby, supposed to be a Coin of St.
+  Edwin; but shewn to be a Penny of Edward the Confessor. [An Essay
+  is annexed on the origin of metropolitical and other subordinate
+  mints; with an Account of their Progress and final Determination:
+  together with other incidental Matters, tending to throw light on a
+  branch of the Science of Medals, not perfectly considered by English
+  Medalists.]--No. V. 1772. "Fitz-Stephen's Description of the City of
+  London, newly translated from the Latin Original, with a necessary
+  Commentary, and a Dissertation on the Author, ascertaining the exact
+  Year of the Production; to which are added, a correct Edition of
+  the Original, with the various Readings, and many Annotations." [81
+  pages, 4to.] [This publication (well known _now_ to have been one
+  of the works of Dr. Pegge) was, as we believe, brought forward at
+  the instance of the Hon. Daines Barrington, to whom it is inscribed.
+  The number of copies printed was 250.]--No. VI. 1780. "The Forme of
+  Cury. A Roll of antient English Cookery, compiled about the Year
+  1390, Temp. Ric. II. with a copious Index and Glossary." [8vo.] [The
+  curious Roll, of which this is a copy, was the property of the late
+  Gustavus Brander, esq. It is in the hand-writing of the time, a
+  facsimile of which is given facing p. xxxi. of the Preface. The work
+  before us was a _private_ impression; but as, since Mr. Brander's
+  decease, it has fallen, by sale, into a great many hands, we refer
+  to the Preface for a farther account of it. Soon after Dr. Pegge's
+  elucidation of the Roll was finished, Mr. Brander presented the
+  autograph to the British Museum.]--No. VII. 1789. "Annales Eli� de
+  Trickenham, Monachi Ordinis Benedictini. Ex Bibliothec� Lamethan�."
+  To which is added, "Compendium Compertorum. Ex Bibliothec� Ducis
+  Devoni�." [4to.] [Both parts of this publication contain copious
+  annotations by the Editor. The former was communicated by Mr.
+  John Nichols, Printer, to whom it is _inscribed_. The latter was
+  published by permission of his Grace the Duke of Devonshire, to whom
+  it is _dedicated_. The respective Prefaces to these pieces will best
+  explain the nature of them.]--No. VIII. 1793. "The Life of Robert
+  Grosseteste, the celebrated Bishop of Lincoln." [4to.] [This Work
+  we have justly called his _chef-d'oeuvre_; for, in addition to
+  the life of an individual, it comprises much important history of
+  interesting times, together with abundant collateral matter.]--The
+  two following works have appeared since the Writer's death: No. IX.
+  1801. "An Historical Account of Beauchief Abbey, in the County of
+  Derby, from its first Foundation to its final Dissolution. Wherein
+  the three following material Points, in opposition to vulgar
+  Prejudices, are clearly established: 1st, That this Abbey did not
+  take its name from the Head of Archbishop Becket, though it was
+  dedicated to him. 2d, That the Founder of it had no hand in the
+  Murder of that Prelate; and, consequently, that the House was not
+  erected in Expiation of that Crime. 3d, The Dependance of this House
+  on that of Welbeck, in the County of Nottingham; a Matter hitherto
+  unknown." [4to.]--No. X. 1809. "_Anonymiana_; or, Ten Centuries of
+  Observations on various Authors and Subjects. Compiled by a late
+  very learned and reverend Divine; and faithfully published from the
+  original MS. with the Addition of a copious Index." [8vo.]]
+
+In the following Catalogue we must be allowed to deviate from
+chronological order, for the sake of preserving Dr. Pegge's
+_contributions_ to various _periodical_ and _contingent_
+Publications, distinct from his independent WORKS; to all which,
+however, we shall give (as far as possible) their respective dates.
+
+The greatest honour, which a literary man can obtain, is the
+_eulogies_ of those who possessed equal or more learning than
+himself. "_Laudatus � laudatis viris_" may peculiarly and deservedly
+be said of Dr. Pegge, as might be exemplified from the frequent
+mention made of him by the most respectable contemporary writers in
+the _Arch�ological_ line; but modesty forbids our enumerating them.
+
+[Illustration: WHITTINGTON CHURCH, DERBYSHIRE.
+
+_Gent. Mag. Supp. 1809. Pl. II, p. 1201._
+
+_Schnebbelie del. 1789._]
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX TO THE PARENTALIA.
+
+
+1. WHITTINGTON CHURCH.
+
+The annexed View was taken in 1789, by the ingenious Mr. Jacob
+Schnebbelie; and the following concise account of it was
+communicated in 1793, by the then worthy and venerable Rector.
+
+"WHITTINGTON, of whose Church the annexed Plate contains a Drawing
+by the late Mr. Schnebbelie, is a small parish of about 14 or 15
+hundred acres, distant from the church and old market-place of
+Chesterfield about two miles and a half. It lies in the road from
+Chesterfield to Sheffield and Rotherham, whose roads divide there
+at the well-known inn _The Cock and Magpye_, commonly called _The
+Revolution House_.
+
+The situation is exceedingly pleasant, in a pure and excellent
+air. It abounds with all kinds of conveniences for the use of the
+inhabitants, as coal, stone, timber, &c.; besides its proximity to a
+good market, to take its products.
+
+The Church is now a little Rectory, in the gift of the Dean of
+Lincoln. At first it was a Chapel of Ease to Chesterfield, a very
+large manor and parish; of which I will give the following short
+but convincing proof. The Dean of Lincoln, as I said, is Patron of
+this Rectory, and yet William Rufus gave no other church in this
+part of Derbyshire to the church of St. Mary at Lincoln but the
+church of Chesterfield; and, moreover, Whittington is at this day
+a parcel of the great and extensive manor of Chesterfield; whence
+it follows, that Whittington must have been once a part both of the
+rectory and manor of Chesterfield. But whence comes it, you will
+say, that it became a rectory, for such it has been many years? I
+answer, I neither know how nor when; but it is certain that chapels
+of ease have been frequently converted into rectories, and I suppose
+by mutual agreement of the curate of the chapel, the rector of the
+mother church, and the diocesan. Instances of the like emancipation
+of chapels, and transforming them into independent rectories, there
+are several in the county of Derby, as Matlock, Bonteshall, Bradley,
+&c.; and others may be found in Mr. Nichols's "History of Hinckley,"
+and in his "Bibliotheca Topographica Britannica," No. VI.
+
+_Fig._ 1 is an inscription on the _Ting-tang_, or Saints Bell, of
+Whittington Church, drawn by Mr. Schnebbelie, 27 July, 1789, from an
+impression taken in clay. This bell, which is seen in the annexed
+view, hangs within a stone frame, or tabernacle, at the top of the
+church, on the outside between the Nave and the Chancel. It has a
+remarkable fine shrill tone, and is heard, it is said, three or four
+miles off, if the wind be right. It is very antient, as appears
+both from the form of the letters, and the name (of the donor, I
+suppose), which is that in use before surnames were common. Perhaps
+it may be as old as the fabrick of the church itself, though this is
+very antient.
+
+_Fig._ 2 is a stone head, near the roof on the North side of the
+church.
+
+In the East window of the church is a small Female Saint.
+
+In this window, A. a fess Vaire G. and O. between three
+water-bougets Sable. _Dethick._
+
+Cheque A. and G. on a bend S. a martlet. _Beckering._
+
+At the bottom of this window an inscription,
+
+  Rogero Cric.
+
+Roger Criche was rector, and died 1413, and probably made the
+window. He is buried within the rails of the communion-table, and
+his slab is engraved in the second volume of Mr. Gough's "Sepulchral
+Monuments of Great Britain," Plate XIX. p. 37. Nothing remains of
+the inscription but Amen.
+
+In the upper part of the South window of the Chancel, is a picture
+in glass of our Saviour with the five Wounds; an angel at his left
+hand sounding a trumpet[35].--On a pane of the upper tier of the West
+window is the portrait of St. John; his right hand holding a book
+with the Holy Lamb upon it: and the forefinger of his left hand
+pointing to the Cross held by the Lamb, as uttering his well-known
+confession: "Behold the Lamb of God, which taketh away the sin of
+the world[35]."
+
+  [35] Both these are engraved in the "Antiquaries Museum," from
+  drawings made by Mr. Schnebbelie. EDIT.
+
+In the South window of the Chancel is, Barry wavy of 6 A. and G. a
+chief A. Ermine and Gules. _Barley._
+
+Ermine, on a chief indented G. or lozeng�.
+
+In the Easternmost South window of the nave is A. on a chevron
+Sable, three quatrefoils Argent. _Eyre._
+
+This window has been renewed; before which there were other coats
+and some effigies in it.
+
+  _Jan. 1, 1793._
+
+  SAMUEL PEGGE, Rector."
+
+
+2. WHITTINGTON RECTORY.
+
+This View was taken also, in 1789, by Mr. Schnebbelie; and the
+account of it drawn up in 1793 by Dr. Pegge, then resident in it, at
+the advanced age of 88.
+
+"The Parsonage-house at Whittington is a convenient substantial
+stone building, and very sufficient for this small benefice. It
+was, as I take it, erected by the Rev. Thomas Callice, one of my
+predecessors; and, when I had been inducted, I enlarged it, by
+pulling down the West end, making a cellar, a kitchen, a brew-house,
+and a pantry, with chambers over them. There is a glebe of about 30
+acres belonging to it with a garden large enough for a family, and a
+small orchard. The garden is remarkably pleasant in respect to its
+fine views to the North, East, and South, with the Church to the
+West. There is a fair prospect of Chesterfield Church, distant about
+two miles and a half; and of Bolsover Castle to the West; and, on
+the whole, this Rectorial house may be esteemed a very delightful
+habitation.
+
+  S. PEGGE."
+
+In this Parsonage the Editor of the present Volume, accompanied by
+his late excellent Friend Mr. Gough, spent many happy hours with
+the worthy Rector for several successive years, and derived equal
+information and pleasure from his instructive conversation.
+
+[Illustration: WHITTINGTON RECTORY.
+
+_Gent. Mag. Sep. 1810. Pl. II, p. 217._
+
+_Schnebbelie del._]
+
+
+3. THE REVOLUTION HOUSE.
+
+To complete the little series of Views at Whittington more
+immediately connected with Dr. Pegge, a third plate is here given,
+from another Drawing by Mr. Schnebbelie, of the small public-house
+at Whittington, which has been handed down to posterity for above a
+century under the honourable appellation of "The Revolution House."
+It obtained that name from the accidental meeting of two noble
+personages, Thomas Osborne Earl of Danby, and William Cavendish
+Earl of Devonshire, with a third person, Mr. John D'Arcy[36],
+privately one morning, 1688, upon Whittington, Moor, as a middle
+place between Chatsworth, Kniveton, and Aston, their respective
+residences, to consult about the Revolution, then in agitation[37];
+but a shower of rain happening to fall, they removed to the village
+for shelter, and finished their conversation at a public-house
+there, the sign of _The Cock and Pynot_[38].
+
+  [36] It appears, from traditional accounts, that Lord Delamere, an
+  ancestor of the present Earl of Stamford and Warrington, was also at
+  this meeting. H. ROOKE.
+
+  [37] Kennett.
+
+  [38] A Provincial name for a _Magpye_.
+
+The part assigned to the Earl of Danby was, to surprize York; in
+which he succeeded: after which, the Earl of Devonshire was to take
+measures at Nottingham, where the Declaration for a free Parliament,
+which he, at the head of a number of Gentlemen of Derbyshire, had
+signed Nov. 28, 1688[39], was adopted by the Nobility, Gentry, and
+Commonalty of the Northern Counties, assembled there for the defence
+of the Laws, Religion, and Properties[40].
+
+  [39] Rapin, XV. 199.
+
+  [40] Deering's Nottingham, p. 258.
+
+The success of these measures is well known; and to the concurrence
+of these Patriots with the proceedings in favour of the Prince of
+Orange in the West, is this Nation indebted for the establishment of
+her rights and liberties at the glorious Revolution.
+
+The cottage here represented stands at the point where the road from
+Chesterfield divides into two branches, to Sheffield and Rotherham.
+The room where the Noblemen sat is 15 feet by 12 feet 10, and is
+to this day called _The Plotting Parlour_. The old armed chair,
+still remaining in it, is shewn by the landlord with particular
+satisfaction, as that in which it is said the Earl of Devonshire
+sat; and he tells with equal pleasure, how it was visited by his
+descendants, and the descendants of his associates, in the year
+1788. Some new rooms, for the better accommodation of customers,
+were added about 20 years ago.
+
+     The Duke of LEEDS' own account of his meeting the Earl of
+     DEVONSHIRE and Mr. JOHN D'ARCY[41] at Whittington, in the County
+     of Derby, A. D. 1688.
+
+  [41] Son and heir of Conyers Earl of Holderness.
+
+The Earl of Derby, afterwards Duke of Leeds, was impeached, A.D.
+1678, of High Treason by the House of Commons, on a charge of being
+in the French interest, and, in particular, of being Popishly
+affected: many, both Peers and Commoners, were misled, and had
+conceived an erroneous opinion concerning him and his political
+conduct. This he has stated himself, in the Introduction to his
+Letters, printed A. 1710, where he says, "That the malice of my
+accusation did so manifestly appear in that article wherein I was
+charged to be Popishly affected, that I dare swear there was not one
+of my accusers that did then believe that article against me."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+His Grace then proceeds, for the further clearing of himself, in
+these memorable words, relative to the meeting at Whittington, the
+subject of this memoir.
+
+"The Duke of Devonshire also, when we were partners in the secret
+trust about the Revolution, and who did meet me and Mr. John D'Arcy,
+for that purpose, at a town called Whittington, in Derbyshire,
+did, in the presence of the said Mr. D'Arcy, make a voluntary
+acknowledgment of the great mistakes he had been led into about me;
+and said, that both he, and most others, were entirely convinced of
+their error. And he came to Sir Henry Goodrick's house in Yorkshire
+purposely to meet me there again, in order to concert the times
+and methods by which he should act at Nottingham (which was to be
+his post), and one at York (which was to be mine); and we agreed,
+that I should first attempt to surprize York, because there was a
+small garrison with a Governor there; whereas Nottingham was but
+an open town, and might give an alarm to York, if he should appear
+in arms before I had made my attempt upon York; which was done
+accordingly[42]; but is mistaken in divers relations of it. And I
+am confident that Duke (had he been now alive) would have thanked
+nobody for putting his prosecution of me amongst the glorious
+actions of his life."
+
+  [42] For the Earl of Devonshire's proceedings at Derby and
+  Whittington see Mr. Deering's History of Nottingham, p. 260. Mr.
+  Drake, p. 177 of his Eboracum, just mentions the Earl of Danby's
+  appearance at York.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+     Celebration of the REVOLUTION JUBILEE, at Whittington and
+     Chesterfield, on the 4th and 5th of November, 1788.
+
+On Tuesday the 4th instant, the Committee appointed to conduct
+the Jubilee had a previous meeting, and dined together at the
+Revolution House in Whittington. His Grace the Duke of Devonshire,
+Lord Stamford, Lord George and Lord John Cavendish, with several
+neighbouring Gentlemen, were present. After dinner a subscription
+was opened for the erecting of a Monumental Column, in Commemoration
+of the Glorious Revolution, on that spot where the Earls of
+Devonshire and Danby, Lord Delamere, and Mr. John D'Arcy, met to
+concert measures which were eminently instrumental in rescuing
+the Liberties of their Country from perdition. As this Monument
+is intended to be not less a mark of public Gratitude, than the
+memorial of an important event; it was requested, that the present
+Representatives of the above-mentioned families would excuse their
+not being permitted to join in the expence.
+
+On the 5th, at eleven in the morning, the commemoration commenced
+with divine service at Whittington Church. The Rev. Mr. Pegge, the
+Rector of the Parish, delivered an excellent Sermon from the words
+"This is the day, &c." Though of a great age, having that very
+morning entered his 85th year, he spoke with a spirit which seemed
+to be derived from the occasion, his sentiments were pertinent, well
+arranged, and his expression animated.
+
+The descendants of the illustrious houses of Cavendish, Osborne,
+Boothe, and Darcy (for the venerable Duke of Leeds, whose age would
+not allow him to attend, had sent his two grandsons, in whom the
+blood of Osborne and D'Arcy is united); a numerous and powerful
+gentry; a wealthy and respectable yeomanry; a hardy, yet decent and
+attentive peasantry; whose intelligent countenances shewed that they
+understood, and would be firm to preserve that blessing, for which
+they were assembled to return thanks to Almighty God, presented a
+truly solemn spectacle, and to the eye of a philosopher the most
+interesting that can be imagined.
+
+After service the company went in succession to view the old
+house, and the room called by the Anti-revolutionists "The
+Plotting-Parlour," with the old armed-chair in which the Earl of
+Devonshire is said to have sitten, and every one was then pleased to
+partake of a very elegant cold collation, which was prepared in the
+new rooms annexed to the cottage. Some time being spent in this, the
+procession began:
+
+Constables with long staves, two and two.
+
+The Eight Clubs, four and four; _viz_.
+
+     1. Mr. Deakin's: Flag, blue, with orange fringe, on it the
+     figure of Liberty, the motto, "The Protestant Religion, and the
+     Liberties of England, we will maintain."
+
+     2. Mr. Bluett's: Flag, blue, fringed with orange, motto,
+     "Libertas; qu� sera, tamen respexit inertem." Underneath the
+     figure of Liberty crowning Britannia with a wreath of laurels,
+     who is represented sitting on a Lion, at her feet the Cornucopi�
+     of Plenty; at the top next the pole, a Castle, emblematical of
+     the house where the club is kept; on the lower side of the flag
+     Liberty holding a Cap and resting on the Cavendish arms.
+
+     3. Mr. Ostliff's: Flag, broad blue and orange stripe, with
+     orange fringe; in the middle the Cavendish arms; motto as No. 1.
+
+     4. Mrs. Barber's: Flag, garter blue and orange quarter'd,
+     with white fringe, mottoes, "Liberty secured." "The Glorious
+     Revolution 1688."
+
+     5. Mr. Valentine Wilkinson's: Flag, blue with orange fringe, in
+     the middle the figure of Liberty; motto as No. 1.
+
+     6. Mr. Stubbs: Flag, blue with orange fringe, motto, "Liberty,
+     Property, Trade, Manufactures;" at the top a head of King
+     William crowned with laurel, in the middle in a large oval,
+     "Revolution 1688." On one side the Cap of Liberty, on the other
+     the figure of Britannia; on the opposite side the flag of the
+     Devonshire arms.
+
+     Mrs. Ollerenshaw's: Flag, blue with orange fringe; motto as No.
+     1. on both sides.
+
+     Mr. Marsingale's: Flag, blue with orange fringe; at the top the
+     motto, "In Memory of the Glorious Assertors of British Freedom
+     1688," beneath, the figure of Liberty leaning on a shield, on
+     which is inscribed, "Revolted from Tyranny at WHITTINGTON 1688;"
+     and having in her hand a scroll with the words "Bill of Rights"
+     underneath a head of King William the Third; on the other side
+     the flag, the motto, "The Glorious Revolter from Tyranny 1688"
+     underneath the Devonshire arms; at the bottom the following
+     inscription, "WILLIELMUS DUX DEVON. Bonorum Principum Fidelis
+     Subditus; Inimicus et Invisus Tyrannis."
+
+  The Members of the Clubs were estimated 2000
+  persons, each having a white wand in his hand
+  with blue and orange tops and favours, with
+  the REVOLUTION stamped upon them.
+
+  The Derbyshire militia's band of music.
+
+  The Corporation of Chesterfield in their formalities,
+  who joined the procession on entering the town.
+
+  The Duke of Devonshire in his coach and six.
+
+  Attendants on horseback with four led horses.
+
+  The Earl of Stamford in his post chaise and four.
+
+  Attendants on horseback.
+
+  The Earl of Danby and Lord Francis Osborne in their
+  post-chaise and four.
+
+  Attendants on horseback.
+
+  Lord George Cavendish in his post-chaise and four.
+
+  Attendants on horseback.
+
+  Lord John Cavendish in his post-chaise and four.
+
+  Attendants on horseback.
+
+  Sir Francis Molyneux and Sir Henry Hunloke, Barts.
+  in Sir Henry's coach and six.
+
+  Attendants on horseback.
+
+  And upwards of forty other carriages of the neighbouring
+  gentry, with their attendants.
+
+  Gentlemen on horseback, three and three.
+
+  Servants on horseback, ditto.
+
+The procession in the town of Chesterfield went along
+Holywell-Street, Saltergate, Glumangate, then to the left along
+the upper side of the Market-place to Mr. Wilkinson's house, down
+the street past the Mayor's house, along the lower side of the
+Market-place to the end of the West Barrs, from thence past Dr.
+Milnes's house to the Castle, where the Derbyshire band of music
+formed in the centre and played "_Rule Britannia_," "_God save the
+King, &c._" the Clubs and Corporation still proceeding in the same
+order to the Mayor's and then dispersed.
+
+[Illustration: REVOLUTION House at WHITTINGTON.
+
+_Gent. Mag. Suppl. to Vol. LXXX. Part II, p. 609._
+
+_Schnebbelie del._]
+
+The whole was conducted with order and regularity, for
+notwithstanding there were fifty carriages, 400 gentlemen on
+horseback, and an astonishing throng of spectators, not an accident
+happened. All was joy and gladness, without a single burst of unruly
+tumult and uproar. The approving eye of Heaven shed its auspicious
+beams, and blessed this happy day with more than common splendour.
+
+The company was so numerous as scarcely to be accommodated at the
+three principal inns. It would be a piece of injustice not to
+mention the dinner at the Castle, which was served in a style of
+unusual elegance.
+
+The following toasts were afterwards given:
+
+  1. THE KING.
+  2. The glorious and immortal Memory of King William the IIId.
+  3. The Memory of the Glorious Revolution.
+  4. The Memory of those Friends to their Country, who, at the risk of
+           their lives and fortunes, were instrumental in effecting
+           the Glorious Revolution in 1688.
+  5. The Law of the Land.
+  6. The PRINCE of WALES.
+  7. The QUEEN, and the rest of the Royal Family.
+  8. Prosperity to the British Empire.
+  9. The Duke of Leeds, and prosperity to the House of Osborne.
+  10. The Duke of Devonshire, and prosperity to the House of
+            Cavendish.
+  11. The Earl of Stamford, and prosperity to the united House of
+            Boothe and Grey.
+  12. The Earl of Danby, and prosperity to the united House of Osborne
+            and Darcy.
+  13. All the Friends of the Revolution met this year to commemorate
+            that glorious Event.
+  14. The Dke of Portland.
+  15. Prosperity to the County of Derby.
+  16. The Members for the County.
+  17. The Members for the Borough of Derby.
+  18. The Duchess of Devonshire, &c.
+
+In the evening a brilliant exhibition of fireworks was played off,
+under the direction of Signor Pietro; during which the populace were
+regaled with a proper distribution of liquor. The day concluded with
+a ball, at which were present near 300 gentlemen and ladies; amongst
+whom were many persons of distinction. The Duchess of Devonshire,
+surrounded by the bloom of the Derbyshire hills, is a picture not to
+be pourtrayed. Near 250 ball-tickets were received at the door.
+
+The warm expression of gratitude and affection sparkling in every
+eye, must have excited in the breasts of those noble personages,
+whose ancestors were the source of this felicity, a sensation which
+Monarchs in all their glory might envy. The utmost harmony and
+felicity prevailed throughout the whole meeting. An hogshead of ale
+was given to the populace at Whittington, and three hogsheads at
+Chesterfield; where the Duke of Devonshire gave also three guineas
+to each of the eight clubs.
+
+It was not the least pleasing circumstance attending this meeting,
+that all party distinctions were forgotten. Persons of all ranks
+and denominations wore orange and blue, in memory of our glorious
+Deliverer; And the most respectable Roman Catholic families,
+satisfied with the mild toleration of government in the exercise of
+their Religion, vied in their endeavours to shew how just a sense
+they had of the value of CIVIL LIBERTY.
+
+
+Letter from the Rev. P. CUNNINGHAM to Mr. PEGGE.
+
+     _Eyam, near Tideswal,
+     Nov. 2, 1788._
+
+     REV. AND DEAR SIR,
+
+     You will please to accept of the inclosed Stanzas, and the
+     Ode for the Jubilee, as a little testimony of the Author's
+     respectful remembrance of regard; and of his congratulations,
+     that it has pleased Divine Providence to prolong your days, to
+     take a distinguished part in the happy commemoration of the
+     approaching Fifth of November.
+
+     Having accidentally heard yesterday the Text you proposed for
+     your Discourse on Wednesday, I thought the adoption of it, as an
+     additional truth to the one I had chosen, would be regarded as
+     an additional token of implied respect. In that light I flatter
+     myself you will consider it.
+
+     I shall be happy if these poetic effusions should be considered
+     by you as a proof of the sincere respect and esteem with which I
+     subscribe myself,
+
+     Dear Sir, your faithful humble servant,
+     P. CUNNINGHAM.
+
+
+Stanzas, by the Rev. P. _Cunningham_, occasioned by the
+     Revolution Jubilee, at Whittington and Chesterfield, Nov. 5,
+     1788. Inscribed to the Rev. SAMUEL PEGGE, Rector of Whittington.
+
+"This is the day which the Lord hath made; we will rejoice and be glad
+in it." Psalms.
+
+     "Esto perpetua!" _F. P. Sarpi da Venez._
+
+    Round the starr'd Zodiack, now the golden Sun
+      Eventful Time a Century hath led;
+    Since Freedom, with her choicest wreath, begun
+      Smiling, to grace her long-loved Nation's head.
+
+    Welcome again, the fair auspicious Morn!
+      To Freedom, first and fairest of the year;
+    When from her ashes, like a Phoenix born,
+      Reviving Britain rose in Glory's sphere.
+
+    When, starting from their mournful death-like trance,
+      Her venerable Laws their fasces rais'd.
+    Her stern-eyed Champions grasp'd th' avenging lance,
+      And pure Religion's trembling altars blaz'd.
+
+    For then, from Belgia, through the billowy storm,
+      And, heaven-directed in an happy hour,
+    Britain's good Genius, bearing WILLIAM'S form,
+      Broke the dire Sceptre of Despotic Power.
+
+    Ev'n now, to Fancy's retrospective eyes,
+      Fix'd on the triumphs of his Patriot-Reign;
+    Majestic seems the Hero's shade to rise,
+      With Commerce, Wealth, and Empire, in his train.
+
+    Undimm'd his[43] Eagle-eye, serene his air,
+      Of Soul heroic, as in Fields of Death;
+    See! Britain's Weal employs his latest care,
+      Her Liberty and Laws his latest breath.
+
+    "Visions of Glory! crouding on his sight,"
+      With your still-growing lustre gild the day,
+    When Britons, worthy of their Sires, unite
+      Their Orisons at Freedom's Shrine to pay.
+
+    To eternize the delegated hand,
+      That seal'd their great forefathers' fields their own;
+    Rais'd ev'ry art that decks a smiling land,
+      And Laws that guard the Cottage as the Throne.
+
+    That to the free, unconquerable mind
+      Secur'd the sacred Rights of Conscience, given
+    To Man, when tender Mercy first design'd
+      To raise the Citizen of Earth to Heaven.
+
+    And hark! the solemn P�ans grateful rise
+      From rural Whittington's o'erflowing fane;
+    And, with the heart's pure incense to the skies,
+      Its venerable Shepherd's[44] hallow'd strain.
+
+    See! pointing to the memorable scene,
+      He bids that Heath[45] to latest times be known,
+    Whence her three Champions[46], Freedom, heaven-born Queen,
+      Led with fresh glories to the British Throne.
+
+    Oh, Friend! upon whose natal morn[47] 'tis given,
+      When seventeen Lustres mark thy letter'd days,
+    To lead the Hymn of Gratitude to Heav'n,
+      And blend the Christian's with the Briton's praise.
+
+    Like hoary Sarpis[48], patriot Sage, thy pray'r
+      With Life shall close in _his_ emphatic Strain;
+    "As on _this_ day, may Freedom, ever fair,
+      In Britain flourish, and for ever reign!"
+
+     _Eyam, Derbyshire._
+     P. C.
+
+  [43] Sir John Dalrymple's "Continuation of Memoirs of Great Britain."
+
+  [44] Samuel Pegge.
+
+  [45] Whittington Moor.
+
+  [46] Earl of Devon, Earl of Danby, and Mr. John D'Arcy.
+
+  [47] Birth-day of the Rev. Samuel Pegge, 1704.
+
+  [48] Father Paul.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Ode for the Revolution Jubilee, 1788.
+
+    When lawless Power his iron hand,
+    When blinded Zeal her flaming brand
+      O'er Albion's Island wav'd;
+    Indignant freedom veil'd the sight;
+    Eclips'd her Son of Glory's light;
+      Her fav'rite Realm enslav'd.
+
+    Distrest she wander'd:--when afar
+    She saw her NASSAU'S friendly star
+      Stream through the stormy air:
+    She call'd around a Patriot Band;
+    She bade them save a sinking land;
+      And deathless glory share.
+
+    Her cause their dauntless hearts inspir'd,
+    With ancient Roman virtue fir'd;
+      They plough'd the surging main;
+    With fav'ring gales from Belgia's shore
+    Her heaven-directed Hero bore,
+      And Freedom crown'd his Reign.
+
+    With equal warmth her spirit glows,
+    Though hoary Time's centennial snows
+      New silver o'er her fame.
+    For hark, what songs of triumph tell,
+    Still grateful Britons love to dwell,
+      On WILLIAM'S glorious name.
+
+
+EXTRACTS FROM LETTERS TO MR. GOUGH.
+
+     DEAR SIR,
+     _Whittington, Oct. 11, 1788._
+
+     We are to have most grand doings at this place, 5th of November
+     next, at the _Revolution House_, which I believe you saw when
+     you was here. The Resolutions of the Committee were ordered to
+     be inserted in the London prints[49]; so I presume you may have
+     seen them, and that I am desired to preach the Sermon.
+
+     I remain your much obliged, &c.
+     S. PEGGE.
+
+  [49] "The Committee appointed by the Lords and Gentlemen at the
+  last Chesterfield Races, to conduct and manage the Celebration of
+  the intended Jubilee, on the Hundredth Anniversary of the glorious
+  Revolution, at the Revolution House in Whittington, in the County of
+  Derby, where measures were first concerted for the promotion of that
+  grand constitutional event, in these midland parts, have this day
+  met, and upon consideration, come to the following resolutions:
+
+  That General Gladwin do take the chair at this meeting. That the
+  Rev. Samuel Pegge be requested to preach a Sermon on the occasion,
+  at Whittington Church, on the 5th day of November next. That the
+  Gentlemen who intend to honor the meeting with their company, do
+  assemble at Whittington Church, exactly at eleven o'clock in the
+  forenoon of that day to attend divine service. That immediately
+  after service, they meet at the Revolution House, where a cold
+  collation will be provided. That they go in procession from thence
+  to Chesterfield, where ordinaries will be provided at the Angel,
+  Castle, and Falcon inns. That the meeting be open to all friends of
+  the Revolution. That letters be written to the Dukes of Devonshire
+  and Leeds, and the Earl of Stamford, to request the honour of
+  their attendance at that meeting. That there be a ball for the
+  Ladies in the evening at the Assembly Room in Chesterfield. That a
+  subscription of one guinea each be entered into for defraying the
+  extraordinary expenses on the occasion, and that the same be paid
+  into the hands of Messrs. Wilkinson's, in Chesterfield. That the
+  Committee do meet again on Wednesday the 8th of October next, at the
+  Angel Inn, in Chesterfield, at one o'clock. That these resolutions
+  be published in the Derby and Nottingham newspapers, and in the St.
+  James's of Whitehall, and Lloyd's Evening Posts, and the London and
+  English Chronicles.
+
+       _Chesterfield, Sept. 27, 1788._
+       HENRY GLADWIN, Chairman."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+     _Whittington, Nov. 29, 1788._
+
+     MY DEAR MR. GOUGH,
+
+     Mr. Rooke slept at the Vicarage on the 4th, in order to be ready
+     for our grand celebrity the next day; and to distribute then to
+     his friends his drawing, which he had caused to be engraved by
+     Basire, of the _Revolution House_ at Whittington, which he did,
+     with a paper of mine, respecting the meeting there of the Earl
+     of Devonshire, the Earl of Derby, &c. in 1688, annexed.
+
+     The 5th of November is now gone and over, and they said I
+     acquitted myself very well. Indeed, I was in good spirits, and,
+     as my Son-in-law read the prayers, I went fresh into the pulpit.
+     The Duke of Devon was too late; but we had the Earl of Stamford
+     at church, with Lord George and Lord John Cavendish, Lord Danby
+     (Son of the Marquis of Carmarthen), and Lord Francis Osborne,
+     with their Preceptor Dr. Jackson, Prebendary of Westminster, &c.
+     The cavalcade from Whittington to Chesterfield, where we were
+     to dine at four o'clock, was amazingly grand, no less than 50
+     coaches and chaises with horses dressed with orange ribbons;
+     large and fine banners, with sundry bands of music. There were
+     about 1000 on foot, with orange cockades, and about 300 on
+     horseback, many of whom, besides cockades, were in blue, with
+     orange capes. At half past six the fireworks, by an Italian
+     artist, began, and very admirable they were; he had twenty
+     pounds given him by the _Managers_. The ball room, at nine, was
+     so crowded that, though it is large, there could be but little
+     dancing. The ball was given to the Ladies, with an entertainment
+     of cakes, sweetmeats, negus, &c. It was a fine day; and not the
+     least accident happened, though it is supposed not less than
+     30,000 people were assembled. Hogsheads of liquor were given by
+     the Managers at Whittington and Chesterfield, and the Duke of
+     Devon gave twenty-four guineas to the footmen mentioned above. I
+     saw nobody however in liquor; and when Mr. Rooke and I returned
+     to Whittington, at one o'clock or after, we had a sober driver.
+
+     It happened to be my birth-day; which being known to some
+     gentlemen at all the three great inns where the company dined,
+     they drank my health with three cheers, requesting me to print
+     my Sermon. This request I have complied with, and it is now
+     printed at Chesterfield; I will take care that a copy be sent to
+     you and Mr. Nichols. But I must observe to you on the occasion,
+     that the Sermon will not read so well as it was heard, because
+     having good command over myself at the time, I delivered it with
+     energy and emphasis.
+
+     There will be a monument erected at the Revolution House in
+     Whittington; a column I suppose; and 148 guineas are already
+     subscribed. N. B. The Duke of Devon and the Earl of Stamford
+     were excepted from subscribing, so they reluctantly desisted.
+     Sir H. Hunloke, a Catholic, is a subscriber, and went in the
+     cavalcade, but was not at church, as you may suppose.
+
+     We have a very fine time here, no signs of winter but the
+     absence of leaves; the want of water however is very wonderful,
+     considering the time of year, and is even distressing. I grow
+     very idle and good for nothing; but, such as I am, I remain your
+     very affectionate and much obliged servant,
+
+     S. PEGGE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+     _Whittington, Dec. 22, 1788._
+
+     DEAR SIR,
+
+     By this time I hope you are in possession of my Sermon, as I
+     desired my Son to send one copy to you, and another to Mr.
+     Nichols. If I know you, your sentiments in politics coincide
+     with mine; so that I have no fear of your concurrence in that
+     respect and have only to wish that the composition may please
+     you.
+
+     I am, dear Sir, your truly affectionate and much obliged servant,
+
+       S. PEGGE.
+
+
+
+
+SEQUEL TO THE PARENTALIA.
+
+BY THE EDITOR.
+
+
+Samuel Pegge, Esq. the only surviving Son[50] of the venerable
+Antiquary whose Life has just been recorded, was born in 1731.
+After an excellent classical education, at St. John's College,
+Cambridge, he was admitted a Barrister of the Middle Temple; and
+was soon after, by the favour of the Duke of Devonshire, then
+Lord Chamberlain, appointed one of the Grooms of His Majesty's
+Privy-Chamber, and an Esquire of the King's Household.
+
+  [50] Another son, Christopher, died an infant in 1736.
+
+Mr. Pegge married Martha, daughter of Dr. Henry Bourne, an eminent
+Physician, of Spital, near Chesterfield, in Derbyshire[51], and
+sister to the Rev. John Bourne[52], Rector of Sutton, and Vicar of
+South Wingfield, co. Derby.
+
+  [51] Who died in 1775, in his 89th year.
+
+  [52] Who married Anne-Katharine, Mr. S. Pegge's only sister.
+
+By this lady, who was born in 1732, and died in 1767, he had
+one son, Christopher, of whom hereafter; and one daughter,
+Charlotte-Anne, who died, unmarried, March 17, 1793.
+
+Mr. Pegge married, secondly, Goodeth Belt, daughter of Robert Belt,
+Esq. of Bossall, co. York, by whom he had no issue[53].
+
+  [53] She died Oct. 23, 1807, in her 82d year.
+
+After the death of his Father, Mr. Pegge, though somewhat advanced
+in life, was desirous of becoming a Member of the Society of
+Antiquaries. He was accordingly elected in 1796; having previously
+shewn that he was well deserving of that distinction, by the
+accuracy and intelligence displayed in the "Curialia."
+
+He survived his Father little more than four years; during which
+period he enjoyed but an indifferent state of bodily health. His
+mental faculties, however, were, to the last, strong and unimpaired;
+his manners truly elegant; his conversation always sensible and
+pleasant; and his epistolary correspondence[54] lively and facetious.
+
+  [54] A few extracts from his Letters are given in p. lxxxiii.
+
+His death is thus recorded on an upright stone on the West side of
+Kensington church-yard:
+
+          "SAMUEL PEGGE, Esq.
+  died May the 22d, 1800, aged 67 years.
+
+    MARTHA, Wife of SAMUEL PEGGE, Esq.
+    died June 28, 1767, aged 35 years.
+
+    CHARLOTTE-ANNE, the only Daughter
+        of SAMUEL and MARTHA PEGGE,
+   died March 17, 1793, aged 31 years.
+
+  Mrs. CHRISTIANA PEGGE died July 1, 1790."
+
+To Mr. Pegge, we are indebted for the foregoing circumstantial
+Memoir or his very learned Father; and for several occasional
+communications to the Gentleman's Magazine.
+
+But his principal Work Was intituled, "_Curialia_; or, an Historical
+Account of some Branches of the Royal Household[55];" Three
+Portions of which he published in his life-time:
+
+     Part I. consisted of "Two Dissertations, addressed to the
+     President of the Society of Antiquaries, London; _viz._ 1. On
+     the obsolete Office of the Esquires of the King's Body. 2. On
+     the original Nature, Duty, &c. of the Gentlemen of the King's
+     Most Honourable Privy Chamber, 1782."
+
+     Part II. contains "A Memoir regarding the King's Honourable Band
+     of Gentlemen Pensioners, from its Establishment to the present
+     Time, 1784."
+
+     Part III. is "A Memoir respecting the King's Body-Guard of
+     Yeomen of his Guard, from its Institution, A. D. 1485; 1791."
+
+  [55] Had Mr. Pegge lived to have completed his whole design, the
+  Title would have run thus: "_Hospitium Regis_; or, a History of
+  the Royal Household, and the several Officers thereof, principally
+  in the Departments of the Lord Steward, the Lord Chamberlain, the
+  Master of the Horse, and the Groom of the Stole. Collected and
+  digested by Samuel Pegge, Esq. F.S.A."
+
+During the remaining period of his life, Mr. Pegge amused himself
+in preparing several other Numbers of his "Curialia" for the press;
+the materials for which, and also his "Anecdotes of the English
+Language," he bequeathed to Mr. Nichols; who printed "The Anecdotes
+of the English Language" in 1803. This Work having been noticed
+with much approbation in the principal Reviews, and very favourably
+received by the Publick at large, a Second Edition (corrected and
+improved from his own detached MSS.) was published in 1814. To this
+Edition was added, "A Supplement to the Provincial Glossary of
+Francis Grose, Esq." compiled by Mr. Pegge.
+
+In 1806 Mr. Nichols published Two additional Numbers of the
+"Curialia:"
+
+     Part IV. "A History of Somerset House[56], from the Commencement
+     of its Erection in 1549."
+
+     Part V. "A Dissertation[57] on the ancient Establishment and
+     Function of the Serjeant at Arms."
+
+  [56] The History of Somerset House was with Mr. Pegge a favourite
+  subject; and to this, with the exception of the two concluding
+  pages, he had put the finishing hand.
+
+  [57] Announced by the Author in his Introduction to Part III. and by
+  himself very nearly completed for the press.
+
+The further continuation of that interesting work was broken off by
+the melancholy accident mentioned in page v.
+
+In the early part of his life Mr. Pegge was a considerable
+proficient in Musick. He composed a complete Melo-Drama, both the
+words and the musick in score, which still remains in MS. Many
+Catches and Glees also, and several of the most popular Songs for
+Vauxhall Gardens were written and set to music by him.
+
+His Muse was very fertile; and though his modesty forbade the
+avowal, he was the Author of some occasional Prologues and Epilogues
+which were favourably received by the Publick: a Prologue,
+particularly, spoken by Mr. Yates at Birmingham in 1760, on taking
+the Theatre into his own hands; an Epilogue spoken by the same
+excellent Actor, at Drury Lane, on his return from France, and
+another Epilogue, filled with pertinent allusions to the Game of
+Quadrille, spoken by Mrs. Yates, at her Benefit, in three different
+seasons, 1769, 1770, and 1774. He was the Author also of a pathetic
+Elegy on his own Recovery from a dangerous Illness; and of some
+pleasant Tales and Epigrammatic Poems.
+
+His other acknowledged writings were,
+
+1. "An Elegy on the Death of Godfrey Bagnall Clerke, Esq. (late one
+of the Representatives in Parliament for the County of Derby), who
+died Dec. 26, 1774.[58]"
+
+2. "Memoirs of Edward Capell, Esq."[59]
+
+3. "Illustrations of the Churchwardens' Accompts of St. Michael
+Spurrier Gate, York," in the "Illustrations of the Manners and
+Expences of Antient Times, 1797."
+
+4. "On a Custom observed by the Lord Lieutenants of Ireland."
+(Antiquarian Repertory, Edit. 1809, vol. IV. p. 622.)
+
+5. "Historical Anecdotes of the French Word Carosse." (Ibid. p.
+642.)--The two last mentioned Tracts are re-printed in the present
+volume.
+
+  [58] Of this Elegy Mr. Pegge printed only a few copies to be given
+  to particular Friends; but, by his permission, it was re-printed for
+  sale by Mr. Joseph Bradley, of Chesterfield.
+
+  [59] See the "Illustrations of Literature," vol. I. p. 427.
+
+Mr. Pegge also superintended through the Press the greater part of
+his Father's "History of Beauchief Abbey;" but died before it was
+completed.
+
+His only Son, the present Sir Christopher Pegge, was admitted a
+Commoner at Christ Church, Oxford, in 1782; took the Degree of B. A.
+there in 1786; was elected Fellow of Oriel College in 1788; resigned
+his Fellowship in 1790, and was re-admitted of Christ Church, having
+been appointed, through favour of the Dean and Chapter, Dr. Lee's
+Reader in Anatomy (which situation he resigned in 1816, an asthmatic
+complaint having rendered change of residence adviseable); took the
+Degrees of M. A. and M. B. 1789, and that of M. D. 1792. He was
+elected one of the Physicians to the Radcliffe Infirmary in 1791
+(which he resigned in 1803); F. L. S. 1792; F.R.S. 1795; and Fellow
+of the College of Physicians 1796; received from his Majesty the
+Honour of Knighthood in 1799, and the Dignity of Regius Professor of
+Physic in 1801.
+
+Sir Christopher Pegge married, in 1791, Amey, the eldest daughter of
+Kenton Couse, Esq. of Whitehall; by whom he has issue one daughter,
+Mary, married in 1816 to the Rev. Richard Moore Boultbee, of Merton
+College, Oxford (second son of Joseph Boultbee, Esq. of Springfield
+House, near Knowle, Warwickshire), and had a daughter, born Dec. 9,
+1817.
+
+
+APPENDIX, No. II.
+
+To RICHARD GOUGH, Esq.
+
+_Whittington, March 17, 1796._
+
+DEAR SIR,
+
+There are no persons in the world to whom so much regard is due,
+respecting my late Father's Collections in the literary line, as
+to yourself and Mr. Nichols. I daily see obligations, from Books
+which you have respectively conferred upon him, which call for every
+acknowledgement. I am as daily concerned in looking over papers of
+various kinds; and will preserve them all sacredly, and report upon
+them when I return to Town, which must be in May or June.
+
+I am labouring to keep possession of this house as long as I can,
+and believe I shall be amply indulged; a circumstance which will
+enable me to pay every attention to what may be of real use to my
+Father's Friends: for, as Botanists allow nothing to be weeds, so I
+admit nothing to be waste paper.
+
+What I write to you I mean should be said to Mr. Nichols, with every
+kind remembrance. I have only to desire that I may be considered (by
+descent at least) as
+
+  Your obliged Friend,
+  S. PEGGE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+To Mr. Deputy NICHOLS.
+
+  _Whittington, March 30, 1796._
+
+  DEAR SIR,
+
+A peck of March dust is said to be worth a King's ransom;--and to
+you (who know this house) I may say that I am enveloped in as much
+dust[60] as would ransom an Emperor. I shall be in Town at the end
+of May at the farthest, and would wish to work double tides in
+the History of Beauchief-Abbey while I stay; for I shall find it
+necessary to pass as long a Summer as I can here, where (by the new
+Rector's leave) I hope to continue till the approach of Winter.
+
+  S. PEGGE.
+
+  [60] The Books in the Library at Whittington had, probably, not been
+  dusted for 20 to 30 years.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  _Whittington, April 12, 1796._
+
+  DEAR SIR,
+
+I am really so much engaged (for I am not half through my Herculean
+labour) that I have not leisure to think of my late nearest Friend,
+so as to _erect_ any memorial in the Gentleman's Magazine _at
+present_.
+
+I have written to Lord Leicester and to Mr. Topham by this post, to
+request that I may be _hung up, according to Law_, at the Society of
+Antiquaries, in hopes of being honourably cut down, and receiving
+Christian Burial. The _Director_[61], I trust, will appear _to
+character_ when my Trial comes up. God send me a good deliverance!
+What I write to you, I write to Mr. Gough also through you.
+
+  Your obliged Friend, &c.
+  S. PEGGE.
+
+  [61] Mr. Gough was then Director of the Society of Antiquaries.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+To GEORGE ALLAN, Esq. Darlington.
+
+  _Whittington, May 2, 1796._
+
+  SIR,
+
+In the course of the last year my late Father (Rev. Dr. Pegge) among
+other Books made me a present off "The Northumberland Household
+Book;" which he told me (as I since find by his memoranda) was lent
+to you. I take the liberty of wishing to have it returned soon,
+directed to my Friend Mr. Nichols.
+
+I have heard my Father often speak of you, Sir, with much respect,
+and I shall always honour my Father's Friends. I am, &c.
+
+  S. PEGGE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  _Whittington, May 23, 1796._
+  SIR,
+
+I thank you for the favour of your Letter, which was anticipated
+by a line from Mr. Nichols, advising me that "The Northumberland
+Household Book" was safe in his hands. The honourable mention I
+hear of my late Father, almost every day, is very gratifying to me,
+though I know it is not undeserved on his part. As to Mr. Brander's
+Print of my father, I have a very few in London; and one of the
+best of them shall be at your service. I cannot think the Print in
+the least like my Father; but I have a Painting[62] which is a very
+strong resemblance.
+
+Your very obedient humble servant,
+
+  S. PEGGE.
+
+  [62] This striking resemblance of my worthy old friend Dr. Pegge,
+  which I have often had the agreeable opportunity of comparing with
+  the Original when conversing with the good Doctor at Whittington,
+  is now in the possession of his Grandson, Sir Christopher Pegge;
+  by whose kind permission a faithful Engraving from it, admirably
+  executed by Philip Andinet, accompanies the present Publication.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+To Mr. NICHOLS.
+
+  _Whittington, July 28, 1796._
+
+  DEAR SIR,
+
+We left London on Monday the eleventh; but did not _make_
+Whittington till last Sunday the 24th inst. We passed part of
+Wednesday the 13th, and all the 14th and 15th, at Southwell, with
+the new Rector of Whittington, and had a very pleasurable visit. We
+next _touched_ at Spital, and as we thought only for three or four
+days, but were detained there by _contrary winds_, which _blew_ us
+into parties of company and venison.
+
+I am, dear Sir, yours very sincerely, S. PEGGE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  _York, Sunday, Sept. 11, 1796._
+
+  DEAR SIR,
+
+Where and when this will find you, whether in _Urban_ or in _Sylvan_
+scenes, I know not: but the purport of it is to desire that you
+would send me (to Whittington) the _last Impression_ of the Family
+Pedigree of _Bourne_.
+
+Whether you ever insert it in your _Leicestershire_ or not, I wish
+to have it completed, as far as may be, from my own connexion with
+it; and because I know that every difficulty is doubled to every
+succeeding generation. The Historian of Leicestershire must have had
+repeated experience of this circumstance in his investigations.
+
+  Yours, &c.
+  S. PEGGE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  _Scotland yard, Feb. 20, 1797._
+
+  DEAR SIR,
+
+I am now going seriously to work, to bring the Coins forward by
+auction. The whole collection amounts in number to between 1100 and
+1200; but of what value the hammer must determine.
+
+  S. PEGGE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  _June 10, 1797._
+
+  DEAR SIR,
+
+Mr. Gough was so obliging as to mention hopes of seeing us at
+Enfield; and I have been for several days on the point of writing to
+him a line of thanks, and to express the willingness of the spirit,
+and the weakness of the flesh; for, alas! I have got as much gout as
+will last me till we go into Derbyshire in the second week in July.
+In this situation it would be much to the honour of your humanity to
+come and pass an evening with us. I am sure to be found at home.
+
+  S. P.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  _Scotland yard, June 18, 1797._
+
+  DEAR SIR,
+
+I hope this will find you safely returned from your excursion,
+and disengaged, as I wish you to pass a _long_ evening with me.
+Mr. Bowyer Nichols would tell you that I am now at leisure to go
+on with "Beauchief Abbey" for a little while; but without your
+assistance, know not how. Send me word what evening you can best
+spare, and bring your Son with you, and let it be very _speedily_. I
+shall soon put an end to the Session, and this _Printing-ment_ will
+be prorogued to the 5th of October, then to meet for dispatch of
+business.
+
+  S. PEGGE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  _December 7, 1797._
+
+  DEAR SIR,
+
+As you are connected with the Representatives of Dr. Farmer, or the
+person who acts for them, I wish you would procure a receipt for a
+copy of Skelton, which was found in my Father's collection after his
+death, and which was evidently Mr. Farmer's property.
+
+As I hear that Dr. Farmer's Library is intended for sale, I should
+be glad that this book might be soon restored to the Executors; and
+my original wish to return it, may appear from a letter of mine to
+Dr. Farmer, dated so long ago as the 4th of February last, which has
+probably been found among his papers. I received no answer to it,
+which I imputed to his then bad state of health.
+
+  Yours, &c.
+  S. PEGGE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  _Harrowgate, Aug. 25, 1799._
+
+  DEAR SIR,
+
+Our history, since I saw you, is briefly this. We left London on
+the 18th of July, and made a journey of three days to Spital, near
+Chesterfield. After resting there, for as many days, we set off for
+this place, which we found very full, and made our quarters good
+at the humblest house we could find; but with the most comfortable
+accommodations that a very uncomfortable place can afford; and
+are reconciled to our situation. We dine (_en masse_) about 20 on
+the average, keep good hours, and are not pestered with gamblers,
+ladies-maids, or lap-dogs. In some houses they dine 120 people!!!
+
+The water of this place is a very strong sulphur, and I believe,
+is the most powerful of any in the kingdom. The most quiet of this
+sort of houses is much too turbulent for me; besides that it is
+difficult for one who cannot walk, or even saunter about, as others
+do, to fill up the chasms between meals, except by reading, which
+is scarcely practicable here. I find myself, however, tolerably
+habituated to noise and talk; and as to the art of doing nothing, I
+have made myself perfectly master of it. As a proof of it, I have
+been three weeks in writing this letter.
+
+If you ask me how I do? I answer, I don't know at present. I have
+experienced much _non_-valescence, and am told _con_-valescence will
+follow.
+
+  S. PEGGE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  _Monday, January 27, 1800._
+
+  DEAR SIR,
+
+The Lady[63] mentioned in the enclosed Article is my Niece, who
+hopes to open the Ball in the List of Marriages in this Month. I
+send also an article for the Obituary[64], the death of a Brother of
+my Wife, and whose death has long been expected. I am a lodger in my
+own first-floor, with some gout, which will neither lead nor drive;
+but I should be very happy to receive a charitable visit of chat in
+any evening that you can spare. I do not ask Mr. Bowyer Nichols, as
+I cannot encounter more than one person at a time.
+
+  Your very sincere friend,
+  S. PEGGE.
+
+  [63] Elizabeth, daughter of the Rev. John Bourne, of Spital, was
+  married, Jan. 1, 1800, to Robert Jennings, Esq. of Hull.
+
+  [64] Mr. John Belt, of York, Surgeon, died Jan. 23, 1800.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  _March 17, 1800._
+
+  DEAR SIR,
+
+Presuming that you are returned from Hinckley, and _have nothing
+in the world to do_, I hope you will give us your company in an
+evening very soon; for at that time of the day I see nobody else.
+Let me hear by one of your _Representatives in Parliament_[65] on
+what evening I may expect you, that I may _rectify_ my spirits
+accordingly.
+
+     Adieu!
+     S. PEGGE.
+
+  [65] So he humourously styled the Printer's Errand Boys.
+
+
+
+
+Hospitium Domini Regis;
+
+OR,
+
+THE HISTORY
+
+OF THE
+
+ROYAL HOUSEHOLD.
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+I was led into the following investigation from a natural and kind
+of instinctive curiosity, and a desire of knowing what was the
+antient state of the Court to which I have the honour, by the favour
+of his Grace William the late Duke of Devonshire, to compose a part.
+It is obvious to suppose that so large a body must have undergone
+various revolutions, and have borne very different complexions
+according to times and circumstances: and having occasion to consult
+some MSS. in the Lord Chamberlain's Office, by his Lordship's
+permission, upon a matter of no consequence to relate, I thought
+I discerned, in the course of my search, that materials were to be
+found sufficient to furnish out a detail. Having free access to the
+use of a large Library, and by the favour of many friends, to whom
+I take this opportunity of testifying my obligations, I was enabled
+to trace back the state of the Court in darker ages, though but by a
+glimmering light.
+
+Notwithstanding ample revenues have always been provided for support
+of the dignity and splendour of the Royal House of the Kings of
+England, equal, if not perhaps superior, to those of any Court in
+Europe, yet we shall find they have varied very much in different
+Reigns, as times and circumstances have required; though not always
+for laudable reasons. Some of our Kings have been so profuse,
+that, either from their extensive liberality, or more frequently
+worse inducements, they have thereby lessened the estates of the
+Crown so very much, that retrenchments, either in the number or
+expence of their Households (and sometimes both) have become the
+necessary consequence. Others[66] have found the Crown Revenues so
+much contracted at their Accession, that they have been obliged to
+demand resumptions of grants made by their immediate Predecessor,
+in order to enable themselves to support the Regal dignity with a
+proper degree of splendour. Others[67], again, from a wanton spirit
+of prodigality, have rendered it necessary for them to resume even
+_their own_ grants; a measure equally scandalous to the character of
+the Prince, as derogatory to the honour of the Crown.
+
+As to _resumptions_, several of each sort will be seen in the
+following sheets, antecedent to the Reformation; and since that
+period there have been repeated occasions for _reductions (ex
+necessitate rei)_ in the tumultuous reigns of Charles the First,
+Charles the Second, and James the Second.
+
+When we speak of the superior magnificence of our own Court, we may
+add, that no other makes so liberal appointments to its Officers,
+could we know the Establishments of the rest.
+
+  [66] Henry II.
+
+  [67] William Rufus.
+
+In France they figure away with thousands of livres _per annum_;
+but, when these come to be liquidated into pounds sterling, the idea
+is lost, and the appointment of a Lord of the Bed-chamber sinks down
+into a salary not superior to our Gentlemen Ushers.
+
+In Poland the Officers of the State and Household have no salaries
+nor fees[68]; but are content with the honour, unless the King chose
+to reward them with a _Starostie_, a kind of Fiefs inherent in the
+Crown for this purpose.
+
+  [68] See Letters concerning the present state of Poland, printed for
+  T. Payne, 1773, Letter iii. p. 57.
+
+At the Court of Turin, the salaries of the Officers of the Court
+are extremely small, and every way inadequate to their rank.
+Frugality and oeconomy, exercised in a Royal manner, are the
+characteristics of that Court; insomuch as that, if the Officers of
+State had not an income arising from their patrimony, their salaries
+would not afford them food and raiment[69].
+
+  [69] Lord Corke's Letters from Italy, published 1773, p. 52.
+
+The Emperor of Germany has one very singular prerogative, very
+inconvenient to the inhabitants of Vienna, that of taking to himself
+the _first floor_ of every house in the City (a few privileged
+places excepted) for the use of the _Officers of his Court and
+Army_; so that, on this account, says my Author[70], "Princes,
+Ambassadors, and Nobles, usually inhabit the second stories; and
+the third, fourth, and even fifth floors (the houses being large
+and high) are well fitted up for the reception of opulent and noble
+families." The houses being so large, a single floor suffices for
+most of the principal and largest families in the City.
+
+  [70] Dr. Burney, in his Present State of Munich, in Germany, vol. I.
+  pp. 205, 295.
+
+For particulars relative to the Court of Denmark, it may be
+sufficient to refer to the account given by Lord Molesworth, who
+resided several years as Envoy Extraordinary from King William III.
+
+
+
+
+WILLIAM I.
+
+
+After that great Revolution called _The Conquest_, it is to be
+supposed that a competent part, and that no inconsiderable one,
+was allotted for the support of the Dignity of the King's House.
+How large the establishment of the Household was, it would be very
+difficult to ascertain at this distance of time; but we know that
+the Conqueror's Revenues were very great, and that, besides the
+public branch of it for the defence of the Kingdom against invasions
+from abroad, there must have been an ample residue to maintain the
+Court in dignity and magnificence at home. William, as soon as he
+was seated on his new Throne, was careful to make a general and
+accurate Survey of the whole kingdom, notwithstanding there had
+been a Survey taken within less than 200 years by King Alfred, then
+remaining at Winchester.[71] But William's jealous caution did
+not permit him to trust to this. He saw the necessity there was to
+make the most of things; and, looking on money as a necessary means
+of maintaining and increasing power, he accumulated as much as he
+could, though rather, perhaps, from an ambitious than a covetous
+motive; at least his avarice was subservient to his ambition; and he
+laid up wealth in his coffers, as he did arms in his magazines, to
+be drawn out on proper occasions, for the defence and enlargement of
+his dominions[72].
+
+  [71] Called Codex Wintoniensis. See Sir John Spelman's Life of
+  Alfred.
+
+  [72] Lord Lyttelton's Life of Henry II. vol. i. p. 74; edit. 8vo.
+
+In William's Survey, which we call _Domesday Book_, particular
+attention was first paid to the King's right; and the _Terra Regis_
+(as it was called), which consisted of such lands as either had
+belonged to the Crown, or to the King individually, was placed
+first; and, upon the whole, 1422[73] manors, or lordships, were
+appropriated to the Crown; besides lands and farms, and besides
+quit-rents paid out of other subordinate manors. Whether William
+assumed to himself and the Crown more than he ought, is hard to
+say; but it is to be supposed he was not very sparing or delicate.
+The _Terra Regis_ is said to have consisted of such lands as Edward
+the Confessor was found to have been possessed of, the alienation
+of which was held impious; to which some think William added the
+forfeited estates of those who opposed him at the decisive battle of
+Hastings[74]; and likewise the lands of such Barons, and others, who
+afterwards forsook him. These advantages he might, perhaps, be glad
+to take, as they enabled him better to reward his Norman friends
+and followers, who were numerous; and furnished him likewise with a
+plea to enrich himself, by annexing part of such lands to the Crown,
+and distributing the rest, with a reservation of quit-rents and
+services. We may add to these, many apparently unjustifiable means
+which the Conqueror used to enrich himself, though by the greatness
+of the antient Crown-estate, and the feudal profits to which he
+was legally entitled, he was already one of the richest Monarchs
+in Europe. The Saxon Chronicle says, he omitted no opportunity of
+extorting money from his subjects upon the slightest pretext, and
+speaks of it as a thing of course[75]. It must be owned, however,
+(says Lord Lyttelton) that, if his avarice was insatiably and
+unjustly rapacious, it was not meanly parsimonious, nor of that
+sordid kind which brings on a Prince dishonour and contempt. He
+supported the _dignity of the Crown_ with a _decent magnificence_;
+and, though he never was _lavish_, he was sometimes _liberal_[76].
+
+  [73] Domesday Book.
+
+  [74] Rapin.
+
+  [75] "_Pro more suo_, extorsit multum pecuni� suis subditis
+  ubicunque haberet aliquem pretextum, sive jure sive aliter."
+  Chron. Sax. p. 187. In another place the writer says, he extorted
+  money, "partim just�, maxim� ver� ex parte injust�, rebus par�m
+  urgentibus." p. 191.
+
+  [76] Lord Lyttelton's Henry II. vol. i. p. 74.
+
+Thus did the Conqueror leave an ample and splendid revenue to
+his Successor, sufficient to maintain his Court in dignity and
+magnificence, and adequate to every expence both foreign and
+domestic. It is, at this day, almost impossible to discover the
+nature and magnitude of William's Household; but most probably,
+as it was numerous, it was likewise magnificent; though, perhaps,
+composed of Officers and Offices very different from what have been
+adopted in succeeding Reigns.
+
+We read of Treasurers, for such a King _must_ have: and in the
+next Reign mention is made of Robert Fitz-Hamon, _Gentleman of the
+Bed-chamber_[77], who conquered Wales, while William Rufus was
+engaged in a war with Scotland, anno 1091; and we afterwards read
+of other Officers similar to what we have at present, though the
+rudeness of the times rendered most of the offices now in being
+unnecessary, which seem to have been added from time to time, as
+luxury and refined necessity required, and in conformity to the
+pride and ostentatious spirit of the Prince who erected them.
+
+  [77] _Gentleman of the Bed-chamber_ means what we now call a _Lord
+  of the Bed-chamber_; which last is a title of a late introduction.
+  When the _Gentleman_ was the superior, the next subordinate Officer
+  was the _Groom_; which last title continues to this day. Had the
+  first been originally called _Lords_, the latter would probably have
+  been styled the _Gentleman_. William of Malmsbury speaks of the
+  _Cubicularius_ in that ridiculous instance of William Rufus's absurd
+  profusion with respect to the price of a pair of hose; by whom, I
+  should suppose, he means an inferior Officer of the _Bed-chamber_,
+  by the rough language he uses to him; no less than calling him a
+  _son of a whore.--Fil�, ait, meretricis._
+
+It is probable, however, that what was wanting in parade, was
+equalled by an expence in hospitality, which must, of course,
+employ a great many Domestics of different kinds in their several
+departments, to which we may suppose were added many of a Military
+nature, which the situation of the Conqueror rendered necessary in
+his new dominion.
+
+There being but few Placemen in those times, the Court was chiefly
+composed of Ecclesiastics, Barons, Knights, and other Military
+Gentlemen, led by the hopes of preferment or promotion; and Lord
+Lyttelton says, William was always liberal to his Soldiers and to
+the Church[78]. The Barons were, at this time of day, the chief
+Council of the Realm; they held their Baronies of the King, for
+which they were perpetually doing homage; and on these accounts the
+Court must have been crowded,--at least much frequented.
+
+  [78] Life of Henry II. vol. i. p. 74.
+
+As to the internal part of the Court, I mean the Attendants on the
+Royal person, we know but very little. King Alfred, however, who
+lived 200 years before the Conquest, during his attention to the
+Police of his Kingdom in general, did not forget the internal good
+government of his Household; for we learn from Ingulphus[79] that
+he divided his Attendants into three classes, who were appointed to
+wait by turns, _monthly_.
+
+  [79] Dividens Familiam in tres Turmas, singulis Turmis singulos
+  Principes imposuit; et unusquisque Princeps cum su� Turm� per unum
+  mensem in Regis Ministerio Palatium conservavit. Uno mense completo,
+  exiens ad proprios agros cum su� Turm�, propriis negotiis per duorum
+  mensium spatium intendebat; et interim secundus Princeps per unum
+  mensem, et tertius Princeps per alium mensem post illum in Regis
+  Palatio ministrabat: ut postea propriis utilitatibus per duos menses
+  qu�libet Turma vacaret. H�c revolutione Servorum suorum, totiusque
+  famili� su� rotatione, usus est omni tempore vit� su�. Ingulph.
+  Hist. p. 870.
+
+Whether this mode was continued by his Successors, I do not
+learn. William might perhaps reject it as being Saxon, and
+adopt a plan similar to the French Court, in compliment to his
+Norman adherents. This routine of waiting, not much unlike the
+present mode, rendered the service of Alfred's attendants both
+oeconomical, and agreeable to themselves. Sir John Spelman, in
+his Life of King Alfred, supposes that the Officers who are now
+called _Quarter-waiters_ are, from their title, a relique of this
+mode of waiting established by Alfred. But this (with deference to
+the Gentlemen of that Corps) seems to be going too far, and does
+not agree with Ingulphus, from whom Sir John takes his account; who
+says, that the Officers of King Alfred's Household were divided
+into three classes, and that each class waited alternately monthly,
+not quarterly; so that no one class waited two consecutive months,
+and each would, of course, wait _four months_ in the year, with an
+interval of two months between each wait. It is true, they would
+renew their waiting once in a quarter of course, from the number of
+classes, but no part of them attended for a quarter together; and
+I apprehend the Quarter-waiters received their name because they
+waited a quarter of a year at a time by turns, as their superiors,
+the Daily-waiters, waited daily by turns. Alfred's Household most
+resembled the Gentlemen Pensioners in the mode of attendance, who,
+to this day, wait in _classes_ quarterly.
+
+I shall now give Sir John Spelman's account at large (as I have
+Ingulphus's), where he gives a supposed, and not improbable, reason
+for this mode of attendance.
+
+"He [Alfred] having, it seems, observed the course that Solomon
+took in preparing timber at Lebanon for the Temple, where thirty
+thousand, assigned to the work, went by ten thousand at a time,
+wrought there a month, and then returning, stayed two months at
+home, until their turn in the fourth month came about again[80]--he,
+applying this to his own occasions, ordained the like course in
+his attendance, making a triplicate thereof, insomuch that he had
+a three-fold shift of all Domestic Officers; each of which were,
+by themselves, under the command of a several _Major-domo_[81], or
+Master of the Household, who, coming with his servants under his
+charge, to wait at Court, stayed there a month, and then returning
+home, were supplied by the second ternary, and they again by the
+third, until the course coming about, the first of them (after
+two months recess at home) did, with the quarter[82], renew their
+monthly service at the Court. I should conjecture (continues he)
+that the King, for his more honourable attendance, took this course
+in point of Royalty and State, there being (as it then stood with
+the State) very few men of quality fit to stand before a King,
+who, by their fortunes or dependency, were not otherwhere besides
+engaged; neither was there, in those times, any great assurance
+to be had of any man, unless he were one of such condition, whose
+service, when the King was fain to use one month in the quarter,
+it was necessary for the common-wealth that he should remit them
+the other two months unto their own occasions. Neither used he
+this course with some of his Officers only (as there are those who
+understand it to have been a course taken only with those of his
+Guard), but with all his whole attendance; neither used he it for a
+time only, but for his whole life; and I little doubt but that the
+use at Court, at this day, of Officers, _Quarter-waiters_, had the
+first beginning even from this invention of the King[83]."
+
+  [80] Ingulph. ubi supra.
+
+  [81] Princeps. Ingulphus, in eod.
+
+  [82] This, I suppose, led Sir John into the above supposition about
+  the Quarter-Waiters.
+
+  [83] Spelman's Life of Alfred, edit. Hearne, p. 198.
+
+The Translator of this Life of Alfred into Latin, Dr. Obadiah
+Walker, has taken a little latitude in the last sentence of
+this passage, and has wandered totally from the mark. His
+words are, "Neque multum dubito quin _Dapiferi_ hodierni (quos
+_Quarter-waiters_ appellamus) qui per singulos anni quadrantes,
+Regi ad _mensam_ ministrant, ab hoc Regis instituto, manarint." Now
+it is pretty certain that the Quarter-waiters are not Officers at
+all connected, by their post, with the King's _table_, they being a
+secondary degree of _Gentlemen Ushers_, called in a grant of Fees
+temp. Car. I. (in Rymer's Foedera) _Ante-Ambulones_. The Doctor
+seems, by the word _Dapiferi_, to have confounded them with the
+_Sewers_; which is strengthened by the following words, "qui ad
+_mensam_ ministrant."
+
+It is allowed that King Alfred enlarged his Household very much;
+but, what was the nature and office of the individuals of it, we
+shall probably never be able to gather. We may, however, fairly
+suppose his Retinue in number, and his Court in splendour, was far
+superior to those of any of his Predecessors.
+
+Of the _Conqueror's Court_ we know still less, neither do I learn
+that King Alfred's establishment was followed by his immediate
+successors; but it is reasonable to suppose that the _Court_, as
+well as the _Kingdom_, would be new-modelled, and assume a different
+face, upon so great a revolution as that of the Conquest.
+
+
+
+
+WILLIAM RUFUS.
+
+
+Notwithstanding the fair inheritance left by the Conqueror, equal
+to the Regal Dignity, and the exigences of the State, William
+Rufus, the successor, not only dissipated the great treasure of
+which he was possessed at the demise of his Father, but ran into so
+extravagant a profusion of expence, that he was at last obliged to
+apply to resources, unwarrantable in themselves, and derogatory to
+his Crown and Dignity. The late King's treasures were said to amount
+to 60,000_l._; but, according to Henry of Huntingdon[84], who lived
+very near the time, to 60,000 pound _weight_ of silver, exclusive of
+gold, jewels, plate, and robes; and "the silver money alone (says
+Lord Lyttelton[85]), according to the best computation I am able to
+make, was equivalent at least to nine hundred thousand pounds of our
+money at present:" but this would not suffice; for the Crown-lands,
+which were held so sacred by his ancestors, were alienated; and
+he was at last compelled, as a dernier resort, to resume his own
+grants, a practice now used for the first (but not the last) time,
+and a measure equally scandalous and iniquitous. Rufus's ordinary
+revenues did not probably exceed those of his Father; but, as he
+ran into more needless and wanton expenses, he was necessitated to
+make frequent demands upon his people. Considering the influence
+of artful Churchmen, in those times of Papal tyranny, over weak
+Princes, it is not to be wondered that Rufus should be easily
+prevailed upon by Ranulphus, Bishop of Durham[86], who was Master
+both of his Councils and his Conscience, to resume his own grants,
+though made for valuable considerations; or to take any measure,
+however unwarrantable and unprecedented--
+
+  "Tantum Religio potuit suadere malorum."
+
+  [84] Erant autem in Thesauro 60 Mille Libr� Argenti. Lib. vi.
+
+  [85] Introduction to the Life of Henry II. The Reader may see his
+  Lordship's grounds of computation in a long note on this passage.
+  The Saxon Chronicle says, the King's Treasures were _difficiles
+  numeratu_, p. 192.
+
+  [86] Lord Lyttelton calling him Ralph Flambard, a Norman. Life of
+  Henry II. vol. i. p. 87, where his character may be seen at large.
+
+Amongst other acts of rapacity, made in a manner necessary by his
+former profusion, he kept the See of Canterbury vacant four years
+(upon the death of Lanfranc), that he might take the profits to
+his own use; nay, he did the same by the Bishoprick of Lincoln,
+and all others that became void in his Reign; and at the time of
+his death he had in his hands the Sees of Canterbury, Winchester,
+Salisbury, twelve[87] rich Abbeys, besides many other Benefices
+of less consideration[88]; so little regard has ever been paid to
+things _sacred_ by Arbitrary Princes (as our Kings were at that
+time) to gratify either their necessities or their passions. But
+this was not the worst part of the story; for, not satisfied with
+the First-fruits, to which he was entitled,--after he had seized the
+vacant Benefices, and pillaged them of every thing valuable (even
+to the very Shrines), he sold them publicly to the best bidder,
+without regard to merit or capacity[89].
+
+  [87] The Saxon Chronicle says but Eleven.
+
+  [88] Matthew Paris.
+
+  [89] Saxon Chronicle.
+
+After having been led, by the nature of the subject, to speak thus
+freely of this King's rapacity, it is but justice to mention an
+instance of his generosity. It is related that, two Monks striving
+to outbid each other for a rich Abbey, the King perceived a third
+standing by, who did not bid any thing; to whom the King addressing
+himself, asked "how much _he_ would give?" The Monk replied, "he had
+no money, and, if he had, his conscience would not suffer him to lay
+it out in that manner:" upon which the King swore his usual oath[90]
+"that he best deserved it, and should have it for nothing[91]."
+
+  [90] "Per Vultum di Lucca." See Lord Lyttelton's note, vol. i. p.
+  424, octavo. I have seen a private letter from his Lordship in
+  defence of his opinion.
+
+  [91] Higden.
+
+Though William was thus continually filling his coffers with these
+dishonourable and sacrilegious spoils, yet was he avaricious
+without frugality, covetous and prodigal at the same time; always
+in want, and devising new ways to raise money, however mean and
+despicable. I cannot omit one artful and almost ludicrous method
+which Rufus practised to raise money, in the war with his brother
+Robert, who had engaged the French in his interest. "Under pretence
+(says M. Rapin, from Simeon Dunelmensis, Matthew Paris, &c.) that
+there was occasion for supplies of men, William Rufus [then in
+Normandy] sent orders into England, to raise, with all possible
+speed, 20,000 men. In raising this army, such were purposely
+taken for soldiers who were well to pass, or to whom it was very
+inconvenient to leave their families. When these levies were going
+to embark, the King's Treasurer told them, by his order, "that
+they might every man return home, upon payment of ten shillings
+each." This news was so acceptable to the soldiers, listed thus
+against their wills, that there was not one but who was glad to be
+dismissed at so easy a rate. By this means William raised the sum
+of 10,000_l._ with which he bribed the French to retire. Various
+other instances of extortion and rapacity (though not attended with
+so much ingenuity as this) might be adduced from the history of
+this Reign, recorded by contemporary writers; but enough has been
+mentioned to convince us that but little order or decorum is to be
+expected within the walls of the Court of so unprincipled a King.
+On the contrary, indeed, all writers agree[92] in their accounts of
+the dissolute manners of his Household and Adherents, which called
+forth rigid edicts in the next Reign, for the suppression of vices
+which had grown too flagrant to be removed by reprobation alone. The
+crimes laid to the charge of his retinue were, some of them, of the
+most serious nature, and required an uncommon exertion of severity;
+as we shall see presently. "In the magnificence of his _Court_
+and buildings, however, (says Lord Lyttelton[93],) he _greatly_
+exceeded any King of that age. But though his profuseness (continues
+his Lordship) arose from a noble and generous nature, it must be
+accounted rather a vice than a virtue; as, in order to supply the
+unbounded extent of it, he was very rapacious. If he had lived long,
+his expences would have undone him, and they had brought him some
+years before his death into such difficulties, that even if his
+temper had not been despotic, his _necessities_ would have rendered
+him a Tyrant.
+
+  [92] "Ipse namque, et qui ei famulabantur (says Matthew Paris) omnia
+  rapiebant, omnia conterebant, et subvertebant. Adulteria violenter,
+  et _impun�_ committebant, quicquid fraudis et nequiti� antea non
+  erat, his temporibus pullulavit." Henry of Huntingdon uses nearly
+  the same, but rather stronger, expressions.
+
+  [93] Introduction to History of Henry II.
+
+
+
+
+HENRY I.
+
+
+After so bad an oeconomist (to say no worse of William Rufus),
+we may hope to see a more prudent direction of the revenues of the
+State, and a less abandoned Retinue about the Royal Person. This
+is, however, no great compliment to Henry, who succeeded: for a
+moderate character will appear with some degree of lustre, after
+one so very much disfigured as that of Rufus. Henry had, without
+question, many good qualities. He was a wise and prudent Prince,
+and, as the Saxon Chronicle says, "magno honore habitus[94];" but
+yet, we shall discover, one of his ruling passions was avarice, when
+we come to look nearly into his interior conduct in life. There was
+a glaring inconsistency in his very outset; for, soon after his
+accession, we find him punishing and imprisoning the abettors of
+William Rufus's exactions, and, among the rest, Ranulph Bishop of
+Durham, the _Minister_ and instrument of all those oppressive and
+unwarrantable measures; and yet, very soon after, we behold Henry
+sequestering to his own use the revenues of the Archbishopric of
+Canterbury, and keeping them in his hands for five years, after the
+example of the very man whose rapacious conduct he had, but just
+before, publicly condemned[95]. It is true he recalled many grants
+bestowed upon _creatures_ and undeserving persons in the late Reign;
+but whether upon motives of justice or avarice I do not determine.
+It will be found that he died exceedingly rich for those times (by
+whatever means the wealth was amassed); for he did not omit any
+opportunity of taxing his subjects, where he could do it with a
+tolerable grace, though he did it not in so bare-faced a manner as
+Rufus had done. Thus he availed himself of an antient Norman feudal
+custom, on occasion of the marrying his eldest daughter[96]. This
+custom was not now first established by Henry himself, as some have
+supposed[97]; but was one of the antient aids due to the King from
+his subjects, and having lain dormant many years, was now revived,
+but not introduced otherwise, than that Henry happened to be the
+first King, of the Norman race, who married his eldest daughter.
+In this he might be justifiable enough; but then he seems to have
+laid the tax at a prodigious high rate, for it is said, by some
+calculations, to have amounted to upwards of 800,000_l._ sterling.
+Among other things, Henry was very attentive to the reformation of
+abuses and irregularities that had crept into the _Court_ during the
+Reign of his Brother.
+
+  [94] Saxon Chronicle, p. 237.
+
+  [95] Morem fratris sui Willielmi Regis secutus. Eadmer.
+
+  [96] Aide � Fille marier.
+
+  [97] Polydore Vergil.
+
+The accounts given of William's Court are surprizing for that
+age, when one would suppose our ancestors to have been rough and
+unpolished, little addicted to the softer vices, and totally
+unacquainted with the effeminacies of succeeding times; but we
+find that, notwithstanding men's minds were then so much turned
+to war and athletic diversions, excess and sensuality prevailed
+in a very scandalous manner among the Nobility, and even among
+the Clergy. Vanity, lust, and intemperance, reigned through the
+whole kingdom. The men appeared so effeminate in their dress and
+manners, that they shewed themselves men in nothing but their
+attempts upon the chastity of women[98]. So William of Malmsbury,
+speaking of the effeminacy of William Rufus's Court, says,
+"Mollitie corporis certare cum foeminis--gressum frangere--gestu
+soluto--et latere nudo incedere, Adolescentium specimen erat:
+enerves--emolliti--expugnatores alien� pudiciti�, prodigi su�." By
+many evidences it appears that a luxury in apparel was very general
+among the Nobles and Gentry of that age; even the Nuns were not free
+from it.
+
+  [98] Eadmer.
+
+The garments of the English, before their intermixture with the
+Normans, were generally plain; but they soon adopted the fashions of
+these new-comers, and became as magnificent in their dress as their
+fortunes could bear[99]. So that we see the French have, ever since
+the Conquest, been the standard of the English dress; and though we
+often complain of the folly of our times, in adopting French modes,
+it appears to be a practice that has existed time immemorial. Lord
+Lyttelton informs us (from Ordericus Vitalis) that there was a
+revolution in dress in William Rufus's reign, not only in England,
+but in all the Western parts of Europe; and that, instead of close
+coats, which till then had been used, as most commodious for
+exercise and a military life, trailing garments with long sleeves,
+after the manner of the Asiaticks, were universally worn. The men
+were also very nice in curling and dividing their hair, which,
+on the fore-part of their heads, was suffered to grow very long,
+but cut short behind[100];--a style of head-dressing, which, if
+introduced now, would spoil all the _Macaroni's_ of the age; for
+their comfort, however, it may be inferred from hence that similar
+beings have long subsisted in some shape or other.
+
+  [99] Lord Lyttelton.
+
+  [100] Introduction to Life of Henry II.
+
+To return to Henry. We find the reformation of his _Court_ was one
+of the first steps towards ingratiating himself with his subjects.
+The _Courtiers_, for the most part, sure of impunity, were wont to
+tyrannize over the people in a shameful manner. Not content with
+every species of oppression, and of secretly attempting the chastity
+of women, they gloried in it publicly. To remedy these disorders
+in his _Court_, Henry published a very severe edict against all
+offenders in general, and particularly against _Adulterers_; and
+such as abused their power by oppressing the people, he ordered to
+be put to death without mercy. Some who were already notorious on
+that account were banished the Court, among whom was Ranulph Bishop
+of Durham, who was likewise imprisoned by the advice of the great
+Council of the Kingdom[101]. This was in the first year of Henry's
+Reign; but it had so little effect, that five years afterwards we
+find a _second_ reformation; for, the former proclamation being
+ineffectual, it was necessary to publish another, with still greater
+penalties; and this severity was unavoidably necessary, to check the
+licentiousness that had crept in, from the connivance which offences
+of every kind had hitherto met with.
+
+  [101] Matthew Paris.
+
+Thus, we see, the dissoluteness of William Rufus's Court did not
+die with him; nor is it an easy thing to subdue so many-headed a
+monster as Vice in power. When the Magnates set bad examples in
+_Courts_, the inferior Officers are always ready to ape them;
+and crimes that in the commission are common to all men very soon
+descend from the _Prince_ to the _Page_. In the King's progresses
+during the late Reign, the _Court_ and its Followers committed many
+outrages of a very serious nature, in places where they lodged; such
+as extorting money from the hosts who entertained them, and abusing
+the chastity of women without restraint. But now the grievance
+was become much worse; for Henry's Attendants, in his progresses,
+plundered every thing that came in their way; so that the country
+was laid waste wherever the King travelled; for which reason people,
+when they knew of his approach, left their houses, carrying away
+what provisions they could, and sheltering themselves in the woods
+and bye-places, for fear their provisions should be taken away by
+the King's Purveyors[102]. These things called loudly for redress:
+it was therefore made public, by the King's command, that whoever,
+belonging to the Court, spoiled any goods of those who entertained
+them in these progresses, or abused the persons of their hosts,
+should, on proof, have their eyes put out, or their hands and feet
+cut off[103]. To us these seem cruel and unwarrantable punishments;
+but it must be remembered that, at this day, punishments were not
+prescribed, but arbitrary; there was no common law, and but little
+statute-law, and nothing to regulate the hand of Justice, which was
+directed by caprice, and the temper of the reigning King. Coiners
+of false money were grown so numerous and bare-faced, employed and
+even protected by the great men about the Court, that this kind
+of imposition on the publick became, among the rest, an object of
+redress, and the penalty inflicted was the loss of eyes and genitals.
+
+  [102] Eadmer.
+
+  [103] Eadmer.
+
+Taking the whole together, one must conclude that the profligacy,
+and wanton cruelty, of the King's _Suite_ must have been very
+enormous, to have required punishments so repugnant to natural
+mercy;--but we can but ill judge, at so distant a period, of the
+necessity there might be for such severity.
+
+The Kings, in these ages, moved their _Court_ very frequently, and
+often to considerable distances; and, as the state of the roads
+would not permit them to travel far in a day, they were forced to
+accommodate themselves as well as they could at such houses as lay
+convenient, there being then no receptacles of a public nature.
+These motions of so large a body of people, added to the frequency
+of them, were often, of themselves, very oppressive to the Yeomanry,
+who were obliged to supply the Court with carts and horses from
+place to place; and the abuse the people sustained in this kind of
+Purveyance was the occasion of edicts afterward to restrain any from
+_taking carriages_ from the subject, for this purpose, except by
+the persons authorized and appointed to the office, who were called
+the King's _Cart-takers_, a post which is now in being, though out
+of use. But, although the Court was not fixed in these times, yet
+the Kings generally kept the Feast of Christmas in one place[104],
+according to their liking or convenience. The other Feasts they kept
+at different places, as it happened, they having Palaces almost
+at every considerable place in the Kingdom, _viz._ besides London
+and its environs, at York, at Gloucester, Winchester, Salisbury,
+Marlborough, Bath, Worcester, and many other places, too numerous
+to mention _nominatim_. The great Feasts (together with that of St.
+George, after the institution of the Order of the Garter,) were kept
+with great solemnity, even so late as the Reign of King ... when the
+public observance of them was dropped by the King and Court.
+
+  [104] _Pro more_, as the Monkish writers say: though Henry I. does
+  not appear to have confined himself to keep the Feast of Christmas
+  at one place. According to the Saxon Chronicle, William I. had
+  stated places for each Feast; and on these occasions the Kings wore
+  their Crowns. "Ter gessit [Willielmus] suam Coronam singulis annis
+  quoties esset in Angli�; ad _Pascha_ eam gessit in _Winchester;_
+  ad Pentecosten in _Westminster;_ et ad _Natales_ in _Gloucester_."
+  Chronic. Saxon. p. 190. So before anno 1085 "Rex _induta Corona_
+  tenuit Curiam in _Winchester_ ad _Pascha_, atque ita Itinera
+  instituit ut esset ad _Pentecosten_ apud _Westminster;_ ubi armis
+  militaribus honoravit filium suum Henricum;" p. 187.
+
+  William Rufus was not so uniform. He sometimes held his Court
+  at one, and sometimes at another; but for the most part the
+  Easter-Court at Winchester, as his Father had done. At Whitsuntide
+  1099, he kept his Court for the first time in his new Hall at
+  Westminster (Saxon Chronicle); for which purpose, I suppose, he
+  built it. Henry I. was not regular in the places where he kept his
+  Court, but it was held oftener in Westminster Hall than any where
+  else, perhaps on account of its novelty and convenience in point of
+  magnitude, or for greater magnificence. The custom of wearing the
+  Crown during the celebration of the great Festivals was much left
+  off, however, after Henry II. It is said to have grown by degrees
+  into disuse after Henry II. and his Queen, 1136, laid their Crowns
+  on the Altar, after their third Coronation at Worcester, vowing they
+  would never wear them again. What the occasion of this vow was,
+  nobody has told us; and Lord Lyttelton does not even guess at the
+  reason.
+
+Henry was not wanting in splendour and magnificence on these
+occasions. Eadmerus, speaking of one of them, and more might be
+produced, says, "Rex Henricus [in Festivitate Pentecostes] _curiam_
+suam Lundoni� in _magn�_ mundi _glori�_, et _diviti apparatu_
+celebravit." Wherever the King kept his Court, or indeed wherever
+he resided, _there_ was, of course, the general resort of all the
+great men of the time, who brought with them, no doubt, large
+retinues; and in so great a concourse it is no wonder there should
+be many disorderly and abandoned people, in spite of all edicts and
+penalties.
+
+Hitherto I have met with very little mention of any Officers
+of the _Court_ or _Household_. In this Reign, however, we hear
+of William de Tankerville, whom Lord Lyttelton calls, "Henry's
+_Great Chamberlain_." The Annotator on M. Rapin calls him
+only _Chamberlain_; and Matthew Paris, _Camerarius_; but this
+unquestionably means _Treasurer_, or _High Treasurer_, and not
+the great Officer we now understand by the _Chamberlain_, or the
+_Great Chamberlain_. The Latin term for these is _Cambellanus_,
+which Du Cange says, is--"diversus � _Camerario_, penes quem erat
+cura _Camer�_ seu Thesauri Regii--_Cambellano_ autem fuit cura
+_Cubiculi_[105]. We have the term _Chamberlain_, in the sense of
+_Camerarius_, still preserved in the City of London, where the
+Treasurer is called the _Chamberlain_, and the office the _Chamber_;
+and indeed this Officer, of every Corporation, is, for the most
+part, called the _Chamberlain_. In the account given by the Saxon
+Chronicle[106] of the persons who were so unfortunately drowned with
+Prince William, King Henry's son, in returning from Normandy, in the
+year 1120, it is said there perished "quamplurimi de Regis famili�,
+_Dispensatores_[107], _Cubicularii_[108], _Pincern�_[109], aliique
+Ministri;" indeed all who were on board perished, except one man.
+These, it is supposed, were all menial and inferior Officers of the
+King's Household; those of a higher rank, and who appertained to the
+King's person, probably being on board the same ship with himself.
+
+  [105] Du Cange, Gloss. in voce _Cambellanus_.
+
+  [106] P. 222.
+
+  [107] The _Dispensatores_ should seem to be something like our
+  Gentlemen of the Buttery, Pantry, &c.; or such as delivered out
+  provisions of various sorts in their several provinces.
+
+  [108] The _Cubicularii_ I have already supposed to mean the inferior
+  Officers of the Bed-chamber.
+
+  [109] The _Pincern�_, Butlers,--"_Pincerna_, qui Vinum Convivis
+  miscet;" Du Cange in voce: and _Pincernare_, he says, is "Vinum
+  pr�gustare priusquam Principi propinetur;" Idem in voce. So that it
+  seems to be what we call _A Yeoman of the Mouth_.
+
+
+
+
+STEPHEN.
+
+
+Stephen, at his accession, found in his Uncle's Treasury upwards of
+100,000_l._[110] besides plate and jewels, the fruits of Henry's
+rapacity and oppression. As Stephen came in upon a doubtful
+title, the people were willing to take this opportunity of
+securing themselves against future usurpations and exactions; and
+accordingly, after some debate about the succession, when Stephen
+was placed on the throne, they imposed a new oath upon their new
+King; which imported, that he should fill the vacant Bishoprics,
+that he should not seize the Woods which belonged to private
+persons, upon frivolous pretences, as his Predecessors had done; but
+be content with the Forests which belonged to the two Williams, and
+make restitution of such as Henry had usurped. The Bishops, on the
+other hand, took a conditional oath, that they would pay allegiance
+no longer than he should continue to maintain the privileges of the
+Church. All this, and more, Stephen afterwards confirmed by Charter;
+but yet it tended only to amuse the people, till he was fully seated
+in his Throne, and felt himself a King; for, not many months after
+the signing the Charter, wherein he particularly covenants not to
+meddle with vacant Bishoprics, do we find that, upon the death of
+the Archbishop, he seized the revenues of the See of Canterbury, and
+kept them in his hands above two years. It is true, he only followed
+the examples of his Predecessors; but with this aggravation, that
+Stephen had given the most sacred engagements that can be had
+between men, that he would not intermeddle with the revenues of the
+vacant Bishoprics, but that they should be sequestered in the hands
+of Ecclesiastics till the vacancy was filled. No wonder then that
+a King, with so little regard to every tie, however sacred, should
+soon be involved in tumultuous scenes of disaffection and revolt. To
+heal this wound, and to buy off the reproaches of his subjects (of
+whose assistance he foresaw he should soon have occasion, in growing
+ruptures with neighbouring Powers), he not only became lavish of
+_titles_ and _honours_, but alienated many of the Crown lands, to
+secure the interest of such as he thought might be serviceable to
+him. But this bounty had not the desired effect: some who accepted
+his favours thought them no more than their due; others, who were
+passed by, became jealous, and thought themselves neglected, and
+soon shewed their resentment, which proved the source of the
+approaching troubles. So difficult is it to regain the lost esteem
+of a brave and spirited people!
+
+  [110] William of Malmesbury; "�stimabantur denarii fere ad centum
+  millia libras," p. 179.
+
+One very great error in the politics of the preceding three Kings
+was, heaping favours and honours on the Normans, to the exclusion
+of the English; by which the affection of the Natives was warped,
+the natural security of the Kingdom (the People) divided, and their
+hearts turned against the King and his Adherents. The filling the
+Court with Normans, and lavishing honours and estates amongst them,
+was weakening the attachment of the English to such a degree, that
+it became eventually out of the power of the latter to support the
+Royal Family when it wanted protection. Stephen, at his accession,
+had made large promises to the Barons, to engage them in support of
+his weak title to the Throne; and had given them strong assurances
+that they should enjoy more privileges and offices under him, than
+they had possessed in the Reigns of his Norman Predecessors. These
+promises (which, perhaps, were never intended to be performed)
+answered Stephen's end, by securing to him the Crown, and were the
+sole motive that induced the Barons to concur so warmly in his
+interest; and the non-performance was the cause of the general
+revolt that happened in a few years. From the time of Stephen's
+accession, he had been perpetually reminded by his _Courtiers_ of
+his large promises, which he was forced to parry by other still
+larger promises, and often by actual grants, to satisfy those that
+were most importunate.
+
+Their private resentments were covered with public outside[111]; but
+most Writers agree that this was only an ostensible excuse for an
+opportunity to gratify their revenge; and that the true reasons of
+discontent were, that they did not receive rewards and emoluments
+equal to their expectations, and Stephen's promises. The greatest
+after-engagements that the King could devise were not, however,
+sufficient to secure the allegiance of his Courtiers; every one was
+grasping at the same posts, the same estates, the same honours.
+Reason has little weight among such claimants; and it is no wonder
+that the situation of the parties should kindle a flame that should
+spread itself over the whole Kingdom.
+
+  [111] The breach of his oath to Matilda.
+
+During so turbulent a period, it is not to be supposed that much
+attention should be paid to the interior regulation of the King's
+House or Household; it was probably as much distracted as the rest
+of the Kingdom. The King being obliged to fly about from place
+to place, as the exigency of affairs required, there was little
+time to study _State_ and _Magnificence_ in his _Court_. In the
+former part of Stephen's Reign his Court was extremely magnificent,
+exceeding that of his Predecessors. He held his Court at Easter,
+in the first year of his Reign, at London, which was the most
+splendid, in every respect, that had yet been seen in England[112].
+One may judge a little of the hospitality of the Court in those
+days, by the manner of living among the Nobility: for at this time,
+and many ages after, the great halls of the castles or principal
+manor-houses of the Nobility and Gentry were crowded with vast
+numbers of their vassals and tenants, who were daily fed at their
+cost. And in houses of inferior rank, upon occasions of feasting,
+the floor was strewed with flowers, and the jovial company drank
+wine out of gilded horns, and sang songs when they became inebriated
+with their liquor[113]. This custom of strewing the floor, in those
+days, was a part of the luxury of the times; and _Becket_, when
+he was Chancellor, in the next Reign, according to a contemporary
+Author[114], ordered his hall to be strewed every day, in the winter
+with fresh straw or hay, and in summer with rushes, or green leaves,
+fresh gathered; and this reason is given for it, that such Knights
+as the benches could not contain might sit on the floor without
+dirtying their fine cloaths. But even this rustic simplicity was
+mixed with great magnificence in gold and silver plate[115]. This
+custom of strewing the rooms extended to the apartments of the Kings
+themselves in those days; for in the time of Edward I. "Willielmus
+filius Willielmi de Aylesbury tenet tres virgatas terr� ... per
+serjeantiam inveniendi _stramen_ ad straminandam cameram Domini
+Regis in _Hyeme_ et in _�state Herbam_ ad juncandam[116] cameram
+suam[117]." It may be observed, further, that there is a relique
+of this custom still subsisting; for at Coronations the ground is
+strewed with flowers by a person who is upon the establishment,
+called the _Herb-strewer_, with an annual salary.
+
+  [112] Qu� nunquam fuerat splendidior _in Angli�_ multitudine,
+  magnitudine, auro, argento, gemmis, Vestibus, omnimod� dapsilitate.
+           Henry of Huntingdon, Lib. viii.
+
+  [113] Lord Lyttelton, from John of Salisbury.
+
+  [114] Fitzstephen.
+
+  [115] Idem. Vide Lord Lyttelton's Life of Henry II. vol. iii. p. 483.
+
+  [116] _Juncare_ is properly, to strew with rushes.
+
+  [117] Blount's Jocular Tenures.
+
+But the commotions of this Reign even put a stop to these meetings
+of the Court and Council[118], and all Royal magnificence was broken
+down and defaced. Had it not been for the turbulency of the times,
+Stephen might doubtless have kept a very large Household, and a
+splendid Court; for, added to the wealth he inherited with the Crown
+from his Predecessor, he had large revenues, derived from different
+sources; _viz._ the demesnes of the Crown, escheats, feudal profits
+from the demesnes of others, fines, aids, and several others; but
+the exigency of his affairs, and the situation to which he was
+reduced with his Barons, obliged him to give largely, and at last
+to resume what he had before given, the price of the dissembled
+affection of his Courtiers.
+
+  [118] Jam quippe Curi� solennes, et ornatus Regii Schematis prorsus
+  evanuerant. Annals of Waverly.
+
+Stephen had liberality, and loved splendour; so that, had he lived
+in times more favourable to it, he would, probably, have shone with
+great lustre in his _Court_ and _Household_, if we may take the
+Court which attended him in his first year, and the magnificence
+there exhibited, for a specimen.
+
+King Stephen, being a Foreigner, and an Usurper, might not choose
+to ask _Aids_ of the people of England, and it does not appear that
+he did. He had two sons, Eustace and William, both of whom lived to
+be married, and no doubt were _Knights_, which, according to the
+complexion of the times, every person of the least consequence was,
+though these Princes do not appear to have received that honour in
+England. King Stephen was unpopular; and being embroiled in domestic
+wars with his Cousin the Empress Maud, made no demands of _aids_ of
+this sort of which we are speaking. His two elder Sons died in his
+life-time; and his third, William, was by Henry II. restored to his
+titles of Earl of Bolleigne, Surrey, and Mortaine; and dying without
+issue, was succeeded by his sister Mary, who, after having been
+Abbess of Ramsey, was married to the second son of Theodoric, Earl
+of Flanders, who, in her right, was Earl of Bolleigne.
+
+King Stephen, during the internal disquietudes in the Kingdom, was
+taken prisoner by _Maud_, the Empress, and afterwards released at
+the suit of his Son _Eustace_. It is not said that any sum of money
+was paid on the occasion, and indeed it will admit of a question
+whether the Norman _aid_, allowed for ransom of the King's Person
+if taken prisoner, would extend to such a domestic war. The Kingdom
+was divided; and the Title to the Crown suspended, and in such an
+unquiet hour, it was difficult for the Nation at large to refuse or
+comply.
+
+
+
+
+HENRY II. (PLANTAGENET.)
+
+
+Henry at his Accession found himself so contracted in his Royal
+Revenues, by the imprudence of his immediate Predecessor, Stephen,
+that some spirited measures became necessary, to enable him to
+support his dignity equal to the Sovereign of a great Kingdom, and
+his own wishes.
+
+Henry soon saw that the resumption of several grants made by
+Stephen was absolutely necessary; and these having been conferred
+on great and powerful men, the measure must be conducted with
+firmness and delicacy. In a Treaty made at Winchester, after the
+close of the Civil Commotions in the late Reign, after Stephen
+had contented himself that Henry, then Duke of Normandy, should
+assume the Rights and Power of a King, reserving to himself only
+_the Image of the Royal Dignity_, it was stipulated, _inter alia_,
+by a separate and secret article, that the King (Stephen) "should
+resume what had been alienated to the Nobles, or usurped by them,
+of the Royal Demesne[119]." This article was limited to whatever
+lands or possessions had belonged to the Crown at the death of
+King Henry I.; all which were to be restored, except those that
+Stephen had granted to William his Son, or had bestowed on the
+Church. Among these resumable gifts were some made by Matilda; for
+she too, acting as Sovereign, had followed Stephen's example, in
+giving away certain parts of the Estate of the Crown, to reward
+her adherents. Add to these, much that had been usurped by the
+Barons of both Parties, without any warrant, by the licence of the
+times, on unjustifiable pretences[120]. No article of the Treaty
+of Winchester was more necessary to be fulfilled than a resumption
+of all these alienations, which had been neglected by Stephen,
+indigent as he was; for, had this not been now executed, Henry
+would have been little better than Stephen, a Sovereign without
+a Royal Revenue--"Rex et preterea nihil."--His power would soon
+have vanished; and the Barons, having usurped the Crown Lands,
+would very soon have contended for the Sovereign Power: and had
+not Henry exerted the spirit and conduct which he soon shewed, it
+is more than probable the Government of the Kingdom at this period
+had sunk into an Aristocracy. Henry, therefore, as soon as he was
+well and fully confirmed on the Throne, set about the execution of
+this secret article of the Treaty of Winchester, relating to the
+alienated lands, which Stephen had neglected. The necessity of this
+measure, however arduous and disagreeable in itself, appeared in the
+most glaring colours to Henry; for Stephen's extravagance, and the
+insatiable demands of his faction, had induced him to alienate so
+much of the ancient Demesne of the Crown, that the remaining Estate
+was not (as has been said) sufficient to maintain the Royal Dignity.
+Royal Cities, and Forts of great consequence, had been also granted
+away, which could not be suffered to continue in the hands of the
+Nobles, without endangering the peace of the Kingdom. Policy and Law
+concurred in demanding these concessions back again. The Antient
+Demesne of the Crown was held so very sacred, and so inalienable,
+that no length of time could give a right of prescription to any
+other possessors, even by virtue of grants from the Crown, against
+the claim of succeeding Princes[121]. William Rufus made grants, and
+revoked them at pleasure, to supply his extravagance and ridiculous
+humour. This was base and unmanly. Henry's resumptions neither
+impeached his generosity nor his justice. The grants he reclaimed
+were such as sound policy and the exigencies of the State demanded,
+being made by a weak Prince in embarrassed situations; as they were
+all of no earlier date than the Reign of King Stephen, and had not
+been transmitted down through several generations. Foreseeing,
+however, that this step would raise much discontent in those who
+were to be affected by it, who were numerous and powerful, Henry was
+cautious not to act without a legal sanction, and the approbation
+of his Council. He therefore summoned a Parliament, wherein almost
+all his Nobles were present; and having properly laid before them
+the wants of the Crown, the losses it had suffered, the illegality
+of the grants, and the urgent necessity of a speedy resumption;
+obtained their concurrence to it, and proceeded to put it into
+immediate execution. The vigour of his government was such, that he
+met with less opposition than he had reason to expect; very near
+all that had been granted to Laymen, or usurped by them, from the
+Royal Demesne, was surrendered to him without bloodshed, after a
+little delay, and some ineffectual marks of reluctance in a few of
+the greatest Barons[122]. The cause assigned for these resumptions
+was not a defect in the title of the grantor, nor any unworthiness
+in the grantee, but the apparent and indispensable necessity
+of recovering the just and inseparable Rights of the Crown. No
+distinction was made between the grants of Stephen and Matilda;
+for that would have carried an appearance of Henry's acting from
+motives, not of Royal economy and public expediency, but of party
+revenge; and by this equal and impartial proceeding, he left the
+adherents of Stephen no reason to complain. In the course of this
+business, however, Henry was once very near losing his life; for
+Roger de Mortimer would not submit, which obliged Henry, incensed by
+his obstinacy, to lead an army against him, with which he assaulted,
+among others, the castle of Bridgnorth, in Shropshire, which was
+defended by Mortimer himself. Henry commanded in person, and exposed
+himself to so much danger, that he would have been infallibly slain,
+if a faithful vassal (Hubert de St. Clare[123]) who stood by his
+side, had not preferred the King's life to his own; for, seeing an
+arrow aimed at Henry by one of Mortimer's archers, he stepped before
+him, and received it in his own breast. The wound proved mortal,
+and he expired in Henry's arms; recommending his daughter, an only
+child, and an infant, to the care of that Prince[124]. It is hard
+to say which deserves the most admiration (continues my Noble
+Author[125]) a subject who died to save his King, or a King whose
+personal virtues could render his safety so dear to a subject whom
+he had not obliged by any extraordinary favours[126].
+
+  [119] Lord Lyttelton.
+
+  [120] Lord Lyttelton.
+
+  [121] Lord Lyttelton.
+
+  [122] Lord Lyttelton.
+
+  [123] Constable or Governor of Colchester Castle.
+
+  [124] The daughter was educated by Henry with all the affection he
+  owed to the memory of her father, and was afterwards married to a
+  Nobleman of great distinction.
+
+  [125] Lord Lyttelton.
+
+  [126] A very similar circumstance happened in our times in Poland.
+  The King, anno 1771, being shot at with arrows by the Regicides, H.
+  Butzau, a Hussar, interposed, and received the arrows in his own
+  breast, of which wounds he died. The King erected a monument (1773)
+  to his memory. See the public prints of the years 1771 and 1773.
+
+Henry, now firmly seated on his Throne, possessed of an ample Royal
+Revenue, confirmed the Charter of his Grandfather, Henry I; but, not
+content only to restore good Laws, he enforced a due execution of
+them. This Reign is so pregnant with interesting events, and shining
+transactions of a public nature, that it is no wonder Historians
+are silent as to lesser matters, such as the internal direction of
+his _Court_; but there is, I think, little question to be made but
+that it was magnificent; and as England became in his Reign one
+of the most powerful States in Europe, one would infer that his
+_Court_ was likewise equal (at least) to any other in dignity and
+splendour. He entertained at one time, in his Palace at Westminster,
+the several Ambassadors of Manuel, Emperor of Constantinople; of
+Frederic, Emperor of the Romans; of William, Archbishop of Triers;
+of the Duke of Saxony; and of Philip, Earl of Flanders: an uncommon
+resort in these days, who, doubtless, were attracted by the power
+of the King, and both received from, and added, lustre to the
+brilliancy and magnificence of his Court[127].
+
+  [127] Speed, p. 519.
+
+Lord Lyttelton, after giving an account of his person and temper,
+speaking of his munificence, says, he assigned the tenth part of
+the Provisions of his _Household_ to be constantly given in daily
+alms to the poor; which one must imagine to have been a very
+considerable donation, considering the hospitable manner of living
+in those days. "His own table (continues his Lordship) was frugal,
+his diet plain, and in his dress he affected the utmost simplicity,
+disliking all ornaments which might encumber him in his exercise, or
+shew an effeminate regard to his person." He introduced the Angevin
+fashion of wearing short cloaks or mantles (contrary to the mode
+that prevailed in William Rufus's Reign), which he himself had worn
+from his childhood, and from which he obtained the sobriquet, or
+nick-name, of Court-Mantle[128]. In this he would soon be followed
+by his Court, and the People; for it is every day seen how fast
+the fashions of the Great descend into the remotest parts of the
+Kingdom. Lord Lyttelton, however, observes, that the long garments
+introduced temp. Will. Rufus, were not wholly laid aside; so that
+Henry's fashion did not prevail universally[129]. The use of silk
+made by silk-worms (the _Bombycina_) was brought hither from Sicily
+about this time; there was also a costly stuff at this day in great
+request here, called in Latin _Aurifrisium_. What it was called in
+English, Mr. Camden declares himself ignorant[130]; but supposes it
+_not_ to mean Embroidery, although, by other testimonies, _that_ was
+much worn by the Nobility, and was termed in Latin _Opera Phrigia_,
+and the corruption seems very easy and allowable. "Whatever it was,"
+says he, "it was much desired by the Popes, and highly esteemed in
+Italy."
+
+  [128] _i.e._ Short Mantle.--"Ab Infanti� vocabatur Henricus
+  _Curtmantell_, nam iste primus omnium _curta mantella_ ab Andegavi�
+  (Anjou) in Angliam transvexit." Brompton, p. 1150.
+
+  [129] Vide note to vol. iii. octavo.
+
+  [130] Camden's Remains, p. 194.
+
+Hitherto I have not been able to learn any thing concerning Henry's
+_Household_, or the internal disposition of his Family. He appears
+himself to have lived in a great degree of familiarity with his
+Courtiers, whom he honoured with his intimacy; and would frequently
+unbend, and lay aside the King, and was fond of the _desipere in
+loco_. But "his good humour and jocularity," says Lord Lyttelton,
+"seems to have been sometimes too _playful in the eye of the
+public_; and to have carried him into things that were _infra_
+_dignitatem_[131]." In a note on this passage, his Lordship gives
+a pleasant story, which I shall relate, to relieve the Reader, and
+certainly cannot do it better than in his Lordship's own words, from
+Fitz-Stephen's Life of Archbishop Becket. "As the King and Becket,
+his Chancellor[132], were riding together through the streets of
+London, in cold and stormy weather, the King saw, coming towards
+them, a poor old man, in a thin coat, worn to tatters. Would it not
+be a great charity (said he to the Chancellor) to give this naked
+wretch, who is so needy and infirm, a good warm cloak? Certainly,
+answered that Minister; and you do the duty of a King, in turning
+your eyes and thoughts to such objects. While they were thus
+talking, the man came near; the King asked him if he wished to have
+a good cloak? and, turning to the Chancellor, said,--_You shall have
+the merit of this good deed of charity_; then suddenly laying hold
+on a fine new scarlet cloak, lined with fur, which Becket had on,
+he tried to pull it from him, and, after some struggle, in which
+they had both like to have fallen from their horses, prevailed.
+The poor man had the cloak, and the Courtiers laughed, like good
+Courtiers, at the pleasantry of the King[133]."
+
+  [131] Life of Henry II. vol. iii. p. 40.
+
+  [132] He was not then Archbishop.
+
+  [133] Life of Henry II. vol. iii. p. 311.
+
+King Henry II. in the early part of his life, was in a very doubtful
+situation with regard to his accession to the Crown of England,
+which depended upon the success of his Mother, the Empress, against
+the Usurper, King Stephen. As soon, however, as he attained his
+_sixteenth_ year, A. D. 1149, he came over into England; and at
+Carlisle, where his Great Uncle David, King of Scots, then lay, was
+by him made a Knight, among several others of equal age, at the
+feast of Pentecost[134], and for which no _Aid_ could be demanded.
+
+  [134] Gervas. Dorob. inter Decem Scriptores, col. 1366.
+
+His issue, which is all that concerns the matter before us,
+consisted of four Sons: Henry, Richard, Geoffrey, and John; and
+three Daughters, Maud, Alianor, and Joan.
+
+It is difficult, in a Reign where the subjects were so loaded with
+taxations of every kind, and so generally and indiscriminately
+imposed, to separate any particular charge from the aggregate.
+Henry was a Prince that would not forego his rights and privileges;
+and, as his Children were all natives of England, would doubtless
+avail himself of such laws and indulgences as he found established,
+and as would operate in his favour on their account. It does not
+appear, upon the face of common history, that any _Aid_ was paid
+for the _Knighthood_ of his eldest Son, though I have not the
+least doubt but that it was comprehended in some of those numerous
+subsidies, tallages, &c. which he levied, from time to time, on
+his subjects, for his transfretations (to use a Monkish word) into
+foreign parts. There is some ground for the surmise that the charge
+might be enveloped in some of those exactions; for, though there
+was a national contribution or _Aid_ demanded for the marriage of
+one of his daughters, yet it does not transpire but in a general
+Inquisition for the purpose of discoverig what monies had been
+received, in every County, by the Sheriffs, &c. This was effected by
+Itinerant Justices, who were dispatched over the whole Kingdom; and,
+among other articles contained in their general commission, they
+were directed to inquire--"concerning the _Aid_ to marry the King's
+Daughter, what was received in every hundred, in every township, and
+of every man, and who received it[135]." This took place in the year
+1170, in the sixteenth year of the King's Reign.
+
+  [135] From Brady's History, p. 309, who cites Gervas. Dorob. col.
+  1410.
+
+With regard to this King's _transfretations_, as I have called
+them, he was not contented with mere feudal contributions in lieu
+of personal service; but, upon a rupture with France, respecting
+settlements upon an intended marriage between two Sons of Henry
+(Henry, the then eldest, and Richard, the then second Son) with two
+Daughters of France; the King commanded all his _Tenants in capite_,
+Earls, Barons, and Knights, to attend him in person, properly
+prepared with horse and arms, who were to serve a whole year in
+Normandy at their own charge[136].
+
+To conclude all I have to observe upon the subject of exactions
+towards the King's expences in foreign wars, when he passed
+_outre-mer_; I can but remark one, which fell not a little heavy on
+the subject, imputable indeed to the religious frenzy of the times,
+which was occasioned by a joint resolution of _Henry of England_ and
+_Philip of France_ to go to the relief of _Jerusalem_, in what is
+known by the name of the _Holy War_. These levies were made in the
+most oppressive manner; every one who _did not_ go in person being
+taxed to the extent of his property real and personal; and this was
+not called an _Aid_, a _Subsidy_, or a _Tallage_, but (forsooth!)
+an ALMS[137]. It ought not to be forgotten that those who _did_ go,
+whether Clerk or Layman, were to have a free pardon of all sins
+repented of; and their securities were God, St. Peter, St. Paul, and
+the Pope[138].
+
+  [136] Brady, 330; A. D. 1177.
+
+  [137] Consult Brady, who gives authorities, p. 344.
+
+  [138] Ibid.
+
+
+
+
+RICHARD I.
+
+
+The following Reign is too full of the business of the Holy War,
+with which Richard was, above all men, most infatuated, to afford
+much matter for our purpose. Henry had, by the good government and
+direction of his revenues, left behind him great treasures; but
+these, or ten times as much, would not answer the purpose of his
+Successor, who ransacked every corner of his Kingdom for money
+to carry on this work of zeal, which had seized all Christendom,
+whereby Richard, on the Throne of a great and opulent Kingdom,
+thought he saw so fair a prospect of reaping honour and renown.
+
+Henry left in his treasury at Winchester more than nine hundred
+thousand pounds[139], besides jewels, and other valuable
+things[140]; but this would go but a very little way towards
+recovering Jerusalem, which had been taken, and was now in the
+hands of the Saracens. Before the death of Henry, Richard had bound
+himself in a vow to Philip of France, to join in this undertaking;
+and every one, _ad Regis exemplum_, strove either to go in person,
+or to supply money towards the expence of the expedition. Nothing,
+however sacred, could withstand Richard, in his schemes to raise
+money for this purpose. Most of the Crown lands which Henry had,
+with so much prudence and address, but a few years before, recovered
+out of private hands, and annexed to the State, were again put
+up to public sale, to be purchased by such as were able. Every
+expedient was devised, to create a fund for this enterprize; and
+among the rest, he obtained of the Pope a power to dispense with
+the vows of such who had rashly engaged in the Crusade, by which he
+raised very large sums. The Bishop of Norwich paid him 1000 marks,
+to be excused. Where he could, he borrowed; and where he could not
+borrow, he compelled. The people murmured at his oppression, and
+the alienation of the estates of the Crown; but Richard told them,
+_he would sell London itself, if he could meet with a purchaser_.
+So great, however, was the general infatuation, that he had less
+difficulty in raising men than money. The Clergy laboured as
+zealously to procure him soldiers, as he himself had been active
+in raising subsidies; his army soon became very numerous, and at a
+cheap rate, for every officer and private soldier provided himself
+with necessaries. One would think the great wealth that Richard had
+amassed would have answered all his purposes; but in a few years
+after, he had occasion for fresh supplies, to carry on a war with
+Philip of France; not to mention the ransom which was paid for his
+release, on his being taken prisoner by the Emperor Henry, amounting
+to 150,000 marks, which were raised for the occasion by his subjects
+in England. Philip of France had so maltreated Richard, by leaguing
+himself with his Brother John, and bribing the Emperor to detain
+him prisoner, that, as soon as Richard returned home, he could no
+longer deny himself the satisfaction of revenge. His Kingdom was
+already drained, and little able to furnish out supplies for a war
+with France; but Richard was resolved, and money must be had at any
+rate, let the means be ever so dishonourable. For this purpose he
+revoked all the grants of the Crown lands, which he had made before
+his expedition to Palestine. The pretext for this was, that the
+purchasers had enjoyed them long enough to re-imburse themselves
+out of the profits, and therefore he did them no injury by taking
+the lands back again. This was one device; the next was, to avail
+himself of the loss of the Great Seal, by ordering a new one to be
+made; and obliged all who had commissions under the old one, to
+renew them, and have them resealed, by which he must have raised a
+considerable sum[141].
+
+  [139] "Numero et Pondere." Brompton.
+
+  [140] "Pr�ter Utensilia, et Jocalia, et Lapides pretiosos." Matthew
+  Paris.
+
+  [141] In passing between Cyprus and Rhodes, in his Expedition to
+  the Holy War, three of his Ships were lost, and among other persons
+  that perished was the Vice-Chancellor, who had the Great Seal in his
+  custody, and was afterwards found with it about his neck. Brompton.
+  This was the manner in which the Seal was formerly carried by the
+  Chancellor himself--"_circa_ cujus _Collum suspensum_ Regis Sigillum
+  postea repertum est," are Brompton's words.
+
+King Richard I. having no child of either sex, there was not an
+opening for demanding the two common _Aids_; but the third, in
+the order they are usually placed, _viz._ for the _ransom_ of the
+_King's Person_, was exercised for the first time in this Reign.
+Other taxations, heavy and enormous, on frivolous and nugatory
+occasions, not to our immediate purpose, were copiously extorted
+from the subject, and even in a shameful manner[142]. If ever the
+Latin adage, "Quicquid delirant Reges," &c. could be properly
+applied, it belonged to Richard.
+
+  [142] Sir Richard Baker, p. 73.
+
+The favourite system of this King was the _Holy-War_, and his
+intemperate zeal led to the point before us. Failing in the attempt
+to recover Jerusalem from the Saracens, he concluded a truce of
+three years with Saladan their King; and, on his return towards
+England through Germany, was made prisoner by the Arch-duke of
+Austria (upon a pretext that he had killed the Margrave Conrade at
+Tyre); who delivered him into the hands of the Emperor, where he
+remained a captive full _fifteen months_, till he was ransomed[143].
+
+  [143] Consult the Monkish Historians.
+
+The sum demanded for the King's release is generally allowed to have
+been 100,000_l._; though some writers reduce it a third part, and
+call it 100,000 _marks_; but, let it be either of them, it was, in
+those days, a sum not to be raised without the greatest extortion;
+and I am justified in saying, it was not done without what,
+eventually, almost amounted to _sacrilege_[144]. The church was
+ransacked for plate, which was pretended to have been only borrowed
+for the moment--but the debt was never repaid.
+
+  [144] Sir Richard Baker reckons this no more than a voluntary
+  contribution, forgetting that it was one of the established Norman
+  _Feudal Aids_, though now first brought forward since the Conquest.
+
+
+
+
+HENRY IV.
+
+
+In the eleventh year of King Henry IV. a certain portion of the
+customs in the several ports, of subsidies in several ports, of the
+issues of the hamper [now the Hanaper], and of the profers [_sic_]
+of escheators and sheriffs, were, by the King's letters patent,
+set apart for the expences of his Household. This was done by the
+assent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, assembled in the King's
+Council[145].
+
+  [145] Rymer's Foedera, tom. viii. p. 610.--From Madox's MSS. n.
+  4486, p. 70.
+
+
+
+
+EDWARD IV.
+
+
+In the Reign also of King Edward IV. it was usual for the King to
+grant to his servants, or ministers, assignments for their salaries,
+or debts, upon divers officers who were concerned in receiving
+his revenue; _viz._ upon Sheriffs of Counties, Bailiffs, or _Men_
+[fort� Mayors] of Towns, Collectors of Customs, Subsidies, &c.
+Upon these assignments the Assignees had Patent-Letters, Tallies
+of the Exchequer, or Writs of Liberate currant, made forth for
+their avail; and, in default of payment, they brought actions of
+debt in the Court of Exchequer, upon such Assignments, Tallies, or
+Liberates, against the Sheriffs, or other Officers aforesaid; many
+instances of which may be seen in the fifth year of King Edward IV.
+in the Placita coram Baronibus, 5 Edward IV. in the Rolls of the
+Exchequer[146].
+
+  [146] Madox's MSS. n. 4486, p. 71.
+
+The King was wont to distribute his revenue in such manner as
+he thought fit. He assigned, at his pleasure, part of it to the
+expences of his Household, and other parts to the expences of either
+civil government or war[147].
+
+  [147] Idem, p. 69.
+
+An act done within the verge of the King's Palace was said to be
+done in _pr�senti� Regis_. The party offending was tried in the
+Court held in the Palace, before the Steward and Marshal; and
+the proceedings there, were styled _Placita Aul� Domini Regis de
+Coron�_[148].
+
+  [148] Idem, pp. 22, 23.
+
+
+
+
+EXTRACTS
+
+FROM THE
+
+LIBER NIGER.
+
+
+The Liber Niger Dom�s Regis Angli�[149] [_i. e._ Edward IV.]
+contains Orders for his said Majesty's Household, anno 1478; and
+relates to the following Officers:
+
+  A Chamberlain.
+  Bannerets, or Bachelor Knights, to be Carvers and Cup-bearers (four).
+  Knights of Household (twelve) to do the Office of Ewerers.
+  A Secretary.
+  Chaplains (four).
+  Esquires for the Body (four).
+  A Sewer for the King.
+  Surveyor for the King, _i. e._ of the Dresser.
+  Wardrobe.
+  Gentlemen Ushers of Chamber (four).
+  Yeomen of the Crown (twenty-four).
+  Yeomen of Chamber (four).
+  Wardrobe of Robes.
+  Wardrobe of Beds.
+  Grooms of Chamber (ten).
+  Pages of Chamber (four).
+  Jewel-house.
+  Doctor of Physic.
+  Master Surgeon.
+  Apothecary.
+  Barber.
+  Henxmen. Six Infants.
+  Master of the Henchmen.
+  Squires of Household.
+  Kings of Arms, Heralds, and Pursuivants.
+  Serjeants at Arms (four).
+  Minstrels (thirteen).
+
+     A Wayte. N. B. This Yeoman (for such was his rank) waiteth (_i.
+     e._ playeth; I suppose) at the making of Knights of the Bath,
+     watching upon them by night-time in the Chapel. Wherefore he
+     hath of fee all the watching cloathing that the Knights should
+     wear upon [them.]
+
+  Messagers (four).
+  Dean of the Chapel.
+
+  Chaplains, and Clerks of the Chapel (twenty-six).
+  Yeomen of the Chapel (two).
+  Children of the Chapel (eight).
+  Clerk of the Closet.
+  Master of Grammar, to teach the Henxmen and Children of the Chapel.
+  Office of Vestiary, _i. e._ Vestry.
+  Clerk of Crown in Chancery.
+  Clerk of the Market.
+  Clerk of the Works.
+  Marriage of Wards.
+  Steward of Household.
+  Treasurer of Household.
+  Controller of Household.
+  Cofferer.
+  Clerks of Green Cloth.
+
+  [149] Harleian MSS. in the British Museum, N^o 369, corrected by N^o
+  642.
+
+
+EXTRACTS FROM THE LIBER NIGER.
+
+KNIGHTS AND ESQUIRES OF THE BODY.
+
+Item, that all Knights for the Body, Cup-Bearers, and Knight
+Carvers, Squires for the Body, &c. be put to their attendance,
+and a book thereof delivered from the King's Highness into the
+compting-house, for a quarter of a year; the quarters to begin at
+October, January, April, and July.
+
+Among the provisions, it is said
+
+_Knights of the Body_, Carvers, and Cup-Bearers, [may have] every
+of them, _two_ Yeomen sitting in the hall; and for their livery
+at night, _one_ loaf and _an half_, and _a_ gallon of ale; _one_
+talshed and an _half_, and _three_ sizes of white lights[150].
+
+  [150] By white lights I understand tallow candles, they being so
+  distinguished from wax in other places: which last, I presume, at
+  that time were yellow.
+
+
+GENTLEMAN USHER.
+
+Item, that the Marshall, ne Usher of the Chamber, send his _rod_ by
+any mean person or persons, to pantry, buttery, or cellar, spicery,
+chaundry, or any other office; but go in his own person. But if he
+be occupied, so that he may not, then he send such one with his
+_rod_, as he will answer for on the morrow, and also that he will
+breve for, upon pain of six days wages.
+
+Item, that weekly there be warned and appointed by the Huishiers
+[Ushers] of the Chamber, [those] who shall attend and serve the
+King for the week next following, that is to say, Carvers, Sewers,
+Cup-Bearers, _Squires for the Bod_y, and others.
+
+Item, that every Lord, Knight, and Esquire, as well _Squire for the
+Body_, as other within the Household, wear daily a collar of the
+King's livery about their _nekket_ (sic) as to them appertaineth,
+and that none of the said Squires fail hereof, upon pain of losing a
+week's wages.
+
+Item, that the liveries for _All-night_, for the King and Queen be
+set by day-light, from Candlemas to Michaelmas; and in the winter
+time, to eight of the clock at farthest.
+
+Item, after the King and Queen's liveries delivered as aforesaid, no
+officer abide in his office, nor resort unto his said office after
+his departing, without a special commandment of the King or of the
+Queen; or else by special token from the Steward of the Household,
+or from the King or Queen's Chamberlains.
+
+Punishment for neglect of Duty.
+
+For the first offence, the party to be warned to amend.
+
+For the second offence, imprisonment at the discretion of his
+Superior.
+
+And for the third offence, a discharge from his office[151].
+
+  [151] In the time of Henry the Eighth (as in some cases in these
+  Orders) they used stoppages of wages in lieu of imprisonment. This
+  was called _checquing_. Hence, I apprehend, the office of a Clerk of
+  the Cheque.
+
+
+GREAT CHAMBERLAIN OF ENGLAND,
+
+cometh to this Court at the six principal feasts of the year;
+takes such livery and service after the estate he is of; and for
+his winter and summer robes, for the feasts of Christmas and
+Whitsuntide, to be taken of the counting-house by even portions, ten
+pounds thirteen shillings and four pence; and for his fee of the
+King's Household, at the two terms of Easter and Michaelmas, by even
+portions, twenty marks in the counting-house.
+
+
+KNIGHTS OF HOUSEHOLD[152].
+
+  [152] Of this Office, and that of the Esquires of the Body, see Mr.
+  Pegge's Curialia, Part I.
+
+Twelve Bachelors, sufficient and most valiant men of that order, of
+every Country, and more in number if it please the King, whereof
+_four_ to be continually abiding and attending upon the King's
+Person in Court, beside the Carvers abovesaid, for to serve the King
+of his bason, or such other service as they may do the King, in
+absence of the Carvers, sitting in the King's Chamber and Hall with
+persons of like service; every of them have eating in the hall one
+Yeoman, and taking for his chamber, at noon and night, one loaf, one
+quart of wine, one gallon of ale, one pitcher of wine, one candle
+wax, two candles pis, one tallwood and an half, for winter livery,
+from All-Hallowen-tide till Easter: rushes and litter all the year,
+of the Serjeant Usher, and for keeping of their stuff and Chamber,
+and to purvey for their stuff. Also at their livery in the Country,
+amongst them all, four Yeomen, after time eight of these Knights be
+departed from Court, and the four Yeomen to eat daily in the hall
+with Chamberlains, till their said Masters come again; so that the
+number of Knights' servants be not increased when their Masters be
+present. Every Knight shall have into this Court resorting, _three_
+persons, Waiters; the remanent of their servants to be at their
+livery in the Country, within seven miles to [of] the King, by the
+Herbergers sufficiently lodged; and, if it may be, _two_ Knights
+together. Also they pay, in this Court, for the carriage of their
+own stuff. And if a Knight take clothing, it is by warrant made to
+the King's Wardrober, and not of the Treasurer of Household. Some
+time Knights took a fee here yearly, of _ten_ marks, and clothing;
+but because[153] their clothing is not according for the King's
+Knights, therefore it was left.
+
+  [153] N^o 369 reads _Ray_ Clothing.
+
+Item, if he be sick, or specially let blood, or clystered, then he
+taketh livery, _four_ loaves, _two_ mess of great meat and roast,
+half a pitcher of wine, _two_ gallons of ale. This letting blood,
+or clystering, is to avoid pestilence; and therefore the people
+take livery out of the Court, and not for every sickness in man
+continuing in this Court.
+
+
+ESQUIRES FOR THE BODY.
+
+_Four_ Noble, of condition, whereof always two be attendant on
+the King's person, to array him, and unarray him; watch day and
+night; and to dress him in his cloaths. And they be callers to the
+Chamberlaine, if any thing lack for his person or pleasance. Their
+business is in many _secrets_, some sitting in the King's chamber,
+some in the hall with persons of like service, which is called
+_Knight's service_. Taking, every of them, for his livery at night,
+half a chet loaf, one quart of wine, one gallon of ale; and for
+winter livery, from All-Hallowtide till Easter, one _percher_ wax,
+one candle wax, two candles pric.[154] one talshide and an half,
+and wages in the compting-house. If he be present in the Court
+daily, seven-pence halfpenny; and cloathing with the Household,
+winter and summer, or else forty shillings, besides his other fee
+of the Jewel-house, or of the Treasurer of England; and besides
+his watching cloathing of Chamber of the King's Wardrobe. He hath,
+abiding in this Court, but two servants; livery sufficient for his
+horses in the country, by the Herberger. And if any Esquire be
+let blood, or else fore-watched, he shall have like livery with
+Knights. Litter and rushes all the year, of the Serjeant Usher of
+the Hall and Chamber. Oftentimes these stand instead of Carvers and
+Cup-bearers.
+
+  [154] Fort� _Prickets_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_In the "Statutes of Eltham."_
+
+Esquires of the Body, every of them, to have ordinary within the
+Court _four_ persons, of the which to have sitting in the Hall two
+persons, and the residue _ut supra_ [_i. e._ to have no meat or
+drink within the House, but to be at board wages in the town]; and
+for their bouche of Court, every of them to have for their livery at
+night, one chet loaf, half a pitcher of wine, and one gallon of ale,
+one size wax, three white lights, two talsheds, and two faggots.
+
+In the appointment of Herbagage be ordinary for all Noble Estates,
+and others, for stabling of their horses, and beds for their
+servants, appointed by the King's Highness, at his Manor of Eltham,
+the 19th of January, in the 17th year of his Noble Reign.
+
+It is appointed to Knights for the Body, and other Knights, _six_
+horses and _two_ beds.
+
+To every Esquire for the Body, _five_ horses and two beds.
+
+[N. B. Every Gentleman Usher of the Privy Chamber, whereof six,
+_six_ horses and _two_ beds.
+
+Every Groom of the Privy Chamber, _two_ horses and _two_ beds.
+
+Every Gentleman Usher Daily Waiter, _three_ horses and _one_ bed.
+
+Every Gentleman Usher of the Privy Chamber, _four_ horses and _one_
+bed[155].]
+
+  [155] _Sic_: but query if not Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber; they
+  not being otherwise mentioned in either copy.
+
+For the good order of the King's Chamber, it is said, the Pages
+of the King's Chamber must daily arise at _seven_ o'clock, or soon
+after, and make a fire; and warn the Esquires of the Body of that
+hour, to the intent they may then arise, so as they may be ready,
+and the King's Chamber dressed in every thing as appertaineth, by
+_eight_ of the clock at the farthest.
+
+Item, that none of the servants of the said Esquires come within
+the Pallet Chamber; but be attendant at the door, as well at night
+as in the morning, with such gear as their Masters shall wear. And
+the said Pages, at the request of the said Esquires, to fetch in,
+and bear out, their night-gear, and all other their apparel, and
+likewise to make them ready, both at night and in the morning.
+
+Item, that, if the Esquires for the Body do not arise at the warning
+of the Pages, so as the King's Chamber may be ready and dressed by
+the hour afore limited; that then immediately the Pages are to shew
+the same to the Lord Chamberlain.
+
+[In the appointment of Lodgings, is a chamber for the _six_
+Gentlemen _and_ Ushers of the Privy Chamber, to sup in; which
+explains the above article.]
+
+The Esquires for the Body, mentioned to have been at Eltham at that
+time, were, Sir Arthur Poole, Sir Edward Baynton, Sir Humphrey
+Forster, and [Mr.] Francis Pointz.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In the New Book of the King's Household of Edward IV. anno 1478:
+
+Six Knights and five Squires appear to have been on duty for eight
+weeks from the last day of October, at the end of which they were
+relieved by _five_ Knights and four Esquires. Sir Roger Ray, being
+Vice Chamberlain, was in both lists; for it is said afterwards,
+"We will that Sir Roger Ray, Deputy to my Lord Chamberlain, two
+Gentlemen Ushers, and two Yeomen Ushers, at least, be always
+attending upon us."
+
+
+YEOMEN OF THE CROWN[156].
+
+  [156] See the "Curialia," Part III.
+
+Twenty-four most seemly persons, cleanly and strongest Archers,
+honest of conditions, and of behaviour, bold men chosen and tried
+out of every Lord's house in England for their cunning and virtue
+thereof. One to be Yeoman of the Robes, another to be Yeoman of
+the Wardrobe of Beds in Household. These two, in certainty, eat in
+the King's Chamber daily. Other two be Yeomen Ushers of Chamber,
+eating there also. Another to be Yeoman of the Stole, if it please
+the King. Another to be Yeoman of the Armory. Another to be Yeoman
+of the Bows for the King. Another Yeoman to keep the King's Books.
+Another to keep his Dogs for the Bow. And, except the first four
+persons, the remnant may to the Hall, as the Usher, &c. or another
+to keep his best; and thus they may be put to business. Also
+it accordeth that they be chosen men of manhood, shooting, and
+specially of virtuous conditions. In the King's Chamber be daily
+sitting four messes of Yeomen; and all the remnant eating in the
+Hall, sitting together above, joining to the Yeomen of Household;
+except at the five Great Feasts of the year, then as many Yeomen of
+Crown and Chamber as may sit in the King's Chamber shall be served
+there during the Feast; and every of them present in Court, hath
+daily allowed in the counting-house _three-pence_, and cloathing
+for winter and summer, and ... yearly, or else eighteen shillings,
+beside their watching cloathing of the King's Wardrobe. And if
+any of them be sent out by the King's Chamberlain, then he taketh
+his wages of the Jewel-house, and vacat in the Cheque Roll till
+he be seen in Court again. Also lodging in the town, or in the
+country, sufficient for their horses, as nigh together as the
+Herbiger of Household may dispose; and always two Yeomen of Crown
+to have an honest servant in to [the] Court, in the Noble Edward's
+Statutes. And these were called "The Twenty-four Archers de pi�
+courants enti�rement devant le Roy par pairs pour Gard [de] Corps
+du Roy[157]." These were called the King's Watchment. At this [or
+rather that] day, a Yeoman took but ten shillings for his gown, and
+four shillings and eight pence for his hosen and shoone. They have
+nothing else with the Household _sans_ carriage of their beds, two
+men together, by deliverance or assignment for that carriage of
+the Controllers, and litter for their beds of the Serjeant Usher
+of the Hall and Chamber. And if any of them be sick, or let blood,
+he taketh for all day a cast of bread, one mess of great meat, one
+gallon of ale; and if it be of great sickness, he must remove out of
+the Court.
+
+  [157] Sic lego.
+
+Also, when they make watch nightly, they should be gird with their
+swords, or with other weapons ready, and harness about them.
+
+
+A BARBER FOR THE KING'S MOST HIGH AND DREAD PERSON.
+
+To be taking in this Court after that he standeth in degree,
+Gentleman, Yeoman, or Groom. It hath been much accustomed to one or
+two well-known Officers of the Ewry in Household, such as been for
+the month, Serjeant, or other. Also we find how this hath been used
+among ... by a well-betrusted Yeoman of Chamber, for lack of cunning
+of these other men. It is accustomed that a Knight of Chamber, or
+else Squire for the Body, or both, be present every time when the
+King will be shaven.
+
+This Barber shall have every Saturday at night, if it please the
+King to cleanse his head, legs, or feet, and for his shaving, two
+loaves, one pitcher of wine; and the Ushers of Chamber ought to
+testify this, if this be necessary dispended or no.
+
+Also, this Barber taketh his shaving cloths, basons, and all his
+other towels[158], and things necessary, by the Chamberlain's
+assignment, of the Jewel-house; no fees of plate or silver, but
+it be in his instrumental tools used by occupation, and that by
+allowance of the King's Chamberlain.
+
+  [158] _Tools_ in No. 642, in Bib. Harl.
+
+
+HENXMEN.
+
+Six infants, or more, as it shall please the King, all these
+eating in the Hall, and sitting at one board together; and to be
+served two or three to a mess, as the Sovereigns appoint; taking
+daily for their breakfasts, amongst them all, two loaves, a mess
+of great meat, a gallon of ale. Also, for their supper in fasting
+days, according to their age, and livery nightly for them all to
+their chamber, one loaf, one gallon of ale; and for winter livery,
+two candles wax, four candles p'is, three talsheds, for them all.
+Rushes and litter all the year, of the Serjeant Usher of the Hall
+and Chamber. And if these Gentlemen, or any of them, be Wards; then,
+after their births and degrees, the Steward and Treasurer, with
+the Chamberlain, may appoint the service more large in favour by
+their discretions, when as often as them needeth, till the King's
+Grace hath given or sold[159] their lands and wards. And all their
+competent harness to be carried, and beddings. Two lodged together
+at the King's carriage, by oversight of the Comptroller; and every
+of them an honest servant to keep their chamber and harness, and to
+array him in this Court whilst their Masters be present in Court; or
+else to allow here no chamber dokyns, &c. And all other findings for
+their beds they take of the King's Wardrobe, by suit of the Master
+of Henxmen, made to the King's Chamberlain for warrants.
+
+  [159] _i. e._ granted them during non-age.
+
+
+MASTER OF HENXMEN.
+
+To shew the schools of urbanity and nurture of England; to learn
+them to ride cleanly and surely; to draw them also to justs; to
+learn them wear their harness; to have all courtesy in words, deeds,
+and degrees; diligently to keep them in rules of goings and sittings
+after they be of honour. Moreover to teach them sundry languages,
+and other learnings virtuous; to harping, to pipe, sing, and dance,
+with other honest and temperate behaving and patience; and to
+keep daily and weekly with these children due [discipline], with
+corrections in their chambers, according to such gentlemen; and each
+of them to be used to that thing of virtue that he shall be most
+apt to learn, with remembrance daily of God's service accustomed.
+This Master sitteth in the Hall next unto beneath these Henxmen,
+at the same board; to have his respects unto their demeanings,
+how mannerly they eat and drink; and to their communication, and
+other forms curial, after the book of urbanity. He taketh daily, if
+he be present in Court, wages, cloathing, and other liveries, as
+other Esquires of Household, save he is not charged with serving
+of the Hall. Carriage also for harness in Court competent by the
+Comptroller to be with the Henxmen his harness in Court; and to have
+into this Court one servant, whilst he is present; and sufficient
+liveries for his horses, in the town or country, by the Herberger.
+And if he be sick in Court, or let blood, he taketh two loaves, two
+mess of great meat, one gallon ternoise[160]. And for the fees that
+he claimeth among the Henxmen of all their apparel, the Chamberlain
+is the judge.
+
+  [160] Fort� _Tournois_.
+
+
+SQUIRES OF HOUSEHOLD.
+
+Forty, or more, if it please the King, by the advice of his High
+Council, to be chosen men of their profession, worship, and wisdom;
+also to be of sundry Shires, by whom it may be known the disposition
+of the Countries. And of these, to be continually in this Court
+Twenty Squires attendant upon the King's Person, in riding and going
+at all times, and to help serve his table from the Surveying-board,
+and from other places, as the Assewar will assign.--Also, by their
+common assent, to assign amongst themselves some to serve the King's
+Chamber, at one day, week, or time, some to serve the Hall at
+another time, of every mess that cometh from the dressing-board to
+their hands for such service, so that thereof be nothing withdrawn
+by the Squires, upon such pain as Steward, Treasurer, or Controller,
+or in their absence other Judges at the counting-board, will award,
+after their demerits.--They eat in the hall, sitting together at
+any of the both meals as they serve, some the first meal, some the
+latter, by assent. This hath be [been] always the manner amongst
+them for honour [and] profit to the King.--It may be, that the King
+taketh into Household in all Sixty Squires, and yet, amongst them
+all, Twenty take not the whole wages _of the year_ [sic]; wherefore
+the number of persons may be received and suffered the better in
+the checque-roll for a worship, and the King's profit saved, and
+ease to them self.--Every of them taketh for his livery at night,
+half a gallon of ale; and for winter season, each of them taketh two
+candles parris, one faggot, or else half talwode.
+
+When any of them is present in Court, he is allowed for daily wages,
+in the checque roll, seven-pence halfpenny, and clothing winter and
+summer; or else forty shillings. It hath ever been in special charge
+to Squires in this Court, to wear the King's Livery customably,
+for the more glory, and in worship of this honourable Household:
+and every of them to have in to this Court an honest servant, and
+sufficient livery in the towns or countries for their horses, and
+other servants, by the herberger. Two Gentlemen lodged together, and
+they be coupled bed-fellows by the Gentlemen Ushers.--And if any
+of them be let blood or sick in Court, or nigh, thereto, he taketh
+livery in eating days, two loaves, two mess of great meat, one
+gallon of ale, for all day, and litter all the year of the Serjeant
+Usher of the hall for their beds in Court.--And if any of these
+Squires be sent out of Court, by Steward, Treasurer, or Controller,
+or other of the counting-house, for matter touching the Household,
+then he hath daily allowed him twelve pence by petition. Also they
+pay for their carriage of harness in Court. They take no part of
+the general gifts, neither with chamber nor with hall, but if the
+giver give them specially a part by express name or words. None of
+these should depart from Court but by licence of Steward, Treasurer,
+or Sovereigns of the Counting-house, that know how the King is
+accompanied best: and to take a day when they should come again,
+upon pain of loss of wages at his next coming.--That no Serjeant
+of Office, nor Squire, nor Yeoman, nor Groom, but as be appointed
+in this Book, to dine or sup out of Hall and King's Chamber, nor to
+withdraw any service, or else to hurt or little the almesse [alms]
+of Hall or Chamber, upon such pain as the Sovereigns of Household
+will award by the Statutes of Noble Edward III. "In none office, &c."
+
+It hath been often, in days before, commanded by the Counting-house,
+that in ferial days, after that the King and Queen, and their
+Chambers, and the Sovereigns of Household in the Hall, be served,
+that then such honest Yeomen of Household be called or assigned to
+serve from the dresser to the hall the remnant, specially such as
+bear wages, that, if any service be withdrawn by them, that then
+they to be corrected therefor.
+
+These Squires of Household, of old, be accustomed, winter and
+summer, in afternoons and in evenings, to draw to Lord's Chambers
+within Court, there to keep honest company, after their cunning, in
+talking of chronicles of Kings, and of other policies, or in piping
+or harping, songings, or other acts marriables[161]; to help to
+occupy the Court, and accompany strangers, till the time require of
+departing.
+
+  [161] Sic.
+
+"Item, that daily there awaite twenty-four Squires to serve the King
+and Queen, of whom _twelve_ to serve at the first dinner, and to
+dine at the second; and the twelve sitting at the first dinner, to
+serve the second dinner, and there to awaite to serve the King and
+Queen[162]."
+
+Dom. Regis Angli�. The Esquires--"oftentimes these stand instead of
+Carvers and Cup-Bearers[162]."
+
+  [162] Harleian MSS. 642, p. 177.--Rigid Orders regarding Offenders,
+  p. 97. b.
+
+
+KINGS OF ARMS, HERALDS, AND PURSUIVANTS.
+
+Coming into this Royal Court to the worship of these five Feasts in
+the year, sitting at meats and suppers in the Hall, and to begin
+that one end of the table together, upon days of estate, by the
+Marshall's assignation, at one meal. And if the King keep estate,
+by the Marshall's assignation, in the Hall, then these walk before
+the Steward, Treasurer, and Comptroller, coming with the King's
+Surveyor[163] from the surveying-board at every course. And, after
+the last course, they cry the King's largesse, shaking their great
+cup. They take their largesse of the Jewel-house; and during these
+Festival-days they wait upon the King's Person coming and going
+to and from the Church, Hall, and Chamber, before his Highness,
+in their coats of arms. They take neither wages, cloathing, nor
+fees, by the Compting-house; but livery for their chamber, day and
+night, amongst them two loaves, a pitcher of wine, two gallons of
+ale; and for winter season, if there be present a King of Arms, for
+them all, one tortays at chandry, two candles wax, three candles
+p'is, three talsheds. These Kings of Arms are served in the Hall
+as Knights, service and livery for their horses nigh the Court, by
+the Herberger.--Alway remembered, that the cup which the King doth
+create any King of Arms or Herald withal, it standeth in the charge
+of the Jewel-house, and not upon the Treasurer of Household.
+
+  [163] Recti�s, No. 642 reads _Service_.
+
+The fees that they shall take at the making of Knights of the Bath,
+it appeareth next after the chapter of Squires.
+
+
+SERJEANTS OF ARMS[164].
+
+  [164] See the "Curialia," Part V.
+
+Four chosen proved men, of haviour and condition, for the King and
+his Honourable Household; whereof two alway to be attending upon the
+King's Person and Chamber; and to avoid the press of people before
+where as the King shall come: in like wise at the conveyance of his
+meat at every course from the surveying board; also observing for
+[of] the King's commandments, and so after the Steward, Chamberlain,
+Treasurer, and Controller, for the King, or for his Household. They
+eat in the Hall, together or with Squires of Household, taking their
+wages of twelve-pence by [the] day, or four-pence, as it pleaseth
+the King, after their abilities, by letters patents; and clothing
+also, to be taken of the issue and profit growing to the King in
+divers counties of England, by the hands of the receivers of them.
+No more having in Household; but every of them, when he is present
+in Court, at night, a gallon of ale; and for winter livery, one
+candle wax, two candles p'is, one talshed; rushes [and] litter for
+their chamber of the Serjeant Usher all the year. They pay for the
+carriage of their proper harness and bedding; and every of them to
+have in to this Court, one honest servant. By the Statutes of the
+Noble Edward, were thirty Serjeants of Arms, sufficiently armed and
+horsed, riding before his Highness when he journeyed by the country
+for a Garde de Corps du Roi. And if any of these be sick, or be
+let blood, he taketh daily two loaves, two messes of great meat,
+one gallon of ale, and thus to be brevied in the Pantry-Roll. Also
+sufficient lodging assigned these Serjeants together, not far from
+Court, for hasty errands [when] they fall.
+
+
+MINSTRELS.
+
+Thirteen; whereof one is Verger, that directeth them all in festival
+days to their stations, to blowings and pipings to such offices
+as must be warned to prepare for the King and his Household, at
+meats and suppers, to be the more ready in all services; and all
+these sitting in the Hall together, whereof some use trumpets, some
+shalmuse[165] and small pipes, and some are strange-men coming to
+this Court at five feasts of the year; and then to take their wages
+of Household after four-pence halfpenny a day, if they be present
+in Court; and then they to avoid the next day after the feasts be
+done. Besides each of them another reward yearly, taking [taken]
+of the King, in the Receipt of the Chequer, and cloathing with the
+Household, winter and summer, or twenty shillings a-piece, and
+livery in Court at even--amongst them all four gallons of ale; and
+for winter season, three candles wax, six candles p'is, four tallow
+candles, and sufficient lodging, by the Herbergers for them and
+their horses in the Court. Also having in the Court two servants,
+honest, to bear the trumpets, pipes, and other instruments; and a
+torch for winter nights, whilst they blow to suppers, and other
+revels at Chaundry. And always two of these persons to continue
+in Court in wages, being present to warn at the King's ridings,
+when he goeth to horseback, as oft as it shall require. And by
+their blowings the Household-men may follow in the countries. And
+if any of these two Minstrels be sick in Court, he taketh two
+loaves, a mess of great meat, a gallon of ale. They have part of
+any rewards given to the Household. And if it please the King to
+have two strange Minstrels to continue in like wise. The King woll
+not for his worship that his Minstrels be too presumptuous, nor too
+familiar, to ask any rewards of the Lords of his land, remembering
+"De Henrico Secundo Imperatore, qui omnes Joculatores suos et ...
+monuerit ut nullus eorum in ejus nomine, vel dummodo steterunt in
+servicio suo, nihil ab aliquo in regno suo deberent petere donandum,
+scilicet, quod ipsi Domini donatores pro Regis amore citius
+pauperibus erogarent."
+
+  [165] Shawms.
+
+
+A WAYTE.
+
+That nightly, from Michaelmas till Shere-Thursday[166], pipeth the
+watch within this Court _four_ times, and in summer nights _three_
+times, and he to make _bon Gayte_, and every chamber-door and
+office, as well for fire as for other pikers, or pellys[167]. He
+eateth in the Hall with the Minstrels, and taketh livery at night,
+half a paine, half a gallon of ale; and for summer nights, _two_
+candles p'is, half a bushel of coals; and for winter nights, half
+a loaf, half a gallon of ale, four candles p'is, half a bushel of
+coals; and daily, if he be present in Court, by the Cheque Roll,
+_four-pence halfpenny_, or _three pence_, by the discretion of
+Steward and Treasurer, and after the cunning that he can, and good
+deserving. Also cloathing with the Household Yeomen, or Minstrels,
+according to the wages that he taketh. And if he be sick, or let
+blood, he taketh _two_ loaves, half a mess of great meat, [and]
+one gallon of ale. Also he partaketh with the general gifts of
+Household, and hath his bedding carried, and his grooms together, by
+the Controller's assignment. And under this Yeoman, _a Groom Wayte_;
+if he can excuse the Yeoman in his Office, and absence, then he
+taketh reward and cloathing, meet rewards, and other things, like to
+the other _Grooms_ of Household. Also this _Yeoman_ wayteth at the
+makings of _Knights_ of the Bath, watching by night-time upon them
+in the chapel; wherefore he hath of fee all the watching cloathing
+that the Knights do wear upon [them].
+
+  [166] _i. e._ Maunday Thursday.
+
+  [167] Perhaps Perils.
+
+
+CLERK OF THE CROWN IN CHANCERY.
+
+This Officer was anciently one of the Chancellor's Family[168].
+
+  [168] Lex Parliamentaria.
+
+Formerly accompanied the Masters in Chancery in carrying Bills to
+the Lower House[169].
+
+  [169] Ibid. p. 195.
+
+Reads the Titles of Bills in the House of Lords[170].
+
+  [170] Ibid. 197.
+
+Sir George Copping was Clerk of the Crown, anno 1 Jac. I.[171]
+
+  [171] Ibid. 301.
+
+The fee of the Clerk of the Crown, in the Reign of Queen Elizabeth,
+was 20_l._[172]
+
+  [172] See Peck's Desiderata Curiosa, vol. i. p. 51.
+
+
+
+
+SUPPORTERS,
+
+CRESTS, AND COGNIZANCES,
+
+OF THE
+
+KINGS OF ENGLAND.
+
+
+RICHARD II.
+
+Was the first who bore his Escocheon supported; _viz._ by Two
+_Angels_.
+
+_Cognizances._--A White Hart couchant, gorged with a Gold Chain and
+Coronet, under a Tree; derived from the Princess Joan his Mother.
+
+Also a Peascod Branch, with the Pods open, but the Peas out.
+
+
+HENRY IV.
+
+Dexter, a _Swan_. Sinister, an _Antelope_.
+
+_Cognizance._--A Fox's Tail dependant.
+
+
+HENRY V.
+
+Two _Swans_, when Prince of Wales, holding in their beaks an
+Ostrich-feather and a Scroll; when King, a _Lion_ and an _Antelope_.
+
+N. B. He first bore three Fleurs de Lis, instead of the Sem�e; and
+wrote himself King of _England_ and _France_, whereas those before
+him wrote _France_ and _England_.
+
+
+HENRY VI.
+
+Two Antelopes, Argent, attired, accolled with Coronets, and chained
+Or.
+
+_Cognizance._--Two Feathers in Saltire.
+
+
+EDWARD IV.
+
+A _Lion_ for Marche; and a _Bull_ for Clare.
+
+_Two Lions_, Argent.
+
+The _Lion_ and the _White Hart_ of Richard II.
+
+_Cognizances._--The _White Rose_.
+
+The _Fetter-Lock_.
+
+The _Sun_ after the Battle of Mortimer's Cross, when three _Suns_
+were seen, which immediately conjoined.
+
+The Rose is in the centre.
+
+
+EDWARD V.
+
+The _Lion_ and a _Hinde_, Argent.
+
+_Cognizance._--The Rose and the Falcon in a Fetter-Lock.
+
+
+RICHARD III.
+
+Two _Boars_.
+
+A White Boar.
+
+    "The Cat, the Rat, and Lovel the Dog,
+    Rule all England under the _Hog_."
+
+_i. e._ Sir William Catesby, Sir Richard Ratcliff, and Lord Lovel,
+creatures of King Richard. One Collingborne was executed for this
+poetry[173].
+
+  [173] Leigh's Choice Observations.
+
+_Cognizance._--The Rose.
+
+
+HENRY VII.
+
+_Red Dragon_ (for Cadwallader), Dexter.
+
+A _Greyhound_, Argent, accolled Gules, Sinister, for Nevile.
+
+_Cognizances._--The _White Rose_ united to the _Red_.
+
+A Portcullis for Beaufort.
+
+A Hawthorn Bush with the Crown in it.
+
+Richard's Crown was found in a Hawthorn Bush after the Battle of
+Bosworth[174].
+
+  [174] Leigh's Choice Observations, p. 151.
+
+
+HENRY VIII.
+
+The _Red Dragon_ and _Greyhound_.
+
+Afterwards, the _Lion_ Dexter; the _Dragon_ Sinister.
+
+_Cognizances._--A Red Rose.
+
+A Fleur de Lis.
+
+A Portcullis.
+
+An Archer (Green) drawing his Arrow to the Head; with "Cui adh�reo
+pr�est." taken at the interview between him and Francis I.
+
+
+EDWARD VI.
+
+The Lion and Red Dragon.
+
+_Cognizance._--He bore the device of Prince of Wales, though never
+created.
+
+
+QUEEN MARY.
+
+An Eagle and Lion.--These are the Supporters in the Coat of
+Philip and Mary, impaled, over the chimney in the Hall of Trinity
+College, Oxford, as of the year 1554, put up 1772, when Lord North,
+afterwards Earl of Guilford, became Chancellor[175].
+
+  [175] Churchill, in his Divi Britannici, gives a Lion and a Griffin.
+
+_Cognizance._--When Princess, the White and Red Rose for York and
+Lancaster, with a Pomegranate for Spain.--When Queen, Time winged,
+drawing Truth out of a Pit; with "Veritas Temporis Filia."
+
+
+_Queen Elizabeth._
+
+A Lion and Red Dragon.
+
+_Cognizance._--A Sieve, without a motto.
+
+The words Video; Taceo. Semper Eadem[176].
+
+  [176] Vide Camden's Remains.
+
+
+JAMES I.
+
+The Lion (for England), and the Unicorn (for Scotland).
+
+_Cognizances._--A Rose; a Fleur de Lis; a Harp (for Ireland); a
+Greyhound current.
+
+
+
+
+REGAL TITLES.
+
+
+"HIS MOST CHRISTIAN MAJESTY THE KING OF FRANCE."
+
+Stowe says that Charlemagne, being chosen Emperor, A.D. 800, on
+account of his great zeal for the good of Christendom, was the first
+King of France that attributed to himself (I rather think received
+from the Pope) the Style and Title of _The Most Christian King of
+France_; and from him his Successors have continued it[177].
+
+  [177] Chronicle, p. 693.
+
+
+HIS SACRED MAJESTY THE KING OF GREAT BRITAIN.
+
+First given to (or rather assumed by) King James I.[178]--GRACE was
+the old Title.--MAJESTY succeeded to it at the latter end of the
+Reign of Henry VIII.[179]
+
+  [178] Mortimer's Dictionary, in voce _Sacred_.
+
+  [179] Mortimer's Dictionary.
+
+
+HIS CATHOLIC MAJESTY.
+
+(SPAIN.)
+
+About the year 1493, Pope Alexander VI. gave to Ferdinand, King of
+Spain, the Title of _Catholick King_, in memory and acknowledgment
+of the many Victories he had obtained over the Moors[180].
+
+  [180] Platina.
+
+
+
+
+ON THE
+
+VIRTUES
+
+OF
+
+The Royal Touch.
+
+
+KINGS OF ENGLAND.
+
+As the following subject, which has exercised the faith and
+incredulity of mankind for so many ages, comes before me in the
+light of a religious ceremonial, I shall not attempt to defend or
+depreciate the validity of this gift; though it may be necessary to
+observe some circumstances as they occur, which may point different
+ways. Well-attested instances of the effect of this power of healing
+may be produced; though other examples are too ludicrous and futile
+to attract serious attention. We may, however, in these enlightened
+and unsuperstitious times, speak freely on a subject, which for
+many years, I may say centuries, absorbed the faith of whole
+Nations; _viz._ the Cure of the King's Evil by the Royal Touch. As
+Mr. Addison, in the quality of The Spectator, professed a modest
+veneration for a couple of sticks, if concealed under petticoats;
+so am I loyally and religiously induced to "honour the King," as a
+part of our excellent Constitution: but why Kings should have in
+themselves a preternatural gift above other men, by healing the most
+stubborn of all diseases, exceeds my comprehension. Every body is,
+at this time, I dare believe, of the same opinion; and this foolish
+affectation of a divine inherent power has wisely been laid aside,
+ever since the accession of the House of Hanover.
+
+If Kings really possessed such an uncommon, such a wonderful gift,
+why has it been taken away? The same legal rights remain in the
+Royal Person now that have adhered to it for ages--while this
+Divine Prerogative has fallen away; or rather let us say, that the
+incredulity of the world has increased.
+
+The cases brought forward by the advocates for this Gift are
+exceedingly strong and well attested; but yet there is something
+so palpably absurd in the mere supposition, that the evidence,
+when brought forward, will be found to destroy itself on a
+cross-examination.
+
+As to the subject, and all its wonderful consequences, I have just
+as much faith as I have in the two following circumstances:
+
+Lord Bolingbroke tells us, from Bodin, Amyot, and other writers,
+that Ferdinand King of Spain, and Alphonsus King of Naples,
+were cured of desperate distempers by reading Livy and Quintus
+Curtius[181]. Again, there was such astonishing virtue in Quintus
+Curtius, that we are further told, Alphonsus IX. King of Spain[182]
+was healed by reading his works, after having in vain read the Bible
+throughout fourteen times[183]. _Credat qui vult._ And yet I
+could as soon subscribe to these, as to the cures performed by the
+Royal Touch.
+
+  [181] Bolingbroke, on the Study of History, p. 22.
+
+  [182] Obiit 1214. Query if not the same as Alphonsus above?
+
+  [183] Warton's History of English Poetry, p. 133.
+
+Anciently there was great reputed sanative virtue in a seventh
+son; and he was looked upon as a heaven-born Doctor, and those
+his medical abilities were reverenced for that reason only by the
+common people. So far the Doctor would be safe, and might kill with
+impunity; but it was a crime to heal.
+
+Thus I have a case before me in the Reign of King Charles I. where
+a poor unfortunate man, who was the seventh son of a seventh
+son, and never killed any body (for he was a gardener, and not a
+physician), was severely treated, because he pretended to have in
+him the faculty of healing several disorders, and especially the
+King's Evil, by the Touch or stroking of his hand. This man was
+imprudent enough to depreciate the Royal Touch; otherwise, at that
+time, he might have obtained a comfortable subsistence from his
+credulous patients; but that unfortunate intrenchment on the Royal
+Prerogative drew down upon him the double vengeance of the Court of
+Star-Chamber, and of the College of Physicians; which last, in the
+most courtly manner, denounced him to be an impostor[184]. _Delenda
+est Carthago._ It was highly necessary for the reputation of the
+Royal pretensions that this man should be proscribed.
+
+  [184] See the story at large in Granger, from Dr. Charles Goodall's
+  Works.
+
+The next person who appears to have usurped this Gift was Mr.
+Valentine Greatrackes, a gentleman of Ireland, who first practised
+his art of healing by the Touch in his own country; and afterwards
+came into England, where, at first, he obtained great reputation,
+which fell off by degrees, so that there was no occasion for any
+violent measures to prevent his intrenching on the Royal Prerogative.
+
+This gentleman wrote an account of his several cures, in a Letter to
+the Honourable Robert Boyle, which was printed in 1668. Whether Mr.
+Boyle was a believer I know not; but it was at a time when the King
+practised, so that he might think it prudent to conceal his real
+sentiments.
+
+How far imagination will operate in such cases, as the old women,
+even of this age, contend it does in Agues, is a question not for me
+to discuss; but it tempts me to transcribe the following story, as
+given by Mr. Granger, vol. IV. p. 32.
+
+"I was myself a witness of the powerful workings of imagination in
+the populace, when the waters of Glastonbury were at the height of
+their reputation. The virtues of the spring there were supposed to
+be supernatural, and to have been discovered by a revelation made in
+a dream to one Matthew Chancellor. The people did not only expect
+to be cured of such distempers as were in their nature incurable,
+but even to recover their lost eyes, and their mutilated limbs.
+The following story, which scarce exceeds what I observed upon the
+spot, was told me by a gentleman of character. 'An old woman in the
+workhouse at Yeovil, who had long been a cripple, and made use of
+crutches, was strongly inclined to drink of the Glastonbury waters,
+which she was assured would cure her of her lameness. The master of
+the workhouse procured her several bottles of water, which had such
+an effect, that she soon laid aside one crutch, and not long after,
+the other. This was extolled, as a miraculous cure. But the man
+protested to his friends, that he had imposed upon her, and fetched
+the water from an ordinary spring.' I need not inform the Reader,
+that when the force of imagination had spent itself, she relapsed
+into her former infirmity."
+
+
+FRENCH KINGS.
+
+Whether the French Kings possessed this Gift in a greater or less
+degree than our own, I cannot decide; but in point of antiquity, by
+the accounts of their Historians, they exceed us by many centuries.
+
+The advocates for the priority of the Kings of England in this
+wonderful Gift, tell you, that the French, seeing it with a jealous
+eye, invented a tale, and carried their claim up to Clovis, the
+first of that name in France, and their first Christian King, who
+acceded to the Throne A. D. 481; whereas we do not pretend to go
+higher than Edward the Confessor, who died in 1066.
+
+In reward for Clovis's faith and conversion, this Gift was bestowed
+upon him at his baptism, A. D. 496; and which he accordingly
+exercised immediately on one of his favourites[185].
+
+  [185] See Mezeray. The name of this person was Lancinet.
+
+How it was first discovered to be inherent in the French King we are
+not told; though we are assured as to our own, that the knowledge of
+such power in King Edward was discovered, like many other similar
+wonders, from a dream.
+
+The usual date of the introduction of this miraculous Gift
+into France is fixed in the Reign of St. Louis [_i. e._ IX], a
+contemporary with our Henry III. about 160 years after the death of
+the Confessor[186].
+
+  [186] Browne's "Adenochoiradelogia," 1684. See hereafter, under
+  Charles II.
+
+Unfortunately for the French Kings, there is a story extant, which
+overthrows their healing power, in a palpable instance which
+happened to Louis XI. who having had an apoplexy, sent for a famous
+man to cure him, by name Francis of Poul. Francis, unhappily, had
+the Evil; but, alas! the Saint could not cure the King; and, what
+was worse, the King could not cure the Saint[187].
+
+  [187] Davies, ii. 181.
+
+On the other hand, as the French Kings possessed the faculty sooner
+than our Kings, so did it last longer; for King George I. had the
+good sense not to pretend to it; whereas the French Kings kept
+up the farce at least till 1775, though with some address in the
+words spoken by the King; _viz._ "The King touches you, and may
+God heal you!" ["Le Roy te touche, Dieu te guerisse."] So that, in
+case the Touch fails, it is known where the blame is to lie; which
+is to be attributed to the anger of God, or the want of faith in
+the party[188]. The French Kings gave alms on the occasion; but
+I find no mention of particular pieces, as was the custom with
+us. I do not find that the French Kings ever touched, except upon
+Coronations; though it was a repeated, if not an annual ceremony
+with us, performed daily for a certain season[189], attended with a
+Form of Prayer, compiled for the purpose, which I shall hereafter
+preserve at length in the Appendix, together with the Ceremonial,
+after having given such accounts of the Practice itself, under the
+respective Kings, as are recorded by Writers on the subject.
+
+  [188] Louis XVI. of France went through this ceremony, as appears
+  from the Formule of his Coronation, published at the time, A. D.
+  1775. Louis XV. touched no less than 2000 persons, and Louis XIV.
+  upwards of 2500.
+
+  Gemelli(the famous Traveller) gives an account of 1600 persons being
+  presented for this purpose to Louis XIV. on Easter Sunday 1686.
+  Every Frenchman received 15 sous, and every Foreigner 30.
+
+  In "De mirabili Strumas Sanandi vi solis Galli� Regibus
+  Christianissimis Divinitus concessa. Authore Andre� Laurentio, Regis
+  Consiliario et Medico Primario, 1609," is a very curious Print,
+  representing King Henry IV. touching for the Evil; in which are
+  introduced many Patients and Officers of the Court.
+
+  The French confined their expression to the word _Touch_, though we
+  use the term _Heal_.
+
+  [189] See Browne.
+
+
+EDWARD THE CONFESSOR[190].
+
+To begin in order of time, I shall give you the narrative in Mr.
+Stowe's words, from the Latin account by Alfred, Abbot of Rivaulx.
+Thus then it is:
+
+"A young woman, married, but without children, had a disease about
+her jawes, and under her cheeke, like unto kernels, which they
+termed akornes, and this disease so corrupted her face with stench,
+that shee coulde scarce without great shame speake to any man. This
+woman was admonished in her sleepe, to go to King Edwarde, and get
+him to washe her face with water, and shee shoulde bee whole. To
+the Court shee came; and the King hearing of this matter, disdained
+not to doe it; having a bason of water brought unto him, hee dipped
+his hand therein, and washed the womannes face, and touched the
+diseased place; and this hee did oftentimes, sometimes also signing
+it with the signe of the Crosse, which after hee hadde thus washed
+it, the hard crust or skinne was softened and dissolved; and drawing
+his hand by divers of the holes, out of the kernels came little
+wormes, whereof they were full with corrupt matter and blood, the
+King still pressed it with his handes to bring forth the corruption,
+and disdained not to suffer the stench of the disease, untill hee
+hadde brought forth all the corruption with pressing: this done,
+hee commanded her a sufficient allowance every day for all thinges
+necessary, untill she hadd received perfect health, which was within
+a weeke after; and whereas shee was ever beefore barren, within one
+yeere shee had a childe by her husband. And although this thing
+seeme strange, yet the Normans sayde that hee often did the like in
+his youth, when he was in Normandy[191]."
+
+  [190] Dr. Plot, in his Natural History of Oxfordshire, c. 10, � 125,
+  Plate 16, No. 5, gives a Drawing of the Touch-piece, supposed to
+  have been given by Edward the Confessor. The ribbon, he says, was
+  white.
+
+  [191] Stowe's Annals, p. 98.
+
+It does not appear that the King knew of this Gift before; but he
+continued to use it ever after, and his successors followed him in
+the practice.
+
+But this is not all: for Stowe affords us but one instance of the
+cure of a blind man by King Edward; whereas the Abbot's account[192]
+extends to six men totally blind, besides another who had lost one
+of his eyes; all of whom were restored to perfect sight by the
+King[193].
+
+  [192] See the "Decem Scriptores."
+
+  [193] Mr. Browne likewise believes that several blind persons were
+  restored to sight by King Charles II.
+
+
+WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR
+
+Had business enough upon his hands to employ his time, without
+thinking of such a matter as this; but however, that he might, in
+quieter times, enjoy this Kingly attribute (though only a Bastard
+Son of a Territorial Duke), Voltaire tells us, that some dependants
+endeavoured to persuade the world, that this Gift was bestowed upon
+him from Heaven[194]. Whether he ever exercised it does not appear.
+Nothing but a special bounty of Heaven could convey to him this
+privilege; and such interference was necessary; for it was anciently
+held not to be inherent in any but lawful Kings, and not to extend
+to Usurpers; so that it must have slept during all the wars between
+the Houses of York and Lancaster, till resumed by Henry VII. as will
+be mentioned in its place.
+
+
+EDWARD III.
+
+Mr. Joshua Barnes, the most copious Historiographer of this Reign,
+does not positively say that King Edward exercised this Gift,
+presuming only that he had a double right to it, as Heir to both the
+Realms of England and of France; and, consequently, more eminently
+endowed than Philip of Valois, the then French King[195]. The
+French, no doubt, would deny it to him, as an usurping claimant of
+their Crown; though they could not refuse his right, as derived to
+him as a legal King of England.
+
+  [194] See Davies, ii. 180.
+
+  [195] Barnes's History, b. ii. ch. 7. sect. 5.
+
+
+HENRY VI.
+
+I have already conceived the Gift of healing by the Touch to have
+been, as it were, in abeyance during the Civil Wars between the
+Houses of York and Lancaster; and therefore have found no historical
+record of Cures performed by this _Saint-like_ King, who had such
+ample religious claims. I have called him Saint-like, because he
+never was canonized, though it was attempted and refused by the Pope
+in the Reign of Henry VII. for reasons to be seen in Fuller's Church
+History of Britain[196].
+
+  [196] Book iv. p. 154.
+
+Two reasons against the canonization are suggested by different
+Writers:--1. That the then Pope thought King Henry VI. too simple
+to be sainted:--2. That the contingent expence amounted to more than
+King Henry VII. was willing to defray, being not less than 1500
+ducats of gold, a large sum at that time of day[197].
+
+  [197] Id. in eod.
+
+But, however, although King Henry VI. performed no Cures in his
+life-time, yet was a man miraculously saved from death at the
+gallows by the appearance of the King, 40 years after his demise (in
+the 10th year of Henry VII.), by which intervention the halter had
+no effect; for the convict was found alive, after having hung the
+usual hour, and went speedily (as in duty bound) to return thanks
+at the King's Tomb at Chertsey, for such a wonderful deliverance.
+The Story states, that the man was really innocent, though, from
+circumstantial evidence, presumed to have been guilty; otherwise the
+Ghost of so pious and merciful a King had doubtless never appeared
+to him and interposed.
+
+
+HENRY VII.
+
+It is evident, from various concurrent circumstances, that this King
+touched for the Evil, as the Religious Ceremonial used upon those
+occasions, such as Prayers, Benedictions, Suffrages, &c. during
+his Reign, are to be found not only in MS. in the British Museum,
+but were afterwards printed by order of King James II. A. D. 1686;
+both in Latin. Another proof arises from charges made for pieces of
+money delivered for this purpose in that Reign; for, in the 18th
+year of Henry VII. we find a disbursement of 20 shillings, made by
+John Heron, "for heling 3 seke folks;" and again, "13_s._ 4_d._
+for heling 2 seke folks." From these sums it is evident, that the
+Touch-pieces given were Nobles, or 6_s._ 8_d._ in value[198]. The
+accounts of this John Heron are preserved, together with those of
+divers others, in the office of the Remembrancer of the Exchequer.
+The fact is further established from the testimony of Polydore
+Vergil, who wrote his History at the command of King Henry VII.
+(though it was not made public till the following Reign); wherein
+the Writer, after going a little into the origin of this Gift,
+adds, that the Kings of England, even in his time, healed persons
+afflicted with this disease ["Nam Reges Angli� _etiam nunc_ Tactu
+strumosos sanant."] He further subjoins, that the exercise of it was
+attended with hymns, and other devout c�remonies; meaning, no doubt,
+those above-mentioned: ["quibusdam hymnis non sine ceremoniis prius
+recitatis[199]."] From looking over the Ceremonial, I conceive that
+by hymns, Polydore Vergil means the Gospel, which at that time was
+_sung_, or the suffrages, which might be chanted.
+
+  [198] In the Ceremonial, the King crossed the Sore of the Sick
+  Person, with an _Angel-Noble_.
+
+  [199] Polydore Vergil, p. 143. Basil edit 1546.
+
+Fabian Philips, in his Treatise on Purveyance, p. 257, asserts,
+"that the Angels issued by the Kings of England on these occasions,
+amounted to a charge of three thousand pounds _per annum_."]
+
+I shall give a transcript of the service appropriated to this
+occasion in the Appendix, (No. I.) as the printed copies are very
+scarce.
+
+I cannot dismiss this Reign without observing that the learned
+Editor of the Northumberland Household Book[200] is hereby proved to
+have been very inattentive, when he says that "this miraculous Gift
+was left to be claimed by the _Stuarts_; our ancient _Plantagenets_
+were humbly content to cure the _Cramp_[201]."
+
+  [200] The late truly venerable Bishop Percy.
+
+  [201] Notes to p. 334.--This Ceremony of consecrating the
+  _Cramp-Rings_ will be added to this account of the King's Evil. See
+  Appendix, No. III.
+
+What part the _Plantagenets_ took in this business, for want of
+information, must be left doubtful; but ample proof has been
+offered, that the _Tudors_ possessed the Gift of Healing.
+
+
+EDWARD VI.
+
+The King now before us, though he kept a journal of all material
+occurrences, does not, however, once hint that he touched for the
+Evil, as probably his natural piety would have led him to have
+done, had it ever taken place; but, if there be any truth in the
+immediate prevalence of prayer on the ears of Heaven, an instance is
+recorded wherein the King obtained his request, in a more notable
+instance than any cure he might have performed by the operation
+of his Touch. Sir John Cheke, his Tutor for the Greek language,
+lay very dangerously ill, to the great disquiet and concern of the
+King, who, after frequent and daily inquiries, learned from the
+Physicians at last that there was not the least hope of life. "No,"
+said the King, "he will not die now; for this morning I begged his
+life from God in my prayers, and obtained it." This accordingly came
+to pass; and Sir John recovered speedily, contrary to all medical
+expectations. The truth was ascertained by an ear-witness, the Earl
+of Huntingdon, who related it to the grandson of Sir John Cheke
+(Sir Thomas Cheke, of Pirgo, Essex), by whom it was mentioned to my
+Author[202].
+
+  [202] Fuller's Church History of Britain, book vii. p. 425.
+
+  "Nec Deus intersit nisi dignus vindice Nodus;"
+
+and, if ever necessary, it was on this occasion; though the King
+lived but one year afterwards; and Cheke survived, to disgrace the
+Protestant Religion by his revolt.
+
+
+QUEEN ELIZABETH.
+
+That the Queen touched, is acknowledged; but it is as evident that
+she had no high opinion of the efficacy of such operation; for she
+once threw out an expression tending much to disparage the validity
+of it. Being on a Progress in Gloucestershire, her Majesty was
+so pestered with applications from diseased people, who pressed
+about her person in hopes of obtaining the Royal Touch, that she
+unguardedly, and in an ill-humour, exclaimed, "Alas, poor people,
+_I_ cannot, _I_ cannot cure you; it is God alone who can do it."
+This was interpreted by some, as a renunciation of the Gift; but,
+nevertheless, the Queen afterwards admitted a general resort
+to her for the purpose of being touched, and one in particular
+was healed[203]. On this, or some other occasion, a rigid Papist
+was under a necessity of applying for the Queen's Touch, after
+having tried every other means in vain; and was, says my Author,
+perfectly healed. This happening soon after the Pope had denounced
+the sentence of Excommunication against her Majesty, raised the
+reputation of this Gift in the Royal Line of England; seeing that
+the Pope had no power to divest the Queen of it[204].
+
+  [203] Browne, book iii. p. 124.
+
+  [204] Browne in eod.; and Tooker's "Charisma," ch. 6.
+
+The Queen, at another time, A. D. 1575, being on a Progress in
+Warwickshire, where she was entertained by the Earl of Leicester at
+Kenilworth Castle, during her abode there, "touched nine for the
+King's Evil[205]."
+
+  [205] Strype's Annals, iv. p. 394.
+
+
+JAMES I.
+
+It does not appear that the Kings of Scotland ever pretended to this
+Gift; but when their James VI. came to the Throne of England, the
+virtue appeared in him; and he exercised it, as is evident from a
+passage in Macbeth[206], and still more strongly from Proclamations
+in this Reign, still extant[207].
+
+  [206] Davies, ii. 179.
+
+  [207] By a Proclamation, March 25, 1616, it appears that the Kings
+  of England would not permit patients to approach them during the
+  summer.
+
+Being lineally descended from Henry the Seventh's Daughter,
+Margaret, this King had the same title to the Gift as Henry himself,
+who, as has been seen, used it, though descended from a line of
+Usurpers.
+
+
+CHARLES I.
+
+So pious a King, and so jealous of every prerogatory right,
+divine and human, could not fail to exercise this preternatural
+endowment[208]; and accordingly we find him regulating the manner
+and time that persons shall be admitted to the Royal Touch, by
+divers Proclamations[209]. One is dated soon after his Accession,
+in 1621[210]; another in 1626; and a third in 1628[211]. He cured by
+his words only[212].
+
+  [208] The following interesting remarks on this subject were
+  communicated to Mr. Nichols, in 1781, by the learned and very
+  ingenious Dr. Aikin. "Though the superstitious notions respecting
+  the cure of the King's Evil by the Touch of our English Kings are
+  probably at present entirely eradicated, it is still a curious and
+  not uninstructive object of enquiry, by what means they were so
+  long supported, and by what kind of evidence they have been able to
+  gain credit even in the dawning of a more enlightened period. The
+  testimony of Richard Wiseman, Serjeant-Surgeon to King Charles I.
+  has been alleged as one of the strongest and most unexceptionable
+  in favour of the Touch. He was a man of the greatest eminence
+  in his profession; and his Works (collected in a folio volume,
+  intituled, "Several Chirurgical Treatises, by Richard Wiseman,
+  Serjeant-Chirurgeon, 1676") bear all the marks of an honest and
+  upright disposition in their author. On the subject of the Royal
+  Touch he delivers himself in the following strong and unequivocal
+  terms: 'I myself have been a frequent eye-witness of many hundreds
+  of cures performed by his Majesty's Touch alone, without any
+  assistance of Chirurgery; and those many of them such as had tired
+  out the endeavours of able Chirurgeons before they came thither.
+  It were endless to recite what I myself have seen, and what I have
+  received acknowledgments of by letter, not only from the several
+  parts of the Nation, but also from Ireland, Scotland, Jersey, and
+  Guernsey.' The question which will naturally arise upon this passage
+  is, Did Wiseman really believe what he asserted, or was he knowingly
+  promoting an imposture? Both suppositions have their difficulties;
+  yet both are in some degree probable. His warm attachment to the
+  Royal Family, and early prejudices, might in some measure make his
+  faith preponderate against his judgment; and, on the other hand,
+  certain passages in his treatise necessarily shew a consciousness
+  of collusion and fraudulent pretensions. It was his business, as
+  Serjeant-surgeon, to select such afflicted objects as were proper
+  to be presented for the Royal Touch. In the history of the disease,
+  relating its various states and appearances, he says, 'Those which
+  we present to his Majesty are chiefly such as have this kind of
+  tumour about the _musculus mastoideus_, or neck, with whatever
+  other circumstances they are accompanied; nor are we difficult in
+  admitting the thick-chapped upper lips, and eyes affected with a
+  _lippitudo;_ in other cases we give our judgment more warily.'
+  Here is a selection of the slightest cases, and a manifest doubt
+  expressed concerning the success in more inveterate ones. A little
+  below, observing that the _strum�_ will often be suppurated, or
+  resolved unexpectedly from accidental ferments, he says, 'In case
+  of the King's Touch, the resolution doth often happen where our
+  endeavours have signified nothing; yea, the very _gummata;_ insomuch
+  that I am cautious of predicting concerning them (though they appear
+  never so bad) till 14 days be over.' From this we learn, that the
+  Touch was by no means infallible, and that the pretence of its
+  succeeding was not given up till a fortnight had passed without
+  any change for the better. Indeed it appears very plain, that the
+  worst kind of cases were seldom or never offered the Touch; for in
+  no disease does Wiseman produce more observations from his practice
+  of difficult and dangerous chirurgical treatment, and in not one
+  of these did he call in the assistance of the Royal Hand. It was
+  indeed proposed in a single instance, but under such circumstances
+  as furnish a stronger proof of imposture than any thing hitherto
+  related. A young gentlewoman had an obstinate scrophulous tumour
+  in the right side of the neck, under the maxilla. Wiseman applied
+  a large caustic to it, brought it to suppuration, treated it with
+  escharotics, and cured it. 'About a year after,' he says, 'I saw her
+  again in town, and felt a small gland, of the bigness of a lupin,
+  lying lower on that side of the neck. I would have persuaded her
+  to admit of a resolvent emplaster, and to be touched; but she did
+  not, as she said, believe it to be the King's Evil.' Here, after
+  allowing his patient to undergo a course of very severe surgery, he
+  is willing to trust the relics of the disease to the Royal Touch,
+  assisted by a resolving plaster; but the complaint was now too
+  trifling to engage her attention. Surely the greatest opponent of
+  the Touch will not place it in a more contemptible light!"
+
+  [209] By a Proclamation, June 18, 1626, it is ordered, that no one
+  shall apply for this purpose, who does not bring a certificate that
+  he was never touched before; a regulation which undoubtedly arose
+  from some supposed patients, who had attempted to receive the bit of
+  gold more than once.
+
+  [210] Rymer, tom, xviii. p. 118.
+
+  [211] Id. p. 1023.
+
+  [212] Browne, book iii. p. 135.
+
+One would naturally be surprized to read of such numbers who
+received the Royal Touch in the 17th century, when the disease is
+now so nearly worn out; but Mr. Browne tells us it raged remarkably
+at the period when he lived.
+
+As to the giving of a piece of Gold, Mr. Browne says, "it only shews
+his Majestie's Royal well-wishes towards the recovery of those
+who come thus to be healed." In other parts of his book, however,
+he tells us that "some, losing their Gold[213], their diseases
+have seized them afresh; when, upon obtaining a second Touch, and
+new Gold, their diseases have been seen to vanish." Again, as to
+the virtue contained in the Gold, he relates a story of a father
+and a son, who both were afflicted with the Evil, for which the
+former was touched, and received a piece of Gold; but the latter
+never was touched, and had no Gold; upon which the son borrows
+the father's Gold, and received great relief from it. During this
+interval the father grew worse, received back his Gold, and, after
+wearing it a little time, became better; and this practice was
+pursued for several years. Mr. Browne likewise gives other examples
+of the operation of the Gold, on, persons who had never received
+the Touch.--Though we have called it Gold, which, in itself, was
+anciently reckoned to have a sanative quality in itself, yet Silver
+would do as well; for Mr. Browne does not deny but that a Silver
+two-pence has effectually done the business. The case was, that the
+King (Charles I.), who was the Operator, was then a Prisoner at
+Hampton Court, and perhaps had no Gold to spare; and therefore, in
+several instances, he used Silver, with which many were known to
+have been cured:--but, after all, by way of salvo, Mr. Browne adds,
+that such as failed of their cure--_wanted Faith_. From another
+passage in Mr. Browne's preface, one would be tempted to think that
+the virtue neither consisted in the Gold or the Silver, but in the
+Ribbon to which it was pendent; for he assures those who contended
+that a _second_ piece of _Gold_ was necessary on a _second_ Touch,
+that the same Gold, newly strung upon a White Ribbon, would work as
+effectually as a fresh piece of Gold. Some, he tells us, have been
+cured with the Touch only, without Gold or Silver.
+
+  [213] Sir Kenelm Digby informed Mons. Monconys, that if the person
+  had lost the piece of gold, the complaint immediately returned.
+
+Among other salvos in case of failure of the Touch, added to the
+want of faith, is, that the disease was mistaken in many instances;
+and that the Patients did not labour under the Struma, or Evil, but
+some other similar disorder, over which the Royal Hand had no divine
+influence.
+
+There was such sympathy between the Royal Hand and the part touched,
+that Mr. Browne seems to believe a case that had been sent to him,
+of a woman, at a distance from London, who had formerly been cured
+by King Charles I. and whose sores broke out afresh upon the day of
+the King's death, though she was so ignorant of the world as not to
+know that it was to take place. But she soon recovered her health.
+
+The effect of this Divine Emanation has been said even to extend
+beyond the life of this unfortunate Monarch; for part of the blood
+of this King being preserved on a piece of linen dipped therein, was
+found to have the same effect as the Touch, or his Prayers, when he
+was living[214].
+
+  [214] Browne, book iii. p. 109.
+
+A wen is said to be cured by the hand of a dead man while hanging on
+the gallows. This is still a superstitious notion among the common
+people at this day; and a child's cawl is a preservative against
+drowning in the notions of sailors (who are extremely credulous in
+general): one often sees them advertised for sale; and, if bought at
+all, they find a vent, no doubt, at Wapping.
+
+A wedding ring of gold, rubbed on a stye upon the eyelid, used to
+be esteemed a sovereign remedy; but, if I mistake not, it must be
+applied nine times.
+
+
+CHARLES II.
+
+In January 1683, the following Proclamation was ordered to be
+published in every Parish in the Kingdom[215].
+
+  [215] One of these is still preserved in a frame in the Vestry of
+  St. Martin's Church at Leicester, placed there by the Rev. Samuel
+  Carte, Vicar of that Parish, and brother of Mr. Thomas Carte the
+  Historian.
+
+     "At the Court at Whitehall, 9th of January 1683. Present, the
+     King's Most Excellent Majesty; Lord Keeper, Lord Privy Seal,
+     Duke of Ormond, Duke of Beaufort, Earl of Oxford, Earl of
+     Huntingdon, Earl of Bridgewater, Earl of Peterborow, Earl of
+     Chesterfield, Earl of Clarendon, Earl of Bathe, Earl of Craven,
+     Earl of Nottingham, Earl of Rochester, Lord Bishop of London,
+     Mr. Secretary Jenkins, Mr. Chancellor of the Duchy, Lord Chief
+     Justice Jeffryes, Mr. Godolphin. Whereas, by the grace and
+     blessing of God, the Kings and Queens of this Realm, by many
+     ages past, have had the happiness, by their sacred Touch, and
+     invocation of the name of God, to cure those who are afflicted
+     with the disease called the King's Evil; and his Majesty, in
+     no less measure than any of his Royal Predecessors, having
+     had good success therein; and, in his most gracious and pious
+     disposition, being as ready and willing as any King or Queen
+     of this Realm ever was, in any thing to relieve the distresses
+     and necessities of his good subjects; yet, in his princely
+     wisdom, foreseeing that in this (as in all other things) order
+     is to be observed, and fit times are necessary to be appointed
+     for the performing of this great work of charity, his Majesty
+     was therefore this day pleased to declare in Council his Royal
+     will and pleasure to be, That (in regard heretofore the usual
+     times of presenting such persons for this purpose have been
+     prefixed by his Royal Predecessors) the times of public healings
+     shall from henceforth be from the Feast of All-Saints, commonly
+     called Alhallow-tide, till a week before Christmas; and after
+     Christmas, until the first day of March, and then to cease
+     till the Passion-week, being times most convenient, both for
+     the temperature of the season, and in respect of contagion,
+     which may happen in this near access to his Majesty's sacred
+     Person. And when his Majesty shall at any time think fit to go
+     any progress, he will be pleased to appoint such other times
+     for healing as shall be most convenient. And his Majesty doth
+     hereby accordingly order and command, that, from the time of
+     publishing this his Majesty's order, none presume to repair to
+     his Majesty's Court to be healed of the said disease, but only
+     at or within the times for that purpose hereby appointed as
+     aforesaid. And his Majesty was farther pleased to order, that
+     all such as shall hereafter come or repair to the Court for
+     this purpose, shall bring with them certificates, under the
+     hands and seals of the parson, vicar, or minister, and of both
+     or one of the churchwardens of the respective parishes where
+     they dwell, and from whence they come, testifying, according to
+     the truth, that they have not, at any time before, been touched
+     by his Majesty, to the intent to be healed of their disease.
+     And all ministers and churchwardens are hereby required to be
+     very careful to examine into the truth before they give such
+     certificates; and also to keep a register of all certificates
+     they shall from time to time give. And, to the end that all his
+     Majesty's loving subjects may the better take knowledge of this
+     his Majesty's command, his Majesty was pleased to direct, that
+     this Order be read publicly in all parish-churches, and then be
+     affixed to some conspicuous place there; and for that end the
+     same be printed, and a convenient number of copies sent to the
+     Most Reverend Father in God the Lord Archbishop of Canterbury,
+     and the Lord Archbishop of York, who are to take care that
+     the same be delivered to all parishes within their respective
+     provinces.
+
+     LOYD.
+
+     "London, printed by the Assigns of John Bill, deceased, and by
+     Henry Hills, Printers to the King's Most Excellent Majesty."
+
+A regular Notice to the same effect was published by authority in
+the London Gazette.
+
+In 1684, John Browne, Sworn Chirurgeon in Ordinary to the King's
+Most Excellent Majesty, published a work, not now easily to be
+met with, except in the Libraries of the curious; and perhaps,
+for its general subjects, exploded at this day, as the fashion
+of physick has much altered, as well as many new and important
+discoveries been made, since it was written. It is in three Books.
+The Titles to the three Books are--1. "_Adenochoiradelogia_; or,
+an Anatomick-Chyrurgical Treatise of Glandules and Strumaes, or
+King's Evil Swellings. Together with the Royal Gift of Healing or
+Cure thereof, by contact or imposition of Hands, performed for above
+640 years by our Kings of England, continued with their admirable
+Effects and miraculous Events; and concluded with many wonderful
+Examples of Cures by their Sacred Touch; all which are succinctly
+described by John Browne, one of His Majesty's Chyrurgeons in
+Ordinary, and Chyrurgeon of his Majesty's Hospital; published
+with His Majesty's Royal Approbation: Together with the Testimony
+of many eminent Doctors and Chyrurgeons. Sold by Samuel Lowndes,
+over-against Exeter Change in the Strand." 2. "_Ch�radelogia_; or
+an Exact Discourse of Strumaes, or King's Evil Swellings; wherein
+are discovered their Names and Natures, Differences, Causes, Signs,
+Presages, and Cure, in that modest and plain Dress, that the meanest
+capacity may hereby find out the Disease." 3. _Charisma Basilicon_;
+or, the Royal Gift of Healing Strumaes, or King's Evil, Swellings,
+by Contact or Imposition of the Sacred Hands of our Kings of
+England and of France, given them at their Inaugurations. Shewing
+the Gift itself, and its continued Use, declaring all Persons Healed
+thereby, without any respect either to their Age, Sex, Temper,
+or Constitution; with the Manner, Form, and Ceremonies thereof;
+and divers general Rules for the meanest capacity to find out the
+Disease. The best expedient to prevent poor People from unnecessary
+Journeys. The whole concluded with above Sixty admirable Cures,
+performed with and without Gold, by His Majesty's Benediction;
+by His Late Majesty's precious Blood; and the like." Prefixed to
+the work is a portrait of Browne, engraved by R. White, inscribed
+"Johannes Browne, Regis Britannici necnon Nosocomii sui Chirurgus
+Ordinarius;" and a curious frontispiece, also engraved by White,
+entitled "The Royal Gift of Healing," representing Charles II.
+seated on his Throne, surrounded by his Court, touching for the
+King's Evil.
+
+This ceremony seems to have been in high vogue during this reign.
+"The King gives freely," says Mr. Browne, "not calling the Angels
+to witness, nor sinking so low as others do, to perform the
+same by Black Art or Inchantment. He does it with a pure heart,
+in the presence of the Almighty, who knows all things, without
+superstition, curing all that approach his Royal Touch. And this
+I may frankly presume to aver, that never any of his Predecessors
+have ever exercised it more, or more willingly or freely, whose
+wonderful effects, and certainty of cure, we must and shall ever
+acknowledge[216]."
+
+  [216] Browne, book iii. p. 126.
+
+This is followed by accounts of about 70 "wonderful and miraculous
+cures, performed by his Majesty's Sacred Hands;" and also by "An
+Account of the Number of Persons touched for the King's Evil, from
+May 1660 to September 1664, from the Registers kept by Thomas
+Haynes, Esq. Serjeant of the Chapel Royal; from which I shall copy
+the totals of each year:
+
+  1660       6725
+  1661       4619
+  1662       4275
+  1663       4667
+  1664       3335
+
+Another account, kept by Mr. Thomas Donkley, Keeper of his Majesty's
+Closet belonging to the Chapel Royal, continues the Numbers as
+follows:
+
+  1667       3078
+  1668       3543
+  1669       2983
+  1670       3377
+  1671       3568
+  1672       3771
+  1673       4457
+  1674       5079
+  1675       3471
+  1676       4454
+  1677       4607
+  1678       3456
+  1679       3752
+  1680       3796
+  1681       2461
+  1682       8577
+
+  Summa Totalis      92,107
+
+
+QUEEN ANNE.
+
+It appears by the Newspapers of the time, that on the 30th of
+March, 1714, _two hundred_ persons were touched by Queen Anne[217].
+Amongst these was _Samuel Johnson_, afterwards the justly celebrated
+Moral Writer. He was sent by the advice of Sir John Floyer, then a
+Physician at Lichfield; and many years afterwards, being asked if he
+could remember Queen Anne, said, "he had a confused, but somehow a
+sort of solemn recollection of a Lady in diamonds, and a long black
+hood."
+
+  [217] The Ceremony used in this Reign is given in the Appendix, No.
+  II.
+
+The Honourable Daines Barrington[218] has preserved an anecdote,
+which he heard from an old man who was witness in a cause with
+respect to this supposed miraculous power of Healing. "He had, by
+his evidence, fixed the time of a fact, by Queen Anne's having
+been at Oxford, and touched him, whilst a child, for the Evil.
+When he had finished his evidence, I had an opportunity of asking
+him, whether he was really cured? Upon which he answered, with a
+significant smile, "that he believed himself to have never had any
+complaint that deserved to be considered as the Evil; but that his
+parents were poor, _and had no objection to the bit of gold_."
+
+  [218] Observations on the Statutes.
+
+The learned and honourable Writer very properly observes on this
+occasion, "that this piece of gold, which was given to those who
+were touched, accounts for the great resort upon this occasion, and
+the supposed afterwards miraculous cures."
+
+
+GEORGE I.
+
+Although this Monarch, who succeeded to the Crown in 1714, had the
+good sense not to pretend to this miraculous Gift, it was assumed by
+the Descendants of the race of Stuarts. And it is well recollected,
+that Mr. Carte's (in other respects very excellent) "History of
+England" fell into almost immediate disrepute, on his making, in
+one of his notes, a bold assertion, the substance of which shall be
+here given:
+
+     "Whatever is to be said in favour of its being appropriated to
+     the eldest Descendant of the first branch of the Royal Line of
+     the Kings of France, England, &c. I have _myself_ seen a very
+     remarkable instance of such a cure, which could not possibly be
+     ascribed to the Royal _Unction_. One Christopher Lovel, born at
+     Wells in Somersetshire, but when he grew up residing in the City
+     of Bristol, where he got his living by labour, was extremely
+     afflicted for many years with that distemper, and such a flow
+     of the scrophulous humour, that, though it found a vent by five
+     running sores about his breast, neck, and arms, there was such
+     a tumour on one side of his neck, as left no hollow between his
+     cheek and the upper part of his left shoulder, and forced him
+     to keep his head always awry. The young man was reduced, by
+     the virulence of the humour, to the lowest state of weakness;
+     appeared a miserable object in the eyes of all the inhabitants
+     of that populous city; and, having for many years tried all
+     the remedies which the art of physic could administer, without
+     receiving any benefit, resolved at last to go _abroad_ to be
+     touched. He had an uncle in the place, who was an old seaman,
+     and carried him from Bristol, at the end of August, A. D. 1716,
+     along with him to Cork in Ireland, where he put him on board a
+     ship that was bound to St. Martin's in the Isle of Ree. From
+     thence Christopher made his way first to Paris, and thence to
+     the place where he was touched, in the beginning of November
+     following, by the eldest lineal Descendant of a race of Kings,
+     who had, indeed, for a long succession of ages, cured that
+     distemper by the _Royal Touch_. But this descendant and next
+     heir of their blood had not, at least at that time, been crowned
+     or _anointed_. The usual effect, however, followed: from the
+     moment that the man was touched and invested with the narrow
+     riband, to which a small piece of silver was pendant, according
+     to the rites prescribed in the office appointed by the Church
+     for that solemnity, the humour dispersed insensibly, his sores
+     healed up, and he recovered strength daily, till he arrived
+     in perfect health, in the beginning of January following, at
+     Bristol, having spent only four months and some few days in his
+     voyage. There it was, and in the week preceding St. Paul's fair,
+     that I saw the man, in his recovered vigour of body, without
+     any remains of his complaint, but what were to be seen in the
+     red scars then left upon the five places where the sharp humour
+     had found a vent, but which were otherwise entirely healed, and
+     as sound as any other part of his body. Dr. Lane, an eminent
+     physician in the place, whom I visited on my arrival, told me of
+     this cure, as the most wonderful thing that ever happened; and
+     pressed me as well to see the man upon whom it was performed,
+     as to talk about his case with Mr. Samuel Pye, a very skilful
+     surgeon, and I believe still living in that city, who had tried
+     in vain, for three years together, to cure the man by physical
+     remedies. I had an opportunity of doing both; and Mr. Pye, after
+     dining together, carrying me to the man, I examined and informed
+     myself fully of all particulars, relating as well to his illness
+     as his cure; and found upon the whole, that if it is not to be
+     deemed miraculous, it at least deserved the character given it
+     by Dr. Lane, of being one of the most wonderful events that has
+     ever happened."
+
+
+APPENDIX, No. I.
+
+_The Ceremonies for the Healing of them that be diseased with the
+King's Evil, as they were practised in the time of King Henry
+VII_[219].
+
+  [219] Published by Command of King Charles II.; and printed by
+  Henry Hills, Printer to the King's Most Excellent Majesty, for his
+  Household and Chapel, 1686.
+
+_Rubrick._--First, the King, kneeling, shall begin, and say,
+
+In nomine Patris, et Filii, et Spirit�s Sancti. Amen.
+
+_Rubrick._--And so soon as He hath said that, He shall say,
+Benedicite.
+
+_Rubrick._--The Chaplain, kneeling before the King, having a stole
+about his neck, shall answer, and say,
+
+Dominus sit in corde tuo et labiis tuis, ad confitendum omnia
+peccata tua, in nomine Patris, et Filii, et Spirit�s Sancti. Amen.
+
+_Rubrick._--Or else to say,
+
+Jesus nos exaudiat, in nomine Patris, et Filii, et Spirit�s Sancti.
+
+_Rubrick._--Then by and by the King shall say, Confiteor Deo, Beat�
+Mari� Virgini, Omnibus Sanctis, et Vobis, quia peccavi nimis in
+cogitatione, locutione, et opere, mea culpa [sic.] Precor Sanctam
+Mariam, omnes Sanctos Dei, et Vos, orare pro me.
+
+_Rubrick._--The Chaplain shall answer, and say,
+
+Misereatur Vestri Omnipotens Deus, et demittat Vobis omnia peccata
+Vestra, liberet Vos ab omni malo, salvet et confirmet in bono, et ad
+vitam perducat �ternam. Amen.
+
+Absolutionem et Remissionem omnium peccatorum Vestrorum, spatium
+ver� poenitenti�, et emendationem vit�, gratiam et consolationem
+Sancti Spirit�s, tribuat Vobis omnipotens et misericors Dominus.
+Amen.
+
+_Rubrick._--This done, the Chaplain shall say, Dominus Vobiscum.
+
+_Rubrick._--The King shall answer,
+
+Et cum Spiritu tuo.
+
+_Rubrick._--The Chaplain.
+
+Sequentia Sancti Evangelii secund�m Marcum.
+
+_Rubrick._--The King shall answer.
+
+Gloria tibi, Domine.
+
+_Rubrick._--The Chaplain shall read the Gospel.
+
+In illo tempore, recumbentibus undecim Discipulis apparuit illis
+Jesus; et exprobavit incredulitatem eorum, et duritiem cordis, qui
+iis qui viderant eum resurrexisse, non crediderunt. Et dixit eis,
+Euntes in mundum universum, pr�dicate Evangelium omni creatur�.
+Qui crediderit et baptizatus fuerit, salvus erit; qui ver� non
+crediderit, condemnabitur. Signa autem eos, qui crediderint, h�c
+sequentur: In nomine meo d�monia ejicient, linguis loquentur novis,
+serpentes tollent; et si mortiferum quid biberint non eis nocebit;
+super �gros manus imponent, et bene [seipsos] habebunt.
+
+_Rubrick._--Which clause [super �gros, &c.] the Chaplain repeats as
+long as the King is handling the Sick Person. And in the time of
+the repeating the aforesaid words [super �gros, &c.] the Clerk of
+the Closet shall kneel before the King, having the Sick Person upon
+the right hand, and the Sick Person shall likewise kneel before the
+King; and then the King shall lay his hand upon the Sore of the Sick
+Person. This done, the Chaplain shall make an end of the Gospel;
+and in the mean time the Chirurgeon shall lead away the Sick Person
+from the King.
+
+--Et Dominus quidem Jesus, postquam locutus est eis, assumptus
+est in coelum, et sedet � dextris Dei. Illi autem profecti,
+pr�dicaverunt ubique, Domino cooperante, et sermonem confirmante,
+sequentibus signis.
+
+_Rubrick._--Then the Chaplain shall begin to say again, Dominus
+Vobiscum.
+
+_Rubrick._--The King shall answer,
+
+Et cum spiritu tuo.
+
+_Rubrick._--The Chaplain. Initium Sancti Evangelii secundum Joannem.
+
+_Rubrick._--The King shall say.
+
+Gloria tibi, Domine.
+
+_Rubrick._--The Chaplain then shall say this Gospel following.
+
+In principio erat Verbum, et Verbum erat apud Deum, et Deus erat
+Verbum. Hoc erat in principio apud Deum. Omnia per ipsum facta sunt;
+et sine ipso factum est nihil, quod factum est: in ipso vita erat,
+et vita erat Lux hominum; et Lux in tenebris lucet, et Tenebr�
+eam non comprehenderunt. Fuit homo missus a Deo, cui nomen erat
+Joannes. Hic venit in testimonium, ut testimonium perhiberet de
+lumine, ut omnes crederent per illum. Non erat ille Lux, sed ut
+testimonium perhiberet de lumine. Erat Lux vera qu� illuminat omnem
+hominem venientem in hunc mundum.
+
+_Rubrick._--Which last clause [Erat Lux vera, &c.] shall still be
+repeated so long as the King shall be crossing the Sore of the Sick
+Person with an Angel Noble. And the Sick Person to have the same
+Angel hanged about his neck, and to wear it until he be full whole.
+
+This done, the Chirurgeon shall lead away the Sick Person, as he did
+before; and then the Chaplain shall make an end of the Gospel.
+
+--In mundo erat, et mundus per ipsum factus est, et mundus eum non
+cognovit. In propria venit, et sui eum non receperunt. Quot quot
+autem receperunt eum dedit eis potestatem filios Dei fieri, his, qui
+credunt in nomine ejus, qui non ex sanguinibus, neque ex voluntate
+carnis, neque ex voluntate viri, sed ex Deo nati sunt. Et Verbum
+caro factum est, et habitavit in nobis; et vidimus gloriam ejus,
+gloriam quasi unigeniti a Patre, plenum grati� et veritatis.
+
+_Rubrick._--Then the Chaplain shall say,
+
+Sit nomen Domini benedictum.
+
+_Rubrick._--The King shall answer,
+
+Ex hoc nunc et usque in seculum.
+
+_Rubrick._--Then shall the Chaplain say this Collect following,
+praying for the Sick Person or Persons.
+
+Domine exaudi orationem meam [nostram].
+
+_Rubrick._--The King shall answer,
+
+Et clamor meus [noster] ad te veniat. Oremus.
+
+Omnipotens sempiterne Deus, salus �terna credentium, exaudi nos pro
+famulis tuis, pro quibus misericordi� tu� imploramus auxilium, ut,
+reddit� sibi sanitate, tibi in Ecclesi� tu� referant actiones. Per
+Christum Dominum nostrum. Amen.
+
+_Rubrick._--This Prayer is to be said secretly, after the Sick
+Persons are departed from the King, at his pleasure.
+
+Dominator Domine Deus Omnipotens, cujus benignitate c�ci vident,
+surdi audiunt, muti loquuntur, claudi ambulant, leprosi mundantur,
+omnes infirmorum curantur languores, et � quo solo donum Sanationis
+humano generi etiam tribuitur, et tanta gratia pro incredibili tu�
+erg� hoc regnum bonitate, Regibus ejusdem concessa est, ut sol�
+manuum illorum impositione, morbus gravissimus foetidissimusque
+depellatur: concede propitius ut tibi propterea gratias agamus, et
+pro isto singulari beneficio in nos collato, non nobis ipsis, sed
+nomini tuo assidu� gloriam demus, nosque sic ad pietatem semper
+exerceamus, ut tuam nobis donatam gratiam non sol�m diligenter
+conservare, sed indies magis magisque adaugere laboremus; et pr�sta
+ut quorumcunque corporibus in nomine tuo manus imposuerimus, h�c
+tu� virtute in illis operante et nobis ministrantibus, ad pristinam
+sanitatem restituantur, eam conservent, et pro e�dem tibi, ut summo
+Medico et omnium morborum depulsori, perpetu� nobiscum gratias
+agant; sicque deinceps vitam instituant, ut non corpus sol�m ab
+infirmitate, sed anima etiam � peccato omnino sanata videatur.
+Per Dominum nostrum Jesum Christum Filium tuum, qui tecum vivit
+et regnat in unitate Sancti Spirit�s, per omnia secula seculorum.
+Amen.[220]
+
+  [220] "Ritualia Varia," in the British Museum.
+
+
+APPENDIX, No. II.
+
+From a FOLIO PRAYER BOOK, printed 1710.
+
+_At the Healing._
+
+Prevent us, O Lord, &c.
+
+Gospel.
+
+From the 16th Chapter of St. Mark, beginning at the 14th Verse:
+"Afterwards he appeared, &c." to the end of the Chapter: "and
+confirming the Word with Signs following."
+
+    Let us pray.
+    Lord have mercy upon us.
+    Christ, &c.
+    Lord, &c.
+    Our Father, &c.
+
+--[Then shall the Infirm Persons, one by one, be presented to the
+Queen upon_Rubrick._ their Knees; and, as every one is presented,
+and while the Queen is laying her Hands upon them, and putting the
+Gold about their necks, the Chaplain that officiates, turning
+himself to her Majesty, shall say these words following:]
+
+God give a Blessing to this Work; and grant that _these_ Sick
+Persons, on whom the Queen lays her Hands, may recover, through
+Jesus Christ our Lord.
+
+_Rubrick._--[After all have been presented, the Chaplain shall say,]
+
+_Verse._--O Lord, save thy Servants;
+
+_Resp._--Who put their Trust in Thee.
+
+_Verse._--Send them Help from thy Holy Place.
+
+_Resp._--And evermore mightily defend them.
+
+_Verse._--Help us, O God of our Salvation.
+
+_Resp._--And, for the Glory of thy Name deliver us, and be merciful
+to us Sinners for thy Name's Sake.
+
+_Verse._--O Lord, hear our Prayers.
+
+_Resp._--And let our Cry come unto Thee.
+
+_Rubrick._--[These answers are to be made by them that come to be
+healed.]
+
+Let us pray.
+
+O Almighty God, who art the Giver of all Health, and the Aid of them
+that seek to thee for Succour, we call upon thee for thy Health and
+Goodness mercifully to be shewed upon these thy Servants, that they,
+being healed of their Infirmities, may give Thanks unto thee in thy
+Holy Church, through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.
+
+_Rubrick._--[Then the Chaplain, standing with his face towards them
+that come to be healed, shall say,]
+
+The Almighty Lord, who is a most strong Tower to all them that put
+their Trust in him; to whom all things in Heaven, in Earth, and
+under the Earth, do bow and obey, be now and evermore your Defence;
+and make you know and feel, that there is none other Name under
+Heaven given to Man, in whom, and through whom, you may receive
+Health and Salvation, but only the Name of our Lord Jesus Christ.
+Amen.
+
+The Grace of our Lord, &c. Amen.
+
+
+APPENDIX, No. III.
+
+_The Ceremonies of Blessing Cramp-Rings on Good-Friday, used by the
+Catholick Kings of England._
+
+The Psalme "Deus misereatur nostri," &c. with the "Gloria Patri."
+
+May God take pity upon us, and blesse us;* may he send forth the
+light of his face upon us, and take pity on us.
+
+That we may know thy ways on earth* among all nations thy salvation.
+
+May people acknowledge thee, O God:* may all people acknowledge thee.
+
+Let nations reioice, and be glad, because thou iudgest people with
+equity,* and doest guide nations on the earth.
+
+May people acknowledge thee, O God, may all people acknowledge
+thee,* the earth has sent forth her fruit.
+
+May God blesse us, that God who is ours: may that God blesse us,*
+and may all the bounds of the earth feare him.
+
+Glory be to the Father, and to the Son,* and to the Holy Ghost.
+
+As it was in the beginning, and now, and ever,* and for ever, and
+ever. Amen.
+
+Then the King reades this Prayer:
+
+Almighty eternal God, who by the most copious gifts of thy grace,
+flowing from the unexhausted fountain of thy bounty, hast been
+graciously pleased, for the comfort of mankind, continually to grant
+us many and various meanes to relieve us in our miseries; and art
+willing to make those the instruments and channels of thy gifts, and
+to grace those persons with more excellent favours, whom thou hast
+raised to the Royal dignity; to the end that, as by Thee they Reign,
+and govern others, so by Thee they may prove beneficial to them, and
+bestow thy favours on the people: Graciously heare our prayers, and
+favourably receive those vows we powre forth with humility, that
+Thou mayst grant to us, who beg with the same confidence the favour
+which our Ancestours, by their hopes in thy mercy have obtained:
+through Christ our Lord. Amen.
+
+The Rings lying in one bason or more, this prayer is to be said over
+them:
+
+O God, the Maker of heavenly and earthly creatures, and the most
+gracious Restorer of mankind, the Dispenser of spiritual grace, and
+the Origin of all blessings; send downe from heaven thy Holy Spirit
+the Comforter upon these Rings, artificially fram'd by the workman;
+and by thy greate power purify them so, that all the malice of the
+fowle and venomous Serpent be driven out; and so the metal, which by
+Thee was created, may remaine pure, and free from all dregs of the
+enemy: through Christ our Lord. Amen.
+
+The Blessing of the Rings.
+
+O God of Abraham, God of Isaac, God of Jacob, heare mercifully
+our prayers. Spare those who feare Thee. Be propitious to thy
+suppliants; and graciously be pleased to send downe from Heaven
+thy holy Angel, that he may sanctify ++ and blesse ++ these Rings;
+to the end they may prove a healthy remedy to such as implore thy
+name with humility, and accuse themselves of the sins which ly
+upon their conscience: who deplore their crimes in the sight of thy
+divine clemency, and beseech, with earnestness and humility, thy
+most serene piety. May they in fine, by the invocation of thy holy
+name, become profitable to all such as weare them, for the health of
+their soule and body, through Christ our Lord. Amen.
+
+A Blessing.
+
+O God, who hast manifested the greatest wonders of thy power by the
+cure of diseases, and who were pleased that Rings should be a pledge
+of fidelity in the Patriark Judah, a priestly ornament in Aaron,
+the mark of a faithful guardian in Darius, and in this Kingdom a
+remedy for divers diseases; graciously be pleased to blesse ++ and
+sanctify ++ these Rings; to the end that all such who weare them may
+be free from all snares of the Devil, may be defended by the power
+of celestial armour; and that no contraction of the nerves, or any
+danger of the falling-sickness, may infest them; but that in all
+sort of diseases by thy help they may find relief. In the name of
+the Father, ++ and of the Son, ++ and of the Holy Ghost. ++ Amen.
+
+Blesse, O my soule, the Lord,* and let all things which are within
+me praise his holy name.
+
+Blesse, O my soule, the Lord,* and do not forget all his favours.
+
+He forgives all thy iniquities,* he heales all thy infirmities.
+
+He redeemes thy life from ruin,* he crownes thee with mercy and
+commiseration.
+
+He fils thy desires with what is good:* thy youth, like that of the
+eagle, shall be renewed.
+
+The Lord is he who does mercy,* and does, iustice to those who
+suffer wrong.
+
+The merciful and pitying Lord:* the long sufferer, and most mighty
+merciful.
+
+He wil not continue his anger for ever;* neither wil he threaten for
+ever.
+
+He has not dealt with us in proportion to our sins;* nor has he
+rendered unto us according to our offences.
+
+Because according to the distance of heaven from earth,* so has he
+enforced his mercies, upon those who feare him.
+
+As far distant as the east is from the west,* so far has he divided
+our offences from us.
+
+After the manner that a Father takes pity of his sons; so has the
+Lord taken pity of those who feare him;* because he knows what we
+are made of.
+
+He remembers that we are but dust. Man, like hay, such are his
+days;* like the flower in the field, so wil he fade away.
+
+Because his breath wil passe away through him, and he wil not be
+able to subsist,* and it wil find no longer its owne place.
+
+But the mercy of the Lord is from all eternity;* and wil be for ever
+upon those who feare him.
+
+And his iustice comes upon the children of their children,* to those
+who keep his wil.
+
+And are mindful of his commandments,* to performe them.
+
+The Lord in heaven has prepared himself a throne, and his kingdom
+shall reign over all.
+
+Blesse yee the Lord, all yee Angels of his; yee who are powerful in
+strength:* who execute his commands, at the hearing of his voice
+when he speakes.
+
+Blesse yee the Lord, all yee vertues of his:* yee Ministers who
+execute his wil.
+
+Blesse yee the Lord, all yee works of his throughout all places of
+his dominions:* my Soule praise thou the Lord.
+
+Glory be to the Father, and to the Son,* and to the Holy Ghost.
+
+As it was in the beginning, and now and ever,* and for ever and
+ever. Amen.
+
+Wee humbly implore, O merciful God, thy infinit clemency; that as we
+come to Thee with a confident soule, and sincere faith, and a pious
+assurance of mind: with the like devotion thy beleevers may follow
+on these tokens of thy grace. May all superstition be banished
+hence; far be all suspicion of any diabolical fraud; and to the
+glory of thy name let all things succeede: to the end thy beleevers
+may understand Thee to be the dispenser of all good; and may be
+sensible, and publish, that whatsoever is profitable to soule or
+body, is derived from Thee: through Christ our Lord. Amen.
+
+These Prayers being said, the King's Highnes rubbeth the Rings
+between his hands, saying,
+
+Sanctify, O Lord, these Rings, and graciously bedew them with the
+dew of thy benediction, and consecrate them by the rubbing of our
+hands, which thou hast been pleased according to our ministery to
+sanctify by an external effusion of holy oyle upon them: to the end
+that what the nature of the mettal is not able to performe, may be
+wrought by the greatnes of thy grace: through Christ our Lord. Amen.
+
+Then must holy water be cast on the Rings, saying,
+
+In the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost.
+Amen.
+
+O Lord, the only begotten Son of God, Mediatour of God and men,
+Jesus Christ, in whose name alone salvation is sought for; and to
+such as hope in thee givest an easy acces to thy Father: who, when
+conversing among men, thyself a man, didst promise, by an assured
+oracle flowing from thy sacred mouth, that thy Father should grant
+whatever was asked him in thy name: Lend a gracious eare of pity to
+these prayers of ours; to the end that, approaching with confidence
+to the throne of thy grace, the beleevers may find, by the benefits
+conferr'd upon them, that by thy mediation we have obtained what we
+have most humbly begd in thy name: who livest and reignest with God
+the Father, in the unity of the Holy Ghost, one God for ever and
+ever. Amen.
+
+Wee beseech thee, O Lord, that the Spirit, which proceedes from
+thee, may prevent and follow on our desires; to the end that
+what we beg with confidence for the good of the faithful, we may
+efficaciously obtaine by thy gracious gift: through Christ our Lord.
+Amen.
+
+O most clement God; Father, Son, and Holy Ghost; wee supplicate and
+beseech thee, that what is here performed by pious ceremonies to
+the sanctifying of thy name, may be prevalent to the defense of our
+soule and body on earth; and profitable to a more ample felicity in
+heaven: who livest and reignest God, world without end. Amen.
+
+
+
+
+Stemmata Magnatum.
+
+ORIGIN OF THE TITLES
+
+OF SOME OF THE
+
+ENGLISH NOBILITY.
+
+
+    "When Adam dolve, and Eva span,
+    Who was then a Gentleman?
+    Then came the Churle, and gather'd Good;
+    And thence arose the Gentle Blood."
+
+"It is an ancient received saying, that there is no Poverty but is
+descended of Nobility; nor no Nobility but is descended of Beggary."
+
+  History of the Gwedir Family, p. 94.
+
+
+WESTMORELAND, Earl.--From the County.
+
+_Burghersh_[221], Baron (_Fane_).--Bartholomew, Baron of Burghersh,
+was the Tenth Knight of the Order of the Garter, at the Institution
+1350; who left a Daughter and Heir, who married Edward Le Despenser;
+which official Title was afterwards erected into a Barony by
+Summons, A. D. 1285; and was for a long time merged in the Family
+of Fane, Earl of Westmoreland, till the failure of Male Issue in a
+direct line, 1762. The Earldom and Barony of Burghersh passed to a
+distant branch, of the name of Fane; but the Barony of Le Despenser
+went by a Female to Sir Francis Dashwood, Bart. in right of his
+Mother.
+
+  [221] A corruption of Burghwash, a little Village in Sussex, on the
+  River Rother. See Camden's Brit.
+
+
+LE DESPENSER, Baron (STAPLETON).--A nominal Title from official
+derivation. It was held originally by Descent and Summons, A.D.
+1295. Anno 23 Edward I. it passed by Marriage to the Earl of
+Westmoreland; and, being a Fee, descended to Sir Francis Dashwood,
+Bart.; and after him to his Sister, Lady Austen, and now, 1788, is
+vested in Sir Thomas Stapleton, Bart. of Oxfordshire.
+
+
+WENTWORTH[222], Viscount (NOEL).--After the Barony of _Wentworth_
+had continued for several successions in the name of _Wentworth_,
+of Nettlestead in Suffolk, the Title devolved on Anne, the Wife of
+John Lord Lovelace, whose Daughter Martha inherited the Barony of
+_Wentworth_, and to whom the Title was confirmed, by Descent, in
+Parliament, A.D. 1702; and she walked at the Coronation of Queen
+Anne as Baroness _Wentworth_ in her own right. She dying without
+Issue, 1745, the Title devolved on the Descendants of Sir William
+_Noel_, Bart. who had married Margaret, another Daughter of Lord
+Lovelace, by Anne, the Heiress of Wentworth Lord _Wentworth_. Hence
+the Title passed to Edward, the eldest Son of Sir Clobery _Noel_,
+Bart. who succeeded to his Father's Title of Baronet, 1733; and
+to the Barony of _Wentworth_, as Heir of Margaret, 1745. He was
+created Viscount Wentworth of Wellesborough, co. Leic. 1762.
+
+  [222] The Ancestor of this Family was Thomas Wentworth, _Earl of
+  Cleveland;_ which Title became extinct, for want of Male Issue,
+  1667. The Barony passed as above.
+
+
+HOWLAND, Baron (RUSSELL).--A Barony in the Duke of Bedford, granted
+in honour of Elizabeth, Daughter of John Howland, Esq. of Streatham
+in Surrey (by whom the Family acquired that estate), who married
+Wriothesley, Grandson of the first Duke of Bedford, and the eldest
+Son of Lord William Russell, who was beheaded 1683[223].
+
+  [223] See Collins's Baronage, i. 267, 272.
+
+
+NORMANBY, Marquis, extinct (SHEFFIELD).--The second Title of
+Sheffield Duke of Buckingham, taken from an obscure place in
+Lincolnshire.
+
+
+CHANDOS, Duke (BRYDGES).--The Patent is dated April 29, 1719,
+wherein the Grantee is styled "Duke of Chandos in the County of
+Hereford." The Dukedom became extinct, by the death of James the
+third Duke, s. p. 1789. The Barony exists (1790), if a claim to it
+can be established, as that creation bears date A. D. 1554.
+
+
+ARUNDEL OF WARDOUR, Baron (ARUNDEL[224]).--From Wardour Castle in
+Wiltshire. He is a Count of the Empire by Grant of Rodolph II. A. D.
+1595[225].
+
+  [224] See Camden's Britannia, col. 112.
+
+  [225] See Camden, for the words of the Patent.
+
+
+SONDES, Baron (WATSON).--A revived Title, from the inheritance of
+part of the estates of Lewis Watson, Earl of Rockingham and Viscount
+_Sondes_. Lewis Watson, having married the Heiress of Sir George
+_Sondes_, K.B. was created Earl of Rockingham and Viscount _Sondes_,
+in honour of his Wife's Father, 1714; so that the present Title is
+nominal. The Estate at Lees-Court in Kent came by the above marriage.
+
+
+ONSLOW AND CRANLEY, Baron (ONSLOW).--This Barony is both nominal and
+local, for the Family came from Onslow in Shropshire. Their first
+settlement in Surrey was at Knowle, in the Parish of _Cranley_,
+whence came the second Barony by creation to George Onslow, the Son
+of Arthur (the Speaker), in the life-time of his Cousin Richard,
+then Lord Onslow, 1776. The original Patent, 1716, to Richard (who
+was Speaker also) the eldest Son of Sir Arthur Onslow, Bart. was
+limited to the Heirs Male of his Father, which carried the Title of
+Baron Onslow of Onslow and Clendon[226], to the Son of Arthur (the
+Speaker), on the death of his Cousin Richard Lord Onslow, 1776[227].
+
+  [226] Clendon is the Seat of the Family in Surrey.
+
+  [227] See Camden's Brit. col. 182, as to the Family.
+
+N.B. George Lord Onslow and _Cranley_ was created into the latter
+Title, May 14, 1776; and succeeded his Cousin Richard in the Title
+of Onslow, on the 8th of the following October.
+
+
+BERKELEY, Earl.--From Berkeley Castle, the present Seat of the
+Family, in Gloucestershire. The Barony of Berkeley is a Feudal
+Honour by the Tenure of the Castle of Berkeley; and the Possessor
+of it had Summons to Parliament as a Baron by that Tenure, anno 23
+Edward I.[228]
+
+  [228] Dale's Catalogue of the Nobility, 1697, p. 72.
+
+
+DURSLEY, Viscount.--From Dursley in Gloucestershire, the original
+Seat of the Family.
+
+
+DE CLIFFORD, Baron (SOUTHWELL).--From Clifford Castle in
+Herefordshire; where Walter Fitz-Ponce, whose Father possessed it
+by marriage, resided, and took the name of Clifford. The first
+Fitz-Ponce came hither with the Conqueror, to whom he was related.
+The Barony passed in the Female Line to the Family of Southwell, to
+which it was confirmed A.D. 1775. The first Summons to Parliament
+was anno 23 Edward I. 1295.
+
+
+DUCIE, Baron, OF MORTON AND TORTWORTH (REYNOLDS).--The Peer of the
+name of _Ducie_ was descended from Sir Robert Ducie, Lord Mayor
+of London, 1631; and who had been created a Baronet[229]. The
+Issue Male of the name of _Ducie_ failing, the Title was renewed
+by Patent, 1763, to Matthew Ducie, Lord Ducie of _Morton_ in
+Staffordshire; with a Limitation to Thomas and Francis _Reynolds_,
+his Nephews, and their Heirs Male successively, by the Style of Lord
+Ducie of _Tortworth_ in Gloucestershire. _Thomas_ Reynolds succeeded
+to this Title on the death of his Uncle, 1770; and dying without
+Issue 1785, it devolved on his Brother _Francis;_ who dying in 1808,
+was succeeded by his Son Thomas, present Lord Ducie.
+
+  [229] Pennant's London, fourth edition, p. 346.
+
+
+POWIS, Earl (HERBERT).--Powis is a part of Shropshire bordering on
+Wales; and was formerly a little Kingdom, still known by the name of
+Powis-Land. The first Baron was created by Henry I. on a surrender
+of the actual Territory, and an acknowledgment of service[230].
+
+  [230] Pennant's Tour in North Wales, vol. II. p. 436.
+
+
+LUDLOW, Viscount.--From the Town of that name in Shropshire[231].
+
+  [231] The Barony of Herbert of Cherbury was revived in this Branch
+in 1743.
+
+
+AUDLEY, Baron (THICKNESSE-TOUCHET). Audley is in Staffordshire. John
+Touchet married Joan, eldest Daughter of Lord Audley of Heleigh,
+whose Descendant was found Heir, and had Summons to Parliament,
+A.D. 1296[232]. The honour of Peerage in the name of Touchet, who
+was also Earl of Castlehaven in Ireland, ended in a Daughter (Lady
+Elizabeth), who married Philip Thicknesse, Esq. and died in 1762,
+leaving Issue; the Barony (being a Fee) passed to George Thicknesse,
+her Son, on the death of the Earl of Castlehaven, 1777; and who has
+taken, by sign-manual, 1784, the additional name of Touchet. The
+Earldom is extinct.
+
+  [232] Collins's Peerage.
+
+
+ABERGAVENNY, Earl (NEVILE).--This is a Title derived from a Lord
+Marcher, and taken, among many others now merged or extinct, from
+the place conquered. Mr. Pennant says, it is the only surviving
+Title of that nature[233].
+
+  [233] Tour in North Wales, vol. II. p. 439, 4to.
+
+
+NEVILE, Viscount.--From the Name.
+
+
+MIDDLETON, Baron (WILLOUGHBY).--From an obscure Village, near
+Sutton-Coldfield, in Warwickshire[234].
+
+  [234] Pennant's Journey from Chester to London, 4to, 1782, p. 127.
+
+
+COVENTRY, Earl.--From the City, or the Name.
+
+
+DEERHURST, Viscount (COVENTRY).--From a place in Gloucestershire.
+
+
+STANHOPE, Earl.--A nominal Title. The first Peer of this Branch was
+created Viscount Stanhope of Mahon, and Baron Stanhope of Elvaston,
+in the County of Derby, 1717, from his having taken Port-Mahon, in
+the Island of Minorca, 1708.
+
+
+MAHON, Viscount (STANHOPE).--The same Peer was created Earl Stanhope
+1718, by which his second Title became "Viscount Mahon."
+
+
+DUDLEY AND WARD, Viscount (WARD).--The Barony of _Ward_ is nominal,
+and was conferred in 1644. The Viscounty (by creation in 1763) is
+derived from a Village near Birmingham in Warwickshire.
+
+N. B. The Viscounty includes both Honours; the Title being Viscount
+_Dudley and Ward_.
+
+
+DORCHESTER, Earl (DAMER).--Lord Milton, a Baron both of England and
+Ireland, was created Earl of Dorchester in _Dorsetshire_, 1792.
+
+
+MILTON, Viscount.--From Milton Abbey, the Seat of the Family, in
+Dorsetshire. The Title of Viscount was granted by the Patent in
+1792.
+
+
+DORCHESTER, Baron[235] (CARLETON).--Sir Guy Carleton, K. B. was
+created Baron of Dorchester in _Oxfordshire_, 1786. Sir Dudley
+Carleton was created Baron Carleton 1626, and Viscount Dorchester in
+_Oxfordshire_ 1628. It is, however, denied by the Heralds that Sir
+Guy is of that Family.
+
+  [235] The Marquisate of Dorchester, which was in the late Dukes of
+  Kingston, was from Dorchester, Dorset.
+
+
+LEEDS, Duke (OSBORNE).--From the Town of Leeds in Yorkshire.
+
+
+CARMARTHEN, Marquis.--From Carmarthen in Wales.
+
+
+DANBY, Earl.--From a Castle of the name in Cleveland, a District of
+Yorkshire.
+
+
+ALBEMARLE, Earl.--otherwise Aumerle, and Aumale [Albo Marla, or
+White Marle], from a Town in Normandy, which gave Title to a Peer of
+France. It was conferred by William III. when at war with Louis XIV.
+
+
+BURY, Viscount (KEPPEL).--In Suffolk.
+
+
+HARRINGTON, Earl (STANHOPE[236]).--From a Village in
+Northamptonshire.
+
+  [236] Sir Michael Stanhope, of Harington in Northamptonshire, was
+  the common Ancestor of the Earls of Chesterfield and of Harrington;
+  as also of Earl Stanhope.
+
+
+PETERSHAM, Viscount (STANHOPE).--A Village near Richmond in
+Surrey[237].
+
+  [237] At Petersham was a Villa belonging to the Earl of Rochester,
+  which was burnt down in 1721; after which the Earl of Harrington
+  possessed and took it for his second Title in 1742.
+
+
+SUFFOLK, Earl.--From the County.
+
+
+BINDON, Viscount (HOWARD).--In Dorsetshire. It was the Seat of Lord
+Marney (A. D. 1607); and came to this Branch of the Family of Howard
+by a Marriage with the Heiress of Lord Marney[238].
+
+  [238] Camden, col. 57.
+
+
+SHIPBROOKE, Viscount.--Richard Vernon was possessed of the Barony of
+Shipbroke, in Cheshire, in the time of Richard the First[239].
+
+  [239] Pennant's Journey from Chester, 1782, p. 19.
+
+
+ORWELL, Baron (VERNON).--Vernon, Baron of Shipbroke, was one of the
+Barons (of the Palatinate of Chester) created by Hugh Lupus, the
+first Norman Earl of Chester. Extinct[240].
+
+  [240] Pennant's Tour in North Wales, 1778, p. 125.
+
+
+BEAULIEU, Earl; BEAULIEU, Baron (HUSSEY-MONTAGUE).--Beaulieu is an
+Abbey in Hampshire, and was part of the Estate of John (Montagu)
+Duke of Montagu, inherited by his Daughter and Co-heiress the
+Duchess of Manchester, who married Sir Edward Hussey, K. B. Upon
+this marriage he took the additional name of Montague.
+
+
+VERNON, Baron (VERNON).--The Title is nominal and local,
+from _Vernon_ in Normandy[241]. The Descent is from Hamon de
+Massie-Venables, of Kinderton, in Cheshire, who was one of Hugh
+Lupus's Palatinate Barons, as Earl of Chester.
+
+  [241] Collins's Peerage, 1779.
+
+
+HARCOURT, Earl.--The Title is from the Name, which is local, from a
+Town in Normandy, and which is also the Title of a French Dukedom.
+
+
+NUNEHAM, Viscount (HARCOURT).--From the Earl's Seat in Oxfordshire.
+The Earldom was erected in 1749.
+
+
+GRAFTON, Duke.--From a Village in Northamptonshire, which was
+erected into an Honour, and conferred by King Charles II. on his
+Natural Son by the Duchess of Cleveland.
+
+
+EUSTON, Earl (FITZROY).--From the Seat in Suffolk.
+
+
+DEVONSHIRE, Duke (CAVENDISH).--From the County. Descended from a
+Gentleman Usher to Cardinal Wolsey[242].
+
+  [242] See Cavendish's Life of Wolsey. Collins's Collections.
+
+
+HARTINGTON, Marquis (CAVENDISH).--From an obscure Village (the
+Property of the Duke) in the Peak of Derbyshire.
+
+
+DORSET, Duke.--From the County. Sir Lionel Cranfield, Knight, Lord
+Cranfield, &c. was a Shop-keeper in London, as his Father had been
+before him[243].
+
+  [243] Bibl. Top. Brit. vol. VI. No XV. from D'Ewes's MS Journal in
+  the British Museum.
+
+
+EFFINGHAM, Earl (HOWARD).--From Effingham in Surrey, a Seat of this
+Branch of the Family, and where there was a Castle.
+
+
+SUSSEX, Earl.--From the County.
+
+
+LONGUEVILLE, Viscount (YELVERTON).--Sir Henry Yelverton, the Second
+Baronet, married Susan Baroness Grey of Ruthyn, Daughter and sole
+Heiress of Charles Longueville, Lord Grey of Ruthyn. To this Title
+the eldest Son of Sir Henry succeeded on the death of his Mother
+(being a Barony in Fee); and was followed by his Brother Henry, who
+was created Viscount Longueville 1690. Talbot Yelverton, the eldest
+Son of Henry, was created Earl of Sussex in 1717.
+
+
+BEAUFORT, Duke.--Henry Beaufort, third Duke of Somerset, temp.
+Henry VII. had a Natural Son, to whom he gave the names of Charles
+Somerset (afterwards a Knight), whose Descendant was created Duke
+of Beaufort. Thus, by a Child of Casualty, the Name and Title have
+changed positions; as what was Beaufort Duke of Somerset is now
+Somerset Duke of Beaufort.
+
+
+WORCESTER, Marquis (SOMERSET). From the City.
+
+
+MANCHESTER, Duke.--From the Town.
+
+
+MANDEVILLE, Viscount (MONTAGU).--A nominal Title from Geoffrey de
+Mandeville, who possessed Kimbolton, the Seat of the Family, temp.
+Guil. Conq.[244]
+
+[244] Kelham's Key to Domesday Book, p. 35.
+
+Mandeville is a Village in Normandy (a corruption of Magnaville,
+_i. e._ Magna Villa), which gave name to the person who accompanied
+William the Conqueror[245].
+
+  [245] Vincent on Brooke.
+
+
+WALDEGRAVE, Earl.--Waldegrave is a Village in Northamptonshire.
+
+
+CHEWTON, Viscount (WALDEGRAVE).--From a place in Somersetshire[246].
+
+  [246] Camden's Britannia, col. 85.
+
+
+MOUNT-EDGECUMBE, Earl.--Baron Edgecumbe by Creation, 1742. Earl of
+Mount-Edgecumbe by Creation, 1789. From the Family Seat in Cornwall.
+
+
+VALLETORT, Viscount (EDGECUMBE).--From an old Norman Barony (De
+Valle Tort�), with Lands annexed, in Devonshire, the property of the
+Family[247].
+
+  [247] Ibid. col. 21.
+
+
+GAINSBOROUGH, Earl.--From the Town.
+
+
+CAMPDEN, Viscount (NOEL).--Campden is in Gloucestershire.
+
+Sir Baptist Hicks, created Viscount Campden 1628, left two
+Daughters, the elder of whom married Lord Noel, one of whose
+Descendants (Edward) was created Earl of Gainsborough 1682.
+
+
+DIGBY, Earl.--This Title, when a Barony, was nominal (though local
+in itself, from Digby, co. Lincoln) till Henry, the late Peer, was
+created Earl of Digby in 1790. He dying in 1793, was succeeded by
+Edward the present Earl.
+
+
+COLESHILL, Viscount (DIGBY).--In Warwickshire. The Manor of
+Coleshill was forfeited by Sir Simon Montfort, on a charge of High
+Treason in supporting Perkin Warbeck; when it was given to Simon
+Digby, then Deputy Constable of Coleshill Castle[248].
+
+  [248] Pennant's Journey from Chester, p. 129.
+
+
+MONTAGU, or MONTACUTE, Viscount (BROWNE).--From a high Hill in a
+Village in Somersetshire; where William Earl of Moreton, Maternal
+Brother to William the Conqueror, built a Castle, which, as it
+rises from its base to a sharp point, he called _Mons acutus_. Thus
+far the tradition; and Bishop Gibson, in his Edition of Camden's
+Britannia, allows this to have been the place from which Sir Anthony
+Browne, the first Viscount, had the Title[249].
+
+  [249] Camden's Britannia, col. 72.
+
+
+RUTLAND, Duke.--From the County.
+
+
+GRANBY, Marquis (MANNERS).--From a Village in Nottinghamshire.
+
+The Barony of Roos of Hamlake[250] gives Title to the eldest Son of
+a Marquis of Granby, in his Father's life-time.
+
+  [250] Collins, in his Peerage 1735, says, that _Hamlake_ is the same
+  as _Hemsley_ in Yorkshire (North Riding).
+
+
+KENT, Duke.--From the County.
+
+
+HAROLD, Earl (GREY), Extinct.--From a place of the name in
+Bedfordshire.
+
+There was in this Family the Viscounty of _Gooderich_, from
+_Gooderich_ Castle in Herefordshire.
+
+
+ABINGDON, Earl.--In Berkshire.
+
+
+NORREYS, Baron (BERTIE).--James Bertie, the first Earl of Abingdon
+(who was the second Son of Montagu Bertie, the second Earl of
+Lindsey) was the Issue of a second Wife; _viz._ Bridget Baroness
+Norreys of Rycote in her own right. He had Summons to Parliament as
+Baron Norreys in 1572, and was created Earl of Abingdon in 1682[251].
+
+  [251] See Camden's Britannia, col. 315.
+
+
+DACRE, Baron (ROPER, late BARRETT-LEONARD).--Originally both nominal
+and local, the first Peer having been _Dacre_ of _Dacre_ Castle in
+Cumberland.
+
+Being a Barony in Fee, it has had owners of different names[252].
+
+  [252] There were two Barons of this Title existing at the same time;
+  _viz._ Lord Dacre of the North, and Lord Dacre of the South. Both at
+  length centered in Barrett-Leonard Lord Dacre.
+
+
+GODOLPHIN, Earl.--From a Hill (perhaps anciently a Seigniory)
+in Cornwall. The proper name is _Godolcan_, corrupted into
+_Godolphin_. The word signifies, in the Cornish language, "White
+Eagle;" agreeably to which, the Arms of the Family are, "Gules, an
+Eagle displayed between three Fleurs de Lis Argent [253]."
+
+  [253] See Camden's Britannia, col. 14.
+
+
+RIALTON, Viscount.--From a Village in Cornwall[254].
+
+  [254] On the death of Francis Earl of Godolphin, 1766, the Barony
+  devolved to Francis, his first cousin; and on his death, in 1785,
+  became extinct.
+
+
+TANKERVILLE, Earl.--Originally from a Town and Castle in
+Normandy[255]. The present Title is derived from Ford Lord Grey
+of Werk, who was created Earl of Tankerville (a dormant Title in
+his Family) in 1695. This Earl left an only Daughter, who married
+Charles Bennet, Baron of Ussulston, who was afterwards (1714)
+created Earl of Tankerville.
+
+  [255] See Peerage, 1711, vol. II.
+
+USSULSTON, Baron (BENNET).--From one of the Hundreds of Middlesex.
+
+
+ARLINGTON, Earl.--The Title was derived from Arlington in Middlesex,
+the Seat of Sir Henry Bennet, who was created Baron Arlington 1664,
+and Earl of Arlington in 1672. He died in 1685.
+
+
+THETFORD, Viscount (BENNET), Extinct.--In Norfolk.
+
+
+BRIDGEWATER, Duke (EGERTON).--The Lord Chancellor was the founder
+of this Family, and was a Natural Son of Sir Richard Egerton,
+Knight, of Ridley in Cheshire, by the Daughter of one Sparks of
+Bickerton[256].
+
+  [256] For other circumstances see Mr. Pennant's Tour in North
+  Wales, vol. I. p. 105; and vol. II. p. 187, in the corrections and
+  additions to vol. I.
+
+
+GREY DE WILTON, Baron (EGERTON).--The present Peer (Sir Thomas
+Egerton, Bart.) is descended from Bridget, sole Sister and Heir to
+Thomas Lord Grey of Wilton, a Female Barony, denominated from Wilton
+in the County of Hereford[257].
+
+  [257] The Barony was conferred upon Sir Thomas Egerton by Creation
+  in 1784, notwithstanding his claim by Descent.--His Lordship was in
+  1801 advanced to the Titles of Viscount Grey de Wilton, and Earl of
+  Wilton.
+
+
+HERTFORD, Earl.--From the Town.
+
+
+BEAUCHAMP, Viscount (CONWAY).--Nominal and local, from a place in
+Normandy.
+
+
+SCARBOROUGH, Earl.--From Scarborough in Yorkshire.
+
+
+LUMLEY, Viscount (LUMLEY, with the additional name of
+SANDERSON).--From Lumley Castle, in the Bishoprick of Durham.
+
+
+RIVERS, Baron (PITT).--The first of the name, _De Redvers_, came
+hither with William the Conqueror, and was made Earl of Devonshire.
+Baldwin de _Redveriis_ (or _Riveriis_), Earl of Devonshire, had
+Estates in the neighbourhood of Exeter[258].
+
+  [258] See Tanner's Notitia.--The name is written _Ridvers_, alias
+  _Redvers_, in Camden's Brit. col. 156.
+
+George Pitt, Ancestor of the present Lord Rivers (created in 1776),
+married Jane Daughter of Savage, Earl Rivers of Rock-Savage in
+Cheshire, Relict of George, the sixth Lord Chandos. She brought a
+large Estate to her second Husband, partly as Heiress of Savage Earl
+Rivers, and partly from her first Husband.
+
+
+DARLINGTON, Earl.--From Darlington, in the Bishoprick of Durham.
+
+
+BARNARD, Viscount (VANE).--From Barnard-Castle, in the Bishoprick of
+Durham.
+
+
+BROWNLOW, Baron (CUST).--A nominal Title; for Sir Richard Cust,
+Bart. married Anne Daughter of Sir William Brownlow, Bart. Sister,
+and at length Heir, to John Brownlow, Viscount Tyrconnel, of the
+Kingdom of Ireland, seated at Belton in Lincolnshire.
+
+
+HAWKESBURY, Baron (JENKINSON).--Though this Family is styled of
+Walcot in Oxfordshire, it was originally seated at Hawkesbury in
+Gloucestershire.
+
+
+HEATHFIELD, Baron (ELIOT).--Sir George Augustus Eliot, K. B. who
+commanded at Gibraltar during the celebrated Siege, chose this
+place in Sussex (his property) for his Title. It is said that the
+decisive Battle, called "The Battle of Hastings," was fought on this
+spot[259].
+
+  [259] East-Bourne Guide, p. 73.
+
+
+CAMDEN, Marquis.--From his House at Chislehurst in Kent, formerly
+the residence of Camden the celebrated Antiquary, and now called
+Camden Place.
+
+
+BAYHAM, Viscount (PRATT).--From Bayham Abbey, in Sussex, an Estate
+in the Family of Pratt, and now in possession of the Marquis.
+
+
+DYNEVOR, Baroness (RICE and DE CARDONEL).--From Dinevawr in
+Caermarthenshire. She is the Daughter of the first Earl Talbot,
+and Widow of George Rice, Esquire. In the year 1780 the Earl was
+created Baron of Dinevawr, with limitation to his Daughter and her
+Issue male; and which took place on the Earl's death, in 1782. She
+enjoyed the Title till her death, 1793, when it descended to her
+eldest Son George Talbot Rice, who, in pursuance of the Will of
+his Grandmother, Lady Talbot (whose maiden name was De Cardonel),
+changed his Name, Arms, and Crest, to those of De Cardonel only, by
+Sign Manual, in May 1793 [See the Gazette].[260]
+
+  [260] The Baroness had taken the Name and Arms of De Cardonel on the
+  death of her Mother in 1787. The Barony of Talbot, on the Earl's
+  death, passed to his Nephew, though the Earldom became extinct, but
+  was afterwards revived.
+
+
+NEWCASTLE, Duke (HOLLES).--From Sir William Holles, Lord Mayor of
+London[261].
+
+  [261] See Collins's Collections.
+
+
+HOLDERNESS, Earl (DARCY), Extinct.--For the origin of the Family,
+see Leland's Itinerary, vol. VI. p. 24.
+
+
+NORTHAMPTON, Marquis (PARR), Extinct.--For the origin of this
+Family, see also Leland's Itinerary, vol. VIII. p. 96.
+
+
+
+
+English Armorial Bearings.
+
+
+_Edward_ IV. is by Shakespeare made to say that he would bear Three
+fair shining Suns on his Target, from the time he is said to have
+seen Three Suns at one time. (Hen. VI. Part III. Act ii. Sc. i.)[262]
+
+  [262] Consult Sandford, &c. for his Armorial Bearings.
+
+_Monteagle._--Stanley, Baron of Monteagle, so entitled for his
+valour at Flodden Field, because his Ancestors bore an Eagle for
+their Crest. Vide Hon. Anglic, p. 109.
+
+_Carey.--_In the Reign of Henry V. was held, at Smithfield, a Just
+between Robert Carey _of the West_, Son of Sir John Carey, Knight,
+and a Foreign Knight, of the Kingdom of Aragon. Carey vanquished
+the Aragonese, and took his Coat Armour in lieu of his own; _viz._
+"Argent, on a Bend Sable, Three Roses of the First:" which have ever
+since been borne by the name of _Carey_, whose antient Coat was
+"Gules, a Chevron between Three Swans Proper, one whereof they still
+retain in their Crest[263]."
+
+  [263] Stowe's History of London, Book iii. p. 239.
+
+N. B. These are the Arms of _Carey_; though, from the words "_of the
+West_," one would think _Carew_ was intended. But the account agrees
+with the Arms of Viscount _Falkland_.
+
+_Cooper_ and _Cowper_.--Cooper Earl of Shaftesbury bears Three
+Bulls: Cowper Earl Cowper does not.
+
+"The Eagle and Child" having been adopted as the Crest of the Earl
+of _Derby_, its Origin is a circumstance of no small curiosity.
+
+Nothing is more common than for a Tenant or Dependant to take the
+Crest of his Lord or Chief for a Sign; which will account for the
+greatest part of the Bulls' Heads, Griffins, Falcons, Lions,
+Boars, &c. in the Kingdom. Thus from one quarter they straggled
+into different places, as those people who had occasion for Signs
+emigrated from their own Counties and Districts. Amongst these the
+Sign in question is one; and is to be found in various places that
+have no present connexion with the original, the Importer of such
+Device being, perhaps, long since dead. This, being the Crest or
+Cognizance of the Stanleys, Earls of Derby, it most probably was
+first used in Lancashire, and the parts contiguous, as a Sign.
+
+I at first conceived it to be a fabulous affair; but find, from
+good and respectable authorities, that there is not only probable,
+but substantial History contained in it; as the major part of the
+Estate is derived to the Family from the Issue of the very Child
+in question. The first account of this matter I shall give from "A
+Survey of the _Isle of Man_[264]," of which the _Stanleys_ were for
+several ages Kings and Lords, holding of the Kings of England,
+by Grant of Henry IV. (anno 7), by Homage and the Service of a
+[265]Cast (of Falcons), payable on Coronations. The _Stanleys_
+were Kings as much as any Tributary King whatsoever, making Laws,
+&c. They appeared on a certain day in Royal Array, sitting in a
+Chair, covered with a Royal Cloth and Cushions, with their Visage
+to the East; the Sword borne before them, with the point upwards;
+with their Barons, Knights, Squires, &c. about them. Such were the
+Descendants of the Child we are going to speak of more largely.
+
+  [264] By William Sacheverell, Esq. late Governor of the Island,
+  printed at London, 1702.
+
+  [265] _i. e._ Two Falcons. Dugdale's Baronage.
+
+_Sir John Stanley_ (temp. Richard II.) was a Knight of the greatest
+fame in matters of Chivalry; who, having been a great Traveller,
+was known for his prowess in most parts of Europe. On his return,
+he was followed by a _Frenchman_, who challenged the whole English
+Nation. _Sir John_ accepted his challenge, fought, and slew him
+in the presence of the King. This addition to his fame raised his
+reputation among the men, and procured him so much favour with the
+ladies, that he attracted the particular attention of the Heiress
+of the Family of _Latham_, who was young, rich, and beautiful. _Sir
+John_, with the true spirit of Errantry, declared it was for her he
+fought; and at length, contrary to the inclination of her Father,
+married the Lady.
+
+Mr. Sacheverell then relates the story which gave birth to this
+appendage to the Armorial Bearing of the _Stanley_ Family. These are
+his words:
+
+"The Lord of _Latham_ and his Lady, being Childless, as they were
+walking in the Park, heard a Child crying in an Eagle's nest:
+they immediately ordered their servants to search the Eyery, who
+presented them with a beautiful Boy, in rich swadling-cloaths. The
+good old lady looked upon it as a present sent from Heaven, ordered
+it to be carefully educated, and gave it the Surname of _Latham_.
+He (the Child) was knighted by King Edward III. by the name of Sir
+_Oskytel Latham_, and left sole Heir of that vast estate. He had one
+daughter, named _Isabella_, who by marriage brought the honours of
+_Latham_ and _Knowsley_, with many other Lordships, to _Sir John
+Stanley_."
+
+Mr. Sacheverell goes no further into the Story; and the Reader
+will be naturally inclined to know whose Child this was, and how
+it was conveyed into the Eagle's nest. For this we must have
+recourse to Sir William Dugdale[266], who relates the Story more
+circumstantially, and, as he says, upon credible tradition; _viz._
+That a _Sir Thomas de Latham_ had a natural Son, called _Oskytel_,
+by an obscure woman, who lived near him; and, "having no Child by
+his Lady, he designed to adopt this _Oskytel_ for his Heir; but so
+that he himself might not be suspected to have been the Father.
+Observing, therefore, that an Eagle had built her Nest in a large
+spread oak within his Park at Lathom, he caused the Child in
+swadling cloaths to be privily conveyed thither; and (as a wonder)
+presently called forth his Wife to see it; representing to her,
+that, having no Issue, God Almighty had thus sent him a Male Child,
+and so preserved, that he looked upon it as a miracle; disguising
+the truth so artificially from her, that she forthwith took him (the
+Child) with great fondness into the house, educating him with no
+less affection than if she had been his natural Mother; whereupon he
+became Heir to that fair inheritance; and that, in token thereof,
+not only his Descendants, whilst the Male Line endured, but the
+_Stanleys_ proceeding from the said Isabel (the Heir Female), have
+ever since borne the Child in the Eagle's Nest, with the Eagle
+thereon, for their Crest.
+
+  [266] Baronage, vol. II. p. 257.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Francis Bourgeois_, Member of the Royal Academy, had leave from
+King George III. to wear the Polish Order "Merentibus." The Diploma
+is dated Warsaw, February 16, 1791. Ordered to be registered in the
+College of Arms.
+
+
+
+
+ORIGIN AND DERIVATION
+
+OF A FEW
+
+Remarkable Surnames.
+
+
+_Lewkenor._--Sir Lewis, Master of the Ceremonies; from one of the
+Hundreds of Lincolnshire, called anciently _Levechenora_[267].
+
+  [267] Brady's History of England, General Preface, p. 50.
+
+_Kempe._--The same as _Champion_. The Danish word[268].
+
+  [268] Brady's Preface to the Norman History, p. 150.
+
+_Misenor._--From _Mesonero_, an Inn-keeper; Spanish.
+
+_Muncaster._--The old name of Newcastle upon Tyne; quasi
+_Monk-Caster_. The present name was perhaps taken on its being
+rebuilt.
+
+_Mease._--From _Meze_, a messuage[269].
+
+  [269] See Blount's Dict.
+
+_Hugesson._--Cardinal _Hugezun_ came over as the Pope's Legate,
+temp. Henry II.[270]
+
+  [270] Brady's Hist. p. 415.
+
+_Dempster._--The Judges of the Isle of Man were called
+Deemsters[271].
+
+  [271] Sacheverell's History of the Island, p. 2.
+
+_Eldred._--There was an Archbishop of York of the name of _Aldred_,
+temp. William the Conqueror. Perhaps contracted from _Alured_, the
+Latin of Alfred.
+
+_Brettell._--There is a Seignory in Normandy of the name of
+Bretteville. So we have corrupted the name of _Frescheville_ into
+_Fretwell_.
+
+_Belassis._--Something of this name may be seen in Brady's History,
+p. 196.
+
+_Larpent._--From the French, _L'Arpent_; _Arpent_ signifying an
+acre. We drop the apostrophe.
+
+_Duppa._--_De Uphaugh_ and, by apostrophe, _D'Uphaugh_, according to
+Anthony Wood.
+
+_Firmin._--From St. Fermin in France.
+
+_Paliser._--An official name of such person or persons who had the
+care of the pales of a forest[272].
+
+  [272] Manwood's Forest Laws.
+
+_Ord._--Signifies a Promontory in the Highland; and, I presume, is
+Erse[273].
+
+  [273] Pennant's Tour, p. 158.
+
+_Bownas_ and _Bonas_.--Corrupted from _Buchan-Ness_, the seat of the
+Earl of Errol[274].
+
+  [274] Ibid. p. 124.
+
+_Ridgeway._--A local term for the way of the ford, or passage over a
+stream. _Ryd_ and _Rith_ signifying a ford[275].
+
+  [275] Hasted's History of Kent.
+
+_Fitzherbert._--It is written Filius-Herberti in very old
+deeds[276]. The _Finches_ were called _Finch-Herbert_ formerly;
+which led Daniel Earl of Winchelsea to think he was related to
+the Fitzherberts. Thus Leland: "The Finches that be now, say,
+that theire propre name is _Hereberte_; and that with mariage of
+the Finche-Heyre, they tooke the Finche's name, and were called
+Finche-Herebert, joining booth names[277]."
+
+  [276] Ex inform. Dom. Gul. Fitzherbert, Baronetti.
+
+  [277] Itinerary, VI. 52.
+
+_Herbert_ of Kent married the heiress of Finch, and took that name
+as a prefix, which they soon corrupted into _Fitz-herbert_. But the
+Fitzherberts were a family before the _Finches_ were fledged; and
+in old deeds the name is given _Filius Herberti_.
+
+_Champernoun._--Devonshire: a corruption of _Campernulph_, or _De
+Campo Arnulphi_; called, says Camden, _Champernoun_[278].
+
+  [278] Britannia, col. 35.
+
+_Smelt._--Ralph Luvel (or Lovel) an ancestor of the Percivals, was,
+in the time of King Stephen, called also _Simelt_, for which no
+reason is given[279].
+
+  [279] See Collins's Peerage, 1779, art. _Lovel and Holland_.
+
+Names of Men, of Places, and Things, have changed, and by seeming
+corruption have come right again.
+
+Thus, for Men.
+
+  Tollemache                Talmash           Tollemache
+  Legarde                   Ledgiard          Legarde
+  Lyttelton                 Littleton         Lyttelton
+  Fauconberg                Falconbridge      Fauconberg[280]
+  Cholmondeley              Cholmley          Cholmondeley
+  Osbaldiston.              Osberton          Osbaldiston.
+
+  [280] So Shakspeare has it.
+
+I take this to be a local name, from _Osbaldiston_ in Lancashire, q.
+_Osbald his Town_. There is in Yorkshire _Osbaldwick_, pronounced
+_Osberwick_. It should be _Oswald_, a Bishop of York and Martyr, in
+both cases.
+
+We have the name _Bernardiston_, from a place of the name in
+Suffolk[281].
+
+  [281] For both the places see Spelman's Villare.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Robertsbridge_, in Sussex, appears to be a corruption of
+_Rothersbridge_, as it was long called, and with plausibility; for
+it is situated on the river _Rother_: but the former is the truth,
+as I have been informed that in old Latin deeds it is styled _Pons
+Roberti_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+There are some terms which, by a double corruption, have got
+home again; as _Crevisses_, in Derbyshire; where _Crevise_, the
+word for a _Cray-fish_, is a corruption: but it gets home by it;
+for the French word from whence _cray-fish_ was first formed, is
+_ecrevisse_. This too is the radical word; for the lobster is but a
+species of it, and called _l'ecrevisse de mer_, or _sea-cray-fish_;
+what is now called the sea-cray-fish, is properly the lobster. This
+difference consists in the want of claws.
+
+
+
+
+Symbola Scotica;
+
+OR,
+
+
+An Attempt to Elucidate some of the more Obscure Armorial Bearings,
+principally the MOTTOES used by many of the Scottish Families.
+
+
+_In a Letter to the Earl of LEICESTER, President of the Society of
+Antiquaries,_
+
+"Arma Viramque."
+
+There seems to be something peculiarly significant and quaint in
+the greatest part of the Mottoes and Devices used by the Scottish
+Nobility, and perhaps in those of many Families of inferior Rank;
+though these last do not so easily come under our observation.
+
+My intention is, to trouble your Lordship with my thoughts on
+a few of these Mottoes (as we call them); and refer to your
+extensive knowledge in the science of Heraldry, and your love of
+investigation, for the rest of these obscure impreses.
+
+We must, however, distinguish between the Motto and the _Slug horn_
+(or, as Sir George Mackenzie gives it, upon the more Southern
+pronunciation, _Slogan_[282]); the latter being a _cry de guerre_,
+whereas the former (though one may sometimes answer both purposes)
+seems more to relate to some historical circumstance by which the
+Family have been signalized. The original idea of these words, I
+have no doubt, related to War, and operated as what we now call the
+Watch-Word, and more emphatically _the Word_ by the circulation
+of which the King can, at this day, call his guards about him, as
+the Chiefs of Scotland formerly assembled their Vassals in their
+respective divisions or clans. The French call it a _Mot_; and the
+Italians, by an augmentation, _Motto_; which last we have adopted
+when we speak in an heraldic style. The true Scottish term is a
+_Ditton_, the _Slughorn_ being properly the _cry de Guerre_. Not
+to go into the antiquity of Mottoes, or Armory, further than the
+subject in question shall lead me, I shall content myself with
+observing that Armorial Bearings in general, with us in England,
+have little more than the fancy of the party, with Heraldic
+sanction, for their foundation; or some distant allusion to the
+name. Take one singular instance of this last case, which Mr. Boyer
+(in his Theatre of Honour) gives, as a whimsical bearing. The Arms
+of the name of _Matthias_ are three Dice (sixes as the highest
+throw), having, I make no doubt (though Mr. Boyer gives no reason
+for it), a reference to the election of St. Matthias into the
+Apostleship: "And the lot fell upon Matthias." One of the writers
+in the Antiquarian Discourses (Mr. Agarde) thinks the old Motto of
+the _Caves_, of Stanford, in Northamptonshire, a happy conceit;
+the ancient Crest being a Grey-hound currant, with a label issuing
+out of its mouth, with these words, "Adsum; Cave." Had the _Cav�_
+stood alone, without the Dog or the _Adsum_, it might have been
+very well, and have operated religiously, morally, or politically:
+but otherwise the Dog seems to run away with the Wit. The Family,
+since Mr. Agarde's time, appear to have been sensible of this
+awkward compound, and have adopted the French word _Gardez_ for
+the Motto; though I think they had better have kept the _Cav�_ (as
+I have observed), and hanged the Grey-hound; though perhaps it was
+conceived at the time the _Adsum_ was dropped, that Ca-v�, in the
+Latin, might be confounded with the English, _Cave_; and that it
+would have appeared as if they had taken the name for the Motto,
+without another Latin word to denote that language; and therefore
+might take _Gardez_, which shews itself to be French.
+
+  [282] The Glossary to Douglas's Virgil adduces the Term from the
+  Anglo-Saxon _Slegan_, interficere.
+
+Mr. Agarde's own Motto is much more apposite to his name; which,
+he tells us at the end of his Memoir, was, _Dieu me Garde_; but
+at the same time this would have admitted of improvement; for the
+French verb _Garder_ was originally _Agarder_, which, had he known
+it, would have enabled him to have made the pun complete--_Dieu
+m'Agarde_.
+
+Before I quit the subject in general, I cannot help mentioning
+a _bon mot_ of a friend of mine (and he has so much wit that I
+shall not rob him in the least by the repetition), on his visiting
+Chatsworth, to see the house. The Motto of the noble owner is,
+as your Lordship well knows, _Cavendo Tutus_, to which the Family
+has happily adhered in their Political concerns. The state rooms
+in that house are floored with old oak, waxed, and very slippery,
+in consequence of which my friend had very near fallen down; when,
+recovering his equilibrium, he observed, "that he rather supposed
+the Motto related to the floors than the name."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+But it is time to lead to the matter I proposed, _viz._ the SCOTTISH
+MOTTOES; and yet, before I proceed to them, I wish to premise
+something on the grounds of a few of the ARMORIAL BEARINGS among the
+most ancient Scottish Families, which have originated from History.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The principal Family of the name of
+
+DOUGLAS
+
+carries "A Man's Heart Gules," as a fixed principal Charge, because
+the Good Sir James Douglas, as he is styled, carried the Heart
+of King Robert I. (of the name of Bruce) to Jerusalem, and there
+interred it[283]. The original Coat Armour of Douglas was, "Azure,
+in chief Three Stars Argent[284]." The Heart is now imperially
+crowned; but that is a later introduction[285], not borne at least
+by those who merely quartered the Arms.
+
+  [283] Nisbet's Cadencies, p. 178.
+
+  [284] Idem, p, 208.
+
+  [285] Nisbet, Armories, p. 199.
+
+
+CAMPBELL,
+
+Duke of Argyle, Marquis of Lorn, &c. bears in the Second and Third
+Quarters (for the Lordship of Lorn) a Feudal Charge of "Or, a
+Limphad (or small Ship) Sable, with Flames of Fire issuing out of
+the Top of the Mast, and from the Fore and Hindermost Parts of the
+Ship:" which Fire, says my Author, was called in old blazonry St.
+Anthony's Fire. The reason is, that, as the Territory lay upon the
+Coast, this Bearing was indicative of the Tenure by which the Lands
+were held in capite; _viz_. by supplying a Ship with twenty Oars in
+time of War, if required. The _Reddendum_ runs, for the provision
+of "Unam navem viginti Remorum, si petatur, tempore Belli, &c."[286]
+
+  [286] Nisbet, Armories, p. 203.
+
+By Marriage, this Lordship, after many generations, came into the
+Family of Campbell, then Earl of Argyle; but, in process of time,
+the Flames issuing from the Ship have been extinguished.
+
+This was not an uncommon Armorial Appendage to other Feudal Lords,
+and Lordships similarly situated.
+
+Thus the Arms of the Isle of Arran are, "Argent, a Ship, with its
+Sails furled, Sable."
+
+The Earls of Orkney and Caithness have the Bearing of a Ship for the
+like reason; being Lordships, or Feudal Earldoms, situate on the
+Coast; but with Differences.
+
+The Earl of Orkney (and from thence the Earl of Caithness) bears a
+Ship of a more modern form, with three Masts; but it has the honour
+of being within a double Tressure, counter-fleured, to shew its
+connexion with Royalty.
+
+
+DRUMMOND
+
+carries, "Or, Three Bars wavy Gules." This simple Bearing, we are
+told, involves a Piece of History; for that an Hungarian Gentleman,
+of the name of Maurice, in the Reign of Malcolm III. had the
+command of a Ship in which Edgar Atheline, his Mother Agatha, and
+his Sisters Margaret and Christian, were embarked, in their return
+from England to Hungary. A Storm arose, and drove them on the
+Coast of Scotland, where they were landed in the Frith of Forth,
+and entertained by the King, who afterwards married Margaret. This
+Maurice so ingratiated himself with King Malcolm, that he was
+solicited by the King to settle in Scotland, which he did, and had
+grants of many Lands; and particularly those at Drymen or Drummond,
+of which last he took the name. Drummond, as we must now call him,
+was afterwards appointed Seneschal of Lenox; and the King assigned
+him the above Arms, alluding to his original Profession of a Naval
+Officer, and in memory of his having conducted the then Queen safe
+through the Storm into the Port in Scotland[287].
+
+  [287] Douglas's Peerage, p. 547. The Scottish Writers give different
+  Derivations of the Name of Drummond, not to our present purpose;
+  though all seem to agree as to the reason of the Armorial Bearing of
+  the Family. See the Works of Drummond of Hawthornden.
+
+
+SETON EARL OF WINTON.
+
+The Paternal Arms of Seton, afterwards Earls of Winton, were
+_Crescents_, for which no particular reason appears: but the Lords
+of Seton have for some hundreds of years carried, "Or, a Sword
+erected in pale, supporting an Imperial Crown Proper, betwixt
+Three Crescents within a Double Tressure, counter-fleured, Gules."
+This honourable Augmentation was granted by Robert the Bruce to
+his Nephew Sir Alexander Seton, of that Ilk, for the special and
+seasonable services performed by him and his Father Sir Christopher
+to that Monarch during the time of his troubles. Sir Christopher
+Seton, it seems, had lost two Estates of great value, one in
+Scotland, the other in England, together with his Life, in the
+Service of his King and Country; upon which account King Robert
+(whose Sister, Christian Bruce, Sir Christopher had married), when
+he had overcome his Enemies, restored his Nephew, Sir Alexander
+Seton, to the Lands in Scotland which his Father had lost, though
+he could not re-possess him of the English Estate; granted the
+Augmentation of the _Sword and Crown_ to his Paternal Coat-Armour,
+to perpetuate their gallant Actions; and added the Double Tressure,
+which at that time was given to none but such as had married, or
+were descended from, Daughters of the Blood-Royal[288]. One branch
+of the Family, _viz._ Sir Alexander Seton of Pitwedden (at one time
+a Lord of Session), upon the event of the death of his Father,
+who, in the Reign of King Charles I. (during the Civil Commotions)
+was killed by a Shot from the King's Enemies, with a Banner in his
+hand, assumed the Armorial Bearing of "An Heart distilling Drops of
+Blood[289]."
+
+  [288] Nisbet, Cadencies, p. 191.
+
+  [289] Ibid. p. 200.
+
+These, my Lord, I offer in the line of _Nobility_, as Historical
+Bearings; but many may likewise be found among the _Gentry_, who
+have Armorial Devices allusive to gallant actions, high employments,
+or other honourable circumstances.
+
+Of those, the few that follow, most easily occur, from the works of
+that laborious Herald, Mr. Alexander Nisbet.
+
+
+GRAHAM
+
+of Inchbrackie, descended of an eldest Son, of a second Marriage, of
+the first Earl of Montrose, gives, "Or, a Dyke [or Wall] fess-wise,
+Azure, broken down in several parts, &c." The Dyke there is assumed,
+to difference the Bearer from his Chief, and to perpetuate that
+action of Gramus (one of the Predecessors of the noble Family of
+Graham) in pulling down the Wall [anno 420] built by the Roman
+Emperor Severus, which was thereafter called "Graham's Dyke."
+
+N. B. By the Dyke the Scots seem to mean the Wall, _i.e._ the
+Vallum, which is formed out of the Dyke.
+
+
+CLARK
+
+of Pennycuik. Sir John Clark, of Pennycuik, had this Motto, "Free
+for a Blast," which is explained in part by the Crest, which is a
+Man blowing a Horn: but for both the Crest itself, and the Motto, we
+must look into the Tenure of the Estate, which they derived, most
+probably by Marriage, from the Pennycuiks of that Ilk, an old Family
+in Mid-Lothian, who bore "Or, a Fess between Three Hunting Horns
+Sable, stringed Gules;" and, by the ancient Tenure of their Lands,
+were obliged, once a year, to attend in the Forest of Drumsleich,
+since called Barrowmuir, to give a Blast of a Horn at the King's
+Hunting.
+
+The _Clarks_, holding by the same Tenure, preserved the Motto.
+
+
+KIRKPATRICK,
+
+who gave the last Blow to Cummin, supposed to have been slain, cried
+out, "Lest he should not be quite dead, _I will secure him_," and
+stabbed him with his Dagger. Hence the Family took the Crest of "A
+Hand holding a Dagger in Pale, distilling Drops of Blood;" and with
+the Motto "I'll make sicker (sure);" or, "I'll make sure."[290]
+
+  [290] Nisbet, p. 147. See also Hume's History, ch. xiii.
+
+
+CARRICK.
+
+STEWART, Earl of Carrick. The Paternal Arms of Stewart, out of which
+was a _Lion naissant_, all within a Double Tressure, counter-fleured
+Gules: the Lion naissant intimating his original right to the
+Crown[291].
+
+  [291] Nisbet, Cadencies, p. 33.
+
+
+FARQUHARSON,
+
+of Invercald, carries, in addition to his Paternal Coat, "Argent, a
+Fir Tree growing out of a Mount Proper on a Chief Gules,--the Banner
+of Scotland in Bend, and on a Canton of the first (_viz._ Or), a
+Dexter Hand couped at the wrist, grasping a Dagger, point downwards,
+Gules." Mr. Nisbet says[292], they carried the Fir Trees because
+their Country abounded with such Trees; the Hand grasping a Dagger,
+for killing the Cumming; and the Banner is lately added, because
+the Grand-father of the present John Farquharson (1702) was killed
+at the Battle of Pinkie, carrying the Banner of Scotland.
+
+  [292] Cadencies, p. 196.
+
+
+WOOD.
+
+The Chiefs of this name have given Trees in different forms; but
+Wood of Largoe placed his Tree between Two Ships under sail, as
+Admiral to King James III. and IV. in whose reigns he defeated the
+English with an inferior Force. Another Branch of the Family gave a
+Hunting-horn hanging upon the Branch of a Tree, to shew he was the
+King's Forester[293].
+
+  [293] Nisbet, Cadencies, p. 202.
+
+
+FORBES,
+
+of Watertown, charges his Coat with an "Escocheon Argent, a Sword
+and Key in Saltire Gules," as being Constable of Aberdeen: and for a
+Difference from the Grays, places a Quill or Pen in the Paw of the
+Lion in the Arms of Gray, because his Ancestor was Sheriff's Clerk
+of Angus[294].
+
+  [294] Idem, p. 203.
+
+
+JOHN RAMSAY,
+
+descended of the Ramsays of Wylicleuch in the Merss, who was Page
+to King James VI. thereafter Earl of Holdernesse, got for addition
+to his Paternal Bearing, "An Arm holding a naked Sword enfil� of
+a Crown, with a Man's Heart on the point," because he rescued
+King James VI. from the Conspiracy of the Earl of Gowrie and his
+Confederates. The Paternal Coat was, "Argent, an Eagle displayed
+Sable."[295] These are what the Scottish Heralds call "Arms of
+Special Concession."[296]
+
+  [295] Nisbet, Cadencies, p. 196.
+
+  [296] See Nisbet's Armories.
+
+
+AYTON,
+
+of Kippo. This Family bears "A Baton Peri Or, couped;" which, Mr.
+Nisbet says, is an uncommon Bearing for a younger legitimate Son, it
+being a mark of Bastardy by its position; but he tells us, the Baton
+of this description, and thus borne, was granted to Sir John Ayton
+of Kippo, Knight, by King Charles II. as an Augmentation, because he
+had been Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod to that King. Upon the
+Family Coat he therefore carried "A Baton Sable, charged on the top
+with one of the Lions of England."
+
+
+STIRLING,
+
+of Glorat, carries "Argent, on a Bend engrailed Azure, Three
+Buckles Or; a Chief Gules, charged with a Naked Arm issuing out
+of a Cloud from the Sinister side, grasping a Sword in pale, and
+therewith guarding an Imperial Crown; all within a double Tressure,
+counterfleured of Thistles Vert." Which honourable Addition was
+granted to this Family for special Services done to King Charles I.
+and King Charles II. in their Troubles.
+
+
+BINNING,
+
+of Easter Binning, a Cadet of Binning of that Ilk, who carried
+"Argent, a Bend engrailed Sable," added, for Difference, on the
+Bend, a Waggon of the first, because he and his seven Sons went in
+a Waggon covered with Hay, and surprised and took the Castle of
+Linlithgow, then in the possession of the English, in the Reign of
+David the Bruce[297].
+
+  [297] Nisbet, Cadencies, p. 195.
+
+
+LOCKART.
+
+This Name now bears a Man's Heart Proper, within a Padlock Sable, in
+perpetuation, they tell you, that one of the Name accompanied the
+good Sir James Douglas to Jerusalem, with the Heart of King Robert
+the Bruce. Be that as it may, it is intended to play upon the Name;
+and, to preserve the Story the more entire, some Branches of the
+Family have strengthened it by the Motto, "Corda serata Pando" [some
+have it, Fero]. These Devices are differently placed by different
+Branches; but Mr. Nisbet insinuates[298] that this Bearing is an
+assumption of a modern date; and that the old Arms were, till within
+a century before he wrote [1702], "Three Boars' Heads erazed; the
+Crest, a Dexter Hand holding a Boar's Head erazed, Proper; the
+Motto, 'Feroci Fortior.'"
+
+  [298] Marks of Cadency, p. 199.
+
+
+NORFOLK.
+
+The Duke of Norfolk has an augmentation, _viz._ an _Escocheon Or_,
+in the middle of the Bend, charged with a _Demi-Lion_ Rampant,
+_pierced through the Mouth with an Arrow_, within a double Tressure
+counterfleur'd Gules; which was granted by King Henry VIII. for his
+services at the Battle of Flodden Field[299].
+
+  [299] Nisbet's Cadencies, pp. 91, 92.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Besides these and many other Bearings, not at this day easily,
+if at all, to be accounted for, the Scots have, like ourselves,
+several that are responsive to the Name. Of these I have selected
+the few which follow, and have given their material Charge, without
+attending to the Colours, or to the Blazonry of the whole. Thus
+
+_Cockburn_ has a Charge of Three Cocks.
+
+_Craw_ and _Craufurd_, Three Crows[300].
+
+  [300] This Bearing is of late introduction, as alluding to the
+  Name; for those of the Name anciently gave for Arms "Gules, a Fess
+  Ermine;" and another Branch gave "Argent, Three Stags' Heads erased
+  Gules." [Nisbet]. Crawfurd of Cloverhill has a still stronger
+  relation both to the Name and to his Seat; for to the original
+  Bearing he adds Three Crows; for Crest has a Garb (or Wheatsheaf);
+  and for Motto, "God feeds the Crows." Id. p. 57.--Like the Motto of
+  our Corbet, "Deus pascit Corvos."
+
+_Fraser_, Three Frases or Cinquefoils.
+
+_Falconer_, a Falcon.
+
+_Forester_, Three Bugle Horns; and the Peer of that Name and Title
+has for his Motto, "Blow, Hunter, thy Horn."
+
+_Heart_, Three Men's Hearts.
+
+_Hog_, Three Boars' Heads.
+
+_Justice_, A Sword in Pale, supporting a Balance.
+
+_Skene_, Three Daggers, in the Scottish Language called Skenes.
+
+
+
+
+Mottoes.
+
+
+The Motto of DALZIEL, Earl of CARNWARTH, now an attainted Title, is,
+"I Dare;" the reason of which is given by Crawfurd, in his Peerage
+of Scotland. The ancient armorial bearing of this Family was, A Man
+hanging on a Gallows, though it is now only a Naked Man with his
+Arms expanded. Some one of the Family having, perhaps, dropped the
+Gallows and the Rope, as deeming it an ignominious Bearing.
+
+But to proceed to the Motto. The Historian says, that a Favourite
+of Kenneth II. having been hanged by the Picts, and the King being
+much concerned that the Body should be exposed in so disgraceful
+a situation, offered a large Reward to him who would rescue the
+Body. Alpinus, the Father of Kenneth, with many of his Nobles, had
+been inhumanly put to death; and the Head of the King (Alpinus),
+placed upon a Pole, was exposed to the Populace. It was not for
+the redemption of his Father's Body, that the new King, Kenneth,
+offered the Reward; but for that of some young Favourite, perhaps
+of equal age, who was thus ignominiously hanging as a public
+spectacle, for the King appears to have been beheaded.[301] This
+being an enterprize of great danger, no one was found bold enough
+to undertake it, till a Gentleman came to the King and said, "Dal
+Ziel," _i.e._ "I Dare," and accordingly performed the hazardous
+exploit. In memory of this circumstance, the Family took the
+above-mentioned Coat-Armour, and likewise the Name of _Dalziel_,
+with the interpretation of it, "I Dare," as a Motto. The Maiden Name
+(as I may call it) of this Family is not recorded, neither is the
+original Coat Armour of the Gentleman mentioned. These circumstances
+are related by Crawfurd, upon the authority of Mr. Nisbet, in his
+Marks of Cadency, p. 41.
+
+  [301] Buchanan.
+
+Occasional changes in Coats of Arms, it is very well known, have
+always been common, owing to accidents and incidents, as well as
+atchievements, several instances of which may be seen in Camden's
+Remains.
+
+Similar to the case of Dalziel, is the reason given for the Motto
+of _Maclellan_, Lord Kircudbright, which is, "Think on." Crawfurd's
+account is to this effect. A Company of Saracens, from Ireland,
+in the Reign of King James II. infested the County of Galloway,
+whereupon the King issued a Proclamation, declaring that "Whoever
+should disperse them, and bring their Captain, dead or alive, should
+have the Barony of Bombie for his reward." This was performed by the
+Son of the Laird of Bombie, who brought the Head of the Captain, on
+the Point of his Sword, to the King, who put him into the immediate
+possession of the Barony; to perpetuate which action, the Baron took
+for his Crest a Moor's Head, on the Point of a Sword, with the words
+"Think on," for his Motto.
+
+It may be difficult to ascertain the meaning of these words; and one
+is at liberty either to suppose he addressed them to the King on the
+occasion, as if he had said "Think on your Promise:"--or they may
+apply to Posterity, advising them to Think on the gallant Action
+whereby they became ennobled: but I more incline to the former
+interpretation, because, in Yorkshire, which abounds with Scottish
+idioms, words, and proverbs, they say, "I will do so and so when I
+think on;" and "I would have done so and so, but I did not think
+on," Our expression is, "Think of it."
+
+MAXWELL, of Calderwood, has the same Motto, on a different idea.
+The _Crest_ is "A Man's Head looking upright," to which the _Motto_
+seems to give a religious interpretation, and to imply, "Think on"
+_Eternity_[302].
+
+  [302] See Nisbet's Heraldry, p. 138.
+
+A similar change appears to have been brought about, by religious
+attachments, in the _Crest_ and _Motto_ of BANNERMAN, which seems to
+extend to the rest of the Armorial Bearings. Sir Alexander Bannerman
+of Elsick, the chief, bore, "Gules, a Banner displayed Argent, and
+thereon a Canton Azure, charged with a St. Andrew's Cross. Crest, a
+Demi-Man in Armour, holding in his Right Hand a Sword Proper. Motto,
+_Pro Patri�_." This Bearing is by Grant, 1692; but a younger Son
+of this House bore (when Mr. Nisbet wrote) the Field and Banner as
+above, "within a Bordure Argent, charged with Four Buckles Azure,
+and as many Holly-Leaves Vert, alternately." Buckles, in certain
+case we shall see hereafter, admit of a religious interpretation,
+and the Holly-Leaves (quasi Holy-Leaves), seem to have a similar
+import, especially when added to the new Crest, _viz_. "A Man
+issuing out of the Wreath in a Priest's habit, and praying posture,"
+with this Motto, "H�c prestat Militia[303]." This change might
+possibly take place about the enthusiastic time of the Union of the
+two Kingdoms, when religious party spirit ran high in Scotland[304].
+
+  [303] Nisbet's Heraldry, p. 414, 415.
+
+  [304] See Memoirs of Ker of Kersland.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Ross, Lord Ross, has the same Motto as Dalziel Earl of Carnwath; but
+on what pretensions does not appear.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I shall now proceed to another conjectural interpretation, as to the
+Motto of Lord NAPIER; which is, "Ready, aye Ready." Sir Alexander
+Napier was killed at the Battle of Flodden Field (1513), leaving
+Issue Alexander, who married Margaret, the Daughter of Sir Duncan
+Campbell of Glenorchy, ancestor of the Earls of Breadalbine. The
+Motto, or rather, perhaps, Slug-Horn, of the Laird of Glenorchy,
+was, "Follow me." On this marriage, therefore, I am led to believe
+that Alexander Napier might take the responsive Slug-Horn of "Ready,
+aye Ready," as if he had said, "always ready to follow you." This
+may, perhaps, _prim� facie_, appear too hypothetical; but it is
+grounded upon the authority of a Friend, a Native of Scotland, who
+once told me that the Mottoes of the Lairds often had a reference to
+that of their Chief.
+
+Something like this appears in the Motto of FRASER, late Lord Lovat,
+which is, "I am Ready." That Family is descended from a younger
+Branch, the elder having ended in Daughters. They had for their
+Ancestor, in the Female line, the Sister of King Robert I.; and the
+Motto seems, if not responsive, at least expressive of Loyalty.
+
+This sort of Motto seems to prevail in the Family of DOUGLAS. That
+of the elder Branches is, "Forward;" to which the younger Branches
+reply, "Jamais Arri�re," which may, perhaps, be best translated by
+the vulgar Scottish expression, "Hard at your Back."
+
+The Motto of HAY, Earl of ERROL, which is, "Serva Jugum," deserves
+our particular attention; and is founded on a well-attested
+historical fact, related to this effect by Mr. Crawfurd. In the
+Reign of Kenneth III. (anno 980), when the Danes invaded this
+Island, and gave Battle to the Scots, whom they had routed at the
+Village of Loncarty, near Perth, a certain Husbandman of the name
+of Hay, who was tilling his Land, perceived his Countrymen flying
+before the Enemy; when he and his two Sons, arming themselves with
+their Plough-gear, the old Man having the Yoke of the Oxen for his
+own Weapon, upbraided the Scots for their Cowardice, and, after much
+difficulty, persuaded them to rally. They accordingly, under the
+Command of this unexpected Leader and his Sons, armed with Yokes and
+Plough-shares, renewed the Engagement; when the Danes, supposing
+their Enemy had received a reinforcement, fled in their turn. The
+King, in reward for this uncommon Service, advanced _Hay_ to the
+Rank of Noblesse, and gave him as much Land as a Falcon, let loose
+from the Fists, should compass at one flight. The lucky Bird, says
+Dr. Abercrombie, seemed sensible of the merits of those that were to
+enjoy it; for she made a circuit of seven or eight miles long, and
+four or five broad; the limits of which are still extant. This Tract
+of Ground, continues my Author, being called _Errol_, the Family
+took from thence its designation, or title.
+
+To these circumstances the Armorial Bearings of the Family have
+very strong allusions; for the Supporters are Two Labourers with
+each a Yoke on his Shoulder; the Crest is a Falcon; and the Motto
+"Serva Jugum." The Coat Armour likewise is, Argent, Three Escocheons
+Gules; or, to speak in the language of noble Blazonry, Pearl, Three
+Escutcheons Ruby; to intimate that the Father and his Two Sons had
+been the three fortunate Shields by which Scotland had been defended
+and saved.
+
+Another Branch of the Family (HAY, Earl of KINNOUL,) gives the same
+Coat, with a Bordure for difference; the Supporters are likewise
+Two Husbandmen, the one having a Plough-share, and the other a Pick,
+or Spade, upon his Shoulder. The Yoke is preserved in the Crest,
+upon the Shoulder of a Demi-Man, from the waist upwards; and the
+Motto seems to refer to the rallying of the Scottish Army in these
+words, "Renovate Animos."
+
+Buchanan, further tells us, with regard to the modesty of these
+unexpected Conquerors, that, when they were brought to the King,
+rich and splendid Garments were offered to them, that they might
+be distinguished in a Triumphal Entry which was to be made into
+the Town of Perth; but the old Man rejected them with a decent
+contempt; and, wiping the dust from his ordinary Clothes, joined
+the Procession, with no other distinction than the Yoke upon his
+shoulder, preceded and followed by the King's Train. More minute
+circumstances of this extraordinary Victory, obtained, after a
+palpable Defeat, at the instigation of one obscure Man, are related
+by Buchanan, to whom I refer your Lordship; and you will find it
+equal to any instance we have of Roman Virtue, and the _Amor
+Patri�_, so much boasted of among the Ancients.
+
+Lloyd, in his Worthies, among his observations on the Life of James
+Hay, Earl of Carlisle, tells us a chimerical story, but on what
+authority I do not discover; after having mentioned slightly the
+above fact, that James Hay, 600 years afterwards, "saved the King
+of that Country from the Gowries at their House with a Cultre (or
+Plough-share) in his hand;" and that he had as much Land assigned
+him as he could ride round in two days. It does not appear from
+the accounts we have of the Gowry conspiracy, that any person of
+the name of Hay was concerned; but rather that this story has been
+confounded with the other, because, according to Dr. Abercrombie's
+account, the Land over which the Falcon flew in the first case, was
+in a part of Scotland known by the name of Gowry.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CONYNGHAM, Earl of GLENCAIRN, has this very singular Motto, "Over
+Fork Over," alluding to the principal Charge upon the Shield, which
+is the rude and ancient Hay-Fork, called in Scotland a Shake-Fork,
+and is in shape not unlike the Roman letter Y.
+
+This Bearing, some of their Heralds tell us, was official, because,
+they say, the Family had been Hereditary Masters of the King's
+Horses and Stables, of which employment this instrument was
+indicative. Such official Charges and Sur-charges were common in
+Scotland: thus, CARNEGIE, Earls of Southesk, charge the Breast of
+their Blue Eagle with a Cup of Gold, being Hereditary Cup-Bearers
+to the Kings of Scotland. But this will not hold good as to the
+CONYNGHAMS; though their Sur-charge of a Man on Horseback upon
+the Shake-Fork may perhaps be such an official Bearing. Different
+conjectures have been brought forward; and Mr. Camden and some
+others have interpreted the Fork to have been an Archiepiscopal
+Pall; for which surmise a very vague reason is given, viz. that an
+Ancestor of the Family was concerned in the Murder of Thomas Becket,
+Archbishop of Canterbury. Which Bearing, Mr. Nisbet observes,
+would in such case operate rather as an abatement than a badge
+of honour[305]. This conjecture, however, will not hold good on
+heraldic principles; for a Pall, when used as a Charge, is very
+differently represented, the three ends of it being square, and even
+touching the borders of the Escocheon; whereas the device before
+us is pointed at the ends, and does not come in contact with the
+edges of the Shield. But what has the Pall to do with the Motto? We
+must therefore advert to other circumstances for an interpretation
+of both the reason of the Armorial Bearing and the Motto, which
+generally assist to explain each other. The account which comes
+nearest the point in the present question is given by Mr. Nisbet
+from Frederick Van Bassen, a Norwegian, who, he says, was a good
+Genealogist, and left in MS. an account of the rise of some Scottish
+Families, and among the rest of this of Conyngham; from which MS.
+Mr. Nisbet gives this account--"that Malcome, the Son of Friskine,
+assisting Prince Malcom (afterwards surnamed Canmore) to escape from
+Macbeth's tyranny, and being hotly pursued by the Usurper's Men, was
+forced at a place to hide his Master by forking Straw or Hay above
+him. And after, upon that Prince's happy accession to the Crown,
+he, the King, rewarded his Preserver Malcome with the Thanedom of
+Cunnigham, from which he and his Posterity have their Surname, and
+took this Figure to represent the Shake-Fork with which he, Malcome,
+forked Hay or Straw above the Prince, to perpetuate the happy
+deliverance their Progenitor had the good fortune to give to their
+Prince." Admitting this to be a fact, or even a legendary tale,
+credited by the Family when this Bearing was granted or assumed,
+there is an affinity between the Device and the Motto not to be
+found among the other conjectures.
+
+  [305] Becket's Murderers were Four Barons, and Knights, no doubt,
+  of course; _viz._ Reginald Fitz-Urse, William de Tracy, Hugh de
+  Morville, and Richard Breto. [Consult Lord Lyttelton and his
+  Authorities.]
+
+There is another Family where the true Armorial Ensigns are
+illustrated by the Motto; _viz._ the Arms of BAILIE of Lanington,
+which have often been blazoned as Nine Mullets or Spurrials (or 3,
+3, 2, and 1); whereas it is evident they were Stars from the Motto,
+which is, "Quid clarius Astris?"
+
+I make no doubt there are many others of a like kind to be found,
+arising from inattention or ignorance. It has been observed, that
+the Shake-Fork is now much obscured by an Armed Man on Horseback
+within an Inescocheon, which is supposed to allude to the Hereditary
+Office of Master of the Horse; though whether this was the case,
+or whether that Bearing came by alliance, may be doubtful; for Mr.
+Crawfurd, in his Peerage, does not give it as a part of the Family
+Coat of Conyngham in 1716; though the more modern Peerages have it.
+The shape of the Fork is more discernible in the Arms of Conyngham,
+Peers of Ireland, where it is not covered by a Sur-charge. The
+meaning of the name is local, _Konyng-Ham; i.e._ The King's Village
+or Habitation; which Etymon has been so long obscured by age, that
+the Lion Office, on granting Supporters to the Family, have given
+Two Rabbits, or Conies. The Irish Branch has different Supporters;
+_viz._ a Horse and a Buck; though it preserves the Motto.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Earl of TRAQUAIR has for his Motto "Judge noucht;" though there
+is nothing in his Armorial Bearings to which it can allude. One
+is therefore to look for some event interesting to the Family to
+ground it upon, which probably was this: Sir John Stewart, first
+created Baron, and afterwards Earl, of Traquair, by King Charles
+I. was Lord High Treasurer of Scotland, anno 1635, and remained a
+firm friend to the Royal Cause to the last. His adherence to it,
+however, drew on him the resentment of the opposite party, insomuch
+that he was, 1641, impeached of High Treason, and found guilty; but
+the Parliament submitted his punishment to the King, who ordered
+him a Pardon under the Great Seal, the Preamble to which sets forth
+the King's high opinion of his abilities and his integrity in the
+discharge of his duty. Upon this transaction, it seems more than
+possible that the Earl, alluding to the rash and cruel treatment he
+had received from the Parliament for his loyalty to the King, might
+assume the Motto "Judge noucht;" the complement of which, we all
+know, is, "That ye be not judged."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+JOHNSTON, Marquis of ANNANDALE.--The modern _Motto_ is "Nunquam
+non paratus;" but in the original _Motto_ there is History, which
+connects with other parts of the Bearing. The _Crest_ is "A winged
+Spur," and one of the _Supporters_ is "A Horse furnished." The
+_Crest_ was taken, because the _Johnstons_ were often Wardens of the
+West Borders, and active in suppressing Thieves and Plunderers, who
+infested them during the Wars between England and Scotland; whence
+was derived the original _Motto_, "Alight Thieves all;" commanding,
+either by their authority or prowess, those Thieves to surrender.
+The _Horse_ as a _Supporter_ alludes to the same circumstance, or
+might be considered as a Bearing of Conquest, from a _Horse_ taken
+from some famous Marauder[306].
+
+  [306] Peerage of Scotland, 1767, octavo.
+
+The Johnstons of Westrow, or Westerhall, have a different principal
+Bearing in their Arms; _viz._ "A Man's Heart, ensigned with an
+Imperial Crown proper, in base," being part of the Arms of Douglas,
+in memory of the apprehension of Douglas Earl of Ormond, when in
+rebellion against James II.[307]
+
+  [307] Nisbet's Heraldry, p. 146.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+HAMILTON, Duke of HAMILTON.--Motto, "Through." This Motto is older
+than the Nobility of the Family, if my conjecture be true; as it
+seems to have originated from a circumstance which happened in the
+Reign of the Scottish King, Robert I. in England, at the Court of
+our King Edward II. Battles, sieges, &c. had been maintained, with
+various success, between the two Kings, for a long time. During
+these animosities Sir Gilbert Hamilton, an Englishman, happening
+to speak in praise of the intrepidity of Robert I. King of Scots,
+one of the De Spencers (John, Mr. Crawfurd says,) who was of King
+Edward's Bed-chamber, drew his falchion, and wounded him. Sir
+Gilbert, more concerned at the contumely than at the wound, and
+being prevented at the moment from resenting it; yet when he met
+his antagonist the next day in the same place, ran him _through_
+the body. On this he immediately fled for protection to the King of
+Scots, who gave him lands and honours for this bold vindication of
+his valour[308].
+
+  [308] Crawfurd's Peerage, in Duke of Hamilton. Buchanan, vol. I.
+  p. 332, 333. Dr. Abercrombie, however, gives us reasons to doubt
+  that this was the first introduction of the name of Hamilton into
+  Scotland: though that is not material, if it was the occasion which
+  introduced the _Motto_. This has no apparent connexion with the
+  Crest or Arms, and is therefore, more conclusive. Query as to the
+  Crest?
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Motto of MURRAY, now Duke of ATHOL, is, "Furth, Fortune,
+and fill the Fetters;" but it was originally given to John
+_Stewart, Earl_ of Athol, and came to the Family of Murray by
+an intermarriage with the Heiress of Stewart. The first _Earl_
+of Athol of the name of _Stewart_ was constituted Lieutenant to
+King James III. (1457); and for his defeating, and bringing to
+submission, Mac-Donald, Lord of the Isles, who had rebelled, he had
+a special grant of several lands, and the above Motto added to his
+Arms[309], which seems to mean, _Go forth, be successful, and fill
+the Fetters with the Feet of all other rebellious Subjects_; for I
+understand "_Fortune_" to be a verb, and chosen probably for the
+sake of the alliteration. One appendage to the Arms of _Murray_,
+probably received from Stewart, has an allusion to the Motto; for
+the Supporter, on the Sinister side, is a Savage, with his Feet in
+Fetters.
+
+  [309] Crawfurd's Peerage.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SETON, Earl of WINTON (attainted). The original Motto of _Lord_
+Seton was "Invia Virtuti Via nulla;" but another was assumed by the
+first _Earl_, alluding to an additional charge which he took, by
+grant I presume, when he was created into that dignity with great
+pomp (1601) at Holy-Rood House. To the original _Sword_ and Imperial
+_Crown_ which he bore in an Inescocheon with a Tressure, was added
+a Blazing Star of Twelve Points, with this new Motto, "Intaminatis
+fulget honoribus[310]," expressive of the unshaken Loyalty of the
+Family, which the last Peer unhappily forgot, and forfeited in the
+Rebellion 1715.
+
+  [310] Nisbet's Cadencies, p. 192. See also Douglas's Peerage.
+
+The Slughorn of the Family is _Set on_[311], which, by
+amplification, I apprehend, means _Set upon your Enemy_, as an
+incitement to ardour; and is rather analogous to the Motto _Think
+on_, of the Lord _Kirkcudbright_, before-mentioned.
+
+  [311] Douglas's Peerage, in the Arms.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+BRUCE, Earl of ELGIN. This, and other Branches of that ancient
+and once Kingly Family, has, for its Motto, "_Fuimus_," alluding
+strongly to their having been formerly in possession of the Crown of
+Scotland. The Crest is likewise denotative of Royal pretensions,
+_viz._ "A Hand holding a Sceptre." Something, however, is worth
+observing in several of the subordinate Branches, more distant from
+the original Stock, where one may discern the gradual dispirited
+declension of the Family, in point of Regal claims. One private
+House, indeed, bears the Lion Rampant in the Arms, and likewise the
+Crest, and the Motto of the Peer. Another descendant drops the Lion
+in the Arms, and only bears for Crest, "_A Hand holding a Sword_,"
+with this modest Motto, "_Venture forward_." A third seems to give
+up all for lost, by the Crest, _viz._ "_A Setting Sun_," with this
+Motto, "_Irrevocable_;" while a fourth appears to relinquish a
+Temporal for the hope of an Eternal Crown, by this Motto, "_Spes mea
+supern�_."[312]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GORDON, Duke of GORDON. The primitive Bearing of this Family was,
+"Azure, a Boar's Head couped, Or;" though at present it carries
+"Azure, _Three_ Boars Heads couped, Or." The first is the more
+honourable Charge, as the Unit is always accounted in Heraldry
+preferable to Numbers, not only on account of its simplicity[313],
+but in a religious sense (often couched in Armory), as it betokens
+God the Father, while the Charge of Three has the like reference
+to the Trinity. The traditional story, however, relating to the
+particular Coat Armour before us, is told by Douglas, in his
+Peerage of Scotland, to this effect; _viz._ that in the Reign of
+King Malcolm Canmore, in the eleventh century, a valiant Knight,
+of the name of _Gordon_, came into Scotland, but from whence is
+not said, and was kindly received by that Prince. The Knight, not
+long afterwards, killed a Wild _Boar_, which greatly infested the
+Borders[314], when Malcolm gave him a grant of lands in the Shire
+of Berwick. These lands, according to the custom of those times, the
+Knight called _Gordon_, after his own name, and settled upon them,
+taking a _Boar's_ Head for his Armorial Ensign, in memory of his
+having killed "that monstrous animal[315]." This may seem a trivial
+reason in itself, but we have another similar tradition in the Arms
+of Forbes[316].
+
+  [312] Nisbet's Heraldry, vol. I. p. 145.
+
+  [313] Nisbet's Heraldry.
+
+  [314] In rude times, such as those were of which we have been
+  speaking, it was accounted an action of no small valour to kill so
+  fierce an animal as a _Wild Boar_; being attended with considerable
+  personal danger, for want of such weapons, offensive and defensive,
+  as we have at present. On this account I may be excused bringing
+  forward a parallel honour attending a circumstance of this sort,
+  though I fetch it from the Hottentots, a people to whose very
+  name we seem to have falsely annexed ideas, far from the truth,
+  of every thing below the dignity of human nature, and placed them
+  but one degree above the brute creation. On the contrary, they are
+  represented by Kolben, who had opportunities of personal intercourse
+  with them, and was well qualified to observe and reason upon what he
+  saw, as a people much wronged by our unfavourable opinions of them.
+  But to the point: their country appears to be, from its situation,
+  exceedingly exposed to the incursions of the fiercest of beasts,
+  lions and tigers; insomuch that a Hottentot who kills one of these
+  animals with his own hand is _deified_, and his person held sacred
+  ever after.
+
+  [315] Douglas's Peerage, p. 295.
+
+  [316] Nisbet's Heraldry, p. 327.
+
+In process of time the Gordons, according to the practice in
+Heraldry, increased the number of _Boars Heads_ to _three_, two and
+one; and thus they continue to be borne at this day, with proper
+differences; one of which, being particular, I shall mention,
+_viz._ GORDON, _Earl_ of _Aboyne_. The reference contained in the
+Motto of this Branch seems merely to be confined to the _Cheveron_
+placed between the _Boars Heads_, in these words, "_Stant c�tera
+Tigno_," which last word is the acknowledged Latin word for the
+_Cheveron_[317]. This is, perhaps, the greatest compliment ever paid
+to the _Cheveron_, which is accounted one of the humblest Charges
+known, in Heraldic language, by the name of Ordinaries.
+
+  [317] Gibbon's Introd. ad Latinam Blazoniam. See also Nisbet's
+  Heraldry, p. 316.
+
+Thus much for the Arms of the _Duke of Gordon_, and for what has
+been said both of the Arms and Motto of the Earl of Aboyne; but
+the Motto of the Ducal Branch of the Family is yet unaccounted for,
+which is "Bydand." This, I make no doubt, is a compound word, and
+of no little antiquity; and I take the resolution of it to be, by
+contraction, _Byde th' End_, with the letter D in the place of the
+TH; for the Glossarist to some ancient Scottish Poems, published
+from the MSS. of George Bannatyne, at Edinburgh, 1770, p. 247,
+renders the word _Bidand, pendente Lite_. See also the Glossary, ad
+calcem. As to its import, it may refer to Family transactions, in
+two points of view; _viz._ either to loyal or religious attachments.
+In support of the first, we find that Sir Adam Gordon was a
+strenuous asserter of the claims of the Bruces, and peculiarly
+active in the cause of King Robert I. (in that long contest), who
+accordingly rewarded him with a large grant of land, sufficient to
+secure his interest, and make him _byde the end_ of the contest as
+a feudatory under that King. The Son and Grandson of Sir Adam were
+both faithful to the interest of the Bruces, and had the above
+grant confirmed by King David II.[318] If this is not satisfactory,
+we have instances of acts of piety done by the early Branches of
+this Family, sufficient to warrant the Motto on the interpretation
+here given; for in the Reign of Malcolm IV. the Family had large
+possessions, part of which they devoted to religious purposes, by
+considerable endowments and benefactions given to the Abbey of
+Kelso[319].
+
+  [318] Crawfurd's Peerage.
+
+  [319] Ibid.
+
+I incline, however, more strongly to the military sense of the
+Motto; and the more, as it is borne by other Families, manifestly
+with that reference, though I cannot account for the connexion of
+the two Houses. Thus, for instance, _Leith_, in one Branch, has for
+the Motto, "_Semper Fidus_;" in another, "_Trusty to the End_;"
+and in a third, "_Trusty and Bydand_;" in this last, I think the
+contraction of the last word, as above suggested, is more clearly
+established[320].
+
+  [320] Nisbet's Heraldry, p. 217.
+
+In these Mottoes of _Leith_, it must be confessed there is more
+appearance of a religious application than in that of the Duke
+of _Gordon_, as the Armorial Bearings are partly compounded of
+Cross-Croslets, and the Crest of the first is likewise a Turtle-dove.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ELPHINSTON, Lord ELPHINSTON; has for his Motto "_Caus Causit_[321],"
+or, as written by Mr. Nisbet, "_Cause caused it_."[322]
+
+  [321] Crawfurd's Peerage.
+
+  [322] System of Heraldry, p. 154.
+
+In Almon's Short Peerage of Scotland _Caus_ or _Cause_ is
+interpreted _Chance_, which leads us to search for some casual
+circumstance in the history of the Family, whereby it was elevated.
+
+Alexander Elphinston was ennobled by King James IV. in the time of
+our Henry VIII.; to whom a fatal incident happened, to which his
+Descendants might have a retrospect when the Motto was assumed.
+Some branches of the story are controverted; but enough is left by
+tradition to found our conjecture, and for the Family to rest the
+choice of their Motto upon. This Alexander, the first Peer, was
+slain at the Battle of Flodden Field (1513), together with King
+James IV.; and being, in his person and face, very like the King,
+his body was carried by the English to Berwick, instead of that of
+the King, and treated with some indignity. The controvertible part
+of the circumstance is, that the King escaped by this means, and
+lived to reward the Family who had thus lost their valiant Chief;
+but strong proofs are to be found, that the King was actually
+slain, though by some accounts not in the Battle, as his body was
+identified by more than one of his confidential Servants, who
+recognized it by certain private indelible marks[323].
+
+  [323] Drake's Hist. Ang. Scot.
+
+Buchanan allows that the King escaped from the Battle; but adds,
+that he was killed the same day by a party of his own Subjects,
+whose interest it was to take him off, to avoid a punishment due to
+themselves for cowardice in the preceding Battle[324].
+
+  [324] Buchanan's History, Book xiii. p. 26.
+
+Holinshed tells us, that in order to deceive the Enemy, and
+encourage his own Troops, the King caused several of his Nobles to
+be armed and apparelled like himself[325]; and this practice, at
+that time of day, seems not to have been uncommon; for Shakspeare
+makes Richard say, during the Battle of Bosworth Field,
+
+    "I think, there be _Six_ Richmonds in the Field:
+    _Five_ have I slain to-day instead of him[326]."
+
+  [325] Holinshed's Chronicle.
+
+  [326] Act v. Sc. iv.
+
+Let this pass for truth; yet was Lord Elphinston's case the most
+remarkable, and most deserving of favour to his posterity, on
+account of the insults offered to his body, under a supposition
+that it was the body of the King. After the death of James IV. a
+long Minority ensued, and consequently a Regency; but what reward
+the Family of _Elphinston_ had, or what weight they bore in the
+Reign of James V. or in that of Queen Mary, History is not minute
+enough to inform us; though we find, that the Great Grandson of the
+first Peer slain at Flodden-Field was of the Privy Council, and
+High Treasurer to James VI. (anno 1599) before his accession to the
+Crown of England. This King was too well read not to have known
+what passed in the Reign of his Great Grandfather respecting the
+first Lord _Elphinston_; and I am willing to suppose the Descendants
+of that Peer were equally informed of the fact above related; and
+that the Lord Treasurer _Elphinston_ modestly imputed his elevation
+ultimately to that circumstance, and allusively took the Motto
+before us.
+
+Lest this surmise should not be satisfactory, I will offer another
+on a very different ground, arising from the _Crest_, which is,
+"A Lady from the middle richly attired, holding a _Castle_ in her
+Right Hand, and in her Left a Branch of _Laurel_." This throws the
+matter open to another conjecture; for the Bearing of the _Lady_,
+with the _Castle_ in her Right Hand, may well be supposed to relate
+to Alliances; several of the Ancestry of the Family, which came
+originally from Germany in the time of Robert the Bruce (in the
+Reign of our Edward II.) having married Heiresses[327], whereby
+they obtained Lands, Castles, Power, and Nobility. These events
+often repeated, which may be termed the effects of _chance_, give
+us latitude to suppose the Motto may, on the other hand, relate to
+those casual means, whereby the Family rose to the honour of the
+Peerage.
+
+  [327] Nisbet's Heraldry, p. 154.
+
+These are the only two conjectures I have to offer; and I do not at
+present meet with any other historical matter to warrant a third.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+LESLIE, Earl of ROTHES.--The Motto of this Family is "Grip (or
+Gripe) Fast[328]," and seems to contain a double allusion; first
+to the old Motto "Firm� Spe," and afterwards to some parts of the
+additional Armorial Appendages. I call it the old Motto, from the
+account Mr. Nisbet gives of the original Bearing and its adjuncts;
+_viz._ "Argent, on a Fess, between two Cross-Croslets Azure,
+Three Buckles Or." Crest, "A Griphon's (or Griffin's) Head couped
+Proper, charged with a Cross-Croslet fitched Argent." Motto, "Firm�
+Spe."[329] Herein the Cross-Croslets repeated, taken together with
+the new Motto, admit of a religious allusion, as _holding fast_ the
+Faith of Christ with _firm Hope_, expressed allegorically by the
+Head of the Griffin. It may therefore be conceived, that the change
+of the Motto might take place after the Family, on being ennobled,
+chose Griffins for Supporters; thereby giving a loose and whimsical
+translation, if I may call it so, of "Firm� Spe," by the words
+"Grip Fast." The ancient Bearings of the Cross-Croslets are now
+discharged, nothing remaining on the Field but a _Bend_, instead of
+a _Fess_, charged with Three Buckles; so that the meaning, couched
+under the Cross-Croslets, the Griffin's Head, and the original words
+of the Motto, is entirely lost: and at present nothing remains but
+a quaint allusion to the group of those chimerical Animals. The
+_Buckles_, borne first on the _Fess_, and afterwards on the _Bend_
+(a Change not uncommon as a Difference, in token of Cadency or
+Cadetship in Scotland), may likewise have regard to that strong
+metaphorical description of Christian Defence against the Powers
+of Darkness in the Sixth Chapter of the Epistle to the Ephesians,
+or to the First Epistle to the Thessalonians (Chap. v. 21). "Hold
+fast that which is good;" _viz_. the Faith and Hope in the Cross
+of Christ. In support of this idea, as being primarily religious,
+it appears that one subordinate Branch of the Family (_Leslie_ of
+Talloch) bears for a Crest, not a Griffin's, but "An Eagle's Neck,
+with Two Heads erased Sable;" with the Motto "Hold Fast:" and
+another has for its Motto "Keep Fast:"[330] so that _Grip_, or
+_Gripe Fast_, may be considered as a mere canting Motto, arising
+from old Heraldic wit. _Leslie_ of Burdsbank, carries the quartered
+Coat of the Earl of Rothes, with Differences; with the _Crest_, "A
+Buckle Or," and the Motto "Keep Fast."
+
+  [328] The traditional Family History of this Motto is, that a
+  Countess of Rothes (then Head of the House in her own right), riding
+  behind a servant through a dangerous ford, had nearly lost her seat
+  from fear; when the man, encouraging her by the words "_Gryp Fast_,"
+  the Countess took the advice, was rescued from imminent danger, and
+  her life preserved. This account of the origin of the Motto was
+  given by one of the Family to a Friend of mine; but how far it may
+  gain credit I do not determine.
+
+  [329] Nisbet's Heraldry, vol. i. p. 96.
+
+  [330] Nisbet's Heraldry, vol. I. ubi supra.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I close this attempt (for I call it nothing more) with a singular
+Motto of a Private Family.
+
+HAIG, or perhaps _Haigh_, of Bemerside, has for the Family Motto
+"Tyde what may," founded on a Prophecy of Sir Thomas Lermont (well
+known in Scotland by the name of "Thomas the Rhymer," because he
+wrote his Prophecies in Rhyme), who was an Herald in the Reign of
+Alexander III. He is said to have foretold the time of his own
+death; and particularly, among other remarkable occurrences, the
+Union of England and Scotland, which was not accomplished till the
+Reign of James VI. some hundreds of years after this Gentleman died.
+These Prophecies were never published in a perfect state; but the
+Epitome of them is well known in Scotland, though Mr. Nisbet says
+it is very erroneous. The original, he tells us, is a Folio MS.
+which Mr. Nisbet seems to have seen; for he adds, "Many things are
+missing in the small book which are to be met with in the original,
+particularly these two lines, concerning his (Sir Thomas Lermont's)
+neighbour, Haig of Bemerside:
+
+    'Tyde what may betide,
+    Haig shall be Laird of Bemerside.'
+
+"And," continues Mr. Nisbet, "his Prophecy concerning that ancient
+Family has hitherto been true; for since that time till this day
+(1702) the Haigs have been Lairds of that place."[331]
+
+  [331] Nisbet's Cadencies, pp. 158, 159.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"Cave Adsum" is the Motto of JARDIN, of Applegirth, Bart. in
+Scotland. The Ingredients (as they may be called) to which
+it alludes, are very dispersed, and to be collected from the
+Supporters, the Bearing, and Crest: the Arms having "Three Mullets
+charged on the Chief;" the Supporters, "An Armed Man and a Horse;"
+and the Crest, "A Mullet or Spur-Rowel." This might allude to Justs
+and Tournaments[332].
+
+  [332] See Nisbet's Heraldry.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I shall conclude with one Irish Motto; that of FITZGERALD--"_Crom
+a Boo_;" a Cri de Guerre, or Term of Defiance. _A Boo_ means _the
+Cause_, or the _Party_, and _Crom_ was the ancient Castle of the
+Fitz-Geralds. So _Butler_ a _Boo_ meant the Ormond Party, the Cri on
+the other side; by which they insulted each other, and consequently
+frays and skirmishes ensued[333].
+
+  [333] I owe this observation to my noble Friend, and kind
+  Correspondent, Lord Dacre.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Simon Fitz-Alan had a Son Robert, who, being of a fair complexion,
+was called _Boyt_, or _Boyd_, from the Celtic or Gallic word
+_Boidh_, which signifies fair or _yellow_[334], from which he
+assumed his Sur-name, and from him all the Boyds in Scotland are
+descended[335].
+
+  [334] So _Douglas_ means White Man. See "Armories."
+
+  [335] Douglas, p. 373.
+
+_Canmore_ is a Sobriquet. So might _GoldBerry_, from the colour
+of Boyd's hair. Sobriquets common in England and France; there
+was scarce a French King without some addition, relative to their
+persons, or to their good or bad qualities.
+
+_Goldberry_ is a Slughorn, for the Motto is _Confido_, as applying
+to the confidence the Chief had in the Vassals belonging to the
+Clan; though by the modern Crest (a Thumb and two Fingers pointing
+to Heaven) it seems to admit of a religious interpretation.
+
+
+
+
+DISSERTATION
+
+ON
+
+Coaches.
+
+
+Every thing has History belonging to it, though perhaps it is seldom
+worth investigation; and what follows will, I suspect, be thought
+not unlike Gratiano's reasons; _viz_. "As two grains of wheat hid
+in two bushels of chaff; you shall seek all day ere you find them,
+and when you have them, they are not worth the search[336]." But,
+as the History of Coaches in general, and particularly of Hackney
+Coaches, has never been drawn together, I shall attempt to do it as
+an historical detail of that species of luxury.
+
+  [336] Merchant of Venice.
+
+The Nobleman, and the man of fortune, steps into his own carriage;
+and the humbler orders of men into their occasional coach, even
+with the gout upon them, when walking is out of the question;
+without ever thinking with the smallest gratitude of those who
+introduced or improved such a convenience; and all this because
+these Vehicles are now too common to attract our notice further than
+their immediate use suggests.
+
+It is the business of Antiquaries to rescue subjects of this sort
+from oblivion, as to their origin, their improvements, &c. to the
+present hour; who of course must leave it to others of the same
+class, to shew their decline; for it is not improbable that even the
+present gay families, or their posterity, may be witnesses of such a
+revolution.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The first Wheel-Carriages of the Coach kind were in use with us
+in the Reign of King Richard II., and were called _Whirlicotes_;
+though we cannot but suppose they were such as, but for the name of
+riding, our ancestors might as well have walked on foot. Let us
+hear the account given either by Master John Stowe, or some of his
+Editors, on this matter, who tells us that "Coaches were not known
+in this Island; but Chariots, or _Whirlicotes_, then so called, and
+they only used of Princes, or men of great estates, such as had
+their footmen about them. And for example to note, I read[337] that
+Richard II. being threatened by the Rebels of Kent, rode from the
+Tower of London to the Miles-End, and with him his Mother, because
+she was sick and weak, in a Whirlicote.... But in the year next
+following, the said Richard took to wife Anne, daughter to the King
+of Bohemia, who first brought hither the riding upon side-saddles;
+and so was the riding in those _Whirlicotes_ and Chariots forsaken,
+except at Coronations, and such like spectacles. But now of late,"
+continues he, "the use of Coaches brought out of Germany, is taken
+up and made so common, as there is neither distinction of time, nor
+difference of persons, observed; for the world runs on wheels with
+many whose parents were glad to go on foot[338]."
+
+  [337] He cites Lib. S. Mari� Aborum.
+
+  [338] Survey of London and Westminster, book i.
+
+We may hence suppose that the _Whirlicote_ was not much more than a
+Litter upon Wheels, and adapted both to state and invalidity, among
+the higher orders of mankind; for we have seen that they gave place
+even to riding on Horseback, among the Ladies, as soon as proper
+Saddles were introduced.
+
+The word _Coach_ is evidently French, from their word _Carrosse_,
+and was formerly often written _Carroche_, as it appears in Stowe's
+Chronicle, where the two words appear almost in the same sentence.
+The French word, nevertheless, is not radically such, but formed
+from the Italian _Carroccio_, or _Carrozza_, for they have both;
+and that even the latter is a compound of _Carro Rozzo_, it being
+a _red_ Carriage, whereon the Italians carried the Cross when they
+took the field. So says Mr. Menage[339]; and if so, this Vehicle
+passed from Italy to Germany, from thence to France, and at length
+to us. According to Mr. De Caseneuve, the Italian _Carrocio_ had
+four wheels; and he adds to what Mr. Menage has said, that they
+carried their Standards upon it[340].
+
+  [339] Orig. Ital.
+
+  [340] Appendix to Menage, Orig. Fr.
+
+The French _Charrette_, from whence our _Chariot_[341], had but two
+wheels. But we may observe how our word is degraded, for it properly
+signifies a _Cart_, though it had four wheels[342]. The French,
+since Coaches came into use, have been ashamed of the term, and call
+it a Carrosse Coup�, or Half-Coach.
+
+  [341] Chariot--v. Carruca in Du Cange. Used in France at the end of
+the Reign of Francis I. and Henry II.
+
+  [342] Richelet.
+
+By the above account the _Chariot_ seems to have been the elder
+Vehicle, or rather the Coach in its infancy; which will lead us
+towards the etymon of our word _Coach_, and to the original nature
+of our _Chariot_, though both of them have the same common parent.
+
+We may, however, collect enough from these accounts, to satisfy
+ourselves that the introduction of Coaches took place in the Reign
+of Queen Elizabeth; and Stowe's Continuator adds a very natural
+consequence:--That, after the Royal example, "divers great ladies
+made them Coaches, and rode in them up and down the countries, to
+the great admiration of all the beholders." After this, he tells us,
+they grew common among the Nobility and opulent Gentry; that within
+twenty years Coach-making became a great trade, and that Coaches
+grew into more general use soon after the accession of King James.
+
+What sort of Carriages they originally were with us, in point of
+elegance, is not easily said; but in Germany, about that period, we
+are told they were--"ugly Vehicles made of four boards, which were
+put together in a very clumsy manner[343]." Of these, however, my
+Author adds, that John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg, when he
+went to Warsaw to do homage for the Dutchy of Prussia, A. D. 1618,
+had in his train thirty-six of these Coaches, each drawn by six
+horses.
+
+  [343] Memoirs of the House of Brandenburg, p. 222.
+
+Either the Chariots of that time were usually more elegant, or the
+Denmarkers had more taste than the Germans; for the same Author
+tells us, that, when the King of Denmark passed through Berlin, in
+the Reign of the Elector John George, who died 1598, the King made
+his entry "in a black-velvet Chariot, laced with gold; drawn by
+eight white coursers, with bits and caparisons all of silver[344]."
+
+  [344] Memoirs, p. 221.
+
+The Chariot I take to have been a much more ancient Vehicle, and an
+open Vehicle; for we read of them in the Reign of our Henry VII. and
+even of our Richard II.
+
+Queen Elizabeth, when she went to St. Paul's, 1588, after the
+Spanish Armada, was in a _Chariot_ supported by four pillars, and
+drawn by two white horses[345].
+
+  [345] Nichols's Preface to Queen Elizabeth's Progresses, p. xxiii.
+
+It is generally agreed, by those Writers who have touched upon the
+subject, that Coaches were introduced into this Kingdom in the Reign
+of Queen Elizabeth; but they must have had an earlier appearance
+amongst us than Anderson, in his History of Commerce, vol. I. p.
+421, allows, who affirms, that the first of them was brought hither
+by [Henry] Fitz-Alan, the last Earl of Arundel of that name, in the
+year 1580; which cannot be the truth; for his Lordship died 1579.
+This Earl, after having served Kings Henry VIII. and Edward VI. and
+Queen Mary, became likewise high in the favour of Queen Elizabeth,
+and was Lord Steward of her Household; but, finding himself
+supplanted by the Earl of Leicester, he went abroad A. D. 1566[346].
+It is to be supposed that he travelled to the sea-coast in the
+accustomed manner on Horseback; but he is said to have returned in
+his Coach, which, Mr. Granger says, was the first Equipage of the
+kind ever seen in England[347]; but that Author has left us without
+the date; so that we are yet to seek for that point.
+
+  [346] Camden's Elizabeth.
+
+  [347] Biographical History of England, I. 193, 8vo.
+
+Another Writer robs his Lordship entirely of the honour of such
+introduction; for Stowe's Continuator expressly says, that "In
+the year 1564 (two years before the Earl of Arundel went abroad),
+Guilliam Boonen, a Dutchman, became the Queen's Coachman, and was
+the first that brought the use of Coaches into England[348]." This
+very Coachman is said also to have driven the Queen's Coach, when
+she visited Oxford, 1592. Which of these two stories be true, the
+Relaters, Granger and Stowe, must answer for: but Anderson is
+palpably wrong in his date.
+
+  [348] Chronicle, p. 867. This Coachman's Wife had also the honour of
+  introducing the Art of Starching Cambric and Lawn, and was the first
+  Starcher the Queen had. Idem in eod.
+
+I can form no better an idea of our first Coaches than that they
+were heavy and unwieldy, as they continued to be for nearly two
+centuries afterwards; and I can at best but take the standard from
+the present State Coaches of the Archbishop of Canterbury and the
+Speaker of the House of Commons[349].
+
+  [349] I must here stop a moment to relate an Anecdote of the late
+  Right Honourable Arthur Onslow, when Speaker of the House of
+  Commons, whose ideas of travelling did not exceed the expedition of
+  a pair of horses tugging his own lumbering State Coach. King George
+  II. died on Saturday morning early, October 25, 1760. The Duke of
+  Devonshire (then at Chatsworth) was Lord Chamberlain; and the Duke
+  of Rutland (then at Belvoir Castle) was Lord Steward. Expresses
+  were dispatched to these great Officers, among others, immediately;
+  and the Duke of Devonshire arrived in Town on the Monday evening,
+  though the distance was 150 miles. Tuesday and Wednesday came, but
+  without the Lord Steward, to the utter astonishment of the Speaker,
+  who knew that his distance from the Metropolis was not so great
+  as that of the Duke of Devonshire, who had arrived on the Monday.
+  "But I am told," cried he, "that his Grace of Devonshire travels
+  at a prodigious rate; not less than _50 miles a day_!" Such was
+  the prejudice of ideas, confirmed by long habitude, in a man who
+  never extended his journeys further than his Seat in Surrey, a few
+  miles from London; and in Parliament time did little more than
+  oscillate between his Town House and the House of Commons.--It was
+  a misconception on the part of the Duke of Rutland, who understood
+  that the King of Prussia was dead, and not King George II. I mention
+  the circumstance, only to shew the ignorance of some parts of
+  mankind, when taken out of their routine.--The Duke of Devonshire at
+  that time usually ran to or from Chatsworth in about 18 or 20 hours.
+
+It cannot be any matter of surprize, after so luxurious a conveyance
+had found its way into the Royal Establishment, that it should be
+adopted by others who could support the expence, when not curbed by
+sumptuary laws; and we have accordingly seen, that Coaches prevailed
+much, early in the Reign of King James; but Hackney Coaches, which
+are professedly the Subject of this Memoir, waited till luxury had
+made larger strides among us, and till private Coaches came to
+market at second hand.
+
+
+HACKNEY COACH.
+
+There having always been an imitative luxury in mankind, whereby the
+inferior orders might approximate the superior; so those that could
+not maintain a Coach _de die in diem_ contrived a means of having
+the use of one _de hor� in horam_. Hence arose our occasional
+Vehicles called Hackney Coaches.
+
+The French word _Haquen�e_[350] implies a common horse for all
+purposes of riding, whether for private use or for hire; generally
+an ambler, as distinguished from the horses of superior orders,
+such as the _palfrey_ and the _great horse_. The former of these
+are often called _pad-nags_, and were likewise _amblers_; while
+horses for draught were called _trotting-horses_[351]: so that the
+_Haquen�e_ was in fact, and in his use, distinct from all the rest,
+and inferior in rank and quality. This term for an ambling-nag
+occurs in Chaucer[352]. Thus we obtained our _Haquen�e_ or _Hackney
+Horses_ long before we had any Coaches to tack to them; and the
+term had likewise, at the same time, made its way into metaphor, to
+express any thing much and promiscuously used. Thus Shakspeare, who
+never lived to ride in a _Hackney Coach_, applies the word _Hackney_
+to a common woman of easy access[353]: and again, in the First Part
+of Henry IV. (Act iii. Sc. 4), the King says to the Prince of Wales,
+
+  [350] See the French Lexicographers.
+
+  [351] Northumberland Household Book, p. 127.
+
+  [352] The Romaunt of the Rose.
+
+  [353] Love's Labour's Lost, Act ii. Sc. 2.
+
+    "Had I so lavish of my presence been,
+    So common-_hackneyed_ in the eyes of men,
+    So stale and cheap to vulgar company," &c.
+
+Now Shakspeare died in the year 1616; whereas Hackney Coaches were
+not known, in the Streets at least, till about the year 1625[354].
+
+  [354] Mortimer's Pocket Dictionary.
+
+Though the term _Haquen�e_ is French, it is not used in France
+for Coaches of a like kind; yet, after we had adopted the word as
+applied to horses of the common sort, it was easy to put them in
+harness, for the service of drawing, and the convenience of the
+Inhabitants of the Metropolis; whereby the word _Hackney_ became
+transferred to the whole Equipage, then in want of a differential
+name; whereof the Coach, being the more striking part, obtained the
+name by pre-eminence.
+
+Before I return to my subject, give me leave to add a word or
+two on the French Coaches of a similar nature, which are called
+_Fiacres_[355]. The term is thus accounted for, though I did not
+suspect I should have found the meaning in a Martyrology. _Fiacre_
+was the name of a Saint, whose Portrait, like those of many other
+famous men of their times both in Church and State, had the honour
+to adorn a Sign-Post; and the Inn in Paris, Rue St. Antoine,
+from which these Coaches were first let out to hire on temporary
+occasions, had the Sign of _St. Fiacre_, and from thence they took
+their name. M. Richelet, in his Dictionary[356], tells us, that a
+_Fiacre_ is "Carosse de lo�age, auquel on a donn� ce nom � cause
+de l'Enseigne d'un logis de la Rue St. Antoine de Paris ou l'on
+a premierement l�u� ces sortes de Carosse. Ce logis avoit pour
+Enseigne un _Saint Fiacre_." As to the Saint himself, he was no less
+a personage than the second Son, and at length Heir, of Eugenius
+IV. King of Scots, who lived in the Seventh Century. He went into
+France, took a religious habit, refusing the Crown of Scotland some
+years afterwards, on his Brother's death; and, when he died, was
+canonized. There is a Chapel dedicated to him at St. Omer's. His
+death is commemorated on the 30th of August[357].
+
+  [355] About the same period that our Hackney Coaches became in use,
+  a sort of Carriage arose at Paris under the name of a _Fiacre_. I
+  mention them to account for the term, which in the common French
+  Dictionaries is simply rendered a Hackney Coach.
+
+  [356] Voc. _Fiacre_. See also Menage, Orig. de la Langue Fran�oise.
+
+  [357] English Martyrology. Moreri's Dictionary. Collyer. St. Fiacre
+  was the Patron Saint of persons afflicted with the _Piles_. "The
+  Troops of Henry V. are said to have pillaged the Chapel of the
+  Highland Saint; who, in revenge, assisted his Countrymen in the
+  French Service to defeat the English at Bauge; and afterwards
+  afflicted Henry with the _Piles_, of which he died. This Prince
+  complained, that he was not only plagued by the living Scots, but
+  even persecuted by those who were dead." Smollett's Travels, Letter
+  IV.
+
+  N. B. There was a Prelate of the name _Fiachre_ in Ireland, whose
+  death is remembered there on the 8th of February. He lived about the
+  same time. [British Piety, in the Supplement]. He was not a Saint.
+
+As to the time when the French _Fiacres_ first came into use, we are
+led pretty nearly to it by Mr. Menage, who, in his "Origines de la
+Langue Fran�oise," published in Quarto, 1650, speaks of them as of a
+late introduction. His words are, "On appelle ainsi [Fiacre] � Paris
+_depuis quelques ann�es_ un Carosse de lo�age." He then gives the
+same reason as we find in Richelet: but the words "_depuis quelques
+Ann�es_" shew, that those Coaches had not then been long in use, and
+are to be dated either a little before or a little after our own;
+insomuch that it is probable the one gave the example to the other,
+allowing Mr. Menage credit for twenty-five years, comprehended in
+his expression of _quelques Ann�es_[358].
+
+  [358] It is a little singular, that neither Cotgrave himself, in his
+  Dictionary, first published in 1611, nor his Editor, James Howell,
+  either in his Edition of 1650, or in that of 1673, take any notice
+  of the word _Fiacre_ in the sense before us.
+
+But to return to our Hackney Coaches, which took birth A. D. 1625
+(the first year of King Charles I.); and either began to ply in
+the Streets, or stood ready at Inns to be called for if wanted: and
+at that time did not exceed _twenty_ in number[359]. But, as luxury
+makes large shoots in any branch where it puts forth, so we find
+that, in no more than ten years, this new-planted scyon had grown so
+much as to require the pruning-knife; for that the Street Coaches
+had become in reality a national nuisance in various particulars:
+and accordingly a Proclamation issued A.D. 1635 in the following
+words:
+
+     "That the great numbers of Hackney Coaches of late time seen
+     and kept in London, Westminster, and their Suburbs, and the
+     general and promiscuous use of Coaches there, were not only
+     _a great disturbance to his_ Majesty, his dearest Consort the
+     Queen, the Nobility, and others of place and degree, in their
+     passage through the Streets_; but the Streets themselves were
+     so pestered, and the pavements so broken up, that the common
+     passage is thereby hindered and made dangerous; and the prices
+     of hay and provender, and other provisions of stable, thereby
+     made exceeding dear: Wherefore we expressly command and forbid,
+     That, from the Feast of St. John the Baptist next coming,
+     no Hackney or Hired Coaches be used or suffered in London,
+     Westminster, or the Suburbs or Liberties thereof, except they be
+     to travel at least _three_ miles out of London or Westminster,
+     or the Suburbs thereof. And also, that no person shall go in a
+     Coach in the said Streets, except the owner of the Coach shall
+     constantly keep up _Four able Horses for our Service, when
+     required_[360]. Dated January 19, 1635-6."
+
+  [359] Anderson on Commerce, II. 20.
+
+  [360] Rymer, tom. XIX. p. 721.
+
+This Proclamation, so long as it was observed, must have put a
+considerable check to the use of these Carriages; nor can I think it
+could operate much in the King's favour, as it would hardly be worth
+a Coach-Master's while to be at so great a contingent charge as the
+keeping of Four Horses to be furnished at a moment's warning for his
+Majesty's occasional employment. We are to construe this, then, as
+amounting to a prohibition, on account of the certain expence which
+must follow an uncertain occupation. The nature of this penalty, as
+I may call it, was founded on the Statute of Purveyance, not then
+repealed.
+
+But there was another co-operating cause that suspended the use
+of Coaches for a short time, which was the introduction of the
+_Hackney Chairs_, which took place a very little while before the
+Proclamation. They arose from the incommodities stated in the Royal
+Edict, and, no doubt, tended in some measure towards the suppression
+of the Hackney-Coaches; till by degrees being found incompetent
+to answer all their seemingly intended purposes, we shall see the
+Coaches, in about _two_ years time, return into the streets, and
+resume their functions. But to proceed with the History of the
+_Chairs_. At the critical time, then, when Government was devising
+measures to prevent the increase of _Coaches_ as much as possible,
+for the reasons alleged in the Proclamation, there stepped in a
+Knight, by name Sir Saunders Duncombe, a Gentleman-Pensioner, and a
+travelled man, who proposed the introduction of _Chairs_, after the
+model he had seen abroad[361]. This was in the year 1634; when Sir
+Saunders obtained an exclusive Patent for the setting them forth
+for hire, dated the first day of October, for the term of _fourteen_
+years. The number is not specified, but left perhaps indefinite,
+it being impossible to say what would be necessary in a new device
+of this sort, tending to be beneficial to the introductor, as well
+as convenient to the Publick. The tenor of the Grant, omitting the
+words of course, runs thus:
+
+  "CHARLES, &c.
+
+  [361] He was knighted, together with fourteen other Gentlemen of
+  the Band, by King James, in Scotland, 1617; as appears from a
+  Catalogue of Knights, published by J. P. Esq. 1660.
+
+     "Whereas the several Streets and Passages within our Cities of
+     _London_ and _Westminster_, and the Suburbs of the same, are of
+     late time so much encumbered and pestered with the unnecessary
+     multitude of Coaches therein used, that many of our good and
+     loving Subjects are by that means oftentimes exposed to great
+     danger; and the necessary use of Carts and Carriages for the
+     necessary Provisions of the said Cities and Suburbs thereby
+     also much hindered. And whereas, our servant, _Sir Sanders
+     Duncombe_, Knight, hath lately preferred his humble Petition
+     unto us; thereby shewing, that in many parts beyond the Seas,
+     the people there are much carried in the Streets in Chairs that
+     are covered; by which means very few Coaches are used amongst
+     them: and thereof he hath humbly besought us to grant unto him
+     the sole using and putting forth to hire of certain covered
+     Chairs, which he will procure to be made at his own proper costs
+     and charges, for carrying such of our loving Subjects as shall
+     desire to use the same, in and about our said Cities of _London_
+     and _Westminster_, and the Suburbs thereof.
+
+     "Know ye, that we, of our princely care of the good and welfare
+     of all our loving Subjects, desiring to use all good and
+     lawful ways and means that may tend to the suppressing of the
+     excessive and unnecessary number of Coaches now of late used
+     in and about our said Cities, and the Suburbs thereof; and to
+     the intent the said _Sir Sanders Duncombe_ may reap some fruit
+     and benefit of his industry, and may recompense himself of the
+     costs, charges, and expences, which he shall be at in and about
+     the directing, making, procuring, and putting in use of the
+     said covered Chairs, of the purpose aforesaid; and for divers
+     other good causes and considerations, us hereunto moving, of
+     our special grace, certain knowledge, and mere motion, have
+     given and granted, and by these Presents, for Us, our Heirs
+     and Successors, do give and grant, unto the said _Sir Sanders
+     Duncombe_, his Executors, Administrators, and Assigns, and
+     to his and their, and every of their, Deputy and Deputies,
+     Servants, Workmen, Factors, and Agents, and to all and every
+     such person and persons as shall have power and authority
+     from him, them, or any of them, in that behalf, full and free
+     Licence, Privilege, Power, and Authority, that they only, and
+     none other, shall or may, from time to time, during the term of
+     fourteen years hereafter granted, use, put forth, and lett to
+     hire, within our said Cities of _London_ and _Westminster_, and
+     the Suburbs and Precincts thereof, or in any part of them, or
+     any of them, the said covered Chairs, to be carried and borne as
+     aforesaid.
+
+     "Witness Ourself at _Canbury_, the First day of October[362]."
+
+  [362] Rymer, tom. XIX. p. 572.
+
+The place principally hinted at in the above Grant, or Patent, seems
+to have been the City of _Sedan_ in Champagne; where, we are at
+liberty to suppose, these covered Chairs being most in use, they
+obtained with us the name of _Sedan Chairs_, like the local names of
+_Berlin_ and _Landau_[363].
+
+  [363] Mr. Reed, the Editor of the Old Plays [2d Edit. 1780], from
+  the above account, must therefore certainly be in an error, when
+  he supposes that _Sedan Chairs_ were the introduction of the Duke
+  of Buckingham, about the year 1619. [See Note to vol. V. p. 475.]
+  _Sedan_--mentioned by the name only in the Life of Dr. Thomas
+  Fuller, 1661, 18mo. p. 57.
+
+These new Vehicles, hitherto unseen in our orbit, had, doubtless,
+patrons among the beaus and fine gentlemen of the age; though, in
+their general utility, they manifestly could not be so commodious
+as Coaches, were it for no other reason than that they could carry
+but one person. They might prevail with persons of a certain rank
+and description; but the opulent Merchant, and others in a similar
+line of family life, still were in want of a conveyance of greater
+capacity; a circumstance which would depress the _Chairs_, and
+gradually hasten the re-introduction of the _Coaches_, and which,
+as has been observed, took place accordingly in little more than
+two years. The following special commission was therefore granted
+by the King, A. D. 1637, wherein the number of the Coaches seems
+rather to have enlarged, and the management of them was placed in
+the department of the Master of the Horse. It runs essentially in
+the following words:
+
+     "That we, finding it very requisite for our Nobility and Gentry,
+     as well as for Foreign Ambassadors, Strangers, and others,
+     that there should be a competent number of Hackney Coaches
+     allowed for such uses, have, by the advice of our Privy Council,
+     thought fit to allow _Fifty Hackney Coachmen_ in and about
+     London and Westminster; limiting them not to keep above Twelve
+     Horses a-piece. We therefore grant to you [the Marquis] during
+     your Life, the Power and Authority to license _Fifty_ Hackney
+     Coachmen, who shall keep no more than Twelve good Horses each,
+     for their, or any of their, Coach and Coaches respectively. You
+     also hereby have Power to license so many in other Cities and
+     Towns of England as in your wisdom shall be thought necessary;
+     with power to restrain and prohibit all others from keeping any
+     Hackney Coach to let to hire, either in London or elsewhere.
+     Also to prescribe _Rules_ and _Orders_ concerning the daily
+     _Prices_ of the said licensed Hackney Coachmen, to be by them,
+     or any of them, taken for _our own_ particular service, and in
+     their employment for our Subjects; provided such orders be first
+     allowed by us, under our Royal Hand."[364]
+
+  [364] Rymer, tom. XX. fol. 159.
+
+We may observe that the article of Purveyance is here very gently
+touched upon, and confined to a sign-manual. Mr. Anderson supposes
+that there must have been many more than _fifty_ Coaches introduced
+by the above allowance of _twelve_ horses; but it seems rather to
+imply that no Coach-Master should engross more than six Coaches to
+himself. This also might be a tacit mode of preserving a supply of
+horses to be purveyed for the King when necessary.
+
+One may collect from hence that private Coaches were sparingly kept,
+by the mention of the Nobility and Gentry.
+
+Hitherto we have found the Hackney Coaches under the regulation
+of the Crown, or its immediate Officers; but we are now to look
+for them at a time when the Monarchical Government was suspended,
+during the Protectorate. Whether the Master of the Horse received
+any emolument from granting the above Licences, is not apparent;
+but under the Commonwealth we find that the Coaches became subject
+to a tax towards the expence of their regulation; for by an Act
+of Oliver's Parliament, A. D. 1654, the number of such Coaches,
+within London and Westminster, was enlarged to _two hundred_[365].
+The outlying distance was also augmented to _six_ miles _round
+the late lines of communication_, as the Statute expresses it; by
+which I conceive that the greatest distance was extended to _nine_
+miles, including the _three_ prescribed, or rather enjoined, by the
+regulating proclamation of King Charles I. in the year 1635. By this
+Act of Oliver's Parliament, the government of the Hackney Coaches,
+with respect to their _stands_, _rates_, &c. was placed in the
+Court of Aldermen of London; and as, of course, this new business
+would require Clerks, and other officers, to supervise it, the
+Coach-Masters were made subject to the payment of _twenty shillings_
+yearly for every such Coach.
+
+  [365] Anderson says _three hundred_, but that must be an error; for
+  the Docquet of the Act in Scobel says, that "the number of persons
+  keeping Hackney Coaches shall not at one time exceed _two hundred_."
+  This must apply to the number of Carriages; and so Sir William
+  Blackstone understood it. Commentaries, vol. I, 4to.
+
+Here we have brought the Coaches under a Police similar to
+that of our own time; but it did not long remain in the hands
+of the Corporation; for in the year after the Restoration, the
+establishment was new-modelled by an Act of the 13th and 14th of
+King Charles II. 1661, wherein it is specified that no Coaches
+were to be used without a Licence,--who may be entitled to such
+Licences,--that the number shall not exceed 400,--what shall be the
+rates,--with penalties for exacting more[366].
+
+  [366] See the Act in the Statute Book.
+
+Each of these four hundred Coaches so licensed was obliged to
+pay annually five pounds for the privilege, to be applied towards
+the keeping in repair certain parts of the streets of London and
+Westminster[367]; a very rational appropriation of such fund, for
+who ought so much to contribute to the amendment of the streets, as
+those who lived by their demolition?
+
+  "Nex Lex �quior ulla, quam," &c.
+
+Within a few years after the Revolution (anno 5 Gul. et Mar. ch.
+xxii.) the number of Coaches arose to seven hundred, each of which
+paid to the Crown annually four pounds. This, prim� facie, one
+would suppose was a relief to the Coach-Masters, and that the
+reduction in the impost accrued from the number; but that was not
+the case, for every Owner, for each Coach, was constrained to pay
+down fifty pounds for his first Licence for twenty-one years, or
+forego his employment; which seeming indulgence was, in fact, paying
+five pounds _per annum_ for that term; whereas, probably, the
+Coach-Master would rather have continued at the former five pounds,
+and have run all risks, than have purchased an exclusive privilege,
+in the gross, at so high a price.
+
+  [367] Anderson, II. 115. Journals of the House of Commons.
+  Blackstone.
+
+The finances, and even the resources, of Government, must have been
+very low at this moment, or Ministry could never have stooped to so
+paltry and oppressive an expedient, to raise so small a sum as would
+arise from these Licences. By the increase of the number of Coaches
+from four hundred at five pounds _per annum_, to seven hundred
+at four pounds _per annum_, the gain to the Treasury was �.800
+annually:--and what did the licences at fifty pounds each Coach, for
+the term of twenty-one years, yield to the State?--�.3,500! Whereas,
+had such lease of the privilege of driving a Coach been kept at the
+rack rent of five pounds _per annum_, it had produced in that period
+�.14,700.
+
+Thus, however the matter rested, till the ninth year of Queen Anne,
+1710, when a Statute was made, which brought the business to its
+present standard, with a few variations, which will be observed in
+the order of time. By this Act every circumstance was new modelled;
+for thereby the Crown was impowered to appoint five Commissioners
+for regulating and licensing both Hackney Coaches and Chairs,
+from the time the late Statute of the fifth of William and Mary
+should expire, _viz._ at Midsummer A. D. 1715, authorizing such
+Commissioners to grant licences to eight hundred Hackney Coaches
+from that time for the term of thirty-two years, which should be
+allowed to be driven in the Cities of London and Westminster, and
+the Suburbs thereof, or any where within the Bills of Mortality;
+each Coach paying for such privilege the sum of five shillings _per_
+week[368]. It was at the same time enacted, that from the 24th of
+June, 1711, all _horses_ to be used with an Hackney Coach shall be
+fourteen hands high, according to the standard; and further, that
+every _Coach_ and _Chair_ shall have a mark of distinction, "by
+_figure_ or otherwise," as the Commissioners shall think fit; and
+"the said _mark_ shall be placed on each side of every such Coach
+and Chair respectively, in the most convenient place to be taken
+notice of, to the end that they may be known if any complaints shall
+be made of them[369]."
+
+  [368] By Monthly Payments.
+
+  [369] The Figures of the Chairs are too small and inconspicuous;
+  there should be one both on the outside and inside of each.
+
+This was all that could then be done respecting the _Coaches_,
+forasmuch as the old term of twenty-one years, granted in the
+fifth year of William and Mary, 1694, was subsisting, whereby
+seven hundred Coaches were allowed, and for which privilege the
+Owners had paid fifty pounds each, on whom Government shewed some
+tenderness. With regard, however, to regulation, &c. there was,
+no doubt, room sufficient for the exercise of the powers given to
+the Commissioners. There was, likewise, another object involved in
+this Statute; _viz._ the _Chairs_, which were not comprehended in
+the same agreement and contract with the Coaches, but were open
+immediately to new laws. Therefore under the same commissions was
+placed the management and licensing of the Hackney Chairs, to
+commence from the 24th of June in the following year, 1711, for the
+said term of thirty-two years; which were thereby limited to the
+number of _two hundred_, each paying for such licence the annual
+sum of ten shillings[370]. As the number of both Coaches and Chairs
+was enlarged, whereby many new persons would come forward, perhaps
+to the ousting of the old Coach-Masters and Chair-Masters, it is
+required by this Act that the Commissioners shall give a preference
+to such of the Lessees, as I may call them, whose terms had not then
+expired, whether the right remained in themselves or their widows,
+if they applied within a given time[371].
+
+  [370] By Quarterly Payments. Thus the Power of the Commissioners
+  over the Chairs arose before that over the Coaches.
+
+  [371] Some Lawsuits having arisen from this Clause, it was explained
+  by a short Act of the 12th year of the Queen (1713), subjecting such
+  _Widows_ to the same Rules, Penalties, &c. made, or to be made, as
+  any acting Chairman. And thus it continues to this day; for the
+  owner of a _Figure_, as it is called, is answerable for certain
+  faults of his or her assignee.
+
+By this statute likewise the rates were limited to time and
+distance, at ten shillings by the Day.--One shilling and six
+pence for the first Hour, and one shilling for every succeeding
+Hour.--One shilling for the distance of a mile and a half.--One
+shilling and six pence for any distance more than a mile and a half,
+and not exceeding two miles; and so on, in the proportion of six
+pence for every succeeding half mile.
+
+The Chairs are likewise at the same time rated at two-thirds of the
+distance prescribed to the Coaches, so that they were allowed to
+take one shilling for a mile, and six pence for every succeeding
+half mile.
+
+Though the time of waiting is not specified in the Act with regard
+to the Chairs, yet it follows, by implication, to be intended the
+same as the Coaches. These have been altered by a very late Statute,
+1785. It is well known that it is left in the option of either
+Coachmen or Chairmen, whether they will be paid by the distance or
+the time, which is but a reasonable privilege; but there is another
+circumstance, not generally known, of which the passengers are not
+perhaps aware, _viz_. that if the room which a Coach will occupy
+in turning about should exceed the distance allowed, the Coachman
+is entitled to a larger fare, that is, as much as if he had gone
+another half mile. The doctrine is the same respecting Chairs, and
+the room allowed is eight yards in the case of a Coach, and four
+yards in the case of a Chair. As the Statute gives all competent
+allowances to the Coachmen and Chairmen, so it was requisite, on
+the other hand, to make the contract obligatory, and that each of
+them should be compellable to perform their parts; and therefore,
+to do this, and at the same time to prevent extortion, it became
+necessary to add a severe penal clause, _viz._ "that if any
+Hackney-Coachman or Chairman shall refuse to go at, or shall exact
+more for his hire than, the several rates hereby limited, he shall,
+for every such offence, forfeit the sum of _forty shillings_." These
+penalties were, by this Act, to have gone in the proportion of
+_two_-thirds to the Queen, and _one_-third to the Plaintiff. [Since
+made half to the Crown and half to the Complainant.] The Coachmen
+and Chairmen are thereby likewise liable to be deprived of their
+Licences for misbehaviour, or by giving abusive language[372]. On
+the other hand, that the Coachmen and Chairmen might have a remedy
+in case of refusal to pay them their just fare, any Justice of the
+Peace is impowered, upon complaint, to issue a warrant to bring
+before him the Recusant, and to award reasonable satisfaction to
+the party aggrieved, or otherwise to bind him over to the next
+Quarter-Session, where the Bench is empowered to levy the said
+satisfaction by distress. The Act proceeds to other matters touching
+the Commissioners themselves, &c.; and then states, that whereas by
+a Statute of the 29th of Charles II. the use of all Hackney Coaches
+and Chairs had been prohibited on Sundays, it gives full power both
+to stand and to ply as on other days.[373]
+
+  [372] Turned afterwards into a mulct.
+
+  [373] Restrained by a subsequent Act.
+
+This is the substance of the Act before us; but it may here be
+observed, that in the 10th year of the Queen, 1711, _one hundred
+more Chairs_ were added by Statute, subject to the same regulations
+as the rest, being found not only convenient but necessary; as the
+number of Coaches, consistently with Public Faith, could not be
+enlarged till the year 1715, when the old term of twenty-one years
+should have expired.
+
+Before all the provisions in the Act of the year 1710, referred to
+the future period of 1715, could take place, a demise of the Crown
+intervened, A. D. 1714, by which all such clauses, which extended to
+a future time, were of course become a nullity.
+
+By Act 12 George I. chap. 12, the number of Chairs was raised to
+400, on account of the increase of Buildings Westward.[374]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  [374] The MS here ends abruptly.--On the subject of Chairs, however,
+  see Acts 3 Geo. I. chap. 7; 16 Geo. II. chap. 26; 20 Geo. II. chap.
+  10; 30 Geo. II. chap. 22; 33 Geo. II. chap. 25.
+
+
+THE HAMMER CLOTH.
+
+To shew how trifling, though necessary conveniences, arise to great
+and expensive luxuries, let us remark the original insignificant
+appendage of what we call the Hammer Cloth. It was requisite that
+the Coachman should have a few implements in case of accidents, or a
+sudden and little repair was wanting to the Coach; for which purpose
+he carried a hammer with a few pins, nails, &c. with him, and placed
+them under his seat, made hollow to hold them, and which from thence
+was called the Coach Box; and, in a little time, in order to conceal
+this unsightly appearance, a cloth was thrown over the box and its
+contents, of which a hammer was the chief, and thence took the name
+of the Hammer-Cloth. This is my idea of the etymon of these two
+common terms. And here again it can but be observed that this little
+appendage is now become the most striking and conspicuous ornament
+of the equipage.
+
+
+
+
+Articles of Dress.
+
+
+GLOVES.
+
+About the year 790, Charlemagne granted an unlimited right of
+hunting to the Abbot and Monks of Sithin, for making their _Gloves_
+and Girdles of the Skins of the Deer they killed, and Covers for
+their Books. [Mabillon de Re Diplom. p. 611. Grose.]
+
+Anciently richly adorned and decorated with precious Stones,--as
+in the Rolls of Parliament, anno 53 Hen. III. A. D. 1267. "Et de 2
+Paribus _Chirothecarum_ cum lapidibus." [Warton's History of Poetry,
+vol. I. p. 182, note. Grose.]
+
+Edward Vere, Earl of Oxford, according to Mr. Walpole's account, on
+the authority of Stowe,--"having travelled into Italy, is recorded
+to have been the first that brought into England _embroidered_
+GLOVES and Perfumes; and presenting the Queen [Elizabeth] with a
+Pair of the former, she was so pleased with them, as to be drawn
+with them in one of her Portraits." [Royal and Noble Authors, vol.
+i. p. 159. Note to Winter's Tale, edit. Johnson and Steevens, 1778,
+p. 388.]
+
+  "Give _Gloves_ to the Reapers, a Largesse to cry."
+
+  [Tusser, _v._ Hist. of Hawsted. 190.]
+
+The Monastery of Bury allowed its Servants two pence apiece for
+_Glove-Silver_ in Autumn. [Hist. of Hawsted. 190.]
+
+The rural Bridegroom, in Laneham's (or Langham's) Account of the
+Entertainment of Queen Elizabeth at Kenelworth Castle, 1575, had--a
+Payr of _Harvest Gloves_ on his Hands, as a sign of good Husbandry.
+Id. in eod.
+
+When Sir Thomas Pope, the Founder of Trinity College, Oxford,
+visited it, 1556, "The Bursars offered him a present of embroidered
+_Gloves_." [Warton's Life of Sir Thomas Pope, p. 119.]
+
+When Sir Thomas Pope had founded the College, the University
+complimented him with a Letter of Thanks, which was accompanied
+with a Present of _rich Gloves_, 1556. [Warton's Life, p. 132,
+note.] The Gloves were sent both to himself and Lady, and cost 6_s._
+8_d._ [Id. in eod.]
+
+After the death of Sir Thomas Pope, his Widow married Sir Hugh
+Powlett; on which occasion the College presented her, as the Wife
+of the Founder, with a Pair of very rich Gloves, the charge for
+which runs--Pro _Pari Chirothecarum_ dat. Dom. Powlett et Domine
+Fundatrici, xvi s. Idem, p. 185. See also p. 191, ubi s�pe; and p.
+411. "Pro Chirothecis Magistri Pope, xxxii s.
+
+An article charged in the Bursar's books of Trinity College, Oxford,
+is "pro fumigatis _Chirothecis_." [Warton.] These were often given
+to College-Tenants, and Guests of Distinction; but this fell into
+disuse soon after the Reign of Charles I. Idem. [Grose.]
+
+George Clifford, Earl of Cumberland, received a _Glove_ from Queen
+Elizabeth. The Queen had dropped it, when he taking it up to return
+to her, she presented it to him as a mark of her esteem. He adorned
+it with Jewels, and wore it in the front of his Hat on days of
+Tournaments. It is expressed in a print of him by Robert White.
+[Bray's Tour, p. 319.]
+
+See for Gloves worn in Hats, Old Plays, vol. ii. p. 132, second
+edition: King Lear, act iii. sc. 4. edit, 1778 by Johnson and
+Steevens.
+
+N. B. Such Tokens as these were called _Favours_[375], from whence
+we derive the term for Ribbons given on Weddings. I presume they are
+supposed to be given by the hand of the Bride.
+
+  [375] See Walpole's Royal and Noble Authors, vol. i. p. 131. So
+  Shakspeare, Richard II. act v. sc. 2.
+
+Dr. Glisson, in his last visit to Queen Elizabeth, received from her
+a Pair of rich Spanish leather _Gloves_, embossed on the backs and
+tops with gold embroidery, and fringed round with gold plate. The
+Queen, as he tells us, pulled them from her own Royal Hands, saying,
+"Here, Glisson, wear them for my sake." Life of Corinna (or Mrs.
+Eliz. Thomas), p. xxxi.
+
+Perfumed Gloves[376]; v. supra.
+
+  [376] Mistress of the _Sweet_-Coffers, occurs in the Old
+  Establishments. The present Queen (Charlotte) has her Gloves kept in
+  a _perfumed_ box.
+
+  "These Gloves the Count sent me; they are an excellent _Perfume_."
+
+  Much Ado about Nothing, act ii. sc. 4.
+
+Gloves given at Weddings. Old Plays, vol. v. p. 8.
+
+A Glove hung up in a Church, as a public Challenge. Gilpin's Life of
+Bernard Gilpin, by Mr. Gilpin, p. 179.
+
+Swearing by Gloves, in jocular conversation, very common. "Aye, by
+these Gloves!" is an expression I have somewhere seen.
+
+Ladies' Sleeves, as well as Gloves, were worn as tokens of
+Gallantry. Vide Troil. and Cress, act. v. sc. 2. edit. Johnson and
+Steevens, 1778.
+
+Gifts that admitted of it (especially to Women from Men) were
+usually worn on the Sleeve.
+
+  "I knew her by this Jewel on her _Sleeve_."
+
+  Love's Labour Lost, act v. sc. 1.
+
+Fairings, and such Tokens, were of this sort. Hence the Question and
+Answer.
+
+     Q. What have you brought me? (from the Fair, &c.) A. A _new
+     nothing_, to pin on your _Sleeve_.
+
+Hence also to _pin_ one's _Faith_ upon another's _Sleeve_.
+
+  "Wear my Heart upon my Sleeve."
+
+  Othello, act i. sc. 1.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+F. GROSE, Esq. to S. PEGGE, F. S. A.
+
+     September 4, 1784.
+
+     Dear Sir,
+
+     I have had such a variety of interruptions (agreeable ones),
+     that I have made no hand of your _Gloves:_ all that has occurred
+     on that subject, I here send you.
+
+     Blood, who attempted to steal the Crown, presented Mr. Edwards,
+     Keeper of the Jewel Office, with _four_ Pair of White Gloves,
+     as from his Wife, in gratitude for his civility to her in
+     a pretended qualm or sickness. The whole transaction is in
+     Maitland's History of London.
+
+     To give one's Glove was considered as a challenge. See
+     Shakspeare, in Hen. V. It is still considered in that light by
+     the Highlanders, of which I once saw an instance in Flanders.
+     Dropping the Gauntlet, at the Coronation, is a kind of challenge.
+
+     When the Judge invites the Justices to dine with him at a County
+     Assize, a Glove is handed about by the Crier or Clerk of the
+     Court, who delivers the invitation; into this Glove every one
+     invited puts a shilling.
+
+     A Bribe is called a Pair of Gloves.
+
+     In a Play, I think called the Twin Rivals, an Alderman presents
+     his Glove, filled with Broad Pieces, to a Nobleman, as a Bribe
+     to procure a Commission for his Son.
+
+     Item, for three dozen Leder Gloves, 12s. Vide Account of Henry
+     VII. in Remembrancer's Office.
+
+     I set off next week for Christchurch, where I propose staying a
+     month, or six weeks at farthest. My best wishes attend you and
+     yours.
+
+     Adieu!
+
+     F. GROSE.
+
+ERMINE
+
+GENTLEWOMEN'S APPAREL.
+
+What we call _Ermine_ is an erroneous conception, for we give the
+name to White Fur tufted with Black, whereas it is the Black only
+that is properly Ermine, of which numberless instances may be
+produced, and this is one.
+
+_Powderings on her Bonnet._--This may require an explanation to
+those who are unacquainted with the language of that age. What we
+call Ermine, is a compound, which will bear a little analysis, for
+it is formed of the Fur of one animal, and the tip of the Tail of
+another. The White Ground is, properly speaking, _Minever_, so
+called from a Russian animal of that name. [v. Philips's Dictionary,
+in voce.] The Ermine is the Armenian Mouse, the tip of whose Tail is
+Black, which being placed as a falling tuft upon the Minever, forms
+what we collectively call Ermine, the value of which is enhanced
+the more, as one animal can afford but one tuft. [v. Bailey's Dict,
+in voce.] Every one of these tufts is termed a _Powdering_.
+
+The Heralds make a distinction between the singular _Ermine_, and
+the Plural, _Ermines_; the latter, in their language, importing
+Black powdered with White: and they go into still more minute
+modifications, _Erminois_, &c.
+
+
+APPAREL FOR THE HEADS OF GENTLEWOMEN.
+
+First, none shall wear an Ermine, or Lettice-Bonnet, unless she be a
+Gentlewoman born, having Arms.
+
+Item, a _Gentleman_'s Wife, she being a Gentlewoman born, shall wear
+an Ermine or Lettice Bonnet, having _one_ Powdering in the Top. And
+if she be of honourable stock, to have _two_ Powderings, one before
+another, in the Top.
+
+Item, an _Esquire_'s Wife to have _two_ Powderings.
+
+Item, an _Esquire_'s Wife _for the Body_ to wear _five_ Powderings;
+and if she be of great Blood, _two_ before, which maketh seven.
+
+Item, a _Knight_'s Wife to wear on her Bonnet, _seven_ Powderings,
+or _eight_ at the most, because of higher Blood, as before.
+
+Item, a _Banneret_'s Wife to wear _ten_ Powderings.
+
+Item, a _Baron_'s Wife _thirteen_.
+
+Item, a _Viscount_'s [Wife] to wear _eighteen_.
+
+Item, a _Countess_ to wear _twenty-four_. And above that Estate the
+number convenient, at their pleasures.
+
+  Ex Bibl. Harl. No. 1776. fol. 31. b.
+
+
+MOURNING.
+
+The French Queens, before the Reign of Charles VIII. wore _White_
+upon the death of the King; and were called "_Reines Blanches_." It
+was changed to _Black_ on the death of Charles VIII. 1498. [See P.
+Dan. Hist. iv. 590.]
+
+In a Wardrobe account for half a year, to Lady-day 1684 (a MS.
+purchased by Mr. Brander at the sale of the Library of Geo. Scot,
+Esq. of Woolston-Hall, 1781), are the following entries for the
+King's Mourning.
+
+"A Grey Coat lined with Murrey and White flowered Silk, with Gold
+Loops, and four Crape Hat-bands."
+
+Again, "A Sad-coloured Silk Coat, lined with Gold-striped
+Lutestring, with Silver-and-Silk Buttons; and a Purple Crape
+Hatband."
+
+Again, "A Purple Coat."
+
+The Emperor Leopold, who died 1705, never shaved his Beard during
+the time of Mourning, which often lasted for a long time. [Bancks's
+Hist. of Austria, p. 277.]
+
+The Empress-Dowagers never lay aside their Mourning, and even their
+Apartments are hung with Black till their deaths. [Bancks's Hist. of
+Austria, p. 400. He says this from Baron Polnitz's Memoirs, vol. iv.
+p. 46.]
+
+The Bavarian Family never give a Black Livery, or line their
+Coaches, in the deepest Mourning. [Polnitz, i. letter 22.]
+
+The Pope's Nieces never wear Mourning, not even for their nearest
+Relations; as the Romans reckon it so great a happiness for a
+Family to have a Pope in it, that nothing ought to afflict his
+Holiness's kindred. [Polnitz's Memoirs, ii. letter 33.]
+
+Queen Anne, on the death of Prince George of Denmark, wore Black
+and White, with a mixture of Purple in some part of her Dress. The
+precedent was taken from that worn by Mary Queen of Scots for the
+Earl of Darnley, which was exactly in point. [Secret History of
+England, ii. 299.]
+
+King Charles I. put the Court into Mourning for one Day on the death
+of the Earl of Portland (Richard Weston), Lord High Treasurer.
+[Stafford's Letters, i. 389.]
+
+
+BEARD, &c.
+
+CHARLES I.[377]--WILLIAM I.
+
+  [377] See "The Life of Corinna," or Mrs. Elizabeth Thomas, Jun.
+  Printed in 1731.
+
+Mrs. Thomas's Great Grand-Father was Mr. Richard _Shute_, a
+Turkey Merchant, one of the Members for the City of London,
+and much favoured by King Charles I. who gave him the Name of
+_Sattin_-Shute, by way of distinction from another Branch of the
+same Name and Family, and from his usually wearing a _Sattin_
+Doublet cut upon White Taffata.
+
+"Without doubt," says Mrs. Thomas (for she was her own Biographer),
+"he was very nice in the mode of that Age, his Valet being some
+hours every morning in _starching_ his _Beard_, and _curling_ his
+_Whiskers_; but," continues she, "during that time a Gentleman, whom
+he maintained as a Companion, always read to him on some useful
+subject." He lived in Leaden-Hall Street, the site on which stands
+the India House, and had a Country-seat at Berking, in Essex. Here
+he had a very fine Bowling-green, as he delighted much in that
+exercise. The King, who was fond of the diversion, once told Mr.
+Shute, he would dine with him some day, and try his skill on his
+Bowling-green. The King went, and was so pleased with the place, it
+being very retired, and likewise with Mr. Shute's skill in Bowling
+(he being accounted one of the best Bowlers of his time), that he
+frequently visited afterwards Berking-Hall, without any Guards, and
+with three or four select Gentlemen, his attendants, when, as the
+King expressed it, he had a mind to _drop State, and enjoy himself
+as a private man_:--"_Ah, Shute_," said he one day, with a deep
+sigh, "how much happier than I art thou, in this blessed retirement,
+free from the cares of a Crown, a factious Ministry, and rebellious
+Subjects!" They generally played high, and punctually paid their
+losings; and though Mr. Shute often won, yet the King would, one
+day, set higher than usual, and, having lost several games, gave
+over; when Mr. Shute said,--"An please your Majesty, _One thousand
+pounds rubber more, perhaps Luck may turn_:"--"_No, Shute_," replied
+the King, laying his hand gently on his shoulder, "_Thou hast won
+the day, and much good may it do thee, but I must remember I have a
+Wife and Children_." P. xxi.
+
+This place was afterwards dismantled by Mr. Shute's heir, and in a
+few years became a ploughed field. The King gave Mr. Shute several
+places; among which were the Deputy Lieutenancy of the Ordnance,
+and the Mastership of St. Cross's Hospital, to the amount of four
+thousand pounds _per annum_. P. xxv.
+
+These he gave up when the Civil War broke out; and retired to
+Hamburgh, where he died a few years after the death of the King. P.
+xxvii.
+
+William the Conqueror played _deep_; for, tradition says, that
+Walter Fitzbourne, a Norman Knight, and great Favourite of the King,
+playing at Chess on a Summer's evening, on the banks of the _Ouse_,
+with the King, won all he played for. The King threw down the Board,
+saying he had nothing more to play for. "Sir," said Sir Walter,
+"here is land." "There is so," replied the King; "and if thou
+beatest me this Game also, thine be all the Land on this side the
+Bourne, or River, which thou canst see as thou sittest." He had the
+good fortune to _win_; and the King, clapping him on the shoulder,
+said, "Henceforth thou shalt no more be called _Fitzbourne_, but
+_Ousebourne_."' Hence it is supposed came the name of _Osborne_.
+Life of Corinna, p. xxviii.
+
+
+
+
+Westminster.
+
+
+Lord Coke, in his 3d Inst. (cap. 51.) speaking of the City of
+Westminster, says, "It hath its name of 'the Monastery,' which
+_Minster_ signifieth, and it is called _West_minster, in respect of
+_East_minster, not far from the Tower of London. This Westminster,
+Sebert, the first King of the East Saxons that was christened,
+founded." It is added in a note in the margin, Segbert began his
+Reign A. D. 603.
+
+Lord Coke, however excellent a Lawyer, I fear was but a bad
+Antiquary; for the reverse rather seems to be the case, as it
+will appear that _East_minster was so called in respect of
+_West_minster. For in Stowe's Survey of London (edit. 1633), p.
+497, he gives the following account of the Foundation of the Church
+of Westminster:--"This Monasterie was founded and builded in the
+year 605, by Sebert, King of the East Saxons, upon the perswasion
+of Ethelbert, King of Kent, who, having embraced Christianity, and
+being baptized by Melitus, Bishop of London, immediately (to shew
+himself a Christian indede) built a Church to the honor of God and
+St. Peter, on the West side of the City of London, in a place, which
+(because it was overgrown with thornes, and environed with water)
+the Saxons called 'Thornez,' or 'Thorney;' ... whereupon, partly
+from the situation to the _West_, and partly from the Monasterie or
+_Minster_, it began to take the name of _Westminster_:" and then he
+goes on with the history of that Church.
+
+So far of Westminster. Of Eastminster Stowe gives the following
+account, by which it will appear that the foundation of Eastminster
+was subsequent to that of Westminster, by at least 700 years. "In
+the year 1348," says he, "the 23d of Edward the Third, the first
+great Pestilence in his time began, and increased so sore, that for
+want of roome in Church-yards to bury the dead of the City and of
+the Suburbs, one John Corey, Clerke, procured of Nicholas, Prior of
+the Holy Trinity within Ealdgate, one toft of ground neere unto
+East Smithfield, for the buriall of them that dyed; with condition,
+that it might be called the Church-yard of the Holy Trinity: which
+ground he caused, by the ayd of divers devout Citizens, to be
+inclosed with a wall of stone; ... and the same was dedicated by
+Ralfe Stratford, Bishop of London, where innumerable bodies of the
+dead, were afterwards buried, and a Chapel built in the same place
+to the honour of God; to the which King Edward setting his eye
+(having before, in a tempest on the sea, and peril of drowning, made
+a vow to build a Monastery to the honour of God, and _our Lady of
+Grace_, if God would give him _grace_ to come safe to land), builded
+there a Monasterie, causing it to be named _Eastminster_, placing an
+Abbot and Monks of the Cistercian or White order." P. 117.
+
+In Stowe, p. 751, is a list of all the "Patrones of all the
+Benefices in London," in which this Foundation seems to be twice
+mentioned, first as the "Abbey of White Monks," and then as "Mary de
+Grace, an Abbey of Monkes, by the Towre of London."
+
+
+
+
+MEMORANDA
+
+RELATIVE TO THE
+
+Society of the Temple,
+
+LONDON;
+
+_Written in or about the Year 1760._
+
+
+The Societies of the Temple have no Charter; but the Fee was granted
+by a Patent to the Professors and Students of the Law, to them and
+their Successors for ever.
+
+The King is Visitor of the Temples; and orders have been sent down
+from him so lately as Charles the Second's time, for the Regulation
+of them, which were brought in great form by the Lord Chancellor and
+twelve Judges, and signed by them.
+
+The _Discipline_ of these Societies was formerly, till within
+these eighty years, very strict. The Students appeared, upon all
+occasions, and in all places, in their proper habits; and for
+neglecting to appear in such habit, or for want of decency in
+it, they were punished by being put two years backward in their
+standing. This habit was discontinued, because the Templars having
+been guilty of riots in some parts of the town, being known by their
+habits to be such, a reproach was thereby reflected on the Society,
+for want of discipline.
+
+_Commons._--Till there was a relaxation of discipline, the Commons
+were continued in the Vacation as well as in the Terms; and the
+Members obliged to attend, upon severe penalties for neglect of
+it. The Barristers, though they were called to their degree, were
+not admitted to practise, but by special leave from the Judges,
+till three years after their call, during which their attendance to
+Commons, both in Term and Vacation, was not to be compounded for, or
+dispensed with.
+
+The Law Societies were, at first, under one general regulation and
+establishment, till they branched out, and divided, as it were,
+into Colonies. The Societies of each Temple are very zealous in
+contending for the Antiquity of their Society.
+
+_The Society of the Middle Temple_ must now be very rich; and it
+consists in money, they having no real estate. I have been assured,
+that the certain yearly expences of it, exclusive of repairs,
+amounts to a considerable sum.
+
+The _Benchers_ are generally in number about twenty, though there
+is no fixed number. They may be called to the Bench at eighteen or
+twenty years standing. The Bench have power to call whom they think
+proper of such standing to the Bench; which if they answer not, they
+pay a Fine of Fifty Pounds.
+
+The Benchers eat at their own expence in this Society, having
+nothing allowed but their Commons; which few, I believe none, of the
+Benchers of the other Houses do.
+
+The _Readings_, which generally were upon some Statute, continued
+about eight days, when there were Treats and Balls at the Reader's
+expence; and there is an Order of the House, of no very old date, by
+which the Reader was restrained from having above Eight Servants,
+which shews, in some measure, the luxury and expence attending
+them. They have now been discontinued upwards of seventy years
+(the last Reader being Sir William Whitlocke, 1684); but there is
+a Reader still appointed every year, and some small Treat, at the
+expence of the Society, of Venison, &c.; and the Arms of the Reader
+are put up in a Pannel in the Hall.
+
+Mr. Bohun, the Writer of several excellent Books in different
+branches of the Law, having, when he was Reader at New Inn, put up a
+question tending to Blasphemy, (I think it was, whether the Person
+of our Saviour was God,) was _excommoned_ by the Society; that is,
+he was denied the privilege of coming into the Hall, and at the same
+time obliged to pay for full Commons. They judged expulsion too mild
+a punishment.
+
+The _Old Hall_ stood on the South side of Pump Court, which, upon
+building a new one, was converted into Sets of Chambers; and which,
+by Order of Queen Elizabeth, were not to exceed eight in number.
+This was soon after pulled down, and Chambers built in its stead.
+
+_Library._--Left by Will to the Society, by Astley, a Bencher of
+it. It contains about Nine Thousand Volumes. Besides this, he left
+a Set of Chambers, value three hundred pounds, for the maintenance
+of a Librarian, who at first was a Barrister; but, not being thought
+worth their acceptance, it is now in the Butler.
+
+_Present Hall._--Built by Plowden, who was seven years in perfecting
+it. He was three years Treasurer successively; and after he quitted
+the Treasurership, he still continued the direction of the Building.
+
+_The Temple Organ_ was made by _Smith_. The Societies, being
+resolved to have a good Organ, employed one _Smith_ and one
+_Harris_ to make each of them an Organ, value five hundred pounds;
+and promised that they would give seven hundred pounds for that
+which proved the best. This was accordingly done, and Smith's was
+preferred and purchased. The other, made by Harris, was sold to
+Christ-Church in Dublin; but, being afterwards exchanged for another
+made by Byfield for four hundred pounds difference, it was sold by
+Byfield to the Church at Woolwich[378].
+
+  [378] Mr. Snetzler.
+
+_Inns of Chancery_, like the Halls at Oxford.
+
+_New-Inn_ belongs to the Middle Temple; and at the expiration of a
+long lease, the Fee Simple will be vested in us.
+
+
+
+
+Simnel.
+
+
+"_Simnel.--Siminellus_ from the Latin _Simila_, which signifies
+the Finest Part of the Flour. Panis similageneus, Simnel Bread. It
+is mentioned in 'Assisa Panis;' and is still in use, especially in
+Lent. Bread made into a Simnel shall weigh two shillings less than
+Wastell Bread." Stat. 51 Henry III.
+
+The Statute, intituled Assisa Panis et Cervisi�, made Anno 51 Hen.
+III. Stat. I.; and Anno Dom. 1266. Cotton MS. Claudius, D. 2.
+
+... Panis ver� de siminello ponderabit minus de Wastello de duobus
+solidis, quia bis coctus est.
+
+For the Ordinance for the Assise and Weight of Bread in the City of
+London, see Stowe's Survey, p. 740, Edit. 1633.
+
+It was sometime called _Simnellus_, as in the Annals of the Church
+of Winchester, under the year 1042. "Rex Edwardus instituit,
+et cart� confirmavit, ut quoties ipse vel aliquis Successorum
+suorum Regum Angli� diadema portaret Wintoni� vel Wigorni� vel
+Westmonasterii; Pr�centor loci recipiet de fisco ips� die dimidiam
+marcam, et conventus centum Sumnellos et unun modium vini." But,
+indeed, the true reading is _Siminel_.
+
+The English Simnel was the purest White Bread, as in the Book
+of Battle Abbey. "Panem Regi� Mens� aptam, qui _Simenel_ vulg�
+vocatur[379]."
+
+  [379] Cowell's Interpreter. See also Blount's Glossary, in voce.
+
+_Simula._--A Manchet, a White Loaf. Among the Customs of the Abbey
+of Glastonbury: "In diebus solemnibus, cum Fratres fuerunt in
+cappis, Medonem habuerunt in Justis, et Simulas super mensam, et
+vinum ad caritatem, et tria generalia." Chartular. Abbat. Glaston.
+MS. fol. 10.
+
+For the use of Saffron, now used for colouring the Crust of the
+Simnel, see Shakespear's Winter's Tale; where the Clown (Act iv.)
+says, "Then I must have Saffron to colour the Warden Pyes."
+
+
+
+
+Origin of Thirteen Pence Halfpenny,
+
+AS
+
+HANGMAN'S WAGES;
+
+
+_In a Letter to_ EDWARD KING, _Esq. President of the Society of
+Antiquaries_.
+
+The vulgar notion, though it will not appear to be a vulgar error,
+is, that Thirteen Pence Halfpenny is the fee of the Executioner in
+the common line of business at Tyburn[380], and therefore is called
+Hangman's Wages. The sum is singular, and certainly there is a
+reason for its having obtained so odious an appellation, though it
+may not be very obvious.
+
+  [380] The Executions, on ordinary occasions, were removed from this
+  memorable place, and were performed in the street of the Old Bailey,
+  at the door of Newgate. This was first practised on the 9th of
+  December 1783. See the printed account. Every of these Executions, I
+  was told by Mr. Reed, 1785, is attended with an expence of upwards
+  of nine pounds. Twenty persons were hanged at once in February 1785.
+
+We find that anciently this Office was, in some parts of the
+Kingdom, annexed to other Posts; for the Porter of the City of
+Canterbury was the Executioner for the County of Kent, temporibus
+Hen. II. and Hen. III. for which he had an allowance from the
+Sheriff, who was re-imbursed from the Exchequer, of Twenty Shillings
+_per annum_[381].
+
+  [381] Madox's History of the Exchequer, ii. p. 373.
+
+Though this is an Office in great and general disesteem, yet the
+Sheriffs are much obliged to those who will undertake it, as
+otherwise the unpleasant and painful duty must fall upon themselves.
+They are the persons to whom the Law looks for its completion,
+as they give a Receipt to the Gaoler for the Bodies of condemned
+Criminals whom they are to punish, or cause to be punished,
+according to their respective Sentences. The business is of such an
+invidious nature, that, in the Country, Sheriffs have sometimes had
+much difficulty to procure an Executioner, as, in the eyes of the
+lower people, it carries with it a Stigma, apart from any shock that
+it must give to Humanity and Compassion. I remember a very few years
+ago, if the News-papers said true, the Sheriff of one of the Inland
+Counties was very near being obliged to perform the unwelcome Office
+himself.
+
+So that in fact the Hangman is the Sheriff's immediate Deputy
+in criminal matters, though there is always, at present, an
+Under-Sheriff for civil purposes. But, before I bring you to the
+point in question, it will not be amiss to lead you gradually to
+it, by inquiring into the nature and dignity of the Office in some
+particulars, and into the Rank of the Officer, for we have all heard
+of _Squire Ketch_. These will be found to be supportable matters, as
+well as the Fee of Office, which is our ground-work.
+
+The Sheriff is, by being so styled in the King's Patent under the
+Great Seal, an Esquire, which raises him to that Rank, unless he
+has previously had the Title adventitiously. None were anciently
+chosen to this Office, but such Gentlemen whose fortunes and
+stations would warrant it; so, on the other hand, Merchants,
+and other liberal branches of the lower order, were admitted
+first into the rank of Gentlemen, by a grant of Arms, on proper
+qualifications; from the Earl Marshal, and the Kings of Arms,
+respectively, according to their Provinces. After a Negotiant has
+become a Gentleman, courtesy will very soon advance that rank, and
+give the party the title of Esquire; and so it has happened with
+the worthy _Gentleman_ before us, for such I shall prove him once
+with ceremony to have been created. This remarkable case happened
+in the year 1616, and was as follows. Ralph Brooke, whose real name
+was Brokesmouth, at that time York Herald, not content with being
+mischievous, was the most turbulent and malicious man that ever wore
+the King's Coat. After various malversations in Office, not to the
+present purpose, he put a trick upon Sir William Segar, Garter King
+of Arms, which had very nearly cost both of them their places. The
+story is touched upon in Mr. Anstis's Register of the Order of the
+Garter[382]; but is more fully and satisfactorily related in the
+Life of Mr. Camden, prefixed to his "Britannia," to this effect.
+Ralph Brooke employed a person to carry a Coat of Arms ready drawn
+to Garter, and to pretend it belonged to one Gregory Brandon, a
+Gentleman who had formerly lived in London, but then residing in
+Spain, and to desire Garter to set his hand to it. To prevent
+deliberation, the messenger was instructed to pretend that the
+vessel, which was to carry this confirmation into Spain, when it had
+received the Seal of the Office and Garter's Hand, was just ready to
+sail[383]. This being done, and the Fees paid, Brooke carries it to
+Thomas Earl of Arundel, then one of the Commissioners for executing
+the Office of Earl Marshal; and, in order to vilify Garter, and to
+represent him as a rapacious negligent Officer, assures his Lordship
+that those were the Arms of Arragon, with a Canton for Brabant, and
+that Gregory Brandon was a mean and inconsiderable person. This was
+true enough; for he was the common Hangman for London and Middlesex.
+Ralph Brooke afterwards confessed all these circumstances to the
+Commissioners who represented the Earl Marshal; the consequence of
+which was, that Garter was, by order of the King, when he heard
+the case, committed to Prison for negligence, and the Herald for
+treachery. Be this as we find it, yet was Gregory Brandon the
+Hangman become a _Gentleman_, and, as the Bastard says in King John,
+"could make any Joan a Gentlewoman."
+
+  [382] Vol. ii. p. 399.
+
+  [383] These Arms actually appear in Edmondson's Body of Heraldry,
+  annexed to the name of _Brandon_, _viz_. the Arms of Arragon with a
+  difference, and the Arms of Brabant in a Canton.
+
+Thus was this Gregory Brandon advanced, perhaps from the state of a
+Convict, to the rank of a Gentleman; and though it was a personal
+honour to himself, notwithstanding it was surreptitiously obtained
+by the Herald, of which _Gregory Brandon, Gentleman_, was perhaps
+ignorant, yet did it operate so much on his successors in office,
+that afterwards it became transferred from the Family to the Officer
+for the time being; and from Mr. Brandon's popularity, though not
+of the most desirable kind, the mobility soon improved his rank,
+and, with a jocular complaisance, gave him the title of _Esquire_,
+which remains to this day. I have said that Mr. Brandon was perhaps
+a Convict; for I know that at York the Hangman has usually been a
+pardoned Criminal, whose case was deemed venial, and for which the
+performance of this painful duty to fellow-prisoners was thought a
+sufficient infliction. It seems too as if this Office had once, like
+many other important Offices of State, been hereditary; but whether
+Mr. Brandon had it by descent I cannot say, yet Shakspeare has this
+passage in Coriolanus[384]:
+
+"_Menenius._--Marcius, in a cheap estimation, is worth all your
+Predecessors, since Deucalion; though, peradventure, some of the
+best of them were Hereditary Hangmen."
+
+  [384] Act ii. sc. 1.
+
+This looks as if the Office of Executioner had run in some Family
+for a generation or two, at the time when Shakspeare wrote; and that
+it was a circumstance well understood, and would be well relished,
+at least by the Galleries. This might indeed, with regard to time,
+point at the ancestors of Mr. Brandon himself; for it was in the
+Reign of King James I. that this person was, as we have seen,
+brought within the pale of Gentility. Nay, more, we are told by Dr.
+Grey, in his Notes on Shakspeare[385], that from this Gentleman, the
+Hangmen, his Successors, bore for a considerable time his Christian
+name of Gregory, though not his Arms, they being a personal honour,
+till a greater man arose, _viz. Jack Ketch_, who entailed the
+present official name on all who have hitherto followed him[386].
+
+  [385] Vol. ii. p. 163.
+
+  [386] The Hangman was known by the name of _Gregory_ in the year
+  1642, as we learn from the Mercurius Aulicus, p. 553.
+
+Whether the name of _Ketch_ be not the provincial pronunciation of
+_Catch_ among the Cockneys, I have my doubts, though I have printed
+authority to confront me; for that learned and laborious Compiler,
+B. E. Gent. the Editor of the Canting Dictionary, says that _Jack
+Kitch_, for so he spells it, was the real name of a Hangman, which
+has become that of all his successors. When this great man lived,
+for such we must suppose him to have been, and renowned for his
+popularity or dexterity, Biographical History is silent.
+
+So much for this important Office itself; and we must now look
+to the Emoluments which appertain to it, and assign a reason why
+Thirteen Pence Halfpenny should be esteemed the standard Fee for
+this definitive stroke of the law.
+
+Hogarth has given a fine Picture of the _sang-froid_ of an
+Executioner in his Print of the London Apprentice; where the Mr.
+Ketch for the time being is lolling upon the Gallows, and smoaking
+his Pipe; waiting, with the utmost indifference, for the arrival of
+the Cart and the Mob that close the melancholy Procession. But Use
+becomes Nature in things at which even Nature herself revolts.
+
+Before we proceed to matters of a pecuniary nature, having said
+so much upon the _Executioner_, permit me to step out of the way
+for a moment, and add a word or two on the _Execution�_, which will
+explain a Yorkshire saying. It was for the most unsuspected crime
+imaginable, that the truly unfortunate man who gave rise to the
+adage suffered the Sentence of the Law at York. He was a Saddler
+at Bawtry, and occasioned this saying, often applied among the
+lower people to a man who quits his friends too early, and will not
+stay to finish his bottle; "That he will be hanged for leaving his
+liquor, like the Saddler of Bawtry." The case was this: There was
+formerly, and indeed it has not long been suppressed, an Ale-house,
+to this day called "_The Gallows House_," situate between the City
+of York and their Tyburne; at which House the Cart used always to
+stop; and there the Convict and the other parties were refreshed
+with liquors; but the rash and precipitate Saddler, under Sentence,
+and on his road to the fatal Tree, refused this little regale, and
+hastened on to the Place of Execution--when, very soon after he was
+turned-off, a Reprieve arrived; insomuch that, had he stopped, as
+was usual, at the Gallows House, the time consumed there would have
+been the means of saving his life; so that he was hanged, as truly
+as unhappily, for leaving his liquor.
+
+The same compliment was anciently paid to Convicts, on their passage
+to Tyburne, at St. Giles's Hospital; for we are told by Stowe[387],
+that they were there presented with a Bowl of Ale, called "_St.
+Giles's Bowl_;" "thereof to drink at their pleasure, as their last
+refreshing in this life." This place (Tyburne) was the established
+scene of Executions in common cases so long ago as the first year of
+King Henry IV; Smithfield and St. Giles's Field being reserved for
+persons of higher rank, and for crimes of uncommon magnitude; such
+as treason and heresy: in the last of these, Sir John Oldcastle,
+Lord Cobham, was burnt, or rather roasted, alive; having been
+hanged up over the fire by a chain which went round his waist[388].
+
+  [387] History of London, vol. II. p. 74.
+
+  [388] Rapin. See also Bale's Life and Trial of Sir John Oldcastle.
+  St. Giles's was then an independent Village, and is still called
+  St. Giles's in the Fields, to distinguish it from St. Giles's,
+  Cripplegate; being both in the same Diocese.
+
+The Execution of the Duke of Monmouth (in July 1685) was peculiarly
+unsuccessful in the operation.
+
+The Duke said to the Executioner, "Here are Six Guineas for you:
+pray do your business well; do not serve me as you did my Lord
+Russell: I have heard you struck him three or four times. Here" (to
+his Servant); "take these remaining Guineas, and give them to him if
+he does his work well."
+
+_Executioner._--"I hope I shall."
+
+_Monmouth._--"If you strike me twice, I cannot promise you not to
+stir. Pr'ythee let me feel the Axe." He felt the edge, and said, "I
+fear it is not sharp enough."
+
+_Executioner._--"It is sharp enough, and heavy enough."
+
+The Executioner proceeded to do his office; but the Note says, "it
+was under such distraction of mind, that he fell into the very error
+which the Duke had so earnestly cautioned him to avoid; wounding him
+so slightly, that he lifted up his head, and looked him in the face,
+as if to upbraid him for making his death painful; but said nothing.
+He then prostrated himself again, and received two other ineffectual
+blows; upon which the Executioner threw down his Axe in a fit of
+horror; crying out, "_he could not finish his work_." but, on being
+brought to himself by the threats of the Sheriffs, took up the fatal
+weapon again, and at two other strokes made a shift to separate the
+Head from the Body." [Lord Somers's Tracts, vol. I. pp. 219, 220;
+the Note taken from the Review of the Reigns of Charles and James,
+p. 885.]
+
+As to the Fee itself, which has occasioned me to give you so
+much trouble, I incline to think this seeming singular sum must
+have been of Scottish extraction, though not used for the like
+purpose; for, I presume, from the value of money there, a man
+might formerly be hanged at a much cheaper rate, and that we have
+it by transplantation. The Scottish Mark (not ideal or nominal
+money, like our Mark) was a Silver Coin, in value Thirteen Pence
+Halfpenny and Two Placks, or Two-Thirds of a Penny; which Plack is
+likewise a Coin. This, their Mark, bears the same proportion to
+their Pound, which is Twenty Pence, as our Mark does to our Pound,
+or Twenty Shillings; being Two-Thirds of it. By these divisions
+and sub-divisions of their Penny (for they have a still smaller
+piece, called a Bodel or Half a Plack) they can reckon with the
+greatest minuteness, and buy much less quantities of any article
+than we can[389]. This Scottish Mark was, upon the Union of the
+two Crowns in the person of King James I. made current in England
+at the value of Thirteen Pence Half-penny (without regarding the
+fraction), by Proclamation, in the first year of that King; where
+it is said, that "the Coin of Silver, called the Mark Piece, shall
+be from henceforth currant within the said Kingdom of England, at
+the value of Thirteen Pence Halfpeny[390]." This, probably, was a
+revolution in the current money in favour of the Officer of whom
+we have been speaking, whose Fee before was perhaps no more than
+a Shilling. There is, however, very good reason to conclude, from
+the singularity of the sum, that the odious title of _Hangman's
+Wages_ became at this time, or soon after, applicable to the sum of
+_Thirteen Pence Halfpenny_. Though it was contingent, yet at that
+time it was very considerable pay; when one Shilling _per diem_ was
+a standing annual stipend to many respectable Officers of various
+kinds.
+
+  [389] Mr. Ray, in his Itinerary, gives the Fractional Parts of the
+  Scottish Penny.
+
+  [390] The Proclamation may be seen in Strype's Annals, vol. IV.
+  p. 384; where the Mark-Piece is valued exactly at Thirteen Pence
+  Halfpenny.
+
+After having discovered the pay of an Office, one naturally inquires
+for Perquisites and other Emoluments; for all posts, from the High
+Chancellor to the Hangman, carry some; and which, in many cases, as
+well as this, often exceed the established pay itself. Nothing can
+well vary more than the Perquisites of this Office; for it is well
+known that Jack Ketch has a _Post-obit_ interest in the Convict,
+being entitled to his Cloaths, or to a composition for them; though,
+on the other hand, they must very frequently be such Garments that,
+as Shakspeare says, "a Hangman would bury with those who wore
+them[391]."
+
+  [391] Coriolanus, Act i. Sc. 8.
+
+This emolument is of no modern date; and has an affinity to other
+Droits on very dissimilar occasions, which will be mentioned
+presently. The Executioner's perquisite is at least as old as Henry
+VIII.; for Sir Thomas More, on the morning of his Execution, put
+on his best Gown, which was of Silk Camlet, sent him as a present,
+while he was in the Tower, by a Citizen of Lucca with whom he
+had been in correspondence; but the Lieutenant of the Tower was
+of opinion that a worse Gown would be good enough for the person
+who was to have it, meaning the Executioner, and prevailed upon
+Sir Thomas to change it, which he did for one made of frize[392].
+Thus the antiquity of this obitual emolument, so well known in
+Shakspeare's time, seems well established; and, as to its nature,
+has a strong resemblance to a fee of a much longer standing, and
+formerly received by Officers of very great respectability: for
+anciently Garter King of Arms had specifically the Gown of the Party
+on the creation of a Peer; and again, when Archbishops, Bishops,
+Abbots, and Priors, did homage to the King, their upper garment was
+the perquisite even of the Lord Chamberlain of the Household. The
+fee in the latter case was always compounded for, though Garter's
+was often formerly received in kind, inasmuch as the Statute which
+gives this fee to the Lord Chamberlain, directs the composition,
+because, as the words are, "it is more convenient that religious
+men should fine for their upper garment, than to be stripped[393]."
+The same delicate necessity does not operate in the Hangman's case;
+and his fee extends much farther than either of them, he being
+entitled to _all_ the sufferer's garments, having first rendered
+them useless to the party. Besides this perquisite, there has always
+been a pecuniary compliment, where it could possibly be afforded,
+given by the Sufferer to the Executioner, to induce him to be speedy
+and dexterous in the operation, which seems to be of still greater
+antiquity; for Sir Thomas More tells us that St. Cyprian, Bishop of
+Carthage, gave his Executioner thirty pieces of gold; and Sir Thomas
+himself gave (according to his Historian, his Great Grandson), on
+the like occasion, an angel of gold, being almost the last penny he
+had left. These outward gifts may likewise be understood as tokens
+of inward forgiveness.
+
+  [392] More's Life of Sir Thomas More, p. 271.
+
+  [393] Stat. 13 Edward I.
+
+Upon the whole, Sir, I conceive that what I have offered above,
+though with much enlargement, is the meaning of the ignominious
+term affixed to the sum of Thirteen Pence Halfpenny; and cannot but
+commiserate those for whom it is to be paid.
+
+  I am, Sir,
+  Your faithful humble Servant,
+  SAMUEL PEGGE.
+
+
+
+
+CUSTOM
+
+OBSERVED BY THE
+
+LORD LIEUTENANTS OF IRELAND.
+
+
+On the great road from London to West Chester, we find, at the
+principal Inns, the Coats of Arms of several Lord Lieutenants of
+Ireland, framed, and hung up in the best rooms. At the bottom of
+these Armorial Pictures (as I may call them) is a full display of
+all the Titles of the Party, together with the date of the year
+when each Viceroyship commenced. I have often inquired the reason
+of this custom, but never could procure a satisfactory answer.
+I do not reprobate the idea of this relique of ancient dignity,
+as these Heraldic Monuments were doubtless intended to operate
+as public evidences of the passage of each Lord-Deputy to his
+delegated Government. They now seem only to be preserved for the
+gratification of the vanity of the capital Inn-keepers, by shewing
+to Humble Travellers that such and such Lord-Lieutenants did them
+the honour to stop at their houses; and yet I will not say, but that
+for half-a-crown handsomely offered to his Excellency's Gentleman,
+they might likewise become part of the furniture of every alehouse
+in Dunstable.
+
+After fruitless inquiry, accident furnished me with the ground of
+this custom, which now only serves to excite a little transitory
+curiosity. Having occasion to look into Sir Dudley Digge's "Complete
+Ambassador," published in 1654, I was obliged to the Editor for
+a solution, who, in the Preface (signed A. H.), speaking of the
+reserve of the English Ambassadors, in not making public their
+Negotiations, has this observation:--"We have hardly any notion of
+them but by their _Arms_, which are hung up in _Inns_ where they
+passed."
+
+This paragraph at once accounts for the point before us, and
+is sufficient, at the same time, to shew that the custom was
+anciently, and even in the seventeenth century, common to every
+Ambassador, though it now only survives with those who go in the
+greater and more elevated line of Royal representation to Ireland.
+
+  SAMUEL PEGGE.
+
+THE END.
+
+
+
+
+  _Of the Publishers of this Work may be had_
+
+  ANONYMIANA;
+  OR,
+  TEN CENTURIES OF OBSERVATIONS
+  ON VARIOUS AUTHORS AND SUBJECTS;
+
+  (Compiled by the late very Learned and Reverend
+  DR. PEGGE);
+
+  _With a copious Index.----8vo. Price 12s._
+
+  "Whether as an Antiquary, a classical, poetical, and historical
+  Critick, a Biographer, or Enquirer into the Beauties and
+  Niceties of Grammar and Languages, we find everywhere that
+  Dr. Pegge's remarks are not only striking and useful, but
+  original; and, in this last respect, we have little hesitation in
+  preferring the _Anonymiana_ to the greater part of the Works
+  of this description, which have been lately published, either at
+  home or abroad. There is scarcely a taste among the various
+  divisions of human liking, that will not find something appropriate
+  and gratifying. It would be impossible to withhold, in
+  these times of levity, just praise from a Work that so ably combines
+  'light reading' with 'serious thinking.'"
+
+  _Gent. Mag. 1809._
+
+  ANECDOTES
+  OF THE
+  ENGLISH LANGUAGE,
+
+  chiefly regarding the Local Dialect of London and it's Environs;
+  whence it will appear, that the Natives of the Metropolis, and
+  its Vicinities, have not corrupted the Language of their Ancestors.
+
+  By SAMUEL PEGGE, Esq. F.S.A.
+  Second Edition, enlarged and corrected.
+
+  To which is added, A SUPPLEMENT to the PROVINCIAL
+  GLOSSARY of FRANCIS GROSE, Esq.
+
+  8vo. Price 12s. boards.
+
+  *** The Provincial Glossary may be had separate, Price 3s.
+
+  Printed at the VOTES Printing Office, King Street, Westminster,
+  _By Nichols, Son, and Bentley_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+Minor typographical errors have been corrected without note.
+Irregularities and inconsistencies in the text have been retained as
+printed.
+
+The illustrations have been moved so that they do not break up
+paragraphs.
+
+Mismatched quotes are not fixed if it's not sufficiently clear where
+the missing quote should be placed.
+
+The cover for the eBook version of this book was created by the
+transcriber and is placed in the public domain.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Curialia Miscellanea, or Anecdotes of
+Old Times; Regal, Noble, Gentilitial, and Miscellaneous, by Samuel Pegge
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+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of Curialia Miscellanea, or Anecdotes of Old Times, Regal, Noble, Gentilitial, and Miscellaneous, by Samuel Pegge.
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Curialia Miscellanea, or Anecdotes of Old
+Times; Regal, Noble, Gentilitial, and Miscellaneous, by Samuel Pegge
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license
+
+
+Title: Curialia Miscellanea, or Anecdotes of Old Times; Regal, Noble, Gentilitial, and Miscellaneous
+       Including Authentic Anecdotes of The Royal Household
+
+Author: Samuel Pegge
+
+Release Date: December 1, 2013 [EBook #44335]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CURIALIA MISCELLANEA ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by StevenGibbs, Julia Neufeld and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+
+<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 380px;">
+<img src="images/title.jpg" width="380" height="600" alt="title page" />
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 398px;"><a name="Frontispiece" id="Frontispiece"></a>
+<img src="images/frontispiece.jpg" width="398" height="600" alt="Pegge" />
+<div class="caption"><p class="center"><span class="smcap">Rev. Samuel Pegge</span>, LL.D F.S.A.<br />
+
+<em>Born 1704; Died 1796.</em><br />
+
+<em>Engraved by Philip Audinet from an Original Painting
+by Elias Needham 1788 in the Possession of Sir Christopher Pegge, M.D.</em><br />
+
+<em>Published by Nichols, Son &amp; Bentley, Jan. 1, 1818.</em></p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<h1>
+<span class="oldenglish">Curialia Miscellanea</span>,<br />
+
+<span class="s04">OR</span><br />
+
+<em>ANECDOTES OF OLD TIMES</em>;<br />
+
+<span class="s08">REGAL, NOBLE, GENTILITIAL</span>,<br />
+
+<span class="s04">AND</span><br />
+
+<span class="s08">MISCELLANEOUS:</span><br />
+
+<span class="s05">INCLUDING AUTHENTIC ANECDOTES OF<br />
+
+THE ROYAL HOUSEHOLD,<br />
+
+<span class="s04">AND THE</span><br />
+
+MANNERS AND CUSTOMS OF THE COURT,<br />
+
+AT AN EARLY PERIOD OF THE</span><br />
+
+<span class="oldenglish">English History.</span></h1>
+
+
+<p class="center">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</p>
+<h3><span class="smcap">By</span> SAMUEL PEGGE, <span class="smcap">Esq.</span> F.S.A.</h3>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Author of the</span> "CURIALIA,"<br />
+
+AND OF<br />
+
+<big>"ANECDOTES OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE."</big><br />
+&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;<br />
+
+PRINTED BY AND FOR J. NICHOLS, SON, AND BENTLEY,<br />
+
+AT THE PRINTING-OFFICE OF THE NOTES OF THE HOUSE OF COMMONS,<br />
+25, PARLIAMENT STREET, AND 10, KING STREET, WESTMINSTER;<br />
+
+SOLD ALSO AT THEIR OLD OFFICE IN RED LION PASSAGE,<br />
+FLEET STREET, LONDON.</p>
+
+<p class="center">1818.
+</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+
+<h2>LIST OF PLATES.</h2>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="plates">
+<tr><td align="left">Portrait of the Rev. Samuel Pegge, LL.D.</td><td align="right"><a href="#Frontispiece"><em>Frontispiece.</em></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Whittington Church</td><td align="right"><a href="#church">lix.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Whittington Rectory</td><td align="right"><a href="#rectory">lxii.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Whittington Revolution House</td><td align="right"><a href="#house">lxiii.</a></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+
+<h2>ADVERTISEMENT.</h2>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+<p>The publication of this Volume is strictly
+conformable to the testamentary intentions of
+the Author, who consigned the MSS. for that
+express purpose to the present Editor<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Pegge had, in his life-time, published
+Three Portions of "<em>Curialia</em>, or an Account
+of some Members of the Royal Houshold;"
+and had, with great industry and laborious
+research, collected materials for several other
+Portions, some of which were nearly completed
+for the press.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iv" id="Page_iv">[iv]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Mr. Pegge was "led into the investigation,"
+he says, "by a natural and kind of instinctive
+curiosity, and a desire of knowing what
+was the antient state of the Court to which
+he had the honour, by the favour of his
+Grace William the late Duke of Devonshire,
+to compose a part."</p>
+
+<p>Two more Portions were printed in 1806
+by the present Editor. Long, however, and
+intimately acquainted as he was with the accuracy
+and diffidence of Mr. Pegge, he would
+have hesitated in offering those posthumous
+Essays to the Publick, if the plan had
+not been clearly defined, and the Essays
+sufficiently distinct to be creditable to the
+reputation which Mr. Pegge had already
+acquired, by the Parts of the "Curialia"
+published by himself, and by his very entertaining
+(posthumous) "Anecdotes of the
+English Language;"&mdash;a reputation which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[v]</a></span>
+descended to him by <em>Hereditary Right</em>, and
+which he transmitted untarnished to a worthy
+and learned Son.</p>
+
+<p>It was the hope and intention of the Editor
+to have proceeded with some other Portions
+of the "Curialia;" but the fatal event which
+(in February 1808) overwhelmed him in
+accumulated distress put a stop to that
+intention. Nearly all the printed Copies of
+the "Curialia" perished in the flames; and
+part of the original MS. was lost.</p>
+
+<p>A few detached Articles, which related to
+the College of Arms, and to the Order of
+Knights Bachelors (which, had they been
+more perfect, would have formed one or more
+succeeding Portions) have since been deposited
+in the rich Library of that excellent
+College.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[vi]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The Volume now submitted to the candour
+of the Reader is formed from the wreck
+of the original materials. The arranging of
+the several detached articles, and the revisal
+of them through the press, have afforded the
+Editor some amusement; and he flatters himself
+that the Volume will meet with that indulgence
+which the particular circumstances
+attending it may presume to claim.&mdash;If the
+Work has any merit, it is the Author's.
+The defects should, in fairness, be attributed
+to the Editor.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+J. N.</p>
+<p>
+<em>Highbury Place, Dec. 1, 1817.</em>
+</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">&#8258; Extract from Mr. <span class="smcap">Pegge's</span> Will.</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p>"Having the Copy-right of my little Work called <cite>Curialia</cite> in
+myself, I hereby give and bequeath all my interest therein, together
+with all my impressions thereof which may be unsold at the time of
+my decease, to my Friend Mr. John Nichols, Printer, with the addition
+of as much money as will pay the Tax on this Legacy. I also
+request of the said Mr. John Nichols, that he would carefully
+peruse and digest all my Papers and Collections on the above subject,
+and print them under the title of <cite>Curialia Miscellanea</cite>, or some such
+description.&mdash;There is also another Work of mine, not quite finished,
+intitled <cite>Anecdotes of the English Language</cite>, which I wish Mr.
+Nichols to bring forward from his Press. <span class="smcap">Samuel Pegge.</span>"</p></blockquote>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[vii]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2>CONTENTS.</h2>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="contacts">
+<tr><td align="left">PARENTALIA: or, Memoirs of the Rev. Dr. Samuel Pegge, compiled by his Son</td><td align="right"><a href="#ix">Page ix-lviii</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">Appendix to the Parentalia:</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Description of Whittington Church</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_lix">lix</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Description of Whittington Rectory</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_lxii">lxii</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Description of The Revolution House at Whittington</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_lxii">ibid.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Origin of the Revolution in 1688</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_lxiv">lxiv</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Celebration of the Jubilee in 1788</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_lxv">lxv</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Stanzas by the Rev. P. Cunningham</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_lxxi">lxxi</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Ode for the Revolution Jubilee</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_lxxiii">lxxiii</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Extracts from Letters of Dr. Pegge to Mr. Gough</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_lxxiv">lxxiv</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Memoirs of Samuel Pegge, Esq. by the Editor</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_lxxvii">lxxvii</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Appendix of Epistolary Correspondence</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_lxxxiii">lxxxiii</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"><span class="smcap">Hospitium Domini Regis</span>:</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">or, The History of the Royal Household.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Introduction</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_1">Page 1</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">William I.</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_6">6</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">William Rufus</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Henry I.</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Stephen</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_38">38</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Henry II. (Plantagenet)</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Richard I.</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Henry IV.</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_68">68</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Edward IV.</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Extracts from the <cite>Liber Niger</cite></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Knights and Esquires of the Body</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_73">73</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Gentleman Usher</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_74">74</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Great Chamberlain of England</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Knights of Household</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Esquires of the Body</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Yeomen of the Crown</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[viii]</a></span>A Barber for the King's most high and dread Person</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_86">86</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Henxmen</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_88">88</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Master of Henxmen</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Squires of Household</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_91">91</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Kings of Arms, Heralds, and Pursuivants</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_95">95</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Serjeants of Arms</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Minstrels</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_99">99</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">A Wayte</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_101">101</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Clerk of the Crown in Chancery</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_103">103</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Supporters, Crests, and Cognizances, of the Kings of England</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_104">104</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Regal Titles</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">On the Virtues of the Royal Touch</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Ceremonies for Healing, for King's Evil</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_154">154</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Ceremonies for blessing Cramp-Rings</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_164">164</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><cite>Stemmata Magnatum</cite>: Origin of the Titles of some of the English Nobility</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_173">173</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">English Armorial Bearings</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_201">201</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Origin and Derivation of remarkable Surnames</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_208">208</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><cite>Symbola Scotica</cite>: Mottoes, &amp;c. of Scottish Families</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_213">213</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Dissertation on Coaches and Sedan Chairs</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_269">269</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Dissertation on the Hammer Cloth</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_304">304</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Articles of Dress.&mdash;Gloves</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_305">305</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Ermine&mdash;Gentlewomen's Apparel</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_312">312</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Apparel for the Heads of Gentlewomen</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_313">313</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Mourning</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_314">314</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Beard, &amp;c.</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_316">316</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Origin of the Name of the City of Westminster</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_320">320</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Memoranda relative to the Society of the Temple in London, written in 1760</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_323">323</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Dissertation on the Use of <em>Simnel</em> Bread, and the Derivation of the Word <em>Simnel</em></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_329">329</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Historical Essay on the Origin of "Thirteen Pence Half-penny," as Hangman's Wages</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_331">331</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Custom observed by the Lord Lieutenants of Ireland</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_349">349</a></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="ix" id="ix">&nbsp;</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><span class="center oldenglish">Parentalia:</span></h2>
+
+<p class="center">OR,</p>
+
+<p class="center"><big>MEMOIRS OF THE REV. DR. PEGGE,</big></p>
+
+<p class="center">COMPILED BY HIS SON.</p>
+
+<p class="center">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<p>The Rev. Samuel Pegge, LL. D. and F.S.A.
+was the Representative of one of four Branches of
+the Family of that name in Derbyshire, derived
+from a common Ancestor, all which existed together
+till within a few years. The eldest became
+extinct by the death of Mr. William Pegge,
+of Yeldersley, near Ashborne, 1768; and another
+by that of the Rev. Nathaniel Pegge, M.A. Vicar
+of Packington, in Leicestershire, 1782.</p>
+
+<p>The Doctor's immediate Predecessors, as may
+appear from the Heralds-office, were of Osmaston,
+near <em>Ashborne</em>, where they resided, in lineal succession,
+for four generations, antecedently to his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[x]</a></span>
+Father and himself, and where they left a patrimonial
+inheritance, of which the Doctor died
+possessed<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Of the other existing branch, Mr. Edward
+Pegge having [1662] married Gertrude, sole
+daughter and heir of William Strelley, Esq. of
+Beauchief, in the Northern part of Derbyshire,
+seated himself there, and was appointed High
+Sheriff of the County in 1667; as was his Grandson,
+Strelley Pegge, Esq. 1739; and his Great-grandson,
+the present Peter Pegge, Esq. 1788.</p>
+
+<p>It was by Katharine Pegge, a daughter of
+Thomas Pegge, Esq. of Yeldersley, that King
+Charles II. (who saw her abroad during his exile)
+had a son born (1647), whom he called Charles
+<em>Fitz-Charles</em>, to whom he granted the Royal arms,
+with a baton sinister, Vair�, and whom (1675)
+his Majesty created Earl of <em>Plymouth</em>, Viscount
+<em>Totness</em>, and Baron <em>Dartmouth</em><a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a>. He was bred
+to the Sea, and, having been educated abroad,
+most probably in Spain, was known by the name
+of <em>Don Carlos</em><a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a>. The Earl married the Lady
+Bridget Osborne, third Daughter of Thomas Earl<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[xi]</a></span>
+of Danby, Lord High Treasurer (at Wimbledon,
+in Surrey), 1678<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a>, and died of a flux at the
+siege of Tangier, 1680, without issue. The body
+was brought to England, and interred in Westminster
+Abbey<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a>. The Countess re-married Dr.
+Philip Bisse, Bishop of Hereford, by whom she
+had no issue; and who, surviving her, erected a
+handsome tablet to her memory in his Cathedral.</p>
+
+<p>Katharine Pegge, the Earl's mother, married Sir
+Edward Greene, Bart. of Samford in Essex, and
+died without issue by him<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>But to return to the Rev. Dr. Pegge, the outline
+<em>only</em> of whose life we propose to give. His Father
+(Christopher) was, as we have observed, of Osmaston,
+though he never resided there, even after
+he became possessed of it; for, being a younger
+Brother, it was thought proper to put him to
+business; and he served his time with a considerable
+woollen-draper at Derby, which line he
+followed till the death of his elder Brother (Humphry,
+who died without issue 1711) at Chesterfield<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">[xii]</a></span>
+in Derbyshire, when he commenced lead-merchant,
+then a lucrative branch of traffick
+there; and, having been for several years a Member
+of the Corporation, died in his third Mayoralty,
+1723.</p>
+
+<p>He had married Gertrude Stephenson (a daughter
+of Francis Stephenson, of Unston, near Chesterfield,
+Gent.) whose Mother was Gertrude Pegge,
+a Daughter of the before-mentioned Edward
+Pegge, Esq. of Beauchief; by which marriage
+these two Branches of the Family, which had
+long been diverging from each ether, became reunited,
+both by blood and name, in the person of
+Dr. Pegge, their only surviving child.</p>
+
+<p>He was born Nov. 5, 1704, N.S. at Chesterfield,
+where he had his school education; and was
+admitted a Pensioner of St. John's College, Cambridge,
+May 30, 1722, under the tuition of the
+Rev. Dr. William Edmundson; was matriculated
+July 7; and, in the following November, was
+elected a Scholar of the House, upon Lupton's
+Foundation.</p>
+
+<p>In the same year with his Father (1723) died
+the Heir of his Maternal Grandfather (Stephenson),
+a minor; by whose death a moiety of the
+real estate at Unston (before-mentioned) became
+the property of our young Collegian, who was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiii" id="Page_xiii">[xiii]</a></span>
+then pursuing his academical studies with intention
+of taking orders.</p>
+
+<p>Having, however, no immediate prospect of
+preferment, he looked up to a Fellowship of the
+College, after he had taken the degree of A.B. in
+January 1725, N.S.; and became a candidate
+upon a vacancy which happened favourably in
+that very year; for it was a Lay-fellowship upon
+the Beresford Foundation, and appropriated to
+the Founder's kin, or at least confined to a Native
+of Derbyshire.</p>
+
+<p>The competitors were, Mr. Michael Burton
+(afterwards Dr. Burton), and another, whose
+name we do not find; but the contest lay between
+Mr. Burton and Mr. Pegge. Mr. Burton
+had the stronger claim, being indubitably related
+to the Founder; but, upon examination, was declared
+to be so very deficient in Literature, that
+his superior right, as Founder's kin, was set aside,
+on account of the insufficiency of his learning;
+and Mr. Pegge was admitted, and sworn Fellow
+March 21, 1726, O. S.</p>
+
+<p>In consequence of this disappointment, Mr.
+Burton was obliged to take new ground, to enable
+him to procure an establishment in the world;
+and therefore artfully applied to the College for
+a testimonial, that he might receive orders, and
+undertake some cure in the vicinity of Cambridge.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiv" id="Page_xiv">[xiv]</a></span>
+Being ordained, he turned the circumstance into
+a man&oelig;uvre, and took an unexpected advantage
+of it, by appealing to the Visitor [the Bishop of
+Ely, Dr. Thomas Greene], representing, that, as
+the College had, by the testimonial, thought
+him qualified for Ordination, it could not, in
+justice, deem him unworthy of becoming a
+Fellow of the Society, upon such forcible claims
+as Founder's kin, and also as a Native of Derbyshire.</p>
+
+<p>These were irresistible pleas on the part of
+Mr. Burton; and the Visitor found himself reluctantly
+obliged to eject Mr. Pegge; when Mr.
+Burton took possession of the Fellowship, which
+he held many years<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thus this business closed; but the Visitor did
+Mr. Pegge the favour to recommend him, in so
+particular a manner, to the Master and Seniors
+of the College, that he was thenceforward considered
+as an honorary member of the body of
+Fellows (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">tanquam Socius</i>), kept his seat at their
+table and in the chapel, being placed in the situation
+of a Fellow-commoner.</p>
+
+<p>In consequence, then, of this testimony of the
+Bishop of Ely's approbation, Mr. Pegge was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xv" id="Page_xv">[xv]</a></span>
+chosen a Platt-fellow on the first vacancy, A. D.
+1729<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a>. He was therefore, in fact, <em>twice</em> a Fellow
+of St. John's.</p>
+
+<p>There is good reason to believe that, in the interval
+between his removal from his first Fellowship,
+and his acceding to the second, he meditated
+the publication of Xenophon's "<cite>Cyrop�dia</cite>"
+and "<cite>Anabasis</cite>," from a collation of them with a
+Duport MS. in the Library at Eton&mdash;to convince
+the world that the Master and Seniors of St.
+John's College did not judge unworthily in giving
+him so decided a preference to Mr. Burton in
+their election.</p>
+
+<p>It appears that he had made very large collections
+for such a work; but we suspect that it was thrown
+aside on being anticipated by Mr. Hutchinson's
+Edition, which was formed from more valuable
+manuscripts.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xvi" id="Page_xvi">[xvi]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>He possessed a MS "Lexicon Xenophonticum"
+by himself, as well as a Greek Lexicon in MS.;
+and had also "An English Historical Dictionary,"
+in 6 volumes folio; a French and Italian, a Latin,
+a British and Saxon one, in one volume each; all
+corrected by his notes; a "Glossarium Generale;"
+and two volumes of "Collections in English History."</p>
+
+<p>During his residence in Kent, Mr. Pegge
+formed a "Monasticon Cantianum," in two folio
+MS volumes; a MS Dictionary for Kent; an
+Alphabetical List of Kentish Authors and Worthies;
+Kentish Collections; Places in Kent; and
+many large MS additions to the account of that
+county in the "Magna Britannia."</p>
+
+<p>He also collected a good deal relative to the
+College at Wye, and its neighbourhood, which he
+thought of publishing, and engraved the seal, before
+engraved in Lewis's Seals. He had "Extracts
+from the Rental of the Royal Manor of Wye,
+made about 1430, in the hands of Daniel Earl of
+Winchelsea;" and "Copy of a Survey and Rental
+of the College, in the possession of Sir Windham
+Knatchbull, 1739."</p>
+
+<p>While resident in College (and in the year
+1730) Mr. Pegge was elected a Member of the
+Zodiac Club, a literary Society, which consisted
+of twelve members, denominated from the Twelve<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xvii" id="Page_xvii">[xvii]</a></span>
+Signs. This little institution was founded, and
+articles, in the nature of statutes, were agreed
+upon Dec. 10, 1725. Afterwards (1728) this Society
+thought proper to enlarge their body, when
+six select additional members were chosen, and
+denominated from six of the Planets, though it
+still went collectively under the name of the
+<em>Zodiac Club</em><a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a>. In this latter class Mr. Pegge
+was the original <em>Mars</em>, and continued a member of
+the Club as long as he resided in the University.
+His secession was in April 1732, and his seat accordingly
+declared vacant.</p>
+
+<p>In the same year, 1730, Mr. Pegge appears in
+a more public literary body;&mdash;among the Members
+of the Gentlemen's Society at Spalding, in
+Lincolnshire, to which he contributed some papers
+which will be noticed below<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a>.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xviii" id="Page_xviii">[xviii]</a></span></p>
+<p>Having taken the degree of A. M. in July
+1729, Mr. Pegge was ordained Deacon in December
+in the same year; and, in the February
+following, received Priest's orders; both of which
+were conferred by Dr. William Baker, Bishop of
+Norwich.</p>
+
+<p>It was natural that he should now look to employment
+in his profession; and, agreeably to his
+wishes, he was soon retained as Curate to the
+Rev. Dr. John Lynch (afterwards [1733] Dean
+of Canterbury), at Sundrich in Kent, on which
+charge he entered at Lady-day 1730; and in his
+Principal, as will appear, soon afterwards, very
+unexpectedly, found a Patron.</p>
+
+<p>The Doctor gave Mr. Pegge the choice of three
+Cures under him&mdash;of Sundrich, of a London
+Living, or the Chaplainship of St. Cross, of
+which the Doctor was then Master. Mr. Pegge
+preferred Sundrich, which he held till Dr. Lynch
+exchanged, that Rectory for Bishopsbourne, and
+then removed thither at Midsummer 1731.</p>
+
+<p>Within a few months after this period, Dr.
+Lynch, who had married a daughter of Archbishop
+Wake, obtained for Mr. Pegge, unsolicited,
+the Vicarage of Godmersham (cum Challock),
+into which he was inducted Dec. 6, 1731.</p>
+
+<p>We have said <em>unsolicited</em>, because, at the moment
+when the Living was conferred, Mr. Pegge<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xix" id="Page_xix">[xix]</a></span>
+had more reason to expect a <em>reproof</em> from his
+Principal, than a <em>reward</em> for so short a service of
+these Cures. The case was, that Mr. Pegge had,
+in the course of the preceding summer (unknown
+to Dr. Lynch) taken a little tour, for a few months,
+to Leyden, with a Fellow Collegian (John Stubbing,
+M. B. then a medical pupil under Boerhaave),
+leaving his Curacy to the charge of some
+of the neighbouring Clergy. On his return,
+therefore, he was not a little surprized to obtain
+actual preferment through Dr. Lynch, without the
+most distant engagement on the score of the
+Doctor's interest with the Archbishop, or the
+smallest suggestion from Mr. Pegge.</p>
+
+<p>Being now in possession of a Living, and independent
+property, Mr. Pegge married (April 13,
+1732) Miss Anne Clarke, the only daughter of
+Benjamin, and sister of John Clarke, Esqrs. of
+Stanley, near Wakefield, in the county of York,
+by whom he had one Son [Samuel, of whom
+hereafter], who, after his Mother's death, became
+eventually heir to his Uncle; and one Daughter,
+Anna-Katharina, wife of the Rev. John Bourne,
+M.A. of Spital, near Chesterfield, Rector of Sutton
+cum Duckmanton, and Vicar of South Winfield,
+both in Derbyshire; by whom she had two
+daughters, Elizabeth, who married Robert Jennings,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xx" id="Page_xx">[xx]</a></span>
+Esq. and Jane, who married Benjamin
+Thompson, Esq.</p>
+
+<p>While Mr. Pegge was resident in Kent, where
+he continued twenty years, he made himself acceptable
+to every body, by his general knowledge,
+his agreeable conversation, and his vivacity; for
+he was received into the familiar acquaintance of
+the best Gentlemen's Families in East Kent,
+several of whom he preserved in his correspondence
+after he quitted the county, till the whole
+of those of his own standing gave way to fate
+before him.</p>
+
+<p>Having an early propensity to the study of
+Antiquity among his general researches, and being
+allowedly an excellent Classical Scholar, he here
+laid the foundation of what in time became a considerable
+collection of books, and his little cabinet
+of Coins grew in proportion; by which two assemblages
+(so scarce among Country Gentlemen
+in general) he was qualified to pursue those collateral
+studies, without neglecting his parochial
+duties, to which he was always assiduously attentive.</p>
+
+<p>The few pieces which Mr. Pegge printed while
+he lived in Kent will be mentioned hereafter,
+when we shall enumerate such of his Writings
+as are most material. These (exclusively of Mr.
+<em>Urban</em>'s obligations to him in the Gentleman's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxi" id="Page_xxi">[xxi]</a></span>
+Magazine) have appeared principally, and most
+conspicuously, in the <cite>Arch�ologia</cite>, which may be
+termed the Transactions of the Society of Antiquaries.
+In that valuable collection will be found
+more than fifty memoirs, written and communicated
+by him, many of which are of considerable
+length, being by much the greatest number
+hitherto contributed by any individual member
+of that respectable Society.</p>
+
+<p>In returning to the order of time, we find that,
+in July 1746, Mr. Pegge had the great misfortune
+to lose his Wife; whose monumental inscription,
+at Godmersham, bears ample testimony of her
+worth:</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+"<small>MDCCXLVI.</small><br />
+Anna Clarke, uxor Samuelis Pegge<br />
+Vicarii hujus parochi�;<br />
+Mulier, si qua alia, sine dolo,<br />
+Vitam �ternam et beatam fidenter hic sperat;<br />
+nec erit frustra."
+</p>
+
+<p>This event entirely changed Mr. Pegge's destinations;
+for he now zealously meditated on some
+mode of removing himself, without disadvantage,
+into his Native County. To effect this, one of
+two points was to be carried; either to obtain
+some piece of preferment, tenable in its nature
+with his Kentish Vicarage; or to exchange the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxii" id="Page_xxii">[xxii]</a></span>
+latter for an equivalent; in which last he eventually
+succeeded beyond his immediate expectations.</p>
+
+<p>We are now come to a new epoch in the Doctor's
+life; but there is an interval of a few years to
+be accounted for, before he found an opportunity
+of effectually removing himself into Derbyshire.</p>
+
+<p>His Wife being dead, his Children young and
+at school, and himself reduced to a life of solitude,
+so ungenial to his temper (though no man
+was better qualified to improve his leisure); he
+found relief by the kind offer of his valuable
+Friend, Sir Edward Dering, Bart.</p>
+
+<p>At this moment Sir Edward chose to place his
+Son<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> under the care of a private Tutor at home,
+to qualify him more competently for the University.
+Sir Edward's personal knowledge of Mr.
+Pegge, added to the Family situation of the latter,
+mutually induced the former to offer, and the
+latter to accept, the proposal of removing from
+Godmersham to Surrenden (Sir Edward's mansion-house)
+to superintend Mr. Dering's education
+for a short time; in which capacity he continued
+about a year and a half, till Mr. Dering was
+admitted of St. John's College, Cambridge, in
+March 1751.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxiii" id="Page_xxiii">[xxiii]</a></span></p>
+<p>Sir Edward had no opportunity, by any patronage
+of his own, permanently to gratify Mr.
+Pegge, and to preserve him in the circle of their
+common Friends. On the other hand, finding
+Mr. Pegge's propensity to a removal so very
+strong, Sir Edward reluctantly pursued every
+possible measure to effect it.</p>
+
+<p>The first vacant living in Derbyshire which offered
+itself was the Perpetual Curacy of <em>Brampton</em>,
+near Chesterfield; a situation peculiarly eligible
+in many respects. It became vacant in
+1747; and, if it could have been obtained, would
+have placed Mr. Pegge in the centre of his early
+acquaintance in that County; and, being tenable
+with his Kentish living, would not have totally
+estranged him from his Friends in the South of
+England. The patronage of Brampton is in the
+Dean of Lincoln, which Dignity was then filled
+by the Rev. Dr. Thomas Cheyney; to whom,
+Mr. Pegge being a stranger, the application was
+necessarily to be made in a circuitous manner, and
+he was obliged to employ more than a double
+mediation before his name could be mentioned to
+the Dean.</p>
+
+<p>The mode he proposed was through the influence
+of William the third Duke of Devonshire;
+to whom Mr. Pegge was personally known as a
+Derbyshire man (though he had so long resided
+in Kent), having always paid his respects to his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxiv" id="Page_xxiv">[xxiv]</a></span>
+Grace on the public days at Chatsworth, as often
+as opportunity served, when on a visit in Derbyshire.
+Mr. Pegge did not, however, think himself
+sufficiently in the Duke's favour to make a
+direct address for his Grace's recommendation to
+the Dean of Lincoln, though the object so fully
+met his wishes in moderation, and in every other
+point. He had, therefore, recourse to a friend,
+the Right Rev. Dr. Fletcher, Bishop of Dromore,
+then in England; who, in conjunction with
+Godfrey Watkinson, of Brampton Moor, Esq.
+(the principal resident Gentleman in the parish of
+Brampton) solicited, and obtained, his Grace's
+interest with the Dean of Lincoln: who, in consequence,
+nominated Mr. Pegge to the living.</p>
+
+<p>One point now seemed to be gained towards
+his re-transplantation into his native soil, after
+he had resisted considerable offers had he continued
+in Kent; and thus did he think himself
+virtually in possession of a living in Derbyshire,
+which in its nature was tenable with Godmersham
+in Kent. Henceforward, then, he no doubt felt
+a satisfaction that he should soon be enabled to
+live in Derbyshire, and occasionally visit his
+friends in Kent, instead of residing in that county,
+and visiting his friends in Derbyshire.</p>
+
+<p>But, after all this assiduity and anxiety (as if
+<em>admission</em> and <em>ejection</em> had pursued him a second<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxv" id="Page_xxv">[xxv]</a></span>
+time), the result of Mr. Pegge's expectations was
+far from answering his then present wishes; for,
+when he thought himself secure by the Dean's
+nomination, and that nothing was wanting but
+the Bishop's licence, the Dean's <em>right of Patronage</em>
+was controverted by the Parishioners of
+Brampton, who brought forward a Nominee of
+their own.</p>
+
+<p>The ground of this claim, on the part of the
+Parish, was owing to an ill-judged indulgence of
+some former Deans of Lincoln, who had occasionally
+permitted the Parishioners to send an
+Incumbent directly to the <em>Bishop</em> for his licence,
+without the intermediate nomination of the <em>Dean</em>
+in due form.</p>
+
+<p>These measures were principally fomented by
+the son of the last Incumbent, the Rev. Seth
+Ellis, a man of a reprobate character, and a disgrace
+to his profession, who wanted the living,
+and was patronised by the Parish. He had a
+desperate game to play; for he had not the least
+chance of obtaining any preferment, as no individual
+Patron, who was even superficially acquainted
+with his <em>moral</em> character alone, could
+with decency advance him in the church. To
+complete the detail of the fate of this man, whose
+interest the deluded part of the mal-contents of
+the parish so warmly espoused, he was soon after<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxvi" id="Page_xxvi">[xxvi]</a></span>
+suspended by the Bishop from officiating at
+Brampton<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Whatever inducements the Parish might have
+to support Mr. Ellis so strenuously we do not
+say, though they manifestly did not arise from
+any pique to one Dean more than to another; and
+we are decidedly clear that they were not founded
+in any aversion to Mr. Pegge as an individual;
+for his character was in all points too well established,
+and too well known (even to the leading
+opponents to the Dean), to admit of the least personal
+dislike in any respect. So great, nevertheless,
+was the acrimony with which the Parishioners
+pursued their visionary pretensions to the Patronage,
+that, not content with the decision of the
+Jury (which was highly respectable) in favour of
+the Dean, when the right of Patronage was tried
+in 1748; they had the audacity to carry the cause
+to an Assize at Derby, where, on the fullest and
+most incontestable evidence, a verdict was given
+in favour of the Dean, to the confusion and indelible
+disgrace of those Parishioners who espoused<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxvii" id="Page_xxvii">[xxvii]</a></span>
+so bad a cause, supported by the most undaunted
+effrontery.</p>
+
+<p>The evidence produced by the Parish went to
+prove, from an entry made nearly half a century
+before in the accompts kept by the Churchwardens,
+that the <em>Parishioners</em>, and not the
+<em>Deans of Lincoln</em>, had hitherto, on a vacancy,
+nominated a successor to the Bishop of the Diocese
+for his licence, without the intervention of any
+other person or party. The Parish accompts
+were accordingly brought into court at Derby,
+wherein there appeared not only a palpable erasement,
+but such an one as was detected by a living
+and credible witness; for, a Mr. <em>Mower</em> swore
+that, on a vacancy in the year 1704, an application
+was made by the Parish to the <em>Dean of Lincoln</em>
+in favour of the Rev. Mr. Littlewood<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>In corroboration of Mr. Mower's testimony, an
+article in the Parish accompts and expenditures of
+that year was adverted to, and which, when Mr.
+Mower saw it, ran thus:</p>
+
+<p>"Paid William Wilcoxon, for going <em>to Lincoln
+to the Dean</em> concerning Mr. Littlewood, five
+shillings."</p>
+
+<p>The Parishioners had before alleged, in proof<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxviii" id="Page_xxviii">[xxviii]</a></span>
+of their title, that they had <em>elected</em> Mr. Littlewood;
+and, to uphold this asseveration, had clumsily
+altered the parish accompt-book, and inserted
+the words "to <em>Lichfield</em> to the <span class="smcap">Bishop</span>," in the
+place of the words "to <em>Lincoln</em> to the <span class="smcap">Dean</span>."</p>
+
+<p>Thus their own evidence was turned against the
+Parishioners; and not a moment's doubt remained
+but that the patronage rested with the <span class="smcap">Dean</span> <em>of
+Lincoln</em>.</p>
+
+<p>We have related this affair without a strict adherence
+to chronological order as to facts, or to
+collateral circumstances, for the sake of preserving
+the narrative entire, as far as it regards the
+contest between the <em>Dean of Lincoln</em> and the
+<em>Parish of Brampton</em>; for we believe that this
+transaction (uninteresting as it may be to the
+publick in general) is one of very few instances
+on record which has an exact parallel.</p>
+
+<p>The intermediate points of the contest, in which
+Mr. Pegge was more peculiarly concerned, and
+which did not prominently appear to the world,
+were interruptions and unpleasant impediments
+which arose in the course of this tedious process.</p>
+
+<p>He had been nominated to the Perpetual Curacy
+of Brampton by Dr. <em>Cheyney</em>, Dean of Lincoln;
+was at the sole expence of the suit respecting the
+right of Patronage, whereby the verdict was given
+in favour of the Dean; and he was actually<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxix" id="Page_xxix">[xxix]</a></span>
+licensed by the Bishop of Lichfield. In consequence
+of this decision and the Bishop's licence,
+Mr. Pegge, not suspecting that the contest could
+go any farther, attended to qualify at Brampton,
+on Sunday, August 28, 1748, in the usual manner;
+but was repelled <em>by violence</em> from entering
+the Church.</p>
+
+<p>In this state matters rested regarding the Patronage
+of Brampton, when Dr. Cheyney was
+unexpectedly transferred from the Deanry of <em>Lincoln</em>
+to the Deanry of <em>Winchester</em>, which (we
+may observe by the way) he solicited on motives
+similar to those which actuated Mr. Pegge at the
+very moment; for Dr. Cheyney, being a Native
+of Winchester, procured an exchange of his
+Deanry of Lincoln with the Rev. Dr. William
+George, Provost of Queen's college, Cambridge,
+for whom the Deanry of Winchester was intended
+by the Minister on the part of the Crown.</p>
+
+<p>Thus Mr. Pegge's interests and applications
+were to begin <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">de novo</i> with the Patron of Brampton;
+for, his nomination by Dr. Cheyney, in the
+then state of things, was of no validity. He fell,
+however, into liberal hands; for his activity in
+the proceedings which had hitherto taken place
+respecting the living in question had rendered
+fresh advocates unnecessary, as it had secured the
+unasked favour of Dr. George, who not long afterwards<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxx" id="Page_xxx">[xxx]</a></span>
+voluntarily gave him the Rectory of <em>Whittington</em>,
+near Chesterfield, in Derbyshire; into
+which he was inducted Nov. 11, 1751, and where
+he resided for upwards of 44 years without interruption<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Though Mr. Pegge had relinquished all farther
+pretensions to the living of <em>Brampton</em> before the
+cause came to a decision at Derby, yet he gave
+every possible assistance at the trial, by the communication
+of various documents, as well as by
+his personal evidence at the Assize, to support
+the claim of the new Nominee, the Rev. John
+Bowman, in whose favour the verdict was given,
+and who afterwards enjoyed the benefice.</p>
+
+<p>Here then we take leave of this troublesome
+affair, so nefarious and unwarrantable on the part
+of the Parishioners of <em>Brampton</em>; and from
+which <span class="smcap">Patrons</span> of every description may draw
+their own inferences.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Pegge's ecclesiastical prospect in Derbyshire
+began soon to brighten; and he ere long
+obtained the more eligible living of <em>Whittington</em>.
+Add to this that, in the course of the dispute<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxxi" id="Page_xxxi">[xxxi]</a></span>
+concerning the Patronage of Brampton, he became
+known to the Hon. and Right Rev. Frederick
+(Cornwallis) Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry;
+who ever afterwards favoured him not only
+with his personal regard, but with his patronage,
+which extended even beyond the grave, as will be
+mentioned hereafter in the order of time.</p>
+
+<p>We must now revert to Mr. Pegge's old Friend
+Sir Edward Dering, who, at the moment when
+Mr. Pegge decidedly took the living of <em>Whittington</em>,
+in Derbyshire, began to negotiate with his
+Grace of Canterbury (Dr. Herring), the Patron of
+<em>Godmersham</em>, for an exchange of that living for
+something tenable with Whittington.</p>
+
+<p>The Archbishop's answer to this application
+was highly honourable to Mr. Pegge: "Why,"
+said his Grace, "will Mr. Pegge leave my Diocese?
+If he will continue in Kent, I promise
+you, Sir Edward, that I will give him preferment
+to his satisfaction<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a>."</p>
+
+<p>No allurements, however, could prevail; and
+Mr. Pegge, at all events, accepted the Rectory of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxxii" id="Page_xxxii">[xxxii]</a></span>
+<em>Whittington</em>, leaving every other pursuit of the
+kind to contingent circumstances. An exchange
+was, nevertheless, very soon afterwards effected,
+by the interest of Sir Edward with the <em>Duke of
+Devonshire</em>, who consented that Mr. Pegge should
+take his Grace's Rectory of <em>Brinhill</em><a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> in Lancashire,
+then luckily void, the Archbishop at the
+same time engaging to present the <em>Duke's</em> Clerk
+to <em>Godmersham</em>. Mr. Pegge was accordingly
+inducted into the Rectory of <em>Brindle</em>, Nov. 23,
+1751, in less than a fortnight after his induction
+at <em>Whittington</em><a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to this favour from the Family of
+<em>Cavendish</em>, Sir Edward Dering obtained for Mr.
+Pegge, almost at the same moment, a <em>scarf</em> from
+the <em>Marquis of Hartington</em> (afterwards the fourth
+Duke of Devonshire), then called up to the
+House of Peers, in June 1751, by the title of
+Baron <em>Cavendish</em> of <em>Hardwick</em>. Mr. Pegge's
+appointment is dated Nov. 18, 1751; and thus,
+after all his solicitude, he found himself possessed
+of two livings and a dignity, honourably and indulgently
+conferred, as well as most desirably
+connected, in the same year and in the same
+month; though this latter circumstance may be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxxiii" id="Page_xxxiii">[xxxiii]</a></span>
+attributed to the voluntary lapse of Whittington<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a>.
+After Mr. Pegge had held the Rectory of <em>Brinhill</em>
+for a few years, an opportunity offered, by
+another obliging acquiescence of the Duke <em>of
+Devonshire</em>, to exchange it for the living of
+<em>Heath</em> (alias <em>Lown</em>), in his <em>Grace's</em> Patronage,
+which lies within seven miles of Whittington:
+a very commodious measure, as it brought Mr.
+Pegge's parochial preferments within a smaller
+distance of each other. He was accordingly inducted
+into the Vicarage of <em>Heath</em>, Oct. 22, 1758,
+which he held till his death.</p>
+
+<p>This was the last favour of the kind which Mr.
+Pegge <em>individually</em> received from the <span class="smcap">Dukes of
+Devonshire</span>; but the Compiler of this little
+Memoir regarding his late Father, flatters himself
+that it can give no offence to that Noble Family
+if he takes the opportunity of testifying a sense of
+his own <em>personal</em> obligations to William the fourth
+<span class="smcap">Duke of Devonshire</span>, when his Grace was <em>Lord
+Chamberlain</em> of his <span class="smcap">Majesty's</span> <em>Household</em>.</p>
+
+<p>As to Mr. Pegge's other preferments, they shall
+only be briefly mentioned in chronological order;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxxiv" id="Page_xxxiv">[xxxiv]</a></span>
+but with due regard to his obligations. In the
+year 1765 he was presented to the Perpetual
+Curacy of <em>Wingerworth</em>, about six miles from.
+Whittington, by the Honourable and Reverend
+James <em>Yorke</em>, then <em>Dean of Lincoln</em>, afterwards
+<em>Bishop of Ely</em>, to whom he was but little known
+but by name and character. This appendage was
+rendered the more acceptable to Mr. Pegge, because
+the seat of his very respectable Friend Sir
+Henry Hunloke, Bart. is in the parish, from
+whom, and all the Family, Mr. Pegge ever
+received great civilities.</p>
+
+<p>We have already observed, that Mr. Pegge became
+known, insensibly as it were, to the Honourable
+and Right Reverend Frederick (<em>Cornwallis</em>),
+Bishop of Lichfield, during the contest respecting
+the living of <em>Brampton</em>; from whom he afterwards
+received more than one favour, and by
+whom another greater instance of regard was intended,
+as will be mentioned hereafter.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Pegge was first collated by his Lordship to
+the Prebend of <em>Bobenhull</em>, in the Church of <em>Lichfield</em>,
+in 1757; and was afterwards voluntarily
+advanced by him to that of <em>Whittington</em> in 1763,
+which he possessed at his death<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a>.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxxv" id="Page_xxxv">[xxxv]</a></span></p>
+<p>In addition to the Stall at Lichfield, Mr. Pegge
+enjoyed the Prebend of <em>Louth</em>, in the Cathedral
+of <em>Lincoln</em>, to which he had been collated (in
+1772) by his old acquaintance, and Fellow-collegian,
+the late Right Reverend John <em>Green</em>,
+Bishop of that See<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>This seems to be the proper place to subjoin,
+that, towards the close of his life, Mr. Pegge declined
+a situation for which, in more early days,
+he had the greatest predilection, and had taken
+every active and modest measure to obtain&mdash;a
+<em>Residentiaryship</em> in the Church of <em>Lichfield</em>.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Pegge's wishes tended to this point on
+laudable, and almost natural motives, as soon as
+his interest with the Bishop began to gain strength;
+for it would have been a very pleasant interchange,
+at that period of life, to have passed a
+portion of the year at <em>Lichfield</em>. This expectation,
+however, could not be brought forward till
+he was too far advanced in age to endure with
+tolerable convenience a removal from time to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxxvi" id="Page_xxxvi">[xxxvi]</a></span>
+time; and therefore, when the offer was realized,
+he declined the acceptance.</p>
+
+<p>The case was literally this: While Mr. Pegge's
+elevation in the Church of <em>Lichfield</em> rested solely
+upon Bishop (<em>Frederick</em>) Cornwallis, it was secure,
+had a vacancy happened: but his Patron
+was translated to <em>Canterbury</em> in 1768, and Mr.
+Pegge had henceforward little more than personal
+knowledge of any of his Grace's Successors at
+<em>Lichfield</em>, till the Hon. and Right Reverend
+<em>James</em> Cornwallis (the Archbishop's Nephew)
+was consecrated Bishop of that See in 1781.</p>
+
+<p>On this occasion, to restore the balance in favour
+of Mr. Pegge, the Archbishop had the kindness
+to make an <em>Option</em> of the <em>Residentiaryship</em>
+at <em>Lichfield</em>, then possessed by the Rev. Thomas
+<em>Seward</em>. It was, nevertheless, several years before
+even the tender of this preferment could take
+place; as his <em>Grace</em> of <em>Canterbury</em> died in 1783,
+while Mr. <em>Seward</em> was living.</p>
+
+<p><em>Options</em> being personal property, Mr. Pegge's
+interest, on the demise of the <em>Archbishop</em>, fell into
+the hands of the Hon. Mrs. <em>Cornwallis</em>, his Relict
+and Executrix, who fulfilled his <em>Grace's</em> original
+intention in the most friendly manner, on the
+death of Mr. <em>Seward</em>, in 1790<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a>.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxxvii" id="Page_xxxvii">[xxxvii]</a></span></p>
+<p>The little occasional transactions which primarily
+brought Mr. Pegge within the notice of
+Bishop (<em>Frederick</em>) Cornwallis at Eccleshall-castle
+led his Lordship to indulge him with a
+greater share of personal esteem than has often
+fallen to the lot of a private Clergyman so remotely
+placed from his Diocesan. Mr. Pegge
+had attended his Lordship two or three times on
+affairs of business, as one of the Parochial Clergy,
+after which the Bishop did him the honour to invite
+him to make an annual visit at Eccleshall-castle
+as an <em>Acquaintance</em>. The compliance with
+this overture was not only very flattering, but
+highly gratifying, to Mr. Pegge, who consequently
+waited upon his Lordship for a fortnight in the
+Autumn, during several years, till the Bishop was
+translated to the Metropolitical See of <em>Canterbury</em>
+in 1768. After this, however, his Grace
+did not forget his humble friend, the <em>Rector of</em><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxxviii" id="Page_xxxviii">[xxxviii]</a></span>
+<em>Whittington</em>, as will be seen; and sometimes
+corresponded with him on indifferent matters.</p>
+
+<p>About the same time that Mr. Pegge paid these
+visits at Eccleshall-castle, he adopted an expedient
+to change the scene, likewise, by a journey
+to London (between Easter and Whitsuntide);
+where, for a few years, he was entertained by his
+old Friend and Fellow-collegian the Rev. Dr. <em>John
+Taylor</em>, F. S. A. Chancellor of Lincoln, &amp;c. (the
+learned Editor of Demosthenes and Lysias), then
+one of the Residentiaries of St. Paul's.</p>
+
+<p>After Dr. Taylor's death (1766), the Bishop of
+Lincoln, Dr. <em>John Green</em>, another old College-acquaintance,
+became Mr. Pegge's London-host
+for a few years, till <em>Archbishop Cornwallis</em> began
+to reside at Lambeth. This event superseded the
+visits to Bishop <em>Green</em>, as Mr. Pegge soon afterwards
+received a very friendly invitation from his
+<em>Grace</em>; to whom, from that time, he annually
+paid his respects at <em>Lambeth-palace</em>, for a month
+in the Spring, till the <em>Archbishop's</em> decease, which
+took place about Easter 1783.</p>
+
+<p>All these were delectable visits to a man of
+Mr. Pegge's turn of mind, whose conversation was
+adapted to every company, and who enjoyed <em>the
+world</em> with greater relish from not living in it
+every day. The society with which he intermixed,
+in such excursions, changed his ideas,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxxix" id="Page_xxxix">[xxxix]</a></span>
+and relieved him from the <em>t�dium</em> of a life of
+much reading and retirement; as, in the course
+of these journeys, he often had opportunities of
+meeting old <em>Friends</em>, and of making new <em>literary
+acquaintance</em>.</p>
+
+<p>On some of these occasions he passed for a
+week into <em>Kent</em>, among such of his old Associates
+as were then living, till the death of his much-honoured
+Friend, and former Parishioner, the
+elder <em>Thomas Knight</em>, Esq. of Godmersham, in
+1781<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a>. We ought on no account to omit the
+mention of some <em>extra-visits</em> which Mr. Pegge
+occasionally made to Bishop <em>Green</em>, at <em>Buckden</em>,
+to which we are indebted for the Life of that excellent
+Prelate <em>Robert Grosseteste</em>, Bishop of
+<em>Lincoln</em>;&mdash;a work upon which we shall only observe
+here, that it is Dr. Pegge's <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">chef-d'&oelig;uvre</i>,
+and merits from the world much obligation. To
+these interviews with Bishop <em>Green</em>, we may also
+attribute those ample Collections, which Dr.
+Pegge left among his MSS. towards a History of
+the <em>Bishops</em> of <em>Lincoln</em>, and of that <em>Cathedral</em> in
+general, &amp;c. &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>With the decease of Archbishop Cornwallis
+(1783), Mr. Pegge's excursions to London terminated.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xl" id="Page_xl">[xl]</a></span>
+His old familiar Friends, and principal
+acquaintance there, were gathered to their fathers;
+and he felt that the lot of a long life had fallen
+upon him, having survived not only the <em>first</em>,
+but the <em>second</em> class of his numerous distant connexions.</p>
+
+<p>While on one of these visits at Lambeth, the
+late <em>Gustavus Brander</em>, Esq. F. S. A. who entertained
+an uncommon partiality for Mr. Pegge,
+persuaded him, very much against his inclination,
+to sit for a Drawing, from which an octavo <em>Print</em>
+of him might be engraved by Basire. The Work
+went on so slowly, that the Plate was not finished
+till 1785, when Mr. Pegge's current age was 81.
+Being a <em>private Print</em>, it was at first only intended
+for, and distributed among, the particular Friends
+of Mr. Brander and Mr. Pegge. This Print,
+however, <em>now</em> carries with it something of a publication;
+for a considerable number of the impressions
+were dispersed after Mr. <em>Brander</em>'s
+death, when his Library, &amp;c. were sold by auction;
+and the Print is often found prefixed to
+copies of "The Forme of Cury," a work which
+will hereafter be specified among Mr. Pegge's
+literary labours<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a>.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xli" id="Page_xli">[xli]</a></span></p>
+<p>The remainder of Mr. Pegge's life after the
+year 1783 was, in a great measure, reduced to a
+state of quietude; but not without an extensive
+correspondence with the world in the line of Antiquarian
+researches: for he afterwards contributed
+largely to the <cite>Arch�ologia</cite>, and the Bibliotheca<cite>
+Topographica Britannica</cite>, &amp;c. &amp;c. as may
+appear to those who will take the trouble to compare
+the dates of his Writings, which will hereafter
+be enumerated, with the time of which we
+are speaking.</p>
+
+<p>The only periodical variation in life, which attended
+Mr. Pegge after the Archbishop's death,
+consisted of Summer visits at Eccleshall-castle to
+the present Bishop (<em>James</em>) Cornwallis, who (if<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xlii" id="Page_xlii">[xlii]</a></span>
+we may be allowed the word) <em>adopted</em> Mr. Pegge
+as his guest so long as he was able to undertake
+such journeys.</p>
+
+<p>We have already seen an instance of his Lordship's
+kindness in the case of the intended <em>Residentiaryship</em>;
+and have, moreover, good reasons
+to believe that, had the late <em>Archdeacon</em> of <em>Derby</em>
+(Dr. Henry Egerton) died at an earlier stage of
+Mr. Pegge's life, he would have succeeded to that
+dignity.</p>
+
+<p>This part of the Memoir ought not to be dismissed
+without observing, to the honour of Mr.
+Pegge, that, as it was not in his power to make
+any individual return (in his life-time) to his
+Patrons, the two Bishops of <em>Lichfield</em> of the name
+of <em>Cornwallis</em>, for their extended civilities, he
+directed, by testamentary instructions, that <i>one
+hundred volumes</i> out of his Collection of Books
+should be given to the Library of the Cathedral
+of <i>Lichfield</i><a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>During Mr. Pegge's involuntary retreat from
+his former associations with the more remote parts
+of the Kingdom, he was actively awake to such
+objects in which he was implicated nearer home.</p>
+
+<p>Early in the year 1788 material repairs and
+considerable alterations became necessary to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xliii" id="Page_xliii">[xliii]</a></span>
+Cathedral of <i>Lichfield</i>. A subscription was accordingly
+begun by the Members of the Church,
+supported by many Lay-gentlemen of the neighbourhood;
+when Mr. Pegge, as a Prebendary, not
+only contributed handsomely, but projected, and
+drew up, a circular letter, addressed to the Rev.
+Charles Hope, M. A. the Minister of All Saints
+(the principal) Church in Derby, recommending
+the promotion of this public design. The Letter,
+being inserted in several Provincial Newspapers,
+was so well seconded by Mr. Hope, that it had a
+due effect upon the Clergy and Laity of the
+Diocese in general; for which Mr. Pegge received
+a written acknowledgment of thanks from the
+present Bishop of <i>Lichfield</i>, dated May 29, 1788.</p>
+
+<p>This year (1788), memorable as a Centenary in
+the annals of England, was honourable to the
+little Parish of <i>Whittington</i>, which accidentally
+bore a subordinate <i>local</i> part in the History of the
+<i>Revolution;</i> for it was to an inconsiderable public-house
+<i>there</i> (still called the <i>Revolution-house</i>)
+that the Earl of Devonshire, the Earl of Danby,
+the Lord Delamere, and the Hon. John D'Arcy,
+were driven for shelter, by a sudden shower of
+rain, from the adjoining common (<i>Whittington-Moor</i>),
+where they had met by appointment,
+disguised as farmers, to concert measures, unobservedly,
+for promoting the succession of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xliv" id="Page_xliv">[xliv]</a></span>
+King William III. after the abdication of King
+James II.<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a></p>
+
+<p>The celebration of this Jubilee, on Nov. 5,
+1788, is related at large in the Gentleman's Magazine
+of that month<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a>; on which day Mr. Pegge
+preached a Sermon<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a>, apposite to the occasion,
+which was printed at the request of the Gentlemen
+of the Committee who conducted the ceremonial<a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a>,
+which proceeded from his Church to Chesterfield
+in grand procession.</p>
+
+<p>In the year 1791 (July 8) Mr. Pegge was
+created D. C. L. by the University of <span class="smcap">Oxford</span>,
+at the Commemoration. It may be thought a
+little extraordinary that he should accept an advanced
+Academical Degree so late in life, as he
+wanted no such aggrandizement in the Learned
+World, or among his usual Associates, and had
+<i>voluntarily</i> closed all his expectations of ecclesiastical<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xlv" id="Page_xlv">[xlv]</a></span>
+elevation. We are confident that he was
+not ambitious of the compliment; for, when it
+was first proposed to him, he put a <i>negative</i> upon
+it. It must be remembered that this honour was
+not conferred on an unknown man (<i>novus homo</i>);
+but on a <i>Master of Arts of</i> <span class="smcap">Cambridge</span>, of name
+and character, and of acknowledged literary
+merit<a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a>. Had Mr. Pegge been desirous of the
+title of <i>Doctor</i> in earlier life, there can be no
+doubt but that he might have obtained the superior
+degree of D. D. from Abp. Cornwallis, upon the
+bare suggestion, during his familiar and domestic
+conversations with his Grace at Lambeth-palace.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Pegge's manners were those of a gentleman
+of a liberal education, who had seen much of the
+world, and had formed them upon the best models
+within his observation. Having in his early years
+lived in free intercourse with many of the principal
+and best-bred Gentry in various parts of Kent;
+he ever afterwards preserved the same attentions,
+by associating with respectable company, and (as
+we have seen) by forming honourable attachments.</p>
+
+<p>In his avocations from reading and retirement,
+few men could relax with more ease and cheerfulness,
+or better understood the <i>desipere in loco</i>;&mdash;could<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xlvi" id="Page_xlvi">[xlvi]</a></span>
+enter occasionally into temperate convivial
+mirth with a superior grace, or more interest and
+enliven every company by general conversation.</p>
+
+<p>As he did not mix in business of a public
+nature, his better qualities appeared most conspicuously
+in private circles; for he possessed an
+equanimity which obtained the esteem of his
+Friends, and an affability which procured the
+respect of his dependents.</p>
+
+<p>His habits of life were such as became his profession
+and station. In his clerical functions he
+was exemplarily correct, not entrusting his parochial
+duties at <i>Whittington</i> (where he constantly
+resided) to another (except to the neighbouring
+Clergy during the excursions before-mentioned)
+till the failure of his eye-sight rendered
+it indispensably necessary; and even <i>that</i>
+did not happen till within a few years of his death.</p>
+
+<p>As a Preacher, his Discourses from the pulpit
+were of the didactic and exhortatory kind, appealing
+to the understandings rather than to the passions
+of his Auditory, by expounding the Holy
+Scriptures in a plain, intelligible, and unaffected
+manner. His voice was naturally weak, and
+suited only to a small Church; so that when he
+occasionally appeared before a large Congregation
+(as on Visitations, &amp;c.), he was heard to a disadvantage.
+He left in his closet considerably more<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xlvii" id="Page_xlvii">[xlvii]</a></span>
+than 230 Sermons composed by himself, and in
+his own hand-writing, besides a few (not exceeding
+26) which he had transcribed (in substance
+only, as appears by collation) from the printed
+works of eminent Divines. These liberties, however,
+were not taken in his early days, from motives
+of idleness, or other attachments&mdash;but later in life,
+to favour the fatigue of composition; all which
+obligations he acknowledged at the end of each
+such Sermon.</p>
+
+<p>Though Dr. Pegge's life was sedentary, from
+his turn to studious retirement, his love of Antiquities,
+and of literary acquirements in general;
+yet these applications, which he pursued with,
+great ardour and perseverance, did not injure his
+health. Vigour of mind, in proportion to his
+bodily strength, continued unimpaired through a
+very extended course of life, and nearly till he had
+reached "<i>ultima linea rerum</i>:" for he never had
+any chronical disease; but gradually and gently
+sunk into the grave under the weight of years,
+after a fortnight's illness, Feb. 14, 1796, in the
+92d year of his age.</p>
+
+<p>He was buried, according to his own desire, in
+the chancel at <i>Whittington</i>, where a mural tablet
+of black marble (a voluntary tribute of filial respect)
+has been placed, over the East window
+with the following short inscription:</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xlviii" id="Page_xlviii">[xlviii]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center">
+"At the North End of the Altar Table, within the Rails,<br />
+lie the Remains of<br />
+<span class="smcap">Samuel Pegge</span>, LL. D.<br />
+who was inducted to this Rectory Nov. 11, 1751,<br />
+and died Feb. 14, 1796;<br />
+in the 92d year of his Age."
+</p>
+
+<p>Having closed the scene; it must be confessed,
+on the one hand, that the biographical history of
+an individual, however learned, or engaging to
+private friends, who had passed the major part of
+his days in secluded retreats from what is called
+<i>the world</i>, can afford but little entertainment to
+the generality of Readers. On the other hand,
+nevertheless, let it be allowed that every man of
+acknowledged literary merit, had he made no
+other impression, cannot but have left many to
+regret his death.</p>
+
+<p>Though Dr. Pegge had exceeded even his
+"<i>fourscore</i> years and ten," and had outlived all
+his more early friends and acquaintance; he had
+the address to make new ones, who <i>now</i> survive,
+and who, it is humbly hoped, will not be sorry to
+see a modest remembrance of him preserved by
+this little Memoir.</p>
+
+<p>Though Dr. Pegge had an early propensity to
+the pursuit of <i>Antiquarian</i> knowledge, he never
+indulged himself materially in it, so long as more
+essential and <i>professional</i> occupations had a claim
+upon him; for he had a due sense of the <i>nature</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xlix" id="Page_xlix">[xlix]</a></span>
+and <i>importance</i> of his <i>clerical</i> function. It appears
+that he had read the Greek and Latin
+<i>Fathers</i> diligently at his outset in life. He had
+also re-perused the <i>Classicks</i> attentively before he
+applied much to the <i>Monkish</i> Historians, or engaged
+in <i>Antiquarian</i> researches; well knowing
+that a thorough knowledge of the Learning of the
+<i>Antients</i>, conveyed by <i>classical</i> Authors, was the
+best foundation for any literary structure which
+had not the <i>Christian Religion</i> for its <i>cornerstone</i>.</p>
+
+<p>During the early part of his incumbency at
+Godmersham in Kent, his reading was principally
+such as became a <i>Divine</i>, or which tended to the
+acquisition of <i>general knowledge</i>, of which he
+possessed a greater share than most men we ever
+knew. When he obtained allowable leisure to
+follow <i>unprofessional</i> pursuits, he <i>attached</i> himself
+more closely to the study of <i>Antiquities</i>; and
+was elected a Fellow of the <span class="smcap">Society</span> of <span class="smcap">Antiquaries</span>,
+Feb. 14, 1751, N. S. in which year the
+<i>Charter</i> of <i>Incorporation</i> was granted (in November),
+wherein his name stands enrolled among
+those of many very respectable and eminently
+learned men<a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a>.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_l" id="Page_l">[l]</a></span></p>
+<p>Though we will be candid enough to allow that
+Dr. Pegge's <i>style</i> in general was not sufficiently
+terse and compact to be called elegant; yet he
+made ample amends by the matter, and by the
+accuracy with which he treated every copious
+subject, wherein all points were matured by close
+examination and sound judgment<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a>.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_li" id="Page_li">[li]</a><br /><a name="Page_lii" id="Page_lii">[lii]</a></span></p>
+<p>and a fund of knowledge, more than would have
+displayed itself in any greater work, where the
+subject requires but <i>one</i> bias, and <i>one</i> peculiar attention<a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>It is but justice to say, that few men were so
+liberal in the diffusion of the knowledge which he
+had acquired, or more ready to communicate it,
+either <i>viv� voce</i>, or by the loan of his MSS. as
+many of his living Friends can testify.</p>
+
+<p>In his publications he was also equally <i>disinterested</i>
+as in his private communications; for he
+never, as far as can be recollected, received any
+<i>pecuniary</i> advantage from any pieces that he
+printed, committing them all to the press, with
+the sole reserve of a few copies to distribute
+among his particular Friends<a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a>.
+&mdash;No. III. 1766. "An
+Essay on the Coins of Cunobelin; in an Epistle to the Right
+Rev. Bishop of Carlisle [Charles Lyttelton], President of the
+Society of Antiquaries." [105 pages, 4to.] [This collection
+of coins is classed in two plates, and illustrated by a Commentary,
+together with observations on the word <i>tascia</i>.
+N. B. The impression consisted of no more than 200 copies.]&mdash;No.
+IV. 1772. "An Assemblage of Coins fabricated by
+Authority of the Archbishops of Canterbury. To which are
+subjoined, Two Dissertations." [125 pages, 4to.] 1. On a
+fine Coin of Alfred the Great, with his Head. 2. On an Unic,
+in the Possession of the late Mr. Thoresby, supposed to be a
+Coin of St. Edwin; but shewn to be a Penny of Edward the
+Confessor. [An Essay is annexed on the origin of metropolitical
+and other subordinate mints; with an Account of
+their Progress and final Determination: together with other
+incidental Matters, tending to throw light on a branch of the
+Science of Medals, not perfectly considered by English Medalists.]&mdash;No.
+V. 1772. "Fitz-Stephen's Description of the
+City of London, newly translated from the Latin Original,
+with a necessary Commentary, and a Dissertation on the Author,
+ascertaining the exact Year of the Production; to which
+are added, a correct Edition of the Original, with the various
+Readings, and many Annotations." [81 pages, 4to.] [This
+publication (well known <i>now</i> to have been one of the works
+of Dr. Pegge) was, as we believe, brought forward at the instance
+of the Hon. Daines Barrington, to whom it is inscribed.
+The number of copies printed was 250.]&mdash;No. VI. 1780.
+"The Forme of Cury. A Roll of antient English Cookery,
+compiled about the Year 1390, Temp. Ric. II. with a copious
+Index and Glossary." [8vo.] [The curious Roll, of
+which this is a copy, was the property of the late Gustavus
+Brander, esq. It is in the hand-writing of the time, a facsimile
+of which is given facing p. xxxi. of the Preface.
+The work before us was a <i>private</i> impression; but as, since
+Mr. Brander's decease, it has fallen, by sale, into a great
+many hands, we refer to the Preface for a farther account of
+it. Soon after Dr. Pegge's elucidation of the Roll was finished,
+Mr. Brander presented the autograph to the British Museum.]&mdash;No.
+VII. 1789. "Annales Eli� de Trickenham, Monachi
+Ordinis Benedictini. Ex Bibliothec� Lamethan�." To which
+is added, "Compendium Compertorum. Ex Bibliothec�
+Ducis Devoni�." [4to.] [Both parts of this publication contain
+copious annotations by the Editor. The former was communicated
+by Mr. John Nichols, Printer, to whom it is <i>inscribed</i>.
+The latter was published by permission of his Grace
+the Duke of Devonshire, to whom it is <i>dedicated</i>. The respective
+Prefaces to these pieces will best explain the nature of
+them.]&mdash;No. VIII. 1793. "The Life of Robert Grosseteste, the
+celebrated Bishop of Lincoln." [4to.] [This Work we have
+justly called his <i>chef-d'&oelig;uvre</i>; for, in addition to the life of an
+individual, it comprises much important history of interesting
+times, together with abundant collateral matter.]&mdash;The two
+following works have appeared since the Writer's death:
+No. IX. 1801. "An Historical Account of Beauchief Abbey,
+in the County of Derby, from its first Foundation to its final
+Dissolution. Wherein the three following material Points, in
+opposition to vulgar Prejudices, are clearly established:
+1st, That this Abbey did not take its name from the Head of
+Archbishop Becket, though it was dedicated to him. 2d, That
+the Founder of it had no hand in the Murder of that Prelate;
+and, consequently, that the House was not erected in Expiation
+of that Crime. 3d, The Dependance of this House
+on that of Welbeck, in the County of Nottingham; a Matter
+hitherto unknown." [4to.]&mdash;No. X. 1809. "<i>Anonymiana</i>; or,
+Ten Centuries of Observations on various Authors and Subjects.
+Compiled by a late very learned and reverend Divine;
+and faithfully published from the original MS. with the Addition
+of a copious Index." [8vo.]]</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_liii" id="Page_liii">[liii]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In the following Catalogue we must be allowed
+to deviate from chronological order, for the sake<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_liv" id="Page_liv">[liv]</a></span>
+of preserving Dr. Pegge's <i>contributions</i> to various
+<i>periodical</i> and <i>contingent</i> Publications, distinct
+from his independent <span class="smcap">Works</span>; to all which,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_lv" id="Page_lv">[lv]</a></span>
+however, we shall give (as far as possible) their
+respective dates.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_lvi" id="Page_lvi">[lvi]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The greatest honour, which a literary man can
+obtain, is the <i>eulogies</i> of those who possessed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_lvii" id="Page_lvii">[lvii]</a></span>
+equal or more learning than himself. "<i>Laudatus �
+laudatis viris</i>" may peculiarly and deservedly be said
+of Dr. Pegge, as might be exemplified from the frequent<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_lviii" id="Page_lviii">[lviii]</a></span>
+mention made of him by the most respectable
+contemporary writers in the <i>Arch�ological</i>
+line; but modesty forbids our enumerating them.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 600px;"><a name="church" id="church"></a>
+<img src="images/church.jpg" width="600" height="353" alt="church" />
+<div class="caption"><p class="center"><span class="smcap">Whittington Church, Derbyshire.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="right"><i>Gent. Mag. Supp. 1809. Pl. II, p. 1201.</i></p>
+<p><i>Schnebbelie del. 1789.</i>
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_lix" id="Page_lix">[lix]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2>APPENDIX TO THE PARENTALIA.</h2>
+
+
+<h3>1. <span class="smcap">Whittington Church.</span></h3>
+
+
+<p>The annexed View was taken in 1789, by the ingenious
+Mr. Jacob Schnebbelie; and the following concise
+account of it was communicated in 1793, by the
+then worthy and venerable Rector.</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Whittington</span>, of whose Church the annexed
+Plate contains a Drawing by the late Mr. Schnebbelie,
+is a small parish of about 14 or 15 hundred acres, distant
+from the church and old market-place of Chesterfield
+about two miles and a half. It lies in the road
+from Chesterfield to Sheffield and Rotherham, whose
+roads divide there at the well-known inn <i>The Cock
+and Magpye</i>, commonly called <i>The Revolution House</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The situation is exceedingly pleasant, in a pure and
+excellent air. It abounds with all kinds of conveniences
+for the use of the inhabitants, as coal, stone,
+timber, &amp;c.; besides its proximity to a good market, to
+take its products.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_lx" id="Page_lx">[lx]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The Church is now a little Rectory, in the gift of
+the Dean of Lincoln. At first it was a Chapel of Ease
+to Chesterfield, a very large manor and parish; of
+which I will give the following short but convincing
+proof. The Dean of Lincoln, as I said, is Patron of
+this Rectory, and yet William Rufus gave no other
+church in this part of Derbyshire to the church of St.
+Mary at Lincoln but the church of Chesterfield; and,
+moreover, Whittington is at this day a parcel of the
+great and extensive manor of Chesterfield; whence
+it follows, that Whittington must have been once a
+part both of the rectory and manor of Chesterfield.
+But whence comes it, you will say, that it became a
+rectory, for such it has been many years? I answer,
+I neither know how nor when; but it is certain that
+chapels of ease have been frequently converted into
+rectories, and I suppose by mutual agreement of the
+curate of the chapel, the rector of the mother church,
+and the diocesan. Instances of the like emancipation
+of chapels, and transforming them into independent
+rectories, there are several in the county of Derby, as
+Matlock, Bonteshall, Bradley, &amp;c.; and others may be
+found in Mr. Nichols's "History of Hinckley," and in
+his "Bibliotheca Topographica Britannica," No. VI.</p>
+
+<p><i>Fig.</i> 1 is an inscription on the <i>Ting-tang</i>, or Saints
+Bell, of Whittington Church, drawn by Mr. Schnebbelie,
+27 July, 1789, from an impression taken in clay.
+This bell, which is seen in the annexed view, hangs
+within a stone frame, or tabernacle, at the top of the
+church, on the outside between the Nave and the
+Chancel. It has a remarkable fine shrill tone, and is
+heard, it is said, three or four miles off, if the wind be
+right. It is very antient, as appears both from the
+form of the letters, and the name (of the donor, I suppose),
+which is that in use before surnames were common.
+Perhaps it may be as old as the fabrick of the
+church itself, though this is very antient.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_lxi" id="Page_lxi">[lxi]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i>Fig.</i> 2 is a stone head, near the roof on the North
+side of the church.</p>
+
+<p>In the East window of the church is a small Female
+Saint.</p>
+
+<p>In this window, A. a fess Vaire G. and O. between
+three water-bougets Sable. <i>Dethick.</i></p>
+
+<p>Cheque A. and G. on a bend S. a martlet. <i>Beckering.</i></p>
+
+<p>At the bottom of this window an inscription,</p>
+
+<p class="center oldenglish">
+Rogero Cric.
+</p>
+
+<p>Roger Criche was rector, and died 1413, and probably
+made the window. He is buried within the rails
+of the communion-table, and his slab is engraved in
+the second volume of Mr. Gough's "Sepulchral Monuments
+of Great Britain," Plate XIX. p. 37. Nothing
+remains of the inscription but <span class="oldenglish">Amen</span>.</p>
+
+<p>In the upper part of the South window of the Chancel,
+is a picture in glass of our Saviour with the five
+Wounds; an angel at his left hand sounding a trumpet<a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a>.&mdash;On
+a pane of the upper tier of the West window
+is the portrait of St. John; his right hand holding
+a book with the Holy Lamb upon it: and the forefinger
+of his left hand pointing to the Cross held by
+the Lamb, as uttering his well-known confession:
+"Behold the Lamb of God, which taketh away the
+sin of the world<a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a>."</p>
+
+<p>In the South window of the Chancel is, Barry wavy
+of 6 A. and G. a chief A. Ermine and Gules. <em>Barley.</em></p>
+
+<p>Ermine, on a chief indented G. or lozeng�.</p>
+
+<p>In the Easternmost South window of the nave is A.
+on a chevron Sable, three quatrefoils Argent. <em>Eyre.</em></p>
+
+<p>This window has been renewed; before which there
+were other coats and some effigies in it.</p>
+
+<p>
+<em>Jan. 1, 1793.</em></p>
+
+<p class="sig"><span class="smcap">Samuel Pegge</span>, Rector."
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_lxii" id="Page_lxii">[lxii]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3><br />2. <span class="smcap">Whittington Rectory.</span></h3>
+
+<p>This View was taken also, in 1789, by Mr. Schnebbelie;
+and the account of it drawn up in 1793 by Dr.
+Pegge, then resident in it, at the advanced age of 88.</p>
+
+<p>"The Parsonage-house at Whittington is a convenient
+substantial stone building, and very sufficient
+for this small benefice. It was, as I take it, erected
+by the Rev. Thomas Callice, one of my predecessors;
+and, when I had been inducted, I enlarged it, by pulling
+down the West end, making a cellar, a kitchen, a
+brew-house, and a pantry, with chambers over them.
+There is a glebe of about 30 acres belonging to it
+with a garden large enough for a family, and a small
+orchard. The garden is remarkably pleasant in respect
+to its fine views to the North, East, and South,
+with the Church to the West. There is a fair prospect
+of Chesterfield Church, distant about two miles
+and a half; and of Bolsover Castle to the West; and,
+on the whole, this Rectorial house may be esteemed a
+very delightful habitation.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<span class="smcap">S. Pegge.</span>"
+</p>
+
+<p>In this Parsonage the Editor of the present Volume,
+accompanied by his late excellent Friend Mr. Gough,
+spent many happy hours with the worthy Rector for
+several successive years, and derived equal information
+and pleasure from his instructive conversation.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 600px;"><a name="rectory" id="rectory"></a>
+<img src="images/rectory.jpg" width="600" height="357" alt="rectory" />
+<div class="caption"><p class="center"><span class="smcap">Whittington Rectory.</span></p>
+
+<p class="right"><cite>Gent. Mag. Sep. 1810. Pl. II, p. 217.</cite></p>
+
+<p><em>Schnebbelie del.</em></p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>3. <span class="smcap">The Revolution House.</span></h3>
+
+<p>To complete the little series of Views at Whittington
+more immediately connected with Dr. Pegge, a
+third plate is here given, from another Drawing by
+Mr. Schnebbelie, of the small public-house at Whittington,
+which has been handed down to posterity for
+above a century under the honourable appellation of
+"The Revolution House." It obtained that name
+from the accidental meeting of two noble personages,
+Thomas Osborne Earl of Danby, and William Cavendish
+Earl of Devonshire, with a third person, Mr. John<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_lxiii" id="Page_lxiii">[lxiii]</a></span>
+D'Arcy<a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a>, privately one morning, 1688, upon Whittington,
+Moor, as a middle place between Chatsworth,
+Kniveton, and Aston, their respective residences, to
+consult about the Revolution, then in agitation<a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a>; but a
+shower of rain happening to fall, they removed to the
+village for shelter, and finished their conversation at a
+public-house there, the sign of <em>The Cock and Pynot</em><a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>The part assigned to the Earl of Danby was, to surprize
+York; in which he succeeded: after which, the
+Earl of Devonshire was to take measures at Nottingham,
+where the Declaration for a free Parliament,
+which he, at the head of a number of Gentlemen of
+Derbyshire, had signed Nov. 28, 1688<a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a>, was adopted
+by the Nobility, Gentry, and Commonalty of the Northern
+Counties, assembled there for the defence of the
+Laws, Religion, and Properties<a name="FNanchor_40_40" id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>The success of these measures is well known; and
+to the concurrence of these Patriots with the proceedings
+in favour of the Prince of Orange in the West, is
+this Nation indebted for the establishment of her
+rights and liberties at the glorious Revolution.</p>
+
+<p>The cottage here represented stands at the point
+where the road from Chesterfield divides into two
+branches, to Sheffield and Rotherham. The room
+where the Noblemen sat is 15 feet by 12 feet 10, and
+is to this day called <em>The Plotting Parlour</em>. The old
+armed chair, still remaining in it, is shewn by the
+landlord with particular satisfaction, as that in which
+it is said the Earl of Devonshire sat; and he tells with
+equal pleasure, how it was visited by his descendants,
+and the descendants of his associates, in the year
+1788. Some new rooms, for the better accommodation
+of customers, were added about 20 years ago.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_lxiv" id="Page_lxiv">[lxiv]</a></span></p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p class="hanging">The Duke of <span class="smcap">Leeds</span>' own account of his meeting
+the Earl of <span class="smcap">Devonshire</span> and Mr. <span class="smcap">John
+D'Arcy</span><a name="FNanchor_41_41" id="FNanchor_41_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a> at Whittington, in the County of
+Derby, A. D. 1688.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The Earl of Derby, afterwards Duke of Leeds, was
+impeached, A.D. 1678, of High Treason by the House
+of Commons, on a charge of being in the French interest,
+and, in particular, of being Popishly affected:
+many, both Peers and Commoners, were misled, and
+had conceived an erroneous opinion concerning him
+and his political conduct. This he has stated himself,
+in the Introduction to his Letters, printed A. 1710,
+where he says, "That the malice of my accusation
+did so manifestly appear in that article wherein I was
+charged to be Popishly affected, that I dare swear
+there was not one of my accusers that did then believe
+that article against me."</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p>His Grace then proceeds, for the further clearing of
+himself, in these memorable words, relative to the
+meeting at Whittington, the subject of this memoir.</p>
+
+<p>"The Duke of Devonshire also, when we were
+partners in the secret trust about the Revolution, and
+who did meet me and Mr. John D'Arcy, for that purpose,
+at a town called Whittington, in Derbyshire,
+did, in the presence of the said Mr. D'Arcy, make a
+voluntary acknowledgment of the great mistakes he
+had been led into about me; and said, that both he,
+and most others, were entirely convinced of their
+error. And he came to Sir Henry Goodrick's house in
+Yorkshire purposely to meet me there again, in order
+to concert the times and methods by which he should
+act at Nottingham (which was to be his post), and one
+at York (which was to be mine); and we agreed, that
+I should first attempt to surprize York, because there
+was a small garrison with a Governor there; whereas<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_lxv" id="Page_lxv">[lxv]</a></span>
+Nottingham was but an open town, and might give an
+alarm to York, if he should appear in arms before I had
+made my attempt upon York; which was done accordingly<a name="FNanchor_42_42" id="FNanchor_42_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a>;
+but is mistaken in divers relations of it.
+And I am confident that Duke (had he been now
+alive) would have thanked nobody for putting his prosecution
+of me amongst the glorious actions of his
+life."</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p class="hanging">Celebration of the <span class="smcap">Revolution Jubilee</span>, at Whittington
+and Chesterfield, on the 4th and 5th of
+November, 1788.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>On Tuesday the 4th instant, the Committee appointed
+to conduct the Jubilee had a previous meeting,
+and dined together at the Revolution House in Whittington.
+His Grace the Duke of Devonshire, Lord
+Stamford, Lord George and Lord John Cavendish,
+with several neighbouring Gentlemen, were present.
+After dinner a subscription was opened for the erecting
+of a Monumental Column, in Commemoration of the
+Glorious Revolution, on that spot where the Earls of
+Devonshire and Danby, Lord Delamere, and Mr. John
+D'Arcy, met to concert measures which were eminently
+instrumental in rescuing the Liberties of their Country
+from perdition. As this Monument is intended to be
+not less a mark of public Gratitude, than the memorial
+of an important event; it was requested, that the present
+Representatives of the above-mentioned families
+would excuse their not being permitted to join in the
+expence.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_lxvi" id="Page_lxvi">[lxvi]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>On the 5th, at eleven in the morning, the commemoration
+commenced with divine service at Whittington
+Church. The Rev. Mr. Pegge, the Rector of the
+Parish, delivered an excellent Sermon from the words
+"This is the day, &amp;c." Though of a great age, having
+that very morning entered his 85th year, he spoke
+with a spirit which seemed to be derived from the occasion,
+his sentiments were pertinent, well arranged,
+and his expression animated.</p>
+
+<p>The descendants of the illustrious houses of Cavendish,
+Osborne, Boothe, and Darcy (for the venerable
+Duke of Leeds, whose age would not allow him
+to attend, had sent his two grandsons, in whom the
+blood of Osborne and D'Arcy is united); a numerous
+and powerful gentry; a wealthy and respectable yeomanry;
+a hardy, yet decent and attentive peasantry;
+whose intelligent countenances shewed that they understood,
+and would be firm to preserve that blessing,
+for which they were assembled to return thanks to Almighty
+God, presented a truly solemn spectacle, and
+to the eye of a philosopher the most interesting that
+can be imagined.</p>
+
+<p>After service the company went in succession to
+view the old house, and the room called by the Anti-revolutionists
+"The Plotting-Parlour," with the old
+armed-chair in which the Earl of Devonshire is said
+to have sitten, and every one was then pleased to partake
+of a very elegant cold collation, which was prepared
+in the new rooms annexed to the cottage. Some
+time being spent in this, the procession began:</p>
+
+<p>Constables with long staves, two and two.</p>
+
+<p>The Eight Clubs, four and four; <em>viz</em>.</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p class="hanging">1. Mr. Deakin's: Flag, blue, with orange fringe, on it
+the figure of Liberty, the motto, "The Protestant
+Religion, and the Liberties of England, we will
+maintain."</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">2. Mr. Bluett's: Flag, blue, fringed with orange,
+motto, "Libertas; qu� sera, tamen respexit inertem."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_lxvii" id="Page_lxvii">[lxvii]</a></span>
+Underneath the figure of Liberty crowning
+Britannia with a wreath of laurels, who is represented
+sitting on a Lion, at her feet the Cornucopi�
+of Plenty; at the top next the pole, a Castle, emblematical
+of the house where the club is kept; on
+the lower side of the flag Liberty holding a Cap and
+resting on the Cavendish arms.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">3. Mr. Ostliff's: Flag, broad blue and orange stripe,
+with orange fringe; in the middle the Cavendish
+arms; motto as No. 1.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">4. Mrs. Barber's: Flag, garter blue and orange quarter'd,
+with white fringe, mottoes, "Liberty secured."
+"The Glorious Revolution 1688."</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">5. Mr. Valentine Wilkinson's: Flag, blue with orange
+fringe, in the middle the figure of Liberty; motto
+as No. 1.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">6. Mr. Stubbs: Flag, blue with orange fringe, motto,
+"Liberty, Property, Trade, Manufactures;" at the
+top a head of King William crowned with laurel, in
+the middle in a large oval, "Revolution 1688."
+On one side the Cap of Liberty, on the other the
+figure of Britannia; on the opposite side the flag of
+the Devonshire arms.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">Mrs. Ollerenshaw's: Flag, blue with orange fringe;
+motto as No. 1. on both sides.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">Mr. Marsingale's: Flag, blue with orange fringe; at
+the top the motto, "In Memory of the Glorious
+Assertors of British Freedom 1688," beneath, the
+figure of Liberty leaning on a shield, on which is inscribed,
+"Revolted from Tyranny at <span class="smcap">Whittington</span>
+1688;" and having in her hand a scroll with the
+words "Bill of Rights" underneath a head of King
+William the Third; on the other side the flag, the
+motto, "The Glorious Revolter from Tyranny
+1688" underneath the Devonshire arms; at the
+bottom the following inscription, "<span class="smcap">Willielmus
+Dux Devon</span>. Bonorum Principum Fidelis Subditus;
+Inimicus et Invisus Tyrannis."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_lxviii" id="Page_lxviii">[lxviii]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hanging">
+The Members of the Clubs were estimated 2000<br />
+persons, each having a white wand in his hand<br />
+with blue and orange tops and favours, with<br />
+the <span class="smcap">Revolution</span> stamped upon them.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p class="center">
+The Derbyshire militia's band of music.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">
+The Corporation of Chesterfield in their formalities,<br />
+who joined the procession on entering the town.<br />
+<br />
+The Duke of Devonshire in his coach and six.<br />
+<br />
+Attendants on horseback with four led horses.<br />
+<br />
+The Earl of Stamford in his post chaise and four.<br />
+<br />
+Attendants on horseback.<br />
+<br />
+The Earl of Danby and Lord Francis Osborne in their<br />
+post-chaise and four.<br />
+<br />
+Attendants on horseback.<br />
+<br />
+Lord George Cavendish in his post-chaise and four.<br />
+<br />
+Attendants on horseback.<br />
+<br />
+Lord John Cavendish in his post-chaise and four.<br />
+<br />
+Attendants on horseback.<br />
+<br />
+Sir Francis Molyneux and Sir Henry Hunloke, Barts.<br />
+in Sir Henry's coach and six.<br />
+<br />
+Attendants on horseback.<br />
+<br />
+And upwards of forty other carriages of the neighbouring<br />
+gentry, with their attendants.<br />
+<br />
+Gentlemen on horseback, three and three.<br />
+<br />
+Servants on horseback, ditto.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>The procession in the town of Chesterfield went
+along Holywell-Street, Saltergate, Glumangate, then
+to the left along the upper side of the Market-place
+to Mr. Wilkinson's house, down the street past the
+Mayor's house, along the lower side of the Market-place
+to the end of the West Barrs, from thence past
+Dr. Milnes's house to the Castle, where the Derbyshire
+band of music formed in the centre and played
+"<em>Rule Britannia</em>," "<em>God save the King, &amp;c.</em>" the
+Clubs and Corporation still proceeding in the same
+order to the Mayor's and then dispersed.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 600px;"><a name="house" id="house"></a>
+<img src="images/revolution.jpg" width="600" height="369" alt="Revolution" />
+<div class="caption"><p class="center"><span class="smcap">Revolution</span> House at <span class="smcap">Whittington.</span></p>
+
+<p class="right"><cite>Gent. Mag. Suppl. to Vol. LXXX. Part II, p. 609.</cite></p>
+
+<p><em>Schnebbelie del.</em></p></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The whole was conducted with order and regularity,
+for notwithstanding there were fifty carriages, 400<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_lxix" id="Page_lxix">[lxix]</a></span>
+gentlemen on horseback, and an astonishing throng of
+spectators, not an accident happened. All was joy
+and gladness, without a single burst of unruly tumult
+and uproar. The approving eye of Heaven shed its
+auspicious beams, and blessed this happy day with
+more than common splendour.</p>
+
+<p>The company was so numerous as scarcely to be
+accommodated at the three principal inns. It would
+be a piece of injustice not to mention the dinner at the
+Castle, which was served in a style of unusual elegance.</p>
+
+<p>The following toasts were afterwards given:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<p class="noind">
+1. <span class="smcap">The King.</span><br />
+2. The glorious and immortal Memory of King William the IIId.<br />
+3. The Memory of the Glorious Revolution.<br />
+4. The Memory of those Friends to their Country, who, at the risk of their lives and fortunes, were instrumental in effecting the Glorious Revolution in 1688.<br />
+5. The Law of the Land.<br />
+6. The <span class="smcap">Prince</span> of <span class="smcap">Wales</span>.<br />
+7. The <span class="smcap">Queen</span>, and the rest of the Royal Family.<br />
+8. Prosperity to the British Empire.<br />
+9. The Duke of Leeds, and prosperity to the House of Osborne.<br />
+10. The Duke of Devonshire, and prosperity to the House of Cavendish.<br />
+11. The Earl of Stamford, and prosperity to the united House of Boothe and Grey.<br />
+12. The Earl of Danby, and prosperity to the united House of Osborne and Darcy.<br />
+13. All the Friends of the Revolution met this year to commemorate that glorious Event.<br />
+14. The Dke of Portland.<br />
+15. Prosperity to the County of Derby.<br />
+16. The Members for the County.<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_lxx" id="Page_lxx">[lxx]</a></span>17. The Members for the Borough of Derby.<br />
+18. The Duchess of Devonshire, &amp;c.<br />
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In the evening a brilliant exhibition of fireworks
+was played off, under the direction of Signor Pietro;
+during which the populace were regaled with a proper
+distribution of liquor. The day concluded with a ball,
+at which were present near 300 gentlemen and ladies;
+amongst whom were many persons of distinction. The
+Duchess of Devonshire, surrounded by the bloom of
+the Derbyshire hills, is a picture not to be pourtrayed.
+Near 250 ball-tickets were received at the door.</p>
+
+<p>The warm expression of gratitude and affection
+sparkling in every eye, must have excited in the
+breasts of those noble personages, whose ancestors
+were the source of this felicity, a sensation which Monarchs
+in all their glory might envy. The utmost harmony
+and felicity prevailed throughout the whole
+meeting. An hogshead of ale was given to the populace
+at Whittington, and three hogsheads at Chesterfield;
+where the Duke of Devonshire gave also three
+guineas to each of the eight clubs.</p>
+
+<p>It was not the least pleasing circumstance attending
+this meeting, that all party distinctions were forgotten.
+Persons of all ranks and denominations wore orange
+and blue, in memory of our glorious Deliverer; And
+the most respectable Roman Catholic families, satisfied
+with the mild toleration of government in the
+exercise of their Religion, vied in their endeavours to
+shew how just a sense they had of the value of <span class="smcap">Civil
+Liberty</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">Letter from the Rev. P. <span class="smcap">Cunningham</span> to Mr. <span class="smcap">Pegge</span>.</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<em>Eyam, near Tideswal,<br />
+Nov. 2, 1788.</em></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Rev. and dear Sir</span>,
+</p>
+
+<p>You will please to accept of the inclosed Stanzas,
+and the Ode for the Jubilee, as a little testimony of
+the Author's respectful remembrance of regard; and
+of his congratulations, that it has pleased Divine Providence
+to prolong your days, to take a distinguished<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_lxxi" id="Page_lxxi">[lxxi]</a></span>
+part in the happy commemoration of the approaching
+Fifth of November.</p>
+
+<p>Having accidentally heard yesterday the Text you
+proposed for your Discourse on Wednesday, I thought
+the adoption of it, as an additional truth to the one I
+had chosen, would be regarded as an additional token
+of implied respect. In that light I flatter myself you
+will consider it.</p>
+
+<p>I shall be happy if these poetic effusions should be
+considered by you as a proof of the sincere respect
+and esteem with which I subscribe myself,</p>
+
+<p>
+Dear Sir, your faithful humble servant,</p>
+<p class="sig">
+<span class="smcap">P. Cunningham</span>.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p class="hanging">Stanzas, by the Rev. P. <em>Cunningham</em>, occasioned
+by the Revolution Jubilee, at Whittington and
+Chesterfield, Nov. 5, 1788. Inscribed to the
+Rev. <span class="smcap">Samuel Pegge</span>, Rector of Whittington.</p></blockquote>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p>"This is the day which the Lord hath made; we will rejoice
+and be glad in it." Psalms.</p></blockquote>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p class="center">"Esto perpetua!" <em>F. P. Sarpi da Venez.</em></p></blockquote>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Round the starr'd Zodiack, now the golden Sun<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Eventful Time a Century hath led;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Since Freedom, with her choicest wreath, begun<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Smiling, to grace her long-loved Nation's head.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Welcome again, the fair auspicious Morn!<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">To Freedom, first and fairest of the year;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">When from her ashes, like a Ph&oelig;nix born,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Reviving Britain rose in Glory's sphere.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">When, starting from their mournful death-like trance,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Her venerable Laws their fasces rais'd.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Her stern-eyed Champions grasp'd th' avenging lance,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And pure Religion's trembling altars blaz'd.<br /></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_lxxii" id="Page_lxxii">[lxxii]</a></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">For then, from Belgia, through the billowy storm,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And, heaven-directed in an happy hour,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Britain's good Genius, bearing <span class="smcap">William's</span> form,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Broke the dire Sceptre of Despotic Power.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Ev'n now, to Fancy's retrospective eyes,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Fix'd on the triumphs of his Patriot-Reign;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Majestic seems the Hero's shade to rise,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">With Commerce, Wealth, and Empire, in his train.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Undimm'd his<a name="FNanchor_43_43" id="FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a> Eagle-eye, serene his air,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Of Soul heroic, as in Fields of Death;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">See! Britain's Weal employs his latest care,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Her Liberty and Laws his latest breath.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Visions of Glory! crouding on his sight,"<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">With your still-growing lustre gild the day,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">When Britons, worthy of their Sires, unite<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Their Orisons at Freedom's Shrine to pay.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">To eternize the delegated hand,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">That seal'd their great forefathers' fields their own;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Rais'd ev'ry art that decks a smiling land,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And Laws that guard the Cottage as the Throne.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">That to the free, unconquerable mind<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Secur'd the sacred Rights of Conscience, given<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To Man, when tender Mercy first design'd<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">To raise the Citizen of Earth to Heaven.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">And hark! the solemn P�ans grateful rise<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">From rural Whittington's o'erflowing fane;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And, with the heart's pure incense to the skies,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Its venerable Shepherd's<a name="FNanchor_44_44" id="FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a> hallow'd strain.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">See! pointing to the memorable scene,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">He bids that Heath<a name="FNanchor_45_45" id="FNanchor_45_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a> to latest times be known,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Whence her three Champions<a name="FNanchor_46_46" id="FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a>, Freedom, heaven-born Queen,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Led with fresh glories to the British Throne.<br /></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_lxxiii" id="Page_lxxiii">[lxxiii]</a></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Oh, Friend! upon whose natal morn<a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a> 'tis given,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">When seventeen Lustres mark thy letter'd days,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To lead the Hymn of Gratitude to Heav'n,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And blend the Christian's with the Briton's praise.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Like hoary Sarpis<a name="FNanchor_48_48" id="FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a>, patriot Sage, thy pray'r<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">With Life shall close in <em>his</em> emphatic Strain;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">"As on <em>this</em> day, may Freedom, ever fair,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">In Britain flourish, and for ever reign!"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>
+<em>Eyam, Derbyshire.</em></p>
+
+<p class="sig">P. C.
+</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p class="center">Ode for the Revolution Jubilee, 1788.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">When lawless Power his iron hand,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">When blinded Zeal her flaming brand<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">O'er Albion's Island wav'd;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Indignant freedom veil'd the sight;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Eclips'd her Son of Glory's light;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Her fav'rite Realm enslav'd.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Distrest she wander'd:&mdash;when afar<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">She saw her <span class="smcap">Nassau's</span> friendly star<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Stream through the stormy air:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">She call'd around a Patriot Band;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">She bade them save a sinking land;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And deathless glory share.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Her cause their dauntless hearts inspir'd,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With ancient Roman virtue fir'd;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">They plough'd the surging main;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With fav'ring gales from Belgia's shore<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Her heaven-directed Hero bore,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And Freedom crown'd his Reign.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">With equal warmth her spirit glows,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Though hoary Time's centennial snows<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">New silver o'er her fame.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For hark, what songs of triumph tell,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Still grateful Britons love to dwell,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">On <span class="smcap">William's</span> glorious name.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_lxxiv" id="Page_lxxiv">[lxxiv]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>EXTRACTS FROM
+LETTERS TO MR. GOUGH.</h2>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p>
+<span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="sig"><em>Whittington, Oct. 11, 1788.</em>
+</p>
+
+<p>We are to have most grand doings at this place, 5th
+of November next, at the <em>Revolution House</em>, which I
+believe you saw when you was here. The Resolutions
+of the Committee were ordered to be inserted in the
+London prints<a name="FNanchor_49_49" id="FNanchor_49_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a>; so I presume you may have seen
+them, and that I am desired to preach the Sermon.</p>
+
+<p>
+I remain your much obliged, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="sig"><span class="smcap">S. Pegge</span>.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_lxxv" id="Page_lxxv">[lxxv]</a></span></p>
+<blockquote>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<em>Whittington, Nov. 29, 1788.</em></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My dear Mr. Gough</span>,
+</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Rooke slept at the Vicarage on the 4th, in order
+to be ready for our grand celebrity the next day; and
+to distribute then to his friends his drawing, which he
+had caused to be engraved by Basire, of the <em>Revolution
+House</em> at Whittington, which he did, with a paper of
+mine, respecting the meeting there of the Earl of Devonshire,
+the Earl of Derby, &amp;c. in 1688, annexed.</p>
+
+<p>The 5th of November is now gone and over, and they
+said I acquitted myself very well. Indeed, I was in
+good spirits, and, as my Son-in-law read the prayers,
+I went fresh into the pulpit. The Duke of Devon
+was too late; but we had the Earl of Stamford at
+church, with Lord George and Lord John Cavendish,
+Lord Danby (Son of the Marquis of Carmarthen), and
+Lord Francis Osborne, with their Preceptor Dr. Jackson,
+Prebendary of Westminster, &amp;c. The cavalcade
+from Whittington to Chesterfield, where we were to
+dine at four o'clock, was amazingly grand, no less
+than 50 coaches and chaises with horses dressed with
+orange ribbons; large and fine banners, with sundry
+bands of music. There were about 1000 on foot, with
+orange cockades, and about 300 on horseback, many
+of whom, besides cockades, were in blue, with orange
+capes. At half past six the fireworks, by an Italian
+artist, began, and very admirable they were; he had
+twenty pounds given him by the <em>Managers</em>. The ball
+room, at nine, was so crowded that, though it is large,
+there could be but little dancing. The ball was given
+to the Ladies, with an entertainment of cakes, sweetmeats,
+negus, &amp;c. It was a fine day; and not the
+least accident happened, though it is supposed not
+less than 30,000 people were assembled. Hogsheads
+of liquor were given by the Managers at Whittington
+and Chesterfield, and the Duke of Devon gave twenty-four
+guineas to the footmen mentioned above. I saw
+nobody however in liquor; and when Mr. Rooke and I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_lxxvi" id="Page_lxxvi">[lxxvi]</a></span>
+returned to Whittington, at one o'clock or after, we
+had a sober driver.</p>
+
+<p>It happened to be my birth-day; which being known
+to some gentlemen at all the three great inns where
+the company dined, they drank my health with three
+cheers, requesting me to print my Sermon. This request
+I have complied with, and it is now printed at
+Chesterfield; I will take care that a copy be sent to
+you and Mr. Nichols. But I must observe to you on
+the occasion, that the Sermon will not read so well as it
+was heard, because having good command over myself
+at the time, I delivered it with energy and emphasis.</p>
+
+<p>There will be a monument erected at the Revolution
+House in Whittington; a column I suppose; and
+148 guineas are already subscribed. N. B. The Duke
+of Devon and the Earl of Stamford were excepted
+from subscribing, so they reluctantly desisted. Sir
+H. Hunloke, a Catholic, is a subscriber, and went in the
+cavalcade, but was not at church, as you may suppose.</p>
+
+<p>We have a very fine time here, no signs of winter
+but the absence of leaves; the want of water however
+is very wonderful, considering the time of year, and is
+even distressing. I grow very idle and good for nothing;
+but, such as I am, I remain your very affectionate
+and much obliged servant,</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<span class="smcap">S. Pegge.</span>
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<em>Whittington, Dec. 22, 1788.</em></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>,
+</p>
+
+<p>By this time I hope you are in possession of my
+Sermon, as I desired my Son to send one copy to you,
+and another to Mr. Nichols. If I know you, your
+sentiments in politics coincide with mine; so that I
+have no fear of your concurrence in that respect and
+have only to wish that the composition may please you.</p>
+
+<p>I am, dear Sir, your truly affectionate and much
+obliged servant,</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<span class="smcap">S. Pegge.</span>
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_lxxvii" id="Page_lxxvii">[lxxvii]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2>SEQUEL TO THE PARENTALIA.</h2>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">By the Editor.</span></h3>
+
+
+<p>Samuel Pegge, Esq. the only surviving Son<a name="FNanchor_50_50" id="FNanchor_50_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a>
+of the venerable Antiquary whose Life has just
+been recorded, was born in 1731. After an excellent
+classical education, at St. John's College,
+Cambridge, he was admitted a Barrister of the
+Middle Temple; and was soon after, by the
+favour of the Duke of Devonshire, then Lord
+Chamberlain, appointed one of the Grooms of
+His Majesty's Privy-Chamber, and an Esquire
+of the King's Household.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Pegge married Martha, daughter of Dr.
+Henry Bourne, an eminent Physician, of Spital,
+near Chesterfield, in Derbyshire<a name="FNanchor_51_51" id="FNanchor_51_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a>, and sister to
+the Rev. John Bourne<a name="FNanchor_52_52" id="FNanchor_52_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a>, Rector of Sutton, and
+Vicar of South Wingfield, co. Derby.</p>
+
+<p>By this lady, who was born in 1732, and died
+in 1767, he had one son, Christopher, of whom
+hereafter; and one daughter, Charlotte-Anne, who
+died, unmarried, March 17, 1793.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Pegge married, secondly, Goodeth Belt,
+daughter of Robert Belt, Esq. of Bossall, co. York,
+by whom he had no issue<a name="FNanchor_53_53" id="FNanchor_53_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>After the death of his Father, Mr. Pegge,
+though somewhat advanced in life, was desirous<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_lxxviii" id="Page_lxxviii">[lxxviii]</a></span>
+of becoming a Member of the Society of Antiquaries.
+He was accordingly elected in 1796; having
+previously shewn that he was well deserving of
+that distinction, by the accuracy and intelligence
+displayed in the "Curialia."</p>
+
+<p>He survived his Father little more than four
+years; during which period he enjoyed but an
+indifferent state of bodily health. His mental
+faculties, however, were, to the last, strong and
+unimpaired; his manners truly elegant; his conversation
+always sensible and pleasant; and his
+epistolary correspondence<a name="FNanchor_54_54" id="FNanchor_54_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a> lively and facetious.</p>
+
+<p>His death is thus recorded on an upright stone
+on the West side of Kensington church-yard:</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+"<span class="smcap">Samuel Pegge</span>, Esq.<br />
+died May the 22d, 1800, aged 67 years.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Martha</span>, Wife of <span class="smcap">Samuel Pegge</span>, Esq.<br />
+died June 28, 1767, aged 35 years.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Charlotte-Anne</span>, the only Daughter<br />
+of <span class="smcap">Samuel</span> and <span class="smcap">Martha Pegge</span>,<br />
+died March 17, 1793, aged 31 years.<br />
+<br />
+Mrs. <span class="smcap">Christiana Pegge</span> died July 1, 1790."<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>To Mr. Pegge, we are indebted for the foregoing
+circumstantial Memoir or his very learned
+Father; and for several occasional communications
+to the Gentleman's Magazine.</p>
+
+<p>But his principal Work Was intituled, "<cite>Curialia</cite>;
+or, an Historical Account of some Branches<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_lxxix" id="Page_lxxix">[lxxix]</a></span>
+of the Royal Household<a name="FNanchor_55_55" id="FNanchor_55_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a>;" Three Portions of
+which he published in his life-time:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p>Part I. consisted of "Two Dissertations, addressed
+to the President of the Society of Antiquaries,
+London; <em>viz.</em> 1. On the obsolete Office
+of the Esquires of the King's Body. 2. On the
+original Nature, Duty, &amp;c. of the Gentlemen of the
+King's Most Honourable Privy Chamber, 1782."</p>
+
+<p>Part II. contains "A Memoir regarding the
+King's Honourable Band of Gentlemen Pensioners,
+from its Establishment to the present
+Time, 1784."</p>
+
+<p>Part III. is "A Memoir respecting the King's
+Body-Guard of Yeomen of his Guard, from its
+Institution, A. D. 1485; 1791."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>During the remaining period of his life, Mr.
+Pegge amused himself in preparing several other
+Numbers of his "Curialia" for the press; the
+materials for which, and also his "Anecdotes of
+the English Language," he bequeathed to Mr.
+Nichols; who printed "The Anecdotes of the
+English Language" in 1803. This Work having
+been noticed with much approbation in the principal
+Reviews, and very favourably received by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_lxxx" id="Page_lxxx">[lxxx]</a></span>
+the Publick at large, a Second Edition (corrected
+and improved from his own detached MSS.) was
+published in 1814. To this Edition was added,
+"A Supplement to the Provincial Glossary of
+Francis Grose, Esq." compiled by Mr. Pegge.</p>
+
+<p>In 1806 Mr. Nichols published Two additional
+Numbers of the "Curialia:"</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p>Part IV. "A History of Somerset House<a name="FNanchor_56_56" id="FNanchor_56_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a>,
+from the Commencement of its Erection in 1549."</p>
+
+<p>Part V. "A Dissertation<a name="FNanchor_57_57" id="FNanchor_57_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a> on the ancient Establishment
+and Function of the Serjeant at Arms."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The further continuation of that interesting
+work was broken off by the melancholy accident
+mentioned in page v.</p>
+
+<p>In the early part of his life Mr. Pegge was
+a considerable proficient in Musick. He composed
+a complete Melo-Drama, both the words
+and the musick in score, which still remains in
+MS. Many Catches and Glees also, and several of
+the most popular Songs for Vauxhall Gardens were
+written and set to music by him.</p>
+
+<p>His Muse was very fertile; and though his modesty
+forbade the avowal, he was the Author of
+some occasional Prologues and Epilogues which
+were favourably received by the Publick: a Prologue,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_lxxxi" id="Page_lxxxi">[lxxxi]</a></span>
+particularly, spoken by Mr. Yates at Birmingham
+in 1760, on taking the Theatre into his
+own hands; an Epilogue spoken by the same excellent
+Actor, at Drury Lane, on his return from
+France, and another Epilogue, filled with pertinent
+allusions to the Game of Quadrille, spoken
+by Mrs. Yates, at her Benefit, in three different
+seasons, 1769, 1770, and 1774. He was the Author
+also of a pathetic Elegy on his own Recovery
+from a dangerous Illness; and of some pleasant
+Tales and Epigrammatic Poems.</p>
+
+<p>His other acknowledged writings were,</p>
+
+<p>1. "An Elegy on the Death of Godfrey Bagnall
+Clerke, Esq. (late one of the Representatives
+in Parliament for the County of Derby), who
+died Dec. 26, 1774.<a name="FNanchor_58_58" id="FNanchor_58_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a>"</p>
+
+<p>2. "Memoirs of Edward Capell, Esq."<a name="FNanchor_59_59" id="FNanchor_59_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a></p>
+
+<p>3. "Illustrations of the Churchwardens' Accompts
+of St. Michael Spurrier Gate, York," in
+the "Illustrations of the Manners and Expences
+of Antient Times, 1797."</p>
+
+<p>4. "On a Custom observed by the Lord Lieutenants
+of Ireland." (Antiquarian Repertory,
+Edit. 1809, vol. IV. p. 622.)</p>
+
+<p>5. "Historical Anecdotes of the French Word
+Carosse." (Ibid. p. 642.)&mdash;The two last mentioned
+Tracts are re-printed in the present volume.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_lxxxii" id="Page_lxxxii">[lxxxii]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Mr. Pegge also superintended through the Press
+the greater part of his Father's "History of Beauchief
+Abbey;" but died before it was completed.</p>
+
+<p>His only Son, the present Sir Christopher Pegge,
+was admitted a Commoner at Christ Church,
+Oxford, in 1782; took the Degree of B. A. there
+in 1786; was elected Fellow of Oriel College in
+1788; resigned his Fellowship in 1790, and was
+re-admitted of Christ Church, having been appointed,
+through favour of the Dean and Chapter,
+Dr. Lee's Reader in Anatomy (which situation
+he resigned in 1816, an asthmatic complaint
+having rendered change of residence adviseable);
+took the Degrees of M. A. and M. B. 1789, and
+that of M. D. 1792. He was elected one of the
+Physicians to the Radcliffe Infirmary in 1791
+(which he resigned in 1803); F. L. S. 1792;
+F.R.S. 1795; and Fellow of the College of Physicians
+1796; received from his Majesty the Honour
+of Knighthood in 1799, and the Dignity of
+Regius Professor of Physic in 1801.</p>
+
+<p>Sir Christopher Pegge married, in 1791, Amey,
+the eldest daughter of Kenton Couse, Esq. of
+Whitehall; by whom he has issue one daughter,
+Mary, married in 1816 to the Rev. Richard Moore
+Boultbee, of Merton College, Oxford (second son
+of Joseph Boultbee, Esq. of Springfield House,
+near Knowle, Warwickshire), and had a daughter,
+born Dec. 9, 1817.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_lxxxiii" id="Page_lxxxiii">[lxxxiii]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3><big>APPENDIX, No. II.</big></h3>
+
+
+<p class="center">To <span class="smcap">Richard Gough</span>, Esq.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<em>Whittington, March 17, 1796.</em></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>,
+</p>
+
+<p>There are no persons in the world to whom so much
+regard is due, respecting my late Father's Collections
+in the literary line, as to yourself and Mr. Nichols.
+I daily see obligations, from Books which you have
+respectively conferred upon him, which call for every
+acknowledgement. I am as daily concerned in looking
+over papers of various kinds; and will preserve
+them all sacredly, and report upon them when I
+return to Town, which must be in May or June.</p>
+
+<p>I am labouring to keep possession of this house as
+long as I can, and believe I shall be amply indulged;
+a circumstance which will enable me to pay every
+attention to what may be of real use to my Father's
+Friends: for, as Botanists allow nothing to be weeds,
+so I admit nothing to be waste paper.</p>
+
+<p>What I write to you I mean should be said to Mr.
+Nichols, with every kind remembrance. I have only
+to desire that I may be considered (by descent at
+least) as</p>
+
+<p>
+Your obliged Friend,</p>
+<p class="sig">
+<span class="smcap">S. Pegge</span>.
+</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p class="center">To Mr. Deputy <span class="smcap">Nichols</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<em>Whittington, March 30, 1796.</em></p>
+<p>
+<span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>,
+</p>
+
+<p>A peck of March dust is said to be worth a King's
+ransom;&mdash;and to you (who know this house) I may say
+that I am enveloped in as much dust<a name="FNanchor_60_60" id="FNanchor_60_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a> as would ransom
+an Emperor. I shall be in Town at the end of May<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_lxxxiv" id="Page_lxxxiv">[lxxxiv]</a></span>
+at the farthest, and would wish to work double tides
+in the History of Beauchief-Abbey while I stay; for
+I shall find it necessary to pass as long a Summer as
+I can here, where (by the new Rector's leave) I hope
+to continue till the approach of Winter.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<span class="smcap">S. Pegge.</span>
+</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p class="sig">
+<em>Whittington, April 12, 1796.</em></p>
+<p>
+<span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>,
+</p>
+
+<p>I am really so much engaged (for I am not half
+through my Herculean labour) that I have not leisure
+to think of my late nearest Friend, so as to <em>erect</em> any
+memorial in the Gentleman's Magazine <em>at present</em>.</p>
+
+<p>I have written to Lord Leicester and to Mr. Topham
+by this post, to request that I may be <em>hung up,
+according to Law</em>, at the Society of Antiquaries, in
+hopes of being honourably cut down, and receiving
+Christian Burial. The <em>Director</em><a name="FNanchor_61_61" id="FNanchor_61_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a>, I trust, will appear
+<em>to character</em> when my Trial comes up. God send me
+a good deliverance! What I write to you, I write
+to Mr. Gough also through you.</p>
+
+<p>
+Your obliged Friend, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="sig"><span class="smcap">S. Pegge.</span>
+</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p class="center">To <span class="smcap">George Allan</span>, Esq. Darlington.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<em>Whittington, May 2, 1796.</em></p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="smcap">Sir</span>,
+</p>
+
+<p>In the course of the last year my late Father (Rev.
+Dr. Pegge) among other Books made me a present
+off "The Northumberland Household Book;" which
+he told me (as I since find by his memoranda) was
+lent to you. I take the liberty of wishing to have it
+returned soon, directed to my Friend Mr. Nichols.</p>
+
+<p>I have heard my Father often speak of you, Sir,
+with much respect, and I shall always honour my
+Father's Friends. I am, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<span class="smcap">S. Pegge.</span>
+</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p class="sig">
+<em>Whittington, May 23, 1796.</em></p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="smcap">Sir</span>,
+</p>
+
+<p>I thank you for the favour of your Letter, which
+was anticipated by a line from Mr. Nichols, advising
+me that "The Northumberland Household Book"<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_lxxxv" id="Page_lxxxv">[lxxxv]</a></span>
+was safe in his hands. The honourable mention I hear
+of my late Father, almost every day, is very gratifying
+to me, though I know it is not undeserved on his
+part. As to Mr. Brander's Print of my father, I have
+a very few in London; and one of the best of them
+shall be at your service. I cannot think the Print in
+the least like my Father; but I have a Painting<a name="FNanchor_62_62" id="FNanchor_62_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a>
+which is a very strong resemblance.</p>
+
+<p>Your very obedient humble servant,</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<span class="smcap">S. Pegge</span>.
+</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p class="center">To Mr. <span class="smcap">Nichols</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<em>Whittington, July 28, 1796.</em></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>,
+</p>
+
+<p>We left London on Monday the eleventh; but did
+not <em>make</em> Whittington till last Sunday the 24th inst.
+We passed part of Wednesday the 13th, and all the
+14th and 15th, at Southwell, with the new Rector of
+Whittington, and had a very pleasurable visit. We
+next <em>touched</em> at Spital, and as we thought only for
+three or four days, but were detained there by <em>contrary
+winds</em>, which <em>blew</em> us into parties of company
+and venison.</p>
+
+<p>I am, dear Sir, yours very sincerely,</p>
+
+<p class="sig"><span class="smcap">S. Pegge</span>.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p class="sig">
+<em>York, Sunday, Sept. 11, 1796.</em></p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>,
+</p>
+
+<p>Where and when this will find you, whether in
+<em>Urban</em> or in <em>Sylvan</em> scenes, I know not: but the purport
+of it is to desire that you would send me (to
+Whittington) the <em>last Impression</em> of the Family Pedigree
+of <em>Bourne</em>.</p>
+
+<p>Whether you ever insert it in your <em>Leicestershire</em> or
+not, I wish to have it completed, as far as may be,
+from my own connexion with it; and because I know<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_lxxxvi" id="Page_lxxxvi">[lxxxvi]</a></span>
+that every difficulty is doubled to every succeeding
+generation. The Historian of Leicestershire must
+have had repeated experience of this circumstance in
+his investigations.</p>
+
+<p>
+Yours, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<span class="smcap">S. Pegge.</span>
+</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p class="sig">
+<em>Scotland yard, Feb. 20, 1797.</em></p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>,
+</p>
+
+<p>I am now going seriously to work, to bring the Coins
+forward by auction. The whole collection amounts
+in number to between 1100 and 1200; but of what
+value the hammer must determine.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<span class="smcap">S. Pegge.</span>
+</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p class="sig">
+<em>June 10, 1797.</em></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>,
+</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Gough was so obliging as to mention hopes of
+seeing us at Enfield; and I have been for several days
+on the point of writing to him a line of thanks, and to
+express the willingness of the spirit, and the weakness
+of the flesh; for, alas! I have got as much gout as
+will last me till we go into Derbyshire in the second
+week in July. In this situation it would be much to
+the honour of your humanity to come and pass an evening
+with us. I am sure to be found at home.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+S. P.
+</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p class="sig">
+<em>Scotland yard, June 18, 1797.</em></p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="smcap">Dear Sir,</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>I hope this will find you safely returned from your
+excursion, and disengaged, as I wish you to pass a
+<em>long</em> evening with me. Mr. Bowyer Nichols would
+tell you that I am now at leisure to go on with "Beauchief
+Abbey" for a little while; but without your assistance,
+know not how. Send me word what evening
+you can best spare, and bring your Son with you,
+and let it be very <em>speedily</em>. I shall soon put an end
+to the Session, and this <em>Printing-ment</em> will be prorogued
+to the 5th of October, then to meet for dispatch
+of business.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<span class="smcap">S. Pegge.</span>
+</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p class="sig">
+<em>December 7, 1797.</em></p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>,
+</p>
+
+<p>As you are connected with the Representatives of
+Dr. Farmer, or the person who acts for them, I wish<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_lxxxvii" id="Page_lxxxvii">[lxxxvii]</a></span>
+you would procure a receipt for a copy of Skelton,
+which was found in my Father's collection after his
+death, and which was evidently Mr. Farmer's property.</p>
+
+<p>As I hear that Dr. Farmer's Library is intended for
+sale, I should be glad that this book might be soon restored
+to the Executors; and my original wish to return
+it, may appear from a letter of mine to Dr.
+Farmer, dated so long ago as the 4th of February last,
+which has probably been found among his papers. I
+received no answer to it, which I imputed to his then
+bad state of health.</p>
+
+<p>
+Yours, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<span class="smcap">S. Pegge.</span>
+</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p class="sig">
+<em>Harrowgate, Aug. 25, 1799.</em></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>,
+</p>
+
+<p>Our history, since I saw you, is briefly this. We left
+London on the 18th of July, and made a journey of
+three days to Spital, near Chesterfield. After resting
+there, for as many days, we set off for this place,
+which we found very full, and made our quarters good
+at the humblest house we could find; but with the
+most comfortable accommodations that a very uncomfortable
+place can afford; and are reconciled to our
+situation. We dine (<em>en masse</em>) about 20 on the average,
+keep good hours, and are not pestered with
+gamblers, ladies-maids, or lap-dogs. In some houses
+they dine 120 people!!!</p>
+
+<p>The water of this place is a very strong sulphur, and
+I believe, is the most powerful of any in the kingdom.
+The most quiet of this sort of houses is much too turbulent
+for me; besides that it is difficult for one who
+cannot walk, or even saunter about, as others do, to
+fill up the chasms between meals, except by reading,
+which is scarcely practicable here. I find myself,
+however, tolerably habituated to noise and talk; and
+as to the art of doing nothing, I have made myself perfectly
+master of it. As a proof of it, I have been
+three weeks in writing this letter.</p>
+
+<p>If you ask me how I do? I answer, I don't know at
+present. I have experienced much <em>non</em>-valescence,
+and am told <em>con</em>-valescence will follow.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<span class="smcap">S. Pegge.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_lxxxviii" id="Page_lxxxviii">[lxxxviii]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p class="sig">
+<em>Monday, January 27, 1800.</em></p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>,
+</p>
+
+<p>The Lady<a name="FNanchor_63_63" id="FNanchor_63_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a> mentioned in the enclosed Article is
+my Niece, who hopes to open the Ball in the List of
+Marriages in this Month. I send also an article for
+the Obituary<a name="FNanchor_64_64" id="FNanchor_64_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a>, the death of a Brother of my Wife, and
+whose death has long been expected. I am a lodger
+in my own first-floor, with some gout, which will
+neither lead nor drive; but I should be very happy
+to receive a charitable visit of chat in any evening that
+you can spare. I do not ask Mr. Bowyer Nichols, as I
+cannot encounter more than one person at a time.</p>
+
+<p>
+Your very sincere friend,</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<span class="smcap">S. Pegge</span>.
+</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p class="sig">
+<em>March 17, 1800.</em></p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>,
+</p>
+
+<p>Presuming that you are returned from Hinckley,
+and <em>have nothing in the world to do</em>, I hope you will
+give us your company in an evening very soon; for at
+that time of the day I see nobody else. Let me hear
+by one of your <em>Representatives in Parliament</em><a name="FNanchor_65_65" id="FNanchor_65_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a> on what
+evening I may expect you, that I may <em>rectify</em> my spirits
+accordingly.</p>
+
+<p>
+Adieu!</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<span class="smcap">S. Pegge.</span>
+</p>
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">&nbsp;</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<h2><span class="oldenglish">Hospitium Domini Regis;</span></h2>
+
+<p class="center">OR,</p>
+
+<p class="center"><big>THE HISTORY</big></p>
+
+<p class="center">OF THE</p>
+
+<p class="center"><big>ROYAL HOUSEHOLD</big>.</p>
+
+
+
+<p class="center">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<h2>INTRODUCTION.</h2>
+
+
+<p>I was led into the following investigation
+from a natural and kind of instinctive
+curiosity, and a desire of knowing what was
+the antient state of the Court to which I have
+the honour, by the favour of his Grace
+William the late Duke of Devonshire, to
+compose a part. It is obvious to suppose that
+so large a body must have undergone various
+revolutions, and have borne very different
+complexions according to times and circumstances:
+and having occasion to consult
+some MSS. in the Lord Chamberlain's
+Office, by his Lordship's permission, upon
+a matter of no consequence to relate, I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span>
+thought I discerned, in the course of my
+search, that materials were to be found sufficient
+to furnish out a detail. Having free
+access to the use of a large Library, and by
+the favour of many friends, to whom I take
+this opportunity of testifying my obligations,
+I was enabled to trace back the state of the
+Court in darker ages, though but by a glimmering
+light.</p>
+
+<p>Notwithstanding ample revenues have always
+been provided for support of the dignity
+and splendour of the Royal House of
+the Kings of England, equal, if not perhaps
+superior, to those of any Court in Europe,
+yet we shall find they have varied very much
+in different Reigns, as times and circumstances
+have required; though not always
+for laudable reasons. Some of our Kings
+have been so profuse, that, either from their
+extensive liberality, or more frequently worse
+inducements, they have thereby lessened the
+estates of the Crown so very much, that retrenchments,
+either in the number or expence
+of their Households (and sometimes
+both) have become the necessary consequence.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span>
+Others<a name="FNanchor_66_66" id="FNanchor_66_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_66_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a> have found the Crown
+Revenues so much contracted at their Accession,
+that they have been obliged to demand
+resumptions of grants made by their
+immediate Predecessor, in order to enable
+themselves to support the Regal dignity with
+a proper degree of splendour. Others<a name="FNanchor_67_67" id="FNanchor_67_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_67_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a>,
+again, from a wanton spirit of prodigality,
+have rendered it necessary for them to resume
+even <em>their own</em> grants; a measure equally
+scandalous to the character of the Prince, as
+derogatory to the honour of the Crown.</p>
+
+<p>As to <em>resumptions</em>, several of each sort
+will be seen in the following sheets, antecedent
+to the Reformation; and since that
+period there have been repeated occasions
+for <em>reductions (ex necessitate rei)</em> in the
+tumultuous reigns of Charles the First,
+Charles the Second, and James the Second.</p>
+
+<p>When we speak of the superior magnificence
+of our own Court, we may add, that no
+other makes so liberal appointments to its
+Officers, could we know the Establishments
+of the rest.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In France they figure away with thousands
+of livres <em>per annum</em>; but, when these come to
+be liquidated into pounds sterling, the idea is
+lost, and the appointment of a Lord of the
+Bed-chamber sinks down into a salary not
+superior to our Gentlemen Ushers.</p>
+
+<p>In Poland the Officers of the State and
+Household have no salaries nor fees<a name="FNanchor_68_68" id="FNanchor_68_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_68_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a>; but are
+content with the honour, unless the King
+chose to reward them with a <em>Starostie</em>, a kind
+of Fiefs inherent in the Crown for this purpose.</p>
+
+<p>At the Court of Turin, the salaries of the
+Officers of the Court are extremely small, and
+every way inadequate to their rank. Frugality
+and &oelig;conomy, exercised in a Royal
+manner, are the characteristics of that Court;
+insomuch as that, if the Officers of State had
+not an income arising from their patrimony,
+their salaries would not afford them food and
+raiment<a name="FNanchor_69_69" id="FNanchor_69_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_69_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a>.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span></p>
+<p>The Emperor of Germany has one very
+singular prerogative, very inconvenient to
+the inhabitants of Vienna, that of taking to
+himself the <em>first floor</em> of every house in the
+City (a few privileged places excepted) for
+the use of the <em>Officers of his Court and
+Army</em>; so that, on this account, says my Author<a name="FNanchor_70_70" id="FNanchor_70_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_70_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a>,
+"Princes, Ambassadors, and Nobles,
+usually inhabit the second stories; and the
+third, fourth, and even fifth floors (the
+houses being large and high) are well fitted
+up for the reception of opulent and noble
+families." The houses being so large, a
+single floor suffices for most of the principal
+and largest families in the City.</p>
+
+<p>For particulars relative to the Court of
+Denmark, it may be sufficient to refer to the
+account given by Lord Molesworth, who resided
+several years as Envoy Extraordinary
+from King William III.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2>WILLIAM I.</h2>
+
+
+<p>After that great Revolution called <em>The
+Conquest</em>, it is to be supposed that a competent
+part, and that no inconsiderable one,
+was allotted for the support of the Dignity
+of the King's House. How large the establishment
+of the Household was, it would be
+very difficult to ascertain at this distance of
+time; but we know that the Conqueror's
+Revenues were very great, and that, besides
+the public branch of it for the defence of the
+Kingdom against invasions from abroad,
+there must have been an ample residue to
+maintain the Court in dignity and magnificence
+at home. William, as soon as he was
+seated on his new Throne, was careful to
+make a general and accurate Survey of the
+whole kingdom, notwithstanding there had
+been a Survey taken within less than 200 years
+by King Alfred, then remaining at Winchester.<a name="FNanchor_71_71" id="FNanchor_71_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_71_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a>
+But William's jealous caution did<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span>
+not permit him to trust to this. He saw the
+necessity there was to make the most of
+things; and, looking on money as a necessary
+means of maintaining and increasing power,
+he accumulated as much as he could, though
+rather, perhaps, from an ambitious than a
+covetous motive; at least his avarice was
+subservient to his ambition; and he laid up
+wealth in his coffers, as he did arms in his
+magazines, to be drawn out on proper occasions,
+for the defence and enlargement of
+his dominions<a name="FNanchor_72_72" id="FNanchor_72_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_72_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>In William's Survey, which we call <cite>Domesday
+Book</cite>, particular attention was first paid
+to the King's right; and the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Terra Regis</i>
+(as it was called), which consisted of such
+lands as either had belonged to the Crown,
+or to the King individually, was placed first;
+and, upon the whole, 1422<a name="FNanchor_73_73" id="FNanchor_73_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_73_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a> manors, or
+lordships, were appropriated to the Crown;
+besides lands and farms, and besides quit-rents
+paid out of other subordinate manors.
+Whether William assumed to himself and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span>
+Crown more than he ought, is hard to say;
+but it is to be supposed he was not very
+sparing or delicate. The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Terra Regis</i> is
+said to have consisted of such lands as Edward
+the Confessor was found to have been
+possessed of, the alienation of which was held
+impious; to which some think William added
+the forfeited estates of those who opposed
+him at the decisive battle of Hastings<a name="FNanchor_74_74" id="FNanchor_74_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_74_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a>; and
+likewise the lands of such Barons, and others,
+who afterwards forsook him. These advantages
+he might, perhaps, be glad to take, as
+they enabled him better to reward his Norman
+friends and followers, who were numerous;
+and furnished him likewise with a plea
+to enrich himself, by annexing part of such
+lands to the Crown, and distributing the
+rest, with a reservation of quit-rents and services.
+We may add to these, many apparently
+unjustifiable means which the Conqueror
+used to enrich himself, though by the
+greatness of the antient Crown-estate, and
+the feudal profits to which he was legally
+entitled, he was already one of the richest<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span>
+Monarchs in Europe. The Saxon Chronicle
+says, he omitted no opportunity of extorting
+money from his subjects upon the slightest
+pretext, and speaks of it as a thing of course<a name="FNanchor_75_75" id="FNanchor_75_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_75_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a>.
+It must be owned, however, (says Lord Lyttelton)
+that, if his avarice was insatiably
+and unjustly rapacious, it was not meanly
+parsimonious, nor of that sordid kind which
+brings on a Prince dishonour and contempt.
+He supported the <em>dignity of the Crown</em> with
+a <em>decent magnificence</em>; and, though he never
+was <em>lavish</em>, he was sometimes <em>liberal</em><a name="FNanchor_76_76" id="FNanchor_76_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_76_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thus did the Conqueror leave an ample
+and splendid revenue to his Successor, sufficient
+to maintain his Court in dignity and
+magnificence, and adequate to every expence
+both foreign and domestic. It is, at this
+day, almost impossible to discover the nature<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span>
+and magnitude of William's Household; but
+most probably, as it was numerous, it was
+likewise magnificent; though, perhaps, composed
+of Officers and Offices very different
+from what have been adopted in succeeding
+Reigns.</p>
+
+<p>We read of Treasurers, for such a King
+<em>must</em> have: and in the next Reign mention
+is made of Robert Fitz-Hamon, <em>Gentleman
+of the Bed-chamber</em><a name="FNanchor_77_77" id="FNanchor_77_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_77_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a>, who conquered
+Wales, while William Rufus was engaged
+in a war with Scotland, anno 1091; and
+we afterwards read of other Officers similar
+to what we have at present, though the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span>
+rudeness of the times rendered most of the
+offices now in being unnecessary, which seem
+to have been added from time to time, as
+luxury and refined necessity required, and
+in conformity to the pride and ostentatious
+spirit of the Prince who erected them.</p>
+
+<p>It is probable, however, that what was
+wanting in parade, was equalled by an expence
+in hospitality, which must, of course,
+employ a great many Domestics of different
+kinds in their several departments, to which we
+may suppose were added many of a Military
+nature, which the situation of the Conqueror
+rendered necessary in his new dominion.</p>
+
+<p>There being but few Placemen in those
+times, the Court was chiefly composed of
+Ecclesiastics, Barons, Knights, and other
+Military Gentlemen, led by the hopes of
+preferment or promotion; and Lord Lyttelton
+says, William was always liberal to his
+Soldiers and to the Church<a name="FNanchor_78_78" id="FNanchor_78_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_78_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a>. The Barons
+were, at this time of day, the chief Council
+of the Realm; they held their Baronies of the
+King, for which they were perpetually doing
+homage; and on these accounts the Court<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span>
+must have been crowded,&mdash;at least much frequented.</p>
+
+<p>As to the internal part of the Court,
+I mean the Attendants on the Royal person,
+we know but very little. King Alfred,
+however, who lived 200 years before the
+Conquest, during his attention to the Police
+of his Kingdom in general, did not forget
+the internal good government of his Household;
+for we learn from Ingulphus<a name="FNanchor_79_79" id="FNanchor_79_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_79_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a> that he
+divided his Attendants into three classes, who
+were appointed to wait by turns, <em>monthly</em>.</p>
+
+<p>Whether this mode was continued by his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span>
+Successors, I do not learn. William might
+perhaps reject it as being Saxon, and adopt
+a plan similar to the French Court, in compliment
+to his Norman adherents. This routine
+of waiting, not much unlike the present
+mode, rendered the service of Alfred's attendants
+both &oelig;conomical, and agreeable to
+themselves. Sir John Spelman, in his Life
+of King Alfred, supposes that the Officers
+who are now called <em>Quarter-waiters</em> are,
+from their title, a relique of this mode of
+waiting established by Alfred. But this
+(with deference to the Gentlemen of that
+Corps) seems to be going too far, and does
+not agree with Ingulphus, from whom Sir
+John takes his account; who says, that the
+Officers of King Alfred's Household were
+divided into three classes, and that each class
+waited alternately monthly, not quarterly;
+so that no one class waited two consecutive
+months, and each would, of course, wait <em>four
+months</em> in the year, with an interval of two
+months between each wait. It is true, they
+would renew their waiting once in a quarter
+of course, from the number of classes, but<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span>
+no part of them attended for a quarter together;
+and I apprehend the Quarter-waiters
+received their name because they waited a
+quarter of a year at a time by turns, as their
+superiors, the Daily-waiters, waited daily by
+turns. Alfred's Household most resembled
+the Gentlemen Pensioners in the mode of attendance,
+who, to this day, wait in <em>classes</em>
+quarterly.</p>
+
+<p>I shall now give Sir John Spelman's account
+at large (as I have Ingulphus's),
+where he gives a supposed, and not improbable,
+reason for this mode of attendance.</p>
+
+<p>"He [Alfred] having, it seems, observed
+the course that Solomon took in preparing
+timber at Lebanon for the Temple, where
+thirty thousand, assigned to the work, went
+by ten thousand at a time, wrought there a
+month, and then returning, stayed two
+months at home, until their turn in the
+fourth month came about again<a name="FNanchor_80_80" id="FNanchor_80_80"></a><a href="#Footnote_80_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a>&mdash;he, applying
+this to his own occasions, ordained the
+like course in his attendance, making a triplicate
+thereof, insomuch that he had a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span>
+three-fold shift of all Domestic Officers; each
+of which were, by themselves, under the
+command of a several <em>Major-domo</em><a name="FNanchor_81_81" id="FNanchor_81_81"></a><a href="#Footnote_81_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a>, or
+Master of the Household, who, coming with
+his servants under his charge, to wait at
+Court, stayed there a month, and then returning
+home, were supplied by the second
+ternary, and they again by the third, until
+the course coming about, the first of them
+(after two months recess at home) did, with
+the quarter<a name="FNanchor_82_82" id="FNanchor_82_82"></a><a href="#Footnote_82_82" class="fnanchor">[82]</a>, renew their monthly service at
+the Court. I should conjecture (continues
+he) that the King, for his more honourable
+attendance, took this course in point of
+Royalty and State, there being (as it then
+stood with the State) very few men of quality
+fit to stand before a King, who, by their
+fortunes or dependency, were not otherwhere
+besides engaged; neither was there,
+in those times, any great assurance to be had
+of any man, unless he were one of such condition,
+whose service, when the King was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span>
+fain to use one month in the quarter, it was
+necessary for the common-wealth that he
+should remit them the other two months
+unto their own occasions. Neither used he
+this course with some of his Officers only (as
+there are those who understand it to have
+been a course taken only with those of his
+Guard), but with all his whole attendance;
+neither used he it for a time only, but for his
+whole life; and I little doubt but that the
+use at Court, at this day, of Officers, <em>Quarter-waiters</em>,
+had the first beginning even from
+this invention of the King<a name="FNanchor_83_83" id="FNanchor_83_83"></a><a href="#Footnote_83_83" class="fnanchor">[83]</a>."</p>
+
+<p>The Translator of this Life of Alfred into
+Latin, Dr. Obadiah Walker, has taken a
+little latitude in the last sentence of this passage,
+and has wandered totally from the
+mark. His words are, "Neque multum dubito
+quin <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dapiferi</i> hodierni (quos <em>Quarter-waiters</em>
+appellamus) qui per singulos anni
+quadrantes, Regi ad <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mensam</i> ministrant, ab
+hoc Regis instituto, manarint." Now it is
+pretty certain that the Quarter-waiters are<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span>
+not Officers at all connected, by their post,
+with the King's <em>table</em>, they being a secondary
+degree of <em>Gentlemen Ushers</em>, called
+in a grant of Fees temp. Car. I. (in Rymer's
+F&oelig;dera) <em>Ante-Ambulones</em>. The Doctor
+seems, by the word <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dapiferi</i>, to have confounded
+them with the <em>Sewers</em>; which is
+strengthened by the following words, "qui
+ad <em>mensam</em> ministrant."</p>
+
+<p>It is allowed that King Alfred enlarged
+his Household very much; but, what was the
+nature and office of the individuals of it, we
+shall probably never be able to gather. We
+may, however, fairly suppose his Retinue in
+number, and his Court in splendour, was far
+superior to those of any of his Predecessors.</p>
+
+<p>Of the <em>Conqueror's Court</em> we know still
+less, neither do I learn that King Alfred's
+establishment was followed by his immediate
+successors; but it is reasonable to suppose
+that the <em>Court</em>, as well as the <em>Kingdom</em>,
+would be new-modelled, and assume a different
+face, upon so great a revolution as that
+of the Conquest.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2>WILLIAM RUFUS.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Notwithstanding the fair inheritance left
+by the Conqueror, equal to the Regal
+Dignity, and the exigences of the State,
+William Rufus, the successor, not only dissipated
+the great treasure of which he was
+possessed at the demise of his Father, but
+ran into so extravagant a profusion of expence,
+that he was at last obliged to apply
+to resources, unwarrantable in themselves,
+and derogatory to his Crown and Dignity.
+The late King's treasures were said to amount
+to 60,000<em>l.</em>; but, according to Henry of Huntingdon<a name="FNanchor_84_84" id="FNanchor_84_84"></a><a href="#Footnote_84_84" class="fnanchor">[84]</a>,
+who lived very near the time, to
+60,000 pound <em>weight</em> of silver, exclusive of
+gold, jewels, plate, and robes; and "the
+silver money alone (says Lord Lyttelton<a name="FNanchor_85_85" id="FNanchor_85_85"></a><a href="#Footnote_85_85" class="fnanchor">[85]</a>),<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span>
+according to the best computation I am able
+to make, was equivalent at least to nine hundred
+thousand pounds of our money at present:"
+but this would not suffice; for the
+Crown-lands, which were held so sacred by his
+ancestors, were alienated; and he was at last
+compelled, as a dernier resort, to resume his
+own grants, a practice now used for the first
+(but not the last) time, and a measure equally
+scandalous and iniquitous. Rufus's ordinary
+revenues did not probably exceed those of his
+Father; but, as he ran into more needless
+and wanton expenses, he was necessitated to
+make frequent demands upon his people.
+Considering the influence of artful Churchmen,
+in those times of Papal tyranny, over
+weak Princes, it is not to be wondered that
+Rufus should be easily prevailed upon by
+Ranulphus, Bishop of Durham<a name="FNanchor_86_86" id="FNanchor_86_86"></a><a href="#Footnote_86_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a>, who was
+Master both of his Councils and his Conscience,
+to resume his own grants, though<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span>
+made for valuable considerations; or to take
+any measure, however unwarrantable and unprecedented&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>
+"Tantum Religio potuit suadere malorum."<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Amongst other acts of rapacity, made in
+a manner necessary by his former profusion,
+he kept the See of Canterbury vacant four
+years (upon the death of Lanfranc), that he
+might take the profits to his own use; nay,
+he did the same by the Bishoprick of Lincoln,
+and all others that became void in his Reign;
+and at the time of his death he had in his
+hands the Sees of Canterbury, Winchester,
+Salisbury, twelve<a name="FNanchor_87_87" id="FNanchor_87_87"></a><a href="#Footnote_87_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a> rich Abbeys, besides
+many other Benefices of less consideration<a name="FNanchor_88_88" id="FNanchor_88_88"></a><a href="#Footnote_88_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a>;
+so little regard has ever been paid
+to things <em>sacred</em> by Arbitrary Princes (as
+our Kings were at that time) to gratify either
+their necessities or their passions. But
+this was not the worst part of the story; for,
+not satisfied with the First-fruits, to which he
+was entitled,&mdash;after he had seized the vacant
+Benefices, and pillaged them of every thing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span>
+valuable (even to the very Shrines), he sold
+them publicly to the best bidder, without regard
+to merit or capacity<a name="FNanchor_89_89" id="FNanchor_89_89"></a><a href="#Footnote_89_89" class="fnanchor">[89]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>After having been led, by the nature of
+the subject, to speak thus freely of this
+King's rapacity, it is but justice to mention
+an instance of his generosity. It is related
+that, two Monks striving to outbid each
+other for a rich Abbey, the King perceived a
+third standing by, who did not bid any thing;
+to whom the King addressing himself, asked
+"how much <em>he</em> would give?" The Monk
+replied, "he had no money, and, if he had,
+his conscience would not suffer him to lay it
+out in that manner:" upon which the King
+swore his usual oath<a name="FNanchor_90_90" id="FNanchor_90_90"></a><a href="#Footnote_90_90" class="fnanchor">[90]</a> "that he best deserved
+it, and should have it for nothing<a name="FNanchor_91_91" id="FNanchor_91_91"></a><a href="#Footnote_91_91" class="fnanchor">[91]</a>."</p>
+
+<p>Though William was thus continually
+filling his coffers with these dishonourable
+and sacrilegious spoils, yet was he avaricious<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span>
+without frugality, covetous and prodigal at
+the same time; always in want, and devising
+new ways to raise money, however mean and
+despicable. I cannot omit one artful and
+almost ludicrous method which Rufus practised
+to raise money, in the war with his brother
+Robert, who had engaged the French
+in his interest. "Under pretence (says
+M. Rapin, from Simeon Dunelmensis, Matthew
+Paris, &amp;c.) that there was occasion for
+supplies of men, William Rufus [then in
+Normandy] sent orders into England, to
+raise, with all possible speed, 20,000 men.
+In raising this army, such were purposely
+taken for soldiers who were well to pass, or
+to whom it was very inconvenient to leave
+their families. When these levies were
+going to embark, the King's Treasurer told
+them, by his order, "that they might every
+man return home, upon payment of ten shillings
+each." This news was so acceptable to
+the soldiers, listed thus against their wills,
+that there was not one but who was glad
+to be dismissed at so easy a rate. By this
+means William raised the sum of 10,000<em>l.</em><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span>
+with which he bribed the French to retire.
+Various other instances of extortion and rapacity
+(though not attended with so much
+ingenuity as this) might be adduced from
+the history of this Reign, recorded by contemporary
+writers; but enough has been
+mentioned to convince us that but little order
+or decorum is to be expected within the
+walls of the Court of so unprincipled a King.
+On the contrary, indeed, all writers agree<a name="FNanchor_92_92" id="FNanchor_92_92"></a><a href="#Footnote_92_92" class="fnanchor">[92]</a>
+in their accounts of the dissolute manners of
+his Household and Adherents, which called
+forth rigid edicts in the next Reign, for the
+suppression of vices which had grown too
+flagrant to be removed by reprobation alone.
+The crimes laid to the charge of his retinue
+were, some of them, of the most serious nature,
+and required an uncommon exertion of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span>
+severity; as we shall see presently. "In the
+magnificence of his <em>Court</em> and buildings,
+however, (says Lord Lyttelton<a name="FNanchor_93_93" id="FNanchor_93_93"></a><a href="#Footnote_93_93" class="fnanchor">[93]</a>,) he <em>greatly</em>
+exceeded any King of that age. But
+though his profuseness (continues his Lordship)
+arose from a noble and generous
+nature, it must be accounted rather a vice
+than a virtue; as, in order to supply the unbounded
+extent of it, he was very rapacious.
+If he had lived long, his expences would
+have undone him, and they had brought him
+some years before his death into such difficulties,
+that even if his temper had not been
+despotic, his <em>necessities</em> would have rendered
+him a Tyrant.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<h2>HENRY I.</h2>
+
+
+<p>After so bad an &oelig;conomist (to say no
+worse of William Rufus), we may hope to
+see a more prudent direction of the revenues
+of the State, and a less abandoned Retinue<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span>
+about the Royal Person. This is, however,
+no great compliment to Henry, who succeeded:
+for a moderate character will appear
+with some degree of lustre, after one so very
+much disfigured as that of Rufus. Henry
+had, without question, many good qualities.
+He was a wise and prudent Prince, and, as
+the Saxon Chronicle says, "magno honore
+habitus<a name="FNanchor_94_94" id="FNanchor_94_94"></a><a href="#Footnote_94_94" class="fnanchor">[94]</a>;" but yet, we shall discover, one of
+his ruling passions was avarice, when we
+come to look nearly into his interior conduct
+in life. There was a glaring inconsistency
+in his very outset; for, soon after his accession,
+we find him punishing and imprisoning
+the abettors of William Rufus's
+exactions, and, among the rest, Ranulph
+Bishop of Durham, the <em>Minister</em> and instrument
+of all those oppressive and unwarrantable
+measures; and yet, very soon after,
+we behold Henry sequestering to his own
+use the revenues of the Archbishopric of Canterbury,
+and keeping them in his hands for
+five years, after the example of the very man
+whose rapacious conduct he had, but just<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span>
+before, publicly condemned<a name="FNanchor_95_95" id="FNanchor_95_95"></a><a href="#Footnote_95_95" class="fnanchor">[95]</a>. It is true he
+recalled many grants bestowed upon <em>creatures</em>
+and undeserving persons in the late
+Reign; but whether upon motives of justice
+or avarice I do not determine. It will be
+found that he died exceedingly rich for those
+times (by whatever means the wealth was
+amassed); for he did not omit any opportunity
+of taxing his subjects, where he could
+do it with a tolerable grace, though he did
+it not in so bare-faced a manner as Rufus
+had done. Thus he availed himself of an
+antient Norman feudal custom, on occasion
+of the marrying his eldest daughter<a name="FNanchor_96_96" id="FNanchor_96_96"></a><a href="#Footnote_96_96" class="fnanchor">[96]</a>. This
+custom was not now first established by
+Henry himself, as some have supposed<a name="FNanchor_97_97" id="FNanchor_97_97"></a><a href="#Footnote_97_97" class="fnanchor">[97]</a>;
+but was one of the antient aids due to the
+King from his subjects, and having lain
+dormant many years, was now revived, but
+not introduced otherwise, than that Henry
+happened to be the first King, of the Norman
+race, who married his eldest daughter. In<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span>
+this he might be justifiable enough; but then
+he seems to have laid the tax at a prodigious
+high rate, for it is said, by some calculations,
+to have amounted to upwards of 800,000<em>l.</em>
+sterling. Among other things, Henry was
+very attentive to the reformation of abuses
+and irregularities that had crept into the
+<em>Court</em> during the Reign of his Brother.</p>
+
+<p>The accounts given of William's Court are
+surprizing for that age, when one would suppose
+our ancestors to have been rough and
+unpolished, little addicted to the softer vices,
+and totally unacquainted with the effeminacies
+of succeeding times; but we find that,
+notwithstanding men's minds were then so
+much turned to war and athletic diversions,
+excess and sensuality prevailed in a very
+scandalous manner among the Nobility, and
+even among the Clergy. Vanity, lust, and
+intemperance, reigned through the whole
+kingdom. The men appeared so effeminate
+in their dress and manners, that they shewed
+themselves men in nothing but their attempts
+upon the chastity of women<a name="FNanchor_98_98" id="FNanchor_98_98"></a><a href="#Footnote_98_98" class="fnanchor">[98]</a>. So William<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span>
+of Malmsbury, speaking of the effeminacy of
+William Rufus's Court, says, "Mollitie corporis
+certare cum f&oelig;minis&mdash;gressum frangere&mdash;gestu
+soluto&mdash;et latere nudo incedere,
+Adolescentium specimen erat: enerves&mdash;emolliti&mdash;expugnatores
+alien� pudiciti�, prodigi
+su�." By many evidences it appears
+that a luxury in apparel was very general
+among the Nobles and Gentry of that age;
+even the Nuns were not free from it.</p>
+
+<p>The garments of the English, before their
+intermixture with the Normans, were generally
+plain; but they soon adopted the fashions
+of these new-comers, and became as magnificent
+in their dress as their fortunes could
+bear<a name="FNanchor_99_99" id="FNanchor_99_99"></a><a href="#Footnote_99_99" class="fnanchor">[99]</a>. So that we see the French have,
+ever since the Conquest, been the standard
+of the English dress; and though we often
+complain of the folly of our times, in adopting
+French modes, it appears to be a practice
+that has existed time immemorial. Lord
+Lyttelton informs us (from Ordericus Vitalis)
+that there was a revolution in dress in William
+Rufus's reign, not only in England,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span>
+but in all the Western parts of Europe; and
+that, instead of close coats, which till then
+had been used, as most commodious for exercise
+and a military life, trailing garments
+with long sleeves, after the manner of the
+Asiaticks, were universally worn. The men
+were also very nice in curling and dividing
+their hair, which, on the fore-part of their
+heads, was suffered to grow very long, but cut
+short behind<a name="FNanchor_100_100" id="FNanchor_100_100"></a><a href="#Footnote_100_100" class="fnanchor">[100]</a>;&mdash;a style of head-dressing,
+which, if introduced now, would spoil all the
+<em>Macaroni's</em> of the age; for their comfort, however,
+it may be inferred from hence that similar
+beings have long subsisted in some shape
+or other.</p>
+
+<p>To return to Henry. We find the reformation
+of his <em>Court</em> was one of the first steps
+towards ingratiating himself with his subjects.
+The <em>Courtiers</em>, for the most part, sure of impunity,
+were wont to tyrannize over the
+people in a shameful manner. Not content
+with every species of oppression, and of secretly
+attempting the chastity of women, they
+gloried in it publicly. To remedy these
+disorders in his <em>Court</em>, Henry published a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span>
+very severe edict against all offenders in general,
+and particularly against <em>Adulterers</em>;
+and such as abused their power by oppressing
+the people, he ordered to be put to
+death without mercy. Some who were already
+notorious on that account were banished
+the Court, among whom was Ranulph
+Bishop of Durham, who was likewise
+imprisoned by the advice of the great
+Council of the Kingdom<a name="FNanchor_101_101" id="FNanchor_101_101"></a><a href="#Footnote_101_101" class="fnanchor">[101]</a>. This was in the
+first year of Henry's Reign; but it had so
+little effect, that five years afterwards we
+find a <em>second</em> reformation; for, the former
+proclamation being ineffectual, it was necessary
+to publish another, with still greater
+penalties; and this severity was unavoidably
+necessary, to check the licentiousness that
+had crept in, from the connivance which
+offences of every kind had hitherto met with.</p>
+
+<p>Thus, we see, the dissoluteness of William
+Rufus's Court did not die with him; nor is
+it an easy thing to subdue so many-headed a
+monster as Vice in power. When the Magnates
+set bad examples in <em>Courts</em>, the inferior<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span>
+Officers are always ready to ape them;
+and crimes that in the commission are common
+to all men very soon descend from the
+<em>Prince</em> to the <em>Page</em>. In the King's progresses
+during the late Reign, the <em>Court</em> and
+its Followers committed many outrages of a
+very serious nature, in places where they
+lodged; such as extorting money from the
+hosts who entertained them, and abusing the
+chastity of women without restraint. But
+now the grievance was become much worse;
+for Henry's Attendants, in his progresses,
+plundered every thing that came in their
+way; so that the country was laid waste
+wherever the King travelled; for which
+reason people, when they knew of his approach,
+left their houses, carrying away
+what provisions they could, and sheltering
+themselves in the woods and bye-places,
+for fear their provisions should be taken
+away by the King's Purveyors<a name="FNanchor_102_102" id="FNanchor_102_102"></a><a href="#Footnote_102_102" class="fnanchor">[102]</a>. These
+things called loudly for redress: it was therefore
+made public, by the King's command,
+that whoever, belonging to the Court, spoiled<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span>
+any goods of those who entertained them in
+these progresses, or abused the persons of
+their hosts, should, on proof, have their
+eyes put out, or their hands and feet cut off<a name="FNanchor_103_103" id="FNanchor_103_103"></a><a href="#Footnote_103_103" class="fnanchor">[103]</a>.
+To us these seem cruel and unwarrantable
+punishments; but it must be remembered
+that, at this day, punishments were not
+prescribed, but arbitrary; there was no common
+law, and but little statute-law, and nothing
+to regulate the hand of Justice, which
+was directed by caprice, and the temper of
+the reigning King. Coiners of false money
+were grown so numerous and bare-faced,
+employed and even protected by the great
+men about the Court, that this kind of imposition
+on the publick became, among the rest,
+an object of redress, and the penalty inflicted
+was the loss of eyes and genitals.</p>
+
+<p>Taking the whole together, one must conclude
+that the profligacy, and wanton cruelty,
+of the King's <em>Suite</em> must have been very
+enormous, to have required punishments so
+repugnant to natural mercy;&mdash;but we can<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span>
+but ill judge, at so distant a period, of the
+necessity there might be for such severity.</p>
+
+<p>The Kings, in these ages, moved their
+<em>Court</em> very frequently, and often to considerable
+distances; and, as the state of the roads
+would not permit them to travel far in a day,
+they were forced to accommodate themselves
+as well as they could at such houses
+as lay convenient, there being then no receptacles
+of a public nature. These motions
+of so large a body of people, added to the
+frequency of them, were often, of themselves,
+very oppressive to the Yeomanry, who were
+obliged to supply the Court with carts and
+horses from place to place; and the abuse
+the people sustained in this kind of Purveyance
+was the occasion of edicts afterward
+to restrain any from <em>taking carriages</em> from
+the subject, for this purpose, except by the
+persons authorized and appointed to the
+office, who were called the King's <em>Cart-takers</em>,
+a post which is now in being, though
+out of use. But, although the Court was not
+fixed in these times, yet the Kings generally<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span>
+kept the Feast of Christmas in one place<a name="FNanchor_104_104" id="FNanchor_104_104"></a><a href="#Footnote_104_104" class="fnanchor">[104]</a>,
+according to their liking or convenience.
+The other Feasts they kept at different places,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span>
+as it happened, they having Palaces almost at
+every considerable place in the Kingdom,
+<em>viz.</em> besides London and its environs, at
+York, at Gloucester, Winchester, Salisbury,
+Marlborough, Bath, Worcester, and many
+other places, too numerous to mention <em>nominatim</em>.
+The great Feasts (together with that
+of St. George, after the institution of the
+Order of the Garter,) were kept with great
+solemnity, even so late as the Reign of King
+... when the public observance of
+them was dropped by the King and Court.</p>
+
+<p>Henry was not wanting in splendour and
+magnificence on these occasions. Eadmerus,
+speaking of one of them, and more might be
+produced, says, "Rex Henricus [in Festivitate
+Pentecostes] <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">curiam</i> suam Lundoni�<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span>
+in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">magn�</i> mundi <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">glori�</i>, et <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">diviti apparatu</i>
+celebravit." Wherever the King kept his
+Court, or indeed wherever he resided, <em>there</em>
+was, of course, the general resort of all the
+great men of the time, who brought with
+them, no doubt, large retinues; and in so
+great a concourse it is no wonder there should
+be many disorderly and abandoned people, in
+spite of all edicts and penalties.</p>
+
+<p>Hitherto I have met with very little mention
+of any Officers of the <em>Court</em> or <em>Household</em>.
+In this Reign, however, we hear of
+William de Tankerville, whom Lord Lyttelton
+calls, "Henry's <em>Great Chamberlain</em>."
+The Annotator on M. Rapin calls him only
+<em>Chamberlain</em>; and Matthew Paris, <em>Camerarius</em>;
+but this unquestionably means <em>Treasurer</em>,
+or <em>High Treasurer</em>, and not the great
+Officer we now understand by the <em>Chamberlain</em>,
+or the <em>Great Chamberlain</em>. The Latin
+term for these is <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cambellanus</i>, which Du
+Cange says, is&mdash;"diversus � <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Camerario</i>, penes
+quem erat cura <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Camer�</i> seu Thesauri Regii&mdash;<em>Cambellano</em>
+autem fuit cura <em>Cubiculi</em><a name="FNanchor_105_105" id="FNanchor_105_105"></a><a href="#Footnote_105_105" class="fnanchor">[105]</a>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span>
+We have the term <em>Chamberlain</em>, in the sense
+of <em>Camerarius</em>, still preserved in the City of
+London, where the Treasurer is called the
+<em>Chamberlain</em>, and the office the <em>Chamber</em>;
+and indeed this Officer, of every Corporation,
+is, for the most part, called the <em>Chamberlain</em>.
+In the account given by the Saxon
+Chronicle<a name="FNanchor_106_106" id="FNanchor_106_106"></a><a href="#Footnote_106_106" class="fnanchor">[106]</a> of the persons who were so unfortunately
+drowned with Prince William,
+King Henry's son, in returning from Normandy,
+in the year 1120, it is said there perished
+"quamplurimi de Regis famili�,
+<em>Dispensatores</em><a name="FNanchor_107_107" id="FNanchor_107_107"></a><a href="#Footnote_107_107" class="fnanchor">[107]</a>, <em>Cubicularii</em><a name="FNanchor_108_108" id="FNanchor_108_108"></a><a href="#Footnote_108_108" class="fnanchor">[108]</a>, <em>Pincern�</em><a name="FNanchor_109_109" id="FNanchor_109_109"></a><a href="#Footnote_109_109" class="fnanchor">[109]</a>,
+aliique Ministri;" indeed all who were on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span>
+board perished, except one man. These, it
+is supposed, were all menial and inferior
+Officers of the King's Household; those of a
+higher rank, and who appertained to the
+King's person, probably being on board the
+same ship with himself.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<h2>STEPHEN.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Stephen, at his accession, found in his
+Uncle's Treasury upwards of 100,000<em>l.</em><a name="FNanchor_110_110" id="FNanchor_110_110"></a><a href="#Footnote_110_110" class="fnanchor">[110]</a>
+besides plate and jewels, the fruits of Henry's
+rapacity and oppression. As Stephen came
+in upon a doubtful title, the people were
+willing to take this opportunity of securing
+themselves against future usurpations and
+exactions; and accordingly, after some debate
+about the succession, when Stephen
+was placed on the throne, they imposed a
+new oath upon their new King; which imported,
+that he should fill the vacant Bishoprics,
+that he should not seize the Woods<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span>
+which belonged to private persons, upon frivolous
+pretences, as his Predecessors had
+done; but be content with the Forests which
+belonged to the two Williams, and make
+restitution of such as Henry had usurped.
+The Bishops, on the other hand, took a conditional
+oath, that they would pay allegiance
+no longer than he should continue to maintain
+the privileges of the Church. All this,
+and more, Stephen afterwards confirmed by
+Charter; but yet it tended only to amuse the
+people, till he was fully seated in his Throne,
+and felt himself a King; for, not many
+months after the signing the Charter, wherein
+he particularly covenants not to meddle with
+vacant Bishoprics, do we find that, upon the
+death of the Archbishop, he seized the revenues
+of the See of Canterbury, and kept them
+in his hands above two years. It is true, he
+only followed the examples of his Predecessors;
+but with this aggravation, that
+Stephen had given the most sacred engagements
+that can be had between men, that he
+would not intermeddle with the revenues of
+the vacant Bishoprics, but that they should<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span>
+be sequestered in the hands of Ecclesiastics
+till the vacancy was filled. No wonder then
+that a King, with so little regard to every tie,
+however sacred, should soon be involved in
+tumultuous scenes of disaffection and revolt.
+To heal this wound, and to buy off the reproaches
+of his subjects (of whose assistance
+he foresaw he should soon have occasion, in
+growing ruptures with neighbouring Powers),
+he not only became lavish of <em>titles</em> and <em>honours</em>,
+but alienated many of the Crown
+lands, to secure the interest of such as he
+thought might be serviceable to him. But
+this bounty had not the desired effect: some
+who accepted his favours thought them no
+more than their due; others, who were
+passed by, became jealous, and thought themselves
+neglected, and soon shewed their resentment,
+which proved the source of the approaching
+troubles. So difficult is it to regain
+the lost esteem of a brave and spirited people!</p>
+
+<p>One very great error in the politics of the
+preceding three Kings was, heaping favours
+and honours on the Normans, to the exclusion
+of the English; by which the affection<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span>
+of the Natives was warped, the natural security
+of the Kingdom (the People) divided,
+and their hearts turned against the King and
+his Adherents. The filling the Court with
+Normans, and lavishing honours and estates
+amongst them, was weakening the attachment
+of the English to such a degree, that it
+became eventually out of the power of the
+latter to support the Royal Family when it
+wanted protection. Stephen, at his accession,
+had made large promises to the Barons, to
+engage them in support of his weak title to
+the Throne; and had given them strong
+assurances that they should enjoy more privileges
+and offices under him, than they had
+possessed in the Reigns of his Norman Predecessors.
+These promises (which, perhaps,
+were never intended to be performed) answered
+Stephen's end, by securing to him
+the Crown, and were the sole motive that
+induced the Barons to concur so warmly in
+his interest; and the non-performance was
+the cause of the general revolt that happened
+in a few years. From the time of Stephen's
+accession, he had been perpetually reminded<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span>
+by his <em>Courtiers</em> of his large promises, which
+he was forced to parry by other still larger
+promises, and often by actual grants, to satisfy
+those that were most importunate.</p>
+
+<p>Their private resentments were covered
+with public outside<a name="FNanchor_111_111" id="FNanchor_111_111"></a><a href="#Footnote_111_111" class="fnanchor">[111]</a>; but most Writers agree
+that this was only an ostensible excuse for an
+opportunity to gratify their revenge; and
+that the true reasons of discontent were, that
+they did not receive rewards and emoluments
+equal to their expectations, and Stephen's
+promises. The greatest after-engagements
+that the King could devise were not, however,
+sufficient to secure the allegiance of his
+Courtiers; every one was grasping at the
+same posts, the same estates, the same honours.
+Reason has little weight among such
+claimants; and it is no wonder that the situation
+of the parties should kindle a flame that
+should spread itself over the whole Kingdom.</p>
+
+<p>During so turbulent a period, it is not to be
+supposed that much attention should be paid
+to the interior regulation of the King's House
+or Household; it was probably as much distracted<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span>
+as the rest of the Kingdom. The
+King being obliged to fly about from place to
+place, as the exigency of affairs required,
+there was little time to study <em>State</em> and <em>Magnificence</em>
+in his <em>Court</em>. In the former part
+of Stephen's Reign his Court was extremely
+magnificent, exceeding that of his Predecessors.
+He held his Court at Easter, in the
+first year of his Reign, at London, which
+was the most splendid, in every respect, that
+had yet been seen in England<a name="FNanchor_112_112" id="FNanchor_112_112"></a><a href="#Footnote_112_112" class="fnanchor">[112]</a>. One may
+judge a little of the hospitality of the Court
+in those days, by the manner of living among
+the Nobility: for at this time, and many
+ages after, the great halls of the castles or
+principal manor-houses of the Nobility and
+Gentry were crowded with vast numbers of
+their vassals and tenants, who were daily fed
+at their cost. And in houses of inferior rank,
+upon occasions of feasting, the floor was
+strewed with flowers, and the jovial company<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span>
+drank wine out of gilded horns, and sang
+songs when they became inebriated with
+their liquor<a name="FNanchor_113_113" id="FNanchor_113_113"></a><a href="#Footnote_113_113" class="fnanchor">[113]</a>. This custom of strewing the
+floor, in those days, was a part of the luxury
+of the times; and <em>Becket</em>, when he was Chancellor,
+in the next Reign, according to a contemporary
+Author<a name="FNanchor_114_114" id="FNanchor_114_114"></a><a href="#Footnote_114_114" class="fnanchor">[114]</a>, ordered his hall to be
+strewed every day, in the winter with fresh
+straw or hay, and in summer with rushes, or
+green leaves, fresh gathered; and this reason
+is given for it, that such Knights as the
+benches could not contain might sit on the
+floor without dirtying their fine cloaths. But
+even this rustic simplicity was mixed with
+great magnificence in gold and silver plate<a name="FNanchor_115_115" id="FNanchor_115_115"></a><a href="#Footnote_115_115" class="fnanchor">[115]</a>.
+This custom of strewing the rooms extended
+to the apartments of the Kings themselves
+in those days; for in the time of Edward I.
+"Willielmus filius Willielmi de Aylesbury
+tenet tres virgatas terr� ... per serjeantiam
+inveniendi <em>stramen</em> ad straminandam cameram<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span>
+Domini Regis in <em>Hyeme</em> et in <em>�state
+Herbam</em> ad juncandam<a name="FNanchor_116_116" id="FNanchor_116_116"></a><a href="#Footnote_116_116" class="fnanchor">[116]</a> cameram suam<a name="FNanchor_117_117" id="FNanchor_117_117"></a><a href="#Footnote_117_117" class="fnanchor">[117]</a>."
+It may be observed, further, that there is a
+relique of this custom still subsisting; for at
+Coronations the ground is strewed with
+flowers by a person who is upon the establishment,
+called the <em>Herb-strewer</em>, with
+an annual salary.</p>
+
+<p>But the commotions of this Reign even
+put a stop to these meetings of the Court and
+Council<a name="FNanchor_118_118" id="FNanchor_118_118"></a><a href="#Footnote_118_118" class="fnanchor">[118]</a>, and all Royal magnificence was
+broken down and defaced. Had it not been
+for the turbulency of the times, Stephen
+might doubtless have kept a very large Household,
+and a splendid Court; for, added to the
+wealth he inherited with the Crown from his
+Predecessor, he had large revenues, derived
+from different sources; <em>viz.</em> the demesnes of
+the Crown, escheats, feudal profits from the
+demesnes of others, fines, aids, and several
+others; but the exigency of his affairs, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span>
+the situation to which he was reduced with
+his Barons, obliged him to give largely, and
+at last to resume what he had before given,
+the price of the dissembled affection of his
+Courtiers.</p>
+
+<p>Stephen had liberality, and loved splendour;
+so that, had he lived in times more favourable
+to it, he would, probably, have shone
+with great lustre in his <em>Court</em> and <em>Household</em>,
+if we may take the Court which attended
+him in his first year, and the magnificence
+there exhibited, for a specimen.</p>
+
+<p>King Stephen, being a Foreigner, and an
+Usurper, might not choose to ask <em>Aids</em> of the
+people of England, and it does not appear
+that he did. He had two sons, Eustace and
+William, both of whom lived to be married,
+and no doubt were <em>Knights</em>, which, according
+to the complexion of the times, every
+person of the least consequence was, though
+these Princes do not appear to have received
+that honour in England. King Stephen
+was unpopular; and being embroiled in domestic
+wars with his Cousin the Empress
+Maud, made no demands of <em>aids</em> of this sort<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span>
+of which we are speaking. His two elder
+Sons died in his life-time; and his third,
+William, was by Henry II. restored to his
+titles of Earl of Bolleigne, Surrey, and Mortaine;
+and dying without issue, was succeeded
+by his sister Mary, who, after having been
+Abbess of Ramsey, was married to the second
+son of Theodoric, Earl of Flanders,
+who, in her right, was Earl of Bolleigne.</p>
+
+<p>King Stephen, during the internal disquietudes
+in the Kingdom, was taken prisoner
+by <em>Maud</em>, the Empress, and afterwards
+released at the suit of his Son <em>Eustace</em>.
+It is not said that any sum of money was paid
+on the occasion, and indeed it will admit of
+a question whether the Norman <i>aid</i>, allowed
+for ransom of the King's Person if taken
+prisoner, would extend to such a domestic
+war. The Kingdom was divided; and the
+Title to the Crown suspended, and in such
+an unquiet hour, it was difficult for the Nation
+at large to refuse or comply.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2>HENRY II. (<span class="smcap">Plantagenet.</span>)</h2>
+
+
+<p>Henry at his Accession found himself so
+contracted in his Royal Revenues, by the
+imprudence of his immediate Predecessor,
+Stephen, that some spirited measures became
+necessary, to enable him to support his dignity
+equal to the Sovereign of a great Kingdom,
+and his own wishes.</p>
+
+<p>Henry soon saw that the resumption of
+several grants made by Stephen was absolutely
+necessary; and these having been conferred
+on great and powerful men, the measure
+must be conducted with firmness and
+delicacy. In a Treaty made at Winchester,
+after the close of the Civil Commotions in
+the late Reign, after Stephen had contented
+himself that Henry, then Duke of Normandy,
+should assume the Rights and Power
+of a King, reserving to himself only <em>the
+Image of the Royal Dignity</em>, it was stipulated,
+<em>inter alia</em>, by a separate and secret
+article, that the King (Stephen) "should
+resume what had been alienated to the Nobles,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span>
+or usurped by them, of the Royal Demesne<a name="FNanchor_119_119" id="FNanchor_119_119"></a><a href="#Footnote_119_119" class="fnanchor">[119]</a>."
+This article was limited to whatever
+lands or possessions had belonged to
+the Crown at the death of King Henry I.;
+all which were to be restored, except those
+that Stephen had granted to William his
+Son, or had bestowed on the Church. Among
+these resumable gifts were some made by
+Matilda; for she too, acting as Sovereign,
+had followed Stephen's example, in giving
+away certain parts of the Estate of the
+Crown, to reward her adherents. Add to
+these, much that had been usurped by the
+Barons of both Parties, without any warrant,
+by the licence of the times, on unjustifiable
+pretences<a name="FNanchor_120_120" id="FNanchor_120_120"></a><a href="#Footnote_120_120" class="fnanchor">[120]</a>. No article of the Treaty of
+Winchester was more necessary to be fulfilled
+than a resumption of all these alienations,
+which had been neglected by Stephen,
+indigent as he was; for, had this not been
+now executed, Henry would have been little
+better than Stephen, a Sovereign without a
+Royal Revenue&mdash;"Rex et preterea nihil."&mdash;His
+power would soon have vanished; and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span>
+Barons, having usurped the Crown Lands,
+would very soon have contended for the Sovereign
+Power: and had not Henry exerted
+the spirit and conduct which he soon shewed,
+it is more than probable the Government of
+the Kingdom at this period had sunk into an
+Aristocracy. Henry, therefore, as soon as he
+was well and fully confirmed on the Throne,
+set about the execution of this secret article
+of the Treaty of Winchester, relating to the
+alienated lands, which Stephen had neglected.
+The necessity of this measure, however arduous
+and disagreeable in itself, appeared
+in the most glaring colours to Henry; for
+Stephen's extravagance, and the insatiable
+demands of his faction, had induced him to
+alienate so much of the ancient Demesne of
+the Crown, that the remaining Estate was
+not (as has been said) sufficient to maintain
+the Royal Dignity. Royal Cities, and Forts
+of great consequence, had been also granted
+away, which could not be suffered to continue
+in the hands of the Nobles, without
+endangering the peace of the Kingdom.
+Policy and Law concurred in demanding these
+concessions back again. The Antient Demesne<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span>
+of the Crown was held so very sacred,
+and so inalienable, that no length of time
+could give a right of prescription to any other
+possessors, even by virtue of grants from the
+Crown, against the claim of succeeding
+Princes<a name="FNanchor_121_121" id="FNanchor_121_121"></a><a href="#Footnote_121_121" class="fnanchor">[121]</a>. William Rufus made grants, and
+revoked them at pleasure, to supply his extravagance
+and ridiculous humour. This was
+base and unmanly. Henry's resumptions neither
+impeached his generosity nor his justice.
+The grants he reclaimed were such as sound
+policy and the exigencies of the State demanded,
+being made by a weak Prince in
+embarrassed situations; as they were all of
+no earlier date than the Reign of King Stephen,
+and had not been transmitted down
+through several generations. Foreseeing,
+however, that this step would raise much
+discontent in those who were to be affected
+by it, who were numerous and powerful,
+Henry was cautious not to act without a legal
+sanction, and the approbation of his Council.
+He therefore summoned a Parliament, wherein
+almost all his Nobles were present; and having
+properly laid before them the wants of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span>
+the Crown, the losses it had suffered, the
+illegality of the grants, and the urgent necessity
+of a speedy resumption; obtained
+their concurrence to it, and proceeded to put
+it into immediate execution. The vigour of
+his government was such, that he met with
+less opposition than he had reason to expect;
+very near all that had been granted to Laymen,
+or usurped by them, from the Royal
+Demesne, was surrendered to him without
+bloodshed, after a little delay, and some ineffectual
+marks of reluctance in a few of the
+greatest Barons<a name="FNanchor_122_122" id="FNanchor_122_122"></a><a href="#Footnote_122_122" class="fnanchor">[122]</a>. The cause assigned for
+these resumptions was not a defect in the
+title of the grantor, nor any unworthiness in
+the grantee, but the apparent and indispensable
+necessity of recovering the just and
+inseparable Rights of the Crown. No distinction
+was made between the grants of Stephen
+and Matilda; for that would have carried
+an appearance of Henry's acting from
+motives, not of Royal economy and public
+expediency, but of party revenge; and by
+this equal and impartial proceeding, he left
+the adherents of Stephen no reason to complain.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span>
+In the course of this business, however,
+Henry was once very near losing his
+life; for Roger de Mortimer would not submit,
+which obliged Henry, incensed by his
+obstinacy, to lead an army against him, with
+which he assaulted, among others, the castle
+of Bridgnorth, in Shropshire, which was
+defended by Mortimer himself. Henry commanded
+in person, and exposed himself to
+so much danger, that he would have been
+infallibly slain, if a faithful vassal (Hubert
+de St. Clare<a name="FNanchor_123_123" id="FNanchor_123_123"></a><a href="#Footnote_123_123" class="fnanchor">[123]</a>) who stood by his side, had
+not preferred the King's life to his own; for,
+seeing an arrow aimed at Henry by one of
+Mortimer's archers, he stepped before him,
+and received it in his own breast. The wound
+proved mortal, and he expired in Henry's
+arms; recommending his daughter, an only
+child, and an infant, to the care of that
+Prince<a name="FNanchor_124_124" id="FNanchor_124_124"></a><a href="#Footnote_124_124" class="fnanchor">[124]</a>. It is hard to say which deserves
+the most admiration (continues my Noble<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span>
+Author<a name="FNanchor_125_125" id="FNanchor_125_125"></a><a href="#Footnote_125_125" class="fnanchor">[125]</a>) a subject who died to save his
+King, or a King whose personal virtues
+could render his safety so dear to a subject
+whom he had not obliged by any extraordinary
+favours<a name="FNanchor_126_126" id="FNanchor_126_126"></a><a href="#Footnote_126_126" class="fnanchor">[126]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Henry, now firmly seated on his Throne,
+possessed of an ample Royal Revenue, confirmed
+the Charter of his Grandfather,
+Henry I; but, not content only to restore
+good Laws, he enforced a due execution of
+them. This Reign is so pregnant with interesting
+events, and shining transactions of
+a public nature, that it is no wonder Historians
+are silent as to lesser matters, such
+as the internal direction of his <em>Court</em>; but
+there is, I think, little question to be made
+but that it was magnificent; and as England
+became in his Reign one of the most powerful<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span>
+States in Europe, one would infer that his
+<em>Court</em> was likewise equal (at least) to any
+other in dignity and splendour. He entertained
+at one time, in his Palace at Westminster,
+the several Ambassadors of Manuel,
+Emperor of Constantinople; of Frederic,
+Emperor of the Romans; of William, Archbishop
+of Triers; of the Duke of Saxony;
+and of Philip, Earl of Flanders: an uncommon
+resort in these days, who, doubtless,
+were attracted by the power of the King,
+and both received from, and added, lustre
+to the brilliancy and magnificence of his
+Court<a name="FNanchor_127_127" id="FNanchor_127_127"></a><a href="#Footnote_127_127" class="fnanchor">[127]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Lord Lyttelton, after giving an account
+of his person and temper, speaking of his
+munificence, says, he assigned the tenth part
+of the Provisions of his <em>Household</em> to be constantly
+given in daily alms to the poor; which
+one must imagine to have been a very considerable
+donation, considering the hospitable
+manner of living in those days. "His own
+table (continues his Lordship) was frugal,
+his diet plain, and in his dress he affected the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span>
+utmost simplicity, disliking all ornaments
+which might encumber him in his exercise,
+or shew an effeminate regard to his person."
+He introduced the Angevin fashion of wearing
+short cloaks or mantles (contrary to the
+mode that prevailed in William Rufus's
+Reign), which he himself had worn from his
+childhood, and from which he obtained the
+sobriquet, or nick-name, of Court-Mantle<a name="FNanchor_128_128" id="FNanchor_128_128"></a><a href="#Footnote_128_128" class="fnanchor">[128]</a>.
+In this he would soon be followed by his
+Court, and the People; for it is every day
+seen how fast the fashions of the Great
+descend into the remotest parts of the Kingdom.
+Lord Lyttelton, however, observes,
+that the long garments introduced temp.
+Will. Rufus, were not wholly laid aside; so
+that Henry's fashion did not prevail universally<a name="FNanchor_129_129" id="FNanchor_129_129"></a><a href="#Footnote_129_129" class="fnanchor">[129]</a>.
+The use of silk made by silk-worms
+(the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Bombycina</i>) was brought hither
+from Sicily about this time; there was also a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span>
+costly stuff at this day in great request here,
+called in Latin <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Aurifrisium</i>. What it was
+called in English, Mr. Camden declares himself
+ignorant<a name="FNanchor_130_130" id="FNanchor_130_130"></a><a href="#Footnote_130_130" class="fnanchor">[130]</a>; but supposes it <em>not</em> to mean
+Embroidery, although, by other testimonies,
+<em>that</em> was much worn by the Nobility, and was
+termed in Latin <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Opera Phrigia</i>, and the
+corruption seems very easy and allowable.
+"Whatever it was," says he, "it was much
+desired by the Popes, and highly esteemed
+in Italy."</p>
+
+<p>Hitherto I have not been able to learn any
+thing concerning Henry's <em>Household</em>, or the
+internal disposition of his Family. He appears
+himself to have lived in a great degree
+of familiarity with his Courtiers, whom he
+honoured with his intimacy; and would frequently
+unbend, and lay aside the King, and
+was fond of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">desipere in loco</i>. But "his
+good humour and jocularity," says Lord Lyttelton,
+"seems to have been sometimes too
+<em>playful in the eye of the public</em>; and to
+have carried him into things that were <i>infra dignitatem</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span>
+<a name="FNanchor_131_131" id="FNanchor_131_131"></a><a href="#Footnote_131_131" class="fnanchor">[131]</a>." In a note on this passage,
+his Lordship gives a pleasant story, which I
+shall relate, to relieve the Reader, and certainly
+cannot do it better than in his Lordship's
+own words, from Fitz-Stephen's Life
+of Archbishop Becket. "As the King and
+Becket, his Chancellor<a name="FNanchor_132_132" id="FNanchor_132_132"></a><a href="#Footnote_132_132" class="fnanchor">[132]</a>, were riding together
+through the streets of London, in cold
+and stormy weather, the King saw, coming
+towards them, a poor old man, in a thin
+coat, worn to tatters. Would it not be a
+great charity (said he to the Chancellor) to
+give this naked wretch, who is so needy and
+infirm, a good warm cloak? Certainly, answered
+that Minister; and you do the duty of
+a King, in turning your eyes and thoughts to
+such objects. While they were thus talking,
+the man came near; the King asked him if
+he wished to have a good cloak? and, turning
+to the Chancellor, said,&mdash;<em>You shall have
+the merit of this good deed of charity</em>; then
+suddenly laying hold on a fine new scarlet
+cloak, lined with fur, which Becket had on,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span>
+he tried to pull it from him, and, after some
+struggle, in which they had both like to have
+fallen from their horses, prevailed. The poor
+man had the cloak, and the Courtiers laughed,
+like good Courtiers, at the pleasantry of the
+King<a name="FNanchor_133_133" id="FNanchor_133_133"></a><a href="#Footnote_133_133" class="fnanchor">[133]</a>."</p>
+
+<p>King Henry II. in the early part of his
+life, was in a very doubtful situation with regard
+to his accession to the Crown of England,
+which depended upon the success of
+his Mother, the Empress, against the Usurper,
+King Stephen. As soon, however, as he attained
+his <em>sixteenth</em> year, A. D. 1149, he
+came over into England; and at Carlisle,
+where his Great Uncle David, King of Scots,
+then lay, was by him made a Knight, among
+several others of equal age, at the feast of
+Pentecost<a name="FNanchor_134_134" id="FNanchor_134_134"></a><a href="#Footnote_134_134" class="fnanchor">[134]</a>, and for which no <em>Aid</em> could be
+demanded.</p>
+
+<p>His issue, which is all that concerns the
+matter before us, consisted of four Sons:
+Henry, Richard, Geoffrey, and John; and
+three Daughters, Maud, Alianor, and Joan.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>It is difficult, in a Reign where the subjects
+were so loaded with taxations of every
+kind, and so generally and indiscriminately
+imposed, to separate any particular charge
+from the aggregate. Henry was a Prince
+that would not forego his rights and privileges;
+and, as his Children were all natives
+of England, would doubtless avail himself
+of such laws and indulgences as he found
+established, and as would operate in his
+favour on their account. It does not appear,
+upon the face of common history, that any
+<em>Aid</em> was paid for the <em>Knighthood</em> of his
+eldest Son, though I have not the least doubt
+but that it was comprehended in some of
+those numerous subsidies, tallages, &amp;c. which
+he levied, from time to time, on his subjects,
+for his transfretations (to use a Monkish
+word) into foreign parts. There is some
+ground for the surmise that the charge might
+be enveloped in some of those exactions; for,
+though there was a national contribution or
+<em>Aid</em> demanded for the marriage of one of his
+daughters, yet it does not transpire but in a
+general Inquisition for the purpose of discoverig<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span>
+what monies had been received, in
+every County, by the Sheriffs, &amp;c. This was
+effected by Itinerant Justices, who were dispatched
+over the whole Kingdom; and,
+among other articles contained in their general
+commission, they were directed to inquire&mdash;"concerning
+the <em>Aid</em> to marry the
+King's Daughter, what was received in
+every hundred, in every township, and of
+every man, and who received it<a name="FNanchor_135_135" id="FNanchor_135_135"></a><a href="#Footnote_135_135" class="fnanchor">[135]</a>." This
+took place in the year 1170, in the sixteenth
+year of the King's Reign.</p>
+
+<p>With regard to this King's <em>transfretations</em>,
+as I have called them, he was not contented
+with mere feudal contributions in lieu of personal
+service; but, upon a rupture with
+France, respecting settlements upon an intended
+marriage between two Sons of Henry
+(Henry, the then eldest, and Richard, the
+then second Son) with two Daughters of
+France; the King commanded all his <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tenants
+in capite</i>, Earls, Barons, and Knights, to attend
+him in person, properly prepared with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span>
+horse and arms, who were to serve a whole
+year in Normandy at their own charge<a name="FNanchor_136_136" id="FNanchor_136_136"></a><a href="#Footnote_136_136" class="fnanchor">[136]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>To conclude all I have to observe upon the
+subject of exactions towards the King's expences
+in foreign wars, when he passed
+<i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">outre-mer</i>; I can but remark one, which fell
+not a little heavy on the subject, imputable
+indeed to the religious frenzy of the times,
+which was occasioned by a joint resolution of
+<i>Henry of England</i> and <i>Philip of France</i>
+to go to the relief of <em>Jerusalem</em>, in what is
+known by the name of the <em>Holy War</em>. These
+levies were made in the most oppressive
+manner; every one who <em>did not</em> go in person
+being taxed to the extent of his property
+real and personal; and this was not
+called an <em>Aid</em>, a <em>Subsidy</em>, or a <em>Tallage</em>, but
+(forsooth!) an <span class="smcap">Alms</span><a name="FNanchor_137_137" id="FNanchor_137_137"></a><a href="#Footnote_137_137" class="fnanchor">[137]</a>. It ought not to
+be forgotten that those who <em>did</em> go, whether
+Clerk or Layman, were to have a free pardon
+of all sins repented of; and their securities
+were God, St. Peter, St. Paul, and the Pope<a name="FNanchor_138_138" id="FNanchor_138_138"></a><a href="#Footnote_138_138" class="fnanchor">[138]</a>.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h2>RICHARD I.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The following Reign is too full of the
+business of the Holy War, with which
+Richard was, above all men, most infatuated,
+to afford much matter for our purpose.
+Henry had, by the good government and direction
+of his revenues, left behind him great
+treasures; but these, or ten times as much,
+would not answer the purpose of his Successor,
+who ransacked every corner of his
+Kingdom for money to carry on this work of
+zeal, which had seized all Christendom,
+whereby Richard, on the Throne of a great
+and opulent Kingdom, thought he saw so
+fair a prospect of reaping honour and renown.</p>
+
+<p>Henry left in his treasury at Winchester
+more than nine hundred thousand pounds<a name="FNanchor_139_139" id="FNanchor_139_139"></a><a href="#Footnote_139_139" class="fnanchor">[139]</a>,
+besides jewels, and other valuable things<a name="FNanchor_140_140" id="FNanchor_140_140"></a><a href="#Footnote_140_140" class="fnanchor">[140]</a>;
+but this would go but a very little way towards
+recovering Jerusalem, which had been<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span>
+taken, and was now in the hands of the
+Saracens. Before the death of Henry, Richard
+had bound himself in a vow to Philip of
+France, to join in this undertaking; and
+every one, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ad Regis exemplum</i>, strove either
+to go in person, or to supply money towards
+the expence of the expedition. Nothing,
+however sacred, could withstand Richard, in
+his schemes to raise money for this purpose.
+Most of the Crown lands which Henry had,
+with so much prudence and address, but a
+few years before, recovered out of private
+hands, and annexed to the State, were again
+put up to public sale, to be purchased by
+such as were able. Every expedient was devised,
+to create a fund for this enterprize; and
+among the rest, he obtained of the Pope a
+power to dispense with the vows of such who
+had rashly engaged in the Crusade, by which
+he raised very large sums. The Bishop of
+Norwich paid him 1000 marks, to be excused.
+Where he could, he borrowed; and where
+he could not borrow, he compelled. The
+people murmured at his oppression, and the
+alienation of the estates of the Crown; but<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span>
+Richard told them, <em>he would sell London itself,
+if he could meet with a purchaser</em>. So
+great, however, was the general infatuation,
+that he had less difficulty in raising men than
+money. The Clergy laboured as zealously to
+procure him soldiers, as he himself had been
+active in raising subsidies; his army soon
+became very numerous, and at a cheap rate,
+for every officer and private soldier provided
+himself with necessaries. One would
+think the great wealth that Richard had
+amassed would have answered all his purposes;
+but in a few years after, he had occasion
+for fresh supplies, to carry on a war
+with Philip of France; not to mention the
+ransom which was paid for his release, on
+his being taken prisoner by the Emperor
+Henry, amounting to 150,000 marks, which
+were raised for the occasion by his subjects in
+England. Philip of France had so maltreated
+Richard, by leaguing himself with his
+Brother John, and bribing the Emperor to
+detain him prisoner, that, as soon as Richard
+returned home, he could no longer deny himself
+the satisfaction of revenge. His Kingdom<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span>
+was already drained, and little able to
+furnish out supplies for a war with France;
+but Richard was resolved, and money must
+be had at any rate, let the means be ever so
+dishonourable. For this purpose he revoked
+all the grants of the Crown lands, which he
+had made before his expedition to Palestine.
+The pretext for this was, that the purchasers
+had enjoyed them long enough to re-imburse
+themselves out of the profits, and therefore
+he did them no injury by taking the lands
+back again. This was one device; the next
+was, to avail himself of the loss of the Great
+Seal, by ordering a new one to be made; and
+obliged all who had commissions under the
+old one, to renew them, and have them resealed,
+by which he must have raised a considerable
+sum<a name="FNanchor_141_141" id="FNanchor_141_141"></a><a href="#Footnote_141_141" class="fnanchor">[141]</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>King Richard I. having no child of either
+sex, there was not an opening for demanding
+the two common <em>Aids</em>; but the third, in the
+order they are usually placed, <em>viz.</em> for the
+<em>ransom</em> of the <em>King's Person</em>, was exercised
+for the first time in this Reign. Other
+taxations, heavy and enormous, on frivolous
+and nugatory occasions, not to our immediate
+purpose, were copiously extorted from
+the subject, and even in a shameful manner<a name="FNanchor_142_142" id="FNanchor_142_142"></a><a href="#Footnote_142_142" class="fnanchor">[142]</a>.
+If ever the Latin adage, "Quicquid delirant
+Reges," &amp;c. could be properly applied, it belonged
+to Richard.</p>
+
+<p>The favourite system of this King was the
+<em>Holy-War</em>, and his intemperate zeal led to
+the point before us. Failing in the attempt
+to recover Jerusalem from the Saracens, he
+concluded a truce of three years with Saladan
+their King; and, on his return towards England
+through Germany, was made prisoner
+by the Arch-duke of Austria (upon a pretext
+that he had killed the Margrave Conrade at
+Tyre); who delivered him into the hands of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span>
+the Emperor, where he remained a captive
+full <em>fifteen months</em>, till he was ransomed<a name="FNanchor_143_143" id="FNanchor_143_143"></a><a href="#Footnote_143_143" class="fnanchor">[143]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>The sum demanded for the King's release
+is generally allowed to have been 100,000<em>l.</em>;
+though some writers reduce it a third part,
+and call it 100,000 <em>marks</em>; but, let it be
+either of them, it was, in those days, a sum
+not to be raised without the greatest extortion;
+and I am justified in saying, it was
+not done without what, eventually, almost
+amounted to <em>sacrilege</em><a name="FNanchor_144_144" id="FNanchor_144_144"></a><a href="#Footnote_144_144" class="fnanchor">[144]</a>. The church was
+ransacked for plate, which was pretended to
+have been only borrowed for the moment&mdash;but
+the debt was never repaid.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<h2>HENRY IV.</h2>
+
+
+<p>In the eleventh year of King Henry IV. a
+certain portion of the customs in the several
+ports, of subsidies in several ports, of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span>
+issues of the hamper [now the Hanaper], and
+of the profers [<em>sic</em>] of escheators and sheriffs,
+were, by the King's letters patent, set apart
+for the expences of his Household. This was
+done by the assent of the Lords Spiritual
+and Temporal, assembled in the King's
+Council<a name="FNanchor_145_145" id="FNanchor_145_145"></a><a href="#Footnote_145_145" class="fnanchor">[145]</a>.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<h2>EDWARD IV.</h2>
+
+
+<p>In the Reign also of King Edward IV.
+it was usual for the King to grant to his
+servants, or ministers, assignments for their
+salaries, or debts, upon divers officers who
+were concerned in receiving his revenue; <em>viz.</em>
+upon Sheriffs of Counties, Bailiffs, or <em>Men</em>
+[fort� Mayors] of Towns, Collectors of Customs,
+Subsidies, &amp;c. Upon these assignments
+the Assignees had Patent-Letters, Tallies
+of the Exchequer, or Writs of Liberate
+currant, made forth for their avail; and, in
+default of payment, they brought actions of
+debt in the Court of Exchequer, upon such<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span>
+Assignments, Tallies, or Liberates, against
+the Sheriffs, or other Officers aforesaid;
+many instances of which may be seen in the
+fifth year of King Edward IV. in the Placita
+coram Baronibus, 5 Edward IV. in the Rolls
+of the Exchequer<a name="FNanchor_146_146" id="FNanchor_146_146"></a><a href="#Footnote_146_146" class="fnanchor">[146]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>The King was wont to distribute his revenue
+in such manner as he thought fit. He
+assigned, at his pleasure, part of it to the
+expences of his Household, and other parts
+to the expences of either civil government or
+war<a name="FNanchor_147_147" id="FNanchor_147_147"></a><a href="#Footnote_147_147" class="fnanchor">[147]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>An act done within the verge of the King's
+Palace was said to be done in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pr�senti�
+Regis</i>. The party offending was tried in the
+Court held in the Palace, before the Steward
+and Marshal; and the proceedings
+there, were styled <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Placita Aul� Domini Regis
+de Coron�</i><a name="FNanchor_148_148" id="FNanchor_148_148"></a><a href="#Footnote_148_148" class="fnanchor">[148]</a>.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<h2>EXTRACTS<br />
+
+<small>FROM THE</small><br />
+
+LIBER NIGER.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The Liber Niger Dom�s Regis Angli�<a name="FNanchor_149_149" id="FNanchor_149_149"></a><a href="#Footnote_149_149" class="fnanchor">[149]</a>
+[<em>i. e.</em> Edward IV.] contains Orders for his
+said Majesty's Household, anno 1478; and
+relates to the following Officers:</p>
+
+<p class="noind">
+A Chamberlain.<br />
+Bannerets, or Bachelor Knights, to be Carvers and Cup-bearers (four).<br />
+Knights of Household (twelve) to do the Office of Ewerers.<br />
+A Secretary.<br />
+Chaplains (four).<br />
+Esquires for the Body (four).<br />
+A Sewer for the King.<br />
+Surveyor for the King, <em>i. e.</em> of the Dresser.<br />
+Wardrobe.<br />
+Gentlemen Ushers of Chamber (four).<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span>Yeomen of the Crown (twenty-four).<br />
+Yeomen of Chamber (four).<br />
+Wardrobe of Robes.<br />
+Wardrobe of Beds.<br />
+Grooms of Chamber (ten).<br />
+Pages of Chamber (four).<br />
+Jewel-house.<br />
+Doctor of Physic.<br />
+Master Surgeon.<br />
+Apothecary.<br />
+Barber.<br />
+Henxmen. Six Infants.<br />
+Master of the Henchmen.<br />
+Squires of Household.<br />
+Kings of Arms, Heralds, and Pursuivants.<br />
+Serjeants at Arms (four).<br />
+Minstrels (thirteen).<br />
+A Wayte. N. B. This Yeoman (for such<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;was his rank) waiteth (<em>i. e.</em> playeth; I<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;suppose) at the making of Knights of<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the Bath, watching upon them by night-time<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in the Chapel. Wherefore he hath<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;of fee all the watching cloathing that<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the Knights should wear upon [them.]<br />
+Messagers (four).<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span>Dean of the Chapel.<br />
+Chaplains, and Clerks of the Chapel (twenty-six).<br />
+Yeomen of the Chapel (two).<br />
+Children of the Chapel (eight).<br />
+Clerk of the Closet.<br />
+Master of Grammar, to teach the Henxmen and Children of the Chapel.<br />
+Office of Vestiary, <em>i. e.</em> Vestry.<br />
+Clerk of Crown in Chancery.<br />
+Clerk of the Market.<br />
+Clerk of the Works.<br />
+Marriage of Wards.<br />
+Steward of Household.<br />
+Treasurer of Household.<br />
+Controller of Household.<br />
+Cofferer.<br />
+Clerks of Green Cloth.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="center">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</p>
+
+<h2>EXTRACTS FROM THE LIBER NIGER.</h2>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Knights and Esquires of the Body.</span></p>
+
+<p>Item, that all Knights for the Body, Cup-Bearers,
+and Knight Carvers, Squires for the
+Body, &amp;c. be put to their attendance, and a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span>
+book thereof delivered from the King's Highness
+into the compting-house, for a quarter
+of a year; the quarters to begin at October,
+January, April, and July.</p>
+
+<p>Among the provisions, it is said</p>
+
+<p><em>Knights of the Body</em>, Carvers, and Cup-Bearers,
+[may have] every of them, <em>two</em>
+Yeomen sitting in the hall; and for their
+livery at night, <em>one</em> loaf and <em>an half</em>, and <em>a</em>
+gallon of ale; <em>one</em> talshed and an <em>half</em>, and
+<em>three</em> sizes of white lights<a name="FNanchor_150_150" id="FNanchor_150_150"></a><a href="#Footnote_150_150" class="fnanchor">[150]</a>.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Gentleman Usher.</span></h3>
+
+<p>Item, that the Marshall, ne Usher of the
+Chamber, send his <em>rod</em> by any mean person
+or persons, to pantry, buttery, or cellar,
+spicery, chaundry, or any other office; but
+go in his own person. But if he be occupied,
+so that he may not, then he send such
+one with his <em>rod</em>, as he will answer for on the
+morrow, and also that he will breve for, upon
+pain of six days wages.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Item, that weekly there be warned and appointed
+by the Huishiers [Ushers] of the
+Chamber, [those] who shall attend and
+serve the King for the week next following,
+that is to say, Carvers, Sewers, Cup-Bearers,
+<em>Squires for the Bod</em>y, and others.</p>
+
+<p>Item, that every Lord, Knight, and Esquire,
+as well <em>Squire for the Body</em>, as other
+within the Household, wear daily a collar of
+the King's livery about their <em>nekket</em> (sic) as
+to them appertaineth, and that none of the
+said Squires fail hereof, upon pain of losing a
+week's wages.</p>
+
+<p>Item, that the liveries for <em>All-night</em>, for
+the King and Queen be set by day-light,
+from Candlemas to Michaelmas; and in the
+winter time, to eight of the clock at farthest.</p>
+
+<p>Item, after the King and Queen's liveries
+delivered as aforesaid, no officer abide in his
+office, nor resort unto his said office after
+his departing, without a special commandment
+of the King or of the Queen; or else
+by special token from the Steward of the
+Household, or from the King or Queen's
+Chamberlains.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center">Punishment for neglect of Duty.</p>
+
+<p>For the first offence, the party to be
+warned to amend.</p>
+
+<p>For the second offence, imprisonment at
+the discretion of his Superior.</p>
+
+<p>And for the third offence, a discharge from
+his office<a name="FNanchor_151_151" id="FNanchor_151_151"></a><a href="#Footnote_151_151" class="fnanchor">[151]</a>.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Great Chamberlain of England</span>,</h3>
+
+<p>cometh to this Court at the six principal
+feasts of the year; takes such livery and service
+after the estate he is of; and for his winter
+and summer robes, for the feasts of Christmas
+and Whitsuntide, to be taken of the
+counting-house by even portions, ten pounds
+thirteen shillings and four pence; and for his
+fee of the King's Household, at the two
+terms of Easter and Michaelmas, by even
+portions, twenty marks in the counting-house.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Knights of Household</span><a name="FNanchor_152_152" id="FNanchor_152_152"></a><a href="#Footnote_152_152" class="fnanchor">[152]</a>.</h3>
+
+<p>Twelve Bachelors, sufficient and most valiant
+men of that order, of every Country,
+and more in number if it please the King,
+whereof <em>four</em> to be continually abiding and
+attending upon the King's Person in Court,
+beside the Carvers abovesaid, for to serve the
+King of his bason, or such other service as
+they may do the King, in absence of the
+Carvers, sitting in the King's Chamber and
+Hall with persons of like service; every of
+them have eating in the hall one Yeoman,
+and taking for his chamber, at noon and
+night, one loaf, one quart of wine, one gallon
+of ale, one pitcher of wine, one candle
+wax, two candles pis, one tallwood and an
+half, for winter livery, from All-Hallowen-tide
+till Easter: rushes and litter all the year,
+of the Serjeant Usher, and for keeping of their
+stuff and Chamber, and to purvey for their
+stuff. Also at their livery in the Country,
+amongst them all, four Yeomen, after time<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span>
+eight of these Knights be departed from
+Court, and the four Yeomen to eat daily in
+the hall with Chamberlains, till their said
+Masters come again; so that the number of
+Knights' servants be not increased when
+their Masters be present. Every Knight
+shall have into this Court resorting, <em>three</em>
+persons, Waiters; the remanent of their servants
+to be at their livery in the Country,
+within seven miles to [of] the King, by the
+Herbergers sufficiently lodged; and, if it may
+be, <em>two</em> Knights together. Also they pay,
+in this Court, for the carriage of their own
+stuff. And if a Knight take clothing, it is
+by warrant made to the King's Wardrober,
+and not of the Treasurer of Household. Some
+time Knights took a fee here yearly, of <em>ten</em>
+marks, and clothing; but because<a name="FNanchor_153_153" id="FNanchor_153_153"></a><a href="#Footnote_153_153" class="fnanchor">[153]</a> their
+clothing is not according for the King's
+Knights, therefore it was left.</p>
+
+<p>Item, if he be sick, or specially let blood,
+or clystered, then he taketh livery, <em>four</em>
+loaves, <em>two</em> mess of great meat and roast,
+half a pitcher of wine, <em>two</em> gallons of ale.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span>
+This letting blood, or clystering, is to avoid
+pestilence; and therefore the people take
+livery out of the Court, and not for every sickness
+in man continuing in this Court.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Esquires for the Body.</span></h3>
+
+<p><em>Four</em> Noble, of condition, whereof always
+two be attendant on the King's person, to
+array him, and unarray him; watch day and
+night; and to dress him in his cloaths.
+And they be callers to the Chamberlaine, if
+any thing lack for his person or pleasance.
+Their business is in many <em>secrets</em>, some sitting
+in the King's chamber, some in the
+hall with persons of like service, which is
+called <em>Knight's service</em>. Taking, every of
+them, for his livery at night, half a chet
+loaf, one quart of wine, one gallon of ale;
+and for winter livery, from All-Hallowtide
+till Easter, one <em>percher</em> wax, one candle wax,
+two candles pric.<a name="FNanchor_154_154" id="FNanchor_154_154"></a><a href="#Footnote_154_154" class="fnanchor">[154]</a> one talshide and an half,
+and wages in the compting-house. If he be
+present in the Court daily, seven-pence halfpenny;
+and cloathing with the Household,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span>
+winter and summer, or else forty shillings,
+besides his other fee of the Jewel-house, or
+of the Treasurer of England; and besides
+his watching cloathing of Chamber of the
+King's Wardrobe. He hath, abiding in this
+Court, but two servants; livery sufficient for
+his horses in the country, by the Herberger.
+And if any Esquire be let blood, or else fore-watched,
+he shall have like livery with
+Knights. Litter and rushes all the year, of
+the Serjeant Usher of the Hall and Chamber.
+Oftentimes these stand instead of Carvers and
+Cup-bearers.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p class="center"><em>In the "Statutes of Eltham."</em></p>
+
+<p>Esquires of the Body, every of them, to
+have ordinary within the Court <em>four</em> persons,
+of the which to have sitting in the Hall two
+persons, and the residue <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ut supra</i> [<em>i. e.</em> to
+have no meat or drink within the House, but
+to be at board wages in the town]; and for
+their bouche of Court, every of them to have
+for their livery at night, one chet loaf, half a
+pitcher of wine, and one gallon of ale, one<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span>
+size wax, three white lights, two talsheds,
+and two faggots.</p>
+
+<p>In the appointment of Herbagage be
+ordinary for all Noble Estates, and others,
+for stabling of their horses, and beds for their
+servants, appointed by the King's Highness,
+at his Manor of Eltham, the 19th of January,
+in the 17th year of his Noble Reign.</p>
+
+<p>It is appointed to Knights for the Body,
+and other Knights, <em>six</em> horses and <em>two</em> beds.</p>
+
+<p>To every Esquire for the Body, <em>five</em> horses
+and two beds.</p>
+
+<p>[N. B. Every Gentleman Usher of the
+Privy Chamber, whereof six, <em>six</em> horses and
+<em>two</em> beds.</p>
+
+<p>Every Groom of the Privy Chamber, <em>two</em>
+horses and <em>two</em> beds.</p>
+
+<p>Every Gentleman Usher Daily Waiter,
+<em>three</em> horses and <em>one</em> bed.</p>
+
+<p>Every Gentleman Usher of the Privy
+Chamber, <em>four</em> horses and <em>one</em> bed<a name="FNanchor_155_155" id="FNanchor_155_155"></a><a href="#Footnote_155_155" class="fnanchor">[155]</a>.]</p>
+
+<p>For the good order of the King's Chamber,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span>
+it is said, the Pages of the King's Chamber
+must daily arise at <em>seven</em> o'clock, or soon
+after, and make a fire; and warn the Esquires
+of the Body of that hour, to the intent they
+may then arise, so as they may be ready, and
+the King's Chamber dressed in every thing
+as appertaineth, by <em>eight</em> of the clock at the
+farthest.</p>
+
+<p>Item, that none of the servants of the said
+Esquires come within the Pallet Chamber;
+but be attendant at the door, as well at night
+as in the morning, with such gear as their
+Masters shall wear. And the said Pages, at
+the request of the said Esquires, to fetch in,
+and bear out, their night-gear, and all other
+their apparel, and likewise to make them
+ready, both at night and in the morning.</p>
+
+<p>Item, that, if the Esquires for the Body do
+not arise at the warning of the Pages, so as
+the King's Chamber may be ready and
+dressed by the hour afore limited; that then
+immediately the Pages are to shew the same
+to the Lord Chamberlain.</p>
+
+<p>[In the appointment of Lodgings, is a
+chamber for the <em>six</em> Gentlemen <em>and</em> Ushers<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[83]</a></span>
+of the Privy Chamber, to sup in; which explains
+the above article.]</p>
+
+<p>The Esquires for the Body, mentioned to
+have been at Eltham at that time, were, Sir
+Arthur Poole, Sir Edward Baynton, Sir
+Humphrey Forster, and [Mr.] Francis Pointz.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p>In the New Book of the King's Household
+of Edward IV. anno 1478:</p>
+
+<p>Six Knights and five Squires appear to
+have been on duty for eight weeks from the
+last day of October, at the end of which they
+were relieved by <em>five</em> Knights and four Esquires.
+Sir Roger Ray, being Vice Chamberlain,
+was in both lists; for it is said
+afterwards, "We will that Sir Roger Ray,
+Deputy to my Lord Chamberlain, two Gentlemen
+Ushers, and two Yeomen Ushers, at
+least, be always attending upon us."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Yeomen of the Crown</span><a name="FNanchor_156_156" id="FNanchor_156_156"></a><a href="#Footnote_156_156" class="fnanchor">[156]</a>.</h3>
+
+<p>Twenty-four most seemly persons, cleanly
+and strongest Archers, honest of conditions,
+and of behaviour, bold men chosen and tried
+out of every Lord's house in England for
+their cunning and virtue thereof. One to be
+Yeoman of the Robes, another to be Yeoman
+of the Wardrobe of Beds in Household.
+These two, in certainty, eat in the King's
+Chamber daily. Other two be Yeomen
+Ushers of Chamber, eating there also. Another
+to be Yeoman of the Stole, if it please
+the King. Another to be Yeoman of the
+Armory. Another to be Yeoman of the
+Bows for the King. Another Yeoman to
+keep the King's Books. Another to keep
+his Dogs for the Bow. And, except the first
+four persons, the remnant may to the Hall,
+as the Usher, &amp;c. or another to keep his
+best; and thus they may be put to business.
+Also it accordeth that they be chosen men
+of manhood, shooting, and specially of virtuous
+conditions. In the King's Chamber<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></span>
+be daily sitting four messes of Yeomen; and
+all the remnant eating in the Hall, sitting
+together above, joining to the Yeomen of
+Household; except at the five Great Feasts
+of the year, then as many Yeomen of Crown
+and Chamber as may sit in the King's
+Chamber shall be served there during the
+Feast; and every of them present in Court,
+hath daily allowed in the counting-house
+<em>three-pence</em>, and cloathing for winter and
+summer, and ... yearly, or else
+eighteen shillings, beside their watching
+cloathing of the King's Wardrobe. And if
+any of them be sent out by the King's Chamberlain,
+then he taketh his wages of the
+Jewel-house, and vacat in the Cheque Roll
+till he be seen in Court again. Also lodging
+in the town, or in the country, sufficient for
+their horses, as nigh together as the Herbiger
+of Household may dispose; and always
+two Yeomen of Crown to have an
+honest servant in to [the] Court, in the
+Noble Edward's Statutes. And these were
+called "The Twenty-four Archers de pi� courants
+enti�rement devant le Roy par pairs<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span>
+pour Gard [de] Corps du Roy<a name="FNanchor_157_157" id="FNanchor_157_157"></a><a href="#Footnote_157_157" class="fnanchor">[157]</a>." These
+were called the King's Watchment. At this
+[or rather that] day, a Yeoman took but ten
+shillings for his gown, and four shillings and
+eight pence for his hosen and shoone. They
+have nothing else with the Household <em>sans</em>
+carriage of their beds, two men together, by
+deliverance or assignment for that carriage
+of the Controllers, and litter for their beds of
+the Serjeant Usher of the Hall and Chamber.
+And if any of them be sick, or let blood, he
+taketh for all day a cast of bread, one mess
+of great meat, one gallon of ale; and if it be
+of great sickness, he must remove out of the
+Court.</p>
+
+<p>Also, when they make watch nightly, they
+should be gird with their swords, or with
+other weapons ready, and harness about them.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">A Barber for the King's most high
+and dread Person.</span></h3>
+
+<p>To be taking in this Court after that he
+standeth in degree, Gentleman, Yeoman, or
+Groom. It hath been much accustomed to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span>
+one or two well-known Officers of the Ewry
+in Household, such as been for the month,
+Serjeant, or other. Also we find how
+this hath been used among ... by
+a well-betrusted Yeoman of Chamber, for
+lack of cunning of these other men. It is
+accustomed that a Knight of Chamber, or
+else Squire for the Body, or both, be present
+every time when the King will be shaven.</p>
+
+<p>This Barber shall have every Saturday at
+night, if it please the King to cleanse his
+head, legs, or feet, and for his shaving, two
+loaves, one pitcher of wine; and the Ushers
+of Chamber ought to testify this, if this be
+necessary dispended or no.</p>
+
+<p>Also, this Barber taketh his shaving cloths,
+basons, and all his other towels<a name="FNanchor_158_158" id="FNanchor_158_158"></a><a href="#Footnote_158_158" class="fnanchor">[158]</a>, and things
+necessary, by the Chamberlain's assignment,
+of the Jewel-house; no fees of plate or silver,
+but it be in his instrumental tools used by
+occupation, and that by allowance of the
+King's Chamberlain.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Henxmen.</span></h3>
+
+<p>Six infants, or more, as it shall please the
+King, all these eating in the Hall, and sitting
+at one board together; and to be served
+two or three to a mess, as the Sovereigns appoint;
+taking daily for their breakfasts,
+amongst them all, two loaves, a mess of
+great meat, a gallon of ale. Also, for their
+supper in fasting days, according to their
+age, and livery nightly for them all to their
+chamber, one loaf, one gallon of ale; and for
+winter livery, two candles wax, four candles
+p'is, three talsheds, for them all. Rushes
+and litter all the year, of the Serjeant Usher
+of the Hall and Chamber. And if these
+Gentlemen, or any of them, be Wards; then,
+after their births and degrees, the Steward
+and Treasurer, with the Chamberlain, may
+appoint the service more large in favour by
+their discretions, when as often as them
+needeth, till the King's Grace hath given or
+sold<a name="FNanchor_159_159" id="FNanchor_159_159"></a><a href="#Footnote_159_159" class="fnanchor">[159]</a> their lands and wards. And all their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span>
+competent harness to be carried, and beddings.
+Two lodged together at the King's
+carriage, by oversight of the Comptroller;
+and every of them an honest servant to keep
+their chamber and harness, and to array him
+in this Court whilst their Masters be present
+in Court; or else to allow here no chamber
+dokyns, &amp;c. And all other findings for their
+beds they take of the King's Wardrobe, by
+suit of the Master of Henxmen, made to the
+King's Chamberlain for warrants.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Master of Henxmen.</span></h3>
+
+<p>To shew the schools of urbanity and nurture
+of England; to learn them to ride cleanly
+and surely; to draw them also to justs; to
+learn them wear their harness; to have all
+courtesy in words, deeds, and degrees; diligently
+to keep them in rules of goings and
+sittings after they be of honour. Moreover
+to teach them sundry languages, and other
+learnings virtuous; to harping, to pipe, sing,
+and dance, with other honest and temperate
+behaving and patience; and to keep daily and
+weekly with these children due [discipline],<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[90]</a></span>
+with corrections in their chambers, according
+to such gentlemen; and each of them to be
+used to that thing of virtue that he shall be
+most apt to learn, with remembrance daily of
+God's service accustomed. This Master sitteth
+in the Hall next unto beneath these
+Henxmen, at the same board; to have his
+respects unto their demeanings, how mannerly
+they eat and drink; and to their communication,
+and other forms curial, after the
+book of urbanity. He taketh daily, if he be
+present in Court, wages, cloathing, and other
+liveries, as other Esquires of Household,
+save he is not charged with serving of the
+Hall. Carriage also for harness in Court
+competent by the Comptroller to be with the
+Henxmen his harness in Court; and to have
+into this Court one servant, whilst he is present;
+and sufficient liveries for his horses, in
+the town or country, by the Herberger. And
+if he be sick in Court, or let blood, he taketh
+two loaves, two mess of great meat, one
+gallon ternoise<a name="FNanchor_160_160" id="FNanchor_160_160"></a><a href="#Footnote_160_160" class="fnanchor">[160]</a>. And for the fees that he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[91]</a></span>
+claimeth among the Henxmen of all their
+apparel, the Chamberlain is the judge.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Squires of Household.</span></h3>
+
+<p>Forty, or more, if it please the King, by
+the advice of his High Council, to be chosen
+men of their profession, worship, and wisdom;
+also to be of sundry Shires, by whom it may
+be known the disposition of the Countries.
+And of these, to be continually in this Court
+Twenty Squires attendant upon the King's
+Person, in riding and going at all times, and
+to help serve his table from the Surveying-board,
+and from other places, as the Assewar
+will assign.&mdash;Also, by their common assent,
+to assign amongst themselves some to serve
+the King's Chamber, at one day, week, or
+time, some to serve the Hall at another time,
+of every mess that cometh from the dressing-board
+to their hands for such service, so that
+thereof be nothing withdrawn by the Squires,
+upon such pain as Steward, Treasurer, or
+Controller, or in their absence other Judges
+at the counting-board, will award, after their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[92]</a></span>
+demerits.&mdash;They eat in the hall, sitting together
+at any of the both meals as they serve,
+some the first meal, some the latter, by assent.
+This hath be [been] always the manner
+amongst them for honour [and] profit to the
+King.&mdash;It may be, that the King taketh into
+Household in all Sixty Squires, and yet,
+amongst them all, Twenty take not the whole
+wages <em>of the year</em> [sic]; wherefore the
+number of persons may be received and suffered
+the better in the checque-roll for a worship,
+and the King's profit saved, and ease to
+them self.&mdash;Every of them taketh for his
+livery at night, half a gallon of ale; and for
+winter season, each of them taketh two candles
+parris, one faggot, or else half talwode.</p>
+
+<p>When any of them is present in Court, he
+is allowed for daily wages, in the checque roll,
+seven-pence halfpenny, and clothing winter
+and summer; or else forty shillings. It
+hath ever been in special charge to Squires
+in this Court, to wear the King's Livery customably,
+for the more glory, and in worship
+of this honourable Household: and every of
+them to have in to this Court an honest servant,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[93]</a></span>
+and sufficient livery in the towns or
+countries for their horses, and other servants,
+by the herberger. Two Gentlemen lodged
+together, and they be coupled bed-fellows
+by the Gentlemen Ushers.&mdash;And if any of
+them be let blood or sick in Court, or nigh,
+thereto, he taketh livery in eating days, two
+loaves, two mess of great meat, one gallon of
+ale, for all day, and litter all the year of the
+Serjeant Usher of the hall for their beds in
+Court.&mdash;And if any of these Squires be sent
+out of Court, by Steward, Treasurer, or Controller,
+or other of the counting-house, for
+matter touching the Household, then he hath
+daily allowed him twelve pence by petition.
+Also they pay for their carriage of harness
+in Court. They take no part of the general
+gifts, neither with chamber nor with hall,
+but if the giver give them specially a part by
+express name or words. None of these should
+depart from Court but by licence of Steward,
+Treasurer, or Sovereigns of the Counting-house,
+that know how the King is accompanied
+best: and to take a day when they
+should come again, upon pain of loss of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[94]</a></span>
+wages at his next coming.&mdash;That no Serjeant
+of Office, nor Squire, nor Yeoman, nor
+Groom, but as be appointed in this Book, to
+dine or sup out of Hall and King's Chamber,
+nor to withdraw any service, or else to hurt
+or little the almesse [alms] of Hall or Chamber,
+upon such pain as the Sovereigns of
+Household will award by the Statutes of
+Noble Edward III. "In none office, &amp;c."</p>
+
+<p>It hath been often, in days before, commanded
+by the Counting-house, that in ferial
+days, after that the King and Queen, and their
+Chambers, and the Sovereigns of Household
+in the Hall, be served, that then such honest
+Yeomen of Household be called or assigned
+to serve from the dresser to the hall the remnant,
+specially such as bear wages, that, if
+any service be withdrawn by them, that then
+they to be corrected therefor.</p>
+
+<p>These Squires of Household, of old, be
+accustomed, winter and summer, in afternoons
+and in evenings, to draw to Lord's
+Chambers within Court, there to keep honest
+company, after their cunning, in talking
+of chronicles of Kings, and of other policies,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span>
+or in piping or harping, songings, or other
+acts marriables<a name="FNanchor_161_161" id="FNanchor_161_161"></a><a href="#Footnote_161_161" class="fnanchor">[161]</a>; to help to occupy the
+Court, and accompany strangers, till the time
+require of departing.</p>
+
+<p>"Item, that daily there awaite twenty-four
+Squires to serve the King and Queen,
+of whom <em>twelve</em> to serve at the first dinner,
+and to dine at the second; and the twelve
+sitting at the first dinner, to serve the second
+dinner, and there to awaite to serve the King
+and Queen<a name="FNanchor_162_162" id="FNanchor_162_162"></a><a href="#Footnote_162_162" class="fnanchor">[162]</a>."</p>
+
+<p>Dom. Regis Angli�. The Esquires&mdash;"oftentimes
+these stand instead of Carvers
+and Cup-Bearers<a href="#Footnote_162_162" class="fnanchor">[162]</a>."</p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Kings of Arms, Heralds, and
+Pursuivants.</span></h3>
+
+<p>Coming into this Royal Court to the worship
+of these five Feasts in the year, sitting at
+meats and suppers in the Hall, and to begin
+that one end of the table together, upon days
+of estate, by the Marshall's assignation, at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[96]</a></span>
+one meal. And if the King keep estate, by
+the Marshall's assignation, in the Hall, then
+these walk before the Steward, Treasurer,
+and Comptroller, coming with the King's
+Surveyor<a name="FNanchor_163_163" id="FNanchor_163_163"></a><a href="#Footnote_163_163" class="fnanchor">[163]</a> from the surveying-board at every
+course. And, after the last course, they cry
+the King's largesse, shaking their great cup.
+They take their largesse of the Jewel-house;
+and during these Festival-days they wait upon
+the King's Person coming and going to and
+from the Church, Hall, and Chamber, before
+his Highness, in their coats of arms. They
+take neither wages, cloathing, nor fees, by
+the Compting-house; but livery for their
+chamber, day and night, amongst them two
+loaves, a pitcher of wine, two gallons of ale;
+and for winter season, if there be present a
+King of Arms, for them all, one tortays at
+chandry, two candles wax, three candles
+p'is, three talsheds. These Kings of Arms
+are served in the Hall as Knights, service
+and livery for their horses nigh the Court, by
+the Herberger.&mdash;Alway remembered, that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[97]</a></span>
+the cup which the King doth create any
+King of Arms or Herald withal, it standeth
+in the charge of the Jewel-house, and not
+upon the Treasurer of Household.</p>
+
+<p>The fees that they shall take at the making
+of Knights of the Bath, it appeareth next
+after the chapter of Squires.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Serjeants of Arms</span><a name="FNanchor_164_164" id="FNanchor_164_164"></a><a href="#Footnote_164_164" class="fnanchor">[164]</a>.</h3>
+
+<p>Four chosen proved men, of haviour and
+condition, for the King and his Honourable
+Household; whereof two alway to be attending
+upon the King's Person and Chamber;
+and to avoid the press of people before
+where as the King shall come: in like wise
+at the conveyance of his meat at every course
+from the surveying board; also observing for
+[of] the King's commandments, and so after
+the Steward, Chamberlain, Treasurer, and
+Controller, for the King, or for his Household.
+They eat in the Hall, together or with
+Squires of Household, taking their wages of
+twelve-pence by [the] day, or four-pence, as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[98]</a></span>
+it pleaseth the King, after their abilities, by
+letters patents; and clothing also, to be taken
+of the issue and profit growing to the King
+in divers counties of England, by the hands
+of the receivers of them. No more having
+in Household; but every of them, when he is
+present in Court, at night, a gallon of ale;
+and for winter livery, one candle wax, two
+candles p'is, one talshed; rushes [and] litter
+for their chamber of the Serjeant Usher all
+the year. They pay for the carriage of their
+proper harness and bedding; and every of
+them to have in to this Court, one honest
+servant. By the Statutes of the Noble Edward,
+were thirty Serjeants of Arms, sufficiently
+armed and horsed, riding before his
+Highness when he journeyed by the country
+for a Garde de Corps du Roi. And if any
+of these be sick, or be let blood, he taketh
+daily two loaves, two messes of great meat,
+one gallon of ale, and thus to be brevied in
+the Pantry-Roll. Also sufficient lodging
+assigned these Serjeants together, not far
+from Court, for hasty errands [when] they
+fall.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[99]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Minstrels.</span></h3>
+
+<p>Thirteen; whereof one is Verger, that directeth
+them all in festival days to their stations,
+to blowings and pipings to such offices
+as must be warned to prepare for the King
+and his Household, at meats and suppers, to
+be the more ready in all services; and all
+these sitting in the Hall together, whereof
+some use trumpets, some shalmuse<a name="FNanchor_165_165" id="FNanchor_165_165"></a><a href="#Footnote_165_165" class="fnanchor">[165]</a> and
+small pipes, and some are strange-men
+coming to this Court at five feasts of the year;
+and then to take their wages of Household
+after four-pence halfpenny a day, if they be
+present in Court; and then they to avoid the
+next day after the feasts be done. Besides
+each of them another reward yearly, taking
+[taken] of the King, in the Receipt of the
+Chequer, and cloathing with the Household,
+winter and summer, or twenty shillings
+a-piece, and livery in Court at even&mdash;amongst
+them all four gallons of ale; and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[100]</a></span>
+for winter season, three candles wax, six
+candles p'is, four tallow candles, and sufficient
+lodging, by the Herbergers for them
+and their horses in the Court. Also having
+in the Court two servants, honest, to bear
+the trumpets, pipes, and other instruments;
+and a torch for winter nights, whilst they
+blow to suppers, and other revels at Chaundry.
+And always two of these persons to
+continue in Court in wages, being present
+to warn at the King's ridings, when he goeth
+to horseback, as oft as it shall require. And
+by their blowings the Household-men may
+follow in the countries. And if any of these
+two Minstrels be sick in Court, he taketh
+two loaves, a mess of great meat, a gallon of
+ale. They have part of any rewards given
+to the Household. And if it please the
+King to have two strange Minstrels to continue
+in like wise. The King woll not for
+his worship that his Minstrels be too presumptuous,
+nor too familiar, to ask any rewards
+of the Lords of his land, remembering
+"De Henrico Secundo Imperatore, qui
+omnes Joculatores suos et ... monuerit<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[101]</a></span>
+ut nullus eorum in ejus nomine, vel dummodo
+steterunt in servicio suo, nihil ab aliquo
+in regno suo deberent petere donandum, scilicet,
+quod ipsi Domini donatores pro Regis
+amore citius pauperibus erogarent."</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">A Wayte.</span></h3>
+
+<p>That nightly, from Michaelmas till
+Shere-Thursday<a name="FNanchor_166_166" id="FNanchor_166_166"></a><a href="#Footnote_166_166" class="fnanchor">[166]</a>, pipeth the watch within
+this Court <em>four</em> times, and in summer nights
+<em>three</em> times, and he to make <em>bon Gayte</em>,
+and every chamber-door and office, as well
+for fire as for other pikers, or pellys<a name="FNanchor_167_167" id="FNanchor_167_167"></a><a href="#Footnote_167_167" class="fnanchor">[167]</a>. He
+eateth in the Hall with the Minstrels, and
+taketh livery at night, half a paine, half a
+gallon of ale; and for summer nights, <em>two</em>
+candles p'is, half a bushel of coals; and for
+winter nights, half a loaf, half a gallon of
+ale, four candles p'is, half a bushel of coals;
+and daily, if he be present in Court, by the
+Cheque Roll, <em>four-pence halfpenny</em>, or <em>three</em><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[102]</a></span>
+<em>pence</em>, by the discretion of Steward and Treasurer,
+and after the cunning that he can, and
+good deserving. Also cloathing with the
+Household Yeomen, or Minstrels, according
+to the wages that he taketh. And if he
+be sick, or let blood, he taketh <em>two</em> loaves,
+half a mess of great meat, [and] one gallon
+of ale. Also he partaketh with the general
+gifts of Household, and hath his bedding
+carried, and his grooms together, by the
+Controller's assignment. And under this
+Yeoman, <em>a Groom Wayte</em>; if he can excuse
+the Yeoman in his Office, and absence, then
+he taketh reward and cloathing, meet rewards,
+and other things, like to the other
+<em>Grooms</em> of Household. Also this <em>Yeoman</em>
+wayteth at the makings of <em>Knights</em> of the
+Bath, watching by night-time upon them in
+the chapel; wherefore he hath of fee all the
+watching cloathing that the Knights do wear
+upon [them].</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[103]</a></span></p>
+<h3><span class="smcap">Clerk of the Crown in Chancery.</span></h3>
+
+<p>This Officer was anciently one of the
+Chancellor's Family<a name="FNanchor_168_168" id="FNanchor_168_168"></a><a href="#Footnote_168_168" class="fnanchor">[168]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Formerly accompanied the Masters in
+Chancery in carrying Bills to the Lower
+House<a name="FNanchor_169_169" id="FNanchor_169_169"></a><a href="#Footnote_169_169" class="fnanchor">[169]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Reads the Titles of Bills in the House of
+Lords<a name="FNanchor_170_170" id="FNanchor_170_170"></a><a href="#Footnote_170_170" class="fnanchor">[170]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sir George Copping was Clerk of the
+Crown, anno 1 Jac. I.<a name="FNanchor_171_171" id="FNanchor_171_171"></a><a href="#Footnote_171_171" class="fnanchor">[171]</a></p>
+
+<p>The fee of the Clerk of the Crown, in the
+Reign of Queen Elizabeth, was 20<em>l.</em><a name="FNanchor_172_172" id="FNanchor_172_172"></a><a href="#Footnote_172_172" class="fnanchor">[172]</a></p>
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[104]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<h2>SUPPORTERS,<br />
+
+CRESTS, <small>AND</small> COGNIZANCES,<br />
+
+<small>OF THE</small><br />
+
+KINGS OF ENGLAND.</h2>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Richard II.</span></h3>
+
+<p>Was the first who bore his Escocheon supported;
+<em>viz.</em> by Two <em>Angels</em>.</p>
+
+<p><em>Cognizances.</em>&mdash;A White Hart couchant,
+gorged with a Gold Chain and Coronet,
+under a Tree; derived from the Princess Joan
+his Mother.</p>
+
+<p>Also a Peascod Branch, with the Pods
+open, but the Peas out.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Henry IV.</span></h3>
+
+<p>Dexter, a <em>Swan</em>. Sinister, an <em>Antelope</em>.</p>
+
+<p><em>Cognizance.</em>&mdash;A Fox's Tail dependant.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[105]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3><br /><span class="smcap">Henry V.</span></h3>
+
+<p>Two <em>Swans</em>, when Prince of Wales, holding
+in their beaks an Ostrich-feather and a
+Scroll; when King, a <em>Lion</em> and an <em>Antelope</em>.</p>
+
+<p>N. B. He first bore three Fleurs de Lis,
+instead of the Sem�e; and wrote himself
+King of <em>England</em> and <em>France</em>, whereas those
+before him wrote <em>France</em> and <em>England</em>.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Henry VI.</span></h3>
+
+<p>Two Antelopes, Argent, attired, accolled
+with Coronets, and chained Or.</p>
+
+<p><em>Cognizance.</em>&mdash;Two Feathers in Saltire.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Edward IV.</span></h3>
+
+<p>A <em>Lion</em> for Marche; and a <em>Bull</em> for Clare.</p>
+
+<p><em>Two Lions</em>, Argent.</p>
+
+<p>The <em>Lion</em> and the <em>White Hart</em> of
+Richard II.</p>
+
+<p><em>Cognizances.</em>&mdash;The <em>White Rose</em>.</p>
+
+<p>The <em>Fetter-Lock</em>.</p>
+
+<p>The <em>Sun</em> after the Battle of Mortimer's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[106]</a></span>
+Cross, when three <em>Suns</em> were seen, which
+immediately conjoined.</p>
+
+<p>The Rose is in the centre.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Edward V.</span></h3>
+
+<p>The <em>Lion</em> and a <em>Hinde</em>, Argent.</p>
+
+<p><em>Cognizance.</em>&mdash;The Rose and the Falcon
+in a Fetter-Lock.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Richard III.</span></h3>
+
+<p>Two <em>Boars</em>.</p>
+
+<p>A White Boar.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"The Cat, the Rat, and Lovel the Dog,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Rule all England under the <em>Hog</em>."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p class="noind"><em>i. e.</em> Sir William Catesby, Sir Richard Ratcliff,
+and Lord Lovel, creatures of King
+Richard. One Collingborne was executed
+for this poetry<a name="FNanchor_173_173" id="FNanchor_173_173"></a><a href="#Footnote_173_173" class="fnanchor">[173]</a>.</p>
+
+<p><em>Cognizance.</em>&mdash;The Rose.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Henry VII.</span></h3>
+
+<p><em>Red Dragon</em> (for Cadwallader), Dexter.</p>
+
+<p>A <em>Greyhound</em>, Argent, accolled Gules,
+Sinister, for Nevile.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[107]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><em>Cognizances.</em>&mdash;The <em>White Rose</em> united to
+the <em>Red</em>.</p>
+
+<p>A Portcullis for Beaufort.</p>
+
+<p>A Hawthorn Bush with the Crown in it.</p>
+
+<p>Richard's Crown was found in a Hawthorn
+Bush after the Battle of Bosworth<a name="FNanchor_174_174" id="FNanchor_174_174"></a><a href="#Footnote_174_174" class="fnanchor">[174]</a>.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Henry VIII.</span></h3>
+
+<p>The <em>Red Dragon</em> and <em>Greyhound</em>.</p>
+
+<p>Afterwards, the <em>Lion</em> Dexter; the <em>Dragon</em>
+Sinister.</p>
+
+<p><em>Cognizances.</em>&mdash;A Red Rose.</p>
+
+<p>A Fleur de Lis.</p>
+
+<p>A Portcullis.</p>
+
+<p>An Archer (Green) drawing his Arrow
+to the Head; with "Cui adh�reo pr�est."
+taken at the interview between him and
+Francis I.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Edward VI.</span></h3>
+
+<p>The Lion and Red Dragon.</p>
+
+<p><em>Cognizance.</em>&mdash;He bore the device of
+Prince of Wales, though never created.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[108]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Queen Mary.</span></h3>
+
+<p>An Eagle and Lion.&mdash;These are the Supporters
+in the Coat of Philip and Mary, impaled,
+over the chimney in the Hall of Trinity
+College, Oxford, as of the year 1554, put up
+1772, when Lord North, afterwards Earl of
+Guilford, became Chancellor<a name="FNanchor_175_175" id="FNanchor_175_175"></a><a href="#Footnote_175_175" class="fnanchor">[175]</a>.</p>
+
+<p><em>Cognizance.</em>&mdash;When Princess, the White
+and Red Rose for York and Lancaster, with
+a Pomegranate for Spain.&mdash;When Queen,
+Time winged, drawing Truth out of a Pit;
+with "Veritas Temporis Filia."</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Queen Elizabeth.</span></h3>
+
+<p>A Lion and Red Dragon.</p>
+
+<p><em>Cognizance.</em>&mdash;A Sieve, without a motto.</p>
+
+<p>The words Video; Taceo. Semper Eadem<a name="FNanchor_176_176" id="FNanchor_176_176"></a><a href="#Footnote_176_176" class="fnanchor">[176]</a>.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">James I.</span></h3>
+
+<p>The Lion (for England), and the Unicorn
+(for Scotland).</p>
+
+<p><em>Cognizances.</em>&mdash;A Rose; a Fleur de Lis;
+a Harp (for Ireland); a Greyhound current.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[109]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2>REGAL TITLES.</h2>
+
+
+<h3>"<span class="smcap">His most Christian Majesty
+The King of France.</span>"</h3>
+
+<p>Stowe says that Charlemagne, being
+chosen Emperor, A.D. 800, on account of
+his great zeal for the good of Christendom,
+was the first King of France that attributed
+to himself (I rather think received from the
+Pope) the Style and Title of <em>The Most
+Christian King of France</em>; and from him
+his Successors have continued it<a name="FNanchor_177_177" id="FNanchor_177_177"></a><a href="#Footnote_177_177" class="fnanchor">[177]</a>.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">His Sacred Majesty
+The King of Great Britain.</span></h3>
+
+<p>First given to (or rather assumed by)
+King James I.<a name="FNanchor_178_178" id="FNanchor_178_178"></a><a href="#Footnote_178_178" class="fnanchor">[178]</a>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Grace</span> was the old Title.&mdash;<span class="smcap">Majesty</span>
+succeeded to it at the latter end
+of the Reign of Henry VIII.<a name="FNanchor_179_179" id="FNanchor_179_179"></a><a href="#Footnote_179_179" class="fnanchor">[179]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[110]</a></span></p>
+<h3><span class="smcap">His Catholic Majesty.</span></h3>
+
+<p class="center">(<span class="smcap">Spain.</span>)</p>
+
+<p>About the year 1493, Pope Alexander VI.
+gave to Ferdinand, King of Spain, the Title
+of <em>Catholick King</em>, in memory and acknowledgment
+of the many Victories he had obtained
+over the Moors<a name="FNanchor_180_180" id="FNanchor_180_180"></a><a href="#Footnote_180_180" class="fnanchor">[180]</a>.</p>
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[111]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<h2><small>ON THE</small><br />
+
+VIRTUES<br />
+
+<small>OF</small><br />
+
+<span class="oldenglish">The Royal Touch.</span></h2>
+
+
+<h3>KINGS OF ENGLAND.</h3>
+
+<p>As the following subject, which has exercised
+the faith and incredulity of mankind
+for so many ages, comes before me in the
+light of a religious ceremonial, I shall not
+attempt to defend or depreciate the validity of
+this gift; though it may be necessary to observe
+some circumstances as they occur, which
+may point different ways. Well-attested
+instances of the effect of this power of healing
+may be produced; though other examples are
+too ludicrous and futile to attract serious attention.
+We may, however, in these enlightened
+and unsuperstitious times, speak freely<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[112]</a></span>
+on a subject, which for many years, I may
+say centuries, absorbed the faith of whole
+Nations; <em>viz.</em> the Cure of the King's Evil by
+the Royal Touch. As Mr. Addison, in the
+quality of The Spectator, professed a modest
+veneration for a couple of sticks, if concealed
+under petticoats; so am I loyally and religiously
+induced to "honour the King," as a
+part of our excellent Constitution: but why
+Kings should have in themselves a preternatural
+gift above other men, by healing the
+most stubborn of all diseases, exceeds my
+comprehension. Every body is, at this time,
+I dare believe, of the same opinion; and this
+foolish affectation of a divine inherent power
+has wisely been laid aside, ever since the accession
+of the House of Hanover.</p>
+
+<p>If Kings really possessed such an uncommon,
+such a wonderful gift, why has it been
+taken away? The same legal rights remain
+in the Royal Person now that have adhered
+to it for ages&mdash;while this Divine Prerogative
+has fallen away; or rather let us say,
+that the incredulity of the world has increased.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[113]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The cases brought forward by the advocates
+for this Gift are exceedingly strong and well
+attested; but yet there is something so palpably
+absurd in the mere supposition, that
+the evidence, when brought forward, will
+be found to destroy itself on a cross-examination.</p>
+
+<p>As to the subject, and all its wonderful
+consequences, I have just as much faith as I
+have in the two following circumstances:</p>
+
+<p>Lord Bolingbroke tells us, from Bodin,
+Amyot, and other writers, that Ferdinand
+King of Spain, and Alphonsus King of Naples,
+were cured of desperate distempers by
+reading Livy and Quintus Curtius<a name="FNanchor_181_181" id="FNanchor_181_181"></a><a href="#Footnote_181_181" class="fnanchor">[181]</a>. Again,
+there was such astonishing virtue in Quintus
+Curtius, that we are further told, Alphonsus
+IX. King of Spain<a name="FNanchor_182_182" id="FNanchor_182_182"></a><a href="#Footnote_182_182" class="fnanchor">[182]</a> was healed by reading
+his works, after having in vain read the Bible
+throughout fourteen times<a name="FNanchor_183_183" id="FNanchor_183_183"></a><a href="#Footnote_183_183" class="fnanchor">[183]</a>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Credat qui vult.</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[114]</a></span>
+And yet I could as soon subscribe to
+these, as to the cures performed by the Royal
+Touch.</p>
+
+<p>Anciently there was great reputed sanative
+virtue in a seventh son; and he was looked
+upon as a heaven-born Doctor, and those his
+medical abilities were reverenced for that
+reason only by the common people. So far
+the Doctor would be safe, and might kill
+with impunity; but it was a crime to heal.</p>
+
+<p>Thus I have a case before me in the Reign
+of King Charles I. where a poor unfortunate
+man, who was the seventh son of a seventh
+son, and never killed any body (for he was a
+gardener, and not a physician), was severely
+treated, because he pretended to have in him
+the faculty of healing several disorders, and
+especially the King's Evil, by the Touch or
+stroking of his hand. This man was imprudent
+enough to depreciate the Royal Touch;
+otherwise, at that time, he might have obtained
+a comfortable subsistence from his
+credulous patients; but that unfortunate
+intrenchment on the Royal Prerogative drew
+down upon him the double vengeance of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[115]</a></span>
+Court of Star-Chamber, and of the College
+of Physicians; which last, in the most courtly
+manner, denounced him to be an impostor<a name="FNanchor_184_184" id="FNanchor_184_184"></a><a href="#Footnote_184_184" class="fnanchor">[184]</a>.
+<em>Delenda est Carthago.</em> It was highly necessary
+for the reputation of the Royal pretensions
+that this man should be proscribed.</p>
+
+<p>The next person who appears to have
+usurped this Gift was Mr. Valentine Greatrackes,
+a gentleman of Ireland, who first
+practised his art of healing by the Touch
+in his own country; and afterwards came into
+England, where, at first, he obtained great
+reputation, which fell off by degrees, so that
+there was no occasion for any violent measures
+to prevent his intrenching on the Royal
+Prerogative.</p>
+
+<p>This gentleman wrote an account of
+his several cures, in a Letter to the Honourable
+Robert Boyle, which was printed
+in 1668. Whether Mr. Boyle was a believer
+I know not; but it was at a time when the
+King practised, so that he might think it
+prudent to conceal his real sentiments.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[116]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>How far imagination will operate in such
+cases, as the old women, even of this age,
+contend it does in Agues, is a question not
+for me to discuss; but it tempts me to transcribe
+the following story, as given by Mr.
+Granger, vol. IV. p. 32.</p>
+
+<p>"I was myself a witness of the powerful
+workings of imagination in the populace,
+when the waters of Glastonbury were at the
+height of their reputation. The virtues of
+the spring there were supposed to be supernatural,
+and to have been discovered by a
+revelation made in a dream to one Matthew
+Chancellor. The people did not only expect
+to be cured of such distempers as were in
+their nature incurable, but even to recover
+their lost eyes, and their mutilated limbs.
+The following story, which scarce exceeds
+what I observed upon the spot, was told me
+by a gentleman of character. 'An old
+woman in the workhouse at Yeovil, who had
+long been a cripple, and made use of crutches,
+was strongly inclined to drink of the Glastonbury
+waters, which she was assured would
+cure her of her lameness. The master of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[117]</a></span>
+the workhouse procured her several bottles of
+water, which had such an effect, that she
+soon laid aside one crutch, and not long
+after, the other. This was extolled, as a miraculous
+cure. But the man protested to his
+friends, that he had imposed upon her, and
+fetched the water from an ordinary spring.'
+I need not inform the Reader, that when the
+force of imagination had spent itself, she relapsed
+into her former infirmity."</p>
+
+
+<h3>FRENCH KINGS.</h3>
+
+<p>Whether the French Kings possessed this
+Gift in a greater or less degree than our own,
+I cannot decide; but in point of antiquity,
+by the accounts of their Historians, they exceed
+us by many centuries.</p>
+
+<p>The advocates for the priority of the Kings
+of England in this wonderful Gift, tell you,
+that the French, seeing it with a jealous eye,
+invented a tale, and carried their claim up to
+Clovis, the first of that name in France, and
+their first Christian King, who acceded to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[118]</a></span>
+the Throne A. D. 481; whereas we do not
+pretend to go higher than Edward the Confessor,
+who died in 1066.</p>
+
+<p>In reward for Clovis's faith and conversion,
+this Gift was bestowed upon him at his baptism,
+A. D. 496; and which he accordingly
+exercised immediately on one of his favourites<a name="FNanchor_185_185" id="FNanchor_185_185"></a><a href="#Footnote_185_185" class="fnanchor">[185]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>How it was first discovered to be inherent
+in the French King we are not told; though
+we are assured as to our own, that the knowledge
+of such power in King Edward was
+discovered, like many other similar wonders,
+from a dream.</p>
+
+<p>The usual date of the introduction of this
+miraculous Gift into France is fixed in the
+Reign of St. Louis [<em>i. e.</em> IX], a contemporary
+with our Henry III. about 160 years
+after the death of the Confessor<a name="FNanchor_186_186" id="FNanchor_186_186"></a><a href="#Footnote_186_186" class="fnanchor">[186]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Unfortunately for the French Kings, there
+is a story extant, which overthrows their
+healing power, in a palpable instance which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[119]</a></span>
+happened to Louis XI. who having had an
+apoplexy, sent for a famous man to cure him,
+by name Francis of Poul. Francis, unhappily,
+had the Evil; but, alas! the Saint could
+not cure the King; and, what was worse,
+the King could not cure the Saint<a name="FNanchor_187_187" id="FNanchor_187_187"></a><a href="#Footnote_187_187" class="fnanchor">[187]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>On the other hand, as the French Kings
+possessed the faculty sooner than our Kings,
+so did it last longer; for King George I.
+had the good sense not to pretend to it;
+whereas the French Kings kept up the farce
+at least till 1775, though with some address
+in the words spoken by the King; <em>viz.</em>
+"The King touches you, and may God
+heal you!" ["Le Roy te touche, Dieu te
+guerisse."] So that, in case the Touch fails,
+it is known where the blame is to lie; which
+is to be attributed to the anger of God, or the
+want of faith in the party<a name="FNanchor_188_188" id="FNanchor_188_188"></a><a href="#Footnote_188_188" class="fnanchor">[188]</a>. The French<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[120]</a></span>
+Kings gave alms on the occasion; but I find
+no mention of particular pieces, as was the
+custom with us. I do not find that the
+French Kings ever touched, except upon
+Coronations; though it was a repeated, if not
+an annual ceremony with us, performed daily
+for a certain season<a name="FNanchor_189_189" id="FNanchor_189_189"></a><a href="#Footnote_189_189" class="fnanchor">[189]</a>, attended with a Form of
+Prayer, compiled for the purpose, which I shall
+hereafter preserve at length in the Appendix,
+together with the Ceremonial, after having
+given such accounts of the Practice itself,
+under the respective Kings, as are recorded
+by Writers on the subject.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[121]</a></span></p>
+<h3>EDWARD THE CONFESSOR<a name="FNanchor_190_190" id="FNanchor_190_190"></a><a href="#Footnote_190_190" class="fnanchor">[190]</a>.</h3>
+
+<p>To begin in order of time, I shall give you
+the narrative in Mr. Stowe's words, from the
+Latin account by Alfred, Abbot of Rivaulx.
+Thus then it is:</p>
+
+<p>"A young woman, married, but without
+children, had a disease about her jawes, and
+under her cheeke, like unto kernels, which
+they termed akornes, and this disease so corrupted
+her face with stench, that shee coulde
+scarce without great shame speake to any
+man. This woman was admonished in her
+sleepe, to go to King Edwarde, and get him
+to washe her face with water, and shee
+shoulde bee whole. To the Court shee came;
+and the King hearing of this matter, disdained
+not to doe it; having a bason of water
+brought unto him, hee dipped his hand
+therein, and washed the womannes face, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[122]</a></span>
+touched the diseased place; and this hee did
+oftentimes, sometimes also signing it with
+the signe of the Crosse, which after hee
+hadde thus washed it, the hard crust or skinne
+was softened and dissolved; and drawing his
+hand by divers of the holes, out of the kernels
+came little wormes, whereof they were full
+with corrupt matter and blood, the King still
+pressed it with his handes to bring forth the
+corruption, and disdained not to suffer the
+stench of the disease, untill hee hadde
+brought forth all the corruption with pressing:
+this done, hee commanded her a sufficient
+allowance every day for all thinges necessary,
+untill she hadd received perfect
+health, which was within a weeke after; and
+whereas shee was ever beefore barren, within
+one yeere shee had a childe by her husband.
+And although this thing seeme strange, yet
+the Normans sayde that hee often did the like
+in his youth, when he was in Normandy<a name="FNanchor_191_191" id="FNanchor_191_191"></a><a href="#Footnote_191_191" class="fnanchor">[191]</a>."</p>
+
+<p>It does not appear that the King knew of
+this Gift before; but he continued to use it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[123]</a></span>
+ever after, and his successors followed him in
+the practice.</p>
+
+<p>But this is not all: for Stowe affords us
+but one instance of the cure of a blind man
+by King Edward; whereas the Abbot's account<a name="FNanchor_192_192" id="FNanchor_192_192"></a><a href="#Footnote_192_192" class="fnanchor">[192]</a>
+extends to six men totally blind, besides
+another who had lost one of his eyes;
+all of whom were restored to perfect sight by
+the King<a name="FNanchor_193_193" id="FNanchor_193_193"></a><a href="#Footnote_193_193" class="fnanchor">[193]</a>.</p>
+
+
+<h3>WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR</h3>
+
+<p>Had business enough upon his hands to
+employ his time, without thinking of such a
+matter as this; but however, that he might,
+in quieter times, enjoy this Kingly attribute
+(though only a Bastard Son of a Territorial
+Duke), Voltaire tells us, that some dependants
+endeavoured to persuade the world, that
+this Gift was bestowed upon him from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[124]</a></span>
+Heaven<a name="FNanchor_194_194" id="FNanchor_194_194"></a><a href="#Footnote_194_194" class="fnanchor">[194]</a>. Whether he ever exercised it does
+not appear. Nothing but a special bounty
+of Heaven could convey to him this privilege;
+and such interference was necessary; for it
+was anciently held not to be inherent in any
+but lawful Kings, and not to extend to
+Usurpers; so that it must have slept during
+all the wars between the Houses of York
+and Lancaster, till resumed by Henry VII.
+as will be mentioned in its place.</p>
+
+
+<h3>EDWARD III.</h3>
+
+<p>Mr. Joshua Barnes, the most copious Historiographer
+of this Reign, does not positively
+say that King Edward exercised this Gift,
+presuming only that he had a double right to
+it, as Heir to both the Realms of England
+and of France; and, consequently, more eminently
+endowed than Philip of Valois, the
+then French King<a name="FNanchor_195_195" id="FNanchor_195_195"></a><a href="#Footnote_195_195" class="fnanchor">[195]</a>. The French, no doubt,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[125]</a></span>
+would deny it to him, as an usurping claimant
+of their Crown; though they could not
+refuse his right, as derived to him as a legal
+King of England.</p>
+
+
+<h3>HENRY VI.</h3>
+
+<p>I have already conceived the Gift of healing
+by the Touch to have been, as it were,
+in abeyance during the Civil Wars between
+the Houses of York and Lancaster; and therefore
+have found no historical record of Cures
+performed by this <em>Saint-like</em> King, who had
+such ample religious claims. I have called
+him Saint-like, because he never was canonized,
+though it was attempted and refused
+by the Pope in the Reign of Henry VII. for
+reasons to be seen in Fuller's Church History
+of Britain<a name="FNanchor_196_196" id="FNanchor_196_196"></a><a href="#Footnote_196_196" class="fnanchor">[196]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Two reasons against the canonization are
+suggested by different Writers:&mdash;1. That
+the then Pope thought King Henry VI. too<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[126]</a></span>
+simple to be sainted:&mdash;2. That the contingent
+expence amounted to more than King
+Henry VII. was willing to defray, being not
+less than 1500 ducats of gold, a large sum at
+that time of day<a name="FNanchor_197_197" id="FNanchor_197_197"></a><a href="#Footnote_197_197" class="fnanchor">[197]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>But, however, although King Henry VI.
+performed no Cures in his life-time, yet was
+a man miraculously saved from death at the
+gallows by the appearance of the King, 40
+years after his demise (in the 10th year of
+Henry VII.), by which intervention the
+halter had no effect; for the convict was
+found alive, after having hung the usual
+hour, and went speedily (as in duty bound)
+to return thanks at the King's Tomb at
+Chertsey, for such a wonderful deliverance.
+The Story states, that the man was really
+innocent, though, from circumstantial evidence,
+presumed to have been guilty; otherwise
+the Ghost of so pious and merciful a
+King had doubtless never appeared to him
+and interposed.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[127]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>HENRY VII.</h3>
+
+<p>It is evident, from various concurrent circumstances,
+that this King touched for the
+Evil, as the Religious Ceremonial used upon
+those occasions, such as Prayers, Benedictions,
+Suffrages, &amp;c. during his Reign, are
+to be found not only in MS. in the British
+Museum, but were afterwards printed by
+order of King James II. A. D. 1686; both
+in Latin. Another proof arises from charges
+made for pieces of money delivered for this
+purpose in that Reign; for, in the 18th year
+of Henry VII. we find a disbursement of 20
+shillings, made by John Heron, "for heling
+3 seke folks;" and again, "13<em>s.</em> 4<em>d.</em> for
+heling 2 seke folks." From these sums it
+is evident, that the Touch-pieces given were
+Nobles, or 6<em>s.</em> 8<em>d.</em> in value<a name="FNanchor_198_198" id="FNanchor_198_198"></a><a href="#Footnote_198_198" class="fnanchor">[198]</a>. The accounts<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[128]</a></span>
+of this John Heron are preserved, together
+with those of divers others, in the office of
+the Remembrancer of the Exchequer. The
+fact is further established from the testimony
+of Polydore Vergil, who wrote his History at
+the command of King Henry VII. (though it
+was not made public till the following Reign);
+wherein the Writer, after going a little into
+the origin of this Gift, adds, that the Kings
+of England, even in his time, healed persons
+afflicted with this disease ["Nam Reges Angli�
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">etiam nunc</i> Tactu strumosos sanant."]
+He further subjoins, that the exercise of it
+was attended with hymns, and other devout
+c�remonies; meaning, no doubt, those above-mentioned:
+["quibusdam hymnis non sine
+ceremoniis prius recitatis<a name="FNanchor_199_199" id="FNanchor_199_199"></a><a href="#Footnote_199_199" class="fnanchor">[199]</a>."] From looking
+over the Ceremonial, I conceive that by
+hymns, Polydore Vergil means the Gospel,
+which at that time was <em>sung</em>, or the suffrages,
+which might be chanted.</p>
+
+<p>Fabian Philips, in his Treatise on Purveyance,
+p. 257, asserts, "that the Angels issued by the Kings
+of England on these occasions, amounted to a charge
+of three thousand pounds <em>per annum</em>."]</p>
+
+<p>I shall give a transcript of the service appropriated
+to this occasion in the Appendix,
+(No. I.) as the printed copies are very scarce.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[129]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>I cannot dismiss this Reign without observing
+that the learned Editor of the Northumberland
+Household Book<a name="FNanchor_200_200" id="FNanchor_200_200"></a><a href="#Footnote_200_200" class="fnanchor">[200]</a> is hereby
+proved to have been very inattentive, when
+he says that "this miraculous Gift was left
+to be claimed by the <em>Stuarts</em>; our ancient
+<em>Plantagenets</em> were humbly content to cure
+the <em>Cramp</em><a name="FNanchor_201_201" id="FNanchor_201_201"></a><a href="#Footnote_201_201" class="fnanchor">[201]</a>."</p>
+
+<p>What part the <em>Plantagenets</em> took in this
+business, for want of information, must be
+left doubtful; but ample proof has been
+offered, that the <em>Tudors</em> possessed the Gift
+of Healing.</p>
+
+
+<h3>EDWARD VI.</h3>
+
+<p>The King now before us, though he kept a
+journal of all material occurrences, does not,
+however, once hint that he touched for the
+Evil, as probably his natural piety would have<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[130]</a></span>
+led him to have done, had it ever taken place;
+but, if there be any truth in the immediate
+prevalence of prayer on the ears of Heaven,
+an instance is recorded wherein the King obtained
+his request, in a more notable instance
+than any cure he might have performed by
+the operation of his Touch. Sir John Cheke,
+his Tutor for the Greek language, lay very
+dangerously ill, to the great disquiet and
+concern of the King, who, after frequent
+and daily inquiries, learned from the Physicians
+at last that there was not the least
+hope of life. "No," said the King, "he will
+not die now; for this morning I begged his
+life from God in my prayers, and obtained it."
+This accordingly came to pass; and Sir John
+recovered speedily, contrary to all medical
+expectations. The truth was ascertained by
+an ear-witness, the Earl of Huntingdon, who
+related it to the grandson of Sir John Cheke
+(Sir Thomas Cheke, of Pirgo, Essex), by
+whom it was mentioned to my Author<a name="FNanchor_202_202" id="FNanchor_202_202"></a><a href="#Footnote_202_202" class="fnanchor">[202]</a>.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[131]</a></span></p>
+<p>
+"Nec Deus intersit nisi dignus vindice Nodus;"<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>and, if ever necessary, it was on this occasion;
+though the King lived but one year afterwards;
+and Cheke survived, to disgrace the
+Protestant Religion by his revolt.</p>
+
+
+<h3>QUEEN ELIZABETH.</h3>
+
+<p>That the Queen touched, is acknowledged;
+but it is as evident that she had no high opinion
+of the efficacy of such operation; for she
+once threw out an expression tending much
+to disparage the validity of it. Being on a
+Progress in Gloucestershire, her Majesty was
+so pestered with applications from diseased
+people, who pressed about her person in
+hopes of obtaining the Royal Touch, that
+she unguardedly, and in an ill-humour, exclaimed,
+"Alas, poor people, <em>I</em> cannot, <em>I</em>
+cannot cure you; it is God alone who can do
+it." This was interpreted by some, as a renunciation
+of the Gift; but, nevertheless, the
+Queen afterwards admitted a general resort<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[132]</a></span>
+to her for the purpose of being touched, and
+one in particular was healed<a name="FNanchor_203_203" id="FNanchor_203_203"></a><a href="#Footnote_203_203" class="fnanchor">[203]</a>. On this, or
+some other occasion, a rigid Papist was under
+a necessity of applying for the Queen's Touch,
+after having tried every other means in vain;
+and was, says my Author, perfectly healed.
+This happening soon after the Pope had denounced
+the sentence of Excommunication
+against her Majesty, raised the reputation of
+this Gift in the Royal Line of England;
+seeing that the Pope had no power to divest
+the Queen of it<a name="FNanchor_204_204" id="FNanchor_204_204"></a><a href="#Footnote_204_204" class="fnanchor">[204]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>The Queen, at another time, A. D. 1575,
+being on a Progress in Warwickshire, where
+she was entertained by the Earl of Leicester
+at Kenilworth Castle, during her abode
+there, "touched nine for the King's Evil<a name="FNanchor_205_205" id="FNanchor_205_205"></a><a href="#Footnote_205_205" class="fnanchor">[205]</a>."</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[133]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>JAMES I.</h3>
+
+<p>It does not appear that the Kings of Scotland
+ever pretended to this Gift; but when
+their James VI. came to the Throne of England,
+the virtue appeared in him; and he exercised
+it, as is evident from a passage in
+Macbeth<a name="FNanchor_206_206" id="FNanchor_206_206"></a><a href="#Footnote_206_206" class="fnanchor">[206]</a>, and still more strongly from Proclamations
+in this Reign, still extant<a name="FNanchor_207_207" id="FNanchor_207_207"></a><a href="#Footnote_207_207" class="fnanchor">[207]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Being lineally descended from Henry the
+Seventh's Daughter, Margaret, this King
+had the same title to the Gift as Henry himself,
+who, as has been seen, used it, though
+descended from a line of Usurpers.</p>
+
+
+<h3>CHARLES I.</h3>
+
+<p>So pious a King, and so jealous of every
+prerogatory right, divine and human, could<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[134]</a></span>
+not fail to exercise this preternatural endowment<a name="FNanchor_208_208" id="FNanchor_208_208"></a><a href="#Footnote_208_208" class="fnanchor">[208]</a>;
+and accordingly we find him regulating
+the manner and time that persons shall
+be admitted to the Royal Touch, by divers<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[135]</a></span>
+Proclamations<a name="FNanchor_209_209" id="FNanchor_209_209"></a><a href="#Footnote_209_209" class="fnanchor">[209]</a>. One is dated soon after his
+Accession, in 1621<a name="FNanchor_210_210" id="FNanchor_210_210"></a><a href="#Footnote_210_210" class="fnanchor">[210]</a>; another in 1626; and
+a third in 1628<a name="FNanchor_211_211" id="FNanchor_211_211"></a><a href="#Footnote_211_211" class="fnanchor">[211]</a>. He cured by his words
+only<a name="FNanchor_212_212" id="FNanchor_212_212"></a><a href="#Footnote_212_212" class="fnanchor">[212]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>One would naturally be surprized to read
+of such numbers who received the Royal<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[136]</a></span>
+Touch in the 17th century, when the disease
+is now so nearly worn out; but Mr. Browne<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[137]</a></span>
+tells us it raged remarkably at the period
+when he lived.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[138]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>As to the giving of a piece of Gold, Mr.
+Browne says, "it only shews his Majestie's
+Royal well-wishes towards the recovery of
+those who come thus to be healed." In
+other parts of his book, however, he tells us
+that "some, losing their Gold<a name="FNanchor_213_213" id="FNanchor_213_213"></a><a href="#Footnote_213_213" class="fnanchor">[213]</a>, their diseases
+have seized them afresh; when, upon obtaining
+a second Touch, and new Gold, their
+diseases have been seen to vanish." Again,
+as to the virtue contained in the Gold, he relates
+a story of a father and a son, who both
+were afflicted with the Evil, for which the
+former was touched, and received a piece of
+Gold; but the latter never was touched, and
+had no Gold; upon which the son borrows
+the father's Gold, and received great relief
+from it. During this interval the father
+grew worse, received back his Gold, and,
+after wearing it a little time, became better;
+and this practice was pursued for several
+years. Mr. Browne likewise gives other
+examples of the operation of the Gold, on,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[139]</a></span>
+persons who had never received the Touch.&mdash;Though
+we have called it Gold, which, in
+itself, was anciently reckoned to have a sanative
+quality in itself, yet Silver would do as
+well; for Mr. Browne does not deny but that
+a Silver two-pence has effectually done the
+business. The case was, that the King
+(Charles I.), who was the Operator, was then
+a Prisoner at Hampton Court, and perhaps
+had no Gold to spare; and therefore, in several
+instances, he used Silver, with which
+many were known to have been cured:&mdash;but,
+after all, by way of salvo, Mr. Browne adds,
+that such as failed of their cure&mdash;<em>wanted
+Faith</em>. From another passage in Mr. Browne's
+preface, one would be tempted to think that
+the virtue neither consisted in the Gold or the
+Silver, but in the Ribbon to which it was
+pendent; for he assures those who contended
+that a <em>second</em> piece of <em>Gold</em> was necessary on
+a <em>second</em> Touch, that the same Gold, newly
+strung upon a White Ribbon, would work as
+effectually as a fresh piece of Gold. Some,
+he tells us, have been cured with the Touch
+only, without Gold or Silver.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[140]</a></span></p>
+<p>Among other salvos in case of failure of
+the Touch, added to the want of faith, is,
+that the disease was mistaken in many instances;
+and that the Patients did not labour
+under the Struma, or Evil, but some other
+similar disorder, over which the Royal Hand
+had no divine influence.</p>
+
+<p>There was such sympathy between the
+Royal Hand and the part touched, that Mr.
+Browne seems to believe a case that had been
+sent to him, of a woman, at a distance from
+London, who had formerly been cured by
+King Charles I. and whose sores broke out
+afresh upon the day of the King's death,
+though she was so ignorant of the world as
+not to know that it was to take place. But
+she soon recovered her health.</p>
+
+<p>The effect of this Divine Emanation has
+been said even to extend beyond the life of
+this unfortunate Monarch; for part of the
+blood of this King being preserved on a piece
+of linen dipped therein, was found to have
+the same effect as the Touch, or his Prayers,
+when he was living<a name="FNanchor_214_214" id="FNanchor_214_214"></a><a href="#Footnote_214_214" class="fnanchor">[214]</a>.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[141]</a></span></p>
+<p>A wen is said to be cured by the hand of a
+dead man while hanging on the gallows.
+This is still a superstitious notion among
+the common people at this day; and a child's
+cawl is a preservative against drowning in
+the notions of sailors (who are extremely
+credulous in general): one often sees them
+advertised for sale; and, if bought at all,
+they find a vent, no doubt, at Wapping.</p>
+
+<p>A wedding ring of gold, rubbed on a stye
+upon the eyelid, used to be esteemed a sovereign
+remedy; but, if I mistake not, it must
+be applied nine times.</p>
+
+
+<h3>CHARLES II.</h3>
+
+<p>In January 1683, the following Proclamation
+was ordered to be published in every
+Parish in the Kingdom<a name="FNanchor_215_215" id="FNanchor_215_215"></a><a href="#Footnote_215_215" class="fnanchor">[215]</a>.</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p>"At the Court at Whitehall, 9th of January 1683.
+Present, the King's Most Excellent Majesty; Lord
+Keeper, Lord Privy Seal, Duke of Ormond, Duke of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[142]</a></span>
+Beaufort, Earl of Oxford, Earl of Huntingdon, Earl of
+Bridgewater, Earl of Peterborow, Earl of Chesterfield,
+Earl of Clarendon, Earl of Bathe, Earl of Craven, Earl
+of Nottingham, Earl of Rochester, Lord Bishop of
+London, Mr. Secretary Jenkins, Mr. Chancellor of the
+Duchy, Lord Chief Justice Jeffryes, Mr. Godolphin.
+Whereas, by the grace and blessing of God, the Kings
+and Queens of this Realm, by many ages past, have
+had the happiness, by their sacred Touch, and invocation
+of the name of God, to cure those who are afflicted
+with the disease called the King's Evil; and his Majesty,
+in no less measure than any of his Royal Predecessors,
+having had good success therein; and, in his
+most gracious and pious disposition, being as ready
+and willing as any King or Queen of this Realm ever
+was, in any thing to relieve the distresses and necessities
+of his good subjects; yet, in his princely wisdom,
+foreseeing that in this (as in all other things) order is
+to be observed, and fit times are necessary to be appointed
+for the performing of this great work of charity,
+his Majesty was therefore this day pleased to declare
+in Council his Royal will and pleasure to be,
+That (in regard heretofore the usual times of presenting
+such persons for this purpose have been prefixed
+by his Royal Predecessors) the times of public healings
+shall from henceforth be from the Feast of All-Saints,
+commonly called Alhallow-tide, till a week before
+Christmas; and after Christmas, until the first day of
+March, and then to cease till the Passion-week, being<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[143]</a></span>
+times most convenient, both for the temperature of
+the season, and in respect of contagion, which may
+happen in this near access to his Majesty's sacred
+Person. And when his Majesty shall at any time think
+fit to go any progress, he will be pleased to appoint
+such other times for healing as shall be most convenient.
+And his Majesty doth hereby accordingly
+order and command, that, from the time of publishing
+this his Majesty's order, none presume to repair to his
+Majesty's Court to be healed of the said disease, but
+only at or within the times for that purpose hereby appointed
+as aforesaid. And his Majesty was farther
+pleased to order, that all such as shall hereafter come
+or repair to the Court for this purpose, shall bring with
+them certificates, under the hands and seals of the parson,
+vicar, or minister, and of both or one of the
+churchwardens of the respective parishes where they
+dwell, and from whence they come, testifying, according
+to the truth, that they have not, at any time
+before, been touched by his Majesty, to the intent to
+be healed of their disease. And all ministers and
+churchwardens are hereby required to be very careful
+to examine into the truth before they give such certificates;
+and also to keep a register of all certificates
+they shall from time to time give. And, to the end that
+all his Majesty's loving subjects may the better take
+knowledge of this his Majesty's command, his Majesty
+was pleased to direct, that this Order be read publicly
+in all parish-churches, and then be affixed to some<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[144]</a></span>
+conspicuous place there; and for that end the same
+be printed, and a convenient number of copies sent to
+the Most Reverend Father in God the Lord Archbishop
+of Canterbury, and the Lord Archbishop of
+York, who are to take care that the same be delivered
+to all parishes within their respective provinces.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<span class="smcap">Loyd.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>"London, printed by the Assigns of John Bill, deceased,
+and by Henry Hills, Printers to the King's
+Most Excellent Majesty."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>A regular Notice to the same effect was
+published by authority in the London Gazette.</p>
+
+<p>In 1684, John Browne, Sworn Chirurgeon
+in Ordinary to the King's Most Excellent
+Majesty, published a work, not now
+easily to be met with, except in the Libraries
+of the curious; and perhaps, for its general
+subjects, exploded at this day, as the fashion
+of physick has much altered, as well as
+many new and important discoveries been
+made, since it was written. It is in three
+Books. The Titles to the three Books are&mdash;1.
+"<cite>Adenochoiradelogia</cite>; or, an Anatomick-Chyrurgical
+Treatise of Glandules and Strumaes,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[145]</a></span>
+or King's Evil Swellings. Together
+with the Royal Gift of Healing or Cure
+thereof, by contact or imposition of Hands,
+performed for above 640 years by our Kings
+of England, continued with their admirable
+Effects and miraculous Events; and concluded
+with many wonderful Examples of Cures by
+their Sacred Touch; all which are succinctly
+described by John Browne, one of His Majesty's
+Chyrurgeons in Ordinary, and Chyrurgeon
+of his Majesty's Hospital; published
+with His Majesty's Royal Approbation: Together
+with the Testimony of many eminent
+Doctors and Chyrurgeons. Sold by Samuel
+Lowndes, over-against Exeter Change in
+the Strand." 2. "<cite>Ch�radelogia</cite>; or an
+Exact Discourse of Strumaes, or King's Evil
+Swellings; wherein are discovered their
+Names and Natures, Differences, Causes,
+Signs, Presages, and Cure, in that modest
+and plain Dress, that the meanest capacity
+may hereby find out the Disease." 3. <cite>Charisma
+Basilicon</cite>; or, the Royal Gift of Healing
+Strumaes, or King's Evil, Swellings, by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[146]</a></span>
+Contact or Imposition of the Sacred Hands
+of our Kings of England and of France,
+given them at their Inaugurations. Shewing
+the Gift itself, and its continued Use, declaring
+all Persons Healed thereby, without
+any respect either to their Age, Sex, Temper,
+or Constitution; with the Manner, Form,
+and Ceremonies thereof; and divers general
+Rules for the meanest capacity to find out
+the Disease. The best expedient to prevent
+poor People from unnecessary Journeys.
+The whole concluded with above Sixty admirable
+Cures, performed with and without
+Gold, by His Majesty's Benediction; by His
+Late Majesty's precious Blood; and the
+like." Prefixed to the work is a portrait of
+Browne, engraved by R. White, inscribed
+"Johannes Browne, Regis Britannici necnon
+Nosocomii sui Chirurgus Ordinarius;" and
+a curious frontispiece, also engraved by White,
+entitled "The Royal Gift of Healing," representing
+Charles II. seated on his Throne,
+surrounded by his Court, touching for the
+King's Evil.</p>
+
+<p>This ceremony seems to have been in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[147]</a></span>
+high vogue during this reign. "The King
+gives freely," says Mr. Browne, "not calling
+the Angels to witness, nor sinking so
+low as others do, to perform the same by
+Black Art or Inchantment. He does it with
+a pure heart, in the presence of the Almighty,
+who knows all things, without superstition,
+curing all that approach his Royal Touch.
+And this I may frankly presume to aver,
+that never any of his Predecessors have
+ever exercised it more, or more willingly
+or freely, whose wonderful effects, and certainty
+of cure, we must and shall ever acknowledge<a name="FNanchor_216_216" id="FNanchor_216_216"></a><a href="#Footnote_216_216" class="fnanchor">[216]</a>."</p>
+
+<p>This is followed by accounts of about 70
+"wonderful and miraculous cures, performed
+by his Majesty's Sacred Hands;" and also
+by "An Account of the Number of Persons
+touched for the King's Evil, from May 1660
+to September 1664, from the Registers kept
+by Thomas Haynes, Esq. Serjeant of the
+Chapel Royal; from which I shall copy the
+totals of each year:</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[148]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="cures">
+<tr><td align="left">1660&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">6725</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1661</td><td align="left">4619</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1662</td><td align="left">4275</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1663</td><td align="left">4667</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1664</td><td align="left">3335</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>Another account, kept by Mr. Thomas
+Donkley, Keeper of his Majesty's Closet belonging
+to the Chapel Royal, continues the
+Numbers as follows:</p>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="donkley">
+<tr><td align="left">1667</td><td align="left">3078</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1668</td><td align="left">3543</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1669</td><td align="left">2983</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1670</td><td align="left">3377</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1671</td><td align="left">3568</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1672</td><td align="left">3771</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1673</td><td align="left">4457</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1674</td><td align="left">5079</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1675</td><td align="left">3471</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1676</td><td align="left">4454</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1677</td><td align="left">4607</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1678</td><td align="left">3456</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1679</td><td align="left">3752</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1680</td><td align="left">3796</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1681</td><td align="left">2461</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1682</td><td align="left">8577</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Summa Totalis</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="left">92,107</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[149]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>QUEEN ANNE.</h3>
+
+<p>It appears by the Newspapers of the time,
+that on the 30th of March, 1714, <em>two hundred</em>
+persons were touched by Queen Anne<a name="FNanchor_217_217" id="FNanchor_217_217"></a><a href="#Footnote_217_217" class="fnanchor">[217]</a>.
+Amongst these was <em>Samuel Johnson</em>, afterwards
+the justly celebrated Moral Writer.
+He was sent by the advice of Sir John
+Floyer, then a Physician at Lichfield; and
+many years afterwards, being asked if he
+could remember Queen Anne, said, "he had
+a confused, but somehow a sort of solemn recollection
+of a Lady in diamonds, and a long
+black hood."</p>
+
+<p>The Honourable Daines Barrington<a name="FNanchor_218_218" id="FNanchor_218_218"></a><a href="#Footnote_218_218" class="fnanchor">[218]</a> has
+preserved an anecdote, which he heard from
+an old man who was witness in a cause with
+respect to this supposed miraculous power of
+Healing. "He had, by his evidence, fixed
+the time of a fact, by Queen Anne's having
+been at Oxford, and touched him, whilst a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[150]</a></span>
+child, for the Evil. When he had finished
+his evidence, I had an opportunity of asking
+him, whether he was really cured? Upon
+which he answered, with a significant smile,
+"that he believed himself to have never had
+any complaint that deserved to be considered
+as the Evil; but that his parents were poor,
+<em>and had no objection to the bit of gold</em>."</p>
+
+<p>The learned and honourable Writer very
+properly observes on this occasion, "that this
+piece of gold, which was given to those who
+were touched, accounts for the great resort
+upon this occasion, and the supposed afterwards
+miraculous cures."</p>
+
+
+<h3>GEORGE I.</h3>
+
+<p>Although this Monarch, who succeeded to
+the Crown in 1714, had the good sense not
+to pretend to this miraculous Gift, it was assumed
+by the Descendants of the race of
+Stuarts. And it is well recollected, that Mr.
+Carte's (in other respects very excellent)
+"History of England" fell into almost<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[151]</a></span>
+immediate disrepute, on his making, in one
+of his notes, a bold assertion, the substance
+of which shall be here given:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p>"Whatever is to be said in favour of its being
+appropriated to the eldest Descendant of the first
+branch of the Royal Line of the Kings of France,
+England, &amp;c. I have <em>myself</em> seen a very remarkable
+instance of such a cure, which could not possibly be
+ascribed to the Royal <em>Unction</em>. One Christopher
+Lovel, born at Wells in Somersetshire, but when he
+grew up residing in the City of Bristol, where he got
+his living by labour, was extremely afflicted for many
+years with that distemper, and such a flow of the scrophulous
+humour, that, though it found a vent by five
+running sores about his breast, neck, and arms, there
+was such a tumour on one side of his neck, as left no
+hollow between his cheek and the upper part of his
+left shoulder, and forced him to keep his head always
+awry. The young man was reduced, by the virulence
+of the humour, to the lowest state of weakness; appeared
+a miserable object in the eyes of all the inhabitants
+of that populous city; and, having for many
+years tried all the remedies which the art of physic
+could administer, without receiving any benefit, resolved
+at last to go <em>abroad</em> to be touched. He had an
+uncle in the place, who was an old seaman, and carried
+him from Bristol, at the end of August, A. D. 1716,
+along with him to Cork in Ireland, where he put him
+on board a ship that was bound to St. Martin's in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[152]</a></span>
+Isle of Ree. From thence Christopher made his way
+first to Paris, and thence to the place where he was
+touched, in the beginning of November following, by
+the eldest lineal Descendant of a race of Kings, who
+had, indeed, for a long succession of ages, cured that
+distemper by the <em>Royal Touch</em>. But this descendant
+and next heir of their blood had not, at least at that
+time, been crowned or <em>anointed</em>. The usual effect,
+however, followed: from the moment that the man
+was touched and invested with the narrow riband, to
+which a small piece of silver was pendant, according
+to the rites prescribed in the office appointed by the
+Church for that solemnity, the humour dispersed insensibly,
+his sores healed up, and he recovered strength
+daily, till he arrived in perfect health, in the beginning
+of January following, at Bristol, having spent
+only four months and some few days in his voyage.
+There it was, and in the week preceding St. Paul's
+fair, that I saw the man, in his recovered vigour of
+body, without any remains of his complaint, but what
+were to be seen in the red scars then left upon the
+five places where the sharp humour had found a vent,
+but which were otherwise entirely healed, and as
+sound as any other part of his body. Dr. Lane, an
+eminent physician in the place, whom I visited on my
+arrival, told me of this cure, as the most wonderful
+thing that ever happened; and pressed me as well to
+see the man upon whom it was performed, as to talk
+about his case with Mr. Samuel Pye, a very skilful<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[153]</a></span>
+surgeon, and I believe still living in that city, who had
+tried in vain, for three years together, to cure the
+man by physical remedies. I had an opportunity of
+doing both; and Mr. Pye, after dining together, carrying
+me to the man, I examined and informed myself
+fully of all particulars, relating as well to his illness
+as his cure; and found upon the whole, that if it is
+not to be deemed miraculous, it at least deserved the
+character given it by Dr. Lane, of being one of the
+most wonderful events that has ever happened."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[154]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center">APPENDIX, No. I.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging"><em>The Ceremonies for the Healing of them
+that be diseased with the King's Evil, as
+they were practised in the time of King
+Henry VII</em><a name="FNanchor_219_219" id="FNanchor_219_219"></a><a href="#Footnote_219_219" class="fnanchor">[219]</a>.</p>
+
+<p><em>Rubrick.</em>&mdash;First, the King, kneeling, shall
+begin, and say,</p>
+
+<p>In nomine Patris, et Filii, et Spirit�s
+Sancti. Amen.</p>
+
+<p><em>Rubrick.</em>&mdash;And so soon as He hath said
+that, He shall say, Benedicite.</p>
+
+<p><em>Rubrick.</em>&mdash;The Chaplain, kneeling before
+the King, having a stole about his neck,
+shall answer, and say,</p>
+
+<p>Dominus sit in corde tuo et labiis tuis, ad
+confitendum omnia peccata tua, in nomine
+Patris, et Filii, et Spirit�s Sancti. Amen.</p>
+
+<p><em>Rubrick.</em>&mdash;Or else to say,</p>
+
+<p>Jesus nos exaudiat, in nomine Patris, et
+Filii, et Spirit�s Sancti.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[155]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><em>Rubrick.</em>&mdash;Then by and by the King shall
+say, Confiteor Deo, Beat� Mari� Virgini,
+Omnibus Sanctis, et Vobis, quia peccavi
+nimis in cogitatione, locutione, et opere, mea
+culpa [sic.] Precor Sanctam Mariam, omnes
+Sanctos Dei, et Vos, orare pro me.</p>
+
+<p><em>Rubrick.</em>&mdash;The Chaplain shall answer,
+and say,</p>
+
+<p>Misereatur Vestri Omnipotens Deus, et
+demittat Vobis omnia peccata Vestra, liberet
+Vos ab omni malo, salvet et confirmet in
+bono, et ad vitam perducat �ternam. Amen.</p>
+
+<p>Absolutionem et Remissionem omnium
+peccatorum Vestrorum, spatium ver� p&oelig;nitenti�,
+et emendationem vit�, gratiam et
+consolationem Sancti Spirit�s, tribuat Vobis
+omnipotens et misericors Dominus. Amen.</p>
+
+<p><em>Rubrick.</em>&mdash;This done, the Chaplain shall
+say, Dominus Vobiscum.</p>
+
+<p><em>Rubrick.</em>&mdash;The King shall answer,</p>
+
+<p>Et cum Spiritu tuo.</p>
+
+<p><em>Rubrick.</em>&mdash;The Chaplain.</p>
+
+<p>Sequentia Sancti Evangelii secund�m Marcum.</p>
+
+<p><em>Rubrick.</em>&mdash;The King shall answer.</p>
+
+<p>Gloria tibi, Domine.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[156]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><em>Rubrick.</em>&mdash;The Chaplain shall read the
+Gospel.</p>
+
+<p>In illo tempore, recumbentibus undecim
+Discipulis apparuit illis Jesus; et exprobavit
+incredulitatem eorum, et duritiem cordis, qui
+iis qui viderant eum resurrexisse, non crediderunt.
+Et dixit eis, Euntes in mundum universum,
+pr�dicate Evangelium omni creatur�.
+Qui crediderit et baptizatus fuerit,
+salvus erit; qui ver� non crediderit, condemnabitur.
+Signa autem eos, qui crediderint,
+h�c sequentur: In nomine meo d�monia
+ejicient, linguis loquentur novis, serpentes
+tollent; et si mortiferum quid biberint
+non eis nocebit; super �gros manus
+imponent, et bene [seipsos] habebunt.</p>
+
+<p><em>Rubrick.</em>&mdash;Which clause [super �gros,
+&amp;c.] the Chaplain repeats as long as the
+King is handling the Sick Person. And in
+the time of the repeating the aforesaid words
+[super �gros, &amp;c.] the Clerk of the Closet
+shall kneel before the King, having the Sick
+Person upon the right hand, and the Sick
+Person shall likewise kneel before the King;
+and then the King shall lay his hand upon
+the Sore of the Sick Person. This done, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[157]</a></span>
+Chaplain shall make an end of the Gospel;
+and in the mean time the Chirurgeon shall
+lead away the Sick Person from the King.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;Et Dominus quidem Jesus, postquam
+locutus est eis, assumptus est in c&oelig;lum, et
+sedet � dextris Dei. Illi autem profecti, pr�dicaverunt
+ubique, Domino cooperante, et
+sermonem confirmante, sequentibus signis.</p>
+
+<p><em>Rubrick.</em>&mdash;Then the Chaplain shall begin
+to say again, Dominus Vobiscum.</p>
+
+<p><em>Rubrick.</em>&mdash;The King shall answer,</p>
+
+<p>Et cum spiritu tuo.</p>
+
+<p><em>Rubrick.</em>&mdash;The Chaplain. Initium Sancti
+Evangelii secundum Joannem.</p>
+
+<p><em>Rubrick.</em>&mdash;The King shall say.</p>
+
+<p>Gloria tibi, Domine.</p>
+
+<p><em>Rubrick.</em>&mdash;The Chaplain then shall say
+this Gospel following.</p>
+
+<p>In principio erat Verbum, et Verbum erat
+apud Deum, et Deus erat Verbum. Hoc
+erat in principio apud Deum. Omnia per
+ipsum facta sunt; et sine ipso factum est
+nihil, quod factum est: in ipso vita erat, et
+vita erat Lux hominum; et Lux in tenebris
+lucet, et Tenebr� eam non comprehenderunt.
+Fuit homo missus a Deo, cui nomen erat<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[158]</a></span>
+Joannes. Hic venit in testimonium, ut testimonium
+perhiberet de lumine, ut omnes
+crederent per illum. Non erat ille Lux, sed
+ut testimonium perhiberet de lumine. Erat
+Lux vera qu� illuminat omnem hominem
+venientem in hunc mundum.</p>
+
+<p><em>Rubrick.</em>&mdash;Which last clause [Erat Lux
+vera, &amp;c.] shall still be repeated so long as
+the King shall be crossing the Sore of the Sick
+Person with an Angel Noble. And the Sick
+Person to have the same Angel hanged about
+his neck, and to wear it until he be full whole.</p>
+
+<p>This done, the Chirurgeon shall lead away
+the Sick Person, as he did before; and then the
+Chaplain shall make an end of the Gospel.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;In mundo erat, et mundus per ipsum
+factus est, et mundus eum non cognovit. In
+propria venit, et sui eum non receperunt.
+Quot quot autem receperunt eum dedit eis
+potestatem filios Dei fieri, his, qui credunt in
+nomine ejus, qui non ex sanguinibus, neque
+ex voluntate carnis, neque ex voluntate viri,
+sed ex Deo nati sunt. Et Verbum caro factum
+est, et habitavit in nobis; et vidimus
+gloriam ejus, gloriam quasi unigeniti a Patre,
+plenum grati� et veritatis.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[159]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><em>Rubrick.</em>&mdash;Then the Chaplain shall say,</p>
+
+<p>Sit nomen Domini benedictum.</p>
+
+<p><em>Rubrick.</em>&mdash;The King shall answer,</p>
+
+<p>Ex hoc nunc et usque in seculum.</p>
+
+<p><em>Rubrick.</em>&mdash;Then shall the Chaplain say
+this Collect following, praying for the Sick
+Person or Persons.</p>
+
+<p>Domine exaudi orationem meam [nostram].</p>
+
+<p><em>Rubrick.</em>&mdash;The King shall answer,</p>
+
+<p class="center">Et clamor meus [noster] ad te veniat.<br />
+Oremus.</p>
+
+<p>Omnipotens sempiterne Deus, salus �terna
+credentium, exaudi nos pro famulis tuis, pro
+quibus misericordi� tu� imploramus auxilium,
+ut, reddit� sibi sanitate, tibi in Ecclesi�
+tu� referant actiones. Per Christum Dominum
+nostrum. Amen.</p>
+
+<p><em>Rubrick.</em>&mdash;This Prayer is to be said secretly,
+after the Sick Persons are departed
+from the King, at his pleasure.</p>
+
+<p>Dominator Domine Deus Omnipotens,
+cujus benignitate c�ci vident, surdi audiunt,
+muti loquuntur, claudi ambulant, leprosi mundantur,
+omnes infirmorum curantur languores,
+et � quo solo donum Sanationis humano
+generi etiam tribuitur, et tanta gratia<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[160]</a></span>
+pro incredibili tu� erg� hoc regnum bonitate,
+Regibus ejusdem concessa est, ut sol�
+manuum illorum impositione, morbus gravissimus
+f&oelig;tidissimusque depellatur: concede
+propitius ut tibi propterea gratias agamus, et
+pro isto singulari beneficio in nos collato, non
+nobis ipsis, sed nomini tuo assidu� gloriam
+demus, nosque sic ad pietatem semper exerceamus,
+ut tuam nobis donatam gratiam
+non sol�m diligenter conservare, sed indies
+magis magisque adaugere laboremus; et
+pr�sta ut quorumcunque corporibus in nomine
+tuo manus imposuerimus, h�c tu� virtute
+in illis operante et nobis ministrantibus,
+ad pristinam sanitatem restituantur, eam conservent,
+et pro e�dem tibi, ut summo Medico
+et omnium morborum depulsori, perpetu� nobiscum
+gratias agant; sicque deinceps vitam
+instituant, ut non corpus sol�m ab infirmitate,
+sed anima etiam � peccato omnino sanata
+videatur. Per Dominum nostrum Jesum
+Christum Filium tuum, qui tecum vivit et
+regnat in unitate Sancti Spirit�s, per omnia
+secula seculorum. Amen.<a name="FNanchor_220_220" id="FNanchor_220_220"></a><a href="#Footnote_220_220" class="fnanchor">[220]</a></p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[161]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center">APPENDIX, No. II.</p>
+
+<p class="center">From a <span class="smcap">Folio Prayer Book</span>, printed 1710.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><em>At the Healing.</em></p>
+
+<p>Prevent us, O Lord, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Gospel.</p>
+
+<p>From the 16th Chapter of St. Mark, beginning
+at the 14th Verse: "Afterwards he
+appeared, &amp;c." to the end of the Chapter:
+"and confirming the Word with Signs following."</p>
+
+<p class="center">Let us pray.</p>
+
+<p class="noind">Lord have mercy upon us.<br />
+Christ, &amp;c.<br />
+Lord, &amp;c.<br />
+Our Father, &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p><em>Rubrick.</em>&mdash;[Then shall the Infirm Persons,
+one by one, be presented to the Queen upon
+their Knees; and, as every one is presented,
+and while the Queen is laying her Hands
+upon them, and putting the Gold about their
+necks, the Chaplain that officiates, turning<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[162]</a></span>
+himself to her Majesty, shall say these words
+following:]</p>
+
+<p>God give a Blessing to this Work; and
+grant that <em>these</em> Sick Persons, on whom the
+Queen lays her Hands, may recover, through
+Jesus Christ our Lord.</p>
+
+<p><em>Rubrick.</em>&mdash;[After all have been presented,
+the Chaplain shall say,]</p>
+
+<p><em>Verse.</em>&mdash;O Lord, save thy Servants;</p>
+
+<p><em>Resp.</em>&mdash;Who put their Trust in Thee.</p>
+
+<p><em>Verse.</em>&mdash;Send them Help from thy Holy
+Place.</p>
+
+<p><em>Resp.</em>&mdash;And evermore mightily defend
+them.</p>
+
+<p><em>Verse.</em>&mdash;Help us, O God of our Salvation.</p>
+
+<p><em>Resp.</em>&mdash;And, for the Glory of thy Name
+deliver us, and be merciful to us Sinners for
+thy Name's Sake.</p>
+
+<p><em>Verse.</em>&mdash;O Lord, hear our Prayers.</p>
+
+<p><em>Resp.</em>&mdash;And let our Cry come unto Thee.</p>
+
+<p><em>Rubrick.</em>&mdash;[These answers are to be made
+by them that come to be healed.]</p>
+
+<p class="center">Let us pray.</p>
+
+<p>O Almighty God, who art the Giver of all
+Health, and the Aid of them that seek to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[163]</a></span>
+thee for Succour, we call upon thee for thy
+Health and Goodness mercifully to be shewed
+upon these thy Servants, that they, being
+healed of their Infirmities, may give Thanks
+unto thee in thy Holy Church, through Jesus
+Christ our Lord. Amen.</p>
+
+<p><em>Rubrick.</em>&mdash;[Then the Chaplain, standing
+with his face towards them that come to be
+healed, shall say,]</p>
+
+<p>The Almighty Lord, who is a most strong
+Tower to all them that put their Trust in
+him; to whom all things in Heaven, in
+Earth, and under the Earth, do bow and obey,
+be now and evermore your Defence; and make
+you know and feel, that there is none other
+Name under Heaven given to Man, in whom,
+and through whom, you may receive Health
+and Salvation, but only the Name of our Lord
+Jesus Christ. Amen.</p>
+
+<p>The Grace of our Lord, &amp;c. Amen.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[164]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center">APPENDIX, No. III.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging"><em>The Ceremonies of Blessing Cramp-Rings
+on Good-Friday, used by the Catholick
+Kings of England.</em></p>
+
+<p>The Psalme "Deus misereatur nostri," &amp;c.
+with the "Gloria Patri."</p>
+
+<p>May God take pity upon us, and blesse
+us;* may he send forth the light of his face
+upon us, and take pity on us.</p>
+
+<p>That we may know thy ways on earth*
+among all nations thy salvation.</p>
+
+<p>May people acknowledge thee, O God:*
+may all people acknowledge thee.</p>
+
+<p>Let nations reioice, and be glad, because
+thou iudgest people with equity,* and doest
+guide nations on the earth.</p>
+
+<p>May people acknowledge thee, O God,
+may all people acknowledge thee,* the earth
+has sent forth her fruit.</p>
+
+<p>May God blesse us, that God who is ours:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[165]</a></span>
+may that God blesse us,* and may all the
+bounds of the earth feare him.</p>
+
+<p>Glory be to the Father, and to the Son,*
+and to the Holy Ghost.</p>
+
+<p>As it was in the beginning, and now, and
+ever,* and for ever, and ever. Amen.</p>
+
+<p>Then the King reades this Prayer:</p>
+
+<p>Almighty eternal God, who by the most
+copious gifts of thy grace, flowing from the
+unexhausted fountain of thy bounty, hast
+been graciously pleased, for the comfort of
+mankind, continually to grant us many and
+various meanes to relieve us in our miseries;
+and art willing to make those the instruments
+and channels of thy gifts, and to grace those
+persons with more excellent favours, whom
+thou hast raised to the Royal dignity; to the
+end that, as by Thee they Reign, and govern
+others, so by Thee they may prove beneficial
+to them, and bestow thy favours on the people:
+Graciously heare our prayers, and favourably
+receive those vows we powre forth
+with humility, that Thou mayst grant to us,
+who beg with the same confidence the favour
+which our Ancestours, by their hopes in thy<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[166]</a></span>
+mercy have obtained: through Christ our
+Lord. Amen.</p>
+
+<p>The Rings lying in one bason or more,
+this prayer is to be said over them:</p>
+
+<p>O God, the Maker of heavenly and earthly
+creatures, and the most gracious Restorer of
+mankind, the Dispenser of spiritual grace, and
+the Origin of all blessings; send downe from
+heaven thy Holy Spirit the Comforter upon
+these Rings, artificially fram'd by the workman;
+and by thy greate power purify them
+so, that all the malice of the fowle and venomous
+Serpent be driven out; and so the
+metal, which by Thee was created, may remaine
+pure, and free from all dregs of the
+enemy: through Christ our Lord. Amen.</p>
+
+<p>The Blessing of the Rings.</p>
+
+<p>O God of Abraham, God of Isaac, God of
+Jacob, heare mercifully our prayers. Spare
+those who feare Thee. Be propitious to thy
+suppliants; and graciously be pleased to send
+downe from Heaven thy holy Angel, that he
+may sanctify &#10016; and blesse &#10016; these Rings; to
+the end they may prove a healthy remedy to
+such as implore thy name with humility, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[167]</a></span>
+accuse themselves of the sins which ly upon
+their conscience: who deplore their crimes
+in the sight of thy divine clemency, and beseech,
+with earnestness and humility, thy
+most serene piety. May they in fine, by the
+invocation of thy holy name, become profitable
+to all such as weare them, for the health
+of their soule and body, through Christ our
+Lord. Amen.</p>
+
+<p class="center">A Blessing.</p>
+
+<p>O God, who hast manifested the greatest
+wonders of thy power by the cure of diseases,
+and who were pleased that Rings should be
+a pledge of fidelity in the Patriark Judah, a
+priestly ornament in Aaron, the mark of a
+faithful guardian in Darius, and in this Kingdom
+a remedy for divers diseases; graciously
+be pleased to blesse &#10016; and sanctify &#10016; these
+Rings; to the end that all such who weare
+them may be free from all snares of the Devil,
+may be defended by the power of celestial
+armour; and that no contraction of the nerves,
+or any danger of the falling-sickness, may infest
+them; but that in all sort of diseases by
+thy help they may find relief. In the name<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[168]</a></span>
+of the Father, &#10016; and of the Son, &#10016; and of
+the Holy Ghost. &#10016; Amen.</p>
+
+<p>Blesse, O my soule, the Lord,* and let
+all things which are within me praise his
+holy name.</p>
+
+<p>Blesse, O my soule, the Lord,* and do
+not forget all his favours.</p>
+
+<p>He forgives all thy iniquities,* he heales
+all thy infirmities.</p>
+
+<p>He redeemes thy life from ruin,* he
+crownes thee with mercy and commiseration.</p>
+
+<p>He fils thy desires with what is good:*
+thy youth, like that of the eagle, shall be renewed.</p>
+
+<p>The Lord is he who does mercy,* and does,
+iustice to those who suffer wrong.</p>
+
+<p>The merciful and pitying Lord:* the long
+sufferer, and most mighty merciful.</p>
+
+<p>He wil not continue his anger for ever;*
+neither wil he threaten for ever.</p>
+
+<p>He has not dealt with us in proportion to
+our sins;* nor has he rendered unto us according
+to our offences.</p>
+
+<p>Because according to the distance of heaven
+from earth,* so has he enforced his mercies,
+upon those who feare him.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[169]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>As far distant as the east is from the west,*
+so far has he divided our offences from us.</p>
+
+<p>After the manner that a Father takes pity
+of his sons; so has the Lord taken pity of
+those who feare him;* because he knows
+what we are made of.</p>
+
+<p>He remembers that we are but dust. Man,
+like hay, such are his days;* like the flower
+in the field, so wil he fade away.</p>
+
+<p>Because his breath wil passe away through
+him, and he wil not be able to subsist,* and
+it wil find no longer its owne place.</p>
+
+<p>But the mercy of the Lord is from all
+eternity;* and wil be for ever upon those
+who feare him.</p>
+
+<p>And his iustice comes upon the children of
+their children,* to those who keep his wil.</p>
+
+<p>And are mindful of his commandments,*
+to performe them.</p>
+
+<p>The Lord in heaven has prepared himself
+a throne, and his kingdom shall reign over
+all.</p>
+
+<p>Blesse yee the Lord, all yee Angels of his;
+yee who are powerful in strength:* who
+execute his commands, at the hearing of his
+voice when he speakes.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[170]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Blesse yee the Lord, all yee vertues of his:*
+yee Ministers who execute his wil.</p>
+
+<p>Blesse yee the Lord, all yee works of his
+throughout all places of his dominions:* my
+Soule praise thou the Lord.</p>
+
+<p>Glory be to the Father, and to the Son,*
+and to the Holy Ghost.</p>
+
+<p>As it was in the beginning, and now and
+ever,* and for ever and ever. Amen.</p>
+
+<p>Wee humbly implore, O merciful God,
+thy infinit clemency; that as we come to
+Thee with a confident soule, and sincere faith,
+and a pious assurance of mind: with the like
+devotion thy beleevers may follow on these
+tokens of thy grace. May all superstition be
+banished hence; far be all suspicion of any
+diabolical fraud; and to the glory of thy
+name let all things succeede: to the end thy
+beleevers may understand Thee to be the dispenser
+of all good; and may be sensible, and
+publish, that whatsoever is profitable to soule
+or body, is derived from Thee: through Christ
+our Lord. Amen.</p>
+
+<p>These Prayers being said, the King's Highnes
+rubbeth the Rings between his hands,
+saying,</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[171]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Sanctify, O Lord, these Rings, and graciously
+bedew them with the dew of thy benediction,
+and consecrate them by the rubbing
+of our hands, which thou hast been pleased
+according to our ministery to sanctify by an
+external effusion of holy oyle upon them: to
+the end that what the nature of the mettal
+is not able to performe, may be wrought
+by the greatnes of thy grace: through Christ
+our Lord. Amen.</p>
+
+<p>Then must holy water be cast on the Rings,
+saying,</p>
+
+<p>In the name of the Father, and of the Son,
+and of the Holy Ghost. Amen.</p>
+
+<p>O Lord, the only begotten Son of God,
+Mediatour of God and men, Jesus Christ, in
+whose name alone salvation is sought for;
+and to such as hope in thee givest an easy
+acces to thy Father: who, when conversing
+among men, thyself a man, didst promise, by
+an assured oracle flowing from thy sacred
+mouth, that thy Father should grant whatever
+was asked him in thy name: Lend a gracious
+eare of pity to these prayers of ours; to
+the end that, approaching with confidence to
+the throne of thy grace, the beleevers may<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[172]</a></span>
+find, by the benefits conferr'd upon them, that
+by thy mediation we have obtained what we
+have most humbly begd in thy name: who
+livest and reignest with God the Father, in
+the unity of the Holy Ghost, one God for
+ever and ever. Amen.</p>
+
+<p>Wee beseech thee, O Lord, that the Spirit,
+which proceedes from thee, may prevent and
+follow on our desires; to the end that what
+we beg with confidence for the good of the
+faithful, we may efficaciously obtaine by thy
+gracious gift: through Christ our Lord.
+Amen.</p>
+
+<p>O most clement God; Father, Son, and
+Holy Ghost; wee supplicate and beseech
+thee, that what is here performed by pious
+ceremonies to the sanctifying of thy name,
+may be prevalent to the defense of our soule
+and body on earth; and profitable to a more
+ample felicity in heaven: who livest and
+reignest God, world without end. Amen.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[173]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><span class="oldenglish">Stemmata Magnatum.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="center"><big>ORIGIN OF THE TITLES</big><br />
+
+<small>OF SOME OF THE</small><br />
+
+<big>ENGLISH NOBILITY</big>.</p>
+<p class="center">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"When Adam dolve, and Eva span,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Who was then a Gentleman?<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Then came the Churle, and gather'd Good;<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">And thence arose the Gentle Blood."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>"It is an ancient received saying, that there is no
+Poverty but is descended of Nobility; nor no Nobility
+but is descended of Beggary."</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+History of the Gwedir Family, p. 94.
+</p>
+<p class="center">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Westmoreland</span>, Earl.&mdash;From the
+County.</p>
+
+<p><em>Burghersh</em><a name="FNanchor_221_221" id="FNanchor_221_221"></a><a href="#Footnote_221_221" class="fnanchor">[221]</a>, Baron (<em>Fane</em>).&mdash;Bartholomew,
+Baron of Burghersh, was the Tenth<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[174]</a></span>
+Knight of the Order of the Garter, at the
+Institution 1350; who left a Daughter and
+Heir, who married Edward Le Despenser;
+which official Title was afterwards erected
+into a Barony by Summons, A. D. 1285;
+and was for a long time merged in the Family
+of Fane, Earl of Westmoreland, till the
+failure of Male Issue in a direct line, 1762.
+The Earldom and Barony of Burghersh
+passed to a distant branch, of the name of
+Fane; but the Barony of Le Despenser went
+by a Female to Sir Francis Dashwood, Bart.
+in right of his Mother.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Le Despenser</span>, Baron (<span class="smcap">Stapleton</span>).&mdash;A
+nominal Title from official derivation. It
+was held originally by Descent and Summons,
+A.D. 1295. Anno 23 Edward I. it passed by
+Marriage to the Earl of Westmoreland; and,
+being a Fee, descended to Sir Francis Dashwood,
+Bart.; and after him to his Sister,
+Lady Austen, and now, 1788, is vested
+in Sir Thomas Stapleton, Bart. of Oxfordshire.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[175]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Wentworth</span><a name="FNanchor_222_222" id="FNanchor_222_222"></a><a href="#Footnote_222_222" class="fnanchor">[222]</a>, Viscount (<span class="smcap">Noel</span>).&mdash;After
+the Barony of <em>Wentworth</em> had continued
+for several successions in the name of
+<em>Wentworth</em>, of Nettlestead in Suffolk, the
+Title devolved on Anne, the Wife of John
+Lord Lovelace, whose Daughter Martha
+inherited the Barony of <em>Wentworth</em>, and to
+whom the Title was confirmed, by Descent,
+in Parliament, A.D. 1702; and she walked at
+the Coronation of Queen Anne as Baroness
+<em>Wentworth</em> in her own right. She dying
+without Issue, 1745, the Title devolved on the
+Descendants of Sir William <em>Noel</em>, Bart. who
+had married Margaret, another Daughter of
+Lord Lovelace, by Anne, the Heiress of
+Wentworth Lord <em>Wentworth</em>. Hence the
+Title passed to Edward, the eldest Son of
+Sir Clobery <em>Noel</em>, Bart. who succeeded to his
+Father's Title of Baronet, 1733; and to the
+Barony of <em>Wentworth</em>, as Heir of Margaret,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[176]</a></span>
+1745. He was created Viscount Wentworth
+of Wellesborough, co. Leic. 1762.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Howland</span>, Baron (<span class="smcap">Russell</span>).&mdash;A Barony
+in the Duke of Bedford, granted in
+honour of Elizabeth, Daughter of John
+Howland, Esq. of Streatham in Surrey (by
+whom the Family acquired that estate), who
+married Wriothesley, Grandson of the first
+Duke of Bedford, and the eldest Son of Lord
+William Russell, who was beheaded 1683<a name="FNanchor_223_223" id="FNanchor_223_223"></a><a href="#Footnote_223_223" class="fnanchor">[223]</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Normanby</span>, Marquis, extinct (<span class="smcap">Sheffield</span>).&mdash;The
+second Title of Sheffield
+Duke of Buckingham, taken from an obscure
+place in Lincolnshire.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Chandos</span>, Duke (<span class="smcap">Brydges</span>).&mdash;The Patent
+is dated April 29, 1719, wherein the
+Grantee is styled "Duke of Chandos in the
+County of Hereford." The Dukedom became
+extinct, by the death of James the third Duke,
+s. p. 1789. The Barony exists (1790), if a
+claim to it can be established, as that creation
+bears date A. D. 1554.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[177]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Arundel OF Wardour</span>, Baron (<span class="smcap">Arundel</span><a name="FNanchor_224_224" id="FNanchor_224_224"></a><a href="#Footnote_224_224" class="fnanchor">[224]</a>).&mdash;From
+Wardour Castle in Wiltshire.
+He is a Count of the Empire by Grant of
+Rodolph II. A. D. 1595<a name="FNanchor_225_225" id="FNanchor_225_225"></a><a href="#Footnote_225_225" class="fnanchor">[225]</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sondes</span>, Baron (<span class="smcap">Watson</span>).&mdash;A revived
+Title, from the inheritance of part of the estates
+of Lewis Watson, Earl of Rockingham
+and Viscount <em>Sondes</em>. Lewis Watson, having
+married the Heiress of Sir George <em>Sondes</em>,
+K.B. was created Earl of Rockingham and
+Viscount <em>Sondes</em>, in honour of his Wife's
+Father, 1714; so that the present Title is
+nominal. The Estate at Lees-Court in Kent
+came by the above marriage.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Onslow and Cranley</span>, Baron (<span class="smcap">Onslow</span>).&mdash;This
+Barony is both nominal and local,
+for the Family came from Onslow in Shropshire.
+Their first settlement in Surrey was
+at Knowle, in the Parish of <em>Cranley</em>, whence<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[178]</a></span>
+came the second Barony by creation to George
+Onslow, the Son of Arthur (the Speaker), in
+the life-time of his Cousin Richard, then
+Lord Onslow, 1776. The original Patent,
+1716, to Richard (who was Speaker also)
+the eldest Son of Sir Arthur Onslow, Bart.
+was limited to the Heirs Male of his Father,
+which carried the Title of Baron Onslow of
+Onslow and Clendon<a name="FNanchor_226_226" id="FNanchor_226_226"></a><a href="#Footnote_226_226" class="fnanchor">[226]</a>, to the Son of Arthur
+(the Speaker), on the death of his Cousin
+Richard Lord Onslow, 1776<a name="FNanchor_227_227" id="FNanchor_227_227"></a><a href="#Footnote_227_227" class="fnanchor">[227]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>N.B. George Lord Onslow and <em>Cranley</em>
+was created into the latter Title, May 14,
+1776; and succeeded his Cousin Richard in
+the Title of Onslow, on the 8th of the following
+October.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Berkeley</span>, Earl.&mdash;From Berkeley Castle,
+the present Seat of the Family, in Gloucestershire.
+The Barony of Berkeley is a
+Feudal Honour by the Tenure of the Castle
+of Berkeley; and the Possessor of it had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[179]</a></span>
+Summons to Parliament as a Baron by that
+Tenure, anno 23 Edward I.<a name="FNanchor_228_228" id="FNanchor_228_228"></a><a href="#Footnote_228_228" class="fnanchor">[228]</a></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dursley</span>, Viscount.&mdash;From Dursley in
+Gloucestershire, the original Seat of the
+Family.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">De Clifford</span>, Baron (<span class="smcap">Southwell</span>).&mdash;From
+Clifford Castle in Herefordshire; where
+Walter Fitz-Ponce, whose Father possessed
+it by marriage, resided, and took the name
+of Clifford. The first Fitz-Ponce came hither
+with the Conqueror, to whom he was related.
+The Barony passed in the Female Line to
+the Family of Southwell, to which it was
+confirmed A.D. 1775. The first Summons
+to Parliament was anno 23 Edward I. 1295.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ducie</span>, Baron, <span class="smcap">of Morton and Tortworth
+(Reynolds)</span>.&mdash;The Peer of the
+name of <em>Ducie</em> was descended from Sir
+Robert Ducie, Lord Mayor of London, 1631;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[180]</a></span>
+and who had been created a Baronet<a name="FNanchor_229_229" id="FNanchor_229_229"></a><a href="#Footnote_229_229" class="fnanchor">[229]</a>. The
+Issue Male of the name of <em>Ducie</em> failing, the
+Title was renewed by Patent, 1763, to
+Matthew Ducie, Lord Ducie of <em>Morton</em> in
+Staffordshire; with a Limitation to Thomas
+and Francis <em>Reynolds</em>, his Nephews, and
+their Heirs Male successively, by the Style
+of Lord Ducie of <em>Tortworth</em> in Gloucestershire.
+<em>Thomas</em> Reynolds succeeded to this
+Title on the death of his Uncle, 1770; and
+dying without Issue 1785, it devolved on his
+Brother <em>Francis;</em> who dying in 1808, was
+succeeded by his Son Thomas, present Lord
+Ducie.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Powis</span>, Earl (<span class="smcap">Herbert</span>).&mdash;Powis is a
+part of Shropshire bordering on Wales; and
+was formerly a little Kingdom, still known
+by the name of Powis-Land. The first Baron
+was created by Henry I. on a surrender
+of the actual Territory, and an acknowledgment
+of service<a name="FNanchor_230_230" id="FNanchor_230_230"></a><a href="#Footnote_230_230" class="fnanchor">[230]</a>.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[181]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ludlow</span>, Viscount.&mdash;From the Town of
+that name in Shropshire<a name="FNanchor_231_231" id="FNanchor_231_231"></a><a href="#Footnote_231_231" class="fnanchor">[231]</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Audley</span>, Baron (<span class="smcap">Thicknesse-Touchet</span>).
+Audley is in Staffordshire. John Touchet
+married Joan, eldest Daughter of Lord Audley
+of Heleigh, whose Descendant was found
+Heir, and had Summons to Parliament, A.D.
+1296<a name="FNanchor_232_232" id="FNanchor_232_232"></a><a href="#Footnote_232_232" class="fnanchor">[232]</a>. The honour of Peerage in the name
+of Touchet, who was also Earl of Castlehaven
+in Ireland, ended in a Daughter (Lady
+Elizabeth), who married Philip Thicknesse,
+Esq. and died in 1762, leaving Issue; the
+Barony (being a Fee) passed to George
+Thicknesse, her Son, on the death of the
+Earl of Castlehaven, 1777; and who has
+taken, by sign-manual, 1784, the additional
+name of Touchet. The Earldom is extinct.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Abergavenny</span>, Earl (<span class="smcap">Nevile</span>).&mdash;This
+is a Title derived from a Lord Marcher, and
+taken, among many others now merged or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[182]</a></span>
+extinct, from the place conquered. Mr.
+Pennant says, it is the only surviving Title of
+that nature<a name="FNanchor_233_233" id="FNanchor_233_233"></a><a href="#Footnote_233_233" class="fnanchor">[233]</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nevile</span>, Viscount.&mdash;From the Name.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Middleton</span>, Baron (<span class="smcap">Willoughby</span>).&mdash;From
+an obscure Village, near Sutton-Coldfield,
+in Warwickshire<a name="FNanchor_234_234" id="FNanchor_234_234"></a><a href="#Footnote_234_234" class="fnanchor">[234]</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Coventry</span>, Earl.&mdash;From the City, or
+the Name.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Deerhurst</span>, Viscount (<span class="smcap">Coventry</span>).&mdash;From
+a place in Gloucestershire.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Stanhope</span>, Earl.&mdash;A nominal Title. The
+first Peer of this Branch was created Viscount
+Stanhope of Mahon, and Baron Stanhope of
+Elvaston, in the County of Derby, 1717,
+from his having taken Port-Mahon, in the
+Island of Minorca, 1708.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[183]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mahon</span>, Viscount (<span class="smcap">Stanhope</span>).&mdash;The
+same Peer was created Earl Stanhope 1718,
+by which his second Title became "Viscount
+Mahon."</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dudley and Ward</span>, Viscount (<span class="smcap">Ward</span>).&mdash;The
+Barony of <em>Ward</em> is nominal, and was
+conferred in 1644. The Viscounty (by creation
+in 1763) is derived from a Village near
+Birmingham in Warwickshire.</p>
+
+<p>N. B. The Viscounty includes both Honours;
+the Title being Viscount <em>Dudley and
+Ward</em>.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dorchester</span>, Earl (<span class="smcap">Damer</span>).&mdash;Lord
+Milton, a Baron both of England and Ireland,
+was created Earl of Dorchester in <em>Dorsetshire</em>,
+1792.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Milton</span>, Viscount.&mdash;From Milton Abbey,
+the Seat of the Family, in Dorsetshire.
+The Title of Viscount was granted by the
+Patent in 1792.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[184]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dorchester</span>, Baron<a name="FNanchor_235_235" id="FNanchor_235_235"></a><a href="#Footnote_235_235" class="fnanchor">[235]</a> (<span class="smcap">Carleton</span>).&mdash;Sir
+Guy Carleton, K. B. was created Baron
+of Dorchester in <em>Oxfordshire</em>, 1786. Sir
+Dudley Carleton was created Baron Carleton
+1626, and Viscount Dorchester in <em>Oxfordshire</em>
+1628. It is, however, denied by the
+Heralds that Sir Guy is of that Family.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Leeds</span>, Duke (<span class="smcap">Osborne</span>).&mdash;From the
+Town of Leeds in Yorkshire.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Carmarthen</span>, Marquis.&mdash;From Carmarthen
+in Wales.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Danby</span>, Earl.&mdash;From a Castle of the
+name in Cleveland, a District of Yorkshire.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Albemarle</span>, Earl.&mdash;otherwise Aumerle,
+and Aumale [Albo Marla, or White Marle],
+from a Town in Normandy, which gave Title
+to a Peer of France. It was conferred by
+William III. when at war with Louis XIV.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[185]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Bury</span>, Viscount (<span class="smcap">Keppel</span>).&mdash;In Suffolk.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Harrington</span>, Earl (<span class="smcap">Stanhope</span><a name="FNanchor_236_236" id="FNanchor_236_236"></a><a href="#Footnote_236_236" class="fnanchor">[236]</a>).&mdash;From
+a Village in Northamptonshire.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Petersham</span>, Viscount (<span class="smcap">Stanhope</span>).&mdash;A
+Village near Richmond in Surrey<a name="FNanchor_237_237" id="FNanchor_237_237"></a><a href="#Footnote_237_237" class="fnanchor">[237]</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Suffolk</span>, Earl.&mdash;From the County.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Bindon</span>, Viscount (<span class="smcap">Howard</span>).&mdash;In Dorsetshire.
+It was the Seat of Lord Marney
+(A. D. 1607); and came to this Branch of
+the Family of Howard by a Marriage with
+the Heiress of Lord Marney<a name="FNanchor_238_238" id="FNanchor_238_238"></a><a href="#Footnote_238_238" class="fnanchor">[238]</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Shipbrooke</span>, Viscount.&mdash;Richard Vernon
+was possessed of the Barony of Shipbroke,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[186]</a></span>
+in Cheshire, in the time of Richard
+the First<a name="FNanchor_239_239" id="FNanchor_239_239"></a><a href="#Footnote_239_239" class="fnanchor">[239]</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Orwell</span>, Baron (<span class="smcap">Vernon</span>).&mdash;Vernon,
+Baron of Shipbroke, was one of the Barons
+(of the Palatinate of Chester) created by
+Hugh Lupus, the first Norman Earl of
+Chester. Extinct<a name="FNanchor_240_240" id="FNanchor_240_240"></a><a href="#Footnote_240_240" class="fnanchor">[240]</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Beaulieu</span>, Earl; <span class="smcap">Beaulieu</span>, Baron
+(<span class="smcap">Hussey-Montague</span>).&mdash;Beaulieu is an Abbey
+in Hampshire, and was part of the Estate
+of John (Montagu) Duke of Montagu, inherited
+by his Daughter and Co-heiress the
+Duchess of Manchester, who married Sir
+Edward Hussey, K. B. Upon this marriage
+he took the additional name of Montague.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Vernon</span>, Baron (<span class="smcap">Vernon</span>).&mdash;The Title
+is nominal and local, from <em>Vernon</em> in Normandy<a name="FNanchor_241_241" id="FNanchor_241_241"></a><a href="#Footnote_241_241" class="fnanchor">[241]</a>.
+The Descent is from Hamon de
+Massie-Venables, of Kinderton, in Cheshire,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[187]</a></span>
+who was one of Hugh Lupus's Palatinate
+Barons, as Earl of Chester.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Harcourt</span>, Earl.&mdash;The Title is from the
+Name, which is local, from a Town in Normandy,
+and which is also the Title of a
+French Dukedom.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nuneham</span>, Viscount (<span class="smcap">Harcourt</span>).&mdash;From
+the Earl's Seat in Oxfordshire. The
+Earldom was erected in 1749.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Grafton</span>, Duke.&mdash;From a Village in
+Northamptonshire, which was erected into
+an Honour, and conferred by King Charles
+II. on his Natural Son by the Duchess of
+Cleveland.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Euston</span>, Earl (<span class="smcap">Fitzroy</span>).&mdash;From the
+Seat in Suffolk.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Devonshire</span>, Duke (<span class="smcap">Cavendish</span>).&mdash;From
+the County. Descended from a Gentleman
+Usher to Cardinal Wolsey<a name="FNanchor_242_242" id="FNanchor_242_242"></a><a href="#Footnote_242_242" class="fnanchor">[242]</a>.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[188]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hartington</span>, Marquis (<span class="smcap">Cavendish</span>).&mdash;From
+an obscure Village (the Property of the
+Duke) in the Peak of Derbyshire.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dorset</span>, Duke.&mdash;From the County. Sir
+Lionel Cranfield, Knight, Lord Cranfield,
+&amp;c. was a Shop-keeper in London, as his
+Father had been before him<a name="FNanchor_243_243" id="FNanchor_243_243"></a><a href="#Footnote_243_243" class="fnanchor">[243]</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Effingham</span>, Earl (<span class="smcap">Howard</span>).&mdash;From
+Effingham in Surrey, a Seat of this Branch
+of the Family, and where there was a Castle.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sussex</span>, Earl.&mdash;From the County.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Longueville</span>, Viscount (<span class="smcap">Yelverton</span>).&mdash;Sir
+Henry Yelverton, the Second Baronet,
+married Susan Baroness Grey of Ruthyn,
+Daughter and sole Heiress of Charles
+Longueville, Lord Grey of Ruthyn. To this
+Title the eldest Son of Sir Henry succeeded
+on the death of his Mother (being a Barony
+in Fee); and was followed by his Brother<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[189]</a></span>
+Henry, who was created Viscount Longueville
+1690. Talbot Yelverton, the eldest
+Son of Henry, was created Earl of Sussex
+in 1717.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Beaufort</span>, Duke.&mdash;Henry Beaufort,
+third Duke of Somerset, temp. Henry VII.
+had a Natural Son, to whom he gave the
+names of Charles Somerset (afterwards a
+Knight), whose Descendant was created
+Duke of Beaufort. Thus, by a Child of
+Casualty, the Name and Title have changed
+positions; as what was Beaufort Duke of
+Somerset is now Somerset Duke of Beaufort.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Worcester</span>, Marquis (<span class="smcap">Somerset</span>). From
+the City.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Manchester</span>, Duke.&mdash;From the Town.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mandeville</span>, Viscount (<span class="smcap">Montagu</span>).&mdash;A
+nominal Title from Geoffrey de Mandeville,
+who possessed Kimbolton, the Seat
+of the Family, temp. Guil. Conq.<a name="FNanchor_244_244" id="FNanchor_244_244"></a><a href="#Footnote_244_244" class="fnanchor">[244]</a></p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[190]</a></span></p>
+<p>Mandeville is a Village in Normandy (a
+corruption of Magnaville, <em>i. e.</em> Magna Villa),
+which gave name to the person who accompanied
+William the Conqueror<a name="FNanchor_245_245" id="FNanchor_245_245"></a><a href="#Footnote_245_245" class="fnanchor">[245]</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Waldegrave</span>, Earl.&mdash;Waldegrave is a
+Village in Northamptonshire.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Chewton</span>, Viscount (<span class="smcap">Waldegrave</span>).&mdash;From
+a place in Somersetshire<a name="FNanchor_246_246" id="FNanchor_246_246"></a><a href="#Footnote_246_246" class="fnanchor">[246]</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mount-Edgecumbe</span>, Earl.&mdash;Baron
+Edgecumbe by Creation, 1742. Earl of
+Mount-Edgecumbe by Creation, 1789. From
+the Family Seat in Cornwall.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Valletort</span>, Viscount (<span class="smcap">Edgecumbe</span>).&mdash;From
+an old Norman Barony (De Valle
+Tort�), with Lands annexed, in Devonshire,
+the property of the Family<a name="FNanchor_247_247" id="FNanchor_247_247"></a><a href="#Footnote_247_247" class="fnanchor">[247]</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Gainsborough</span>, Earl.&mdash;From the Town.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Campden</span>, Viscount (<span class="smcap">Noel</span>).&mdash;Campden
+is in Gloucestershire.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[191]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Sir Baptist Hicks, created Viscount Campden
+1628, left two Daughters, the elder of
+whom married Lord Noel, one of whose Descendants
+(Edward) was created Earl of
+Gainsborough 1682.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Digby</span>, Earl.&mdash;This Title, when a Barony,
+was nominal (though local in itself,
+from Digby, co. Lincoln) till Henry, the late
+Peer, was created Earl of Digby in 1790.
+He dying in 1793, was succeeded by Edward
+the present Earl.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Coleshill</span>, Viscount (<span class="smcap">Digby</span>).&mdash;In
+Warwickshire. The Manor of Coleshill was
+forfeited by Sir Simon Montfort, on a charge
+of High Treason in supporting Perkin Warbeck;
+when it was given to Simon Digby,
+then Deputy Constable of Coleshill Castle<a name="FNanchor_248_248" id="FNanchor_248_248"></a><a href="#Footnote_248_248" class="fnanchor">[248]</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Montagu</span>, or <span class="smcap">Montacute</span>, Viscount
+(<span class="smcap">Browne</span>).&mdash;From a high Hill in a Village
+in Somersetshire; where William Earl of
+Moreton, Maternal Brother to William the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[192]</a></span>
+Conqueror, built a Castle, which, as it rises
+from its base to a sharp point, he called
+<em>Mons acutus</em>. Thus far the tradition; and
+Bishop Gibson, in his Edition of Camden's
+Britannia, allows this to have been the place
+from which Sir Anthony Browne, the first
+Viscount, had the Title<a name="FNanchor_249_249" id="FNanchor_249_249"></a><a href="#Footnote_249_249" class="fnanchor">[249]</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Rutland</span>, Duke.&mdash;From the County.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Granby</span>, Marquis (<span class="smcap">Manners</span>).&mdash;From a
+Village in Nottinghamshire.</p>
+
+<p>The Barony of Roos of Hamlake<a name="FNanchor_250_250" id="FNanchor_250_250"></a><a href="#Footnote_250_250" class="fnanchor">[250]</a> gives
+Title to the eldest Son of a Marquis of
+Granby, in his Father's life-time.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Kent</span>, Duke.&mdash;From the County.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Harold</span>, Earl (<span class="smcap">Grey</span>), Extinct.&mdash;From
+a place of the name in Bedfordshire.</p>
+
+<p>There was in this Family the Viscounty of
+<em>Gooderich</em>, from <em>Gooderich</em> Castle in Herefordshire.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[193]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Abingdon</span>, Earl.&mdash;In Berkshire.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Norreys</span>, Baron (<span class="smcap">Bertie</span>).&mdash;James
+Bertie, the first Earl of Abingdon (who was
+the second Son of Montagu Bertie, the
+second Earl of Lindsey) was the Issue of
+a second Wife; <em>viz.</em> Bridget Baroness Norreys
+of Rycote in her own right. He had
+Summons to Parliament as Baron Norreys
+in 1572, and was created Earl of Abingdon
+in 1682<a name="FNanchor_251_251" id="FNanchor_251_251"></a><a href="#Footnote_251_251" class="fnanchor">[251]</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dacre</span>, Baron (<span class="smcap">Roper</span>, late <span class="smcap">Barrett-Leonard</span>).&mdash;Originally
+both nominal and
+local, the first Peer having been <em>Dacre</em> of
+<i>Dacre</i> Castle in Cumberland.</p>
+
+<p>Being a Barony in Fee, it has had owners
+of different names<a name="FNanchor_252_252" id="FNanchor_252_252"></a><a href="#Footnote_252_252" class="fnanchor">[252]</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Godolphin</span>, Earl.&mdash;From a Hill (perhaps
+anciently a Seigniory) in Cornwall.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[194]</a></span>
+The proper name is <em>Godolcan</em>, corrupted into
+<em>Godolphin</em>. The word signifies, in the
+Cornish language, "White Eagle;" agreeably
+to which, the Arms of the Family are,
+"Gules, an Eagle displayed between three
+Fleurs de Lis Argent<a name="FNanchor_253_253" id="FNanchor_253_253"></a><a href="#Footnote_253_253" class="fnanchor">[253]</a>."</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Rialton</span>, Viscount.&mdash;From a Village in
+Cornwall<a name="FNanchor_254_254" id="FNanchor_254_254"></a><a href="#Footnote_254_254" class="fnanchor">[254]</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Tankerville</span>, Earl.&mdash;Originally from a
+Town and Castle in Normandy<a name="FNanchor_255_255" id="FNanchor_255_255"></a><a href="#Footnote_255_255" class="fnanchor">[255]</a>. The present
+Title is derived from Ford Lord Grey
+of Werk, who was created Earl of Tankerville
+(a dormant Title in his Family) in 1695.
+This Earl left an only Daughter, who married
+Charles Bennet, Baron of Ussulston,
+who was afterwards (1714) created Earl of
+Tankerville.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[195]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ussulston</span>, Baron (<span class="smcap">Bennet</span>).&mdash;From
+one of the Hundreds of Middlesex.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Arlington</span>, Earl.&mdash;The Title was derived
+from Arlington in Middlesex, the Seat
+of Sir Henry Bennet, who was created Baron
+Arlington 1664, and Earl of Arlington in
+1672. He died in 1685.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Thetford</span>, Viscount (<span class="smcap">Bennet</span>), Extinct.&mdash;In
+Norfolk.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Bridgewater</span>, Duke (<span class="smcap">Egerton</span>).&mdash;The
+Lord Chancellor was the founder of this Family,
+and was a Natural Son of Sir Richard
+Egerton, Knight, of Ridley in Cheshire, by
+the Daughter of one Sparks of Bickerton<a name="FNanchor_256_256" id="FNanchor_256_256"></a><a href="#Footnote_256_256" class="fnanchor">[256]</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Grey de Wilton</span>, Baron (<span class="smcap">Egerton</span>).&mdash;The
+present Peer (Sir Thomas Egerton,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[196]</a></span>
+Bart.) is descended from Bridget, sole Sister
+and Heir to Thomas Lord Grey of Wilton,
+a Female Barony, denominated from Wilton
+in the County of Hereford<a name="FNanchor_257_257" id="FNanchor_257_257"></a><a href="#Footnote_257_257" class="fnanchor">[257]</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hertford</span>, Earl.&mdash;From the Town.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Beauchamp</span>, Viscount (<span class="smcap">Conway</span>).&mdash;Nominal
+and local, from a place in Normandy.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Scarborough</span>, Earl.&mdash;From Scarborough
+in Yorkshire.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Lumley</span>, Viscount (<span class="smcap">Lumley</span>, with the
+additional name of <span class="smcap">Sanderson</span>).&mdash;From
+Lumley Castle, in the Bishoprick of Durham.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Rivers</span>, Baron (<span class="smcap">Pitt</span>).&mdash;The first of the
+name, <em>De Redvers</em>, came hither with William
+the Conqueror, and was made Earl of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[197]</a></span>
+Devonshire. Baldwin de <em>Redveriis</em> (or <em>Riveriis</em>),
+Earl of Devonshire, had Estates in
+the neighbourhood of Exeter<a name="FNanchor_258_258" id="FNanchor_258_258"></a><a href="#Footnote_258_258" class="fnanchor">[258]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>George Pitt, Ancestor of the present Lord
+Rivers (created in 1776), married Jane
+Daughter of Savage, Earl Rivers of Rock-Savage
+in Cheshire, Relict of George, the
+sixth Lord Chandos. She brought a large
+Estate to her second Husband, partly as
+Heiress of Savage Earl Rivers, and partly
+from her first Husband.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Darlington</span>, Earl.&mdash;From Darlington,
+in the Bishoprick of Durham.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Barnard</span>, Viscount (<span class="smcap">Vane</span>).&mdash;From Barnard-Castle,
+in the Bishoprick of Durham.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Brownlow</span>, Baron (<span class="smcap">Cust</span>).&mdash;A nominal
+Title; for Sir Richard Cust, Bart. married
+Anne Daughter of Sir William Brownlow,
+Bart. Sister, and at length Heir, to John<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[198]</a></span>
+Brownlow, Viscount Tyrconnel, of the Kingdom
+of Ireland, seated at Belton in Lincolnshire.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hawkesbury</span>, Baron (<span class="smcap">Jenkinson</span>).&mdash;Though
+this Family is styled of Walcot in
+Oxfordshire, it was originally seated at
+Hawkesbury in Gloucestershire.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Heathfield</span>, Baron (<span class="smcap">Eliot</span>).&mdash;Sir
+George Augustus Eliot, K. B. who commanded
+at Gibraltar during the celebrated
+Siege, chose this place in Sussex (his property)
+for his Title. It is said that the
+decisive Battle, called "The Battle of Hastings,"
+was fought on this spot<a name="FNanchor_259_259" id="FNanchor_259_259"></a><a href="#Footnote_259_259" class="fnanchor">[259]</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Camden</span>, Marquis.&mdash;From his House at
+Chislehurst in Kent, formerly the residence
+of Camden the celebrated Antiquary, and
+now called Camden Place.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[199]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Bayham</span>, Viscount (<span class="smcap">Pratt</span>).&mdash;From
+Bayham Abbey, in Sussex, an Estate in the
+Family of Pratt, and now in possession of
+the Marquis.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dynevor</span>, Baroness (<span class="smcap">Rice</span> and <span class="smcap">De Cardonel</span>).&mdash;From
+Dinevawr in Caermarthenshire.
+She is the Daughter of the first Earl
+Talbot, and Widow of George Rice, Esquire.
+In the year 1780 the Earl was created Baron
+of Dinevawr, with limitation to his Daughter
+and her Issue male; and which took place on
+the Earl's death, in 1782. She enjoyed the
+Title till her death, 1793, when it descended
+to her eldest Son George Talbot Rice, who,
+in pursuance of the Will of his Grandmother,
+Lady Talbot (whose maiden name was De
+Cardonel), changed his Name, Arms, and
+Crest, to those of De Cardonel only, by Sign
+Manual, in May 1793 [See the Gazette].<a name="FNanchor_260_260" id="FNanchor_260_260"></a><a href="#Footnote_260_260" class="fnanchor">[260]</a></p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[200]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Newcastle</span>, Duke (<span class="smcap">Holles</span>).&mdash;From
+Sir William Holles, Lord Mayor of London<a name="FNanchor_261_261" id="FNanchor_261_261"></a><a href="#Footnote_261_261" class="fnanchor">[261]</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Holderness</span>, Earl (<span class="smcap">Darcy</span>), Extinct.&mdash;For
+the origin of the Family, see Leland's
+Itinerary, vol. VI. p. 24.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Northampton</span>, Marquis (<span class="smcap">Parr</span>), Extinct.&mdash;For
+the origin of this Family, see also
+Leland's Itinerary, vol. VIII. p. 96.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[201]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><span class="oldenglish">English Armorial Bearings</span>.</h2>
+
+
+<p><em>Edward</em> IV. is by Shakespeare made to say
+that he would bear Three fair shining Suns
+on his Target, from the time he is said to
+have seen Three Suns at one time. (Hen. VI.
+Part III. Act ii. Sc. i.)<a name="FNanchor_262_262" id="FNanchor_262_262"></a><a href="#Footnote_262_262" class="fnanchor">[262]</a></p>
+
+<p><em>Monteagle.</em>&mdash;Stanley, Baron of Monteagle,
+so entitled for his valour at Flodden
+Field, because his Ancestors bore an Eagle
+for their Crest. Vide Hon. Anglic, p. 109.</p>
+
+<p><em>Carey.&mdash;</em>In the Reign of Henry V. was
+held, at Smithfield, a Just between Robert
+Carey <em>of the West</em>, Son of Sir John Carey,
+Knight, and a Foreign Knight, of the Kingdom
+of Aragon. Carey vanquished the Aragonese,
+and took his Coat Armour in lieu<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[202]</a></span>
+of his own; <em>viz.</em> "Argent, on a Bend Sable,
+Three Roses of the First:" which have ever
+since been borne by the name of <em>Carey</em>, whose
+antient Coat was "Gules, a Chevron between
+Three Swans Proper, one whereof they
+still retain in their Crest<a name="FNanchor_263_263" id="FNanchor_263_263"></a><a href="#Footnote_263_263" class="fnanchor">[263]</a>."</p>
+
+<p>N. B. These are the Arms of <em>Carey</em>;
+though, from the words "<em>of the West</em>," one
+would think <em>Carew</em> was intended. But the
+account agrees with the Arms of Viscount
+<em>Falkland</em>.</p>
+
+<p><em>Cooper</em> and <em>Cowper</em>.&mdash;Cooper Earl of
+Shaftesbury bears Three Bulls: Cowper Earl
+Cowper does not.</p>
+
+<p>"The Eagle and Child" having been
+adopted as the Crest of the Earl of <em>Derby</em>,
+its Origin is a circumstance of no small curiosity.</p>
+
+<p>Nothing is more common than for a Tenant
+or Dependant to take the Crest of his Lord
+or Chief for a Sign; which will account for
+the greatest part of the Bulls' Heads, Griffins,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[203]</a></span>
+Falcons, Lions, Boars, &amp;c. in the Kingdom.
+Thus from one quarter they straggled
+into different places, as those people who
+had occasion for Signs emigrated from their
+own Counties and Districts. Amongst these
+the Sign in question is one; and is to be found
+in various places that have no present connexion
+with the original, the Importer of
+such Device being, perhaps, long since dead.
+This, being the Crest or Cognizance of the
+Stanleys, Earls of Derby, it most probably
+was first used in Lancashire, and the parts
+contiguous, as a Sign.</p>
+
+<p>I at first conceived it to be a fabulous
+affair; but find, from good and respectable
+authorities, that there is not only probable,
+but substantial History contained in it; as
+the major part of the Estate is derived to
+the Family from the Issue of the very Child
+in question. The first account of this matter
+I shall give from "A Survey of the <em>Isle of
+Man</em><a name="FNanchor_264_264" id="FNanchor_264_264"></a><a href="#Footnote_264_264" class="fnanchor">[264]</a>," of which the <em>Stanleys</em> were for several
+ages Kings and Lords, holding of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[204]</a></span>
+Kings of England, by Grant of Henry IV.
+(anno 7), by Homage and the Service of a<a name="FNanchor_265_265" id="FNanchor_265_265"></a><a href="#Footnote_265_265" class="fnanchor">[265]</a>
+Cast (of Falcons), payable on Coronations.
+The <em>Stanleys</em> were Kings as much as any
+Tributary King whatsoever, making Laws,
+&amp;c. They appeared on a certain day in
+Royal Array, sitting in a Chair, covered with
+a Royal Cloth and Cushions, with their Visage
+to the East; the Sword borne before
+them, with the point upwards; with their
+Barons, Knights, Squires, &amp;c. about them.
+Such were the Descendants of the Child we
+are going to speak of more largely.</p>
+
+<p><em>Sir John Stanley</em> (temp. Richard II.)
+was a Knight of the greatest fame in matters
+of Chivalry; who, having been a great
+Traveller, was known for his prowess in most
+parts of Europe. On his return, he was followed
+by a <em>Frenchman</em>, who challenged the
+whole English Nation. <em>Sir John</em> accepted
+his challenge, fought, and slew him in the
+presence of the King. This addition to his
+fame raised his reputation among the men,
+and procured him so much favour with the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[205]</a></span>
+ladies, that he attracted the particular attention
+of the Heiress of the Family of
+<em>Latham</em>, who was young, rich, and beautiful.
+<em>Sir John</em>, with the true spirit of Errantry,
+declared it was for her he fought;
+and at length, contrary to the inclination of
+her Father, married the Lady.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Sacheverell then relates the story
+which gave birth to this appendage to the
+Armorial Bearing of the <em>Stanley</em> Family.
+These are his words:</p>
+
+<p>"The Lord of <em>Latham</em> and his Lady, being
+Childless, as they were walking in the Park,
+heard a Child crying in an Eagle's nest: they
+immediately ordered their servants to search
+the Eyery, who presented them with a beautiful
+Boy, in rich swadling-cloaths. The
+good old lady looked upon it as a present
+sent from Heaven, ordered it to be carefully
+educated, and gave it the Surname of <em>Latham</em>.
+He (the Child) was knighted by
+King Edward III. by the name of Sir
+<em>Oskytel Latham</em>, and left sole Heir of that
+vast estate. He had one daughter, named
+<em>Isabella</em>, who by marriage brought the honours<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[206]</a></span>
+of <em>Latham</em> and <em>Knowsley</em>, with many
+other Lordships, to <em>Sir John Stanley</em>."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Sacheverell goes no further into the
+Story; and the Reader will be naturally inclined
+to know whose Child this was, and
+how it was conveyed into the Eagle's nest.
+For this we must have recourse to Sir William
+Dugdale<a name="FNanchor_266_266" id="FNanchor_266_266"></a><a href="#Footnote_266_266" class="fnanchor">[266]</a>, who relates the Story more
+circumstantially, and, as he says, upon credible
+tradition; <em>viz.</em> That a <em>Sir Thomas de
+Latham</em> had a natural Son, called <em>Oskytel</em>,
+by an obscure woman, who lived near him;
+and, "having no Child by his Lady, he designed
+to adopt this <em>Oskytel</em> for his Heir;
+but so that he himself might not be suspected
+to have been the Father. Observing, therefore,
+that an Eagle had built her Nest in a
+large spread oak within his Park at Lathom,
+he caused the Child in swadling cloaths to
+be privily conveyed thither; and (as a wonder)
+presently called forth his Wife to see it;
+representing to her, that, having no Issue,
+God Almighty had thus sent him a Male
+Child, and so preserved, that he looked upon<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[207]</a></span>
+it as a miracle; disguising the truth so artificially
+from her, that she forthwith took him
+(the Child) with great fondness into the
+house, educating him with no less affection
+than if she had been his natural Mother;
+whereupon he became Heir to that fair inheritance;
+and that, in token thereof, not
+only his Descendants, whilst the Male Line
+endured, but the <em>Stanleys</em> proceeding from
+the said Isabel (the Heir Female), have ever
+since borne the Child in the Eagle's Nest,
+with the Eagle thereon, for their Crest.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p><em>Francis Bourgeois</em>, Member of the Royal
+Academy, had leave from King George III.
+to wear the Polish Order "Merentibus."
+The Diploma is dated Warsaw, February
+16, 1791. Ordered to be registered in the
+College of Arms.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[208]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2>ORIGIN AND DERIVATION<br />
+
+<small>OF A FEW</small><br />
+
+<span class="oldenglish">Remarkable Surnames</span>.</h2>
+
+
+<p><em>Lewkenor.</em>&mdash;Sir Lewis, Master of the Ceremonies;
+from one of the Hundreds of
+Lincolnshire, called anciently <em>Levechenora</em><a name="FNanchor_267_267" id="FNanchor_267_267"></a><a href="#Footnote_267_267" class="fnanchor">[267]</a>.</p>
+
+<p><em>Kempe.</em>&mdash;The same as <em>Champion</em>. The
+Danish word<a name="FNanchor_268_268" id="FNanchor_268_268"></a><a href="#Footnote_268_268" class="fnanchor">[268]</a>.</p>
+
+<p><em>Misenor.</em>&mdash;From <em>Mesonero</em>, an Inn-keeper;
+Spanish.</p>
+
+<p><em>Muncaster.</em>&mdash;The old name of Newcastle
+upon Tyne; quasi <em>Monk-Caster</em>. The present
+name was perhaps taken on its being
+rebuilt.</p>
+
+<p><em>Mease.</em>&mdash;From <em>Meze</em>, a messuage<a name="FNanchor_269_269" id="FNanchor_269_269"></a><a href="#Footnote_269_269" class="fnanchor">[269]</a>.</p>
+
+<p><em>Hugesson.</em>&mdash;Cardinal <em>Hugezun</em> came over
+as the Pope's Legate, temp. Henry II.<a name="FNanchor_270_270" id="FNanchor_270_270"></a><a href="#Footnote_270_270" class="fnanchor">[270]</a></p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[209]</a></span></p>
+<p><em>Dempster.</em>&mdash;The Judges of the Isle of
+Man were called Deemsters<a name="FNanchor_271_271" id="FNanchor_271_271"></a><a href="#Footnote_271_271" class="fnanchor">[271]</a>.</p>
+
+<p><em>Eldred.</em>&mdash;There was an Archbishop of
+York of the name of <em>Aldred</em>, temp. William
+the Conqueror. Perhaps contracted
+from <em>Alured</em>, the Latin of Alfred.</p>
+
+<p><em>Brettell.</em>&mdash;There is a Seignory in Normandy
+of the name of Bretteville. So we
+have corrupted the name of <em>Frescheville</em> into
+<em>Fretwell</em>.</p>
+
+<p><em>Belassis.</em>&mdash;Something of this name may
+be seen in Brady's History, p. 196.</p>
+
+<p><em>Larpent.</em>&mdash;From the French, <em>L'Arpent</em>;
+<em>Arpent</em> signifying an acre. We drop the
+apostrophe.</p>
+
+<p><em>Duppa.</em>&mdash;<em>De Uphaugh</em> and, by apostrophe,
+<em>D'Uphaugh</em>, according to Anthony
+Wood.</p>
+
+<p><em>Firmin.</em>&mdash;From St. Fermin in France.</p>
+
+<p><em>Paliser.</em>&mdash;An official name of such person
+or persons who had the care of the pales of a
+forest<a name="FNanchor_272_272" id="FNanchor_272_272"></a><a href="#Footnote_272_272" class="fnanchor">[272]</a>.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[210]</a></span></p>
+<p><em>Ord.</em>&mdash;Signifies a Promontory in the Highland;
+and, I presume, is Erse<a name="FNanchor_273_273" id="FNanchor_273_273"></a><a href="#Footnote_273_273" class="fnanchor">[273]</a>.</p>
+
+<p><em>Bownas</em> and <em>Bonas</em>.&mdash;Corrupted from
+<em>Buchan-Ness</em>, the seat of the Earl of Errol<a name="FNanchor_274_274" id="FNanchor_274_274"></a><a href="#Footnote_274_274" class="fnanchor">[274]</a>.</p>
+
+<p><em>Ridgeway.</em>&mdash;A local term for the way of
+the ford, or passage over a stream. <em>Ryd</em>
+and <em>Rith</em> signifying a ford<a name="FNanchor_275_275" id="FNanchor_275_275"></a><a href="#Footnote_275_275" class="fnanchor">[275]</a>.</p>
+
+<p><em>Fitzherbert.</em>&mdash;It is written Filius-Herberti
+in very old deeds<a name="FNanchor_276_276" id="FNanchor_276_276"></a><a href="#Footnote_276_276" class="fnanchor">[276]</a>. The <em>Finches</em> were
+called <em>Finch-Herbert</em> formerly; which led
+Daniel Earl of Winchelsea to think he was
+related to the Fitzherberts. Thus Leland:
+"The Finches that be now, say, that theire
+propre name is <em>Hereberte</em>; and that with
+mariage of the Finche-Heyre, they tooke
+the Finche's name, and were called Finche-Herebert,
+joining booth names<a name="FNanchor_277_277" id="FNanchor_277_277"></a><a href="#Footnote_277_277" class="fnanchor">[277]</a>."</p>
+
+<p><em>Herbert</em> of Kent married the heiress of
+Finch, and took that name as a prefix, which
+they soon corrupted into <em>Fitz-herbert</em>. But
+the Fitzherberts were a family before the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[211]</a></span>
+<em>Finches</em> were fledged; and in old deeds the
+name is given <em>Filius Herberti</em>.</p>
+
+<p><em>Champernoun.</em>&mdash;Devonshire: a corruption
+of <em>Campernulph</em>, or <em>De Campo Arnulphi</em>;
+called, says Camden, <em>Champernoun</em><a name="FNanchor_278_278" id="FNanchor_278_278"></a><a href="#Footnote_278_278" class="fnanchor">[278]</a>.</p>
+
+<p><em>Smelt.</em>&mdash;Ralph Luvel (or Lovel) an ancestor
+of the Percivals, was, in the time of
+King Stephen, called also <em>Simelt</em>, for which
+no reason is given<a name="FNanchor_279_279" id="FNanchor_279_279"></a><a href="#Footnote_279_279" class="fnanchor">[279]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Names of Men, of Places, and Things,
+have changed, and by seeming corruption
+have come right again.</p>
+
+<p>Thus, for Men.</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="names">
+<tr><td align="left">Tollemache</td><td align="left">Talmash</td><td align="left">Tollemache</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Legarde</td><td align="left">Ledgiard</td><td align="left">Legarde</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Lyttelton</td><td align="left">Littleton</td><td align="left">Lyttelton</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Fauconberg</td><td align="left">Falconbridge</td><td align="left">Fauconberg<a name="FNanchor_280_280" id="FNanchor_280_280"></a><a href="#Footnote_280_280" class="fnanchor">[280]</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Cholmondeley</td><td align="left">Cholmley</td><td align="left">Cholmondeley</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Osbaldiston.</td><td align="left">Osberton</td><td align="left">Osbaldiston.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p>I take this to be a local name, from <em>Osbaldiston</em>
+in Lancashire, q. <em>Osbald his Town</em>.
+There is in Yorkshire <em>Osbaldwick</em>, pronounced<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[212]</a></span>
+<em>Osberwick</em>. It should be <em>Oswald</em>, a Bishop
+of York and Martyr, in both cases.</p>
+
+<p>We have the name <em>Bernardiston</em>, from a
+place of the name in Suffolk<a name="FNanchor_281_281" id="FNanchor_281_281"></a><a href="#Footnote_281_281" class="fnanchor">[281]</a>.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p><em>Robertsbridge</em>, in Sussex, appears to be
+a corruption of <em>Rothersbridge</em>, as it was
+long called, and with plausibility; for it is
+situated on the river <em>Rother</em>: but the former
+is the truth, as I have been informed that in
+old Latin deeds it is styled <em>Pons Roberti</em>.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p>There are some terms which, by a double
+corruption, have got home again; as <em>Crevisses</em>,
+in Derbyshire; where <em>Crevise</em>, the
+word for a <em>Cray-fish</em>, is a corruption: but
+it gets home by it; for the French word
+from whence <em>cray-fish</em> was first formed, is
+<em>ecrevisse</em>. This too is the radical word; for
+the lobster is but a species of it, and called
+<i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">l'ecrevisse de mer</i>, or <em>sea-cray-fish</em>; what is
+now called the sea-cray-fish, is properly the
+lobster. This difference consists in the want
+of claws.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[213]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><span class="oldenglish">Symbola Scotica;</span></h2>
+
+<p class="center">OR,</p>
+
+
+<p class="hanging">An Attempt to Elucidate some of the more
+Obscure Armorial Bearings, principally
+the <span class="smcap">Mottoes</span> used by many of the Scottish
+Families.</p>
+
+
+<p><em>In a Letter to the Earl of <span class="smcap">Leicester</span>,
+President of the Society of Antiquaries,</em></p>
+
+<p class="center">"Arma Viramque."</p>
+
+<p>There seems to be something peculiarly
+significant and quaint in the greatest part of
+the Mottoes and Devices used by the Scottish
+Nobility, and perhaps in those of many Families
+of inferior Rank; though these last
+do not so easily come under our observation.</p>
+
+<p>My intention is, to trouble your Lordship
+with my thoughts on a few of these Mottoes
+(as we call them); and refer to your extensive
+knowledge in the science of Heraldry, and
+your love of investigation, for the rest of
+these obscure impreses.</p>
+
+<p>We must, however, distinguish between
+the Motto and the <em>Slug horn</em> (or, as Sir
+George Mackenzie gives it, upon the more<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[214]</a></span>
+Southern pronunciation, <em>Slogan</em><a name="FNanchor_282_282" id="FNanchor_282_282"></a><a href="#Footnote_282_282" class="fnanchor">[282]</a>); the latter
+being a <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">cry de guerre</i>, whereas the former
+(though one may sometimes answer both
+purposes) seems more to relate to some historical
+circumstance by which the Family
+have been signalized. The original idea
+of these words, I have no doubt, related to
+War, and operated as what we now call the
+Watch-Word, and more emphatically <em>the
+Word</em> by the circulation of which the King
+can, at this day, call his guards about him,
+as the Chiefs of Scotland formerly assembled
+their Vassals in their respective divisions or
+clans. The French call it a <em>Mot</em>; and the
+Italians, by an augmentation, <em>Motto</em>; which
+last we have adopted when we speak in an
+heraldic style. The true Scottish term is a
+<em>Ditton</em>, the <em>Slughorn</em> being properly the <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">cry
+de Guerre</i>. Not to go into the antiquity of
+Mottoes, or Armory, further than the subject
+in question shall lead me, I shall content myself
+with observing that Armorial Bearings
+in general, with us in England, have little<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[215]</a></span>
+more than the fancy of the party, with Heraldic
+sanction, for their foundation; or some
+distant allusion to the name. Take one singular
+instance of this last case, which Mr.
+Boyer (in his Theatre of Honour) gives, as
+a whimsical bearing. The Arms of the name
+of <em>Matthias</em> are three Dice (sixes as the
+highest throw), having, I make no doubt
+(though Mr. Boyer gives no reason for it), a
+reference to the election of St. Matthias into
+the Apostleship: "And the lot fell upon
+Matthias." One of the writers in the Antiquarian
+Discourses (Mr. Agarde) thinks the
+old Motto of the <em>Caves</em>, of Stanford, in
+Northamptonshire, a happy conceit; the ancient
+Crest being a Grey-hound currant,
+with a label issuing out of its mouth, with
+these words, "Adsum; Cave." Had the
+<i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Cav�</i> stood alone, without the Dog or the
+<em>Adsum</em>, it might have been very well, and
+have operated religiously, morally, or politically:
+but otherwise the Dog seems to run
+away with the Wit. The Family, since Mr.
+Agarde's time, appear to have been sensible
+of this awkward compound, and have adopted<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[216]</a></span>
+the French word <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Gardez</i> for the Motto;
+though I think they had better have kept the
+<i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Cav�</i> (as I have observed), and hanged the
+Grey-hound; though perhaps it was conceived
+at the time the <em>Adsum</em> was dropped,
+that Ca-v�, in the Latin, might be confounded
+with the English, <em>Cave</em>; and that it would
+have appeared as if they had taken the name
+for the Motto, without another Latin word to
+denote that language; and therefore might
+take <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Gardez</i>, which shews itself to be French.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Agarde's own Motto is much more
+apposite to his name; which, he tells us at
+the end of his Memoir, was, <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Dieu me Garde</i>;
+but at the same time this would have admitted
+of improvement; for the French verb
+<i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Garder</i> was originally <em>Agarder</em>, which, had
+he known it, would have enabled him to have
+made the pun complete&mdash;<i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Dieu m'Agarde</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Before I quit the subject in general, I cannot
+help mentioning a <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">bon mot</i> of a friend of
+mine (and he has so much wit that I shall not
+rob him in the least by the repetition), on his
+visiting Chatsworth, to see the house. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[217]</a></span>
+Motto of the noble owner is, as your Lordship
+well knows, <em>Cavendo Tutus</em>, to which
+the Family has happily adhered in their Political
+concerns. The state rooms in that
+house are floored with old oak, waxed, and
+very slippery, in consequence of which my
+friend had very near fallen down; when, recovering
+his equilibrium, he observed, "that
+he rather supposed the Motto related to the
+floors than the name."</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p>But it is time to lead to the matter I proposed,
+<em>viz.</em> the <span class="smcap">Scottish Mottoes</span>; and
+yet, before I proceed to them, I wish to premise
+something on the grounds of a few of
+the <span class="smcap">Armorial Bearings</span> among the most
+ancient Scottish Families, which have originated
+from History.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p class="center">The principal Family of the name of<br />
+
+<span class="smcap">Douglas</span></p>
+
+<p class="noind">carries "A Man's Heart Gules," as a fixed
+principal Charge, because the Good Sir James
+Douglas, as he is styled, carried the Heart of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[218]</a></span>
+King Robert I. (of the name of Bruce) to
+Jerusalem, and there interred it<a name="FNanchor_283_283" id="FNanchor_283_283"></a><a href="#Footnote_283_283" class="fnanchor">[283]</a>. The original
+Coat Armour of Douglas was, "Azure,
+in chief Three Stars Argent<a name="FNanchor_284_284" id="FNanchor_284_284"></a><a href="#Footnote_284_284" class="fnanchor">[284]</a>." The Heart
+is now imperially crowned; but that is a
+later introduction<a name="FNanchor_285_285" id="FNanchor_285_285"></a><a href="#Footnote_285_285" class="fnanchor">[285]</a>, not borne at least by
+those who merely quartered the Arms.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Campbell</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="noind">Duke of Argyle, Marquis of Lorn, &amp;c.
+bears in the Second and Third Quarters (for
+the Lordship of Lorn) a Feudal Charge of
+"Or, a Limphad (or small Ship) Sable, with
+Flames of Fire issuing out of the Top of the
+Mast, and from the Fore and Hindermost
+Parts of the Ship:" which Fire, says my
+Author, was called in old blazonry St. Anthony's
+Fire. The reason is, that, as the
+Territory lay upon the Coast, this Bearing
+was indicative of the Tenure by which the
+Lands were held in capite; <em>viz</em>. by supplying
+a Ship with twenty Oars in time of War, if<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[219]</a></span>
+required. The <em>Reddendum</em> runs, for the provision
+of "Unam navem viginti Remorum,
+si petatur, tempore Belli, &amp;c."<a name="FNanchor_286_286" id="FNanchor_286_286"></a><a href="#Footnote_286_286" class="fnanchor">[286]</a></p>
+
+<p>By Marriage, this Lordship, after many
+generations, came into the Family of Campbell,
+then Earl of Argyle; but, in process of
+time, the Flames issuing from the Ship have
+been extinguished.</p>
+
+<p>This was not an uncommon Armorial Appendage
+to other Feudal Lords, and Lordships
+similarly situated.</p>
+
+<p>Thus the Arms of the Isle of Arran are,
+"Argent, a Ship, with its Sails furled,
+Sable."</p>
+
+<p>The Earls of Orkney and Caithness have
+the Bearing of a Ship for the like reason;
+being Lordships, or Feudal Earldoms, situate
+on the Coast; but with Differences.</p>
+
+<p>The Earl of Orkney (and from thence the
+Earl of Caithness) bears a Ship of a more
+modern form, with three Masts; but it has
+the honour of being within a double Tressure,
+counter-fleured, to shew its connexion
+with Royalty.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[220]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Drummond</span></p>
+
+<p class="noind">carries, "Or, Three Bars wavy Gules."
+This simple Bearing, we are told, involves a
+Piece of History; for that an Hungarian Gentleman,
+of the name of Maurice, in the Reign
+of Malcolm III. had the command of a Ship
+in which Edgar Atheline, his Mother Agatha,
+and his Sisters Margaret and Christian,
+were embarked, in their return from England
+to Hungary. A Storm arose, and drove them
+on the Coast of Scotland, where they were
+landed in the Frith of Forth, and entertained
+by the King, who afterwards married Margaret.
+This Maurice so ingratiated himself
+with King Malcolm, that he was solicited by
+the King to settle in Scotland, which he did,
+and had grants of many Lands; and particularly
+those at Drymen or Drummond, of
+which last he took the name. Drummond,
+as we must now call him, was afterwards
+appointed Seneschal of Lenox; and the
+King assigned him the above Arms, alluding
+to his original Profession of a Naval Officer,
+and in memory of his having conducted the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[221]</a></span>
+then Queen safe through the Storm into the
+Port in Scotland<a name="FNanchor_287_287" id="FNanchor_287_287"></a><a href="#Footnote_287_287" class="fnanchor">[287]</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Seton Earl of Winton.</span></p>
+
+<p class="noind">The Paternal Arms of Seton, afterwards Earls
+of Winton, were <em>Crescents</em>, for which no particular
+reason appears: but the Lords of
+Seton have for some hundreds of years carried,
+"Or, a Sword erected in pale, supporting
+an Imperial Crown Proper, betwixt Three
+Crescents within a Double Tressure, counter-fleured,
+Gules." This honourable Augmentation
+was granted by Robert the Bruce to
+his Nephew Sir Alexander Seton, of that
+Ilk, for the special and seasonable services
+performed by him and his Father Sir Christopher
+to that Monarch during the time of
+his troubles. Sir Christopher Seton, it seems,
+had lost two Estates of great value, one in
+Scotland, the other in England, together<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[222]</a></span>
+with his Life, in the Service of his King
+and Country; upon which account King
+Robert (whose Sister, Christian Bruce, Sir
+Christopher had married), when he had
+overcome his Enemies, restored his Nephew,
+Sir Alexander Seton, to the Lands in Scotland
+which his Father had lost, though he
+could not re-possess him of the English
+Estate; granted the Augmentation of the
+<em>Sword and Crown</em> to his Paternal Coat-Armour,
+to perpetuate their gallant Actions;
+and added the Double Tressure, which at
+that time was given to none but such as had
+married, or were descended from, Daughters
+of the Blood-Royal<a name="FNanchor_288_288" id="FNanchor_288_288"></a><a href="#Footnote_288_288" class="fnanchor">[288]</a>. One branch of the
+Family, <em>viz.</em> Sir Alexander Seton of Pitwedden
+(at one time a Lord of Session),
+upon the event of the death of his Father,
+who, in the Reign of King Charles I. (during
+the Civil Commotions) was killed by a Shot
+from the King's Enemies, with a Banner in
+his hand, assumed the Armorial Bearing of
+"An Heart distilling Drops of Blood<a name="FNanchor_289_289" id="FNanchor_289_289"></a><a href="#Footnote_289_289" class="fnanchor">[289]</a>."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[223]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>These, my Lord, I offer in the line of <em>Nobility</em>,
+as Historical Bearings; but many
+may likewise be found among the <em>Gentry</em>,
+who have Armorial Devices allusive to gallant
+actions, high employments, or other
+honourable circumstances.</p>
+
+<p>Of those, the few that follow, most easily
+occur, from the works of that laborious Herald,
+Mr. Alexander Nisbet.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Graham</span></p>
+
+<p class="noind">of Inchbrackie, descended of an eldest Son,
+of a second Marriage, of the first Earl of
+Montrose, gives, "Or, a Dyke [or Wall]
+fess-wise, Azure, broken down in several
+parts, &amp;c." The Dyke there is assumed, to
+difference the Bearer from his Chief, and to
+perpetuate that action of Gramus (one of the
+Predecessors of the noble Family of Graham)
+in pulling down the Wall [anno 420] built
+by the Roman Emperor Severus, which was
+thereafter called "Graham's Dyke."</p>
+
+<p>N. B. By the Dyke the Scots seem to mean
+the Wall, <em>i.e.</em> the Vallum, which is formed
+out of the Dyke.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[224]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Clark</span></p>
+
+<p class="noind">of Pennycuik. Sir John Clark, of Pennycuik,
+had this Motto, "Free for a Blast,"
+which is explained in part by the Crest,
+which is a Man blowing a Horn: but
+for both the Crest itself, and the Motto, we
+must look into the Tenure of the Estate,
+which they derived, most probably by Marriage,
+from the Pennycuiks of that Ilk, an
+old Family in Mid-Lothian, who bore "Or,
+a Fess between Three Hunting Horns Sable,
+stringed Gules;" and, by the ancient Tenure
+of their Lands, were obliged, once a
+year, to attend in the Forest of Drumsleich,
+since called Barrowmuir, to give a Blast of a
+Horn at the King's Hunting.</p>
+
+<p>The <em>Clarks</em>, holding by the same Tenure,
+preserved the Motto.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Kirkpatrick</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="noind">who gave the last Blow to Cummin, supposed
+to have been slain, cried out, "Lest he
+should not be quite dead, <em>I will secure
+him</em>," and stabbed him with his Dagger.
+Hence the Family took the Crest of "A<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[225]</a></span>
+Hand holding a Dagger in Pale, distilling
+Drops of Blood;" and with the Motto "I'll
+make sicker (sure);" or, "I'll make sure."<a name="FNanchor_290_290" id="FNanchor_290_290"></a><a href="#Footnote_290_290" class="fnanchor">[290]</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Carrick.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Stewart</span>, Earl of Carrick. The Paternal
+Arms of Stewart, out of which was a <em>Lion
+naissant</em>, all within a Double Tressure,
+counter-fleured Gules: the Lion naissant
+intimating his original right to the Crown<a name="FNanchor_291_291" id="FNanchor_291_291"></a><a href="#Footnote_291_291" class="fnanchor">[291]</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Farquharson</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="noind">of Invercald, carries, in addition to his Paternal
+Coat, "Argent, a Fir Tree growing
+out of a Mount Proper on a Chief Gules,&mdash;the
+Banner of Scotland in Bend, and on a
+Canton of the first (<em>viz.</em> Or), a Dexter
+Hand couped at the wrist, grasping a
+Dagger, point downwards, Gules." Mr.
+Nisbet says<a name="FNanchor_292_292" id="FNanchor_292_292"></a><a href="#Footnote_292_292" class="fnanchor">[292]</a>, they carried the Fir Trees because
+their Country abounded with such
+Trees; the Hand grasping a Dagger, for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[226]</a></span>
+killing the Cumming; and the Banner is
+lately added, because the Grand-father of
+the present John Farquharson (1702) was
+killed at the Battle of Pinkie, carrying the
+Banner of Scotland.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Wood.</span></p>
+
+<p>The Chiefs of this name have given Trees
+in different forms; but Wood of Largoe
+placed his Tree between Two Ships under
+sail, as Admiral to King James III. and IV.
+in whose reigns he defeated the English with
+an inferior Force. Another Branch of the
+Family gave a Hunting-horn hanging upon
+the Branch of a Tree, to shew he was the
+King's Forester<a name="FNanchor_293_293" id="FNanchor_293_293"></a><a href="#Footnote_293_293" class="fnanchor">[293]</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Forbes</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="noind">of Watertown, charges his Coat with an
+"Escocheon Argent, a Sword and Key in
+Saltire Gules," as being Constable of Aberdeen:
+and for a Difference from the Grays,
+places a Quill or Pen in the Paw of the Lion
+in the Arms of Gray, because his Ancestor
+was Sheriff's Clerk of Angus<a name="FNanchor_294_294" id="FNanchor_294_294"></a><a href="#Footnote_294_294" class="fnanchor">[294]</a>.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[227]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">John Ramsay</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="noind">descended of the Ramsays of Wylicleuch
+in the Merss, who was Page to King James
+VI. thereafter Earl of Holdernesse, got for
+addition to his Paternal Bearing, "An Arm
+holding a naked Sword enfil� of a Crown,
+with a Man's Heart on the point," because
+he rescued King James VI. from the Conspiracy
+of the Earl of Gowrie and his Confederates.
+The Paternal Coat was, "Argent,
+an Eagle displayed Sable."<a name="FNanchor_295_295" id="FNanchor_295_295"></a><a href="#Footnote_295_295" class="fnanchor">[295]</a> These are what
+the Scottish Heralds call "Arms of Special
+Concession."<a name="FNanchor_296_296" id="FNanchor_296_296"></a><a href="#Footnote_296_296" class="fnanchor">[296]</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Ayton</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="noind">of Kippo. This Family bears "A Baton
+Peri Or, couped;" which, Mr. Nisbet says,
+is an uncommon Bearing for a younger legitimate
+Son, it being a mark of Bastardy by its
+position; but he tells us, the Baton of this
+description, and thus borne, was granted to
+Sir John Ayton of Kippo, Knight, by King
+Charles II. as an Augmentation, because he
+had been Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[228]</a></span>
+to that King. Upon the Family Coat he
+therefore carried "A Baton Sable, charged
+on the top with one of the Lions of England."</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Stirling</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="noind">of Glorat, carries "Argent, on a Bend engrailed
+Azure, Three Buckles Or; a Chief
+Gules, charged with a Naked Arm issuing
+out of a Cloud from the Sinister side, grasping
+a Sword in pale, and therewith guarding
+an Imperial Crown; all within a double
+Tressure, counterfleured of Thistles Vert."
+Which honourable Addition was granted to
+this Family for special Services done to King
+Charles I. and King Charles II. in their
+Troubles.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Binning</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="noind">of Easter Binning, a Cadet of Binning of
+that Ilk, who carried "Argent, a Bend engrailed
+Sable," added, for Difference, on the
+Bend, a Waggon of the first, because he and
+his seven Sons went in a Waggon covered
+with Hay, and surprised and took the Castle<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[229]</a></span>
+of Linlithgow, then in the possession of the
+English, in the Reign of David the Bruce<a name="FNanchor_297_297" id="FNanchor_297_297"></a><a href="#Footnote_297_297" class="fnanchor">[297]</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Lockart.</span></p>
+
+<p>This Name now bears a Man's Heart
+Proper, within a Padlock Sable, in perpetuation,
+they tell you, that one of the Name
+accompanied the good Sir James Douglas to
+Jerusalem, with the Heart of King Robert
+the Bruce. Be that as it may, it is intended
+to play upon the Name; and, to preserve
+the Story the more entire, some Branches of
+the Family have strengthened it by the
+Motto, "Corda serata Pando" [some have
+it, Fero]. These Devices are differently
+placed by different Branches; but Mr. Nisbet
+insinuates<a name="FNanchor_298_298" id="FNanchor_298_298"></a><a href="#Footnote_298_298" class="fnanchor">[298]</a> that this Bearing is an assumption
+of a modern date; and that the old
+Arms were, till within a century before he
+wrote [1702], "Three Boars' Heads erazed;
+the Crest, a Dexter Hand holding a Boar's
+Head erazed, Proper; the Motto, 'Feroci
+Fortior.'"</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[230]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Norfolk.</span></p>
+
+<p>The Duke of Norfolk has an augmentation,
+<em>viz.</em> an <em>Escocheon Or</em>, in the middle
+of the Bend, charged with a <em>Demi-Lion</em>
+Rampant, <em>pierced through the Mouth with
+an Arrow</em>, within a double Tressure counterfleur'd
+Gules; which was granted by
+King Henry VIII. for his services at the
+Battle of Flodden Field<a name="FNanchor_299_299" id="FNanchor_299_299"></a><a href="#Footnote_299_299" class="fnanchor">[299]</a>.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p>Besides these and many other Bearings,
+not at this day easily, if at all, to be accounted
+for, the Scots have, like ourselves, several that
+are responsive to the Name. Of these I have
+selected the few which follow, and have given
+their material Charge, without attending to
+the Colours, or to the Blazonry of the whole.
+Thus</p>
+
+<p><em>Cockburn</em> has a Charge of Three Cocks.</p>
+
+<p><em>Craw</em> and <em>Craufurd</em>, Three Crows<a name="FNanchor_300_300" id="FNanchor_300_300"></a><a href="#Footnote_300_300" class="fnanchor">[300]</a>.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[231]</a></span></p>
+<p><em>Fraser</em>, Three Frases or Cinquefoils.</p>
+
+<p><em>Falconer</em>, a Falcon.</p>
+
+<p><em>Forester</em>, Three Bugle Horns; and the
+Peer of that Name and Title has for his
+Motto, "Blow, Hunter, thy Horn."</p>
+
+<p><em>Heart</em>, Three Men's Hearts.</p>
+
+<p><em>Hog</em>, Three Boars' Heads.</p>
+
+<p><em>Justice</em>, A Sword in Pale, supporting a
+Balance.</p>
+
+<p><em>Skene</em>, Three Daggers, in the Scottish
+Language called Skenes.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<h2><span class="center oldenglish">Mottoes</span>.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The Motto of <span class="smcap">Dalziel</span>, Earl of <span class="smcap">Carnwarth</span>,
+now an attainted Title, is, "I
+Dare;" the reason of which is given by
+Crawfurd, in his Peerage of Scotland. The
+ancient armorial bearing of this Family was,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[232]</a></span>
+A Man hanging on a Gallows, though it is
+now only a Naked Man with his Arms expanded.
+Some one of the Family having,
+perhaps, dropped the Gallows and the Rope,
+as deeming it an ignominious Bearing.</p>
+
+<p>But to proceed to the Motto. The Historian
+says, that a Favourite of Kenneth II.
+having been hanged by the Picts, and the King
+being much concerned that the Body should
+be exposed in so disgraceful a situation, offered
+a large Reward to him who would rescue
+the Body. Alpinus, the Father of Kenneth,
+with many of his Nobles, had been inhumanly
+put to death; and the Head of the
+King (Alpinus), placed upon a Pole, was exposed
+to the Populace. It was not for the
+redemption of his Father's Body, that the
+new King, Kenneth, offered the Reward;
+but for that of some young Favourite, perhaps
+of equal age, who was thus ignominiously
+hanging as a public spectacle, for
+the King appears to have been beheaded.<a name="FNanchor_301_301" id="FNanchor_301_301"></a><a href="#Footnote_301_301" class="fnanchor">[301]</a>
+This being an enterprize of great danger,
+no one was found bold enough to undertake<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[233]</a></span>
+it, till a Gentleman came to the King
+and said, "Dal Ziel," <em>i.e.</em> "I Dare," and
+accordingly performed the hazardous exploit.
+In memory of this circumstance, the
+Family took the above-mentioned Coat-Armour,
+and likewise the Name of <em>Dalziel</em>,
+with the interpretation of it, "I Dare," as
+a Motto. The Maiden Name (as I may call
+it) of this Family is not recorded, neither is
+the original Coat Armour of the Gentleman
+mentioned. These circumstances are related
+by Crawfurd, upon the authority of Mr. Nisbet,
+in his Marks of Cadency, p. 41.</p>
+
+<p>Occasional changes in Coats of Arms, it is
+very well known, have always been common,
+owing to accidents and incidents, as well as
+atchievements, several instances of which
+may be seen in Camden's Remains.</p>
+
+<p>Similar to the case of Dalziel, is the reason
+given for the Motto of <em>Maclellan</em>, Lord
+Kircudbright, which is, "Think on." Crawfurd's
+account is to this effect. A Company
+of Saracens, from Ireland, in the Reign of
+King James II. infested the County of Galloway,
+whereupon the King issued a Proclamation,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[234]</a></span>
+declaring that "Whoever should
+disperse them, and bring their Captain, dead
+or alive, should have the Barony of Bombie
+for his reward." This was performed by the
+Son of the Laird of Bombie, who brought the
+Head of the Captain, on the Point of his
+Sword, to the King, who put him into the
+immediate possession of the Barony; to perpetuate
+which action, the Baron took for his
+Crest a Moor's Head, on the Point of a
+Sword, with the words "Think on," for his
+Motto.</p>
+
+<p>It may be difficult to ascertain the meaning
+of these words; and one is at liberty either to
+suppose he addressed them to the King on the
+occasion, as if he had said "Think on your
+Promise:"&mdash;or they may apply to Posterity,
+advising them to Think on the gallant Action
+whereby they became ennobled: but I more
+incline to the former interpretation, because,
+in Yorkshire, which abounds with Scottish
+idioms, words, and proverbs, they say, "I will
+do so and so when I think on;" and "I would
+have done so and so, but I did not think on,"
+Our expression is, "Think of it."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[235]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Maxwell</span>, of Calderwood, has the same
+Motto, on a different idea. The <em>Crest</em> is
+"A Man's Head looking upright," to which
+the <em>Motto</em> seems to give a religious interpretation,
+and to imply, "Think on" <em>Eternity</em><a name="FNanchor_302_302" id="FNanchor_302_302"></a><a href="#Footnote_302_302" class="fnanchor">[302]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>A similar change appears to have been
+brought about, by religious attachments,
+in the <em>Crest</em> and <em>Motto</em> of <span class="smcap">Bannerman</span>,
+which seems to extend to the rest of the
+Armorial Bearings. Sir Alexander Bannerman
+of Elsick, the chief, bore, "Gules,
+a Banner displayed Argent, and thereon a
+Canton Azure, charged with a St. Andrew's
+Cross. Crest, a Demi-Man in Armour, holding
+in his Right Hand a Sword Proper.
+Motto, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pro Patri�</i>." This Bearing is by
+Grant, 1692; but a younger Son of this
+House bore (when Mr. Nisbet wrote) the
+Field and Banner as above, "within a Bordure
+Argent, charged with Four Buckles
+Azure, and as many Holly-Leaves Vert,
+alternately." Buckles, in certain case we
+shall see hereafter, admit of a religious interpretation,
+and the Holly-Leaves (quasi<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[236]</a></span>
+Holy-Leaves), seem to have a similar import,
+especially when added to the new Crest, <em>viz</em>.
+"A Man issuing out of the Wreath in a
+Priest's habit, and praying posture," with
+this Motto, "H�c prestat Militia<a name="FNanchor_303_303" id="FNanchor_303_303"></a><a href="#Footnote_303_303" class="fnanchor">[303]</a>." This
+change might possibly take place about the
+enthusiastic time of the Union of the two
+Kingdoms, when religious party spirit ran
+high in Scotland<a name="FNanchor_304_304" id="FNanchor_304_304"></a><a href="#Footnote_304_304" class="fnanchor">[304]</a>.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p>Ross, Lord Ross, has the same Motto as
+Dalziel Earl of Carnwath; but on what
+pretensions does not appear.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p>I shall now proceed to another conjectural
+interpretation, as to the Motto of Lord
+<span class="smcap">Napier</span>; which is, "Ready, aye Ready."
+Sir Alexander Napier was killed at the Battle
+of Flodden Field (1513), leaving Issue Alexander,
+who married Margaret, the Daughter
+of Sir Duncan Campbell of Glenorchy, ancestor
+of the Earls of Breadalbine. The
+Motto, or rather, perhaps, Slug-Horn, of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[237]</a></span>
+Laird of Glenorchy, was, "Follow me."
+On this marriage, therefore, I am led to believe
+that Alexander Napier might take the
+responsive Slug-Horn of "Ready, aye
+Ready," as if he had said, "always ready
+to follow you." This may, perhaps, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">prim�
+facie</i>, appear too hypothetical; but it is
+grounded upon the authority of a Friend, a
+Native of Scotland, who once told me that
+the Mottoes of the Lairds often had a reference
+to that of their Chief.</p>
+
+<p>Something like this appears in the Motto
+of <span class="smcap">Fraser</span>, late Lord Lovat, which is, "I am
+Ready." That Family is descended from a
+younger Branch, the elder having ended in
+Daughters. They had for their Ancestor, in
+the Female line, the Sister of King Robert I.;
+and the Motto seems, if not responsive, at
+least expressive of Loyalty.</p>
+
+<p>This sort of Motto seems to prevail in the
+Family of <span class="smcap">Douglas</span>. That of the elder
+Branches is, "Forward;" to which the
+younger Branches reply, "Jamais Arri�re,"
+which may, perhaps, be best translated by
+the vulgar Scottish expression, "Hard at
+your Back."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[238]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The Motto of <span class="smcap">Hay</span>, Earl of <span class="smcap">Errol</span>,
+which is, "Serva Jugum," deserves our particular
+attention; and is founded on a well-attested
+historical fact, related to this effect
+by Mr. Crawfurd. In the Reign of Kenneth
+III. (anno 980), when the Danes invaded
+this Island, and gave Battle to the
+Scots, whom they had routed at the Village
+of Loncarty, near Perth, a certain Husbandman
+of the name of Hay, who was tilling
+his Land, perceived his Countrymen flying
+before the Enemy; when he and his two
+Sons, arming themselves with their Plough-gear,
+the old Man having the Yoke of the
+Oxen for his own Weapon, upbraided the
+Scots for their Cowardice, and, after much
+difficulty, persuaded them to rally. They
+accordingly, under the Command of this unexpected
+Leader and his Sons, armed with
+Yokes and Plough-shares, renewed the
+Engagement; when the Danes, supposing
+their Enemy had received a reinforcement,
+fled in their turn. The King, in reward for
+this uncommon Service, advanced <em>Hay</em> to the
+Rank of Noblesse, and gave him as much<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[239]</a></span>
+Land as a Falcon, let loose from the Fists,
+should compass at one flight. The lucky
+Bird, says Dr. Abercrombie, seemed sensible
+of the merits of those that were to enjoy it;
+for she made a circuit of seven or eight miles
+long, and four or five broad; the limits of
+which are still extant. This Tract of
+Ground, continues my Author, being called
+<em>Errol</em>, the Family took from thence its designation,
+or title.</p>
+
+<p>To these circumstances the Armorial Bearings
+of the Family have very strong allusions;
+for the Supporters are Two Labourers
+with each a Yoke on his Shoulder; the Crest
+is a Falcon; and the Motto "Serva Jugum."
+The Coat Armour likewise is, Argent, Three
+Escocheons Gules; or, to speak in the language
+of noble Blazonry, Pearl, Three Escutcheons
+Ruby; to intimate that the Father
+and his Two Sons had been the three fortunate
+Shields by which Scotland had been defended
+and saved.</p>
+
+<p>Another Branch of the Family (<span class="smcap">Hay</span>,
+Earl of <span class="smcap">Kinnoul</span>,) gives the same Coat,
+with a Bordure for difference; the Supporters<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[240]</a></span>
+are likewise Two Husbandmen, the
+one having a Plough-share, and the other
+a Pick, or Spade, upon his Shoulder. The
+Yoke is preserved in the Crest, upon the
+Shoulder of a Demi-Man, from the waist
+upwards; and the Motto seems to refer to the
+rallying of the Scottish Army in these words,
+"Renovate Animos."</p>
+
+<p>Buchanan, further tells us, with regard to
+the modesty of these unexpected Conquerors,
+that, when they were brought to the King, rich
+and splendid Garments were offered to them,
+that they might be distinguished in a Triumphal
+Entry which was to be made into the
+Town of Perth; but the old Man rejected them
+with a decent contempt; and, wiping the dust
+from his ordinary Clothes, joined the Procession,
+with no other distinction than the
+Yoke upon his shoulder, preceded and followed
+by the King's Train. More minute
+circumstances of this extraordinary Victory,
+obtained, after a palpable Defeat, at the instigation
+of one obscure Man, are related by
+Buchanan, to whom I refer your Lordship;
+and you will find it equal to any instance we<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[241]</a></span>
+have of Roman Virtue, and the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Amor Patri�</i>,
+so much boasted of among the Ancients.</p>
+
+<p>Lloyd, in his Worthies, among his observations
+on the Life of James Hay, Earl of
+Carlisle, tells us a chimerical story, but on
+what authority I do not discover; after having
+mentioned slightly the above fact, that James
+Hay, 600 years afterwards, "saved the King
+of that Country from the Gowries at their
+House with a Cultre (or Plough-share) in his
+hand;" and that he had as much Land assigned
+him as he could ride round in two
+days. It does not appear from the accounts
+we have of the Gowry conspiracy, that any
+person of the name of Hay was concerned;
+but rather that this story has been confounded
+with the other, because, according to Dr.
+Abercrombie's account, the Land over which
+the Falcon flew in the first case, was in a
+part of Scotland known by the name of
+Gowry.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Conyngham</span>, Earl of <span class="smcap">Glencairn</span>, has this
+very singular Motto, "Over Fork Over,"<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[242]</a></span>
+alluding to the principal Charge upon the
+Shield, which is the rude and ancient Hay-Fork,
+called in Scotland a Shake-Fork, and
+is in shape not unlike the Roman letter Y.</p>
+
+<p>This Bearing, some of their Heralds tell us,
+was official, because, they say, the Family
+had been Hereditary Masters of the King's
+Horses and Stables, of which employment
+this instrument was indicative. Such official
+Charges and Sur-charges were common in
+Scotland: thus, <span class="smcap">Carnegie</span>, Earls of Southesk,
+charge the Breast of their Blue Eagle with
+a Cup of Gold, being Hereditary Cup-Bearers
+to the Kings of Scotland. But this will not
+hold good as to the <span class="smcap">Conynghams</span>; though
+their Sur-charge of a Man on Horseback
+upon the Shake-Fork may perhaps be such
+an official Bearing. Different conjectures
+have been brought forward; and Mr. Camden
+and some others have interpreted the Fork
+to have been an Archiepiscopal Pall; for
+which surmise a very vague reason is given,
+viz. that an Ancestor of the Family was concerned
+in the Murder of Thomas Becket,
+Archbishop of Canterbury. Which Bearing,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[243]</a></span>
+Mr. Nisbet observes, would in such case
+operate rather as an abatement than a badge
+of honour<a name="FNanchor_305_305" id="FNanchor_305_305"></a><a href="#Footnote_305_305" class="fnanchor">[305]</a>. This conjecture, however, will not
+hold good on heraldic principles; for a Pall,
+when used as a Charge, is very differently represented,
+the three ends of it being square, and
+even touching the borders of the Escocheon;
+whereas the device before us is pointed at the
+ends, and does not come in contact with the
+edges of the Shield. But what has the Pall
+to do with the Motto? We must therefore
+advert to other circumstances for an interpretation
+of both the reason of the Armorial
+Bearing and the Motto, which generally assist
+to explain each other. The account which
+comes nearest the point in the present question
+is given by Mr. Nisbet from Frederick
+Van Bassen, a Norwegian, who, he says, was
+a good Genealogist, and left in MS. an account
+of the rise of some Scottish Families,
+and among the rest of this of Conyngham;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[244]</a></span>
+from which MS. Mr. Nisbet gives this account&mdash;"that
+Malcome, the Son of Friskine,
+assisting Prince Malcom (afterwards surnamed
+Canmore) to escape from Macbeth's
+tyranny, and being hotly pursued by the
+Usurper's Men, was forced at a place to hide
+his Master by forking Straw or Hay above
+him. And after, upon that Prince's happy
+accession to the Crown, he, the King, rewarded
+his Preserver Malcome with the
+Thanedom of Cunnigham, from which he
+and his Posterity have their Surname, and
+took this Figure to represent the Shake-Fork
+with which he, Malcome, forked Hay or
+Straw above the Prince, to perpetuate the
+happy deliverance their Progenitor had the
+good fortune to give to their Prince." Admitting
+this to be a fact, or even a legendary
+tale, credited by the Family when this Bearing
+was granted or assumed, there is an
+affinity between the Device and the Motto
+not to be found among the other conjectures.</p>
+
+<p>There is another Family where the true
+Armorial Ensigns are illustrated by the
+Motto; <em>viz.</em> the Arms of <span class="smcap">Bailie</span> of Lanington,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[245]</a></span>
+which have often been blazoned as Nine
+Mullets or Spurrials (or 3, 3, 2, and 1);
+whereas it is evident they were Stars from the
+Motto, which is, "Quid clarius Astris?"</p>
+
+<p>I make no doubt there are many others of a
+like kind to be found, arising from inattention
+or ignorance. It has been observed, that the
+Shake-Fork is now much obscured by an
+Armed Man on Horseback within an Inescocheon,
+which is supposed to allude to the
+Hereditary Office of Master of the Horse;
+though whether this was the case, or whether
+that Bearing came by alliance, may be doubtful;
+for Mr. Crawfurd, in his Peerage, does
+not give it as a part of the Family Coat of
+Conyngham in 1716; though the more modern
+Peerages have it. The shape of the
+Fork is more discernible in the Arms of
+Conyngham, Peers of Ireland, where it is
+not covered by a Sur-charge. The meaning
+of the name is local, <em>Konyng-Ham; i.e.</em>
+The King's Village or Habitation; which
+Etymon has been so long obscured by age,
+that the Lion Office, on granting Supporters
+to the Family, have given Two Rabbits,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[246]</a></span>
+or Conies. The Irish Branch has different
+Supporters; <em>viz.</em> a Horse and a Buck;
+though it preserves the Motto.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p>The Earl of <span class="smcap">Traquair</span> has for his Motto
+"Judge noucht;" though there is nothing
+in his Armorial Bearings to which it can
+allude. One is therefore to look for some
+event interesting to the Family to ground it
+upon, which probably was this: Sir John
+Stewart, first created Baron, and afterwards
+Earl, of Traquair, by King Charles I. was
+Lord High Treasurer of Scotland, anno 1635,
+and remained a firm friend to the Royal
+Cause to the last. His adherence to it, however,
+drew on him the resentment of the
+opposite party, insomuch that he was, 1641,
+impeached of High Treason, and found guilty;
+but the Parliament submitted his punishment
+to the King, who ordered him a Pardon under
+the Great Seal, the Preamble to which sets
+forth the King's high opinion of his abilities
+and his integrity in the discharge of his
+duty. Upon this transaction, it seems more<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[247]</a></span>
+than possible that the Earl, alluding to the
+rash and cruel treatment he had received
+from the Parliament for his loyalty to the
+King, might assume the Motto "Judge
+noucht;" the complement of which, we all
+know, is, "That ye be not judged."</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Johnston</span>, Marquis of <span class="smcap">Annandale</span>.&mdash;The
+modern <em>Motto</em> is "Nunquam non paratus;"
+but in the original <em>Motto</em> there is
+History, which connects with other parts of
+the Bearing. The <em>Crest</em> is "A winged
+Spur," and one of the <em>Supporters</em> is "A
+Horse furnished." The <em>Crest</em> was taken,
+because the <em>Johnstons</em> were often Wardens
+of the West Borders, and active in suppressing
+Thieves and Plunderers, who infested
+them during the Wars between England and
+Scotland; whence was derived the original
+<em>Motto</em>, "Alight Thieves all;" commanding,
+either by their authority or prowess, those
+Thieves to surrender. The <em>Horse</em> as a <em>Supporter</em>
+alludes to the same circumstance, or
+might be considered as a Bearing of Conquest,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[248]</a></span>
+from a <em>Horse</em> taken from some famous
+Marauder<a name="FNanchor_306_306" id="FNanchor_306_306"></a><a href="#Footnote_306_306" class="fnanchor">[306]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>The Johnstons of Westrow, or Westerhall,
+have a different principal Bearing in their
+Arms; <em>viz.</em> "A Man's Heart, ensigned with
+an Imperial Crown proper, in base," being
+part of the Arms of Douglas, in memory of
+the apprehension of Douglas Earl of Ormond,
+when in rebellion against James II.<a name="FNanchor_307_307" id="FNanchor_307_307"></a><a href="#Footnote_307_307" class="fnanchor">[307]</a></p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hamilton</span>, Duke of <span class="smcap">Hamilton</span>.&mdash;Motto,
+"Through." This Motto is older than the
+Nobility of the Family, if my conjecture be
+true; as it seems to have originated from a
+circumstance which happened in the Reign
+of the Scottish King, Robert I. in England,
+at the Court of our King Edward II. Battles,
+sieges, &amp;c. had been maintained, with
+various success, between the two Kings, for a
+long time. During these animosities Sir
+Gilbert Hamilton, an Englishman, happening
+to speak in praise of the intrepidity of
+Robert I. King of Scots, one of the De<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[249]</a></span>
+Spencers (John, Mr. Crawfurd says,) who
+was of King Edward's Bed-chamber, drew
+his falchion, and wounded him. Sir Gilbert,
+more concerned at the contumely than at the
+wound, and being prevented at the moment
+from resenting it; yet when he met his antagonist
+the next day in the same place, ran
+him <em>through</em> the body. On this he immediately
+fled for protection to the King of
+Scots, who gave him lands and honours for
+this bold vindication of his valour<a name="FNanchor_308_308" id="FNanchor_308_308"></a><a href="#Footnote_308_308" class="fnanchor">[308]</a>.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p>The Motto of <span class="smcap">Murray</span>, now Duke of
+<span class="smcap">Athol</span>, is, "Furth, Fortune, and fill the
+Fetters;" but it was originally given to
+John <em>Stewart, Earl</em> of Athol, and came to
+the Family of Murray by an intermarriage<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[250]</a></span>
+with the Heiress of Stewart. The first <em>Earl</em>
+of Athol of the name of <em>Stewart</em> was constituted
+Lieutenant to King James III. (1457);
+and for his defeating, and bringing to submission,
+Mac-Donald, Lord of the Isles,
+who had rebelled, he had a special grant of
+several lands, and the above Motto added to
+his Arms<a name="FNanchor_309_309" id="FNanchor_309_309"></a><a href="#Footnote_309_309" class="fnanchor">[309]</a>, which seems to mean, <em>Go forth,
+be successful, and fill the Fetters with the
+Feet of all other rebellious Subjects</em>; for I
+understand "<em>Fortune</em>" to be a verb, and
+chosen probably for the sake of the alliteration.
+One appendage to the Arms of <em>Murray</em>,
+probably received from Stewart, has an
+allusion to the Motto; for the Supporter, on
+the Sinister side, is a Savage, with his Feet
+in Fetters.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Seton</span>, Earl of <span class="smcap">Winton</span> (attainted). The
+original Motto of <em>Lord</em> Seton was "Invia
+Virtuti Via nulla;" but another was assumed
+by the first <em>Earl</em>, alluding to an additional
+charge which he took, by grant I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[251]</a></span>
+presume, when he was created into that dignity
+with great pomp (1601) at Holy-Rood
+House. To the original <em>Sword</em> and Imperial
+<em>Crown</em> which he bore in an Inescocheon
+with a Tressure, was added a Blazing Star of
+Twelve Points, with this new Motto, "Intaminatis
+fulget honoribus<a name="FNanchor_310_310" id="FNanchor_310_310"></a><a href="#Footnote_310_310" class="fnanchor">[310]</a>," expressive of
+the unshaken Loyalty of the Family, which
+the last Peer unhappily forgot, and forfeited
+in the Rebellion 1715.</p>
+
+<p>The Slughorn of the Family is <em>Set on</em><a name="FNanchor_311_311" id="FNanchor_311_311"></a><a href="#Footnote_311_311" class="fnanchor">[311]</a>,
+which, by amplification, I apprehend, means
+<em>Set upon your Enemy</em>, as an incitement to
+ardour; and is rather analogous to the Motto
+<em>Think on</em>, of the Lord <em>Kirkcudbright</em>, before-mentioned.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Bruce</span>, Earl of <span class="smcap">Elgin</span>. This, and other
+Branches of that ancient and once Kingly
+Family, has, for its Motto, "<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fuimus</i>," alluding
+strongly to their having been formerly
+in possession of the Crown of Scotland.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[252]</a></span>
+The Crest is likewise denotative of
+Royal pretensions, <em>viz.</em> "A Hand holding a
+Sceptre." Something, however, is worth
+observing in several of the subordinate
+Branches, more distant from the original
+Stock, where one may discern the gradual
+dispirited declension of the Family, in point
+of Regal claims. One private House, indeed,
+bears the Lion Rampant in the Arms,
+and likewise the Crest, and the Motto of the
+Peer. Another descendant drops the Lion
+in the Arms, and only bears for Crest, "<em>A
+Hand holding a Sword</em>," with this modest
+Motto, "<em>Venture forward</em>." A third seems
+to give up all for lost, by the Crest, <em>viz.</em> "<em>A
+Setting Sun</em>," with this Motto, "<em>Irrevocable</em>;"
+while a fourth appears to relinquish
+a Temporal for the hope of an Eternal
+Crown, by this Motto, "<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spes mea supern�</i>."<a name="FNanchor_312_312" id="FNanchor_312_312"></a><a href="#Footnote_312_312" class="fnanchor">[312]</a></p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Gordon</span>, Duke of <span class="smcap">Gordon</span>. The primitive
+Bearing of this Family was, "Azure<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[253]</a></span>,
+a Boar's Head couped, Or;" though at
+present it carries "Azure, <em>Three</em> Boars
+Heads couped, Or." The first is the more
+honourable Charge, as the Unit is always
+accounted in Heraldry preferable to Numbers,
+not only on account of its simplicity<a name="FNanchor_313_313" id="FNanchor_313_313"></a><a href="#Footnote_313_313" class="fnanchor">[313]</a>,
+but in a religious sense (often couched in
+Armory), as it betokens God the Father,
+while the Charge of Three has the like reference
+to the Trinity. The traditional story,
+however, relating to the particular Coat
+Armour before us, is told by Douglas, in his
+Peerage of Scotland, to this effect; <em>viz.</em> that
+in the Reign of King Malcolm Canmore, in
+the eleventh century, a valiant Knight, of
+the name of <em>Gordon</em>, came into Scotland,
+but from whence is not said, and was kindly
+received by that Prince. The Knight, not
+long afterwards, killed a Wild <em>Boar</em>, which
+greatly infested the Borders<a name="FNanchor_314_314" id="FNanchor_314_314"></a><a href="#Footnote_314_314" class="fnanchor">[314]</a>, when Malcolm<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[254]</a></span>
+gave him a grant of lands in the Shire
+of Berwick. These lands, according to the
+custom of those times, the Knight called
+<em>Gordon</em>, after his own name, and settled
+upon them, taking a <em>Boar's</em> Head for his
+Armorial Ensign, in memory of his having
+killed "that monstrous animal<a name="FNanchor_315_315" id="FNanchor_315_315"></a><a href="#Footnote_315_315" class="fnanchor">[315]</a>." This<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[255]</a></span>
+may seem a trivial reason in itself, but we
+have another similar tradition in the Arms
+of Forbes<a name="FNanchor_316_316" id="FNanchor_316_316"></a><a href="#Footnote_316_316" class="fnanchor">[316]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>In process of time the Gordons, according
+to the practice in Heraldry, increased the
+number of <em>Boars Heads</em> to <em>three</em>, two and
+one; and thus they continue to be borne at
+this day, with proper differences; one of
+which, being particular, I shall mention, <em>viz.</em>
+<span class="smcap">Gordon</span>, <em>Earl</em> of <em>Aboyne</em>. The reference
+contained in the Motto of this Branch seems
+merely to be confined to the <em>Cheveron</em> placed
+between the <em>Boars Heads</em>, in these words,
+"<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Stant c�tera Tigno</i>," which last word is
+the acknowledged Latin word for the <em>Cheveron</em><a name="FNanchor_317_317" id="FNanchor_317_317"></a><a href="#Footnote_317_317" class="fnanchor">[317]</a>.
+This is, perhaps, the greatest compliment
+ever paid to the <em>Cheveron</em>, which is
+accounted one of the humblest Charges
+known, in Heraldic language, by the name
+of Ordinaries.</p>
+
+<p>Thus much for the Arms of the <em>Duke of
+Gordon</em>, and for what has been said both of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[256]</a></span>
+the Arms and Motto of the Earl of Aboyne;
+but the Motto of the Ducal Branch of the
+Family is yet unaccounted for, which is
+"Bydand." This, I make no doubt, is a
+compound word, and of no little antiquity;
+and I take the resolution of it to be, by contraction,
+<em>Byde th' End</em>, with the letter D
+in the place of the TH; for the Glossarist
+to some ancient Scottish Poems, published
+from the MSS. of George Bannatyne, at
+Edinburgh, 1770, p. 247, renders the word
+<em>Bidand, pendente Lite</em>. See also the Glossary,
+ad calcem. As to its import, it may
+refer to Family transactions, in two points of
+view; <em>viz.</em> either to loyal or religious attachments.
+In support of the first, we find that
+Sir Adam Gordon was a strenuous asserter
+of the claims of the Bruces, and peculiarly
+active in the cause of King Robert I. (in that
+long contest), who accordingly rewarded
+him with a large grant of land, sufficient to
+secure his interest, and make him <em>byde the
+end</em> of the contest as a feudatory under that
+King. The Son and Grandson of Sir Adam
+were both faithful to the interest of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[257]</a></span>
+Bruces, and had the above grant confirmed
+by King David II.<a name="FNanchor_318_318" id="FNanchor_318_318"></a><a href="#Footnote_318_318" class="fnanchor">[318]</a> If this is not satisfactory,
+we have instances of acts of piety
+done by the early Branches of this Family,
+sufficient to warrant the Motto on the interpretation
+here given; for in the Reign of
+Malcolm IV. the Family had large possessions,
+part of which they devoted to religious
+purposes, by considerable endowments
+and benefactions given to the Abbey of
+Kelso<a name="FNanchor_319_319" id="FNanchor_319_319"></a><a href="#Footnote_319_319" class="fnanchor">[319]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>I incline, however, more strongly to the
+military sense of the Motto; and the more,
+as it is borne by other Families, manifestly
+with that reference, though I cannot account
+for the connexion of the two Houses. Thus,
+for instance, <em>Leith</em>, in one Branch, has for
+the Motto, "<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Semper Fidus</i>;" in another,
+"<em>Trusty to the End</em>;" and in a third,
+"<em>Trusty and Bydand</em>;" in this last, I think
+the contraction of the last word, as above
+suggested, is more clearly established<a name="FNanchor_320_320" id="FNanchor_320_320"></a><a href="#Footnote_320_320" class="fnanchor">[320]</a>.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[258]</a></span></p>
+<p>In these Mottoes of <em>Leith</em>, it must be confessed
+there is more appearance of a religious
+application than in that of the Duke of <em>Gordon</em>,
+as the Armorial Bearings are partly
+compounded of Cross-Croslets, and the Crest
+of the first is likewise a Turtle-dove.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Elphinston</span>, Lord <span class="smcap">Elphinston</span>; has for
+his Motto "<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caus Causit</i><a name="FNanchor_321_321" id="FNanchor_321_321"></a><a href="#Footnote_321_321" class="fnanchor">[321]</a>," or, as written
+by Mr. Nisbet, "<em>Cause caused it</em>."<a name="FNanchor_322_322" id="FNanchor_322_322"></a><a href="#Footnote_322_322" class="fnanchor">[322]</a></p>
+
+<p>In Almon's Short Peerage of Scotland
+<em>Caus</em> or <em>Cause</em> is interpreted <em>Chance</em>, which
+leads us to search for some casual circumstance
+in the history of the Family, whereby
+it was elevated.</p>
+
+<p>Alexander Elphinston was ennobled by
+King James IV. in the time of our Henry
+VIII.; to whom a fatal incident happened, to
+which his Descendants might have a retrospect
+when the Motto was assumed. Some
+branches of the story are controverted; but
+enough is left by tradition to found our conjecture,
+and for the Family to rest the choice<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[259]</a></span>
+of their Motto upon. This Alexander, the
+first Peer, was slain at the Battle of Flodden
+Field (1513), together with King James IV.;
+and being, in his person and face, very like
+the King, his body was carried by the
+English to Berwick, instead of that of the
+King, and treated with some indignity. The
+controvertible part of the circumstance is,
+that the King escaped by this means, and
+lived to reward the Family who had thus lost
+their valiant Chief; but strong proofs are
+to be found, that the King was actually slain,
+though by some accounts not in the Battle,
+as his body was identified by more than one
+of his confidential Servants, who recognized
+it by certain private indelible marks<a name="FNanchor_323_323" id="FNanchor_323_323"></a><a href="#Footnote_323_323" class="fnanchor">[323]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Buchanan allows that the King escaped
+from the Battle; but adds, that he was killed
+the same day by a party of his own Subjects,
+whose interest it was to take him off, to avoid
+a punishment due to themselves for cowardice
+in the preceding Battle<a name="FNanchor_324_324" id="FNanchor_324_324"></a><a href="#Footnote_324_324" class="fnanchor">[324]</a>.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[260]</a></span></p>
+<p>Holinshed tells us, that in order to deceive
+the Enemy, and encourage his own Troops,
+the King caused several of his Nobles to be
+armed and apparelled like himself<a name="FNanchor_325_325" id="FNanchor_325_325"></a><a href="#Footnote_325_325" class="fnanchor">[325]</a>; and this
+practice, at that time of day, seems not to
+have been uncommon; for Shakspeare makes
+Richard say, during the Battle of Bosworth
+Field,</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"I think, there be <em>Six</em> Richmonds in the Field:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><em>Five</em> have I slain to-day instead of him<a name="FNanchor_326_326" id="FNanchor_326_326"></a><a href="#Footnote_326_326" class="fnanchor">[326]</a>."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Let this pass for truth; yet was Lord Elphinston's
+case the most remarkable, and
+most deserving of favour to his posterity, on
+account of the insults offered to his body,
+under a supposition that it was the body of
+the King. After the death of James IV. a
+long Minority ensued, and consequently a
+Regency; but what reward the Family of
+<em>Elphinston</em> had, or what weight they bore in
+the Reign of James V. or in that of Queen
+Mary, History is not minute enough to inform
+us; though we find, that the Great
+Grandson of the first Peer slain at Flodden-Field<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[261]</a></span>
+was of the Privy Council, and High
+Treasurer to James VI. (anno 1599) before
+his accession to the Crown of England. This
+King was too well read not to have known
+what passed in the Reign of his Great Grandfather
+respecting the first Lord <em>Elphinston</em>;
+and I am willing to suppose the Descendants
+of that Peer were equally informed of the
+fact above related; and that the Lord Treasurer
+<em>Elphinston</em> modestly imputed his elevation
+ultimately to that circumstance, and
+allusively took the Motto before us.</p>
+
+<p>Lest this surmise should not be satisfactory,
+I will offer another on a very different ground,
+arising from the <em>Crest</em>, which is, "A Lady
+from the middle richly attired, holding a
+<em>Castle</em> in her Right Hand, and in her Left a
+Branch of <em>Laurel</em>." This throws the matter
+open to another conjecture; for the Bearing
+of the <em>Lady</em>, with the <em>Castle</em> in her Right
+Hand, may well be supposed to relate to Alliances;
+several of the Ancestry of the Family,
+which came originally from Germany
+in the time of Robert the Bruce (in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[262]</a></span>
+Reign of our Edward II.) having married
+Heiresses<a name="FNanchor_327_327" id="FNanchor_327_327"></a><a href="#Footnote_327_327" class="fnanchor">[327]</a>, whereby they obtained Lands,
+Castles, Power, and Nobility. These events
+often repeated, which may be termed the
+effects of <em>chance</em>, give us latitude to suppose
+the Motto may, on the other hand, relate to
+those casual means, whereby the Family rose
+to the honour of the Peerage.</p>
+
+<p>These are the only two conjectures I have to
+offer; and I do not at present meet with any
+other historical matter to warrant a third.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Leslie</span>, Earl of <span class="smcap">Rothes</span>.&mdash;The Motto of
+this Family is "Grip (or Gripe) Fast<a name="FNanchor_328_328" id="FNanchor_328_328"></a><a href="#Footnote_328_328" class="fnanchor">[328]</a>," and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[263]</a></span>
+seems to contain a double allusion; first to
+the old Motto "Firm� Spe," and afterwards
+to some parts of the additional Armorial Appendages.
+I call it the old Motto, from the
+account Mr. Nisbet gives of the original
+Bearing and its adjuncts; <em>viz.</em> "Argent, on
+a Fess, between two Cross-Croslets Azure,
+Three Buckles Or." Crest, "A Griphon's
+(or Griffin's) Head couped Proper, charged
+with a Cross-Croslet fitched Argent." Motto,
+"Firm� Spe."<a name="FNanchor_329_329" id="FNanchor_329_329"></a><a href="#Footnote_329_329" class="fnanchor">[329]</a> Herein the Cross-Croslets
+repeated, taken together with the new Motto,
+admit of a religious allusion, as <em>holding fast</em>
+the Faith of Christ with <em>firm Hope</em>, expressed
+allegorically by the Head of the Griffin. It
+may therefore be conceived, that the change
+of the Motto might take place after the Family,
+on being ennobled, chose Griffins for
+Supporters; thereby giving a loose and whimsical
+translation, if I may call it so, of "Firm�
+Spe," by the words "Grip Fast." The ancient
+Bearings of the Cross-Croslets are now
+discharged, nothing remaining on the Field<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[264]</a></span>
+but a <em>Bend</em>, instead of a <em>Fess</em>, charged with
+Three Buckles; so that the meaning, couched
+under the Cross-Croslets, the Griffin's Head,
+and the original words of the Motto, is entirely
+lost: and at present nothing remains
+but a quaint allusion to the group of those
+chimerical Animals. The <em>Buckles</em>, borne
+first on the <em>Fess</em>, and afterwards on the <em>Bend</em>
+(a Change not uncommon as a Difference, in
+token of Cadency or Cadetship in Scotland),
+may likewise have regard to that strong metaphorical
+description of Christian Defence
+against the Powers of Darkness in the Sixth
+Chapter of the Epistle to the Ephesians, or
+to the First Epistle to the Thessalonians
+(Chap. v. 21). "Hold fast that which is
+good;" <em>viz</em>. the Faith and Hope in the Cross
+of Christ. In support of this idea, as being
+primarily religious, it appears that one subordinate
+Branch of the Family (<em>Leslie</em> of
+Talloch) bears for a Crest, not a Griffin's,
+but "An Eagle's Neck, with Two Heads
+erased Sable;" with the Motto "Hold
+Fast:" and another has for its Motto "Keep<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[265]</a></span>
+Fast:"<a name="FNanchor_330_330" id="FNanchor_330_330"></a><a href="#Footnote_330_330" class="fnanchor">[330]</a> so that <em>Grip</em>, or <em>Gripe Fast</em>, may be
+considered as a mere canting Motto, arising
+from old Heraldic wit. <em>Leslie</em> of Burdsbank,
+carries the quartered Coat of the Earl of
+Rothes, with Differences; with the <em>Crest</em>,
+"A Buckle Or," and the Motto "Keep Fast."</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p>I close this attempt (for I call it nothing
+more) with a singular Motto of a Private
+Family.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Haig</span>, or perhaps <em>Haigh</em>, of Bemerside,
+has for the Family Motto "Tyde what may,"
+founded on a Prophecy of Sir Thomas Lermont
+(well known in Scotland by the name
+of "Thomas the Rhymer," because he wrote
+his Prophecies in Rhyme), who was an Herald
+in the Reign of Alexander III. He is
+said to have foretold the time of his own
+death; and particularly, among other remarkable
+occurrences, the Union of England and
+Scotland, which was not accomplished till the
+Reign of James VI. some hundreds of years
+after this Gentleman died. These Prophecies<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[266]</a></span>
+were never published in a perfect state;
+but the Epitome of them is well known in
+Scotland, though Mr. Nisbet says it is very
+erroneous. The original, he tells us, is a
+Folio MS. which Mr. Nisbet seems to have
+seen; for he adds, "Many things are missing
+in the small book which are to be met with
+in the original, particularly these two lines,
+concerning his (Sir Thomas Lermont's)
+neighbour, Haig of Bemerside:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">'Tyde what may betide,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Haig shall be Laird of Bemerside.'<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p class="noind">"And," continues Mr. Nisbet, "his Prophecy
+concerning that ancient Family has
+hitherto been true; for since that time till
+this day (1702) the Haigs have been Lairds
+of that place."<a name="FNanchor_331_331" id="FNanchor_331_331"></a><a href="#Footnote_331_331" class="fnanchor">[331]</a></p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p>"Cave Adsum" is the Motto of <span class="smcap">Jardin</span>,
+of Applegirth, Bart. in Scotland. The Ingredients
+(as they may be called) to which it
+alludes, are very dispersed, and to be collected
+from the Supporters, the Bearing, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[267]</a></span>
+Crest: the Arms having "Three Mullets
+charged on the Chief;" the Supporters, "An
+Armed Man and a Horse;" and the Crest,
+"A Mullet or Spur-Rowel." This might
+allude to Justs and Tournaments<a name="FNanchor_332_332" id="FNanchor_332_332"></a><a href="#Footnote_332_332" class="fnanchor">[332]</a>.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p>I shall conclude with one Irish Motto; that
+of <span class="smcap">Fitzgerald</span>&mdash;"<em>Crom a Boo</em>;" a Cri
+de Guerre, or Term of Defiance. <em>A Boo</em>
+means <em>the Cause</em>, or the <em>Party</em>, and <em>Crom</em>
+was the ancient Castle of the Fitz-Geralds.
+So <em>Butler</em> a <em>Boo</em> meant the Ormond Party,
+the Cri on the other side; by which they
+insulted each other, and consequently frays
+and skirmishes ensued<a name="FNanchor_333_333" id="FNanchor_333_333"></a><a href="#Footnote_333_333" class="fnanchor">[333]</a>.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p>Simon Fitz-Alan had a Son Robert, who,
+being of a fair complexion, was called <em>Boyt</em>,
+or <em>Boyd</em>, from the Celtic or Gallic word
+<em>Boidh</em>, which signifies fair or <em>yellow</em><a name="FNanchor_334_334" id="FNanchor_334_334"></a><a href="#Footnote_334_334" class="fnanchor">[334]</a>, from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[268]</a></span>
+which he assumed his Sur-name, and from
+him all the Boyds in Scotland are descended<a name="FNanchor_335_335" id="FNanchor_335_335"></a><a href="#Footnote_335_335" class="fnanchor">[335]</a>.</p>
+
+<p><em>Canmore</em> is a Sobriquet. So might <em>GoldBerry</em>,
+from the colour of Boyd's hair. Sobriquets
+common in England and France;
+there was scarce a French King without
+some addition, relative to their persons, or to
+their good or bad qualities.</p>
+
+<p><em>Goldberry</em> is a Slughorn, for the Motto is
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Confido</i>, as applying to the confidence the
+Chief had in the Vassals belonging to the
+Clan; though by the modern Crest (a Thumb
+and two Fingers pointing to Heaven) it seems
+to admit of a religious interpretation.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[269]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2>DISSERTATION<br />
+
+<span class="s05">ON</span><br />
+
+<span class="oldenglish">Coaches</span>.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Every thing has History belonging to it,
+though perhaps it is seldom worth investigation;
+and what follows will, I suspect, be
+thought not unlike Gratiano's reasons; <em>viz</em>.
+"As two grains of wheat hid in two bushels
+of chaff; you shall seek all day ere you find
+them, and when you have them, they are not
+worth the search<a name="FNanchor_336_336" id="FNanchor_336_336"></a><a href="#Footnote_336_336" class="fnanchor">[336]</a>." But, as the History
+of Coaches in general, and particularly of
+Hackney Coaches, has never been drawn
+together, I shall attempt to do it as an historical
+detail of that species of luxury.
+.
+The Nobleman, and the man of fortune,
+steps into his own carriage; and the humbler<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[270]</a></span>
+orders of men into their occasional coach,
+even with the gout upon them, when walking
+is out of the question; without ever thinking
+with the smallest gratitude of those who introduced
+or improved such a convenience;
+and all this because these Vehicles are now
+too common to attract our notice further than
+their immediate use suggests.</p>
+
+<p>It is the business of Antiquaries to rescue
+subjects of this sort from oblivion, as to their
+origin, their improvements, &amp;c. to the present
+hour; who of course must leave it to
+others of the same class, to shew their decline;
+for it is not improbable that even the
+present gay families, or their posterity, may
+be witnesses of such a revolution.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p>The first Wheel-Carriages of the Coach
+kind were in use with us in the Reign of
+King Richard II., and were called <em>Whirlicotes</em>;
+though we cannot but suppose they
+were such as, but for the name of riding,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[271]</a></span>
+our ancestors might as well have walked on
+foot. Let us hear the account given either
+by Master John Stowe, or some of his
+Editors, on this matter, who tells us that
+"Coaches were not known in this Island;
+but Chariots, or <em>Whirlicotes</em>, then so called,
+and they only used of Princes, or men of
+great estates, such as had their footmen
+about them. And for example to note, I
+read<a name="FNanchor_337_337" id="FNanchor_337_337"></a><a href="#Footnote_337_337" class="fnanchor">[337]</a> that Richard II. being threatened by
+the Rebels of Kent, rode from the Tower of
+London to the Miles-End, and with him
+his Mother, because she was sick and weak,
+in a Whirlicote....   But in the year
+next following, the said Richard took to
+wife Anne, daughter to the King of Bohemia,
+who first brought hither the riding
+upon side-saddles; and so was the riding in
+those <em>Whirlicotes</em> and Chariots forsaken,
+except at Coronations, and such like spectacles.
+But now of late," continues he,
+"the use of Coaches brought out of Germany,
+is taken up and made so common, as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[272]</a></span>
+there is neither distinction of time, nor difference
+of persons, observed; for the world
+runs on wheels with many whose parents
+were glad to go on foot<a name="FNanchor_338_338" id="FNanchor_338_338"></a><a href="#Footnote_338_338" class="fnanchor">[338]</a>."</p>
+
+<p>We may hence suppose that the <em>Whirlicote</em>
+was not much more than a Litter upon
+Wheels, and adapted both to state and invalidity,
+among the higher orders of mankind;
+for we have seen that they gave place even to
+riding on Horseback, among the Ladies, as
+soon as proper Saddles were introduced.</p>
+
+<p>The word <em>Coach</em> is evidently French, from
+their word <em>Carrosse</em>, and was formerly often
+written <em>Carroche</em>, as it appears in Stowe's
+Chronicle, where the two words appear almost
+in the same sentence. The French
+word, nevertheless, is not radically such, but
+formed from the Italian <i lang="it" xml:lang="it">Carroccio</i>, or <i lang="it" xml:lang="it">Carrozza</i>,
+for they have both; and that even
+the latter is a compound of <i lang="it" xml:lang="it">Carro Rozzo</i>, it
+being a <em>red</em> Carriage, whereon the Italians
+carried the Cross when they took the field.
+So says Mr. Menage<a name="FNanchor_339_339" id="FNanchor_339_339"></a><a href="#Footnote_339_339" class="fnanchor">[339]</a>; and if so, this Vehicle<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[273]</a></span>
+passed from Italy to Germany, from thence
+to France, and at length to us. According
+to Mr. De Caseneuve, the Italian <i lang="it" xml:lang="it">Carrocio</i>
+had four wheels; and he adds to what Mr.
+Menage has said, that they carried their
+Standards upon it<a name="FNanchor_340_340" id="FNanchor_340_340"></a><a href="#Footnote_340_340" class="fnanchor">[340]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>The French <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Charrette</i>, from whence our
+<em>Chariot</em><a name="FNanchor_341_341" id="FNanchor_341_341"></a><a href="#Footnote_341_341" class="fnanchor">[341]</a>, had but two wheels. But we
+may observe how our word is degraded, for
+it properly signifies a <em>Cart</em>, though it had
+four wheels<a name="FNanchor_342_342" id="FNanchor_342_342"></a><a href="#Footnote_342_342" class="fnanchor">[342]</a>. The French, since Coaches
+came into use, have been ashamed of the
+term, and call it a Carrosse Coup�, or Half-Coach.
+.
+By the above account the <em>Chariot</em> seems to
+have been the elder Vehicle, or rather the
+Coach in its infancy; which will lead us towards
+the etymon of our word <em>Coach</em>, and to
+the original nature of our <em>Chariot</em>, though
+both of them have the same common parent.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[274]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>We may, however, collect enough from
+these accounts, to satisfy ourselves that the
+introduction of Coaches took place in the
+Reign of Queen Elizabeth; and Stowe's
+Continuator adds a very natural consequence:&mdash;That,
+after the Royal example,
+"divers great ladies made them Coaches,
+and rode in them up and down the countries,
+to the great admiration of all the beholders."
+After this, he tells us, they grew common
+among the Nobility and opulent Gentry; that
+within twenty years Coach-making became
+a great trade, and that Coaches grew into
+more general use soon after the accession of
+King James.</p>
+
+<p>What sort of Carriages they originally
+were with us, in point of elegance, is not
+easily said; but in Germany, about that period,
+we are told they were&mdash;"ugly Vehicles
+made of four boards, which were put together
+in a very clumsy manner<a name="FNanchor_343_343" id="FNanchor_343_343"></a><a href="#Footnote_343_343" class="fnanchor">[343]</a>." Of these, however,
+my Author adds, that John Sigismund,
+Elector of Brandenburg, when he went to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[275]</a></span>
+Warsaw to do homage for the Dutchy of
+Prussia, A. D. 1618, had in his train thirty-six
+of these Coaches, each drawn by six
+horses.</p>
+
+<p>Either the Chariots of that time were
+usually more elegant, or the Denmarkers
+had more taste than the Germans; for the
+same Author tells us, that, when the King of
+Denmark passed through Berlin, in the
+Reign of the Elector John George, who died
+1598, the King made his entry "in a black-velvet
+Chariot, laced with gold; drawn by
+eight white coursers, with bits and caparisons
+all of silver<a name="FNanchor_344_344" id="FNanchor_344_344"></a><a href="#Footnote_344_344" class="fnanchor">[344]</a>."</p>
+
+<p>The Chariot I take to have been a much
+more ancient Vehicle, and an open Vehicle;
+for we read of them in the Reign of our
+Henry VII. and even of our Richard II.</p>
+
+<p>Queen Elizabeth, when she went to St.
+Paul's, 1588, after the Spanish Armada, was
+in a <em>Chariot</em> supported by four pillars, and
+drawn by two white horses<a name="FNanchor_345_345" id="FNanchor_345_345"></a><a href="#Footnote_345_345" class="fnanchor">[345]</a>.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[276]</a></span></p>
+<p>It is generally agreed, by those Writers
+who have touched upon the subject, that
+Coaches were introduced into this Kingdom
+in the Reign of Queen Elizabeth; but they
+must have had an earlier appearance amongst
+us than Anderson, in his History of Commerce,
+vol. I. p. 421, allows, who affirms,
+that the first of them was brought hither by
+[Henry] Fitz-Alan, the last Earl of Arundel
+of that name, in the year 1580; which cannot
+be the truth; for his Lordship died 1579.
+This Earl, after having served Kings Henry
+VIII. and Edward VI. and Queen Mary,
+became likewise high in the favour of Queen
+Elizabeth, and was Lord Steward of her
+Household; but, finding himself supplanted
+by the Earl of Leicester, he went abroad
+A. D. 1566<a name="FNanchor_346_346" id="FNanchor_346_346"></a><a href="#Footnote_346_346" class="fnanchor">[346]</a>. It is to be supposed that he
+travelled to the sea-coast in the accustomed
+manner on Horseback; but he is said to have
+returned in his Coach, which, Mr. Granger
+says, was the first Equipage of the kind ever
+seen in England<a name="FNanchor_347_347" id="FNanchor_347_347"></a><a href="#Footnote_347_347" class="fnanchor">[347]</a>; but that Author has left<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[277]</a></span>
+us without the date; so that we are yet to
+seek for that point.</p>
+
+<p>Another Writer robs his Lordship entirely
+of the honour of such introduction; for Stowe's
+Continuator expressly says, that "In the
+year 1564 (two years before the Earl of
+Arundel went abroad), Guilliam Boonen, a
+Dutchman, became the Queen's Coachman,
+and was the first that brought the use of
+Coaches into England<a name="FNanchor_348_348" id="FNanchor_348_348"></a><a href="#Footnote_348_348" class="fnanchor">[348]</a>." This very Coachman
+is said also to have driven the Queen's
+Coach, when she visited Oxford, 1592.
+Which of these two stories be true, the
+Relaters, Granger and Stowe, must answer
+for: but Anderson is palpably wrong in
+his date.</p>
+
+<p>I can form no better an idea of our first
+Coaches than that they were heavy and unwieldy,
+as they continued to be for nearly
+two centuries afterwards; and I can at best
+but take the standard from the present State<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[278]</a></span>
+Coaches of the Archbishop of Canterbury and
+the Speaker of the House of Commons<a name="FNanchor_349_349" id="FNanchor_349_349"></a><a href="#Footnote_349_349" class="fnanchor">[349]</a>.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[279]</a></span></p>
+<p>It cannot be any matter of surprize, after
+so luxurious a conveyance had found its way
+into the Royal Establishment, that it should
+be adopted by others who could support the
+expence, when not curbed by sumptuary laws;
+and we have accordingly seen, that Coaches
+prevailed much, early in the Reign of King
+James; but Hackney Coaches, which are
+professedly the Subject of this Memoir, waited
+till luxury had made larger strides among us,
+and till private Coaches came to market at
+second hand.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Hackney Coach.</span></h3>
+
+<p>There having always been an imitative
+luxury in mankind, whereby the inferior
+orders might approximate the superior; so
+those that could not maintain a Coach <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">de die</i>
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">in diem</i> contrived a means of having the use<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[280]</a></span>
+of one <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">de hor� in horam</i>. Hence arose our
+occasional Vehicles called Hackney Coaches.</p>
+
+<p>The French word <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Haquen�e</i><a name="FNanchor_350_350" id="FNanchor_350_350"></a><a href="#Footnote_350_350" class="fnanchor">[350]</a> implies a
+common horse for all purposes of riding,
+whether for private use or for hire; generally
+an ambler, as distinguished from the horses
+of superior orders, such as the <em>palfrey</em> and the
+<em>great horse</em>. The former of these are often
+called <em>pad-nags</em>, and were likewise <em>amblers</em>;
+while horses for draught were called <em>trotting-horses</em><a name="FNanchor_351_351" id="FNanchor_351_351"></a><a href="#Footnote_351_351" class="fnanchor">[351]</a>:
+so that the <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Haquen�e</i> was in fact,
+and in his use, distinct from all the rest, and
+inferior in rank and quality. This term for
+an ambling-nag occurs in Chaucer<a name="FNanchor_352_352" id="FNanchor_352_352"></a><a href="#Footnote_352_352" class="fnanchor">[352]</a>. Thus
+we obtained our <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Haquen�e</i> or <em>Hackney
+Horses</em> long before we had any Coaches to
+tack to them; and the term had likewise, at
+the same time, made its way into metaphor,
+to express any thing much and promiscuously
+used. Thus Shakspeare, who never lived to
+ride in a <em>Hackney Coach</em>, applies the word
+<em>Hackney</em> to a common woman of easy<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[281]</a></span>
+access<a name="FNanchor_353_353" id="FNanchor_353_353"></a><a href="#Footnote_353_353" class="fnanchor">[353]</a>: and again, in the First Part of
+Henry IV. (Act iii. Sc. 4), the King says to
+the Prince of Wales,</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Had I so lavish of my presence been,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">So common-<em>hackneyed</em> in the eyes of men,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">So stale and cheap to vulgar company," &amp;c.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Now Shakspeare died in the year 1616;
+whereas Hackney Coaches were not known,
+in the Streets at least, till about the year
+1625<a name="FNanchor_354_354" id="FNanchor_354_354"></a><a href="#Footnote_354_354" class="fnanchor">[354]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Though the term <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Haquen�e</i> is French, it
+is not used in France for Coaches of a like
+kind; yet, after we had adopted the word as
+applied to horses of the common sort, it was
+easy to put them in harness, for the service
+of drawing, and the convenience of the Inhabitants
+of the Metropolis; whereby the
+word <em>Hackney</em> became transferred to the
+whole Equipage, then in want of a differential
+name; whereof the Coach, being the more
+striking part, obtained the name by pre-eminence.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[282]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Before I return to my subject, give me
+leave to add a word or two on the French
+Coaches of a similar nature, which are called
+<i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Fiacres</i><a name="FNanchor_355_355" id="FNanchor_355_355"></a><a href="#Footnote_355_355" class="fnanchor">[355]</a>. The term is thus accounted for,
+though I did not suspect I should have found
+the meaning in a Martyrology. <em>Fiacre</em> was
+the name of a Saint, whose Portrait, like those
+of many other famous men of their times
+both in Church and State, had the honour to
+adorn a Sign-Post; and the Inn in Paris,
+Rue St. Antoine, from which these Coaches
+were first let out to hire on temporary occasions,
+had the Sign of <em>St. Fiacre</em>, and from
+thence they took their name. M. Richelet, in
+his Dictionary<a name="FNanchor_356_356" id="FNanchor_356_356"></a><a href="#Footnote_356_356" class="fnanchor">[356]</a>, tells us, that a <em>Fiacre</em> is
+"Carosse de lo�age, auquel on a donn� ce
+nom � cause de l'Enseigne d'un logis de la
+Rue St. Antoine de Paris ou l'on a premierement<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[283]</a></span>
+l�u� ces sortes de Carosse. Ce logis
+avoit pour Enseigne un <em>Saint Fiacre</em>." As
+to the Saint himself, he was no less a personage
+than the second Son, and at length
+Heir, of Eugenius IV. King of Scots, who
+lived in the Seventh Century. He went into
+France, took a religious habit, refusing the
+Crown of Scotland some years afterwards,
+on his Brother's death; and, when he died,
+was canonized. There is a Chapel dedicated
+to him at St. Omer's. His death is
+commemorated on the 30th of August<a name="FNanchor_357_357" id="FNanchor_357_357"></a><a href="#Footnote_357_357" class="fnanchor">[357]</a>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[284]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>As to the time when the French <em>Fiacres</em>
+first came into use, we are led pretty
+nearly to it by Mr. Menage, who, in his
+"Origines de la Langue Fran�oise," published
+in Quarto, 1650, speaks of them as of
+a late introduction. His words are, "On
+appelle ainsi [Fiacre] � Paris <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">depuis quelques</i>
+<i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">ann�es</i> un Carosse de lo�age." He then gives
+the same reason as we find in Richelet: but
+the words "<i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">depuis quelques Ann�es</i>" shew,
+that those Coaches had not then been long
+in use, and are to be dated either a little
+before or a little after our own; insomuch
+that it is probable the one gave the example
+to the other, allowing Mr. Menage credit for
+twenty-five years, comprehended in his expression
+of <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">quelques Ann�es</i><a name="FNanchor_358_358" id="FNanchor_358_358"></a><a href="#Footnote_358_358" class="fnanchor">[358]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>But to return to our Hackney Coaches,
+which took birth A. D. 1625 (the first year of
+King Charles I.); and either began to ply in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[285]</a></span>
+the Streets, or stood ready at Inns to be called
+for if wanted: and at that time did not exceed
+<em>twenty</em> in number<a name="FNanchor_359_359" id="FNanchor_359_359"></a><a href="#Footnote_359_359" class="fnanchor">[359]</a>. But, as luxury makes
+large shoots in any branch where it puts
+forth, so we find that, in no more than ten
+years, this new-planted scyon had grown so
+much as to require the pruning-knife; for that
+the Street Coaches had become in reality a
+national nuisance in various particulars: and
+accordingly a Proclamation issued A.D. 1635
+in the following words:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p>"That the great numbers of Hackney Coaches of
+late time seen and kept in London, Westminster, and
+their Suburbs, and the general and promiscuous use of
+Coaches there, were not only <em>a great disturbance to his
+Majesty, his dearest Consort the Queen, the Nobility,
+and others of place and degree, in their passage through
+the Streets</em>; but the Streets themselves were so pestered,
+and the pavements so broken up, that the common
+passage is thereby hindered and made dangerous;
+and the prices of hay and provender, and other provisions
+of stable, thereby made exceeding dear:
+Wherefore we expressly command and forbid, That,
+from the Feast of St. John the Baptist next coming, no
+Hackney or Hired Coaches be used or suffered in London,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[286]</a></span>
+Westminster, or the Suburbs or Liberties thereof,
+except they be to travel at least <em>three</em> miles out of
+London or Westminster, or the Suburbs thereof.
+And also, that no person shall go in a Coach in the
+said Streets, except the owner of the Coach shall
+constantly keep up <em>Four able Horses for our Service,
+when required</em><a name="FNanchor_360_360" id="FNanchor_360_360"></a><a href="#Footnote_360_360" class="fnanchor">[360]</a>. Dated January 19, 1635-6."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>This Proclamation, so long as it was observed,
+must have put a considerable check
+to the use of these Carriages; nor can I think
+it could operate much in the King's favour,
+as it would hardly be worth a Coach-Master's
+while to be at so great a contingent charge
+as the keeping of Four Horses to be furnished
+at a moment's warning for his Majesty's
+occasional employment. We are to
+construe this, then, as amounting to a prohibition,
+on account of the certain expence
+which must follow an uncertain occupation.
+The nature of this penalty, as I may call it,
+was founded on the Statute of Purveyance,
+not then repealed.</p>
+
+<p>But there was another co-operating cause
+that suspended the use of Coaches for a short<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[287]</a></span>
+time, which was the introduction of the
+<em>Hackney Chairs</em>, which took place a very
+little while before the Proclamation. They
+arose from the incommodities stated in the
+Royal Edict, and, no doubt, tended in some
+measure towards the suppression of the Hackney-Coaches;
+till by degrees being found incompetent
+to answer all their seemingly intended
+purposes, we shall see the Coaches, in
+about <em>two</em> years time, return into the streets,
+and resume their functions. But to proceed
+with the History of the <em>Chairs</em>. At the critical
+time, then, when Government was devising
+measures to prevent the increase of
+<em>Coaches</em> as much as possible, for the reasons
+alleged in the Proclamation, there stepped in
+a Knight, by name Sir Saunders Duncombe,
+a Gentleman-Pensioner, and a travelled man,
+who proposed the introduction of <em>Chairs</em>,
+after the model he had seen abroad<a name="FNanchor_361_361" id="FNanchor_361_361"></a><a href="#Footnote_361_361" class="fnanchor">[361]</a>. This
+was in the year 1634; when Sir Saunders<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[288]</a></span>
+obtained an exclusive Patent for the setting
+them forth for hire, dated the first day of
+October, for the term of <em>fourteen</em> years. The
+number is not specified, but left perhaps indefinite,
+it being impossible to say what
+would be necessary in a new device of this
+sort, tending to be beneficial to the introductor,
+as well as convenient to the Publick.
+The tenor of the Grant, omitting the words
+of course, runs thus:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p>
+"<span class="smcap">Charles</span>, &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p>"Whereas the several Streets and Passages within
+our Cities of <em>London</em> and <em>Westminster</em>, and the Suburbs
+of the same, are of late time so much encumbered and
+pestered with the unnecessary multitude of Coaches
+therein used, that many of our good and loving Subjects
+are by that means oftentimes exposed to great
+danger; and the necessary use of Carts and Carriages
+for the necessary Provisions of the said Cities and
+Suburbs thereby also much hindered. And whereas,
+our servant, <em>Sir Sanders Duncombe</em>, Knight, hath lately
+preferred his humble Petition unto us; thereby shewing,
+that in many parts beyond the Seas, the people
+there are much carried in the Streets in Chairs that
+are covered; by which means very few Coaches are
+used amongst them: and thereof he hath humbly
+besought us to grant unto him the sole using and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[289]</a></span>
+putting forth to hire of certain covered Chairs, which
+he will procure to be made at his own proper costs
+and charges, for carrying such of our loving Subjects as
+shall desire to use the same, in and about our said Cities
+of <em>London</em> and <em>Westminster</em>, and the Suburbs thereof.</p>
+
+<p>"Know ye, that we, of our princely care of the good
+and welfare of all our loving Subjects, desiring to use
+all good and lawful ways and means that may tend to
+the suppressing of the excessive and unnecessary
+number of Coaches now of late used in and about our
+said Cities, and the Suburbs thereof; and to the intent
+the said <em>Sir Sanders Duncombe</em> may reap some
+fruit and benefit of his industry, and may recompense
+himself of the costs, charges, and expences, which he
+shall be at in and about the directing, making, procuring,
+and putting in use of the said covered Chairs,
+of the purpose aforesaid; and for divers other good
+causes and considerations, us hereunto moving, of our
+special grace, certain knowledge, and mere motion,
+have given and granted, and by these Presents, for Us,
+our Heirs and Successors, do give and grant, unto the
+said <em>Sir Sanders Duncombe</em>, his Executors, Administrators,
+and Assigns, and to his and their, and every of
+their, Deputy and Deputies, Servants, Workmen,
+Factors, and Agents, and to all and every such person
+and persons as shall have power and authority
+from him, them, or any of them, in that behalf, full
+and free Licence, Privilege, Power, and Authority,
+that they only, and none other, shall or may, from time
+to time, during the term of fourteen years hereafter<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[290]</a></span>
+granted, use, put forth, and lett to hire, within our
+said Cities of <em>London</em> and <em>Westminster</em>, and the Suburbs
+and Precincts thereof, or in any part of them, or any
+of them, the said covered Chairs, to be carried and
+borne as aforesaid.</p>
+
+<p>"Witness Ourself at <em>Canbury</em>, the First day of
+October<a name="FNanchor_362_362" id="FNanchor_362_362"></a><a href="#Footnote_362_362" class="fnanchor">[362]</a>."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The place principally hinted at in the above
+Grant, or Patent, seems to have been the City
+of <em>Sedan</em> in Champagne; where, we are at
+liberty to suppose, these covered Chairs being
+most in use, they obtained with us the name
+of <em>Sedan Chairs</em>, like the local names of
+<em>Berlin</em> and <em>Landau</em><a name="FNanchor_363_363" id="FNanchor_363_363"></a><a href="#Footnote_363_363" class="fnanchor">[363]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>These new Vehicles, hitherto unseen in
+our orbit, had, doubtless, patrons among the
+beaus and fine gentlemen of the age; though,
+in their general utility, they manifestly could
+not be so commodious as Coaches, were it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[291]</a></span>
+for no other reason than that they could
+carry but one person. They might prevail
+with persons of a certain rank and description;
+but the opulent Merchant, and others
+in a similar line of family life, still were in
+want of a conveyance of greater capacity; a
+circumstance which would depress the <em>Chairs</em>,
+and gradually hasten the re-introduction of
+the <em>Coaches</em>, and which, as has been observed,
+took place accordingly in little more
+than two years. The following special commission
+was therefore granted by the King,
+A. D. 1637, wherein the number of the
+Coaches seems rather to have enlarged, and
+the management of them was placed in the
+department of the Master of the Horse. It
+runs essentially in the following words:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p>"That we, finding it very requisite for our Nobility
+and Gentry, as well as for Foreign Ambassadors,
+Strangers, and others, that there should be a competent
+number of Hackney Coaches allowed for such
+uses, have, by the advice of our Privy Council,
+thought fit to allow <em>Fifty Hackney Coachmen</em> in and
+about London and Westminster; limiting them not to
+keep above Twelve Horses a-piece. We therefore
+grant to you [the Marquis] during your Life, the
+Power and Authority to license <em>Fifty</em> Hackney Coachmen,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[292]</a></span>
+who shall keep no more than Twelve good
+Horses each, for their, or any of their, Coach and
+Coaches respectively. You also hereby have Power
+to license so many in other Cities and Towns of England
+as in your wisdom shall be thought necessary;
+with power to restrain and prohibit all others from
+keeping any Hackney Coach to let to hire, either in
+London or elsewhere. Also to prescribe <em>Rules</em> and
+<em>Orders</em> concerning the daily <em>Prices</em> of the said licensed
+Hackney Coachmen, to be by them, or any of them,
+taken for <em>our own</em> particular service, and in their employment
+for our Subjects; provided such orders be
+first allowed by us, under our Royal Hand."<a name="FNanchor_364_364" id="FNanchor_364_364"></a><a href="#Footnote_364_364" class="fnanchor">[364]</a></p></blockquote>
+
+<p>We may observe that the article of Purveyance
+is here very gently touched upon, and confined
+to a sign-manual. Mr. Anderson supposes
+that there must have been many more than <em>fifty</em>
+Coaches introduced by the above allowance of
+<em>twelve</em> horses; but it seems rather to imply
+that no Coach-Master should engross more
+than six Coaches to himself. This also might
+be a tacit mode of preserving a supply of horses
+to be purveyed for the King when necessary.</p>
+
+<p>One may collect from hence that private
+Coaches were sparingly kept, by the mention
+of the Nobility and Gentry.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[293]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Hitherto we have found the Hackney
+Coaches under the regulation of the Crown,
+or its immediate Officers; but we are now to
+look for them at a time when the Monarchical
+Government was suspended, during the Protectorate.
+Whether the Master of the Horse
+received any emolument from granting the
+above Licences, is not apparent; but under
+the Commonwealth we find that the Coaches
+became subject to a tax towards the expence
+of their regulation; for by an Act of Oliver's
+Parliament, A. D. 1654, the number of such
+Coaches, within London and Westminster,
+was enlarged to <em>two hundred</em><a name="FNanchor_365_365" id="FNanchor_365_365"></a><a href="#Footnote_365_365" class="fnanchor">[365]</a>. The outlying
+distance was also augmented to <em>six</em>
+miles <em>round the late lines of communication</em>,
+as the Statute expresses it; by which I conceive
+that the greatest distance was extended
+to <em>nine</em> miles, including the <em>three</em> prescribed,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[294]</a></span>
+or rather enjoined, by the regulating proclamation
+of King Charles I. in the year 1635.
+By this Act of Oliver's Parliament, the government
+of the Hackney Coaches, with
+respect to their <em>stands</em>, <em>rates</em>, &amp;c. was placed
+in the Court of Aldermen of London; and
+as, of course, this new business would require
+Clerks, and other officers, to supervise
+it, the Coach-Masters were made subject to
+the payment of <em>twenty shillings</em> yearly for
+every such Coach.</p>
+
+<p>Here we have brought the Coaches under
+a Police similar to that of our own time;
+but it did not long remain in the hands of
+the Corporation; for in the year after the
+Restoration, the establishment was new-modelled
+by an Act of the 13th and 14th of
+King Charles II. 1661, wherein it is specified
+that no Coaches were to be used without
+a Licence,&mdash;who may be entitled to such
+Licences,&mdash;that the number shall not exceed
+400,&mdash;what shall be the rates,&mdash;with penalties
+for exacting more<a name="FNanchor_366_366" id="FNanchor_366_366"></a><a href="#Footnote_366_366" class="fnanchor">[366]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Each of these four hundred Coaches so<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[295]</a></span>
+licensed was obliged to pay annually five
+pounds for the privilege, to be applied towards
+the keeping in repair certain parts of
+the streets of London and Westminster<a name="FNanchor_367_367" id="FNanchor_367_367"></a><a href="#Footnote_367_367" class="fnanchor">[367]</a>; a
+very rational appropriation of such fund, for
+who ought so much to contribute to the
+amendment of the streets, as those who lived
+by their demolition?</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+"Nex Lex �quior ulla, quam," &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p>Within a few years after the Revolution
+(anno 5 Gul. et Mar. ch. xxii.) the number
+of Coaches arose to seven hundred, each of
+which paid to the Crown annually four
+pounds. This, prim� facie, one would suppose
+was a relief to the Coach-Masters, and
+that the reduction in the impost accrued from
+the number; but that was not the case, for
+every Owner, for each Coach, was constrained
+to pay down fifty pounds for his first Licence
+for twenty-one years, or forego his employment;
+which seeming indulgence was, in
+fact, paying five pounds <em>per annum</em> for that
+term; whereas, probably, the Coach-Master<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">[296]</a></span>
+would rather have continued at the former
+five pounds, and have run all risks, than have
+purchased an exclusive privilege, in the gross,
+at so high a price.</p>
+
+<p>The finances, and even the resources, of
+Government, must have been very low at this
+moment, or Ministry could never have stooped
+to so paltry and oppressive an expedient, to
+raise so small a sum as would arise from these
+Licences. By the increase of the number of
+Coaches from four hundred at five pounds
+<em>per annum</em>, to seven hundred at four pounds
+<em>per annum</em>, the gain to the Treasury was
+�.800 annually:&mdash;and what did the licences
+at fifty pounds each Coach, for the term of
+twenty-one years, yield to the State?&mdash;�.3,500!
+Whereas, had such lease of the
+privilege of driving a Coach been kept at the
+rack rent of five pounds <em>per annum</em>, it had
+produced in that period �.14,700.</p>
+
+<p>Thus, however the matter rested, till the
+ninth year of Queen Anne, 1710, when a Statute
+was made, which brought the business
+to its present standard, with a few variations,
+which will be observed in the order of time.
+By this Act every circumstance was new<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">[297]</a></span>
+modelled; for thereby the Crown was impowered
+to appoint five Commissioners for
+regulating and licensing both Hackney
+Coaches and Chairs, from the time the late
+Statute of the fifth of William and Mary
+should expire, <em>viz.</em> at Midsummer A. D.
+1715, authorizing such Commissioners to
+grant licences to eight hundred Hackney
+Coaches from that time for the term of thirty-two
+years, which should be allowed to be
+driven in the Cities of London and Westminster,
+and the Suburbs thereof, or any
+where within the Bills of Mortality; each
+Coach paying for such privilege the sum of
+five shillings <em>per</em> week<a name="FNanchor_368_368" id="FNanchor_368_368"></a><a href="#Footnote_368_368" class="fnanchor">[368]</a>. It was at the same
+time enacted, that from the 24th of June,
+1711, all <em>horses</em> to be used with an Hackney
+Coach shall be fourteen hands high, according
+to the standard; and further, that every
+<em>Coach</em> and <em>Chair</em> shall have a mark of distinction,
+"by <em>figure</em> or otherwise," as the
+Commissioners shall think fit; and "the said
+<em>mark</em> shall be placed on each side of every
+such Coach and Chair respectively, in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[298]</a></span>
+most convenient place to be taken notice of,
+to the end that they may be known if any
+complaints shall be made of them<a name="FNanchor_369_369" id="FNanchor_369_369"></a><a href="#Footnote_369_369" class="fnanchor">[369]</a>."</p>
+
+<p>This was all that could then be done respecting
+the <em>Coaches</em>, forasmuch as the old
+term of twenty-one years, granted in the fifth
+year of William and Mary, 1694, was subsisting,
+whereby seven hundred Coaches were
+allowed, and for which privilege the Owners
+had paid fifty pounds each, on whom Government
+shewed some tenderness. With regard,
+however, to regulation, &amp;c. there was,
+no doubt, room sufficient for the exercise of
+the powers given to the Commissioners.
+There was, likewise, another object involved
+in this Statute; <em>viz.</em> the <em>Chairs</em>, which were
+not comprehended in the same agreement
+and contract with the Coaches, but were
+open immediately to new laws. Therefore
+under the same commissions was placed the
+management and licensing of the Hackney
+Chairs, to commence from the 24th of June
+in the following year, 1711, for the said term<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[299]</a></span>
+of thirty-two years; which were thereby
+limited to the number of <em>two hundred</em>, each
+paying for such licence the annual sum of
+ten shillings<a name="FNanchor_370_370" id="FNanchor_370_370"></a><a href="#Footnote_370_370" class="fnanchor">[370]</a>. As the number of both
+Coaches and Chairs was enlarged, whereby
+many new persons would come forward, perhaps
+to the ousting of the old Coach-Masters
+and Chair-Masters, it is required by this Act
+that the Commissioners shall give a preference
+to such of the Lessees, as I may call
+them, whose terms had not then expired,
+whether the right remained in themselves or
+their widows, if they applied within a given
+time<a name="FNanchor_371_371" id="FNanchor_371_371"></a><a href="#Footnote_371_371" class="fnanchor">[371]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>By this statute likewise the rates were
+limited to time and distance, at ten shillings
+by the Day.&mdash;One shilling and six pence for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[300]</a></span>
+the first Hour, and one shilling for every succeeding
+Hour.&mdash;One shilling for the distance
+of a mile and a half.&mdash;One shilling and six
+pence for any distance more than a mile and
+a half, and not exceeding two miles; and so
+on, in the proportion of six pence for every
+succeeding half mile.</p>
+
+<p>The Chairs are likewise at the same time
+rated at two-thirds of the distance prescribed
+to the Coaches, so that they were allowed
+to take one shilling for a mile, and six pence
+for every succeeding half mile.</p>
+
+<p>Though the time of waiting is not specified
+in the Act with regard to the Chairs, yet it follows,
+by implication, to be intended the same
+as the Coaches. These have been altered by a
+very late Statute, 1785. It is well known that
+it is left in the option of either Coachmen or
+Chairmen, whether they will be paid by the
+distance or the time, which is but a reasonable
+privilege; but there is another circumstance,
+not generally known, of which the
+passengers are not perhaps aware, <em>viz</em>. that
+if the room which a Coach will occupy in
+turning about should exceed the distance<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[301]</a></span>
+allowed, the Coachman is entitled to a larger
+fare, that is, as much as if he had gone another
+half mile. The doctrine is the same
+respecting Chairs, and the room allowed is
+eight yards in the case of a Coach, and four
+yards in the case of a Chair. As the Statute
+gives all competent allowances to the Coachmen
+and Chairmen, so it was requisite, on the
+other hand, to make the contract obligatory,
+and that each of them should be compellable
+to perform their parts; and therefore, to do
+this, and at the same time to prevent extortion,
+it became necessary to add a severe
+penal clause, <em>viz.</em> "that if any Hackney-Coachman
+or Chairman shall refuse to go
+at, or shall exact more for his hire than, the
+several rates hereby limited, he shall, for every
+such offence, forfeit the sum of <em>forty shillings</em>."
+These penalties were, by this Act, to
+have gone in the proportion of <em>two</em>-thirds to
+the Queen, and <em>one</em>-third to the Plaintiff.
+[Since made half to the Crown and half to the
+Complainant.] The Coachmen and Chairmen
+are thereby likewise liable to be deprived of
+their Licences for misbehaviour, or by giving<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[302]</a></span>
+abusive language<a name="FNanchor_372_372" id="FNanchor_372_372"></a><a href="#Footnote_372_372" class="fnanchor">[372]</a>. On the other hand, that
+the Coachmen and Chairmen might have a
+remedy in case of refusal to pay them their
+just fare, any Justice of the Peace is impowered,
+upon complaint, to issue a warrant
+to bring before him the Recusant, and to
+award reasonable satisfaction to the party aggrieved,
+or otherwise to bind him over to the
+next Quarter-Session, where the Bench is empowered
+to levy the said satisfaction by distress.
+The Act proceeds to other matters
+touching the Commissioners themselves, &amp;c.;
+and then states, that whereas by a Statute of
+the 29th of Charles II. the use of all Hackney
+Coaches and Chairs had been prohibited on
+Sundays, it gives full power both to stand
+and to ply as on other days.<a name="FNanchor_373_373" id="FNanchor_373_373"></a><a href="#Footnote_373_373" class="fnanchor">[373]</a></p>
+
+<p>This is the substance of the Act before us;
+but it may here be observed, that in the 10th
+year of the Queen, 1711, <em>one hundred more
+Chairs</em> were added by Statute, subject to the
+same regulations as the rest, being found not<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[303]</a></span>
+only convenient but necessary; as the number
+of Coaches, consistently with Public
+Faith, could not be enlarged till the year
+1715, when the old term of twenty-one years
+should have expired.</p>
+
+<p>Before all the provisions in the Act of the
+year 1710, referred to the future period of
+1715, could take place, a demise of the
+Crown intervened, A. D. 1714, by which all
+such clauses, which extended to a future time,
+were of course become a nullity.</p>
+
+<p>By Act 12 George I. chap. 12, the number
+of Chairs was raised to 400, on account of the
+increase of Buildings Westward.<a name="FNanchor_374_374" id="FNanchor_374_374"></a><a href="#Footnote_374_374" class="fnanchor">[374]</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="center">*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">[304]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">The Hammer Cloth.</span></h3>
+
+<p>To shew how trifling, though necessary
+conveniences, arise to great and expensive
+luxuries, let us remark the original insignificant
+appendage of what we call the Hammer
+Cloth. It was requisite that the Coachman
+should have a few implements in case
+of accidents, or a sudden and little repair was
+wanting to the Coach; for which purpose he
+carried a hammer with a few pins, nails, &amp;c.
+with him, and placed them under his seat,
+made hollow to hold them, and which from
+thence was called the Coach Box; and, in a
+little time, in order to conceal this unsightly
+appearance, a cloth was thrown over the box
+and its contents, of which a hammer was the
+chief, and thence took the name of the Hammer-Cloth.
+This is my idea of the etymon
+of these two common terms. And here
+again it can but be observed that this little
+appendage is now become the most striking
+and conspicuous ornament of the equipage.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">[305]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><span class="oldenglish">Articles of Dress</span>.</h2>
+
+
+<h3>GLOVES.</h3>
+
+<p>About the year 790, Charlemagne granted
+an unlimited right of hunting to the Abbot
+and Monks of Sithin, for making their
+<em>Gloves</em> and Girdles of the Skins of the Deer
+they killed, and Covers for their Books.
+[Mabillon de Re Diplom. p. 611. Grose.]</p>
+
+<p>Anciently richly adorned and decorated
+with precious Stones,&mdash;as in the Rolls of
+Parliament, anno 53 Hen. III. A. D. 1267.
+"Et de 2 Paribus <em>Chirothecarum</em> cum lapidibus."
+[Warton's History of Poetry, vol. I.
+p. 182, note. Grose.]</p>
+
+<p>Edward Vere, Earl of Oxford, according
+to Mr. Walpole's account, on the authority
+of Stowe,&mdash;"having travelled into Italy, is
+recorded to have been the first that brought
+into England <em>embroidered</em> <span class="smcap">Gloves</span> and Perfumes;
+and presenting the Queen [Elizabeth]
+with a Pair of the former, she was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[306]</a></span>
+so pleased with them, as to be drawn with
+them in one of her Portraits." [Royal and
+Noble Authors, vol. i. p. 159. Note to
+Winter's Tale, edit. Johnson and Steevens,
+1778, p. 388.]</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+"Give <em>Gloves</em> to the Reapers, a Largesse to cry."
+</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+[Tusser, <em>v.</em> Hist. of Hawsted. 190.]
+</p>
+
+<p>The Monastery of Bury allowed its Servants
+two pence apiece for <em>Glove-Silver</em> in
+Autumn. [Hist. of Hawsted. 190.]</p>
+
+<p>The rural Bridegroom, in Laneham's (or
+Langham's) Account of the Entertainment
+of Queen Elizabeth at Kenelworth Castle,
+1575, had&mdash;a Payr of <em>Harvest Gloves</em> on his
+Hands, as a sign of good Husbandry. Id.
+in eod.</p>
+
+<p>When Sir Thomas Pope, the Founder of
+Trinity College, Oxford, visited it, 1556,
+"The Bursars offered him a present of embroidered
+<em>Gloves</em>." [Warton's Life of Sir
+Thomas Pope, p. 119.]</p>
+
+<p>When Sir Thomas Pope had founded the
+College, the University complimented him
+with a Letter of Thanks, which was accompanied<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">[307]</a></span>
+with a Present of <em>rich Gloves</em>, 1556.
+[Warton's Life, p. 132, note.] The Gloves
+were sent both to himself and Lady, and cost
+6<em>s.</em> 8<em>d.</em> [Id. in eod.]</p>
+
+<p>After the death of Sir Thomas Pope, his
+Widow married Sir Hugh Powlett; on which
+occasion the College presented her, as the
+Wife of the Founder, with a Pair of very rich
+Gloves, the charge for which runs&mdash;Pro <em>Pari
+Chirothecarum</em> dat. Dom. Powlett et Domine
+Fundatrici, xvi s. Idem, p. 185. See also
+p. 191, ubi s�pe; and p. 411. "Pro Chirothecis
+Magistri Pope, xxxii s.</p>
+
+<p>An article charged in the Bursar's books of
+Trinity College, Oxford, is "pro fumigatis
+<em>Chirothecis</em>." [Warton.] These were often
+given to College-Tenants, and Guests of
+Distinction; but this fell into disuse soon
+after the Reign of Charles I. Idem.
+[Grose.]</p>
+
+<p>George Clifford, Earl of Cumberland, received
+a <i>Glove</i> from Queen Elizabeth. The
+Queen had dropped it, when he taking it up
+to return to her, she presented it to him as a
+mark of her esteem. He adorned it with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">[308]</a></span>
+Jewels, and wore it in the front of his Hat
+on days of Tournaments. It is expressed in a
+print of him by Robert White. [Bray's
+Tour, p. 319.]</p>
+
+<p>See for Gloves worn in Hats, Old Plays,
+vol. ii. p. 132, second edition: King Lear,
+act iii. sc. 4. edit, 1778 by Johnson and
+Steevens.</p>
+
+<p>N. B. Such Tokens as these were called
+<em>Favours</em><a name="FNanchor_375_375" id="FNanchor_375_375"></a><a href="#Footnote_375_375" class="fnanchor">[375]</a>, from whence we derive the term
+for Ribbons given on Weddings. I presume
+they are supposed to be given by the hand of
+the Bride.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Glisson, in his last visit to Queen
+Elizabeth, received from her a Pair of rich
+Spanish leather <em>Gloves</em>, embossed on the
+backs and tops with gold embroidery, and
+fringed round with gold plate. The Queen,
+as he tells us, pulled them from her own
+Royal Hands, saying, "Here, Glisson, wear
+them for my sake." Life of Corinna (or
+Mrs. Eliz. Thomas), p. xxxi.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">[309]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Perfumed Gloves<a name="FNanchor_376_376" id="FNanchor_376_376"></a><a href="#Footnote_376_376" class="fnanchor">[376]</a>; v. supra.</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+"These Gloves the Count sent me; they are an excellent <em>Perfume</em>."
+</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+Much Ado about Nothing, act ii. sc. 4.
+</p>
+
+<p>Gloves given at Weddings. Old Plays,
+vol. v. p. 8.</p>
+
+<p>A Glove hung up in a Church, as a
+public Challenge. Gilpin's Life of Bernard
+Gilpin, by Mr. Gilpin, p. 179.</p>
+
+<p>Swearing by Gloves, in jocular conversation,
+very common. "Aye, by these Gloves!"
+is an expression I have somewhere seen.</p>
+
+<p>Ladies' Sleeves, as well as Gloves, were
+worn as tokens of Gallantry. Vide Troil.
+and Cress, act. v. sc. 2. edit. Johnson and
+Steevens, 1778.</p>
+
+<p>Gifts that admitted of it (especially to
+Women from Men) were usually worn on
+the Sleeve.</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+"I knew her by this Jewel on her <em>Sleeve</em>."
+</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+Love's Labour Lost, act v. sc. 1.
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">[310]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Fairings, and such Tokens, were of this
+sort. Hence the Question and Answer.</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p class="noind">Q. What have you brought me? (from the Fair, &amp;c.)<br />
+A. A <em>new nothing</em>, to pin on your <em>Sleeve</em>.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Hence also to <em>pin</em> one's <em>Faith</em> upon another's
+<em>Sleeve</em>.</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+"Wear my Heart upon my Sleeve."
+</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+Othello, act i. sc. 1.
+</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">F. Grose</span>, Esq. to <span class="smcap">S. Pegge</span>, F. S. A.</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p class="sig">
+September 4, 1784.</p>
+
+<p>Dear Sir,
+</p>
+
+<p>I have had such a variety of interruptions
+(agreeable ones), that I have made no hand
+of your <em>Gloves:</em> all that has occurred on that
+subject, I here send you.</p>
+
+<p>Blood, who attempted to steal the Crown,
+presented Mr. Edwards, Keeper of the Jewel
+Office, with <em>four</em> Pair of White Gloves, as
+from his Wife, in gratitude for his civility
+to her in a pretended qualm or sickness.
+The whole transaction is in Maitland's History
+of London.</p>
+
+<p>To give one's Glove was considered as a
+challenge. See Shakspeare, in Hen. V. It<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">[311]</a></span>
+is still considered in that light by the Highlanders,
+of which I once saw an instance in
+Flanders. Dropping the Gauntlet, at the
+Coronation, is a kind of challenge.</p>
+
+<p>When the Judge invites the Justices to
+dine with him at a County Assize, a Glove
+is handed about by the Crier or Clerk of the
+Court, who delivers the invitation; into this
+Glove every one invited puts a shilling.</p>
+
+<p>A Bribe is called a Pair of Gloves.</p>
+
+<p>In a Play, I think called the Twin Rivals,
+an Alderman presents his Glove, filled with
+Broad Pieces, to a Nobleman, as a Bribe to
+procure a Commission for his Son.</p>
+
+<p>Item, for three dozen Leder Gloves, 12s.
+Vide Account of Henry VII. in Remembrancer's
+Office.</p>
+
+<p>I set off next week for Christchurch, where
+I propose staying a month, or six weeks at
+farthest. My best wishes attend you and
+yours.</p>
+
+<p>
+Adieu!</p>
+
+
+<p class="sig"><span class="smcap">F. Grose.</span>
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">[312]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>ERMINE</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Gentlewomen's Apparel.</span></h4>
+
+<p>What we call <em>Ermine</em> is an erroneous conception,
+for we give the name to White Fur
+tufted with Black, whereas it is the Black
+only that is properly Ermine, of which numberless
+instances may be produced, and this
+is one.</p>
+
+<p><em>Powderings on her Bonnet.</em>&mdash;This may
+require an explanation to those who are unacquainted
+with the language of that age.
+What we call Ermine, is a compound, which
+will bear a little analysis, for it is formed of
+the Fur of one animal, and the tip of the Tail
+of another. The White Ground is, properly
+speaking, <em>Minever</em>, so called from a
+Russian animal of that name. [v. Philips's
+Dictionary, in voce.] The Ermine is the
+Armenian Mouse, the tip of whose Tail is
+Black, which being placed as a falling tuft
+upon the Minever, forms what we collectively
+call Ermine, the value of which is enhanced<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">[313]</a></span>
+the more, as one animal can afford
+but one tuft. [v. Bailey's Dict, in voce.]
+Every one of these tufts is termed a <em>Powdering</em>.</p>
+
+<p>The Heralds make a distinction between
+the singular <em>Ermine</em>, and the Plural, <em>Ermines</em>;
+the latter, in their language, importing
+Black powdered with White: and
+they go into still more minute modifications,
+<em>Erminois</em>, &amp;c.</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Apparel for the Heads of
+Gentlewomen.</span></h4>
+
+<p>First, none shall wear an Ermine, or Lettice-Bonnet,
+unless she be a Gentlewoman
+born, having Arms.</p>
+
+<p>Item, a <em>Gentleman</em>'s Wife, she being a
+Gentlewoman born, shall wear an Ermine or
+Lettice Bonnet, having <em>one</em> Powdering in
+the Top. And if she be of honourable stock,
+to have <em>two</em> Powderings, one before another,
+in the Top.</p>
+
+<p>Item, an <em>Esquire</em>'s Wife to have <em>two</em>
+Powderings.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[314]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Item, an <em>Esquire</em>'s Wife <em>for the Body</em> to
+wear <em>five</em> Powderings; and if she be of great
+Blood, <em>two</em> before, which maketh seven.</p>
+
+<p>Item, a <em>Knight</em>'s Wife to wear on her
+Bonnet, <em>seven</em> Powderings, or <em>eight</em> at the
+most, because of higher Blood, as before.</p>
+
+<p>Item, a <em>Banneret</em>'s Wife to wear <em>ten</em> Powderings.</p>
+
+<p>Item, a <em>Baron</em>'s Wife <em>thirteen</em>.</p>
+
+<p>Item, a <em>Viscount</em>'s [Wife] to wear <em>eighteen</em>.</p>
+
+<p>Item, a <em>Countess</em> to wear <em>twenty-four</em>.
+And above that Estate the number convenient,
+at their pleasures.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+Ex Bibl. Harl. No. 1776. fol. 31. b.
+</p>
+
+
+<h3>MOURNING.</h3>
+
+<p>The French Queens, before the Reign of
+Charles VIII. wore <em>White</em> upon the death
+of the King; and were called "<i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Reines
+Blanches</i>." It was changed to <em>Black</em> on the
+death of Charles VIII. 1498. [See P. Dan.
+Hist. iv. 590.]</p>
+
+<p>In a Wardrobe account for half a year, to
+Lady-day 1684 (a MS. purchased by Mr.
+Brander at the sale of the Library of Geo.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">[315]</a></span>
+Scot, Esq. of Woolston-Hall, 1781), are the
+following entries for the King's Mourning.</p>
+
+<p>"A Grey Coat lined with Murrey and
+White flowered Silk, with Gold Loops, and
+four Crape Hat-bands."</p>
+
+<p>Again, "A Sad-coloured Silk Coat, lined
+with Gold-striped Lutestring, with Silver-and-Silk
+Buttons; and a Purple Crape Hatband."</p>
+
+<p>Again, "A Purple Coat."</p>
+
+<p>The Emperor Leopold, who died 1705,
+never shaved his Beard during the time of
+Mourning, which often lasted for a long
+time. [Bancks's Hist. of Austria, p. 277.]</p>
+
+<p>The Empress-Dowagers never lay aside
+their Mourning, and even their Apartments
+are hung with Black till their deaths.
+[Bancks's Hist. of Austria, p. 400. He says
+this from Baron Polnitz's Memoirs, vol. iv.
+p. 46.]</p>
+
+<p>The Bavarian Family never give a Black
+Livery, or line their Coaches, in the deepest
+Mourning. [Polnitz, i. letter 22.]</p>
+
+<p>The Pope's Nieces never wear Mourning,
+not even for their nearest Relations; as the
+Romans reckon it so great a happiness for a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">[316]</a></span>
+Family to have a Pope in it, that nothing
+ought to afflict his Holiness's kindred. [Polnitz's
+Memoirs, ii. letter 33.]</p>
+
+<p>Queen Anne, on the death of Prince
+George of Denmark, wore Black and White,
+with a mixture of Purple in some part of her
+Dress. The precedent was taken from that
+worn by Mary Queen of Scots for the Earl
+of Darnley, which was exactly in point.
+[Secret History of England, ii. 299.]</p>
+
+<p>King Charles I. put the Court into Mourning
+for one Day on the death of the Earl of
+Portland (Richard Weston), Lord High
+Treasurer. [Stafford's Letters, i. 389.]</p>
+
+
+<h3>BEARD, &amp;c.<br />
+
+CHARLES I.<a name="FNanchor_377_377" id="FNanchor_377_377"></a><a href="#Footnote_377_377" class="fnanchor">[377]</a>&mdash;WILLIAM I.</h3>
+
+<p>Mrs. Thomas's Great Grand-Father was
+Mr. Richard <em>Shute</em>, a Turkey Merchant, one
+of the Members for the City of London, and
+much favoured by King Charles I. who gave<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">[317]</a></span>
+him the Name of <em>Sattin</em>-Shute, by way of
+distinction from another Branch of the same
+Name and Family, and from his usually
+wearing a <em>Sattin</em> Doublet cut upon White
+Taffata.</p>
+
+<p>"Without doubt," says Mrs. Thomas (for
+she was her own Biographer), "he was very
+nice in the mode of that Age, his Valet being
+some hours every morning in <em>starching</em> his
+<em>Beard</em>, and <em>curling</em> his <em>Whiskers</em>; but," continues
+she, "during that time a Gentleman,
+whom he maintained as a Companion, always
+read to him on some useful subject." He lived
+in Leaden-Hall Street, the site on which stands
+the India House, and had a Country-seat at
+Berking, in Essex. Here he had a very
+fine Bowling-green, as he delighted much in
+that exercise. The King, who was fond of
+the diversion, once told Mr. Shute, he would
+dine with him some day, and try his skill on
+his Bowling-green. The King went, and
+was so pleased with the place, it being very
+retired, and likewise with Mr. Shute's skill
+in Bowling (he being accounted one of the
+best Bowlers of his time), that he frequently<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">[318]</a></span>
+visited afterwards Berking-Hall, without any
+Guards, and with three or four select Gentlemen,
+his attendants, when, as the King expressed
+it, he had a mind to <em>drop State, and
+enjoy himself as a private man</em>:&mdash;"<em>Ah,
+Shute</em>," said he one day, with a deep sigh,
+"how much happier than I art thou, in this
+blessed retirement, free from the cares of a
+Crown, a factious Ministry, and rebellious
+Subjects!" They generally played high,
+and punctually paid their losings; and
+though Mr. Shute often won, yet the King
+would, one day, set higher than usual, and,
+having lost several games, gave over; when
+Mr. Shute said,&mdash;"An please your Majesty,
+<em>One thousand pounds rubber more, perhaps
+Luck may turn</em>:"&mdash;"<em>No, Shute</em>," replied the
+King, laying his hand gently on his shoulder,
+"<em>Thou hast won the day, and much good may
+it do thee, but I must remember I have a
+Wife and Children</em>." P. xxi.</p>
+
+<p>This place was afterwards dismantled by
+Mr. Shute's heir, and in a few years became
+a ploughed field. The King gave Mr. Shute
+several places; among which were the Deputy<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">[319]</a></span>
+Lieutenancy of the Ordnance, and the Mastership
+of St. Cross's Hospital, to the amount
+of four thousand pounds <em>per annum</em>. P. xxv.</p>
+
+<p>These he gave up when the Civil War
+broke out; and retired to Hamburgh, where
+he died a few years after the death of the
+King. P. xxvii.</p>
+
+<p>William the Conqueror played <em>deep</em>; for,
+tradition says, that Walter Fitzbourne, a
+Norman Knight, and great Favourite of the
+King, playing at Chess on a Summer's evening,
+on the banks of the <em>Ouse</em>, with the
+King, won all he played for. The King
+threw down the Board, saying he had nothing
+more to play for. "Sir," said Sir Walter,
+"here is land." "There is so," replied the
+King; "and if thou beatest me this Game
+also, thine be all the Land on this side the
+Bourne, or River, which thou canst see as
+thou sittest." He had the good fortune to
+<em>win</em>; and the King, clapping him on the
+shoulder, said, "Henceforth thou shalt no
+more be called <em>Fitzbourne</em>, but <em>Ousebourne</em>."'
+Hence it is supposed came the name of <em>Osborne</em>.
+Life of Corinna, p. xxviii.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">[320]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><span class="oldenglish">Westminstr</span>.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Lord Coke, in his 3d Inst. (cap. 51.)
+speaking of the City of Westminster, says,
+"It hath its name of 'the Monastery,' which
+<em>Minster</em> signifieth, and it is called <em>West</em>minster,
+in respect of <em>East</em>minster, not far
+from the Tower of London. This Westminster,
+Sebert, the first King of the East
+Saxons that was christened, founded." It is
+added in a note in the margin, Segbert began
+his Reign A. D. 603.</p>
+
+<p>Lord Coke, however excellent a Lawyer,
+I fear was but a bad Antiquary; for the reverse
+rather seems to be the case, as it will
+appear that <em>East</em>minster was so called in
+respect of <em>West</em>minster. For in Stowe's
+Survey of London (edit. 1633), p. 497, he
+gives the following account of the Foundation
+of the Church of Westminster:&mdash;"This
+Monasterie was founded and builded in the
+year 605, by Sebert, King of the East Saxons,
+upon the perswasion of Ethelbert, King of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">[321]</a></span>
+Kent, who, having embraced Christianity,
+and being baptized by Melitus, Bishop of
+London, immediately (to shew himself a
+Christian indede) built a Church to the honor
+of God and St. Peter, on the West side of
+the City of London, in a place, which (because
+it was overgrown with thornes, and
+environed with water) the Saxons called
+'Thornez,' or 'Thorney;' ... whereupon,
+partly from the situation to the <em>West</em>, and
+partly from the Monasterie or <em>Minster</em>, it began
+to take the name of <em>Westminster</em>:" and then
+he goes on with the history of that Church.</p>
+
+<p>So far of Westminster. Of Eastminster
+Stowe gives the following account, by which
+it will appear that the foundation of Eastminster
+was subsequent to that of Westminster,
+by at least 700 years. "In the year
+1348," says he, "the 23d of Edward the
+Third, the first great Pestilence in his time
+began, and increased so sore, that for want of
+roome in Church-yards to bury the dead of
+the City and of the Suburbs, one John Corey,
+Clerke, procured of Nicholas, Prior of the
+Holy Trinity within Ealdgate, one toft of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">[322]</a></span>
+ground neere unto East Smithfield, for the
+buriall of them that dyed; with condition,
+that it might be called the Church-yard of
+the Holy Trinity: which ground he caused,
+by the ayd of divers devout Citizens, to be
+inclosed with a wall of stone; ... and the
+same was dedicated by Ralfe Stratford, Bishop
+of London, where innumerable bodies of the
+dead, were afterwards buried, and a Chapel
+built in the same place to the honour of
+God; to the which King Edward setting his
+eye (having before, in a tempest on the sea,
+and peril of drowning, made a vow to build
+a Monastery to the honour of God, and <em>our
+Lady of Grace</em>, if God would give him
+<em>grace</em> to come safe to land), builded there a
+Monasterie, causing it to be named <em>Eastminster</em>,
+placing an Abbot and Monks of the
+Cistercian or White order." P. 117.</p>
+
+<p>In Stowe, p. 751, is a list of all the "Patrones
+of all the Benefices in London," in
+which this Foundation seems to be twice
+mentioned, first as the "Abbey of White
+Monks," and then as "Mary de Grace, an
+Abbey of Monkes, by the Towre of London."</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">[323]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2>MEMORANDA<br />
+
+<small>RELATIVE TO THE</small><br />
+
+<span class="oldenglish">Society of the Temple</span>,<br />
+
+<small>LONDON</small>;</h2>
+
+<p class="center"><em>Written in or about the Year 1760.</em></p>
+
+
+<p>The Societies of the Temple have no
+Charter; but the Fee was granted by a Patent
+to the Professors and Students of the Law, to
+them and their Successors for ever.</p>
+
+<p>The King is Visitor of the Temples; and
+orders have been sent down from him so
+lately as Charles the Second's time, for the
+Regulation of them, which were brought in
+great form by the Lord Chancellor and twelve
+Judges, and signed by them.</p>
+
+<p>The <em>Discipline</em> of these Societies was formerly,
+till within these eighty years, very
+strict. The Students appeared, upon all occasions,
+and in all places, in their proper
+habits; and for neglecting to appear in such<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">[324]</a></span>
+habit, or for want of decency in it, they were
+punished by being put two years backward
+in their standing. This habit was discontinued,
+because the Templars having been
+guilty of riots in some parts of the town,
+being known by their habits to be such, a
+reproach was thereby reflected on the Society,
+for want of discipline.</p>
+
+<p><em>Commons.</em>&mdash;Till there was a relaxation of
+discipline, the Commons were continued in
+the Vacation as well as in the Terms; and
+the Members obliged to attend, upon severe
+penalties for neglect of it. The Barristers,
+though they were called to their degree, were
+not admitted to practise, but by special leave
+from the Judges, till three years after their
+call, during which their attendance to Commons,
+both in Term and Vacation, was not
+to be compounded for, or dispensed with.</p>
+
+<p>The Law Societies were, at first, under
+one general regulation and establishment, till
+they branched out, and divided, as it were,
+into Colonies. The Societies of each Temple
+are very zealous in contending for the Antiquity
+of their Society.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">[325]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><em>The Society of the Middle Temple</em> must
+now be very rich; and it consists in money,
+they having no real estate. I have been assured,
+that the certain yearly expences of it,
+exclusive of repairs, amounts to a considerable
+sum.</p>
+
+<p>The <em>Benchers</em> are generally in number
+about twenty, though there is no fixed number.
+They may be called to the Bench at
+eighteen or twenty years standing. The
+Bench have power to call whom they think
+proper of such standing to the Bench; which
+if they answer not, they pay a Fine of Fifty
+Pounds.</p>
+
+<p>The Benchers eat at their own expence in
+this Society, having nothing allowed but
+their Commons; which few, I believe none,
+of the Benchers of the other Houses do.</p>
+
+<p>The <em>Readings</em>, which generally were upon
+some Statute, continued about eight days,
+when there were Treats and Balls at the
+Reader's expence; and there is an Order of
+the House, of no very old date, by which the
+Reader was restrained from having above
+Eight Servants, which shews, in some measure,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">[326]</a></span>
+the luxury and expence attending them.
+They have now been discontinued upwards of
+seventy years (the last Reader being Sir
+William Whitlocke, 1684); but there is a
+Reader still appointed every year, and some
+small Treat, at the expence of the Society, of
+Venison, &amp;c.; and the Arms of the Reader
+are put up in a Pannel in the Hall.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Bohun, the Writer of several excellent
+Books in different branches of the Law,
+having, when he was Reader at New Inn,
+put up a question tending to Blasphemy, (I
+think it was, whether the Person of our Saviour
+was God,) was <em>excommoned</em> by the Society;
+that is, he was denied the privilege of
+coming into the Hall, and at the same time
+obliged to pay for full Commons. They
+judged expulsion too mild a punishment.</p>
+
+<p>The <em>Old Hall</em> stood on the South side of
+Pump Court, which, upon building a new one,
+was converted into Sets of Chambers; and
+which, by Order of Queen Elizabeth, were not
+to exceed eight in number. This was soon after
+pulled down, and Chambers built in its stead.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">[327]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><em>Library.</em>&mdash;Left by Will to the Society, by
+Astley, a Bencher of it. It contains about
+Nine Thousand Volumes. Besides this, he
+left a Set of Chambers, value three hundred
+pounds, for the maintenance of a Librarian,
+who at first was a Barrister; but, not being
+thought worth their acceptance, it is now in
+the Butler.</p>
+
+<p><em>Present Hall.</em>&mdash;Built by Plowden, who
+was seven years in perfecting it. He was
+three years Treasurer successively; and after
+he quitted the Treasurership, he still continued
+the direction of the Building.</p>
+
+<p><em>The Temple Organ</em> was made by <em>Smith</em>.
+The Societies, being resolved to have a good
+Organ, employed one <em>Smith</em> and one <em>Harris</em>
+to make each of them an Organ, value five
+hundred pounds; and promised that they
+would give seven hundred pounds for that
+which proved the best. This was accordingly
+done, and Smith's was preferred and
+purchased. The other, made by Harris, was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">[328]</a></span>
+sold to Christ-Church in Dublin; but, being
+afterwards exchanged for another made by
+Byfield for four hundred pounds difference,
+it was sold by Byfield to the Church at
+Woolwich<a name="FNanchor_378_378" id="FNanchor_378_378"></a><a href="#Footnote_378_378" class="fnanchor">[378]</a>.</p>
+
+<p><em>Inns of Chancery</em>, like the Halls at Oxford.</p>
+
+<p><em>New-Inn</em> belongs to the Middle Temple;
+and at the expiration of a long lease, the
+Fee Simple will be vested in us.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">[329]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><span class="oldenglish">Simnel</span>.</h2>
+
+
+<p>"<em>Simnel.&mdash;Siminellus</em> from the Latin <em>Simila</em>,
+which signifies the Finest Part of the
+Flour. Panis similageneus, Simnel Bread.
+It is mentioned in 'Assisa Panis;' and is still
+in use, especially in Lent. Bread made into
+a Simnel shall weigh two shillings less than
+Wastell Bread." Stat. 51 Henry III.</p>
+
+<p>The Statute, intituled Assisa Panis et Cervisi�,
+made Anno 51 Hen. III. Stat. I.;
+and Anno Dom. 1266. Cotton MS. Claudius,
+D. 2.</p>
+
+<p>... Panis ver� de siminello ponderabit
+minus de Wastello de duobus solidis, quia
+bis coctus est.</p>
+
+<p>For the Ordinance for the Assise and
+Weight of Bread in the City of London, see
+Stowe's Survey, p. 740, Edit. 1633.</p>
+
+<p>It was sometime called <em>Simnellus</em>, as in
+the Annals of the Church of Winchester,
+under the year 1042. "Rex Edwardus instituit,
+et cart� confirmavit, ut quoties ipse<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">[330]</a></span>
+vel aliquis Successorum suorum Regum
+Angli� diadema portaret Wintoni� vel
+Wigorni� vel Westmonasterii; Pr�centor
+loci recipiet de fisco ips� die dimidiam
+marcam, et conventus centum Sumnellos et
+unun modium vini." But, indeed, the true
+reading is <em>Siminel</em>.</p>
+
+<p>The English Simnel was the purest White
+Bread, as in the Book of Battle Abbey.
+"Panem Regi� Mens� aptam, qui <em>Simenel</em>
+vulg� vocatur<a name="FNanchor_379_379" id="FNanchor_379_379"></a><a href="#Footnote_379_379" class="fnanchor">[379]</a>."</p>
+
+<p><em>Simula.</em>&mdash;A Manchet, a White Loaf.
+Among the Customs of the Abbey of Glastonbury:
+"In diebus solemnibus, cum Fratres
+fuerunt in cappis, Medonem habuerunt
+in Justis, et Simulas super mensam, et vinum
+ad caritatem, et tria generalia." Chartular.
+Abbat. Glaston. MS. fol. 10.</p>
+
+<p>For the use of Saffron, now used for colouring
+the Crust of the Simnel, see Shakespear's
+Winter's Tale; where the Clown
+(Act iv.) says, "Then I must have Saffron
+to colour the Warden Pyes."</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331">[331]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><span class="oldenglish">Origin of Thirteen Pence Halfpenny</span>,<br />
+
+<small>AS</small><br />
+
+HANGMAN'S WAGES;</h2>
+
+
+<p class="center"><em>In a Letter to</em> <span class="smcap">Edward King</span>, <em>Esq.
+President of the Society of Antiquaries</em>.</p>
+
+<p>The vulgar notion, though it will not appear
+to be a vulgar error, is, that Thirteen
+Pence Halfpenny is the fee of the Executioner
+in the common line of business at Tyburn<a name="FNanchor_380_380" id="FNanchor_380_380"></a><a href="#Footnote_380_380" class="fnanchor">[380]</a>,
+and therefore is called Hangman's Wages.
+The sum is singular, and certainly there is a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">[332]</a></span>
+reason for its having obtained so odious an
+appellation, though it may not be very obvious.</p>
+
+<p>We find that anciently this Office was, in
+some parts of the Kingdom, annexed to
+other Posts; for the Porter of the City of
+Canterbury was the Executioner for the
+County of Kent, temporibus Hen. II. and
+Hen. III. for which he had an allowance
+from the Sheriff, who was re-imbursed from
+the Exchequer, of Twenty Shillings <em>per annum</em><a name="FNanchor_381_381" id="FNanchor_381_381"></a><a href="#Footnote_381_381" class="fnanchor">[381]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Though this is an Office in great and general
+disesteem, yet the Sheriffs are much
+obliged to those who will undertake it, as
+otherwise the unpleasant and painful duty
+must fall upon themselves. They are the
+persons to whom the Law looks for its completion,
+as they give a Receipt to the Gaoler
+for the Bodies of condemned Criminals whom
+they are to punish, or cause to be punished,
+according to their respective Sentences. The
+business is of such an invidious nature, that,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">[333]</a></span>
+in the Country, Sheriffs have sometimes had
+much difficulty to procure an Executioner,
+as, in the eyes of the lower people, it carries
+with it a Stigma, apart from any shock that
+it must give to Humanity and Compassion.
+I remember a very few years ago, if the
+News-papers said true, the Sheriff of one of
+the Inland Counties was very near being
+obliged to perform the unwelcome Office
+himself.</p>
+
+<p>So that in fact the Hangman is the Sheriff's
+immediate Deputy in criminal matters,
+though there is always, at present, an Under-Sheriff
+for civil purposes. But, before I bring
+you to the point in question, it will not be
+amiss to lead you gradually to it, by inquiring
+into the nature and dignity of the
+Office in some particulars, and into the Rank
+of the Officer, for we have all heard of <em>Squire
+Ketch</em>. These will be found to be supportable
+matters, as well as the Fee of Office,
+which is our ground-work.</p>
+
+<p>The Sheriff is, by being so styled in the
+King's Patent under the Great Seal, an Esquire,
+which raises him to that Rank, unless<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">[334]</a></span>
+he has previously had the Title adventitiously.
+None were anciently chosen to this
+Office, but such Gentlemen whose fortunes
+and stations would warrant it; so, on the other
+hand, Merchants, and other liberal branches
+of the lower order, were admitted first into
+the rank of Gentlemen, by a grant of Arms,
+on proper qualifications; from the Earl
+Marshal, and the Kings of Arms, respectively,
+according to their Provinces. After a
+Negotiant has become a Gentleman, courtesy
+will very soon advance that rank, and give
+the party the title of Esquire; and so it has
+happened with the worthy <em>Gentleman</em> before
+us, for such I shall prove him once with ceremony
+to have been created. This remarkable
+case happened in the year 1616, and was
+as follows. Ralph Brooke, whose real name
+was Brokesmouth, at that time York Herald,
+not content with being mischievous, was the
+most turbulent and malicious man that ever
+wore the King's Coat. After various malversations
+in Office, not to the present purpose,
+he put a trick upon Sir William Segar, Garter
+King of Arms, which had very nearly cost<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">[335]</a></span>
+both of them their places. The story is
+touched upon in Mr. Anstis's Register of the
+Order of the Garter<a name="FNanchor_382_382" id="FNanchor_382_382"></a><a href="#Footnote_382_382" class="fnanchor">[382]</a>; but is more fully and
+satisfactorily related in the Life of Mr. Camden,
+prefixed to his "Britannia," to this effect.
+Ralph Brooke employed a person to carry a
+Coat of Arms ready drawn to Garter, and to
+pretend it belonged to one Gregory Brandon,
+a Gentleman who had formerly lived in
+London, but then residing in Spain, and to
+desire Garter to set his hand to it. To prevent
+deliberation, the messenger was instructed
+to pretend that the vessel, which was
+to carry this confirmation into Spain, when
+it had received the Seal of the Office and
+Garter's Hand, was just ready to sail<a name="FNanchor_383_383" id="FNanchor_383_383"></a><a href="#Footnote_383_383" class="fnanchor">[383]</a>. This
+being done, and the Fees paid, Brooke carries
+it to Thomas Earl of Arundel, then one
+of the Commissioners for executing the Office
+of Earl Marshal; and, in order to vilify Garter,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">[336]</a></span>
+and to represent him as a rapacious negligent
+Officer, assures his Lordship that those were
+the Arms of Arragon, with a Canton for
+Brabant, and that Gregory Brandon was a
+mean and inconsiderable person. This was
+true enough; for he was the common Hangman
+for London and Middlesex. Ralph
+Brooke afterwards confessed all these circumstances
+to the Commissioners who represented
+the Earl Marshal; the consequence of
+which was, that Garter was, by order of the
+King, when he heard the case, committed to
+Prison for negligence, and the Herald for
+treachery. Be this as we find it, yet was
+Gregory Brandon the Hangman become a
+<em>Gentleman</em>, and, as the Bastard says in King
+John, "could make any Joan a Gentlewoman."</p>
+
+<p>Thus was this Gregory Brandon advanced,
+perhaps from the state of a Convict, to the
+rank of a Gentleman; and though it was a
+personal honour to himself, notwithstanding
+it was surreptitiously obtained by the Herald,
+of which <em>Gregory Brandon, Gentleman</em>, was
+perhaps ignorant, yet did it operate so much<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">[337]</a></span>
+on his successors in office, that afterwards it
+became transferred from the Family to the
+Officer for the time being; and from Mr.
+Brandon's popularity, though not of the most
+desirable kind, the mobility soon improved
+his rank, and, with a jocular complaisance,
+gave him the title of <em>Esquire</em>, which remains
+to this day. I have said that Mr. Brandon
+was perhaps a Convict; for I know that at
+York the Hangman has usually been a pardoned
+Criminal, whose case was deemed venial,
+and for which the performance of this painful
+duty to fellow-prisoners was thought a sufficient
+infliction. It seems too as if this Office
+had once, like many other important Offices
+of State, been hereditary; but whether Mr.
+Brandon had it by descent I cannot say, yet
+Shakspeare has this passage in Coriolanus<a name="FNanchor_384_384" id="FNanchor_384_384"></a><a href="#Footnote_384_384" class="fnanchor">[384]</a>:</p>
+
+<p>"<em>Menenius.</em>&mdash;Marcius, in a cheap estimation,
+is worth all your Predecessors, since
+Deucalion; though, peradventure, some of
+the best of them were Hereditary Hangmen."</p>
+
+<p>This looks as if the Office of Executioner<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338">[338]</a></span>
+had run in some Family for a generation or
+two, at the time when Shakspeare wrote;
+and that it was a circumstance well understood,
+and would be well relished, at least by
+the Galleries. This might indeed, with regard
+to time, point at the ancestors of Mr.
+Brandon himself; for it was in the Reign of
+King James I. that this person was, as we
+have seen, brought within the pale of Gentility.
+Nay, more, we are told by Dr. Grey,
+in his Notes on Shakspeare<a name="FNanchor_385_385" id="FNanchor_385_385"></a><a href="#Footnote_385_385" class="fnanchor">[385]</a>, that from this
+Gentleman, the Hangmen, his Successors,
+bore for a considerable time his Christian
+name of Gregory, though not his Arms, they
+being a personal honour, till a greater man
+arose, <em>viz. Jack Ketch</em>, who entailed the
+present official name on all who have hitherto
+followed him<a name="FNanchor_386_386" id="FNanchor_386_386"></a><a href="#Footnote_386_386" class="fnanchor">[386]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Whether the name of <em>Ketch</em> be not the
+provincial pronunciation of <em>Catch</em> among the
+Cockneys, I have my doubts, though I have<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339">[339]</a></span>
+printed authority to confront me; for that
+learned and laborious Compiler, B. E. Gent.
+the Editor of the Canting Dictionary, says
+that <em>Jack Kitch</em>, for so he spells it, was the
+real name of a Hangman, which has become
+that of all his successors. When this great
+man lived, for such we must suppose him to
+have been, and renowned for his popularity
+or dexterity, Biographical History is silent.</p>
+
+<p>So much for this important Office itself;
+and we must now look to the Emoluments
+which appertain to it, and assign a reason
+why Thirteen Pence Halfpenny should be esteemed
+the standard Fee for this definitive
+stroke of the law.</p>
+
+<p>Hogarth has given a fine Picture of the
+<i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">sang-froid</i> of an Executioner in his Print of
+the London Apprentice; where the Mr. Ketch
+for the time being is lolling upon the Gallows,
+and smoaking his Pipe; waiting, with the
+utmost indifference, for the arrival of the
+Cart and the Mob that close the melancholy
+Procession. But Use becomes Nature in things
+at which even Nature herself revolts.</p>
+
+<p>Before we proceed to matters of a pecuniary<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340">[340]</a></span>
+nature, having said so much upon the <em>Executioner</em>,
+permit me to step out of the way for
+a moment, and add a word or two on the
+<i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Execution�</i>, which will explain a Yorkshire
+saying. It was for the most unsuspected
+crime imaginable, that the truly unfortunate
+man who gave rise to the adage suffered the
+Sentence of the Law at York. He was a
+Saddler at Bawtry, and occasioned this saying,
+often applied among the lower people to
+a man who quits his friends too early, and
+will not stay to finish his bottle; "That he
+will be hanged for leaving his liquor, like the
+Saddler of Bawtry." The case was this:
+There was formerly, and indeed it has not
+long been suppressed, an Ale-house, to this
+day called "<em>The Gallows House</em>," situate
+between the City of York and their Tyburne;
+at which House the Cart used always to stop;
+and there the Convict and the other parties
+were refreshed with liquors; but the rash
+and precipitate Saddler, under Sentence, and
+on his road to the fatal Tree, refused this
+little regale, and hastened on to the Place of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341">[341]</a></span>
+Execution&mdash;when, very soon after he was
+turned-off, a Reprieve arrived; insomuch that,
+had he stopped, as was usual, at the Gallows
+House, the time consumed there would have
+been the means of saving his life; so that he
+was hanged, as truly as unhappily, for leaving
+his liquor.</p>
+
+<p>The same compliment was anciently paid
+to Convicts, on their passage to Tyburne, at
+St. Giles's Hospital; for we are told by
+Stowe<a name="FNanchor_387_387" id="FNanchor_387_387"></a><a href="#Footnote_387_387" class="fnanchor">[387]</a>, that they were there presented with
+a Bowl of Ale, called "<em>St. Giles's Bowl</em>;"
+"thereof to drink at their pleasure, as their last
+refreshing in this life." This place (Tyburne)
+was the established scene of Executions in
+common cases so long ago as the first year of
+King Henry IV; Smithfield and St. Giles's
+Field being reserved for persons of higher
+rank, and for crimes of uncommon magnitude;
+such as treason and heresy: in the last of these,
+Sir John Oldcastle, Lord Cobham, was burnt,
+or rather roasted, alive; having been hanged<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342">[342]</a></span>
+up over the fire by a chain which went round
+his waist<a name="FNanchor_388_388" id="FNanchor_388_388"></a><a href="#Footnote_388_388" class="fnanchor">[388]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>The Execution of the Duke of Monmouth
+(in July 1685) was peculiarly unsuccessful
+in the operation.</p>
+
+<p>The Duke said to the Executioner, "Here
+are Six Guineas for you: pray do your business
+well; do not serve me as you did my
+Lord Russell: I have heard you struck him
+three or four times. Here" (to his Servant);
+"take these remaining Guineas, and give
+them to him if he does his work well."</p>
+
+<p><em>Executioner.</em>&mdash;"I hope I shall."</p>
+
+<p><em>Monmouth.</em>&mdash;"If you strike me twice, I
+cannot promise you not to stir. Pr'ythee
+let me feel the Axe." He felt the edge, and
+said, "I fear it is not sharp enough."</p>
+
+<p><em>Executioner.</em>&mdash;"It is sharp enough, and
+heavy enough."</p>
+
+<p>The Executioner proceeded to do his office;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343">[343]</a></span>
+but the Note says, "it was under such distraction
+of mind, that he fell into the very
+error which the Duke had so earnestly cautioned
+him to avoid; wounding him so slightly,
+that he lifted up his head, and looked him in
+the face, as if to upbraid him for making his
+death painful; but said nothing. He then
+prostrated himself again, and received two
+other ineffectual blows; upon which the Executioner
+threw down his Axe in a fit of horror;
+crying out, "<em>he could not finish his work</em>."
+but, on being brought to himself by the threats
+of the Sheriffs, took up the fatal weapon again,
+and at two other strokes made a shift to separate
+the Head from the Body." [Lord Somers's
+Tracts, vol. I. pp. 219, 220; the Note taken
+from the Review of the Reigns of Charles
+and James, p. 885.]</p>
+
+<p>As to the Fee itself, which has occasioned
+me to give you so much trouble, I incline to
+think this seeming singular sum must have
+been of Scottish extraction, though not used
+for the like purpose; for, I presume, from
+the value of money there, a man might formerly
+be hanged at a much cheaper rate, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344">[344]</a></span>
+that we have it by transplantation. The
+Scottish Mark (not ideal or nominal money,
+like our Mark) was a Silver Coin, in value
+Thirteen Pence Halfpenny and Two Placks,
+or Two-Thirds of a Penny; which Plack is
+likewise a Coin. This, their Mark, bears the
+same proportion to their Pound, which is
+Twenty Pence, as our Mark does to our
+Pound, or Twenty Shillings; being Two-Thirds
+of it. By these divisions and sub-divisions
+of their Penny (for they have a still
+smaller piece, called a Bodel or Half a Plack)
+they can reckon with the greatest minuteness,
+and buy much less quantities of any article
+than we can<a name="FNanchor_389_389" id="FNanchor_389_389"></a><a href="#Footnote_389_389" class="fnanchor">[389]</a>. This Scottish Mark was,
+upon the Union of the two Crowns in the
+person of King James I. made current in
+England at the value of Thirteen Pence Half-penny
+(without regarding the fraction), by
+Proclamation, in the first year of that King;
+where it is said, that "the Coin of Silver,
+called the Mark Piece, shall be from henceforth
+currant within the said Kingdom of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345">[345]</a></span>
+England, at the value of Thirteen Pence
+Halfpeny<a name="FNanchor_390_390" id="FNanchor_390_390"></a><a href="#Footnote_390_390" class="fnanchor">[390]</a>." This, probably, was a revolution
+in the current money in favour of the
+Officer of whom we have been speaking, whose
+Fee before was perhaps no more than a Shilling.
+There is, however, very good reason
+to conclude, from the singularity of the sum,
+that the odious title of <em>Hangman's Wages</em>
+became at this time, or soon after, applicable
+to the sum of <em>Thirteen Pence Halfpenny</em>.
+Though it was contingent, yet at that time it
+was very considerable pay; when one Shilling
+<em>per diem</em> was a standing annual stipend to
+many respectable Officers of various kinds.</p>
+
+<p>After having discovered the pay of an
+Office, one naturally inquires for Perquisites
+and other Emoluments; for all posts, from
+the High Chancellor to the Hangman, carry
+some; and which, in many cases, as well as
+this, often exceed the established pay itself.
+Nothing can well vary more than the Perquisites
+of this Office; for it is well known<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_346" id="Page_346">[346]</a></span>
+that Jack Ketch has a <em>Post-obit</em> interest in
+the Convict, being entitled to his Cloaths, or
+to a composition for them; though, on the
+other hand, they must very frequently be
+such Garments that, as Shakspeare says,
+"a Hangman would bury with those who
+wore them<a name="FNanchor_391_391" id="FNanchor_391_391"></a><a href="#Footnote_391_391" class="fnanchor">[391]</a>."</p>
+
+<p>This emolument is of no modern date; and
+has an affinity to other Droits on very dissimilar
+occasions, which will be mentioned
+presently. The Executioner's perquisite is
+at least as old as Henry VIII.; for Sir
+Thomas More, on the morning of his Execution,
+put on his best Gown, which was of
+Silk Camlet, sent him as a present, while he
+was in the Tower, by a Citizen of Lucca
+with whom he had been in correspondence;
+but the Lieutenant of the Tower was of opinion
+that a worse Gown would be good
+enough for the person who was to have it,
+meaning the Executioner, and prevailed upon
+Sir Thomas to change it, which he did for
+one made of frize<a name="FNanchor_392_392" id="FNanchor_392_392"></a><a href="#Footnote_392_392" class="fnanchor">[392]</a>. Thus the antiquity of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347">[347]</a></span>
+this obitual emolument, so well known in
+Shakspeare's time, seems well established;
+and, as to its nature, has a strong resemblance
+to a fee of a much longer standing,
+and formerly received by Officers of very
+great respectability: for anciently Garter
+King of Arms had specifically the Gown of
+the Party on the creation of a Peer; and
+again, when Archbishops, Bishops, Abbots,
+and Priors, did homage to the King, their
+upper garment was the perquisite even of the
+Lord Chamberlain of the Household. The
+fee in the latter case was always compounded
+for, though Garter's was often formerly received
+in kind, inasmuch as the Statute which
+gives this fee to the Lord Chamberlain, directs
+the composition, because, as the words
+are, "it is more convenient that religious
+men should fine for their upper garment, than
+to be stripped<a name="FNanchor_393_393" id="FNanchor_393_393"></a><a href="#Footnote_393_393" class="fnanchor">[393]</a>." The same delicate necessity
+does not operate in the Hangman's
+case; and his fee extends much farther than
+either of them, he being entitled to <em>all</em> the
+sufferer's garments, having first rendered<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_348" id="Page_348">[348]</a></span>
+them useless to the party. Besides this perquisite,
+there has always been a pecuniary
+compliment, where it could possibly be afforded,
+given by the Sufferer to the Executioner,
+to induce him to be speedy and dexterous
+in the operation, which seems to be
+of still greater antiquity; for Sir Thomas
+More tells us that St. Cyprian, Bishop of
+Carthage, gave his Executioner thirty pieces
+of gold; and Sir Thomas himself gave (according
+to his Historian, his Great Grandson),
+on the like occasion, an angel of gold,
+being almost the last penny he had left.
+These outward gifts may likewise be understood
+as tokens of inward forgiveness.</p>
+
+<p>Upon the whole, Sir, I conceive that
+what I have offered above, though with
+much enlargement, is the meaning of the
+ignominious term affixed to the sum of Thirteen
+Pence Halfpenny; and cannot but commiserate
+those for whom it is to be paid.</p>
+
+<p>
+I am, Sir,</p>
+
+<p class="sig">Your faithful humble Servant,<br />
+SAMUEL PEGGE.
+</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_349" id="Page_349">[349]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2>CUSTOM<br />
+
+<small>OBSERVED BY THE</small><br />
+
+LORD LIEUTENANTS OF IRELAND.</h2>
+
+
+<p>On the great road from London to West
+Chester, we find, at the principal Inns, the
+Coats of Arms of several Lord Lieutenants of
+Ireland, framed, and hung up in the best
+rooms. At the bottom of these Armorial
+Pictures (as I may call them) is a full display
+of all the Titles of the Party, together
+with the date of the year when each Viceroyship
+commenced. I have often inquired
+the reason of this custom, but never could
+procure a satisfactory answer. I do not reprobate
+the idea of this relique of ancient
+dignity, as these Heraldic Monuments were
+doubtless intended to operate as public evidences
+of the passage of each Lord-Deputy
+to his delegated Government. They now<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_350" id="Page_350">[350]</a></span>
+seem only to be preserved for the gratification
+of the vanity of the capital Inn-keepers, by
+shewing to Humble Travellers that such and
+such Lord-Lieutenants did them the honour
+to stop at their houses; and yet I will not
+say, but that for half-a-crown handsomely
+offered to his Excellency's Gentleman, they
+might likewise become part of the furniture
+of every alehouse in Dunstable.</p>
+
+<p>After fruitless inquiry, accident furnished
+me with the ground of this custom, which
+now only serves to excite a little transitory
+curiosity. Having occasion to look into
+Sir Dudley Digge's "Complete Ambassador,"
+published in 1654, I was obliged to
+the Editor for a solution, who, in the Preface
+(signed A. H.), speaking of the reserve
+of the English Ambassadors, in not making
+public their Negotiations, has this observation:&mdash;"We
+have hardly any notion of them
+but by their <em>Arms</em>, which are hung up in
+<em>Inns</em> where they passed."</p>
+
+<p>This paragraph at once accounts for the
+point before us, and is sufficient, at the same
+time, to shew that the custom was anciently,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351">[351]</a></span>
+and even in the seventeenth century, common
+to every Ambassador, though it now
+only survives with those who go in the
+greater and more elevated line of Royal representation
+to Ireland.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+SAMUEL PEGGE.
+</p>
+
+<p class="center">THE END.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p class="center">
+<small><em>Of the Publishers of this Work may be had</em></small><br />
+<br />
+ANONYMIANA;<br />
+OR,<br />
+TEN CENTURIES OF OBSERVATIONS<br />
+ON VARIOUS AUTHORS AND SUBJECTS;<br />
+<br />
+(Compiled by the late very Learned and Reverend<br />
+<span class="smcap">Dr.</span> PEGGE);<br />
+<br />
+<em>With a copious Index.&mdash;&mdash;8vo. Price 12s.</em></p>
+
+<p>
+"Whether as an Antiquary, a classical, poetical, and historical
+Critick, a Biographer, or Enquirer into the Beauties and
+Niceties of Grammar and Languages, we find everywhere that
+Dr. Pegge's remarks are not only striking and useful, but
+original; and, in this last respect, we have little hesitation in
+preferring the <em>Anonymiana</em> to the greater part of the Works
+of this description, which have been lately published, either at
+home or abroad. There is scarcely a taste among the various
+divisions of human liking, that will not find something appropriate
+and gratifying. It would be impossible to withhold, in
+these times of levity, just praise from a Work that so ably combines
+'light reading' with 'serious thinking.'"</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<cite>Gent. Mag. 1809.</cite></p>
+
+
+<p class="center">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;<br />
+ANECDOTES<br />
+OF THE<br />
+ENGLISH LANGUAGE,</p>
+
+<p class="noind">
+chiefly regarding the Local Dialect of London and it's Environs;
+whence it will appear, that the Natives of the Metropolis, and
+its Vicinities, have not corrupted the Language of their Ancestors.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">By SAMUEL PEGGE, Esq. F.S.A.<br />
+Second Edition, enlarged and corrected.<br />
+<br />
+To which is added, A SUPPLEMENT to the PROVINCIAL<br />
+GLOSSARY of FRANCIS GROSE, Esq.<br />
+<br />
+8vo. Price 12s. boards.<br />
+<br />
+&#8258; The Provincial Glossary may be had separate, Price 3s.<br />
+<br />
+Printed at the VOTES Printing Office, King Street, Westminster,<br />
+<em>By Nichols, Son, and Bentley</em>.<br />
+</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> See the Extract in page vi.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> In Church-street, at Ashborne, is an Alms-house, originally
+founded by Christopher Pegge, Esq. The name occurs
+also on the table of Benefactors in Ashborne Church.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Docquet-book in the Crown-office.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> See Sandford, p. 647, edit. 1707. Granger erroneously
+calls him <em>Carlo</em>; and also, by mistake, gives him the name of
+<em>Fitz-roy</em>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> See Mr. Lysons's Environs of London, vol. I. p. 537.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> Dart's History of Westminster Abbey, vol. II. p. 55.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> There is a half-length portrait of the Earl, in a robe de
+chambre, laced cravat, and flowing hair (with a ship in the
+back ground of the picture), by Sir Peter Lely, now in the
+family: and also two of his Mother, Lady Greene; one a half-length,
+with her infant Son standing by her side; the other,
+a three-quarters; both either by Sir Peter Lely, or by one of
+his pupils.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> Dr. Burton was President (<em>i. e.</em> Vice-master of the College)
+when Mr. Pegge's Son was admitted of it, 1751; but
+soon afterwards took the Rectory of Staplehurst in Kent,
+which he held till his death in 1759.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> The <em>Platt-fellowships</em> at St. John's are similar to what
+are called <i>Bye-fellowships</i> in some other Colleges at Cambridge,
+and are not on the Foundation. The original number was
+<em>six</em>, with a stipend of 20<em>l., per annum</em> each, besides rooms, and
+commons at the Fellows' table. They were founded by William
+Platt, Esq. (Son of Sir Hugh Platt, Knt.) an opulent
+citizen of London, out of an estate then of the annual value
+of 140<em>l.</em> Being a rent-charge, the Fellowships cannot be enlarged
+in point of revenue, though the number has been increased
+to <em>eight</em>, by savings from the surplus. There is a good
+portrait of Mr. Platt in the Master's Lodge at St. John's, with
+the date of 1626, �t. 47. He died in 1637. More of him may
+be seen in Mr. Lysons's Environs of London, vol. III. pp. 59,
+66, 70, 71, 110, 376.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> Of this little academical literary Society the late Samuel
+Pegge, Esq. possessed a particular History in MS. <span class="smcap">Edit.</span></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> In 1733, his Life of Archbishop Kempe was in forwardness
+for press, and he solicited assistance for it from MSS.
+</p>
+<p>
+In 1734, he sent them a critical letter on the name and
+town of Wye.
+</p>
+<p>
+In 1739, an Account of a Religious House in Canterbury,
+not noticed before, his conjectures on which were approved
+by Mr. Thorpe.
+</p>
+<p>
+An Account of the Endowment of the Vicarage of Westfield
+in Sussex, by Richard second Bishop of Chichester,
+1249, in the hands of Sir Peter Webster, Bart.
+</p>
+<p>
+Account of the Amphitheatre in the Garden of the Nuns
+of Fidelite at Angers: the arena 150 feet diameter, outer wall
+20 feet thick, the cave� 14 feet long and wide, with layers
+of Roman brick and stone 3 or 4 feet asunder.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> Afterwards Sir Edward Dering, the sixth Baronet of that
+Family, who died Dec. 8, 1798.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> The Bishop's Inhibition took place soon after the decision
+of the cause at Derby, and was not revoked till late in
+the year 1758, which was principally effected by Mr. Pegge's
+intercession with his Lordship, stating Mr. Ellis's distressed
+circumstances, and his having made a proper submission,
+with a promise of future good behaviour. This revocation is
+contained in a letter addressed to Mr. Pegge, under the Bishop's
+own hand, dated Oct. 30, 1758.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> We believe this witness to have been <em>George Mower</em>, Esq.
+of Wood-seats, in this county, who served the office of Sheriff
+in 1734.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> Dr. George's letter to Mr. Pegge on the occasion has been
+preserved, and is conceived in the most manly and generous
+terms. On account of the distance, Mr. Pegge then residing
+in Kent, the Dean was so obliging as to concert matters with
+Bishop (Frederick) Cornwallis, who then sat at Lichfield, that
+the living might <em>lapse</em> without injury to Mr. Pegge, who
+therefore took it, in fact, from his Lordship by <em>collation</em>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> Mr. Pegge became known, at least by name, to Dr. Herring,
+when Archbishop of York, by an occasional Sermon
+(which will be adverted to among Mr. Pegge's writings), on
+the publication whereof his Grace sent him a letter in handsome
+terms. When the Archbishop was translated to Canterbury,
+Mr. Pegge was, most probably, personally known to
+him as the Diocesan.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> More usually called <em>Brindle</em>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> The person who actually succeeded to the Vicarage of
+Godmersham was the Rev. <em>Aden Ley</em>, who died there in 1766.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> Soon after the fourth Duke of Devonshire came of age,
+1769, finding that he had many friends of his own to oblige,
+it was suggested to the Senior Chaplains that a resignation
+would be deemed a compliment by his Grace. Mr. Pegge,
+therefore (among some others), relinquished his Chaplainship,
+though he continued to wear the <em>scarf</em>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> It is rather a singular coincidence, that Mr. Pegge
+should have been at the same time <em>Rector</em> of <em>Whittington</em> in
+<em>Derbyshire</em> and <em>Prebendary</em> of <em>Whittington</em> in <em>Staffordshire</em>, both
+in one Diocese, under different patronages, and totally independent
+of each other. These two <em>Whittingtons</em> are likewise
+nearly equidistant from places of the name of <em>Chesterfield</em>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> The Prebend of <em>Louth</em> carries with it the <em>Patronage</em> of
+the Vicarage of the <em>Parish</em> of <em>Louth</em>, to which Mr. Pegge
+presented more than once. On the first vacancy, having no
+Clerk of his own, he offered the nomination to his Benefactor
+Bishop <em>Green</em>; at the last, he gave the living, uninfluenced,
+to the present Incumbent, the Rev. <em>Wolley Jolland</em>, son of
+the Recorder of Louth.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> It was said at the time, as we recollect, that this piece
+of preferment was so peculiar in its tenure, as not to be
+strictly <em>optionable</em>; for, had the <em>See</em> of <em>Lichfield</em> been possessed
+by a Bishop inimical to the Archbishop or to Mr. Pegge at
+the time of the vacancy of the Stall, such Bishop might have
+defeated his <em>Grace's</em> intentions. The qualifications of the
+Residentiaries in this Cathedral we understand to be singular,
+dependent on the possession of certain <em>Prebendal Houses</em>,
+which are in the absolute disposal of the Bishop, as a <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">sine
+qu� non</i>, to constitute the eligibility which is vested in the
+<em>Dean</em> and <em>Chapter</em>. As matters stood, in this case, at the
+death of Mr. <em>Seward</em>, the present Bishop of Lichfield (<em>Dr.
+James Cornwallis</em>), Mr. Pegge's warm Friend, co-operating
+with the Dowager Mrs. <em>Cornwallis</em>, removed every obstruction.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> The very just character of Mr. <em>Knight</em> given in the Gentleman's
+Magazine, vol. LI. p. 147, was drawn by Mr. <em>Pegge</em>,
+who had been intimate with him very nearly half a century.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> This Print has the following inscription:
+</p>
+
+<p class="center"><br />
+"<span class="smcap">Samuel Pegge</span>, A.M. S.A.S.<br />
+A.D. MDCCLXXXV. �t. 81.
+</p>
+<p class="center"><br />
+Impensis, et ex Voto, Gustavi Brander, Arm.<br />
+Sibi et Amicis."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+We cannot in any degree subscribe to the resemblance, though,
+the print is well engraved. There is, however, a three-quarters
+portrait in oil (in the possession of his grandson, Sir
+Christopher Pegge, and much valued by him) painted in
+1788, by Mr. Elias Needham, a young Provincial Artist, and
+a native of Derbyshire, which does the Painter great credit,
+being a likeness uncommonly striking. Dr. Pegge being an
+old gentleman well known, with a countenance of much
+character, the Portrait was taken at the request of Mr. Needham;
+who, after exhibiting it to his Patrons and Friends,
+made a present of it to Mr. Pegge. Those who knew Dr.
+Pegge, and have had an opportunity of comparing the Portrait
+with the Print, will agree with us, that no two pictures of
+the same person, taken nearly at the same point of life, and so
+unlike each other, can both be true resemblances.&mdash;A faithful
+Engraving from Mr. Needham's Portrait is prefixed to the
+present Volume.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> He specified, in writing, about fourscore of these volumes,
+which were chiefly what may be called Library-books; the rest
+were added by his Son.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> In this year he printed "A Narrative of what passed at the
+Revolution-house at Whittington in the year 1688, with a
+view and plan of the house by Major Rooke (reprinted in
+Gent. Mag. vol. LIX. p. 124)." [See the Appendix.]</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> See the Appendix to this Memoir.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> In this Discourse the venerable Preacher, taking for his
+text Psalm cxviii. 24, first recites, in plain and unaffected
+language, the blessings resulting from the event here commemorated
+to Church and State; and then points out the corruptions
+of the present age, with advice for their reformation.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> This solemnity took place on <em>Wednesday</em>; and, the Church
+being crowded with strangers, the Sermon was repeated to
+the parochial congregation on the following <em>Sunday</em>.&mdash;Mr.
+Pegge was then very old, and the 5th of November N. S. was
+his birth-day, when he entered into the 85th year of his age.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> Mr. Pegge, at the time, was on a visit to his Grandson,
+the present Sir Christopher Pegge, M. D. then lately elected
+Reader of Anatomy at Christ Church, Oxford, on Dr. Lee's
+foundation.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> The only Member of the Society at the time of its Incorporation,
+who survived Dr. Pegge, was <em>Samuel Reynardson</em>,
+Esq.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> The first Piece that appears to have been, in any degree,
+<em>published</em> by Dr. <em>Pegge</em>, was, A <em>Latin</em> Ode on the Death of King
+George I. 1727. See "Academi� Cantabrigiensis Luctus"
+Signature Z. z. fol. b. [Dr. Pegge was then lately elected
+Fellow of St. John's College (the first time) as he signs it
+"Sam. Pegge, A. B. Coll. Div. Joh. Evang. Soc." See before,
+p. xiii.]&mdash;1731. An <em>irregular English</em> Ode on Joshua vi. 20,
+which he contributed to a Collection of "Miscellaneous
+Poems and Translations," published (with a numerous subscription)
+by the Rev. Henry Travers, 1731, octavo, p, 170.
+[See "Anonymiana," p. 327, for an account of Mr. Travers,
+and this publication.] A marginal note in Dr. Pegge's copy
+of Mr. Travers's publication tells us, that this <em>Ode</em> was an
+<em>academical exercise</em>, when the Doctor was an <em>under-graduate</em>
+at St. John's, which was sent to the <em>Earl</em> of <em>Exeter</em>. His
+Lordship's Ancestors had been Benefactors to the College, a
+circumstance which, we presume, gave rise to the custom of
+sending such <em>periodical exercises</em> to the then Earl; though
+the practice, as far as we know, does not continue. Thus
+much of this Commemoration, as we believe, remains, that
+<em>two</em> Sermons are still annually preached (the one at <em>Hatfield</em>,
+and the other at <em>Burleigh</em>) by Fellows of the College, which
+we apprehend to have been enjoined by the Benefactor. The
+<em>Ode</em>, of which we have spoken, became some years after an
+<em>auxiliary</em> contribution to Mr. <em>Travers's</em> Collection from Dr.
+Pegge, jointly with other contemporaries, to relieve the
+Editor from some pecuniary embarrassments.&mdash;An Examination
+of "The Enquiry into the meaning of Demoniacks in the
+New Testament; in a Letter to the Author," 1739. An octavo
+(of 86 pages), with his name prefixed. [This controversy
+originated from the Rev. Dr. Arthur-Ashley Sykes, who
+published "An Enquiry into the Meaning of the Demoniacks
+in the New Testament" (1737). under the obscure signature
+of "T. P. A. P. O. A. B. I. T. C. O. S." The interpretation of
+this is, <em>T</em>he <em>P</em>recentor <em>A</em>nd <em>P</em>rebendary <em>O</em>f <em>A</em>lton-<em>B</em>orealis, <em>I</em>n
+<em>T</em>he <em>C</em>hurch <em>O</em>f <em>S</em>alisbury. Dr. Sykes had been vicar of Godmersham;
+so that <em>two</em> vicars of Godmersham became, incidentally,
+parties in the controversy. The question engaged
+several other Writers; <em>viz.</em> Rev. Leonard Twells, Rev. Thomas
+Hutchinson, and Rev. William Winston, who were followed
+by Dr. Pegge. He, however, entered so late into the lists,
+after the subject was almost worn out, that his Publication
+was not much attended to, though it attracted the applause
+of several competent judges, such as the Rev. Dr. Newcome,
+Master of St. John's College, Cambridge; Rev. Dr. Taylor
+(late Residentiary of St. Paul's); the very learned Bp. Smalbroke;
+and some others.]&mdash;A Sermon on St. John i. 5: "The
+Light Shineth in Darkness," preached on St. John's-day, 1742,
+at <em>Canterbury</em> cathedral, and inscribed to his much-respected
+friend, Thomas Knight, Esq. of <em>Godmersham</em>, in <em>Kent</em>.&mdash;A
+Sermon, preached also at <em>Canterbury</em> Cathedral during the
+Rebellion, 1746. [The avowed design of the Discourse was, to
+prove that "Popery was an encouragement to vice and immorality."
+This Sermon attracted the civilities (mentioned
+in p. xxxi.) which Dr. Pegge received from <em>Archbishop</em> Herring.
+These are the principal <em>professional</em> Publications by Dr.
+Pegge; to which ought to be added some short <em>pastoral</em> and
+<em>gratuitous</em> printed distributions at various times; <em>viz.</em> 1755. A
+Discourse on Confirmation (of 23 pages, octavo), being an
+enlarged Sermon, preached at <em>Chesterfield</em> previously to the
+Bishop's triennial Visitation, and dispersed.&mdash;1767. A brief
+Examination of the Church Catechism, for the Use of those
+who are just arrived at Years of Discretion.&mdash;1790.]
+</p>
+<p>
+Frivolous as many detached <em>morsels</em>, scattered
+up and down in the <span class="smcap">Gentleman's Magazine</span>,
+may appear to some Readers, they may be called
+the ruminations of a busy mind; which shews an
+universality of reading, a love of investigation,
+A short
+Paraphrase of the Lord's Prayer (4 pages octavo), first addressed
+to his Parishioners of Brindle, in Lancashire, 1753;
+and afterwards reprinted and distributed in his three parishes
+of Whittington, Heath, and Wingerworth, in Derbyshire, 1790.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> An accurate list of these detached publications may be
+seen in the Gentleman's Magazine for 1796, pp. 979, 1081.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> We shall here specify Mr. Pegge's several Memoirs printed
+(by direction of the Council of the Society of Antiquaries) in
+the Arch�ologia, as being the principal <em>combined</em> work to
+which he contributed. Herein we shall proceed as they successively
+occur in those volumes, rather than by the times at
+which the communications themselves were actually read before
+the Society.
+</p>
+<p>
+Vol. I. No. XXXVII. p. 155. Some Observations on an
+antique Marble of the Earl of Pembroke.&mdash;No. XXXVIII.
+p. 161. Dissertation on an Anglo-Saxon Jewel.&mdash;No. LV.
+p. 319. Of the Introduction, Progress, State, and Condition,
+of the Vine in Britain.&mdash;No. LVII. p. 335. A Copy of a Deed
+in Latin and Saxon of Odo, Bishop of Baieux, with some Observations
+thereon.
+</p>
+<p>
+Vol. II. No. IX. p. 68. Observations on the Mistakes of
+Mr. Lisle and Mr. Hearne in respect of King Alfred's Present
+to the Cathedrals. The late use of the Stylus, or metalline
+Pen. Mr. Wise's Conjecture concerning the famous Jewel of
+King Alfred further pursued; shewing it might possibly be
+part of the Stylus sent by that King, with Gregory's Pastorals,
+to the Monastery at Athelney.&mdash;No. XIII. p. 86. The Bull-running
+at Tutbury, in Staffordshire, considered.&mdash;No. XVI.
+p. 100. Observations on Dr. Percy's (afterwards Bishop of Dromore)
+Account of Minstrels among the Saxons. [See vol. III.
+Art. XXXIV. p. 310.]&mdash;No. XIX. p. 124. Observations on
+Stone Hammers.&mdash;No. XXV. p. 171. A Dissertation on the
+Crane, as a Dish served up at great Tables in England.&mdash;No.
+XXXVI. p. 276. A succinct and authentic Narrative of
+the Battle of Chesterfield [co. Derby], A. D. 1266, in the
+Reign of K. Henry III.
+</p>
+<p>
+Vol. III. No. I. p. 1. Of the Horn, as a Charter, or Instrument
+of Conveyance. Some Observations on Mr. Samuel
+Foxlow's Horn; as likewise on the Nature and Kinds of those
+Horns in general.&mdash;No. X. p. 39. On Shoeing of Horses
+among the Antients.&mdash;No. XI. p. 53. The Question considered,
+whether England formerly produced any Wine from
+Grapes. [See vol. I. Art. LV. p. 319. This Question was
+answered by the Hon. Daines Barrington in the 12th article
+of this volume, p. 67.]&mdash;No. XIV. p. 101. Remarks on Belatucader.&mdash;No.
+XVIII. p. 125. Memoir concerning the Sac-Friars,
+or <cite>Fratres de P&oelig;nitenti� Jesu Christi</cite>, as settled in
+England.&mdash;No. XIX. p. 132. [Greek: Alektruon�n Ag�n.] A Memoir
+on Cock-Fighting; wherein the Antiquity of it, as a Pastime,
+is examined and stated; some Errors of the Moderns concerning
+it are corrected; and the Retention of it among
+Christians absolutely condemned and proscribed.&mdash;No. XX.
+p. 151. An Inscription in honour of Serapis, found at York,
+illustrated.&mdash;No. XXXIV. p. 310. A Letter to Dr. Percy (afterwards
+Bishop of Dromore), on the Minstrels among the antient
+Saxons, occasioned by some Observations on the Subject
+printed in the second Volume, p. 100. [In this short Letter,
+Dr. Pegge very candidly acknowledges that the Bishop had
+removed all his doubts in the most satisfactory manner, by a
+more copious discussion of the subject in a subsequent edition,
+which the Doctor had not seen when he wrote the Memoir in
+vol. II. p. 100]&mdash;No. XXXVI. p. 316. Remarks on the first
+Noble (coined 18 Edw. III. A. D. 1344) wherein a new and
+more rational Interpretation is given of the Legend on the
+Reverse.&mdash;No. XLII. p. 371. Observations on two Jewels in
+the Possession of Sir Charles Mordaunt, Bart.
+</p>
+<p>
+Vol. IV. No. III. p. 29. An Enquiry into the Nature and
+Cause of King John's Death; wherein it is shewn that it was
+not effected by Poison.&mdash;No. IV. p. 47. Illustrations of a Gold
+enamelled Ring, supposed to have been the Property of
+Alhstan, Bishop of Sherburne, with some Account of the
+State and Condition of the Saxon Jewelry in the more early
+Ages.&mdash;No. VIII. p. 110. Observations on Kits Cotty House
+in Kent.&mdash;No. XVII. p. 190. A Dissertation on a most valuable
+Gold Coin of Edmund Crouchback, son of King
+Henry III.&mdash;No. XXVI. p. 414. Remarks on the Bones of
+Fowls found in Christ-church Twynham, Hampshire.
+</p>
+<p>
+Vol. V, No. I. p. 1. Observations on the History of St.
+George, the Patron Saint of England; wherein Dr. Pettingall's
+allegorical Interpretation of the Equestrian Figure on
+the George, and the late Mr. Byrom's Conjecture, that St.
+George is mistaken for Pope Gregory, are briefly confuted;
+and the Martyr of Cappadocia, as Patron of England, and of
+the Order of the Garter, is defended against both. [N. B. Dr.
+Pegge's Name to this Article is omitted in the Contents to the
+Volume; but see the Signature, p. 32.]&mdash;No. V. p. 95. On
+the Rudston Pyramidal Stone.&mdash;No. VII. p. 101. Remarks on
+Governor Pownall's Conjecture concerning the Croyland
+Boundary Stone.&mdash;No. XIII. p. 160. An Examination of a
+mistaken Opinion that Ireland, and [The Isle of] Thanet, are
+void of Serpents.&mdash;No. XXI. p. 224. Observations on the
+Stone Coffins found at Christ Church [in Hampshire].&mdash;No.
+XXVII. p. 272. An important Historical Passage of
+Gildas amended and explained.&mdash;No. XXXVI. p. 346. The
+Question discussed concerning the Appearances of the Matrices
+of so many Conventual Seals.&mdash;No. XXXIX. p. 369.
+Remarks on the ancient Pig of Lead [then] lately discovered
+in Derbyshire. [The Date is 1777.]&mdash;No. XLI. p. 390. The
+Penny with the name of Rodbertus IV. ascribed to Robert
+Duke of Normandy, and other Matters relative to the English
+Coinage, occasionally discussed.
+</p>
+<p>
+Vol. VI. No. VIII. p. 79. Observations on the Plague in
+England&mdash;No. XX. p. 150. The Commencement of the Day
+among the Saxons and Britons ascertained.
+</p>
+<p>
+Vol. VII. No. II. p. 19. Illustration of some Druidical Remains
+in the Peak of Derbyshire, drawn by Hayman Rooke,
+Esq.&mdash;No. IX. p. 86. Observations on the present Aldborough
+Church, in Holderness; proving that it was not a Saxon
+Building, as Mr. Somerset [<em>i. e.</em> John-Charles Brooke, Esq.
+Somerset Herald] contends.&mdash;No. XIII. p. 131. A Disquisition
+on the Lows, or Barrows, in the Peak of Derbyshire, particularly
+that capital British Monument called Arbelows.&mdash;No.
+XVIII. p. 170. Description of a Second Roman Pig of
+Lead found in Derbyshire, in the Possession of Mr. Adam
+Wolley, of Matlock, in that County, with Remarks.&mdash;No.
+XXIV. p. 211. Observations on the Chariots of the Antient
+Britons.&mdash;No. XXXVIII. p. 362. Observations on a
+Seal of Thomas, Suffragan Bishop of Philadelphia.
+</p>
+<p>
+Vol. VIII. No. I. p. 1. A Sketch of the History of the
+Asylum, or Sanctuary, from its Origin to the final Abolition
+of it in the Reign of King James I.&mdash;No. III. p. 58. Observations
+on the Stanton Moor Urns, and Druidical Temples.&mdash;No.
+XX. p. 159. A circumstantial Detail of the Battle of
+Lincoln, A. D. 1217 (1 Henry III).
+</p>
+<p>
+Vol. IX. No. V. p. 45. Description of another [a third]
+Roman Pig of Lead found in Derbyshire.&mdash;No. IX. p. 84.
+Observations on some Brass Celts, and other Weapons, discovered
+in Ireland, 1780.&mdash;No. XVIII. p. 189. Discoveries on
+opening a Tumulus in Derbyshire.
+</p>
+<p>
+Vol. X. No. II. p. 17. Derbeiescira Romana.&mdash;No. IV. p. 50.
+Some Observations of the Paintings in Brereton Church.&mdash;No.
+XIX. p. 156. On the hunting of the antient Inhabitants
+of our Island, Britons and Saxons.&mdash;No. XXIII. p. 177. Observations
+on an antient Font at Burnham-Deepdale, in Norfolk.
+</p>
+<p>
+The following articles appear to have been contributed by
+Mr. Pegge to that useful and interesting reservoir of British
+Topographical History, the <cite>Bibliotheca Topographica Britannica;
+viz.</cite> No. XVII. A Memoir on the Story of Guy Earl of
+Warwick [1783].&mdash;No. XXI. The History and Antiquities of
+Eccleshal-Manor and Castle, in the County of Stafford; and
+of Lichfield House in London [1784]. [This Memoir is inscribed
+to four successive Bishops of Lichfield: the Right
+Rev. Dr. John Egerton (then Bishop of Durham); Hon. and
+Right Rev. Dr. Brownlow North, then (and still) Bishop of
+Winchester; Right Rev. Dr. Hurd, then Bishop of Worcester;
+and the Hon. and Right Rev. Dr. Cornwallis, the present
+Bishop of Lichfield, who has done Dr. Pegge the honour to
+deposit a copy of it among the Archives belonging to that
+See.&mdash;No. XXIV. The Roman Roads (Ikenild-Street and
+Bath-Way) discovered and investigated through the Country
+of the Coritani, or the County of Derby; with the Addition of
+a Dissertation on the Coritani. [1784.]&mdash;No. XXV. An Historical
+Account of that venerable Monument of Antiquity, the
+Textus Roffensis; including Memoirs of Mr. William Elstob,
+and his Sister, Mrs. Elizabeth Elstob. [1784.]&mdash;No. XXVIII.
+Some Account of that Species of Prelates formerly existing in
+England, usually called "Bishops <cite>in Partibus Infidelium</cite>."
+[1784.] [The article before us is combined with some others
+to consolidate what has been written on the subject. It begins
+with a Letter from the Rev. Thomas Brett, LL. D. on Suffragan
+Bishops in England, extracted from Drake's Antiquities
+of York (p. 539), which is followed by a Memoir on the same
+Topick from the Rev. Mr. Lewis, of Margate. To these is
+subjoined Dr. Pegge's Account of "Bishops <cite>in Partibus Infidelium</cite>."
+[N. B. This Number closes with "A List of the
+Suffragan Bishops in England, drawn up by the late Rev.
+Henry Wharton, M.A. and extracted from his MSS. in the
+Lambeth Library."]&mdash;No. XXXII. Sketch of the History of Bolsover
+and Peak Castles, in the County of Derby (in a Letter
+to his Grace the Duke of Portland), illustrated with various
+Drawings by Hayman Rooke, Esq. [1785].&mdash;No. XLI. A Sylloge
+of the authentic remaining Inscriptions relative to the
+Erection of our English Churches, embellished with Copperplates.
+Inscribed to Richard Gough, esq. [1787.]
+</p>
+<p>
+Independent Publications on Numismatical, Antiquarian,
+and Biographical Subjects: 1756. No. I. "A Series of Dissertations
+on some elegant and very valuable Anglo-Saxon
+Remains." [42 pages, 4to. with a Plate.] 1. A Gold Coin in
+the Pembrochian Cabinet, in a Letter to Martin Folkes, Esq.
+late President of the Royal Society, and Fellow of the Society
+of Antiquaries. [Dated Godmersham, 1751.] 2. A Silver
+Coin in the Possession of Mr. John White. [Dated Whittington,
+1755.] 3. A Gold Coin in the Possession of Mr. Simpson,
+of Lincoln, in a Letter to Mr. Vertue. [Dated Godmersham,
+1751.] 4. A Jewel in the Bodleian Library. [No place
+or date.] 5. Second Thoughts on Lord Pembroke's Coin, in
+a Letter to Mr. Ames, Secretary to the Society of Antiquaries.
+[Dated Whittington, 1755.] [These Dissertations are prefaced
+by a Question, candidly debated with the Rev. George
+North, Whether the Saxons coined any Gold?]&mdash;No. II. 1761.
+"Memoirs of Roger de Weseham, Dean of Lincoln, afterwards
+Bishop of Lichfield; and the principal Favourite of Robert
+Grosseteste, Bishop of Lincoln." [60 pages, 4to.] [This
+work (as we are told in the title-page) was intended as a prelude
+to the Life of that most excellent Bishop, Robert Grosseteste;
+which accordingly appeared (as will be mentioned) in
+the year 1795. These Memoirs were compiled soon after Dr.
+Pegge was collated, by Bishop [Frederick] Cornwallis, to the
+prebend of <em>Bobenhull</em>, in the church of Lichfield, 1757,
+(founded by Bishop Weseham) and gratefully inscribed to his
+patron the Bishop of Lichfield, and to his friend Dr. John
+Green, then Dean of Lincoln, as Roger de Weseham had successively
+filled both those dignities.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> Both these are engraved in the "Antiquaries Museum," from
+drawings made by Mr. Schnebbelie. <span class="smcap">Edit.</span></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> It appears, from traditional accounts, that Lord Delamere, an
+ancestor of the present Earl of Stamford and Warrington, was also
+at this meeting. <span class="smcap">H. Rooke.</span></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> Kennett.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> A Provincial name for a <em>Magpye</em>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> Rapin, XV. 199.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_40_40" id="Footnote_40_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> Deering's Nottingham, p. 258.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_41_41" id="Footnote_41_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> Son and heir of Conyers Earl of Holderness.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_42_42" id="Footnote_42_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> For the Earl of Devonshire's proceedings at Derby and Whittington
+see Mr. Deering's History of Nottingham, p. 260. Mr.
+Drake, p. 177 of his Eboracum, just mentions the Earl of Danby's
+appearance at York.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> Sir John Dalrymple's "Continuation of Memoirs of Great
+Britain."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> Samuel Pegge.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_45_45" id="Footnote_45_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> Whittington Moor.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_46_46" id="Footnote_46_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> Earl of Devon, Earl of Danby, and Mr. John D'Arcy.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> Birth-day of the Rev. Samuel Pegge, 1704.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_48_48" id="Footnote_48_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> Father Paul.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_49_49" id="Footnote_49_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> "The Committee appointed by the Lords and Gentlemen at the
+last Chesterfield Races, to conduct and manage the Celebration of the
+intended Jubilee, on the Hundredth Anniversary of the glorious Revolution,
+at the Revolution House in Whittington, in the County of
+Derby, where measures were first concerted for the promotion of
+that grand constitutional event, in these midland parts, have this day
+met, and upon consideration, come to the following resolutions:
+</p>
+<p>
+That General Gladwin do take the chair at this meeting. That
+the Rev. Samuel Pegge be requested to preach a Sermon on the occasion,
+at Whittington Church, on the 5th day of November next.
+That the Gentlemen who intend to honor the meeting with their
+company, do assemble at Whittington Church, exactly at eleven
+o'clock in the forenoon of that day to attend divine service. That
+immediately after service, they meet at the Revolution House, where
+a cold collation will be provided. That they go in procession from
+thence to Chesterfield, where ordinaries will be provided at the
+Angel, Castle, and Falcon inns. That the meeting be open to all
+friends of the Revolution. That letters be written to the Dukes of
+Devonshire and Leeds, and the Earl of Stamford, to request the
+honour of their attendance at that meeting. That there be a ball
+for the Ladies in the evening at the Assembly Room in Chesterfield.
+That a subscription of one guinea each be entered into for
+defraying the extraordinary expenses on the occasion, and that the
+same be paid into the hands of Messrs. Wilkinson's, in Chesterfield.
+That the Committee do meet again on Wednesday the 8th of October
+next, at the Angel Inn, in Chesterfield, at one o'clock. That
+these resolutions be published in the Derby and Nottingham newspapers,
+and in the St. James's of Whitehall, and Lloyd's Evening
+Posts, and the London and English Chronicles.
+</p>
+
+<p><br />
+<em>Chesterfield, Sept. 27, 1788.</em></p>
+
+<p class="sig"><span class="smcap">Henry Gladwin</span>, Chairman."
+</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_50_50" id="Footnote_50_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> Another son, Christopher, died an infant in 1736.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_51_51" id="Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> Who died in 1775, in his 89th year.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_52_52" id="Footnote_52_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> Who married Anne-Katharine, Mr. S. Pegge's only sister.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_53_53" id="Footnote_53_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> She died Oct. 23, 1807, in her 82d year.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_54_54" id="Footnote_54_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> A few extracts from his Letters are given in p. lxxxiii.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_55_55" id="Footnote_55_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> Had Mr. Pegge lived to have completed his whole design,
+the Title would have run thus: "<cite>Hospitium Regis</cite>; or, a History
+of the Royal Household, and the several Officers thereof,
+principally in the Departments of the Lord Steward, the Lord
+Chamberlain, the Master of the Horse, and the Groom of the
+Stole. Collected and digested by Samuel Pegge, Esq. F.S.A."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_56_56" id="Footnote_56_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_56"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> The History of Somerset House was with Mr. Pegge a
+favourite subject; and to this, with the exception of the two
+concluding pages, he had put the finishing hand.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_57_57" id="Footnote_57_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> Announced by the Author in his Introduction to Part III.
+and by himself very nearly completed for the press.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_58_58" id="Footnote_58_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> Of this Elegy Mr. Pegge printed only a few copies to be
+given to particular Friends; but, by his permission, it was re-printed
+for sale by Mr. Joseph Bradley, of Chesterfield.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_59_59" id="Footnote_59_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> See the "Illustrations of Literature," vol. I. p. 427.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_60_60" id="Footnote_60_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_60"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> The Books in the Library at Whittington had, probably, not
+been dusted for 20 to 30 years.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_61_61" id="Footnote_61_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_61"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> Mr. Gough was then Director of the Society of Antiquaries.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_62_62" id="Footnote_62_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_62"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> This striking resemblance of my worthy old friend Dr. Pegge,
+which I have often had the agreeable opportunity of comparing with
+the Original when conversing with the good Doctor at Whittington,
+is now in the possession of his Grandson, Sir Christopher Pegge; by
+whose kind permission a faithful Engraving from it, admirably
+executed by Philip Andinet, accompanies the present Publication.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_63_63" id="Footnote_63_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_63"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> Elizabeth, daughter of the Rev. John Bourne, of Spital, was
+married, Jan. 1, 1800, to Robert Jennings, Esq. of Hull.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_64_64" id="Footnote_64_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_64"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> Mr. John Belt, of York, Surgeon, died Jan. 23, 1800.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_65_65" id="Footnote_65_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65_65"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> So he humourously styled the Printer's Errand Boys.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_66_66" id="Footnote_66_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_66_66"><span class="label">[66]</span></a> Henry II.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_67_67" id="Footnote_67_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67_67"><span class="label">[67]</span></a> William Rufus.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_68_68" id="Footnote_68_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68_68"><span class="label">[68]</span></a> See Letters concerning the present state of
+Poland, printed for T. Payne, 1773, Letter iii. p. 57.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_69_69" id="Footnote_69_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69_69"><span class="label">[69]</span></a> Lord Corke's Letters from Italy, published 1773,
+p. 52.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_70_70" id="Footnote_70_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70_70"><span class="label">[70]</span></a> Dr. Burney, in his Present State of Munich, in
+Germany, vol. I. pp. 205, 295.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_71_71" id="Footnote_71_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_71_71"><span class="label">[71]</span></a> Called Codex Wintoniensis. See Sir John
+Spelman's Life of Alfred.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_72_72" id="Footnote_72_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72_72"><span class="label">[72]</span></a> Lord Lyttelton's Life of Henry II. vol. i. p. 74;
+edit. 8vo.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_73_73" id="Footnote_73_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73_73"><span class="label">[73]</span></a> Domesday Book.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_74_74" id="Footnote_74_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_74_74"><span class="label">[74]</span></a> Rapin.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_75_75" id="Footnote_75_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_75_75"><span class="label">[75]</span></a> "<em>Pro more suo</em>, extorsit multum pecuni� suis subditis
+ubicunque haberet aliquem pretextum, sive jure
+sive aliter." Chron. Sax. p. 187. In another place
+the writer says, he extorted money, "partim just�,
+maxim� ver� ex parte injust�, rebus par�m urgentibus."
+p. 191.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_76_76" id="Footnote_76_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_76_76"><span class="label">[76]</span></a> Lord Lyttelton's Henry II. vol. i. p. 74.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_77_77" id="Footnote_77_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_77_77"><span class="label">[77]</span></a> <em>Gentleman of the Bed-chamber</em> means what we
+now call a <em>Lord of the Bed-chamber</em>; which last is a
+title of a late introduction. When the <em>Gentleman</em> was
+the superior, the next subordinate Officer was the
+<em>Groom</em>; which last title continues to this day. Had
+the first been originally called <em>Lords</em>, the latter would
+probably have been styled the <em>Gentleman</em>. William
+of Malmsbury speaks of the <em>Cubicularius</em> in that ridiculous
+instance of William Rufus's absurd profusion
+with respect to the price of a pair of hose; by whom,
+I should suppose, he means an inferior Officer of the
+<em>Bed-chamber</em>, by the rough language he uses to him;
+no less than calling him a <em>son of a whore.&mdash;Fil�, ait,
+meretricis.</em></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_78_78" id="Footnote_78_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_78_78"><span class="label">[78]</span></a> Life of Henry II. vol. i. p. 74.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_79_79" id="Footnote_79_79"></a><a href="#FNanchor_79_79"><span class="label">[79]</span></a> Dividens Familiam in tres Turmas, singulis Turmis
+singulos Principes imposuit; et unusquisque Princeps
+cum su� Turm� per unum mensem in Regis Ministerio
+Palatium conservavit. Uno mense completo,
+exiens ad proprios agros cum su� Turm�, propriis
+negotiis per duorum mensium spatium intendebat;
+et interim secundus Princeps per unum mensem, et
+tertius Princeps per alium mensem post illum in Regis
+Palatio ministrabat: ut postea propriis utilitatibus per
+duos menses qu�libet Turma vacaret. H�c revolutione
+Servorum suorum, totiusque famili� su� rotatione,
+usus est omni tempore vit� su�. Ingulph.
+Hist. p. 870.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_80_80" id="Footnote_80_80"></a><a href="#FNanchor_80_80"><span class="label">[80]</span></a> Ingulph. ubi supra.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_81_81" id="Footnote_81_81"></a><a href="#FNanchor_81_81"><span class="label">[81]</span></a> Princeps. Ingulphus, in eod.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_82_82" id="Footnote_82_82"></a><a href="#FNanchor_82_82"><span class="label">[82]</span></a> This, I suppose, led Sir John into the above supposition
+about the Quarter-Waiters.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_83_83" id="Footnote_83_83"></a><a href="#FNanchor_83_83"><span class="label">[83]</span></a> Spelman's Life of Alfred, edit. Hearne, p. 198.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_84_84" id="Footnote_84_84"></a><a href="#FNanchor_84_84"><span class="label">[84]</span></a> Erant autem in Thesauro 60 Mille Libr� Argenti.
+Lib. vi.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_85_85" id="Footnote_85_85"></a><a href="#FNanchor_85_85"><span class="label">[85]</span></a> Introduction to the Life of Henry II. The Reader
+may see his Lordship's grounds of computation in a
+long note on this passage. The Saxon Chronicle says,
+the King's Treasures were <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">difficiles numeratu</i>, p. 192.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_86_86" id="Footnote_86_86"></a><a href="#FNanchor_86_86"><span class="label">[86]</span></a> Lord Lyttelton calling him Ralph Flambard, a
+Norman. Life of Henry II. vol. i. p. 87, where his
+character may be seen at large.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_87_87" id="Footnote_87_87"></a><a href="#FNanchor_87_87"><span class="label">[87]</span></a> The Saxon Chronicle says but Eleven.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_88_88" id="Footnote_88_88"></a><a href="#FNanchor_88_88"><span class="label">[88]</span></a> Matthew Paris.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_89_89" id="Footnote_89_89"></a><a href="#FNanchor_89_89"><span class="label">[89]</span></a> Saxon Chronicle.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_90_90" id="Footnote_90_90"></a><a href="#FNanchor_90_90"><span class="label">[90]</span></a> "Per Vultum di Lucca." See Lord Lyttelton's
+note, vol. i. p. 424, octavo. I have seen a private
+letter from his Lordship in defence of his opinion.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_91_91" id="Footnote_91_91"></a><a href="#FNanchor_91_91"><span class="label">[91]</span></a> Higden.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_92_92" id="Footnote_92_92"></a><a href="#FNanchor_92_92"><span class="label">[92]</span></a> "Ipse namque, et qui ei famulabantur (says
+Matthew Paris) omnia rapiebant, omnia conterebant,
+et subvertebant. Adulteria violenter, et <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">impun�</i> committebant,
+quicquid fraudis et nequiti� antea non
+erat, his temporibus pullulavit." Henry of Huntingdon
+uses nearly the same, but rather stronger, expressions.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_93_93" id="Footnote_93_93"></a><a href="#FNanchor_93_93"><span class="label">[93]</span></a> Introduction to History of Henry II.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_94_94" id="Footnote_94_94"></a><a href="#FNanchor_94_94"><span class="label">[94]</span></a> Saxon Chronicle, p. 237.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_95_95" id="Footnote_95_95"></a><a href="#FNanchor_95_95"><span class="label">[95]</span></a> Morem fratris sui Willielmi Regis secutus.
+Eadmer.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_96_96" id="Footnote_96_96"></a><a href="#FNanchor_96_96"><span class="label">[96]</span></a> Aide � Fille marier.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_97_97" id="Footnote_97_97"></a><a href="#FNanchor_97_97"><span class="label">[97]</span></a> Polydore Vergil.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_98_98" id="Footnote_98_98"></a><a href="#FNanchor_98_98"><span class="label">[98]</span></a> Eadmer.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_99_99" id="Footnote_99_99"></a><a href="#FNanchor_99_99"><span class="label">[99]</span></a> Lord Lyttelton.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_100_100" id="Footnote_100_100"></a><a href="#FNanchor_100_100"><span class="label">[100]</span></a> Introduction to Life of Henry II.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_101_101" id="Footnote_101_101"></a><a href="#FNanchor_101_101"><span class="label">[101]</span></a> Matthew Paris.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_102_102" id="Footnote_102_102"></a><a href="#FNanchor_102_102"><span class="label">[102]</span></a> Eadmer.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_103_103" id="Footnote_103_103"></a><a href="#FNanchor_103_103"><span class="label">[103]</span></a> Eadmer.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_104_104" id="Footnote_104_104"></a><a href="#FNanchor_104_104"><span class="label">[104]</span></a> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pro more</i>, as the Monkish writers say: though
+Henry I. does not appear to have confined himself to
+keep the Feast of Christmas at one place. According
+to the Saxon Chronicle, William I. had stated places
+for each Feast; and on these occasions the Kings
+wore their Crowns. "Ter gessit [Willielmus] suam
+Coronam singulis annis quoties esset in Angli�; ad
+<em>Pascha</em> eam gessit in <em>Winchester;</em> ad Pentecosten in
+<em>Westminster;</em> et ad <em>Natales</em> in <em>Gloucester</em>." Chronic.
+Saxon. p. 190. So before anno 1085 "Rex <em>induta
+Corona</em> tenuit Curiam in <em>Winchester</em> ad <em>Pascha</em>, atque
+ita Itinera instituit ut esset ad <em>Pentecosten</em> apud <em>Westminster;</em>
+ubi armis militaribus honoravit filium suum
+Henricum;" p. 187.
+</p>
+<p>
+William Rufus was not so uniform. He sometimes
+held his Court at one, and sometimes at another; but
+for the most part the Easter-Court at Winchester, as
+his Father had done. At Whitsuntide 1099, he kept
+his Court for the first time in his new Hall at Westminster
+(Saxon Chronicle); for which purpose, I suppose,
+he built it. Henry I. was not regular in the
+places where he kept his Court, but it was held oftener
+in Westminster Hall than any where else, perhaps
+on account of its novelty and convenience in
+point of magnitude, or for greater magnificence. The
+custom of wearing the Crown during the celebration
+of the great Festivals was much left off, however,
+after Henry II. It is said to have grown by degrees
+into disuse after Henry II. and his Queen, 1136, laid
+their Crowns on the Altar, after their third Coronation
+at Worcester, vowing they would never wear them
+again. What the occasion of this vow was, nobody
+has told us; and Lord Lyttelton does not even guess
+at the reason.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_105_105" id="Footnote_105_105"></a><a href="#FNanchor_105_105"><span class="label">[105]</span></a> Du Cange, Gloss. in voce <em>Cambellanus</em>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_106_106" id="Footnote_106_106"></a><a href="#FNanchor_106_106"><span class="label">[106]</span></a> P. 222.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_107_107" id="Footnote_107_107"></a><a href="#FNanchor_107_107"><span class="label">[107]</span></a> The <em>Dispensatores</em> should seem to be something
+like our Gentlemen of the Buttery, Pantry, &amp;c.; or
+such as delivered out provisions of various sorts in
+their several provinces.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_108_108" id="Footnote_108_108"></a><a href="#FNanchor_108_108"><span class="label">[108]</span></a> The <em>Cubicularii</em> I have already supposed to mean
+the inferior Officers of the Bed-chamber.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_109_109" id="Footnote_109_109"></a><a href="#FNanchor_109_109"><span class="label">[109]</span></a> The <em>Pincern�</em>, Butlers,&mdash;"<em>Pincerna</em>, qui Vinum
+Convivis miscet;" Du Cange in voce: and <em>Pincernare</em>,
+he says, is "Vinum pr�gustare priusquam Principi propinetur;"
+Idem in voce. So that it seems to be what
+we call <em>A Yeoman of the Mouth</em>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_110_110" id="Footnote_110_110"></a><a href="#FNanchor_110_110"><span class="label">[110]</span></a> William of Malmesbury; "�stimabantur denarii
+fere ad centum millia libras," p. 179.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_111_111" id="Footnote_111_111"></a><a href="#FNanchor_111_111"><span class="label">[111]</span></a> The breach of his oath to Matilda.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_112_112" id="Footnote_112_112"></a><a href="#FNanchor_112_112"><span class="label">[112]</span></a> Qu� nunquam fuerat splendidior <em>in Angli�</em> multitudine,
+magnitudine, auro, argento, gemmis, Vestibus,
+omnimod� dapsilitate.
+</p>
+
+<p><br />
+Henry of Huntingdon, Lib. viii.<br />
+
+</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_113_113" id="Footnote_113_113"></a><a href="#FNanchor_113_113"><span class="label">[113]</span></a> Lord Lyttelton, from John of Salisbury.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_114_114" id="Footnote_114_114"></a><a href="#FNanchor_114_114"><span class="label">[114]</span></a> Fitzstephen.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_115_115" id="Footnote_115_115"></a><a href="#FNanchor_115_115"><span class="label">[115]</span></a> Idem. Vide Lord Lyttelton's Life of Henry II.
+vol. iii. p. 483.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_116_116" id="Footnote_116_116"></a><a href="#FNanchor_116_116"><span class="label">[116]</span></a> <em>Juncare</em> is properly, to strew with rushes.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_117_117" id="Footnote_117_117"></a><a href="#FNanchor_117_117"><span class="label">[117]</span></a> Blount's Jocular Tenures.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_118_118" id="Footnote_118_118"></a><a href="#FNanchor_118_118"><span class="label">[118]</span></a> Jam quippe Curi� solennes, et ornatus Regii
+Schematis prorsus evanuerant. Annals of Waverly.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_119_119" id="Footnote_119_119"></a><a href="#FNanchor_119_119"><span class="label">[119]</span></a> Lord Lyttelton.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_120_120" id="Footnote_120_120"></a><a href="#FNanchor_120_120"><span class="label">[120]</span></a> Lord Lyttelton.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_121_121" id="Footnote_121_121"></a><a href="#FNanchor_121_121"><span class="label">[121]</span></a> Lord Lyttelton.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_122_122" id="Footnote_122_122"></a><a href="#FNanchor_122_122"><span class="label">[122]</span></a> Lord Lyttelton.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_123_123" id="Footnote_123_123"></a><a href="#FNanchor_123_123"><span class="label">[123]</span></a> Constable or Governor of Colchester Castle.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_124_124" id="Footnote_124_124"></a><a href="#FNanchor_124_124"><span class="label">[124]</span></a> The daughter was educated by Henry with all
+the affection he owed to the memory of her father,
+and was afterwards married to a Nobleman of great
+distinction.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_125_125" id="Footnote_125_125"></a><a href="#FNanchor_125_125"><span class="label">[125]</span></a> Lord Lyttelton.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_126_126" id="Footnote_126_126"></a><a href="#FNanchor_126_126"><span class="label">[126]</span></a> A very similar circumstance happened in our
+times in Poland. The King, anno 1771, being shot
+at with arrows by the Regicides, H. Butzau, a Hussar,
+interposed, and received the arrows in his own breast,
+of which wounds he died. The King erected a monument
+(1773) to his memory. See the public prints of
+the years 1771 and 1773.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_127_127" id="Footnote_127_127"></a><a href="#FNanchor_127_127"><span class="label">[127]</span></a> Speed, p. 519.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_128_128" id="Footnote_128_128"></a><a href="#FNanchor_128_128"><span class="label">[128]</span></a> <em>i.e.</em> Short Mantle.&mdash;"Ab Infanti� vocabatur Henricus
+<em>Curtmantell</em>, nam iste primus omnium <em>curta mantella</em>
+ab Andegavi� (Anjou) in Angliam transvexit."
+Brompton, p. 1150.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_129_129" id="Footnote_129_129"></a><a href="#FNanchor_129_129"><span class="label">[129]</span></a> Vide note to vol. iii. octavo.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_130_130" id="Footnote_130_130"></a><a href="#FNanchor_130_130"><span class="label">[130]</span></a> Camden's Remains, p. 194.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_131_131" id="Footnote_131_131"></a><a href="#FNanchor_131_131"><span class="label">[131]</span></a> Life of Henry II. vol. iii. p. 40.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_132_132" id="Footnote_132_132"></a><a href="#FNanchor_132_132"><span class="label">[132]</span></a> He was not then Archbishop.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_133_133" id="Footnote_133_133"></a><a href="#FNanchor_133_133"><span class="label">[133]</span></a> Life of Henry II. vol. iii. p. 311.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_134_134" id="Footnote_134_134"></a><a href="#FNanchor_134_134"><span class="label">[134]</span></a> Gervas. Dorob. inter Decem Scriptores, col. 1366.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_135_135" id="Footnote_135_135"></a><a href="#FNanchor_135_135"><span class="label">[135]</span></a> From Brady's History, p. 309, who cites Gervas.
+Dorob. col. 1410.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_136_136" id="Footnote_136_136"></a><a href="#FNanchor_136_136"><span class="label">[136]</span></a> Brady, 330; A. D. 1177.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_137_137" id="Footnote_137_137"></a><a href="#FNanchor_137_137"><span class="label">[137]</span></a> Consult Brady, who gives authorities, p. 344.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_138_138" id="Footnote_138_138"></a><a href="#FNanchor_138_138"><span class="label">[138]</span></a> Ibid.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_139_139" id="Footnote_139_139"></a><a href="#FNanchor_139_139"><span class="label">[139]</span></a> "Numero et Pondere." Brompton.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_140_140" id="Footnote_140_140"></a><a href="#FNanchor_140_140"><span class="label">[140]</span></a> "Pr�ter Utensilia, et Jocalia, et Lapides pretiosos."
+Matthew Paris.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_141_141" id="Footnote_141_141"></a><a href="#FNanchor_141_141"><span class="label">[141]</span></a> In passing between Cyprus and Rhodes, in his
+Expedition to the Holy War, three of his Ships were
+lost, and among other persons that perished was the
+Vice-Chancellor, who had the Great Seal in his custody,
+and was afterwards found with it about his neck.
+Brompton. This was the manner in which the Seal
+was formerly carried by the Chancellor himself&mdash;"<em>circa</em>
+cujus <em>Collum suspensum</em> Regis Sigillum postea repertum
+est," are Brompton's words.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_142_142" id="Footnote_142_142"></a><a href="#FNanchor_142_142"><span class="label">[142]</span></a> Sir Richard Baker, p. 73.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_143_143" id="Footnote_143_143"></a><a href="#FNanchor_143_143"><span class="label">[143]</span></a> Consult the Monkish Historians.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_144_144" id="Footnote_144_144"></a><a href="#FNanchor_144_144"><span class="label">[144]</span></a> Sir Richard Baker reckons this no more than a
+voluntary contribution, forgetting that it was one of
+the established Norman <em>Feudal Aids</em>, though now first
+brought forward since the Conquest.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_145_145" id="Footnote_145_145"></a><a href="#FNanchor_145_145"><span class="label">[145]</span></a> Rymer's F&oelig;dera, tom. viii. p. 610.&mdash;From Madox's
+MSS. n. 4486, p. 70.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_146_146" id="Footnote_146_146"></a><a href="#FNanchor_146_146"><span class="label">[146]</span></a> Madox's MSS. n. 4486, p. 71.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_147_147" id="Footnote_147_147"></a><a href="#FNanchor_147_147"><span class="label">[147]</span></a> Idem, p. 69.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_148_148" id="Footnote_148_148"></a><a href="#FNanchor_148_148"><span class="label">[148]</span></a> Idem, pp. 22, 23.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_149_149" id="Footnote_149_149"></a><a href="#FNanchor_149_149"><span class="label">[149]</span></a> Harleian MSS. in the British Museum, N<sup>o</sup> 369,
+corrected by N<sup>o</sup> 642.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_150_150" id="Footnote_150_150"></a><a href="#FNanchor_150_150"><span class="label">[150]</span></a> By white lights I understand tallow candles, they
+being so distinguished from wax in other places:
+which last, I presume, at that time were yellow.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_151_151" id="Footnote_151_151"></a><a href="#FNanchor_151_151"><span class="label">[151]</span></a> In the time of Henry the Eighth (as in some
+cases in these Orders) they used stoppages of wages
+in lieu of imprisonment. This was called <em>checquing</em>.
+Hence, I apprehend, the office of a Clerk of the
+Cheque.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_152_152" id="Footnote_152_152"></a><a href="#FNanchor_152_152"><span class="label">[152]</span></a> Of this Office, and that of the Esquires of the
+Body, see Mr. Pegge's Curialia, Part I.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_153_153" id="Footnote_153_153"></a><a href="#FNanchor_153_153"><span class="label">[153]</span></a> N<sup>o</sup> 369 reads <em>Ray</em> Clothing.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_154_154" id="Footnote_154_154"></a><a href="#FNanchor_154_154"><span class="label">[154]</span></a> Fort� <em>Prickets</em>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_155_155" id="Footnote_155_155"></a><a href="#FNanchor_155_155"><span class="label">[155]</span></a> <em>Sic</em>: but query if not Gentlemen of the Privy
+Chamber; they not being otherwise mentioned in
+either copy.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_156_156" id="Footnote_156_156"></a><a href="#FNanchor_156_156"><span class="label">[156]</span></a> See the "Curialia," Part III.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_157_157" id="Footnote_157_157"></a><a href="#FNanchor_157_157"><span class="label">[157]</span></a> Sic lego.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_158_158" id="Footnote_158_158"></a><a href="#FNanchor_158_158"><span class="label">[158]</span></a> <em>Tools</em> in No. 642, in Bib. Harl.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_159_159" id="Footnote_159_159"></a><a href="#FNanchor_159_159"><span class="label">[159]</span></a> <em>i. e.</em> granted them during non-age.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_160_160" id="Footnote_160_160"></a><a href="#FNanchor_160_160"><span class="label">[160]</span></a> Fort� <em>Tournois</em>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_161_161" id="Footnote_161_161"></a><a href="#FNanchor_161_161"><span class="label">[161]</span></a> Sic.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_162_162" id="Footnote_162_162"></a><a href="#FNanchor_162_162"><span class="label">[162]</span></a> Harleian MSS. 642, p. 177.&mdash;Rigid Orders regarding
+Offenders, p. 97. b.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_163_163" id="Footnote_163_163"></a><a href="#FNanchor_163_163"><span class="label">[163]</span></a> Recti�s, No. 642 reads <em>Service</em>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_164_164" id="Footnote_164_164"></a><a href="#FNanchor_164_164"><span class="label">[164]</span></a> See the "Curialia," Part V.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_165_165" id="Footnote_165_165"></a><a href="#FNanchor_165_165"><span class="label">[165]</span></a> Shawms.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_166_166" id="Footnote_166_166"></a><a href="#FNanchor_166_166"><span class="label">[166]</span></a> <em>i. e.</em> Maunday Thursday.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_167_167" id="Footnote_167_167"></a><a href="#FNanchor_167_167"><span class="label">[167]</span></a> Perhaps Perils.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_168_168" id="Footnote_168_168"></a><a href="#FNanchor_168_168"><span class="label">[168]</span></a> Lex Parliamentaria.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_169_169" id="Footnote_169_169"></a><a href="#FNanchor_169_169"><span class="label">[169]</span></a> Ibid. p. 195.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_170_170" id="Footnote_170_170"></a><a href="#FNanchor_170_170"><span class="label">[170]</span></a> Ibid. 197.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_171_171" id="Footnote_171_171"></a><a href="#FNanchor_171_171"><span class="label">[171]</span></a> Ibid. 301.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_172_172" id="Footnote_172_172"></a><a href="#FNanchor_172_172"><span class="label">[172]</span></a> See Peck's Desiderata Curiosa, vol. i. p. 51.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_173_173" id="Footnote_173_173"></a><a href="#FNanchor_173_173"><span class="label">[173]</span></a> Leigh's Choice Observations.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_174_174" id="Footnote_174_174"></a><a href="#FNanchor_174_174"><span class="label">[174]</span></a> Leigh's Choice Observations, p. 151.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_175_175" id="Footnote_175_175"></a><a href="#FNanchor_175_175"><span class="label">[175]</span></a> Churchill, in his Divi Britannici, gives a Lion
+and a Griffin.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_176_176" id="Footnote_176_176"></a><a href="#FNanchor_176_176"><span class="label">[176]</span></a> Vide Camden's Remains.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_177_177" id="Footnote_177_177"></a><a href="#FNanchor_177_177"><span class="label">[177]</span></a> Chronicle, p. 693.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_178_178" id="Footnote_178_178"></a><a href="#FNanchor_178_178"><span class="label">[178]</span></a> Mortimer's Dictionary, in voce <em>Sacred</em>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_179_179" id="Footnote_179_179"></a><a href="#FNanchor_179_179"><span class="label">[179]</span></a> Mortimer's Dictionary.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_180_180" id="Footnote_180_180"></a><a href="#FNanchor_180_180"><span class="label">[180]</span></a> Platina.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_181_181" id="Footnote_181_181"></a><a href="#FNanchor_181_181"><span class="label">[181]</span></a> Bolingbroke, on the Study of History, p. 22.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_182_182" id="Footnote_182_182"></a><a href="#FNanchor_182_182"><span class="label">[182]</span></a> Obiit 1214. Query if not the same as Alphonsus
+above?</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_183_183" id="Footnote_183_183"></a><a href="#FNanchor_183_183"><span class="label">[183]</span></a> Warton's History of English Poetry, p. 133.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_184_184" id="Footnote_184_184"></a><a href="#FNanchor_184_184"><span class="label">[184]</span></a> See the story at large in Granger, from Dr.
+Charles Goodall's Works.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_185_185" id="Footnote_185_185"></a><a href="#FNanchor_185_185"><span class="label">[185]</span></a> See Mezeray. The name of this person was
+Lancinet.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_186_186" id="Footnote_186_186"></a><a href="#FNanchor_186_186"><span class="label">[186]</span></a> Browne's "Adenochoiradelogia," 1684. See
+hereafter, under Charles II.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_187_187" id="Footnote_187_187"></a><a href="#FNanchor_187_187"><span class="label">[187]</span></a> Davies, ii. 181.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_188_188" id="Footnote_188_188"></a><a href="#FNanchor_188_188"><span class="label">[188]</span></a> Louis XVI. of France went through this ceremony,
+as appears from the Formule of his Coronation,
+published at the time, A. D. 1775. Louis XV.
+touched no less than 2000 persons, and Louis XIV.
+upwards of 2500.
+</p>
+<p>
+Gemelli(the famous Traveller) gives an account of
+1600 persons being presented for this purpose to
+Louis XIV. on Easter Sunday 1686. Every Frenchman
+received 15 sous, and every Foreigner 30.
+</p>
+<p>
+In "De mirabili Strumas Sanandi vi solis Galli�
+Regibus Christianissimis Divinitus concessa. Authore
+Andre� Laurentio, Regis Consiliario et Medico Primario,
+1609," is a very curious Print, representing
+King Henry IV. touching for the Evil; in which are
+introduced many Patients and Officers of the Court.
+</p>
+<p>
+The French confined their expression to the word
+<em>Touch</em>, though we use the term <em>Heal</em>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_189_189" id="Footnote_189_189"></a><a href="#FNanchor_189_189"><span class="label">[189]</span></a> See Browne.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_190_190" id="Footnote_190_190"></a><a href="#FNanchor_190_190"><span class="label">[190]</span></a> Dr. Plot, in his Natural History of Oxfordshire,
+c. 10, � 125, Plate 16, No. 5, gives a Drawing of the
+Touch-piece, supposed to have been given by Edward
+the Confessor. The ribbon, he says, was white.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_191_191" id="Footnote_191_191"></a><a href="#FNanchor_191_191"><span class="label">[191]</span></a> Stowe's Annals, p. 98.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_192_192" id="Footnote_192_192"></a><a href="#FNanchor_192_192"><span class="label">[192]</span></a> See the "Decem Scriptores."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_193_193" id="Footnote_193_193"></a><a href="#FNanchor_193_193"><span class="label">[193]</span></a> Mr. Browne likewise believes that several blind
+persons were restored to sight by King Charles II.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_194_194" id="Footnote_194_194"></a><a href="#FNanchor_194_194"><span class="label">[194]</span></a> See Davies, ii. 180.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_195_195" id="Footnote_195_195"></a><a href="#FNanchor_195_195"><span class="label">[195]</span></a> Barnes's History, b. ii. ch. 7. sect. 5.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_196_196" id="Footnote_196_196"></a><a href="#FNanchor_196_196"><span class="label">[196]</span></a> Book iv. p. 154.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_197_197" id="Footnote_197_197"></a><a href="#FNanchor_197_197"><span class="label">[197]</span></a> Id. in eod.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_198_198" id="Footnote_198_198"></a><a href="#FNanchor_198_198"><span class="label">[198]</span></a> In the Ceremonial, the King crossed the Sore of
+the Sick Person, with an <em>Angel-Noble</em>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_199_199" id="Footnote_199_199"></a><a href="#FNanchor_199_199"><span class="label">[199]</span></a> Polydore Vergil, p. 143. Basil edit 1546.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_200_200" id="Footnote_200_200"></a><a href="#FNanchor_200_200"><span class="label">[200]</span></a> The late truly venerable Bishop Percy.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_201_201" id="Footnote_201_201"></a><a href="#FNanchor_201_201"><span class="label">[201]</span></a> Notes to p. 334.&mdash;This Ceremony of consecrating
+the <em>Cramp-Rings</em> will be added to this account
+of the King's Evil. See Appendix, No. III.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_202_202" id="Footnote_202_202"></a><a href="#FNanchor_202_202"><span class="label">[202]</span></a> Fuller's Church History of Britain, book vii.
+p. 425.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_203_203" id="Footnote_203_203"></a><a href="#FNanchor_203_203"><span class="label">[203]</span></a> Browne, book iii. p. 124.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_204_204" id="Footnote_204_204"></a><a href="#FNanchor_204_204"><span class="label">[204]</span></a> Browne in eod.; and Tooker's "Charisma," ch. 6.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_205_205" id="Footnote_205_205"></a><a href="#FNanchor_205_205"><span class="label">[205]</span></a> Strype's Annals, iv. p. 394.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_206_206" id="Footnote_206_206"></a><a href="#FNanchor_206_206"><span class="label">[206]</span></a> Davies, ii. 179.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_207_207" id="Footnote_207_207"></a><a href="#FNanchor_207_207"><span class="label">[207]</span></a> By a Proclamation, March 25, 1616, it appears
+that the Kings of England would not permit patients
+to approach them during the summer.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_208_208" id="Footnote_208_208"></a><a href="#FNanchor_208_208"><span class="label">[208]</span></a> The following interesting remarks on this subject
+were communicated to Mr. Nichols, in 1781, by the
+learned and very ingenious Dr. Aikin. "Though the
+superstitious notions respecting the cure of the King's
+Evil by the Touch of our English Kings are probably
+at present entirely eradicated, it is still a curious and
+not uninstructive object of enquiry, by what means
+they were so long supported, and by what kind of evidence
+they have been able to gain credit even in the
+dawning of a more enlightened period. The testimony
+of Richard Wiseman, Serjeant-Surgeon to King
+Charles I. has been alleged as one of the strongest and
+most unexceptionable in favour of the Touch. He
+was a man of the greatest eminence in his profession;
+and his Works (collected in a folio volume, intituled,
+"Several Chirurgical Treatises, by Richard Wiseman,
+Serjeant-Chirurgeon, 1676") bear all the marks of an
+honest and upright disposition in their author. On the
+subject of the Royal Touch he delivers himself in
+the following strong and unequivocal terms: 'I myself
+have been a frequent eye-witness of many hundreds
+of cures performed by his Majesty's Touch alone,
+without any assistance of Chirurgery; and those many
+of them such as had tired out the endeavours of able
+Chirurgeons before they came thither. It were endless
+to recite what I myself have seen, and what I have
+received acknowledgments of by letter, not only from
+the several parts of the Nation, but also from Ireland,
+Scotland, Jersey, and Guernsey.' The question which
+will naturally arise upon this passage is, Did Wiseman
+really believe what he asserted, or was he knowingly
+promoting an imposture? Both suppositions have
+their difficulties; yet both are in some degree probable.
+His warm attachment to the Royal Family, and
+early prejudices, might in some measure make his
+faith preponderate against his judgment; and, on the
+other hand, certain passages in his treatise necessarily
+shew a consciousness of collusion and fraudulent pretensions.
+It was his business, as Serjeant-surgeon, to
+select such afflicted objects as were proper to be presented
+for the Royal Touch. In the history of the
+disease, relating its various states and appearances, he
+says, 'Those which we present to his Majesty are
+chiefly such as have this kind of tumour about the
+<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">musculus mastoideus</i>, or neck, with whatever other circumstances
+they are accompanied; nor are we difficult
+in admitting the thick-chapped upper lips, and eyes
+affected with a <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">lippitudo;</i> in other cases we give our
+judgment more warily.' Here is a selection of the
+slightest cases, and a manifest doubt expressed concerning
+the success in more inveterate ones. A little
+below, observing that the <em>strum�</em> will often be suppurated,
+or resolved unexpectedly from accidental
+ferments, he says, 'In case of the King's Touch, the
+resolution doth often happen where our endeavours
+have signified nothing; yea, the very <em>gummata;</em> insomuch
+that I am cautious of predicting concerning
+them (though they appear never so bad) till 14 days
+be over.' From this we learn, that the Touch was by
+no means infallible, and that the pretence of its succeeding
+was not given up till a fortnight had passed
+without any change for the better. Indeed it appears
+very plain, that the worst kind of cases were seldom
+or never offered the Touch; for in no disease does
+Wiseman produce more observations from his practice
+of difficult and dangerous chirurgical treatment, and
+in not one of these did he call in the assistance of the
+Royal Hand. It was indeed proposed in a single instance,
+but under such circumstances as furnish a
+stronger proof of imposture than any thing hitherto
+related. A young gentlewoman had an obstinate scrophulous
+tumour in the right side of the neck, under
+the maxilla. Wiseman applied a large caustic to it,
+brought it to suppuration, treated it with escharotics,
+and cured it. 'About a year after,' he says, 'I saw
+her again in town, and felt a small gland, of the bigness
+of a lupin, lying lower on that side of the neck.
+I would have persuaded her to admit of a resolvent
+emplaster, and to be touched; but she did
+not, as she said, believe it to be the King's Evil.'
+Here, after allowing his patient to undergo a course
+of very severe surgery, he is willing to trust the relics
+of the disease to the Royal Touch, assisted by a resolving
+plaster; but the complaint was now too trifling
+to engage her attention. Surely the greatest opponent
+of the Touch will not place it in a more contemptible
+light!"</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_209_209" id="Footnote_209_209"></a><a href="#FNanchor_209_209"><span class="label">[209]</span></a> By a Proclamation, June 18, 1626, it is ordered,
+that no one shall apply for this purpose, who does not
+bring a certificate that he was never touched before;
+a regulation which undoubtedly arose from some supposed
+patients, who had attempted to receive the bit
+of gold more than once.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_210_210" id="Footnote_210_210"></a><a href="#FNanchor_210_210"><span class="label">[210]</span></a> Rymer, tom, xviii. p. 118.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_211_211" id="Footnote_211_211"></a><a href="#FNanchor_211_211"><span class="label">[211]</span></a> Id. p. 1023.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_212_212" id="Footnote_212_212"></a><a href="#FNanchor_212_212"><span class="label">[212]</span></a> Browne, book iii. p. 135.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_213_213" id="Footnote_213_213"></a><a href="#FNanchor_213_213"><span class="label">[213]</span></a> Sir Kenelm Digby informed Mons. Monconys,
+that if the person had lost the piece of gold, the complaint
+immediately returned.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_214_214" id="Footnote_214_214"></a><a href="#FNanchor_214_214"><span class="label">[214]</span></a> Browne, book iii. p. 109.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_215_215" id="Footnote_215_215"></a><a href="#FNanchor_215_215"><span class="label">[215]</span></a> One of these is still preserved in a frame in the
+Vestry of St. Martin's Church at Leicester, placed
+there by the Rev. Samuel Carte, Vicar of that Parish,
+and brother of Mr. Thomas Carte the Historian.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_216_216" id="Footnote_216_216"></a><a href="#FNanchor_216_216"><span class="label">[216]</span></a> Browne, book iii. p. 126.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_217_217" id="Footnote_217_217"></a><a href="#FNanchor_217_217"><span class="label">[217]</span></a> The Ceremony used in this Reign is given in the
+Appendix, No. II.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_218_218" id="Footnote_218_218"></a><a href="#FNanchor_218_218"><span class="label">[218]</span></a> Observations on the Statutes.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_219_219" id="Footnote_219_219"></a><a href="#FNanchor_219_219"><span class="label">[219]</span></a> Published by Command of King Charles II.; and printed
+by Henry Hills, Printer to the King's Most Excellent Majesty,
+for his Household and Chapel, 1686.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_220_220" id="Footnote_220_220"></a><a href="#FNanchor_220_220"><span class="label">[220]</span></a> "Ritualia Varia," in the British Museum.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_221_221" id="Footnote_221_221"></a><a href="#FNanchor_221_221"><span class="label">[221]</span></a> A corruption of Burghwash, a little Village in
+Sussex, on the River Rother. See Camden's Brit.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_222_222" id="Footnote_222_222"></a><a href="#FNanchor_222_222"><span class="label">[222]</span></a> The Ancestor of this Family was Thomas Wentworth,
+<em>Earl of Cleveland;</em> which Title became extinct,
+for want of Male Issue, 1667. The Barony passed as
+above.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_223_223" id="Footnote_223_223"></a><a href="#FNanchor_223_223"><span class="label">[223]</span></a> See Collins's Baronage, i. 267, 272.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_224_224" id="Footnote_224_224"></a><a href="#FNanchor_224_224"><span class="label">[224]</span></a> See Camden's Britannia, col. 112.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_225_225" id="Footnote_225_225"></a><a href="#FNanchor_225_225"><span class="label">[225]</span></a> See Camden, for the words of the Patent.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_226_226" id="Footnote_226_226"></a><a href="#FNanchor_226_226"><span class="label">[226]</span></a> Clendon is the Seat of the Family in Surrey.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_227_227" id="Footnote_227_227"></a><a href="#FNanchor_227_227"><span class="label">[227]</span></a> See Camden's Brit. col. 182, as to the Family.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_228_228" id="Footnote_228_228"></a><a href="#FNanchor_228_228"><span class="label">[228]</span></a> Dale's Catalogue of the Nobility, 1697, p. 72.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_229_229" id="Footnote_229_229"></a><a href="#FNanchor_229_229"><span class="label">[229]</span></a> Pennant's London, fourth edition, p. 346.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_230_230" id="Footnote_230_230"></a><a href="#FNanchor_230_230"><span class="label">[230]</span></a> Pennant's Tour in North Wales, vol. II. p. 436.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_231_231" id="Footnote_231_231"></a><a href="#FNanchor_231_231"><span class="label">[231]</span></a> The Barony of Herbert of Cherbury was revived
+in this Branch in 1743.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_232_232" id="Footnote_232_232"></a><a href="#FNanchor_232_232"><span class="label">[232]</span></a> Collins's Peerage.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_233_233" id="Footnote_233_233"></a><a href="#FNanchor_233_233"><span class="label">[233]</span></a> Tour in North Wales, vol. II. p. 439, 4to.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_234_234" id="Footnote_234_234"></a><a href="#FNanchor_234_234"><span class="label">[234]</span></a> Pennant's Journey from Chester to London, 4to,
+1782, p. 127.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_235_235" id="Footnote_235_235"></a><a href="#FNanchor_235_235"><span class="label">[235]</span></a> The Marquisate of Dorchester, which was in the
+late Dukes of Kingston, was from Dorchester, Dorset.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_236_236" id="Footnote_236_236"></a><a href="#FNanchor_236_236"><span class="label">[236]</span></a> Sir Michael Stanhope, of Harington in Northamptonshire,
+was the common Ancestor of the
+Earls of Chesterfield and of Harrington; as also of
+Earl Stanhope.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_237_237" id="Footnote_237_237"></a><a href="#FNanchor_237_237"><span class="label">[237]</span></a> At Petersham was a Villa belonging to the Earl
+of Rochester, which was burnt down in 1721; after
+which the Earl of Harrington possessed and took it
+for his second Title in 1742.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_238_238" id="Footnote_238_238"></a><a href="#FNanchor_238_238"><span class="label">[238]</span></a> Camden, col. 57.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_239_239" id="Footnote_239_239"></a><a href="#FNanchor_239_239"><span class="label">[239]</span></a> Pennant's Journey from Chester, 1782, p. 19.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_240_240" id="Footnote_240_240"></a><a href="#FNanchor_240_240"><span class="label">[240]</span></a> Pennant's Tour in North Wales, 1778, p. 125.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_241_241" id="Footnote_241_241"></a><a href="#FNanchor_241_241"><span class="label">[241]</span></a> Collins's Peerage, 1779.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_242_242" id="Footnote_242_242"></a><a href="#FNanchor_242_242"><span class="label">[242]</span></a> See Cavendish's Life of Wolsey. Collins's Collections.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_243_243" id="Footnote_243_243"></a><a href="#FNanchor_243_243"><span class="label">[243]</span></a> Bibl. Top. Brit. vol. VI. No XV. from D'Ewes's
+MS Journal in the British Museum.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_244_244" id="Footnote_244_244"></a><a href="#FNanchor_244_244"><span class="label">[244]</span></a> Kelham's Key to Domesday Book, p. 35.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_245_245" id="Footnote_245_245"></a><a href="#FNanchor_245_245"><span class="label">[245]</span></a> Vincent on Brooke.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_246_246" id="Footnote_246_246"></a><a href="#FNanchor_246_246"><span class="label">[246]</span></a> Camden's Britannia, col. 85.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_247_247" id="Footnote_247_247"></a><a href="#FNanchor_247_247"><span class="label">[247]</span></a> Ibid. col. 21.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_248_248" id="Footnote_248_248"></a><a href="#FNanchor_248_248"><span class="label">[248]</span></a> Pennant's Journey from Chester, p. 129.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_249_249" id="Footnote_249_249"></a><a href="#FNanchor_249_249"><span class="label">[249]</span></a> Camden's Britannia, col. 72.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_250_250" id="Footnote_250_250"></a><a href="#FNanchor_250_250"><span class="label">[250]</span></a> Collins, in his Peerage 1735, says, that <em>Hamlake</em>
+is the same as <em>Hemsley</em> in Yorkshire (North Riding).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_251_251" id="Footnote_251_251"></a><a href="#FNanchor_251_251"><span class="label">[251]</span></a> See Camden's Britannia, col. 315.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_252_252" id="Footnote_252_252"></a><a href="#FNanchor_252_252"><span class="label">[252]</span></a> There were two Barons of this Title existing at
+the same time; <em>viz.</em> Lord Dacre of the North, and
+Lord Dacre of the South. Both at length centered in
+Barrett-Leonard Lord Dacre.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_253_253" id="Footnote_253_253"></a><a href="#FNanchor_253_253"><span class="label">[253]</span></a> See Camden's Britannia, col. 14.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_254_254" id="Footnote_254_254"></a><a href="#FNanchor_254_254"><span class="label">[254]</span></a> On the death of Francis Earl of Godolphin, 1766,
+the Barony devolved to Francis, his first cousin; and
+on his death, in 1785, became extinct.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_255_255" id="Footnote_255_255"></a><a href="#FNanchor_255_255"><span class="label">[255]</span></a> See Peerage, 1711, vol. II.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_256_256" id="Footnote_256_256"></a><a href="#FNanchor_256_256"><span class="label">[256]</span></a> For other circumstances see Mr. Pennant's Tour
+in North Wales, vol. I. p. 105; and vol. II. p. 187, in
+the corrections and additions to vol. I.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_257_257" id="Footnote_257_257"></a><a href="#FNanchor_257_257"><span class="label">[257]</span></a> The Barony was conferred upon Sir Thomas
+Egerton by Creation in 1784, notwithstanding his
+claim by Descent.&mdash;His Lordship was in 1801 advanced
+to the Titles of Viscount Grey de Wilton,
+and Earl of Wilton.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_258_258" id="Footnote_258_258"></a><a href="#FNanchor_258_258"><span class="label">[258]</span></a> See Tanner's Notitia.&mdash;The name is written
+<em>Ridvers</em>, alias <em>Redvers</em>, in Camden's Brit. col. 156.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_259_259" id="Footnote_259_259"></a><a href="#FNanchor_259_259"><span class="label">[259]</span></a> East-Bourne Guide, p. 73.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_260_260" id="Footnote_260_260"></a><a href="#FNanchor_260_260"><span class="label">[260]</span></a> The Baroness had taken the Name and Arms of
+De Cardonel on the death of her Mother in 1787. The
+Barony of Talbot, on the Earl's death, passed to his
+Nephew, though the Earldom became extinct, but
+was afterwards revived.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_261_261" id="Footnote_261_261"></a><a href="#FNanchor_261_261"><span class="label">[261]</span></a> See Collins's Collections.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_262_262" id="Footnote_262_262"></a><a href="#FNanchor_262_262"><span class="label">[262]</span></a> Consult Sandford, &amp;c. for his Armorial Bearings.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_263_263" id="Footnote_263_263"></a><a href="#FNanchor_263_263"><span class="label">[263]</span></a> Stowe's History of London, Book iii. p. 239.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_264_264" id="Footnote_264_264"></a><a href="#FNanchor_264_264"><span class="label">[264]</span></a> By William Sacheverell, Esq. late Governor of
+the Island, printed at London, 1702.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_265_265" id="Footnote_265_265"></a><a href="#FNanchor_265_265"><span class="label">[265]</span></a> <em>i. e.</em> Two Falcons. Dugdale's Baronage.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_266_266" id="Footnote_266_266"></a><a href="#FNanchor_266_266"><span class="label">[266]</span></a> Baronage, vol. II. p. 257.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_267_267" id="Footnote_267_267"></a><a href="#FNanchor_267_267"><span class="label">[267]</span></a> Brady's History of England, General Preface, p. 50.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_268_268" id="Footnote_268_268"></a><a href="#FNanchor_268_268"><span class="label">[268]</span></a> Brady's Preface to the Norman History, p. 150.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_269_269" id="Footnote_269_269"></a><a href="#FNanchor_269_269"><span class="label">[269]</span></a> See Blount's Dict.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_270_270" id="Footnote_270_270"></a><a href="#FNanchor_270_270"><span class="label">[270]</span></a> Brady's Hist. p. 415.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_271_271" id="Footnote_271_271"></a><a href="#FNanchor_271_271"><span class="label">[271]</span></a> Sacheverell's History of the Island, p. 2.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_272_272" id="Footnote_272_272"></a><a href="#FNanchor_272_272"><span class="label">[272]</span></a> Manwood's Forest Laws.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_273_273" id="Footnote_273_273"></a><a href="#FNanchor_273_273"><span class="label">[273]</span></a> Pennant's Tour, p. 158.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_274_274" id="Footnote_274_274"></a><a href="#FNanchor_274_274"><span class="label">[274]</span></a> Ibid. p. 124.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_275_275" id="Footnote_275_275"></a><a href="#FNanchor_275_275"><span class="label">[275]</span></a> Hasted's History of Kent.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_276_276" id="Footnote_276_276"></a><a href="#FNanchor_276_276"><span class="label">[276]</span></a> Ex inform. Dom. Gul. Fitzherbert, Baronetti.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_277_277" id="Footnote_277_277"></a><a href="#FNanchor_277_277"><span class="label">[277]</span></a> Itinerary, VI. 52.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_278_278" id="Footnote_278_278"></a><a href="#FNanchor_278_278"><span class="label">[278]</span></a> Britannia, col. 35.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_279_279" id="Footnote_279_279"></a><a href="#FNanchor_279_279"><span class="label">[279]</span></a> See Collins's Peerage, 1779, art. <em>Lovel and Holland</em>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_280_280" id="Footnote_280_280"></a><a href="#FNanchor_280_280"><span class="label">[280]</span></a> So Shakspeare has it.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_281_281" id="Footnote_281_281"></a><a href="#FNanchor_281_281"><span class="label">[281]</span></a> For both the places see Spelman's Villare.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_282_282" id="Footnote_282_282"></a><a href="#FNanchor_282_282"><span class="label">[282]</span></a> The Glossary to Douglas's Virgil adduces the
+Term from the Anglo-Saxon <em>Slegan</em>, interficere.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_283_283" id="Footnote_283_283"></a><a href="#FNanchor_283_283"><span class="label">[283]</span></a> Nisbet's Cadencies, p. 178.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_284_284" id="Footnote_284_284"></a><a href="#FNanchor_284_284"><span class="label">[284]</span></a> Idem, p, 208.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_285_285" id="Footnote_285_285"></a><a href="#FNanchor_285_285"><span class="label">[285]</span></a> Nisbet, Armories, p. 199.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_286_286" id="Footnote_286_286"></a><a href="#FNanchor_286_286"><span class="label">[286]</span></a> Nisbet, Armories, p. 203.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_287_287" id="Footnote_287_287"></a><a href="#FNanchor_287_287"><span class="label">[287]</span></a> Douglas's Peerage, p. 547. The Scottish Writers
+give different Derivations of the Name of Drummond,
+not to our present purpose; though all seem to agree
+as to the reason of the Armorial Bearing of the Family.
+See the Works of Drummond of Hawthornden.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_288_288" id="Footnote_288_288"></a><a href="#FNanchor_288_288"><span class="label">[288]</span></a> Nisbet, Cadencies, p. 191.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_289_289" id="Footnote_289_289"></a><a href="#FNanchor_289_289"><span class="label">[289]</span></a> Ibid. p. 200.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_290_290" id="Footnote_290_290"></a><a href="#FNanchor_290_290"><span class="label">[290]</span></a> Nisbet, p. 147. See also Hume's History, ch. xiii.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_291_291" id="Footnote_291_291"></a><a href="#FNanchor_291_291"><span class="label">[291]</span></a> Nisbet, Cadencies, p. 33.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_292_292" id="Footnote_292_292"></a><a href="#FNanchor_292_292"><span class="label">[292]</span></a> Cadencies, p. 196.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_293_293" id="Footnote_293_293"></a><a href="#FNanchor_293_293"><span class="label">[293]</span></a> Nisbet, Cadencies, p. 202.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_294_294" id="Footnote_294_294"></a><a href="#FNanchor_294_294"><span class="label">[294]</span></a> Idem, p. 203.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_295_295" id="Footnote_295_295"></a><a href="#FNanchor_295_295"><span class="label">[295]</span></a> Nisbet, Cadencies, p. 196.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_296_296" id="Footnote_296_296"></a><a href="#FNanchor_296_296"><span class="label">[296]</span></a> See Nisbet's Armories.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_297_297" id="Footnote_297_297"></a><a href="#FNanchor_297_297"><span class="label">[297]</span></a> Nisbet, Cadencies, p. 195.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_298_298" id="Footnote_298_298"></a><a href="#FNanchor_298_298"><span class="label">[298]</span></a> Marks of Cadency, p. 199.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_299_299" id="Footnote_299_299"></a><a href="#FNanchor_299_299"><span class="label">[299]</span></a> Nisbet's Cadencies, pp. 91, 92.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_300_300" id="Footnote_300_300"></a><a href="#FNanchor_300_300"><span class="label">[300]</span></a> This Bearing is of late introduction, as alluding to
+the Name; for those of the Name anciently gave for
+Arms "Gules, a Fess Ermine;" and another Branch
+gave "Argent, Three Stags' Heads erased Gules."
+[Nisbet]. Crawfurd of Cloverhill has a still stronger
+relation both to the Name and to his Seat; for to the
+original Bearing he adds Three Crows; for Crest has
+a Garb (or Wheatsheaf); and for Motto, "God feeds
+the Crows." Id. p. 57.&mdash;Like the Motto of our
+Corbet, "Deus pascit Corvos."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_301_301" id="Footnote_301_301"></a><a href="#FNanchor_301_301"><span class="label">[301]</span></a> Buchanan.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_302_302" id="Footnote_302_302"></a><a href="#FNanchor_302_302"><span class="label">[302]</span></a> See Nisbet's Heraldry, p. 138.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_303_303" id="Footnote_303_303"></a><a href="#FNanchor_303_303"><span class="label">[303]</span></a> Nisbet's Heraldry, p. 414, 415.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_304_304" id="Footnote_304_304"></a><a href="#FNanchor_304_304"><span class="label">[304]</span></a> See Memoirs of Ker of Kersland.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_305_305" id="Footnote_305_305"></a><a href="#FNanchor_305_305"><span class="label">[305]</span></a> Becket's Murderers were Four Barons, and
+Knights, no doubt, of course; <em>viz.</em> Reginald Fitz-Urse,
+William de Tracy, Hugh de Morville, and Richard
+Breto. [Consult Lord Lyttelton and his Authorities.]</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_306_306" id="Footnote_306_306"></a><a href="#FNanchor_306_306"><span class="label">[306]</span></a> Peerage of Scotland, 1767, octavo.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_307_307" id="Footnote_307_307"></a><a href="#FNanchor_307_307"><span class="label">[307]</span></a> Nisbet's Heraldry, p. 146.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_308_308" id="Footnote_308_308"></a><a href="#FNanchor_308_308"><span class="label">[308]</span></a> Crawfurd's Peerage, in Duke of Hamilton. Buchanan,
+vol. I. p. 332, 333. Dr. Abercrombie, however,
+gives us reasons to doubt that this was the
+first introduction of the name of Hamilton into Scotland:
+though that is not material, if it was the occasion
+which introduced the <em>Motto</em>. This has no apparent
+connexion with the Crest or Arms, and is therefore,
+more conclusive. Query as to the Crest?</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_309_309" id="Footnote_309_309"></a><a href="#FNanchor_309_309"><span class="label">[309]</span></a> Crawfurd's Peerage.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_310_310" id="Footnote_310_310"></a><a href="#FNanchor_310_310"><span class="label">[310]</span></a> Nisbet's Cadencies, p. 192. See also Douglas's
+Peerage.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_311_311" id="Footnote_311_311"></a><a href="#FNanchor_311_311"><span class="label">[311]</span></a> Douglas's Peerage, in the Arms.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_312_312" id="Footnote_312_312"></a><a href="#FNanchor_312_312"><span class="label">[312]</span></a> Nisbet's Heraldry, vol. I. p. 145.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_313_313" id="Footnote_313_313"></a><a href="#FNanchor_313_313"><span class="label">[313]</span></a> Nisbet's Heraldry.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_314_314" id="Footnote_314_314"></a><a href="#FNanchor_314_314"><span class="label">[314]</span></a> In rude times, such as those were of which we
+have been speaking, it was accounted an action of no
+small valour to kill so fierce an animal as a <em>Wild Boar</em>;
+being attended with considerable personal danger, for
+want of such weapons, offensive and defensive, as
+we have at present. On this account I may be excused
+bringing forward a parallel honour attending a
+circumstance of this sort, though I fetch it from the
+Hottentots, a people to whose very name we seem to
+have falsely annexed ideas, far from the truth, of every
+thing below the dignity of human nature, and placed
+them but one degree above the brute creation. On
+the contrary, they are represented by Kolben, who
+had opportunities of personal intercourse with them,
+and was well qualified to observe and reason upon
+what he saw, as a people much wronged by our unfavourable
+opinions of them. But to the point: their
+country appears to be, from its situation, exceedingly
+exposed to the incursions of the fiercest of beasts,
+lions and tigers; insomuch that a Hottentot who kills
+one of these animals with his own hand is <em>deified</em>, and
+his person held sacred ever after.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_315_315" id="Footnote_315_315"></a><a href="#FNanchor_315_315"><span class="label">[315]</span></a> Douglas's Peerage, p. 295.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_316_316" id="Footnote_316_316"></a><a href="#FNanchor_316_316"><span class="label">[316]</span></a> Nisbet's Heraldry, p. 327.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_317_317" id="Footnote_317_317"></a><a href="#FNanchor_317_317"><span class="label">[317]</span></a> Gibbon's Introd. ad Latinam Blazoniam. See also
+Nisbet's Heraldry, p. 316.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_318_318" id="Footnote_318_318"></a><a href="#FNanchor_318_318"><span class="label">[318]</span></a> Crawfurd's Peerage.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_319_319" id="Footnote_319_319"></a><a href="#FNanchor_319_319"><span class="label">[319]</span></a> Ibid.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_320_320" id="Footnote_320_320"></a><a href="#FNanchor_320_320"><span class="label">[320]</span></a> Nisbet's Heraldry, p. 217.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_321_321" id="Footnote_321_321"></a><a href="#FNanchor_321_321"><span class="label">[321]</span></a> Crawfurd's Peerage.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_322_322" id="Footnote_322_322"></a><a href="#FNanchor_322_322"><span class="label">[322]</span></a> System of Heraldry, p. 154.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_323_323" id="Footnote_323_323"></a><a href="#FNanchor_323_323"><span class="label">[323]</span></a> Drake's Hist. Ang. Scot.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_324_324" id="Footnote_324_324"></a><a href="#FNanchor_324_324"><span class="label">[324]</span></a> Buchanan's History, Book xiii. p. 26.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_325_325" id="Footnote_325_325"></a><a href="#FNanchor_325_325"><span class="label">[325]</span></a> Holinshed's Chronicle.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_326_326" id="Footnote_326_326"></a><a href="#FNanchor_326_326"><span class="label">[326]</span></a> Act v. Sc. iv.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_327_327" id="Footnote_327_327"></a><a href="#FNanchor_327_327"><span class="label">[327]</span></a> Nisbet's Heraldry, p. 154.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_328_328" id="Footnote_328_328"></a><a href="#FNanchor_328_328"><span class="label">[328]</span></a> The traditional Family History of this Motto is,
+that a Countess of Rothes (then Head of the House in
+her own right), riding behind a servant through a dangerous
+ford, had nearly lost her seat from fear; when
+the man, encouraging her by the words "<em>Gryp Fast</em>,"
+the Countess took the advice, was rescued from imminent
+danger, and her life preserved. This account
+of the origin of the Motto was given by one of the
+Family to a Friend of mine; but how far it may gain
+credit I do not determine.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_329_329" id="Footnote_329_329"></a><a href="#FNanchor_329_329"><span class="label">[329]</span></a> Nisbet's Heraldry, vol. i. p. 96.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_330_330" id="Footnote_330_330"></a><a href="#FNanchor_330_330"><span class="label">[330]</span></a> Nisbet's Heraldry, vol. I. ubi supra.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_331_331" id="Footnote_331_331"></a><a href="#FNanchor_331_331"><span class="label">[331]</span></a> Nisbet's Cadencies, pp. 158, 159.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_332_332" id="Footnote_332_332"></a><a href="#FNanchor_332_332"><span class="label">[332]</span></a> See Nisbet's Heraldry.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_333_333" id="Footnote_333_333"></a><a href="#FNanchor_333_333"><span class="label">[333]</span></a> I owe this observation to my noble Friend, and
+kind Correspondent, Lord Dacre.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_334_334" id="Footnote_334_334"></a><a href="#FNanchor_334_334"><span class="label">[334]</span></a> So <em>Douglas</em> means White Man. See "Armories."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_335_335" id="Footnote_335_335"></a><a href="#FNanchor_335_335"><span class="label">[335]</span></a> Douglas, p. 373.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_336_336" id="Footnote_336_336"></a><a href="#FNanchor_336_336"><span class="label">[336]</span></a> Merchant of Venice</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_337_337" id="Footnote_337_337"></a><a href="#FNanchor_337_337"><span class="label">[337]</span></a> He cites Lib. S. Mari� Aborum.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_338_338" id="Footnote_338_338"></a><a href="#FNanchor_338_338"><span class="label">[338]</span></a> Survey of London and Westminster, book i.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_339_339" id="Footnote_339_339"></a><a href="#FNanchor_339_339"><span class="label">[339]</span></a> Orig. Ital.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_340_340" id="Footnote_340_340"></a><a href="#FNanchor_340_340"><span class="label">[340]</span></a> Appendix to Menage, Orig. Fr.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_341_341" id="Footnote_341_341"></a><a href="#FNanchor_341_341"><span class="label">[341]</span></a> Chariot&mdash;v. Carruca in Du Cange. Used in France
+at the end of the Reign of Francis I. and Henry II</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_342_342" id="Footnote_342_342"></a><a href="#FNanchor_342_342"><span class="label">[342]</span></a> Richelet.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_343_343" id="Footnote_343_343"></a><a href="#FNanchor_343_343"><span class="label">[343]</span></a> Memoirs of the House of Brandenburg, p. 222.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_344_344" id="Footnote_344_344"></a><a href="#FNanchor_344_344"><span class="label">[344]</span></a> Memoirs, p. 221.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_345_345" id="Footnote_345_345"></a><a href="#FNanchor_345_345"><span class="label">[345]</span></a> Nichols's Preface to Queen Elizabeth's Progresses,
+p. xxiii.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_346_346" id="Footnote_346_346"></a><a href="#FNanchor_346_346"><span class="label">[346]</span></a> Camden's Elizabeth.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_347_347" id="Footnote_347_347"></a><a href="#FNanchor_347_347"><span class="label">[347]</span></a> Biographical History of England, I. 193, 8vo.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_348_348" id="Footnote_348_348"></a><a href="#FNanchor_348_348"><span class="label">[348]</span></a> Chronicle, p. 867. This Coachman's Wife had
+also the honour of introducing the Art of Starching
+Cambric and Lawn, and was the first Starcher the
+Queen had. Idem in eod.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_349_349" id="Footnote_349_349"></a><a href="#FNanchor_349_349"><span class="label">[349]</span></a> I must here stop a moment to relate an Anecdote
+of the late Right Honourable Arthur Onslow,
+when Speaker of the House of Commons, whose ideas
+of travelling did not exceed the expedition of a pair
+of horses tugging his own lumbering State Coach.
+King George II. died on Saturday morning early,
+October 25, 1760. The Duke of Devonshire (then at
+Chatsworth) was Lord Chamberlain; and the Duke
+of Rutland (then at Belvoir Castle) was Lord Steward.
+Expresses were dispatched to these great Officers,
+among others, immediately; and the Duke of Devonshire
+arrived in Town on the Monday evening,
+though the distance was 150 miles. Tuesday and
+Wednesday came, but without the Lord Steward, to
+the utter astonishment of the Speaker, who knew that
+his distance from the Metropolis was not so great as
+that of the Duke of Devonshire, who had arrived on
+the Monday. "But I am told," cried he, "that his
+Grace of Devonshire travels at a prodigious rate; not
+less than <em>50 miles a day</em>!" Such was the prejudice of
+ideas, confirmed by long habitude, in a man who never
+extended his journeys further than his Seat in Surrey,
+a few miles from London; and in Parliament time did
+little more than oscillate between his Town House and
+the House of Commons.&mdash;It was a misconception on
+the part of the Duke of Rutland, who understood that
+the King of Prussia was dead, and not King George II.
+I mention the circumstance, only to shew the ignorance
+of some parts of mankind, when taken out of
+their routine.&mdash;The Duke of Devonshire at that time
+usually ran to or from Chatsworth in about 18 or 20
+hours.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_350_350" id="Footnote_350_350"></a><a href="#FNanchor_350_350"><span class="label">[350]</span></a> See the French Lexicographers.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_351_351" id="Footnote_351_351"></a><a href="#FNanchor_351_351"><span class="label">[351]</span></a> Northumberland Household Book, p. 127.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_352_352" id="Footnote_352_352"></a><a href="#FNanchor_352_352"><span class="label">[352]</span></a> The Romaunt of the Rose.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_353_353" id="Footnote_353_353"></a><a href="#FNanchor_353_353"><span class="label">[353]</span></a> Love's Labour's Lost, Act ii. Sc. 2.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_354_354" id="Footnote_354_354"></a><a href="#FNanchor_354_354"><span class="label">[354]</span></a> Mortimer's Pocket Dictionary.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_355_355" id="Footnote_355_355"></a><a href="#FNanchor_355_355"><span class="label">[355]</span></a> About the same period that our Hackney Coaches
+became in use, a sort of Carriage arose at Paris under
+the name of a <em>Fiacre</em>. I mention them to account for
+the term, which in the common French Dictionaries
+is simply rendered a Hackney Coach.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_356_356" id="Footnote_356_356"></a><a href="#FNanchor_356_356"><span class="label">[356]</span></a> Voc. <em>Fiacre</em>. See also Menage, Orig. de la
+Langue Fran�oise.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_357_357" id="Footnote_357_357"></a><a href="#FNanchor_357_357"><span class="label">[357]</span></a> English Martyrology. Moreri's Dictionary.
+Collyer. St. Fiacre was the Patron Saint of persons
+afflicted with the <em>Piles</em>. "The Troops of Henry V.
+are said to have pillaged the Chapel of the Highland
+Saint; who, in revenge, assisted his Countrymen in
+the French Service to defeat the English at Bauge;
+and afterwards afflicted Henry with the <em>Piles</em>, of which
+he died. This Prince complained, that he was not
+only plagued by the living Scots, but even persecuted
+by those who were dead." Smollett's Travels,
+Letter IV.
+</p>
+<p>
+N. B. There was a Prelate of the name <em>Fiachre</em> in
+Ireland, whose death is remembered there on the 8th
+of February. He lived about the same time. [British
+Piety, in the Supplement]. He was not a Saint.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_358_358" id="Footnote_358_358"></a><a href="#FNanchor_358_358"><span class="label">[358]</span></a> It is a little singular, that neither Cotgrave himself,
+in his Dictionary, first published in 1611, nor his
+Editor, James Howell, either in his Edition of 1650,
+or in that of 1673, take any notice of the word <em>Fiacre</em>
+in the sense before us.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_359_359" id="Footnote_359_359"></a><a href="#FNanchor_359_359"><span class="label">[359]</span></a> Anderson on Commerce, II. 20.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_360_360" id="Footnote_360_360"></a><a href="#FNanchor_360_360"><span class="label">[360]</span></a> Rymer, tom. XIX. p. 721.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_361_361" id="Footnote_361_361"></a><a href="#FNanchor_361_361"><span class="label">[361]</span></a> He was knighted, together with fourteen other
+Gentlemen of the Band, by King James, in Scotland,
+1617; as appears from a Catalogue of Knights, published
+by J. P. Esq. 1660.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_362_362" id="Footnote_362_362"></a><a href="#FNanchor_362_362"><span class="label">[362]</span></a> Rymer, tom. XIX. p. 572.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_363_363" id="Footnote_363_363"></a><a href="#FNanchor_363_363"><span class="label">[363]</span></a> Mr. Reed, the Editor of the Old Plays [2d Edit.
+1780], from the above account, must therefore certainly
+be in an error, when he supposes that <em>Sedan Chairs</em>
+were the introduction of the Duke of Buckingham,
+about the year 1619. [See Note to vol. V. p. 475.]
+<em>Sedan</em>&mdash;mentioned by the name only in the Life of
+Dr. Thomas Fuller, 1661, 18mo. p. 57.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_364_364" id="Footnote_364_364"></a><a href="#FNanchor_364_364"><span class="label">[364]</span></a> Rymer, tom. XX. fol. 159.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_365_365" id="Footnote_365_365"></a><a href="#FNanchor_365_365"><span class="label">[365]</span></a> Anderson says <em>three hundred</em>, but that must be an
+error; for the Docquet of the Act in Scobel says,
+that "the number of persons keeping Hackney
+Coaches shall not at one time exceed <em>two hundred</em>."
+This must apply to the number of Carriages; and so
+Sir William Blackstone understood it. Commentaries,
+vol. I, 4to.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_366_366" id="Footnote_366_366"></a><a href="#FNanchor_366_366"><span class="label">[366]</span></a> See the Act in the Statute Book.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_367_367" id="Footnote_367_367"></a><a href="#FNanchor_367_367"><span class="label">[367]</span></a> Anderson, II. 115. Journals of the House of
+Commons. Blackstone.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_368_368" id="Footnote_368_368"></a><a href="#FNanchor_368_368"><span class="label">[368]</span></a> By Monthly Payments.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_369_369" id="Footnote_369_369"></a><a href="#FNanchor_369_369"><span class="label">[369]</span></a> The Figures of the Chairs are too small and inconspicuous;
+there should be one both on the outside
+and inside of each.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_370_370" id="Footnote_370_370"></a><a href="#FNanchor_370_370"><span class="label">[370]</span></a> By Quarterly Payments. Thus the Power of the
+Commissioners over the Chairs arose before that over
+the Coaches.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_371_371" id="Footnote_371_371"></a><a href="#FNanchor_371_371"><span class="label">[371]</span></a> Some Lawsuits having arisen from this Clause,
+it was explained by a short Act of the 12th year of the
+Queen (1713), subjecting such <em>Widows</em> to the same
+Rules, Penalties, &amp;c. made, or to be made, as any
+acting Chairman. And thus it continues to this day;
+for the owner of a <em>Figure</em>, as it is called, is answerable
+for certain faults of his or her assignee.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_372_372" id="Footnote_372_372"></a><a href="#FNanchor_372_372"><span class="label">[372]</span></a> Turned afterwards into a mulct.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_373_373" id="Footnote_373_373"></a><a href="#FNanchor_373_373"><span class="label">[373]</span></a> Restrained by a subsequent Act.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_374_374" id="Footnote_374_374"></a><a href="#FNanchor_374_374"><span class="label">[374]</span></a> The MS here ends abruptly.&mdash;On the subject of
+Chairs, however, see Acts 3 Geo. I. chap. 7; 16 Geo. II.
+chap. 26; 20 Geo. II. chap. 10; 30 Geo. II. chap. 22;
+33 Geo. II. chap. 25.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_375_375" id="Footnote_375_375"></a><a href="#FNanchor_375_375"><span class="label">[375]</span></a> See Walpole's Royal and Noble Authors, vol. i.
+p. 131. So Shakspeare, Richard II. act v. sc. 2.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_376_376" id="Footnote_376_376"></a><a href="#FNanchor_376_376"><span class="label">[376]</span></a> Mistress of the <em>Sweet</em>-Coffers, occurs in the Old
+Establishments. The present Queen (Charlotte) has
+her Gloves kept in a <em>perfumed</em> box.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_377_377" id="Footnote_377_377"></a><a href="#FNanchor_377_377"><span class="label">[377]</span></a> See "The Life of Corinna," or Mrs. Elizabeth
+Thomas, Jun. Printed in 1731.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_378_378" id="Footnote_378_378"></a><a href="#FNanchor_378_378"><span class="label">[378]</span></a> Mr. Snetzler.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_379_379" id="Footnote_379_379"></a><a href="#FNanchor_379_379"><span class="label">[379]</span></a> Cowell's Interpreter. See also Blount's Glossary,
+in voce.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_380_380" id="Footnote_380_380"></a><a href="#FNanchor_380_380"><span class="label">[380]</span></a> The Executions, on ordinary occasions, were removed
+from this memorable place, and were performed
+in the street of the Old Bailey, at the door of
+Newgate. This was first practised on the 9th of December
+1783. See the printed account. Every of
+these Executions, I was told by Mr. Reed, 1785, is attended
+with an expence of upwards of nine pounds.
+Twenty persons were hanged at once in February
+1785.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_381_381" id="Footnote_381_381"></a><a href="#FNanchor_381_381"><span class="label">[381]</span></a> Madox's History of the Exchequer, ii. p. 373.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_382_382" id="Footnote_382_382"></a><a href="#FNanchor_382_382"><span class="label">[382]</span></a> Vol. ii. p. 399.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_383_383" id="Footnote_383_383"></a><a href="#FNanchor_383_383"><span class="label">[383]</span></a> These Arms actually appear in Edmondson's
+Body of Heraldry, annexed to the name of <em>Brandon</em>,
+<em>viz</em>. the Arms of Arragon with a difference, and the
+Arms of Brabant in a Canton.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_384_384" id="Footnote_384_384"></a><a href="#FNanchor_384_384"><span class="label">[384]</span></a> Act ii. sc. 1.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_385_385" id="Footnote_385_385"></a><a href="#FNanchor_385_385"><span class="label">[385]</span></a> Vol. ii. p. 163.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_386_386" id="Footnote_386_386"></a><a href="#FNanchor_386_386"><span class="label">[386]</span></a> The Hangman was known by the name of <em>Gregory</em>
+in the year 1642, as we learn from the Mercurius
+Aulicus, p. 553.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_387_387" id="Footnote_387_387"></a><a href="#FNanchor_387_387"><span class="label">[387]</span></a> History of London, vol. II. p. 74.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_388_388" id="Footnote_388_388"></a><a href="#FNanchor_388_388"><span class="label">[388]</span></a> Rapin. See also Bale's Life and Trial of Sir
+John Oldcastle. St. Giles's was then an independent
+Village, and is still called St. Giles's in the Fields, to
+distinguish it from St. Giles's, Cripplegate; being both
+in the same Diocese.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_389_389" id="Footnote_389_389"></a><a href="#FNanchor_389_389"><span class="label">[389]</span></a> Mr. Ray, in his Itinerary, gives the Fractional
+Parts of the Scottish Penny.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_390_390" id="Footnote_390_390"></a><a href="#FNanchor_390_390"><span class="label">[390]</span></a> The Proclamation may be seen in Strype's Annals,
+vol. IV. p. 384; where the Mark-Piece is valued
+exactly at Thirteen Pence Halfpenny.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_391_391" id="Footnote_391_391"></a><a href="#FNanchor_391_391"><span class="label">[391]</span></a> Coriolanus, Act i. Sc. 8.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_392_392" id="Footnote_392_392"></a><a href="#FNanchor_392_392"><span class="label">[392]</span></a> More's Life of Sir Thomas More, p. 271.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_393_393" id="Footnote_393_393"></a><a href="#FNanchor_393_393"><span class="label">[393]</span></a> Stat. 13 Edward I.</p></div></div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<div class="tn"><h3>Transcriber's note:</h3>
+<p>Minor typographical errors have been corrected without note. Irregularities and inconsistencies in the text have been retained as printed.</p>
+
+<p>The illustrations have been moved so that they do not break up paragraphs.</p>
+
+<p>Mismatched quotes are not fixed if it's not sufficiently clear where the missing quote should be placed.</p>
+
+<p>The cover for the eBook version of this book was created by the transcriber and is placed in the public domain.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Curialia Miscellanea, or Anecdotes of
+Old Times; Regal, Noble, Gentilitial, and Miscellaneous, by Samuel Pegge
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CURIALIA MISCELLANEA ***
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+</body>
+</html>
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@@ -0,0 +1,10788 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Curialia Miscellanea, or Anecdotes of Old
+Times; Regal, Noble, Gentilitial, and Miscellaneous, by Samuel Pegge
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license
+
+
+Title: Curialia Miscellanea, or Anecdotes of Old Times; Regal, Noble, Gentilitial, and Miscellaneous
+       Including Authentic Anecdotes of The Royal Household
+
+Author: Samuel Pegge
+
+Release Date: December 1, 2013 [EBook #44335]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CURIALIA MISCELLANEA ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by StevenGibbs, Julia Neufeld and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_).
+
+Text enclosed by plus symbols indicates Greek transliteration
+ (+Alektruonon Agon+)
+
+Small capital text has been replaced with all capitals.
+
+The carat character (^) indicates that the following letter is
+superscripted (example: N^o).
+
+++ indicates a Maltese Cross symbol.
+
+*** indicates an asterism.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Illustration: titlepage]
+
+[Illustration: REV. SAMUEL PEGGE, LL.D F.S.A.
+
+_Born 1704; Died 1796._
+
+_Engraved by Philip Audinet from an Original Painting by Elias
+Needham 1788 in the Possession of Sir Christopher Pegge, M.D._
+
+_Published by Nichols, Son & Bentley, Jan. 1, 1818._]
+
+
+
+
+  Curialia Miscellanea,
+
+  OR
+
+  _ANECDOTES OF OLD TIMES_;
+
+  REGAL, NOBLE, GENTILITIAL,
+
+  AND
+
+  MISCELLANEOUS:
+
+  INCLUDING AUTHENTIC ANECDOTES OF
+
+  THE ROYAL HOUSEHOLD,
+
+  AND THE
+
+  MANNERS AND CUSTOMS OF THE COURT,
+
+  AT AN EARLY PERIOD OF THE
+
+  English History.
+
+  BY SAMUEL PEGGE, ESQ. F.S.A.
+
+  AUTHOR OF THE "CURIALIA,"
+
+  AND OF
+
+  "ANECDOTES OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE."
+
+  PRINTED BY AND FOR J. NICHOLS, SON, AND BENTLEY,
+
+  AT THE PRINTING-OFFICE OF THE NOTES OF THE HOUSE OF COMMONS,
+  25, PARLIAMENT STREET, AND 10, KING STREET, WESTMINSTER;
+
+  SOLD ALSO AT THEIR OLD OFFICE IN RED LION PASSAGE,
+  FLEET STREET, LONDON.
+  1818.
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF PLATES.
+
+
+  Portrait of the Rev. Samuel Pegge, LL.D.      _Frontispiece._
+
+  Whittington Church      p. lix.
+
+  Whittington Rectory      lxii.
+
+  Whittington Revolution House      lxiii.
+
+
+
+
+ADVERTISEMENT.
+
+
+The publication of this Volume is strictly conformable to the
+testamentary intentions of the Author, who consigned the MSS. for
+that express purpose to the present Editor[1].
+
+  [1] See the Extract in page vi.
+
+Mr. Pegge had, in his life-time, published Three Portions of
+"_Curialia_, or an Account of some Members of the Royal Houshold;"
+and had, with great industry and laborious research, collected
+materials for several other Portions, some of which were nearly
+completed for the press.
+
+Mr. Pegge was "led into the investigation," he says, "by a natural
+and kind of instinctive curiosity, and a desire of knowing what was
+the antient state of the Court to which he had the honour, by the
+favour of his Grace William the late Duke of Devonshire, to compose
+a part."
+
+Two more Portions were printed in 1806 by the present Editor. Long,
+however, and intimately acquainted as he was with the accuracy and
+diffidence of Mr. Pegge, he would have hesitated in offering those
+posthumous Essays to the Publick, if the plan had not been clearly
+defined, and the Essays sufficiently distinct to be creditable to
+the reputation which Mr. Pegge had already acquired, by the Parts of
+the "Curialia" published by himself, and by his very entertaining
+(posthumous) "Anecdotes of the English Language;"--a reputation
+which descended to him by _Hereditary Right_, and which he
+transmitted untarnished to a worthy and learned Son.
+
+It was the hope and intention of the Editor to have proceeded with
+some other Portions of the "Curialia;" but the fatal event which (in
+February 1808) overwhelmed him in accumulated distress put a stop
+to that intention. Nearly all the printed Copies of the "Curialia"
+perished in the flames; and part of the original MS. was lost.
+
+A few detached Articles, which related to the College of Arms,
+and to the Order of Knights Bachelors (which, had they been more
+perfect, would have formed one or more succeeding Portions) have
+since been deposited in the rich Library of that excellent College.
+
+The Volume now submitted to the candour of the Reader is formed from
+the wreck of the original materials. The arranging of the several
+detached articles, and the revisal of them through the press, have
+afforded the Editor some amusement; and he flatters himself that
+the Volume will meet with that indulgence which the particular
+circumstances attending it may presume to claim.--If the Work has
+any merit, it is the Author's. The defects should, in fairness, be
+attributed to the Editor.
+
+  J. N.
+
+  _Highbury Place, Dec. 1, 1817._
+
+
+*** Extract from Mr. PEGGE'S Will.
+
+     "Having the Copy-right of my little Work called _Curialia_ in
+     myself, I hereby give and bequeath all my interest therein,
+     together with all my impressions thereof which may be unsold at
+     the time of my decease, to my Friend Mr. John Nichols, Printer,
+     with the addition of as much money as will pay the Tax on this
+     Legacy. I also request of the said Mr. John Nichols, that he
+     would carefully peruse and digest all my Papers and Collections
+     on the above subject, and print them under the title of
+     _Curialia Miscellanea_, or some such description.--There is also
+     another Work of mine, not quite finished, intitled _Anecdotes of
+     the English Language_, which I wish Mr. Nichols to bring forward
+     from his Press. SAMUEL PEGGE."
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+  PARENTALIA: or, Memoirs of the Rev. Dr. Samuel
+        Pegge, compiled by his Son                Page ix-lviii
+
+
+               Appendix to the Parentalia:
+
+  Description of Whittington Church                         lix
+
+  Description of Whittington Rectory                       lxii
+
+  Description of The Revolution House at Whittington      ibid.
+
+  Origin of the Revolution in 1688                         lxiv
+
+  Celebration of the Jubilee in 1788                        lxv
+
+  Stanzas by the Rev. P. Cunningham                        lxxi
+
+  Ode for the Revolution Jubilee                         lxxiii
+
+  Extracts from Letters of Dr. Pegge to Mr. Gough         lxxiv
+
+  Memoirs of Samuel Pegge, Esq. by the Editor            lxxvii
+
+  Appendix of Epistolary Correspondence                 lxxxiii
+
+
+                   HOSPITIUM DOMINI REGIS:
+            or, The History of the Royal Household.
+
+  Introduction                                          Page  1
+
+  William I.                                                  6
+
+  William Rufus                                              18
+
+  Henry I.                                                   24
+
+  Stephen                                                    38
+
+  Henry II. (Plantagenet)                                    48
+
+  Richard I.                                                 63
+
+  Henry IV.                                                  68
+
+  Edward IV.                                                 69
+
+  Extracts from the _Liber Niger_                            71
+
+  Knights and Esquires of the Body                           73
+
+  Gentleman Usher                                            74
+
+  Great Chamberlain of England                               76
+
+  Knights of Household                                       77
+
+  Esquires of the Body                                       79
+
+  Yeomen of the Crown                                        84
+
+  A Barber for the King's most high and dread Person         86
+
+  Henxmen                                                    88
+
+  Master of Henxmen                                          89
+
+  Squires of Household                                       91
+
+  Kings of Arms, Heralds, and Pursuivants                    95
+
+  Serjeants of Arms                                          97
+
+  Minstrels                                                  99
+
+  A Wayte                                                   101
+
+  Clerk of the Crown in Chancery                            103
+
+  Supporters, Crests, and Cognizances, of the Kings of
+        England                                             104
+
+  Regal Titles                                              109
+
+  On the Virtues of the Royal Touch                         111
+
+  Ceremonies for Healing, for King's Evil                   154
+
+  Ceremonies for blessing Cramp-Rings                       164
+
+  _Stemmata Magnatum_: Origin of the Titles of some of
+        the English Nobility                                173
+
+  English Armorial Bearings                                 201
+
+  Origin and Derivation of remarkable Surnames              208
+
+  _Symbola Scotica_: Mottoes, &c. of Scottish Families      213
+
+  Dissertation on Coaches and Sedan Chairs                  269
+
+  Dissertation on the Hammer Cloth                          304
+
+  Articles of Dress.--Gloves                                305
+
+  Ermine--Gentlewomen's Apparel                             312
+
+  Apparel for the Heads of Gentlewomen                      313
+
+  Mourning                                                  314
+
+  Beard, &c.                                                316
+
+  Origin of the Name of the City of Westminster             320
+
+  Memoranda relative to the Society of the Temple in
+        London, written in 1760                             323
+
+  Dissertation on the Use of _Simnel_ Bread, and the
+        Derivation of the Word _Simnel_                     329
+
+  Historical Essay on the Origin of "Thirteen Pence
+        Half-penny," as Hangman's Wages                     331
+
+  Custom observed by the Lord Lieutenants of Ireland        349
+
+
+
+
+Parentalia:
+
+OR,
+
+MEMOIRS OF THE REV. DR. PEGGE,
+
+COMPILED BY HIS SON.
+
+
+The Rev. Samuel Pegge, LL. D. and F.S.A. was the Representative
+of one of four Branches of the Family of that name in Derbyshire,
+derived from a common Ancestor, all which existed together till
+within a few years. The eldest became extinct by the death of Mr.
+William Pegge, of Yeldersley, near Ashborne, 1768; and another by
+that of the Rev. Nathaniel Pegge, M.A. Vicar of Packington, in
+Leicestershire, 1782.
+
+The Doctor's immediate Predecessors, as may appear from the
+Heralds-office, were of Osmaston, near _Ashborne_, where they
+resided, in lineal succession, for four generations, antecedently
+to his Father and himself, and where they left a patrimonial
+inheritance, of which the Doctor died possessed[2].
+
+  [2] In Church-street, at Ashborne, is an Alms-house, originally
+  founded by Christopher Pegge, Esq. The name occurs also on the table
+  of Benefactors in Ashborne Church.
+
+Of the other existing branch, Mr. Edward Pegge having [1662] married
+Gertrude, sole daughter and heir of William Strelley, Esq. of
+Beauchief, in the Northern part of Derbyshire, seated himself there,
+and was appointed High Sheriff of the County in 1667; as was his
+Grandson, Strelley Pegge, Esq. 1739; and his Great-grandson, the
+present Peter Pegge, Esq. 1788.
+
+It was by Katharine Pegge, a daughter of Thomas Pegge, Esq. of
+Yeldersley, that King Charles II. (who saw her abroad during his
+exile) had a son born (1647), whom he called Charles _Fitz-Charles_,
+to whom he granted the Royal arms, with a baton sinister, Vaire,
+and whom (1675) his Majesty created Earl of _Plymouth_, Viscount
+_Totness_, and Baron _Dartmouth_[3]. He was bred to the Sea, and,
+having been educated abroad, most probably in Spain, was known by
+the name of _Don Carlos_[4]. The Earl married the Lady Bridget
+Osborne, third Daughter of Thomas Earl of Danby, Lord High
+Treasurer (at Wimbledon, in Surrey), 1678[5], and died of a flux
+at the siege of Tangier, 1680, without issue. The body was brought
+to England, and interred in Westminster Abbey[6]. The Countess
+re-married Dr. Philip Bisse, Bishop of Hereford, by whom she had
+no issue; and who, surviving her, erected a handsome tablet to her
+memory in his Cathedral.
+
+  [3] Docquet-book in the Crown-office.
+
+  [4] See Sandford, p. 647, edit. 1707. Granger erroneously calls him
+  _Carlo_; and also, by mistake, gives him the name of _Fitz-roy_.
+
+  [5] See Mr. Lysons's Environs of London, vol. I. p. 537.
+
+  [6] Dart's History of Westminster Abbey, vol. II. p. 55.
+
+Katharine Pegge, the Earl's mother, married Sir Edward Greene, Bart.
+of Samford in Essex, and died without issue by him[7].
+
+  [7] There is a half-length portrait of the Earl, in a robe de
+  chambre, laced cravat, and flowing hair (with a ship in the back
+  ground of the picture), by Sir Peter Lely, now in the family: and
+  also two of his Mother, Lady Greene; one a half-length, with her
+  infant Son standing by her side; the other, a three-quarters; both
+  either by Sir Peter Lely, or by one of his pupils.
+
+But to return to the Rev. Dr. Pegge, the outline _only_ of whose
+life we propose to give. His Father (Christopher) was, as we have
+observed, of Osmaston, though he never resided there, even after
+he became possessed of it; for, being a younger Brother, it was
+thought proper to put him to business; and he served his time with
+a considerable woollen-draper at Derby, which line he followed
+till the death of his elder Brother (Humphry, who died without
+issue 1711) at Chesterfield in Derbyshire, when he commenced
+lead-merchant, then a lucrative branch of traffick there; and,
+having been for several years a Member of the Corporation, died in
+his third Mayoralty, 1723.
+
+He had married Gertrude Stephenson (a daughter of Francis
+Stephenson, of Unston, near Chesterfield, Gent.) whose Mother was
+Gertrude Pegge, a Daughter of the before-mentioned Edward Pegge,
+Esq. of Beauchief; by which marriage these two Branches of the
+Family, which had long been diverging from each ether, became
+reunited, both by blood and name, in the person of Dr. Pegge, their
+only surviving child.
+
+He was born Nov. 5, 1704, N.S. at Chesterfield, where he had his
+school education; and was admitted a Pensioner of St. John's
+College, Cambridge, May 30, 1722, under the tuition of the Rev. Dr.
+William Edmundson; was matriculated July 7; and, in the following
+November, was elected a Scholar of the House, upon Lupton's
+Foundation.
+
+In the same year with his Father (1723) died the Heir of his
+Maternal Grandfather (Stephenson), a minor; by whose death a moiety
+of the real estate at Unston (before-mentioned) became the property
+of our young Collegian, who was then pursuing his academical
+studies with intention of taking orders.
+
+Having, however, no immediate prospect of preferment, he looked
+up to a Fellowship of the College, after he had taken the degree
+of A.B. in January 1725, N.S.; and became a candidate upon a
+vacancy which happened favourably in that very year; for it was a
+Lay-fellowship upon the Beresford Foundation, and appropriated to
+the Founder's kin, or at least confined to a Native of Derbyshire.
+
+The competitors were, Mr. Michael Burton (afterwards Dr. Burton),
+and another, whose name we do not find; but the contest lay between
+Mr. Burton and Mr. Pegge. Mr. Burton had the stronger claim,
+being indubitably related to the Founder; but, upon examination,
+was declared to be so very deficient in Literature, that his
+superior right, as Founder's kin, was set aside, on account of the
+insufficiency of his learning; and Mr. Pegge was admitted, and sworn
+Fellow March 21, 1726, O. S.
+
+In consequence of this disappointment, Mr. Burton was obliged
+to take new ground, to enable him to procure an establishment
+in the world; and therefore artfully applied to the College for
+a testimonial, that he might receive orders, and undertake some
+cure in the vicinity of Cambridge. Being ordained, he turned the
+circumstance into a manoeuvre, and took an unexpected advantage
+of it, by appealing to the Visitor [the Bishop of Ely, Dr. Thomas
+Greene], representing, that, as the College had, by the testimonial,
+thought him qualified for Ordination, it could not, in justice, deem
+him unworthy of becoming a Fellow of the Society, upon such forcible
+claims as Founder's kin, and also as a Native of Derbyshire.
+
+These were irresistible pleas on the part of Mr. Burton; and the
+Visitor found himself reluctantly obliged to eject Mr. Pegge; when
+Mr. Burton took possession of the Fellowship, which he held many
+years[8].
+
+  [8] Dr. Burton was President (_i. e._ Vice-master of the College)
+  when Mr. Pegge's Son was admitted of it, 1751; but soon afterwards
+  took the Rectory of Staplehurst in Kent, which he held till his
+  death in 1759.
+
+Thus this business closed; but the Visitor did Mr. Pegge the favour
+to recommend him, in so particular a manner, to the Master and
+Seniors of the College, that he was thenceforward considered as an
+honorary member of the body of Fellows (_tanquam Socius_), kept his
+seat at their table and in the chapel, being placed in the situation
+of a Fellow-commoner.
+
+In consequence, then, of this testimony of the Bishop of Ely's
+approbation, Mr. Pegge was chosen a Platt-fellow on the first
+vacancy, A. D. 1729[9]. He was therefore, in fact, _twice_ a Fellow
+of St. John's.
+
+  [9] The _Platt-fellowships_ at St. John's are similar to what are
+  called _Bye-fellowships_ in some other Colleges at Cambridge, and
+  are not on the Foundation. The original number was _six_, with a
+  stipend of 20_l., per annum_ each, besides rooms, and commons at
+  the Fellows' table. They were founded by William Platt, Esq. (Son
+  of Sir Hugh Platt, Knt.) an opulent citizen of London, out of an
+  estate then of the annual value of 140_l._ Being a rent-charge,
+  the Fellowships cannot be enlarged in point of revenue, though the
+  number has been increased to _eight_, by savings from the surplus.
+  There is a good portrait of Mr. Platt in the Master's Lodge at St.
+  John's, with the date of 1626, aet. 47. He died in 1637. More of him
+  may be seen in Mr. Lysons's Environs of London, vol. III. pp. 59,
+  66, 70, 71, 110, 376.
+
+There is good reason to believe that, in the interval between his
+removal from his first Fellowship, and his acceding to the second,
+he meditated the publication of Xenophon's "_Cyropaedia_" and
+"_Anabasis_," from a collation of them with a Duport MS. in the
+Library at Eton--to convince the world that the Master and Seniors
+of St. John's College did not judge unworthily in giving him so
+decided a preference to Mr. Burton in their election.
+
+It appears that he had made very large collections for such a
+work; but we suspect that it was thrown aside on being anticipated
+by Mr. Hutchinson's Edition, which was formed from more valuable
+manuscripts.
+
+He possessed a MS "Lexicon Xenophonticum" by himself, as well
+as a Greek Lexicon in MS.; and had also "An English Historical
+Dictionary," in 6 volumes folio; a French and Italian, a Latin, a
+British and Saxon one, in one volume each; all corrected by his
+notes; a "Glossarium Generale;" and two volumes of "Collections in
+English History."
+
+During his residence in Kent, Mr. Pegge formed a "Monasticon
+Cantianum," in two folio MS volumes; a MS Dictionary for Kent;
+an Alphabetical List of Kentish Authors and Worthies; Kentish
+Collections; Places in Kent; and many large MS additions to the
+account of that county in the "Magna Britannia."
+
+He also collected a good deal relative to the College at Wye, and
+its neighbourhood, which he thought of publishing, and engraved the
+seal, before engraved in Lewis's Seals. He had "Extracts from the
+Rental of the Royal Manor of Wye, made about 1430, in the hands of
+Daniel Earl of Winchelsea;" and "Copy of a Survey and Rental of the
+College, in the possession of Sir Windham Knatchbull, 1739."
+
+While resident in College (and in the year 1730) Mr. Pegge was
+elected a Member of the Zodiac Club, a literary Society, which
+consisted of twelve members, denominated from the Twelve Signs.
+This little institution was founded, and articles, in the nature
+of statutes, were agreed upon Dec. 10, 1725. Afterwards (1728)
+this Society thought proper to enlarge their body, when six select
+additional members were chosen, and denominated from six of the
+Planets, though it still went collectively under the name of the
+_Zodiac Club_[10]. In this latter class Mr. Pegge was the original
+_Mars_, and continued a member of the Club as long as he resided
+in the University. His secession was in April 1732, and his seat
+accordingly declared vacant.
+
+  [10] Of this little academical literary Society the late Samuel
+  Pegge, Esq. possessed a particular History in MS. EDIT.
+
+In the same year, 1730, Mr. Pegge appears in a more public literary
+body;--among the Members of the Gentlemen's Society at Spalding,
+in Lincolnshire, to which he contributed some papers which will be
+noticed below[11].
+
+  [11] In 1733, his Life of Archbishop Kempe was in forwardness for
+  press, and he solicited assistance for it from MSS.
+
+  In 1734, he sent them a critical letter on the name and town of Wye.
+
+  In 1739, an Account of a Religious House in Canterbury, not noticed
+  before, his conjectures on which were approved by Mr. Thorpe.
+
+  An Account of the Endowment of the Vicarage of Westfield in Sussex,
+  by Richard second Bishop of Chichester, 1249, in the hands of Sir
+  Peter Webster, Bart.
+
+  Account of the Amphitheatre in the Garden of the Nuns of Fidelite at
+  Angers: the arena 150 feet diameter, outer wall 20 feet thick, the
+  caveae 14 feet long and wide, with layers of Roman brick and stone 3
+  or 4 feet asunder.
+
+Having taken the degree of A. M. in July 1729, Mr. Pegge was
+ordained Deacon in December in the same year; and, in the February
+following, received Priest's orders; both of which were conferred by
+Dr. William Baker, Bishop of Norwich.
+
+It was natural that he should now look to employment in his
+profession; and, agreeably to his wishes, he was soon retained
+as Curate to the Rev. Dr. John Lynch (afterwards [1733] Dean of
+Canterbury), at Sundrich in Kent, on which charge he entered
+at Lady-day 1730; and in his Principal, as will appear, soon
+afterwards, very unexpectedly, found a Patron.
+
+The Doctor gave Mr. Pegge the choice of three Cures under
+him--of Sundrich, of a London Living, or the Chaplainship of St.
+Cross, of which the Doctor was then Master. Mr. Pegge preferred
+Sundrich, which he held till Dr. Lynch exchanged, that Rectory for
+Bishopsbourne, and then removed thither at Midsummer 1731.
+
+Within a few months after this period, Dr. Lynch, who had married a
+daughter of Archbishop Wake, obtained for Mr. Pegge, unsolicited,
+the Vicarage of Godmersham (cum Challock), into which he was
+inducted Dec. 6, 1731.
+
+We have said _unsolicited_, because, at the moment when the Living
+was conferred, Mr. Pegge had more reason to expect a _reproof_
+from his Principal, than a _reward_ for so short a service of these
+Cures. The case was, that Mr. Pegge had, in the course of the
+preceding summer (unknown to Dr. Lynch) taken a little tour, for a
+few months, to Leyden, with a Fellow Collegian (John Stubbing, M.
+B. then a medical pupil under Boerhaave), leaving his Curacy to the
+charge of some of the neighbouring Clergy. On his return, therefore,
+he was not a little surprized to obtain actual preferment through
+Dr. Lynch, without the most distant engagement on the score of the
+Doctor's interest with the Archbishop, or the smallest suggestion
+from Mr. Pegge.
+
+Being now in possession of a Living, and independent property, Mr.
+Pegge married (April 13, 1732) Miss Anne Clarke, the only daughter
+of Benjamin, and sister of John Clarke, Esqrs. of Stanley, near
+Wakefield, in the county of York, by whom he had one Son [Samuel, of
+whom hereafter], who, after his Mother's death, became eventually
+heir to his Uncle; and one Daughter, Anna-Katharina, wife of
+the Rev. John Bourne, M.A. of Spital, near Chesterfield, Rector
+of Sutton cum Duckmanton, and Vicar of South Winfield, both in
+Derbyshire; by whom she had two daughters, Elizabeth, who married
+Robert Jennings, Esq. and Jane, who married Benjamin Thompson, Esq.
+
+While Mr. Pegge was resident in Kent, where he continued twenty
+years, he made himself acceptable to every body, by his general
+knowledge, his agreeable conversation, and his vivacity; for he was
+received into the familiar acquaintance of the best Gentlemen's
+Families in East Kent, several of whom he preserved in his
+correspondence after he quitted the county, till the whole of those
+of his own standing gave way to fate before him.
+
+Having an early propensity to the study of Antiquity among his
+general researches, and being allowedly an excellent Classical
+Scholar, he here laid the foundation of what in time became a
+considerable collection of books, and his little cabinet of Coins
+grew in proportion; by which two assemblages (so scarce among
+Country Gentlemen in general) he was qualified to pursue those
+collateral studies, without neglecting his parochial duties, to
+which he was always assiduously attentive.
+
+The few pieces which Mr. Pegge printed while he lived in Kent
+will be mentioned hereafter, when we shall enumerate such of his
+Writings as are most material. These (exclusively of Mr. _Urban_'s
+obligations to him in the Gentleman's Magazine) have appeared
+principally, and most conspicuously, in the _Archaeologia_, which may
+be termed the Transactions of the Society of Antiquaries. In that
+valuable collection will be found more than fifty memoirs, written
+and communicated by him, many of which are of considerable length,
+being by much the greatest number hitherto contributed by any
+individual member of that respectable Society.
+
+In returning to the order of time, we find that, in July 1746, Mr.
+Pegge had the great misfortune to lose his Wife; whose monumental
+inscription, at Godmersham, bears ample testimony of her worth:
+
+  "MDCCXLVI.
+   Anna Clarke, uxor Samuelis Pegge
+   Vicarii hujus parochiae;
+   Mulier, si qua alia, sine dolo,
+   Vitam aeternam et beatam fidenter hic sperat;
+   nec erit frustra."
+
+This event entirely changed Mr. Pegge's destinations; for he now
+zealously meditated on some mode of removing himself, without
+disadvantage, into his Native County. To effect this, one of two
+points was to be carried; either to obtain some piece of preferment,
+tenable in its nature with his Kentish Vicarage; or to exchange the
+latter for an equivalent; in which last he eventually succeeded
+beyond his immediate expectations.
+
+We are now come to a new epoch in the Doctor's life; but there is
+an interval of a few years to be accounted for, before he found an
+opportunity of effectually removing himself into Derbyshire.
+
+His Wife being dead, his Children young and at school, and himself
+reduced to a life of solitude, so ungenial to his temper (though no
+man was better qualified to improve his leisure); he found relief by
+the kind offer of his valuable Friend, Sir Edward Dering, Bart.
+
+At this moment Sir Edward chose to place his Son[12] under the care
+of a private Tutor at home, to qualify him more competently for the
+University. Sir Edward's personal knowledge of Mr. Pegge, added to
+the Family situation of the latter, mutually induced the former
+to offer, and the latter to accept, the proposal of removing from
+Godmersham to Surrenden (Sir Edward's mansion-house) to superintend
+Mr. Dering's education for a short time; in which capacity he
+continued about a year and a half, till Mr. Dering was admitted of
+St. John's College, Cambridge, in March 1751.
+
+  [12] Afterwards Sir Edward Dering, the sixth Baronet of that Family,
+  who died Dec. 8, 1798.
+
+Sir Edward had no opportunity, by any patronage of his own,
+permanently to gratify Mr. Pegge, and to preserve him in the circle
+of their common Friends. On the other hand, finding Mr. Pegge's
+propensity to a removal so very strong, Sir Edward reluctantly
+pursued every possible measure to effect it.
+
+The first vacant living in Derbyshire which offered itself was the
+Perpetual Curacy of _Brampton_, near Chesterfield; a situation
+peculiarly eligible in many respects. It became vacant in 1747; and,
+if it could have been obtained, would have placed Mr. Pegge in the
+centre of his early acquaintance in that County; and, being tenable
+with his Kentish living, would not have totally estranged him from
+his Friends in the South of England. The patronage of Brampton is in
+the Dean of Lincoln, which Dignity was then filled by the Rev. Dr.
+Thomas Cheyney; to whom, Mr. Pegge being a stranger, the application
+was necessarily to be made in a circuitous manner, and he was
+obliged to employ more than a double mediation before his name could
+be mentioned to the Dean.
+
+The mode he proposed was through the influence of William the
+third Duke of Devonshire; to whom Mr. Pegge was personally known
+as a Derbyshire man (though he had so long resided in Kent),
+having always paid his respects to his Grace on the public days
+at Chatsworth, as often as opportunity served, when on a visit in
+Derbyshire. Mr. Pegge did not, however, think himself sufficiently
+in the Duke's favour to make a direct address for his Grace's
+recommendation to the Dean of Lincoln, though the object so fully
+met his wishes in moderation, and in every other point. He had,
+therefore, recourse to a friend, the Right Rev. Dr. Fletcher, Bishop
+of Dromore, then in England; who, in conjunction with Godfrey
+Watkinson, of Brampton Moor, Esq. (the principal resident Gentleman
+in the parish of Brampton) solicited, and obtained, his Grace's
+interest with the Dean of Lincoln: who, in consequence, nominated
+Mr. Pegge to the living.
+
+One point now seemed to be gained towards his re-transplantation
+into his native soil, after he had resisted considerable offers
+had he continued in Kent; and thus did he think himself virtually
+in possession of a living in Derbyshire, which in its nature was
+tenable with Godmersham in Kent. Henceforward, then, he no doubt
+felt a satisfaction that he should soon be enabled to live in
+Derbyshire, and occasionally visit his friends in Kent, instead of
+residing in that county, and visiting his friends in Derbyshire.
+
+But, after all this assiduity and anxiety (as if _admission_ and
+_ejection_ had pursued him a second
+
+time), the result of Mr. Pegge's expectations was far from answering
+his then present wishes; for, when he thought himself secure by the
+Dean's nomination, and that nothing was wanting but the Bishop's
+licence, the Dean's _right of Patronage_ was controverted by the
+Parishioners of Brampton, who brought forward a Nominee of their own.
+
+The ground of this claim, on the part of the Parish, was owing
+to an ill-judged indulgence of some former Deans of Lincoln, who
+had occasionally permitted the Parishioners to send an Incumbent
+directly to the _Bishop_ for his licence, without the intermediate
+nomination of the _Dean_ in due form.
+
+These measures were principally fomented by the son of the last
+Incumbent, the Rev. Seth Ellis, a man of a reprobate character,
+and a disgrace to his profession, who wanted the living, and was
+patronised by the Parish. He had a desperate game to play; for
+he had not the least chance of obtaining any preferment, as no
+individual Patron, who was even superficially acquainted with his
+_moral_ character alone, could with decency advance him in the
+church. To complete the detail of the fate of this man, whose
+interest the deluded part of the mal-contents of the parish so
+warmly espoused, he was soon after suspended by the Bishop from
+officiating at Brampton[13].
+
+  [13] The Bishop's Inhibition took place soon after the decision of
+  the cause at Derby, and was not revoked till late in the year 1758,
+  which was principally effected by Mr. Pegge's intercession with
+  his Lordship, stating Mr. Ellis's distressed circumstances, and
+  his having made a proper submission, with a promise of future good
+  behaviour. This revocation is contained in a letter addressed to Mr.
+  Pegge, under the Bishop's own hand, dated Oct. 30, 1758.
+
+Whatever inducements the Parish might have to support Mr. Ellis so
+strenuously we do not say, though they manifestly did not arise from
+any pique to one Dean more than to another; and we are decidedly
+clear that they were not founded in any aversion to Mr. Pegge
+as an individual; for his character was in all points too well
+established, and too well known (even to the leading opponents to
+the Dean), to admit of the least personal dislike in any respect. So
+great, nevertheless, was the acrimony with which the Parishioners
+pursued their visionary pretensions to the Patronage, that, not
+content with the decision of the Jury (which was highly respectable)
+in favour of the Dean, when the right of Patronage was tried in
+1748; they had the audacity to carry the cause to an Assize at
+Derby, where, on the fullest and most incontestable evidence, a
+verdict was given in favour of the Dean, to the confusion and
+indelible disgrace of those Parishioners who espoused so bad a
+cause, supported by the most undaunted effrontery.
+
+The evidence produced by the Parish went to prove, from an entry
+made nearly half a century before in the accompts kept by the
+Churchwardens, that the _Parishioners_, and not the _Deans of
+Lincoln_, had hitherto, on a vacancy, nominated a successor to the
+Bishop of the Diocese for his licence, without the intervention of
+any other person or party. The Parish accompts were accordingly
+brought into court at Derby, wherein there appeared not only a
+palpable erasement, but such an one as was detected by a living and
+credible witness; for, a Mr. _Mower_ swore that, on a vacancy in the
+year 1704, an application was made by the Parish to the _Dean of
+Lincoln_ in favour of the Rev. Mr. Littlewood[14].
+
+  [14] We believe this witness to have been _George Mower_, Esq. of
+  Wood-seats, in this county, who served the office of Sheriff in 1734.
+
+In corroboration of Mr. Mower's testimony, an article in the Parish
+accompts and expenditures of that year was adverted to, and which,
+when Mr. Mower saw it, ran thus:
+
+"Paid William Wilcoxon, for going _to Lincoln to the Dean_
+concerning Mr. Littlewood, five shillings."
+
+The Parishioners had before alleged, in proof of their title, that
+they had _elected_ Mr. Littlewood; and, to uphold this asseveration,
+had clumsily altered the parish accompt-book, and inserted the
+words "to _Lichfield_ to the BISHOP," in the place of the words "to
+_Lincoln_ to the DEAN."
+
+Thus their own evidence was turned against the Parishioners; and not
+a moment's doubt remained but that the patronage rested with the
+DEAN _of Lincoln_.
+
+We have related this affair without a strict adherence to
+chronological order as to facts, or to collateral circumstances,
+for the sake of preserving the narrative entire, as far as it
+regards the contest between the _Dean of Lincoln_ and the _Parish of
+Brampton_; for we believe that this transaction (uninteresting as it
+may be to the publick in general) is one of very few instances on
+record which has an exact parallel.
+
+The intermediate points of the contest, in which Mr. Pegge was more
+peculiarly concerned, and which did not prominently appear to the
+world, were interruptions and unpleasant impediments which arose in
+the course of this tedious process.
+
+He had been nominated to the Perpetual Curacy of Brampton by Dr.
+_Cheyney_, Dean of Lincoln; was at the sole expence of the suit
+respecting the right of Patronage, whereby the verdict was given in
+favour of the Dean; and he was actually licensed by the Bishop of
+Lichfield. In consequence of this decision and the Bishop's licence,
+Mr. Pegge, not suspecting that the contest could go any farther,
+attended to qualify at Brampton, on Sunday, August 28, 1748, in
+the usual manner; but was repelled _by violence_ from entering the
+Church.
+
+In this state matters rested regarding the Patronage of Brampton,
+when Dr. Cheyney was unexpectedly transferred from the Deanry of
+_Lincoln_ to the Deanry of _Winchester_, which (we may observe by
+the way) he solicited on motives similar to those which actuated
+Mr. Pegge at the very moment; for Dr. Cheyney, being a Native of
+Winchester, procured an exchange of his Deanry of Lincoln with the
+Rev. Dr. William George, Provost of Queen's college, Cambridge, for
+whom the Deanry of Winchester was intended by the Minister on the
+part of the Crown.
+
+Thus Mr. Pegge's interests and applications were to begin _de novo_
+with the Patron of Brampton; for, his nomination by Dr. Cheyney,
+in the then state of things, was of no validity. He fell, however,
+into liberal hands; for his activity in the proceedings which had
+hitherto taken place respecting the living in question had rendered
+fresh advocates unnecessary, as it had secured the unasked favour
+of Dr. George, who not long afterwards voluntarily gave him the
+Rectory of _Whittington_, near Chesterfield, in Derbyshire; into
+which he was inducted Nov. 11, 1751, and where he resided for
+upwards of 44 years without interruption[15].
+
+  [15] Dr. George's letter to Mr. Pegge on the occasion has been
+  preserved, and is conceived in the most manly and generous terms.
+  On account of the distance, Mr. Pegge then residing in Kent, the
+  Dean was so obliging as to concert matters with Bishop (Frederick)
+  Cornwallis, who then sat at Lichfield, that the living might _lapse_
+  without injury to Mr. Pegge, who therefore took it, in fact, from
+  his Lordship by _collation_.
+
+Though Mr. Pegge had relinquished all farther pretensions to
+the living of _Brampton_ before the cause came to a decision at
+Derby, yet he gave every possible assistance at the trial, by the
+communication of various documents, as well as by his personal
+evidence at the Assize, to support the claim of the new Nominee, the
+Rev. John Bowman, in whose favour the verdict was given, and who
+afterwards enjoyed the benefice.
+
+Here then we take leave of this troublesome affair, so nefarious
+and unwarrantable on the part of the Parishioners of _Brampton_;
+and from which PATRONS of every description may draw their own
+inferences.
+
+Mr. Pegge's ecclesiastical prospect in Derbyshire began soon to
+brighten; and he ere long obtained the more eligible living of
+_Whittington_. Add to this that, in the course of the dispute
+concerning the Patronage of Brampton, he became known to the
+Hon. and Right Rev. Frederick (Cornwallis) Bishop of Lichfield
+and Coventry; who ever afterwards favoured him not only with his
+personal regard, but with his patronage, which extended even beyond
+the grave, as will be mentioned hereafter in the order of time.
+
+We must now revert to Mr. Pegge's old Friend Sir Edward Dering,
+who, at the moment when Mr. Pegge decidedly took the living of
+_Whittington_, in Derbyshire, began to negotiate with his Grace
+of Canterbury (Dr. Herring), the Patron of _Godmersham_, for an
+exchange of that living for something tenable with Whittington.
+
+The Archbishop's answer to this application was highly honourable to
+Mr. Pegge: "Why," said his Grace, "will Mr. Pegge leave my Diocese?
+If he will continue in Kent, I promise you, Sir Edward, that I will
+give him preferment to his satisfaction[16]."
+
+  [16] Mr. Pegge became known, at least by name, to Dr. Herring, when
+  Archbishop of York, by an occasional Sermon (which will be adverted
+  to among Mr. Pegge's writings), on the publication whereof his
+  Grace sent him a letter in handsome terms. When the Archbishop was
+  translated to Canterbury, Mr. Pegge was, most probably, personally
+  known to him as the Diocesan.
+
+No allurements, however, could prevail; and Mr. Pegge, at all
+events, accepted the Rectory of _Whittington_, leaving every other
+pursuit of the kind to contingent circumstances. An exchange was,
+nevertheless, very soon afterwards effected, by the interest of Sir
+Edward with the _Duke of Devonshire_, who consented that Mr. Pegge
+should take his Grace's Rectory of _Brinhill_[17] in Lancashire,
+then luckily void, the Archbishop at the same time engaging
+to present the _Duke's_ Clerk to _Godmersham_. Mr. Pegge was
+accordingly inducted into the Rectory of _Brindle_, Nov. 23, 1751,
+in less than a fortnight after his induction at _Whittington_[18].
+
+  [17] More usually called _Brindle_.
+
+  [18] The person who actually succeeded to the Vicarage of Godmersham
+  was the Rev. _Aden Ley_, who died there in 1766.
+
+In addition to this favour from the Family of _Cavendish_, Sir
+Edward Dering obtained for Mr. Pegge, almost at the same moment,
+a _scarf_ from the _Marquis of Hartington_ (afterwards the fourth
+Duke of Devonshire), then called up to the House of Peers, in
+June 1751, by the title of Baron _Cavendish_ of _Hardwick_. Mr.
+Pegge's appointment is dated Nov. 18, 1751; and thus, after all his
+solicitude, he found himself possessed of two livings and a dignity,
+honourably and indulgently conferred, as well as most desirably
+connected, in the same year and in the same month; though this
+latter circumstance may be attributed to the voluntary lapse of
+Whittington[19]. After Mr. Pegge had held the Rectory of _Brinhill_
+for a few years, an opportunity offered, by another obliging
+acquiescence of the Duke _of Devonshire_, to exchange it for the
+living of _Heath_ (alias _Lown_), in his _Grace's_ Patronage,
+which lies within seven miles of Whittington: a very commodious
+measure, as it brought Mr. Pegge's parochial preferments within a
+smaller distance of each other. He was accordingly inducted into the
+Vicarage of _Heath_, Oct. 22, 1758, which he held till his death.
+
+  [19] Soon after the fourth Duke of Devonshire came of age, 1769,
+  finding that he had many friends of his own to oblige, it was
+  suggested to the Senior Chaplains that a resignation would be deemed
+  a compliment by his Grace. Mr. Pegge, therefore (among some others),
+  relinquished his Chaplainship, though he continued to wear the
+  _scarf_.
+
+This was the last favour of the kind which Mr. Pegge _individually_
+received from the DUKES OF DEVONSHIRE; but the Compiler of this
+little Memoir regarding his late Father, flatters himself that it
+can give no offence to that Noble Family if he takes the opportunity
+of testifying a sense of his own _personal_ obligations to William
+the fourth DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE, when his Grace was _Lord Chamberlain_
+of his MAJESTY'S _Household_.
+
+As to Mr. Pegge's other preferments, they shall only be briefly
+mentioned in chronological order; but with due regard to his
+obligations. In the year 1765 he was presented to the Perpetual
+Curacy of _Wingerworth_, about six miles from. Whittington, by the
+Honourable and Reverend James _Yorke_, then _Dean of Lincoln_,
+afterwards _Bishop of Ely_, to whom he was but little known but by
+name and character. This appendage was rendered the more acceptable
+to Mr. Pegge, because the seat of his very respectable Friend Sir
+Henry Hunloke, Bart. is in the parish, from whom, and all the
+Family, Mr. Pegge ever received great civilities.
+
+We have already observed, that Mr. Pegge became known, insensibly
+as it were, to the Honourable and Right Reverend Frederick
+(_Cornwallis_), Bishop of Lichfield, during the contest respecting
+the living of _Brampton_; from whom he afterwards received more
+than one favour, and by whom another greater instance of regard was
+intended, as will be mentioned hereafter.
+
+Mr. Pegge was first collated by his Lordship to the Prebend of
+_Bobenhull_, in the Church of _Lichfield_, in 1757; and was
+afterwards voluntarily advanced by him to that of _Whittington_ in
+1763, which he possessed at his death[20].
+
+  [20] It is rather a singular coincidence, that Mr. Pegge should have
+  been at the same time _Rector_ of _Whittington_ in _Derbyshire_
+  and _Prebendary_ of _Whittington_ in _Staffordshire_, both in one
+  Diocese, under different patronages, and totally independent of each
+  other. These two _Whittingtons_ are likewise nearly equidistant from
+  places of the name of _Chesterfield_.
+
+In addition to the Stall at Lichfield, Mr. Pegge enjoyed the Prebend
+of _Louth_, in the Cathedral of _Lincoln_, to which he had been
+collated (in 1772) by his old acquaintance, and Fellow-collegian,
+the late Right Reverend John _Green_, Bishop of that See[21].
+
+  [21] The Prebend of _Louth_ carries with it the _Patronage_ of the
+  Vicarage of the _Parish_ of _Louth_, to which Mr. Pegge presented
+  more than once. On the first vacancy, having no Clerk of his own,
+  he offered the nomination to his Benefactor Bishop _Green_; at the
+  last, he gave the living, uninfluenced, to the present Incumbent,
+  the Rev. _Wolley Jolland_, son of the Recorder of Louth.
+
+This seems to be the proper place to subjoin, that, towards the
+close of his life, Mr. Pegge declined a situation for which, in more
+early days, he had the greatest predilection, and had taken every
+active and modest measure to obtain--a _Residentiaryship_ in the
+Church of _Lichfield_.
+
+Mr. Pegge's wishes tended to this point on laudable, and almost
+natural motives, as soon as his interest with the Bishop began to
+gain strength; for it would have been a very pleasant interchange,
+at that period of life, to have passed a portion of the year at
+_Lichfield_. This expectation, however, could not be brought forward
+till he was too far advanced in age to endure with tolerable
+convenience a removal from time to time; and therefore, when the
+offer was realized, he declined the acceptance.
+
+The case was literally this: While Mr. Pegge's elevation in the
+Church of _Lichfield_ rested solely upon Bishop (_Frederick_)
+Cornwallis, it was secure, had a vacancy happened: but his
+Patron was translated to _Canterbury_ in 1768, and Mr. Pegge had
+henceforward little more than personal knowledge of any of his
+Grace's Successors at _Lichfield_, till the Hon. and Right Reverend
+_James_ Cornwallis (the Archbishop's Nephew) was consecrated Bishop
+of that See in 1781.
+
+On this occasion, to restore the balance in favour of Mr. Pegge,
+the Archbishop had the kindness to make an _Option_ of the
+_Residentiaryship_ at _Lichfield_, then possessed by the Rev. Thomas
+_Seward_. It was, nevertheless, several years before even the tender
+of this preferment could take place; as his _Grace_ of _Canterbury_
+died in 1783, while Mr. _Seward_ was living.
+
+_Options_ being personal property, Mr. Pegge's interest, on the
+demise of the _Archbishop_, fell into the hands of the Hon. Mrs.
+_Cornwallis_, his Relict and Executrix, who fulfilled his _Grace's_
+original intention in the most friendly manner, on the death of Mr.
+_Seward_, in 1790[22].
+
+  [22] It was said at the time, as we recollect, that this piece of
+  preferment was so peculiar in its tenure, as not to be strictly
+  _optionable_; for, had the _See_ of _Lichfield_ been possessed by a
+  Bishop inimical to the Archbishop or to Mr. Pegge at the time of the
+  vacancy of the Stall, such Bishop might have defeated his _Grace's_
+  intentions. The qualifications of the Residentiaries in this
+  Cathedral we understand to be singular, dependent on the possession
+  of certain _Prebendal Houses_, which are in the absolute disposal of
+  the Bishop, as a _sine qua non_, to constitute the eligibility which
+  is vested in the _Dean_ and _Chapter_. As matters stood, in this
+  case, at the death of Mr. _Seward_, the present Bishop of Lichfield
+  (_Dr. James Cornwallis_), Mr. Pegge's warm Friend, co-operating with
+  the Dowager Mrs. _Cornwallis_, removed every obstruction.
+
+The little occasional transactions which primarily brought Mr.
+Pegge within the notice of Bishop (_Frederick_) Cornwallis at
+Eccleshall-castle led his Lordship to indulge him with a greater
+share of personal esteem than has often fallen to the lot of a
+private Clergyman so remotely placed from his Diocesan. Mr. Pegge
+had attended his Lordship two or three times on affairs of business,
+as one of the Parochial Clergy, after which the Bishop did him the
+honour to invite him to make an annual visit at Eccleshall-castle
+as an _Acquaintance_. The compliance with this overture was not
+only very flattering, but highly gratifying, to Mr. Pegge, who
+consequently waited upon his Lordship for a fortnight in the
+Autumn, during several years, till the Bishop was translated to the
+Metropolitical See of _Canterbury_ in 1768. After this, however,
+his Grace did not forget his humble friend, the _Rector of_
+_Whittington_, as will be seen; and sometimes corresponded with him
+on indifferent matters.
+
+About the same time that Mr. Pegge paid these visits at
+Eccleshall-castle, he adopted an expedient to change the scene,
+likewise, by a journey to London (between Easter and Whitsuntide);
+where, for a few years, he was entertained by his old Friend and
+Fellow-collegian the Rev. Dr. _John Taylor_, F. S. A. Chancellor of
+Lincoln, &c. (the learned Editor of Demosthenes and Lysias), then
+one of the Residentiaries of St. Paul's.
+
+After Dr. Taylor's death (1766), the Bishop of Lincoln, Dr. _John
+Green_, another old College-acquaintance, became Mr. Pegge's
+London-host for a few years, till _Archbishop Cornwallis_ began
+to reside at Lambeth. This event superseded the visits to Bishop
+_Green_, as Mr. Pegge soon afterwards received a very friendly
+invitation from his _Grace_; to whom, from that time, he annually
+paid his respects at _Lambeth-palace_, for a month in the Spring,
+till the _Archbishop's_ decease, which took place about Easter 1783.
+
+All these were delectable visits to a man of Mr. Pegge's turn of
+mind, whose conversation was adapted to every company, and who
+enjoyed _the world_ with greater relish from not living in it every
+day. The society with which he intermixed, in such excursions,
+changed his ideas, and relieved him from the _taedium_ of a life of
+much reading and retirement; as, in the course of these journeys, he
+often had opportunities of meeting old _Friends_, and of making new
+_literary acquaintance_.
+
+On some of these occasions he passed for a week into _Kent_, among
+such of his old Associates as were then living, till the death of
+his much-honoured Friend, and former Parishioner, the elder _Thomas
+Knight_, Esq. of Godmersham, in 1781[23]. We ought on no account to
+omit the mention of some _extra-visits_ which Mr. Pegge occasionally
+made to Bishop _Green_, at _Buckden_, to which we are indebted for
+the Life of that excellent Prelate _Robert Grosseteste_, Bishop of
+_Lincoln_;--a work upon which we shall only observe here, that it
+is Dr. Pegge's _chef-d'oeuvre_, and merits from the world much
+obligation. To these interviews with Bishop _Green_, we may also
+attribute those ample Collections, which Dr. Pegge left among his
+MSS. towards a History of the _Bishops_ of _Lincoln_, and of that
+_Cathedral_ in general, &c. &c.
+
+  [23] The very just character of Mr. _Knight_ given in the
+  Gentleman's Magazine, vol. LI. p. 147, was drawn by Mr. _Pegge_, who
+  had been intimate with him very nearly half a century.
+
+With the decease of Archbishop Cornwallis (1783), Mr. Pegge's
+excursions to London terminated. His old familiar Friends, and
+principal acquaintance there, were gathered to their fathers; and
+he felt that the lot of a long life had fallen upon him, having
+survived not only the _first_, but the _second_ class of his
+numerous distant connexions.
+
+While on one of these visits at Lambeth, the late _Gustavus
+Brander_, Esq. F. S. A. who entertained an uncommon partiality for
+Mr. Pegge, persuaded him, very much against his inclination, to
+sit for a Drawing, from which an octavo _Print_ of him might be
+engraved by Basire. The Work went on so slowly, that the Plate was
+not finished till 1785, when Mr. Pegge's current age was 81. Being a
+_private Print_, it was at first only intended for, and distributed
+among, the particular Friends of Mr. Brander and Mr. Pegge. This
+Print, however, _now_ carries with it something of a publication;
+for a considerable number of the impressions were dispersed after
+Mr. _Brander_'s death, when his Library, &c. were sold by auction;
+and the Print is often found prefixed to copies of "The Forme of
+Cury," a work which will hereafter be specified among Mr. Pegge's
+literary labours[24].
+
+  [24] This Print has the following inscription:
+
+        "SAMUEL PEGGE, A.M. S.A.S.
+          A.D. MDCCLXXXV. AEt. 81.
+
+    Impensis, et ex Voto, Gustavi Brander, Arm.
+            Sibi et Amicis."
+
+  We cannot in any degree subscribe to the resemblance, though, the
+  print is well engraved. There is, however, a three-quarters portrait
+  in oil (in the possession of his grandson, Sir Christopher Pegge,
+  and much valued by him) painted in 1788, by Mr. Elias Needham, a
+  young Provincial Artist, and a native of Derbyshire, which does
+  the Painter great credit, being a likeness uncommonly striking.
+  Dr. Pegge being an old gentleman well known, with a countenance
+  of much character, the Portrait was taken at the request of Mr.
+  Needham; who, after exhibiting it to his Patrons and Friends, made a
+  present of it to Mr. Pegge. Those who knew Dr. Pegge, and have had
+  an opportunity of comparing the Portrait with the Print, will agree
+  with us, that no two pictures of the same person, taken nearly at
+  the same point of life, and so unlike each other, can both be true
+  resemblances.--A faithful Engraving from Mr. Needham's Portrait is
+  prefixed to the present Volume.
+
+The remainder of Mr. Pegge's life after the year 1783 was, in a
+great measure, reduced to a state of quietude; but not without an
+extensive correspondence with the world in the line of Antiquarian
+researches: for he afterwards contributed largely to the
+_Archaeologia_, and the Bibliotheca_ Topographica Britannica_, &c.
+&c. as may appear to those who will take the trouble to compare the
+dates of his Writings, which will hereafter be enumerated, with the
+time of which we are speaking.
+
+The only periodical variation in life, which attended Mr. Pegge
+after the Archbishop's death, consisted of Summer visits at
+Eccleshall-castle to the present Bishop (_James_) Cornwallis, who
+(if we may be allowed the word) _adopted_ Mr. Pegge as his guest so
+long as he was able to undertake such journeys.
+
+We have already seen an instance of his Lordship's kindness in the
+case of the intended _Residentiaryship_; and have, moreover, good
+reasons to believe that, had the late _Archdeacon_ of _Derby_ (Dr.
+Henry Egerton) died at an earlier stage of Mr. Pegge's life, he
+would have succeeded to that dignity.
+
+This part of the Memoir ought not to be dismissed without observing,
+to the honour of Mr. Pegge, that, as it was not in his power to
+make any individual return (in his life-time) to his Patrons, the
+two Bishops of _Lichfield_ of the name of _Cornwallis_, for their
+extended civilities, he directed, by testamentary instructions, that
+_one hundred volumes_ out of his Collection of Books should be given
+to the Library of the Cathedral of _Lichfield_[25].
+
+  [25] He specified, in writing, about fourscore of these volumes,
+  which were chiefly what may be called Library-books; the rest were
+  added by his Son.
+
+During Mr. Pegge's involuntary retreat from his former associations
+with the more remote parts of the Kingdom, he was actively awake to
+such objects in which he was implicated nearer home.
+
+Early in the year 1788 material repairs and considerable alterations
+became necessary to the Cathedral of _Lichfield_. A subscription
+was accordingly begun by the Members of the Church, supported by
+many Lay-gentlemen of the neighbourhood; when Mr. Pegge, as a
+Prebendary, not only contributed handsomely, but projected, and drew
+up, a circular letter, addressed to the Rev. Charles Hope, M. A. the
+Minister of All Saints (the principal) Church in Derby, recommending
+the promotion of this public design. The Letter, being inserted in
+several Provincial Newspapers, was so well seconded by Mr. Hope,
+that it had a due effect upon the Clergy and Laity of the Diocese in
+general; for which Mr. Pegge received a written acknowledgment of
+thanks from the present Bishop of _Lichfield_, dated May 29, 1788.
+
+This year (1788), memorable as a Centenary in the annals of England,
+was honourable to the little Parish of _Whittington_, which
+accidentally bore a subordinate _local_ part in the History of the
+_Revolution;_ for it was to an inconsiderable public-house _there_
+(still called the _Revolution-house_) that the Earl of Devonshire,
+the Earl of Danby, the Lord Delamere, and the Hon. John D'Arcy, were
+driven for shelter, by a sudden shower of rain, from the adjoining
+common (_Whittington-Moor_), where they had met by appointment,
+disguised as farmers, to concert measures, unobservedly, for
+promoting the succession of King William III. after the abdication
+of King James II.[26]
+
+  [26] In this year he printed "A Narrative of what passed at the
+  Revolution-house at Whittington in the year 1688, with a view and
+  plan of the house by Major Rooke (reprinted in Gent. Mag. vol. LIX.
+  p. 124)." [See the Appendix.]
+
+The celebration of this Jubilee, on Nov. 5, 1788, is related at
+large in the Gentleman's Magazine of that month[27]; on which day
+Mr. Pegge preached a Sermon[28], apposite to the occasion, which
+was printed at the request of the Gentlemen of the Committee who
+conducted the ceremonial[29], which proceeded from his Church to
+Chesterfield in grand procession.
+
+  [27] See the Appendix to this Memoir.
+
+  [28] In this Discourse the venerable Preacher, taking for his text
+  Psalm cxviii. 24, first recites, in plain and unaffected language,
+  the blessings resulting from the event here commemorated to Church
+  and State; and then points out the corruptions of the present age,
+  with advice for their reformation.
+
+  [29] This solemnity took place on _Wednesday_; and, the Church being
+  crowded with strangers, the Sermon was repeated to the parochial
+  congregation on the following _Sunday_.--Mr. Pegge was then very
+  old, and the 5th of November N. S. was his birth-day, when he
+  entered into the 85th year of his age.
+
+In the year 1791 (July 8) Mr. Pegge was created D. C. L. by the
+University of OXFORD, at the Commemoration. It may be thought a
+little extraordinary that he should accept an advanced Academical
+Degree so late in life, as he wanted no such aggrandizement in the
+Learned World, or among his usual Associates, and had _voluntarily_
+closed all his expectations of ecclesiastical elevation. We are
+confident that he was not ambitious of the compliment; for, when
+it was first proposed to him, he put a _negative_ upon it. It must
+be remembered that this honour was not conferred on an unknown man
+(_novus homo_); but on a _Master of Arts of_ CAMBRIDGE, of name and
+character, and of acknowledged literary merit[30]. Had Mr. Pegge
+been desirous of the title of _Doctor_ in earlier life, there can
+be no doubt but that he might have obtained the superior degree of
+D. D. from Abp. Cornwallis, upon the bare suggestion, during his
+familiar and domestic conversations with his Grace at Lambeth-palace.
+
+  [30] Mr. Pegge, at the time, was on a visit to his Grandson, the
+  present Sir Christopher Pegge, M. D. then lately elected Reader of
+  Anatomy at Christ Church, Oxford, on Dr. Lee's foundation.
+
+Dr. Pegge's manners were those of a gentleman of a liberal
+education, who had seen much of the world, and had formed them upon
+the best models within his observation. Having in his early years
+lived in free intercourse with many of the principal and best-bred
+Gentry in various parts of Kent; he ever afterwards preserved the
+same attentions, by associating with respectable company, and (as we
+have seen) by forming honourable attachments.
+
+In his avocations from reading and retirement, few men could relax
+with more ease and cheerfulness, or better understood the _desipere
+in loco_;--could enter occasionally into temperate convivial mirth
+with a superior grace, or more interest and enliven every company by
+general conversation.
+
+As he did not mix in business of a public nature, his better
+qualities appeared most conspicuously in private circles; for he
+possessed an equanimity which obtained the esteem of his Friends,
+and an affability which procured the respect of his dependents.
+
+His habits of life were such as became his profession and station.
+In his clerical functions he was exemplarily correct, not entrusting
+his parochial duties at _Whittington_ (where he constantly resided)
+to another (except to the neighbouring Clergy during the excursions
+before-mentioned) till the failure of his eye-sight rendered it
+indispensably necessary; and even _that_ did not happen till within
+a few years of his death.
+
+As a Preacher, his Discourses from the pulpit were of the didactic
+and exhortatory kind, appealing to the understandings rather than
+to the passions of his Auditory, by expounding the Holy Scriptures
+in a plain, intelligible, and unaffected manner. His voice was
+naturally weak, and suited only to a small Church; so that when
+he occasionally appeared before a large Congregation (as on
+Visitations, &c.), he was heard to a disadvantage. He left in his
+closet considerably more than 230 Sermons composed by himself, and
+in his own hand-writing, besides a few (not exceeding 26) which he
+had transcribed (in substance only, as appears by collation) from
+the printed works of eminent Divines. These liberties, however,
+were not taken in his early days, from motives of idleness, or
+other attachments--but later in life, to favour the fatigue of
+composition; all which obligations he acknowledged at the end of
+each such Sermon.
+
+Though Dr. Pegge's life was sedentary, from his turn to studious
+retirement, his love of Antiquities, and of literary acquirements
+in general; yet these applications, which he pursued with, great
+ardour and perseverance, did not injure his health. Vigour of mind,
+in proportion to his bodily strength, continued unimpaired through
+a very extended course of life, and nearly till he had reached
+"_ultima linea rerum_:" for he never had any chronical disease; but
+gradually and gently sunk into the grave under the weight of years,
+after a fortnight's illness, Feb. 14, 1796, in the 92d year of his
+age.
+
+He was buried, according to his own desire, in the chancel at
+_Whittington_, where a mural tablet of black marble (a voluntary
+tribute of filial respect) has been placed, over the East window
+with the following short inscription:
+
+  "At the North End of the Altar Table, within the Rails,
+                    lie the Remains of
+                   SAMUEL PEGGE, LL. D.
+     who was inducted to this Rectory Nov. 11, 1751,
+                 and died Feb. 14, 1796;
+               in the 92d year of his Age."
+
+Having closed the scene; it must be confessed, on the one hand,
+that the biographical history of an individual, however learned,
+or engaging to private friends, who had passed the major part of
+his days in secluded retreats from what is called _the world_, can
+afford but little entertainment to the generality of Readers. On
+the other hand, nevertheless, let it be allowed that every man of
+acknowledged literary merit, had he made no other impression, cannot
+but have left many to regret his death.
+
+Though Dr. Pegge had exceeded even his "_fourscore_ years and ten,"
+and had outlived all his more early friends and acquaintance; he
+had the address to make new ones, who _now_ survive, and who, it is
+humbly hoped, will not be sorry to see a modest remembrance of him
+preserved by this little Memoir.
+
+Though Dr. Pegge had an early propensity to the pursuit of
+_Antiquarian_ knowledge, he never indulged himself materially in it,
+so long as more essential and _professional_ occupations had a claim
+upon him; for he had a due sense of the _nature_ and _importance_
+of his _clerical_ function. It appears that he had read the Greek
+and Latin _Fathers_ diligently at his outset in life. He had also
+re-perused the _Classicks_ attentively before he applied much to the
+_Monkish_ Historians, or engaged in _Antiquarian_ researches; well
+knowing that a thorough knowledge of the Learning of the _Antients_,
+conveyed by _classical_ Authors, was the best foundation for any
+literary structure which had not the _Christian Religion_ for its
+_cornerstone_.
+
+During the early part of his incumbency at Godmersham in Kent, his
+reading was principally such as became a _Divine_, or which tended
+to the acquisition of _general knowledge_, of which he possessed a
+greater share than most men we ever knew. When he obtained allowable
+leisure to follow _unprofessional_ pursuits, he _attached_ himself
+more closely to the study of _Antiquities_; and was elected a Fellow
+of the SOCIETY of ANTIQUARIES, Feb. 14, 1751, N. S. in which year
+the _Charter_ of _Incorporation_ was granted (in November), wherein
+his name stands enrolled among those of many very respectable and
+eminently learned men[31].
+
+  [31] The only Member of the Society at the time of its
+  Incorporation, who survived Dr. Pegge, was _Samuel Reynardson_, Esq.
+
+Though we will be candid enough to allow that Dr. Pegge's _style_ in
+general was not sufficiently terse and compact to be called elegant;
+yet he made ample amends by the matter, and by the accuracy with
+which he treated every copious subject, wherein all points were
+matured by close examination and sound judgment[32].
+
+  [32] The first Piece that appears to have been, in any degree,
+  _published_ by Dr. _Pegge_, was, A _Latin_ Ode on the Death of King
+  George I. 1727. See "Academiae Cantabrigiensis Luctus" Signature
+  Z. z. fol. b. [Dr. Pegge was then lately elected Fellow of St.
+  John's College (the first time) as he signs it "Sam. Pegge, A.
+  B. Coll. Div. Joh. Evang. Soc." See before, p. xiii.]--1731. An
+  _irregular English_ Ode on Joshua vi. 20, which he contributed to
+  a Collection of "Miscellaneous Poems and Translations," published
+  (with a numerous subscription) by the Rev. Henry Travers, 1731,
+  octavo, p, 170. [See "Anonymiana," p. 327, for an account of Mr.
+  Travers, and this publication.] A marginal note in Dr. Pegge's
+  copy of Mr. Travers's publication tells us, that this _Ode_ was an
+  _academical exercise_, when the Doctor was an _under-graduate_ at
+  St. John's, which was sent to the _Earl_ of _Exeter_. His Lordship's
+  Ancestors had been Benefactors to the College, a circumstance which,
+  we presume, gave rise to the custom of sending such _periodical
+  exercises_ to the then Earl; though the practice, as far as we
+  know, does not continue. Thus much of this Commemoration, as we
+  believe, remains, that _two_ Sermons are still annually preached
+  (the one at _Hatfield_, and the other at _Burleigh)_ by Fellows
+  of the College, which we apprehend to have been enjoined by the
+  Benefactor. The _Ode_, of which we have spoken, became some years
+  after an _auxiliary_ contribution to Mr. _Travers's_ Collection from
+  Dr. Pegge, jointly with other contemporaries, to relieve the Editor
+  from some pecuniary embarrassments.--An Examination of "The Enquiry
+  into the meaning of Demoniacks in the New Testament; in a Letter to
+  the Author," 1739. An octavo (of 86 pages), with his name prefixed.
+  [This controversy originated from the Rev. Dr. Arthur-Ashley Sykes,
+  who published "An Enquiry into the Meaning of the Demoniacks in the
+  New Testament" (1737). under the obscure signature of "T. P. A.
+  P. O. A. B. I. T. C. O. S." The interpretation of this is, _T_he
+  _P_recentor _A_nd _P_rebendary _O_f _A_lton-_B_orealis, _I_n _T_he
+  _C_hurch _O_f _S_alisbury. Dr. Sykes had been vicar of Godmersham;
+  so that _two_ vicars of Godmersham became, incidentally, parties
+  in the controversy. The question engaged several other Writers;
+  _viz._ Rev. Leonard Twells, Rev. Thomas Hutchinson, and Rev. William
+  Winston, who were followed by Dr. Pegge. He, however, entered so
+  late into the lists, after the subject was almost worn out, that
+  his Publication was not much attended to, though it attracted
+  the applause of several competent judges, such as the Rev. Dr.
+  Newcome, Master of St. John's College, Cambridge; Rev. Dr. Taylor
+  (late Residentiary of St. Paul's); the very learned Bp. Smalbroke;
+  and some others.]--A Sermon on St. John i. 5: "The Light Shineth
+  in Darkness," preached on St. John's-day, 1742, at _Canterbury_
+  cathedral, and inscribed to his much-respected friend, Thomas
+  Knight, Esq. of _Godmersham_, in _Kent_.--A Sermon, preached
+  also at _Canterbury_ Cathedral during the Rebellion, 1746. [The
+  avowed design of the Discourse was, to prove that "Popery was an
+  encouragement to vice and immorality." This Sermon attracted the
+  civilities (mentioned in p. xxxi.) which Dr. Pegge received from
+  _Archbishop_ Herring.
+
+  These are the principal _professional_ Publications by Dr. Pegge;
+  to which ought to be added some short _pastoral_ and _gratuitous_
+  printed distributions at various times; _viz._ 1755. A Discourse
+  on Confirmation (of 23 pages, octavo), being an enlarged Sermon,
+  preached at _Chesterfield_ previously to the Bishop's triennial
+  Visitation, and dispersed.--1767. A brief Examination of the Church
+  Catechism, for the Use of those who are just arrived at Years of
+  Discretion.--1790.
+
+A short Paraphrase of the Lord's Prayer (4 pages octavo), first
+addressed to his Parishioners of Brindle, in Lancashire, 1753;
+and afterwards reprinted and distributed in his three parishes of
+Whittington, Heath, and Wingerworth, in Derbyshire, 1790. and a fund
+of knowledge, more than would have displayed itself in any greater
+work, where the subject requires but _one_ bias, and _one_ peculiar
+attention[33].
+
+  [33] An accurate list of these detached publications may be seen in
+  the Gentleman's Magazine for 1796, pp. 979, 1081.
+
+Frivolous as many detached _morsels_, scattered up and down in the
+GENTLEMAN'S MAGAZINE, may appear to some Readers, they may be called
+the ruminations of a busy mind; which shews an universality of
+reading, a love of investigation,
+
+It is but justice to say, that few men were so liberal in the
+diffusion of the knowledge which he had acquired, or more ready to
+communicate it, either _viva voce_, or by the loan of his MSS. as
+many of his living Friends can testify.
+
+In his publications he was also equally _disinterested_ as in his
+private communications; for he never, as far as can be recollected,
+received any _pecuniary_ advantage from any pieces that he printed,
+committing them all to the press, with the sole reserve of a few
+copies to distribute among his particular Friends[34].
+
+  [34] We shall here specify Mr. Pegge's several Memoirs printed (by
+  direction of the Council of the Society of Antiquaries) in the
+  Archaeologia, as being the principal _combined_ work to which he
+  contributed. Herein we shall proceed as they successively occur in
+  those volumes, rather than by the times at which the communications
+  themselves were actually read before the Society.
+
+  Vol. I. No. XXXVII. p. 155. Some Observations on an antique Marble
+  of the Earl of Pembroke.--No. XXXVIII. p. 161. Dissertation on an
+  Anglo-Saxon Jewel.--No. LV. p. 319. Of the Introduction, Progress,
+  State, and Condition, of the Vine in Britain.--No. LVII. p. 335.
+  A Copy of a Deed in Latin and Saxon of Odo, Bishop of Baieux, with
+  some Observations thereon.
+
+  Vol. II. No. IX. p. 68. Observations on the Mistakes of Mr.
+  Lisle and Mr. Hearne in respect of King Alfred's Present to the
+  Cathedrals. The late use of the Stylus, or metalline Pen. Mr.
+  Wise's Conjecture concerning the famous Jewel of King Alfred
+  further pursued; shewing it might possibly be part of the Stylus
+  sent by that King, with Gregory's Pastorals, to the Monastery
+  at Athelney.--No. XIII. p. 86. The Bull-running at Tutbury, in
+  Staffordshire, considered.--No. XVI. p. 100. Observations on Dr.
+  Percy's (afterwards Bishop of Dromore) Account of Minstrels among
+  the Saxons. [See vol. III. Art. XXXIV. p. 310.]--No. XIX. p. 124.
+  Observations on Stone Hammers.--No. XXV. p. 171. A Dissertation on
+  the Crane, as a Dish served up at great Tables in England.--No.
+  XXXVI. p. 276. A succinct and authentic Narrative of the Battle of
+  Chesterfield [co. Derby], A. D. 1266, in the Reign of K. Henry III.
+
+  Vol. III. No. I. p. 1. Of the Horn, as a Charter, or Instrument
+  of Conveyance. Some Observations on Mr. Samuel Foxlow's Horn; as
+  likewise on the Nature and Kinds of those Horns in general.--No. X.
+  p. 39. On Shoeing of Horses among the Antients.--No. XI. p. 53. The
+  Question considered, whether England formerly produced any Wine from
+  Grapes. [See vol. I. Art. LV. p. 319. This Question was answered by
+  the Hon. Daines Barrington in the 12th article of this volume, p.
+  67.]--No. XIV. p. 101. Remarks on Belatucader.--No. XVIII. p. 125.
+  Memoir concerning the Sac-Friars, or _Fratres de Poenitentia Jesu
+  Christi_, as settled in England.--No. XIX. p. 132. +Alektruonon
+  Agon+.] A Memoir on Cock-Fighting; wherein the Antiquity of it,
+  as a Pastime, is examined and stated; some Errors of the Moderns
+  concerning it are corrected; and the Retention of it among
+  Christians absolutely condemned and proscribed.--No. XX. p. 151. An
+  Inscription in honour of Serapis, found at York, illustrated.--No.
+  XXXIV. p. 310. A Letter to Dr. Percy (afterwards Bishop of Dromore),
+  on the Minstrels among the antient Saxons, occasioned by some
+  Observations on the Subject printed in the second Volume, p. 100.
+  [In this short Letter, Dr. Pegge very candidly acknowledges that
+  the Bishop had removed all his doubts in the most satisfactory
+  manner, by a more copious discussion of the subject in a subsequent
+  edition, which the Doctor had not seen when he wrote the Memoir in
+  vol. II. p. 100]--No. XXXVI. p. 316. Remarks on the first Noble
+  (coined 18 Edw. III. A. D. 1344) wherein a new and more rational
+  Interpretation is given of the Legend on the Reverse.--No. XLII. p.
+  371. Observations on two Jewels in the Possession of Sir Charles
+  Mordaunt, Bart.
+
+  Vol. IV. No. III. p. 29. An Enquiry into the Nature and Cause of
+  King John's Death; wherein it is shewn that it was not effected by
+  Poison.--No. IV. p. 47. Illustrations of a Gold enamelled Ring,
+  supposed to have been the Property of Alhstan, Bishop of Sherburne,
+  with some Account of the State and Condition of the Saxon Jewelry in
+  the more early Ages.--No. VIII. p. 110. Observations on Kits Cotty
+  House in Kent.--No. XVII. p. 190. A Dissertation on a most valuable
+  Gold Coin of Edmund Crouchback, son of King Henry III.--No. XXVI. p.
+  414. Remarks on the Bones of Fowls found in Christ-church Twynham,
+  Hampshire.
+
+  Vol. V, No. I. p. 1. Observations on the History of St. George,
+  the Patron Saint of England; wherein Dr. Pettingall's allegorical
+  Interpretation of the Equestrian Figure on the George, and the
+  late Mr. Byrom's Conjecture, that St. George is mistaken for Pope
+  Gregory, are briefly confuted; and the Martyr of Cappadocia, as
+  Patron of England, and of the Order of the Garter, is defended
+  against both. [N. B. Dr. Pegge's Name to this Article is omitted in
+  the Contents to the Volume; but see the Signature, p. 32.]--No. V.
+  p. 95. On the Rudston Pyramidal Stone.--No. VII. p. 101. Remarks
+  on Governor Pownall's Conjecture concerning the Croyland Boundary
+  Stone.--No. XIII. p. 160. An Examination of a mistaken Opinion
+  that Ireland, and [The Isle of] Thanet, are void of Serpents.--No.
+  XXI. p. 224. Observations on the Stone Coffins found at Christ
+  Church [in Hampshire].--No. XXVII. p. 272. An important Historical
+  Passage of Gildas amended and explained.--No. XXXVI. p. 346. The
+  Question discussed concerning the Appearances of the Matrices of so
+  many Conventual Seals.--No. XXXIX. p. 369. Remarks on the ancient
+  Pig of Lead [then] lately discovered in Derbyshire. [The Date is
+  1777.]--No. XLI. p. 390. The Penny with the name of Rodbertus IV.
+  ascribed to Robert Duke of Normandy, and other Matters relative to
+  the English Coinage, occasionally discussed.
+
+  Vol. VI. No. VIII. p. 79. Observations on the Plague in England--No.
+  XX. p. 150. The Commencement of the Day among the Saxons and Britons
+  ascertained.
+
+  Vol. VII. No. II. p. 19. Illustration of some Druidical Remains in
+  the Peak of Derbyshire, drawn by Hayman Rooke, Esq.--No. IX. p.
+  86. Observations on the present Aldborough Church, in Holderness;
+  proving that it was not a Saxon Building, as Mr. Somerset [_i.
+  e._ John-Charles Brooke, Esq. Somerset Herald] contends.--No.
+  XIII. p. 131. A Disquisition on the Lows, or Barrows, in the Peak
+  of Derbyshire, particularly that capital British Monument called
+  Arbelows.--No. XVIII. p. 170. Description of a Second Roman Pig of
+  Lead found in Derbyshire, in the Possession of Mr. Adam Wolley,
+  of Matlock, in that County, with Remarks.--No. XXIV. p. 211.
+  Observations on the Chariots of the Antient Britons.--No. XXXVIII.
+  p. 362. Observations on a Seal of Thomas, Suffragan Bishop of
+  Philadelphia.
+
+  Vol. VIII. No. I. p. 1. A Sketch of the History of the Asylum, or
+  Sanctuary, from its Origin to the final Abolition of it in the
+  Reign of King James I.--No. III. p. 58. Observations on the Stanton
+  Moor Urns, and Druidical Temples.--No. XX. p. 159. A circumstantial
+  Detail of the Battle of Lincoln, A. D. 1217 (1 Henry III).
+
+  Vol. IX. No. V. p. 45. Description of another [a third] Roman Pig of
+  Lead found in Derbyshire.--No. IX. p. 84. Observations on some Brass
+  Celts, and other Weapons, discovered in Ireland, 1780.--No. XVIII.
+  p. 189. Discoveries on opening a Tumulus in Derbyshire.
+
+  Vol. X. No. II. p. 17. Derbeiescira Romana.--No. IV. p. 50. Some
+  Observations of the Paintings in Brereton Church.--No. XIX. p. 156.
+  On the hunting of the antient Inhabitants of our Island, Britons
+  and Saxons.--No. XXIII. p. 177. Observations on an antient Font at
+  Burnham-Deepdale, in Norfolk.
+
+  The following articles appear to have been contributed by Mr. Pegge
+  to that useful and interesting reservoir of British Topographical
+  History, the _Bibliotheca Topographica Britannica; viz._ No. XVII.
+  A Memoir on the Story of Guy Earl of Warwick [1783].--No. XXI. The
+  History and Antiquities of Eccleshal-Manor and Castle, in the County
+  of Stafford; and of Lichfield House in London [1784]. [This Memoir
+  is inscribed to four successive Bishops of Lichfield: the Right Rev.
+  Dr. John Egerton (then Bishop of Durham); Hon. and Right Rev. Dr.
+  Brownlow North, then (and still) Bishop of Winchester; Right Rev.
+  Dr. Hurd, then Bishop of Worcester; and the Hon. and Right Rev. Dr.
+  Cornwallis, the present Bishop of Lichfield, who has done Dr. Pegge
+  the honour to deposit a copy of it among the Archives belonging to
+  that See.--No. XXIV. The Roman Roads (Ikenild-Street and Bath-Way)
+  discovered and investigated through the Country of the Coritani,
+  or the County of Derby; with the Addition of a Dissertation on the
+  Coritani. [1784.]--No. XXV. An Historical Account of that venerable
+  Monument of Antiquity, the Textus Roffensis; including Memoirs
+  of Mr. William Elstob, and his Sister, Mrs. Elizabeth Elstob.
+  [1784.]--No. XXVIII. Some Account of that Species of Prelates
+  formerly existing in England, usually called "Bishops _in Partibus
+  Infidelium_." [1784.] [The article before us is combined with some
+  others to consolidate what has been written on the subject. It
+  begins with a Letter from the Rev. Thomas Brett, LL. D. on Suffragan
+  Bishops in England, extracted from Drake's Antiquities of York (p.
+  539), which is followed by a Memoir on the same Topick from the Rev.
+  Mr. Lewis, of Margate. To these is subjoined Dr. Pegge's Account
+  of "Bishops _in Partibus Infidelium_." [N. B. This Number closes
+  with "A List of the Suffragan Bishops in England, drawn up by the
+  late Rev. Henry Wharton, M.A. and extracted from his MSS. in the
+  Lambeth Library."]--No. XXXII. Sketch of the History of Bolsover
+  and Peak Castles, in the County of Derby (in a Letter to his Grace
+  the Duke of Portland), illustrated with various Drawings by Hayman
+  Rooke, Esq. [1785].--No. XLI. A Sylloge of the authentic remaining
+  Inscriptions relative to the Erection of our English Churches,
+  embellished with Copperplates. Inscribed to Richard Gough, esq.
+  [1787.]
+
+  Independent Publications on Numismatical, Antiquarian, and
+  Biographical Subjects: 1756. No. I. "A Series of Dissertations on
+  some elegant and very valuable Anglo-Saxon Remains." [42 pages,
+  4to. with a Plate.] 1. A Gold Coin in the Pembrochian Cabinet, in a
+  Letter to Martin Folkes, Esq. late President of the Royal Society,
+  and Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries. [Dated Godmersham,
+  1751.] 2. A Silver Coin in the Possession of Mr. John White.
+  [Dated Whittington, 1755.] 3. A Gold Coin in the Possession of Mr.
+  Simpson, of Lincoln, in a Letter to Mr. Vertue. [Dated Godmersham,
+  1751.] 4. A Jewel in the Bodleian Library. [No place or date.]
+  5. Second Thoughts on Lord Pembroke's Coin, in a Letter to Mr.
+  Ames, Secretary to the Society of Antiquaries. [Dated Whittington,
+  1755.] [These Dissertations are prefaced by a Question, candidly
+  debated with the Rev. George North, Whether the Saxons coined any
+  Gold?]--No. II. 1761. "Memoirs of Roger de Weseham, Dean of Lincoln,
+  afterwards Bishop of Lichfield; and the principal Favourite of
+  Robert Grosseteste, Bishop of Lincoln." [60 pages, 4to.] [This
+  work (as we are told in the title-page) was intended as a prelude
+  to the Life of that most excellent Bishop, Robert Grosseteste;
+  which accordingly appeared (as will be mentioned) in the year 1795.
+  These Memoirs were compiled soon after Dr. Pegge was collated, by
+  Bishop [Frederick] Cornwallis, to the prebend of _Bobenhull_, in
+  the church of Lichfield, 1757, (founded by Bishop Weseham) and
+  gratefully inscribed to his patron the Bishop of Lichfield, and to
+  his friend Dr. John Green, then Dean of Lincoln, as Roger de Weseham
+  had successively filled both those dignities.-- No. III. 1766. "An
+  Essay on the Coins of Cunobelin; in an Epistle to the Right Rev.
+  Bishop of Carlisle [Charles Lyttelton], President of the Society of
+  Antiquaries." [105 pages, 4to.] [This collection of coins is classed
+  in two plates, and illustrated by a Commentary, together with
+  observations on the word _tascia_. N. B. The impression consisted
+  of no more than 200 copies.]--No. IV. 1772. "An Assemblage of Coins
+  fabricated by Authority of the Archbishops of Canterbury. To which
+  are subjoined, Two Dissertations." [125 pages, 4to.] 1. On a fine
+  Coin of Alfred the Great, with his Head. 2. On an Unic, in the
+  Possession of the late Mr. Thoresby, supposed to be a Coin of St.
+  Edwin; but shewn to be a Penny of Edward the Confessor. [An Essay
+  is annexed on the origin of metropolitical and other subordinate
+  mints; with an Account of their Progress and final Determination:
+  together with other incidental Matters, tending to throw light on a
+  branch of the Science of Medals, not perfectly considered by English
+  Medalists.]--No. V. 1772. "Fitz-Stephen's Description of the City of
+  London, newly translated from the Latin Original, with a necessary
+  Commentary, and a Dissertation on the Author, ascertaining the exact
+  Year of the Production; to which are added, a correct Edition of
+  the Original, with the various Readings, and many Annotations." [81
+  pages, 4to.] [This publication (well known _now_ to have been one
+  of the works of Dr. Pegge) was, as we believe, brought forward at
+  the instance of the Hon. Daines Barrington, to whom it is inscribed.
+  The number of copies printed was 250.]--No. VI. 1780. "The Forme of
+  Cury. A Roll of antient English Cookery, compiled about the Year
+  1390, Temp. Ric. II. with a copious Index and Glossary." [8vo.] [The
+  curious Roll, of which this is a copy, was the property of the late
+  Gustavus Brander, esq. It is in the hand-writing of the time, a
+  facsimile of which is given facing p. xxxi. of the Preface. The work
+  before us was a _private_ impression; but as, since Mr. Brander's
+  decease, it has fallen, by sale, into a great many hands, we refer
+  to the Preface for a farther account of it. Soon after Dr. Pegge's
+  elucidation of the Roll was finished, Mr. Brander presented the
+  autograph to the British Museum.]--No. VII. 1789. "Annales Eliae de
+  Trickenham, Monachi Ordinis Benedictini. Ex Bibliotheca Lamethana."
+  To which is added, "Compendium Compertorum. Ex Bibliotheca Ducis
+  Devoniae." [4to.] [Both parts of this publication contain copious
+  annotations by the Editor. The former was communicated by Mr.
+  John Nichols, Printer, to whom it is _inscribed_. The latter was
+  published by permission of his Grace the Duke of Devonshire, to whom
+  it is _dedicated_. The respective Prefaces to these pieces will best
+  explain the nature of them.]--No. VIII. 1793. "The Life of Robert
+  Grosseteste, the celebrated Bishop of Lincoln." [4to.] [This Work
+  we have justly called his _chef-d'oeuvre_; for, in addition to
+  the life of an individual, it comprises much important history of
+  interesting times, together with abundant collateral matter.]--The
+  two following works have appeared since the Writer's death: No. IX.
+  1801. "An Historical Account of Beauchief Abbey, in the County of
+  Derby, from its first Foundation to its final Dissolution. Wherein
+  the three following material Points, in opposition to vulgar
+  Prejudices, are clearly established: 1st, That this Abbey did not
+  take its name from the Head of Archbishop Becket, though it was
+  dedicated to him. 2d, That the Founder of it had no hand in the
+  Murder of that Prelate; and, consequently, that the House was not
+  erected in Expiation of that Crime. 3d, The Dependance of this House
+  on that of Welbeck, in the County of Nottingham; a Matter hitherto
+  unknown." [4to.]--No. X. 1809. "_Anonymiana_; or, Ten Centuries of
+  Observations on various Authors and Subjects. Compiled by a late
+  very learned and reverend Divine; and faithfully published from the
+  original MS. with the Addition of a copious Index." [8vo.]]
+
+In the following Catalogue we must be allowed to deviate from
+chronological order, for the sake of preserving Dr. Pegge's
+_contributions_ to various _periodical_ and _contingent_
+Publications, distinct from his independent WORKS; to all which,
+however, we shall give (as far as possible) their respective dates.
+
+The greatest honour, which a literary man can obtain, is the
+_eulogies_ of those who possessed equal or more learning than
+himself. "_Laudatus a laudatis viris_" may peculiarly and deservedly
+be said of Dr. Pegge, as might be exemplified from the frequent
+mention made of him by the most respectable contemporary writers in
+the _Archaeological_ line; but modesty forbids our enumerating them.
+
+[Illustration: WHITTINGTON CHURCH, DERBYSHIRE.
+
+_Gent. Mag. Supp. 1809. Pl. II, p. 1201._
+
+_Schnebbelie del. 1789._]
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX TO THE PARENTALIA.
+
+
+1. WHITTINGTON CHURCH.
+
+The annexed View was taken in 1789, by the ingenious Mr. Jacob
+Schnebbelie; and the following concise account of it was
+communicated in 1793, by the then worthy and venerable Rector.
+
+"WHITTINGTON, of whose Church the annexed Plate contains a Drawing
+by the late Mr. Schnebbelie, is a small parish of about 14 or 15
+hundred acres, distant from the church and old market-place of
+Chesterfield about two miles and a half. It lies in the road from
+Chesterfield to Sheffield and Rotherham, whose roads divide there
+at the well-known inn _The Cock and Magpye_, commonly called _The
+Revolution House_.
+
+The situation is exceedingly pleasant, in a pure and excellent
+air. It abounds with all kinds of conveniences for the use of the
+inhabitants, as coal, stone, timber, &c.; besides its proximity to a
+good market, to take its products.
+
+The Church is now a little Rectory, in the gift of the Dean of
+Lincoln. At first it was a Chapel of Ease to Chesterfield, a very
+large manor and parish; of which I will give the following short
+but convincing proof. The Dean of Lincoln, as I said, is Patron of
+this Rectory, and yet William Rufus gave no other church in this
+part of Derbyshire to the church of St. Mary at Lincoln but the
+church of Chesterfield; and, moreover, Whittington is at this day
+a parcel of the great and extensive manor of Chesterfield; whence
+it follows, that Whittington must have been once a part both of the
+rectory and manor of Chesterfield. But whence comes it, you will
+say, that it became a rectory, for such it has been many years? I
+answer, I neither know how nor when; but it is certain that chapels
+of ease have been frequently converted into rectories, and I suppose
+by mutual agreement of the curate of the chapel, the rector of the
+mother church, and the diocesan. Instances of the like emancipation
+of chapels, and transforming them into independent rectories, there
+are several in the county of Derby, as Matlock, Bonteshall, Bradley,
+&c.; and others may be found in Mr. Nichols's "History of Hinckley,"
+and in his "Bibliotheca Topographica Britannica," No. VI.
+
+_Fig._ 1 is an inscription on the _Ting-tang_, or Saints Bell, of
+Whittington Church, drawn by Mr. Schnebbelie, 27 July, 1789, from an
+impression taken in clay. This bell, which is seen in the annexed
+view, hangs within a stone frame, or tabernacle, at the top of the
+church, on the outside between the Nave and the Chancel. It has a
+remarkable fine shrill tone, and is heard, it is said, three or four
+miles off, if the wind be right. It is very antient, as appears
+both from the form of the letters, and the name (of the donor, I
+suppose), which is that in use before surnames were common. Perhaps
+it may be as old as the fabrick of the church itself, though this is
+very antient.
+
+_Fig._ 2 is a stone head, near the roof on the North side of the
+church.
+
+In the East window of the church is a small Female Saint.
+
+In this window, A. a fess Vaire G. and O. between three
+water-bougets Sable. _Dethick._
+
+Cheque A. and G. on a bend S. a martlet. _Beckering._
+
+At the bottom of this window an inscription,
+
+  Rogero Cric.
+
+Roger Criche was rector, and died 1413, and probably made the
+window. He is buried within the rails of the communion-table, and
+his slab is engraved in the second volume of Mr. Gough's "Sepulchral
+Monuments of Great Britain," Plate XIX. p. 37. Nothing remains of
+the inscription but Amen.
+
+In the upper part of the South window of the Chancel, is a picture
+in glass of our Saviour with the five Wounds; an angel at his left
+hand sounding a trumpet[35].--On a pane of the upper tier of the West
+window is the portrait of St. John; his right hand holding a book
+with the Holy Lamb upon it: and the forefinger of his left hand
+pointing to the Cross held by the Lamb, as uttering his well-known
+confession: "Behold the Lamb of God, which taketh away the sin of
+the world[35]."
+
+  [35] Both these are engraved in the "Antiquaries Museum," from
+  drawings made by Mr. Schnebbelie. EDIT.
+
+In the South window of the Chancel is, Barry wavy of 6 A. and G. a
+chief A. Ermine and Gules. _Barley._
+
+Ermine, on a chief indented G. or lozenge.
+
+In the Easternmost South window of the nave is A. on a chevron
+Sable, three quatrefoils Argent. _Eyre._
+
+This window has been renewed; before which there were other coats
+and some effigies in it.
+
+  _Jan. 1, 1793._
+
+  SAMUEL PEGGE, Rector."
+
+
+2. WHITTINGTON RECTORY.
+
+This View was taken also, in 1789, by Mr. Schnebbelie; and the
+account of it drawn up in 1793 by Dr. Pegge, then resident in it, at
+the advanced age of 88.
+
+"The Parsonage-house at Whittington is a convenient substantial
+stone building, and very sufficient for this small benefice. It
+was, as I take it, erected by the Rev. Thomas Callice, one of my
+predecessors; and, when I had been inducted, I enlarged it, by
+pulling down the West end, making a cellar, a kitchen, a brew-house,
+and a pantry, with chambers over them. There is a glebe of about 30
+acres belonging to it with a garden large enough for a family, and a
+small orchard. The garden is remarkably pleasant in respect to its
+fine views to the North, East, and South, with the Church to the
+West. There is a fair prospect of Chesterfield Church, distant about
+two miles and a half; and of Bolsover Castle to the West; and, on
+the whole, this Rectorial house may be esteemed a very delightful
+habitation.
+
+  S. PEGGE."
+
+In this Parsonage the Editor of the present Volume, accompanied by
+his late excellent Friend Mr. Gough, spent many happy hours with
+the worthy Rector for several successive years, and derived equal
+information and pleasure from his instructive conversation.
+
+[Illustration: WHITTINGTON RECTORY.
+
+_Gent. Mag. Sep. 1810. Pl. II, p. 217._
+
+_Schnebbelie del._]
+
+
+3. THE REVOLUTION HOUSE.
+
+To complete the little series of Views at Whittington more
+immediately connected with Dr. Pegge, a third plate is here given,
+from another Drawing by Mr. Schnebbelie, of the small public-house
+at Whittington, which has been handed down to posterity for above a
+century under the honourable appellation of "The Revolution House."
+It obtained that name from the accidental meeting of two noble
+personages, Thomas Osborne Earl of Danby, and William Cavendish
+Earl of Devonshire, with a third person, Mr. John D'Arcy[36],
+privately one morning, 1688, upon Whittington, Moor, as a middle
+place between Chatsworth, Kniveton, and Aston, their respective
+residences, to consult about the Revolution, then in agitation[37];
+but a shower of rain happening to fall, they removed to the village
+for shelter, and finished their conversation at a public-house
+there, the sign of _The Cock and Pynot_[38].
+
+  [36] It appears, from traditional accounts, that Lord Delamere, an
+  ancestor of the present Earl of Stamford and Warrington, was also at
+  this meeting. H. ROOKE.
+
+  [37] Kennett.
+
+  [38] A Provincial name for a _Magpye_.
+
+The part assigned to the Earl of Danby was, to surprize York; in
+which he succeeded: after which, the Earl of Devonshire was to take
+measures at Nottingham, where the Declaration for a free Parliament,
+which he, at the head of a number of Gentlemen of Derbyshire, had
+signed Nov. 28, 1688[39], was adopted by the Nobility, Gentry, and
+Commonalty of the Northern Counties, assembled there for the defence
+of the Laws, Religion, and Properties[40].
+
+  [39] Rapin, XV. 199.
+
+  [40] Deering's Nottingham, p. 258.
+
+The success of these measures is well known; and to the concurrence
+of these Patriots with the proceedings in favour of the Prince of
+Orange in the West, is this Nation indebted for the establishment of
+her rights and liberties at the glorious Revolution.
+
+The cottage here represented stands at the point where the road from
+Chesterfield divides into two branches, to Sheffield and Rotherham.
+The room where the Noblemen sat is 15 feet by 12 feet 10, and is
+to this day called _The Plotting Parlour_. The old armed chair,
+still remaining in it, is shewn by the landlord with particular
+satisfaction, as that in which it is said the Earl of Devonshire
+sat; and he tells with equal pleasure, how it was visited by his
+descendants, and the descendants of his associates, in the year
+1788. Some new rooms, for the better accommodation of customers,
+were added about 20 years ago.
+
+     The Duke of LEEDS' own account of his meeting the Earl of
+     DEVONSHIRE and Mr. JOHN D'ARCY[41] at Whittington, in the County
+     of Derby, A. D. 1688.
+
+  [41] Son and heir of Conyers Earl of Holderness.
+
+The Earl of Derby, afterwards Duke of Leeds, was impeached, A.D.
+1678, of High Treason by the House of Commons, on a charge of being
+in the French interest, and, in particular, of being Popishly
+affected: many, both Peers and Commoners, were misled, and had
+conceived an erroneous opinion concerning him and his political
+conduct. This he has stated himself, in the Introduction to his
+Letters, printed A. 1710, where he says, "That the malice of my
+accusation did so manifestly appear in that article wherein I was
+charged to be Popishly affected, that I dare swear there was not one
+of my accusers that did then believe that article against me."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+His Grace then proceeds, for the further clearing of himself, in
+these memorable words, relative to the meeting at Whittington, the
+subject of this memoir.
+
+"The Duke of Devonshire also, when we were partners in the secret
+trust about the Revolution, and who did meet me and Mr. John D'Arcy,
+for that purpose, at a town called Whittington, in Derbyshire,
+did, in the presence of the said Mr. D'Arcy, make a voluntary
+acknowledgment of the great mistakes he had been led into about me;
+and said, that both he, and most others, were entirely convinced of
+their error. And he came to Sir Henry Goodrick's house in Yorkshire
+purposely to meet me there again, in order to concert the times
+and methods by which he should act at Nottingham (which was to be
+his post), and one at York (which was to be mine); and we agreed,
+that I should first attempt to surprize York, because there was a
+small garrison with a Governor there; whereas Nottingham was but
+an open town, and might give an alarm to York, if he should appear
+in arms before I had made my attempt upon York; which was done
+accordingly[42]; but is mistaken in divers relations of it. And I
+am confident that Duke (had he been now alive) would have thanked
+nobody for putting his prosecution of me amongst the glorious
+actions of his life."
+
+  [42] For the Earl of Devonshire's proceedings at Derby and
+  Whittington see Mr. Deering's History of Nottingham, p. 260. Mr.
+  Drake, p. 177 of his Eboracum, just mentions the Earl of Danby's
+  appearance at York.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+     Celebration of the REVOLUTION JUBILEE, at Whittington and
+     Chesterfield, on the 4th and 5th of November, 1788.
+
+On Tuesday the 4th instant, the Committee appointed to conduct
+the Jubilee had a previous meeting, and dined together at the
+Revolution House in Whittington. His Grace the Duke of Devonshire,
+Lord Stamford, Lord George and Lord John Cavendish, with several
+neighbouring Gentlemen, were present. After dinner a subscription
+was opened for the erecting of a Monumental Column, in Commemoration
+of the Glorious Revolution, on that spot where the Earls of
+Devonshire and Danby, Lord Delamere, and Mr. John D'Arcy, met to
+concert measures which were eminently instrumental in rescuing
+the Liberties of their Country from perdition. As this Monument
+is intended to be not less a mark of public Gratitude, than the
+memorial of an important event; it was requested, that the present
+Representatives of the above-mentioned families would excuse their
+not being permitted to join in the expence.
+
+On the 5th, at eleven in the morning, the commemoration commenced
+with divine service at Whittington Church. The Rev. Mr. Pegge, the
+Rector of the Parish, delivered an excellent Sermon from the words
+"This is the day, &c." Though of a great age, having that very
+morning entered his 85th year, he spoke with a spirit which seemed
+to be derived from the occasion, his sentiments were pertinent, well
+arranged, and his expression animated.
+
+The descendants of the illustrious houses of Cavendish, Osborne,
+Boothe, and Darcy (for the venerable Duke of Leeds, whose age would
+not allow him to attend, had sent his two grandsons, in whom the
+blood of Osborne and D'Arcy is united); a numerous and powerful
+gentry; a wealthy and respectable yeomanry; a hardy, yet decent and
+attentive peasantry; whose intelligent countenances shewed that they
+understood, and would be firm to preserve that blessing, for which
+they were assembled to return thanks to Almighty God, presented a
+truly solemn spectacle, and to the eye of a philosopher the most
+interesting that can be imagined.
+
+After service the company went in succession to view the old
+house, and the room called by the Anti-revolutionists "The
+Plotting-Parlour," with the old armed-chair in which the Earl of
+Devonshire is said to have sitten, and every one was then pleased to
+partake of a very elegant cold collation, which was prepared in the
+new rooms annexed to the cottage. Some time being spent in this, the
+procession began:
+
+Constables with long staves, two and two.
+
+The Eight Clubs, four and four; _viz_.
+
+     1. Mr. Deakin's: Flag, blue, with orange fringe, on it the
+     figure of Liberty, the motto, "The Protestant Religion, and the
+     Liberties of England, we will maintain."
+
+     2. Mr. Bluett's: Flag, blue, fringed with orange, motto,
+     "Libertas; quae sera, tamen respexit inertem." Underneath the
+     figure of Liberty crowning Britannia with a wreath of laurels,
+     who is represented sitting on a Lion, at her feet the Cornucopiae
+     of Plenty; at the top next the pole, a Castle, emblematical of
+     the house where the club is kept; on the lower side of the flag
+     Liberty holding a Cap and resting on the Cavendish arms.
+
+     3. Mr. Ostliff's: Flag, broad blue and orange stripe, with
+     orange fringe; in the middle the Cavendish arms; motto as No. 1.
+
+     4. Mrs. Barber's: Flag, garter blue and orange quarter'd,
+     with white fringe, mottoes, "Liberty secured." "The Glorious
+     Revolution 1688."
+
+     5. Mr. Valentine Wilkinson's: Flag, blue with orange fringe, in
+     the middle the figure of Liberty; motto as No. 1.
+
+     6. Mr. Stubbs: Flag, blue with orange fringe, motto, "Liberty,
+     Property, Trade, Manufactures;" at the top a head of King
+     William crowned with laurel, in the middle in a large oval,
+     "Revolution 1688." On one side the Cap of Liberty, on the other
+     the figure of Britannia; on the opposite side the flag of the
+     Devonshire arms.
+
+     Mrs. Ollerenshaw's: Flag, blue with orange fringe; motto as No.
+     1. on both sides.
+
+     Mr. Marsingale's: Flag, blue with orange fringe; at the top the
+     motto, "In Memory of the Glorious Assertors of British Freedom
+     1688," beneath, the figure of Liberty leaning on a shield, on
+     which is inscribed, "Revolted from Tyranny at WHITTINGTON 1688;"
+     and having in her hand a scroll with the words "Bill of Rights"
+     underneath a head of King William the Third; on the other side
+     the flag, the motto, "The Glorious Revolter from Tyranny 1688"
+     underneath the Devonshire arms; at the bottom the following
+     inscription, "WILLIELMUS DUX DEVON. Bonorum Principum Fidelis
+     Subditus; Inimicus et Invisus Tyrannis."
+
+  The Members of the Clubs were estimated 2000
+  persons, each having a white wand in his hand
+  with blue and orange tops and favours, with
+  the REVOLUTION stamped upon them.
+
+  The Derbyshire militia's band of music.
+
+  The Corporation of Chesterfield in their formalities,
+  who joined the procession on entering the town.
+
+  The Duke of Devonshire in his coach and six.
+
+  Attendants on horseback with four led horses.
+
+  The Earl of Stamford in his post chaise and four.
+
+  Attendants on horseback.
+
+  The Earl of Danby and Lord Francis Osborne in their
+  post-chaise and four.
+
+  Attendants on horseback.
+
+  Lord George Cavendish in his post-chaise and four.
+
+  Attendants on horseback.
+
+  Lord John Cavendish in his post-chaise and four.
+
+  Attendants on horseback.
+
+  Sir Francis Molyneux and Sir Henry Hunloke, Barts.
+  in Sir Henry's coach and six.
+
+  Attendants on horseback.
+
+  And upwards of forty other carriages of the neighbouring
+  gentry, with their attendants.
+
+  Gentlemen on horseback, three and three.
+
+  Servants on horseback, ditto.
+
+The procession in the town of Chesterfield went along
+Holywell-Street, Saltergate, Glumangate, then to the left along
+the upper side of the Market-place to Mr. Wilkinson's house, down
+the street past the Mayor's house, along the lower side of the
+Market-place to the end of the West Barrs, from thence past Dr.
+Milnes's house to the Castle, where the Derbyshire band of music
+formed in the centre and played "_Rule Britannia_," "_God save the
+King, &c._" the Clubs and Corporation still proceeding in the same
+order to the Mayor's and then dispersed.
+
+[Illustration: REVOLUTION House at WHITTINGTON.
+
+_Gent. Mag. Suppl. to Vol. LXXX. Part II, p. 609._
+
+_Schnebbelie del._]
+
+The whole was conducted with order and regularity, for
+notwithstanding there were fifty carriages, 400 gentlemen on
+horseback, and an astonishing throng of spectators, not an accident
+happened. All was joy and gladness, without a single burst of unruly
+tumult and uproar. The approving eye of Heaven shed its auspicious
+beams, and blessed this happy day with more than common splendour.
+
+The company was so numerous as scarcely to be accommodated at the
+three principal inns. It would be a piece of injustice not to
+mention the dinner at the Castle, which was served in a style of
+unusual elegance.
+
+The following toasts were afterwards given:
+
+  1. THE KING.
+  2. The glorious and immortal Memory of King William the IIId.
+  3. The Memory of the Glorious Revolution.
+  4. The Memory of those Friends to their Country, who, at the risk of
+           their lives and fortunes, were instrumental in effecting
+           the Glorious Revolution in 1688.
+  5. The Law of the Land.
+  6. The PRINCE of WALES.
+  7. The QUEEN, and the rest of the Royal Family.
+  8. Prosperity to the British Empire.
+  9. The Duke of Leeds, and prosperity to the House of Osborne.
+  10. The Duke of Devonshire, and prosperity to the House of
+            Cavendish.
+  11. The Earl of Stamford, and prosperity to the united House of
+            Boothe and Grey.
+  12. The Earl of Danby, and prosperity to the united House of Osborne
+            and Darcy.
+  13. All the Friends of the Revolution met this year to commemorate
+            that glorious Event.
+  14. The Dke of Portland.
+  15. Prosperity to the County of Derby.
+  16. The Members for the County.
+  17. The Members for the Borough of Derby.
+  18. The Duchess of Devonshire, &c.
+
+In the evening a brilliant exhibition of fireworks was played off,
+under the direction of Signor Pietro; during which the populace were
+regaled with a proper distribution of liquor. The day concluded with
+a ball, at which were present near 300 gentlemen and ladies; amongst
+whom were many persons of distinction. The Duchess of Devonshire,
+surrounded by the bloom of the Derbyshire hills, is a picture not to
+be pourtrayed. Near 250 ball-tickets were received at the door.
+
+The warm expression of gratitude and affection sparkling in every
+eye, must have excited in the breasts of those noble personages,
+whose ancestors were the source of this felicity, a sensation which
+Monarchs in all their glory might envy. The utmost harmony and
+felicity prevailed throughout the whole meeting. An hogshead of ale
+was given to the populace at Whittington, and three hogsheads at
+Chesterfield; where the Duke of Devonshire gave also three guineas
+to each of the eight clubs.
+
+It was not the least pleasing circumstance attending this meeting,
+that all party distinctions were forgotten. Persons of all ranks
+and denominations wore orange and blue, in memory of our glorious
+Deliverer; And the most respectable Roman Catholic families,
+satisfied with the mild toleration of government in the exercise of
+their Religion, vied in their endeavours to shew how just a sense
+they had of the value of CIVIL LIBERTY.
+
+
+Letter from the Rev. P. CUNNINGHAM to Mr. PEGGE.
+
+     _Eyam, near Tideswal,
+     Nov. 2, 1788._
+
+     REV. AND DEAR SIR,
+
+     You will please to accept of the inclosed Stanzas, and the
+     Ode for the Jubilee, as a little testimony of the Author's
+     respectful remembrance of regard; and of his congratulations,
+     that it has pleased Divine Providence to prolong your days, to
+     take a distinguished part in the happy commemoration of the
+     approaching Fifth of November.
+
+     Having accidentally heard yesterday the Text you proposed for
+     your Discourse on Wednesday, I thought the adoption of it, as an
+     additional truth to the one I had chosen, would be regarded as
+     an additional token of implied respect. In that light I flatter
+     myself you will consider it.
+
+     I shall be happy if these poetic effusions should be considered
+     by you as a proof of the sincere respect and esteem with which I
+     subscribe myself,
+
+     Dear Sir, your faithful humble servant,
+     P. CUNNINGHAM.
+
+
+Stanzas, by the Rev. P. _Cunningham_, occasioned by the
+     Revolution Jubilee, at Whittington and Chesterfield, Nov. 5,
+     1788. Inscribed to the Rev. SAMUEL PEGGE, Rector of Whittington.
+
+"This is the day which the Lord hath made; we will rejoice and be glad
+in it." Psalms.
+
+     "Esto perpetua!" _F. P. Sarpi da Venez._
+
+    Round the starr'd Zodiack, now the golden Sun
+      Eventful Time a Century hath led;
+    Since Freedom, with her choicest wreath, begun
+      Smiling, to grace her long-loved Nation's head.
+
+    Welcome again, the fair auspicious Morn!
+      To Freedom, first and fairest of the year;
+    When from her ashes, like a Phoenix born,
+      Reviving Britain rose in Glory's sphere.
+
+    When, starting from their mournful death-like trance,
+      Her venerable Laws their fasces rais'd.
+    Her stern-eyed Champions grasp'd th' avenging lance,
+      And pure Religion's trembling altars blaz'd.
+
+    For then, from Belgia, through the billowy storm,
+      And, heaven-directed in an happy hour,
+    Britain's good Genius, bearing WILLIAM'S form,
+      Broke the dire Sceptre of Despotic Power.
+
+    Ev'n now, to Fancy's retrospective eyes,
+      Fix'd on the triumphs of his Patriot-Reign;
+    Majestic seems the Hero's shade to rise,
+      With Commerce, Wealth, and Empire, in his train.
+
+    Undimm'd his[43] Eagle-eye, serene his air,
+      Of Soul heroic, as in Fields of Death;
+    See! Britain's Weal employs his latest care,
+      Her Liberty and Laws his latest breath.
+
+    "Visions of Glory! crouding on his sight,"
+      With your still-growing lustre gild the day,
+    When Britons, worthy of their Sires, unite
+      Their Orisons at Freedom's Shrine to pay.
+
+    To eternize the delegated hand,
+      That seal'd their great forefathers' fields their own;
+    Rais'd ev'ry art that decks a smiling land,
+      And Laws that guard the Cottage as the Throne.
+
+    That to the free, unconquerable mind
+      Secur'd the sacred Rights of Conscience, given
+    To Man, when tender Mercy first design'd
+      To raise the Citizen of Earth to Heaven.
+
+    And hark! the solemn Paeans grateful rise
+      From rural Whittington's o'erflowing fane;
+    And, with the heart's pure incense to the skies,
+      Its venerable Shepherd's[44] hallow'd strain.
+
+    See! pointing to the memorable scene,
+      He bids that Heath[45] to latest times be known,
+    Whence her three Champions[46], Freedom, heaven-born Queen,
+      Led with fresh glories to the British Throne.
+
+    Oh, Friend! upon whose natal morn[47] 'tis given,
+      When seventeen Lustres mark thy letter'd days,
+    To lead the Hymn of Gratitude to Heav'n,
+      And blend the Christian's with the Briton's praise.
+
+    Like hoary Sarpis[48], patriot Sage, thy pray'r
+      With Life shall close in _his_ emphatic Strain;
+    "As on _this_ day, may Freedom, ever fair,
+      In Britain flourish, and for ever reign!"
+
+     _Eyam, Derbyshire._
+     P. C.
+
+  [43] Sir John Dalrymple's "Continuation of Memoirs of Great Britain."
+
+  [44] Samuel Pegge.
+
+  [45] Whittington Moor.
+
+  [46] Earl of Devon, Earl of Danby, and Mr. John D'Arcy.
+
+  [47] Birth-day of the Rev. Samuel Pegge, 1704.
+
+  [48] Father Paul.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Ode for the Revolution Jubilee, 1788.
+
+    When lawless Power his iron hand,
+    When blinded Zeal her flaming brand
+      O'er Albion's Island wav'd;
+    Indignant freedom veil'd the sight;
+    Eclips'd her Son of Glory's light;
+      Her fav'rite Realm enslav'd.
+
+    Distrest she wander'd:--when afar
+    She saw her NASSAU'S friendly star
+      Stream through the stormy air:
+    She call'd around a Patriot Band;
+    She bade them save a sinking land;
+      And deathless glory share.
+
+    Her cause their dauntless hearts inspir'd,
+    With ancient Roman virtue fir'd;
+      They plough'd the surging main;
+    With fav'ring gales from Belgia's shore
+    Her heaven-directed Hero bore,
+      And Freedom crown'd his Reign.
+
+    With equal warmth her spirit glows,
+    Though hoary Time's centennial snows
+      New silver o'er her fame.
+    For hark, what songs of triumph tell,
+    Still grateful Britons love to dwell,
+      On WILLIAM'S glorious name.
+
+
+EXTRACTS FROM LETTERS TO MR. GOUGH.
+
+     DEAR SIR,
+     _Whittington, Oct. 11, 1788._
+
+     We are to have most grand doings at this place, 5th of November
+     next, at the _Revolution House_, which I believe you saw when
+     you was here. The Resolutions of the Committee were ordered to
+     be inserted in the London prints[49]; so I presume you may have
+     seen them, and that I am desired to preach the Sermon.
+
+     I remain your much obliged, &c.
+     S. PEGGE.
+
+  [49] "The Committee appointed by the Lords and Gentlemen at the
+  last Chesterfield Races, to conduct and manage the Celebration of
+  the intended Jubilee, on the Hundredth Anniversary of the glorious
+  Revolution, at the Revolution House in Whittington, in the County of
+  Derby, where measures were first concerted for the promotion of that
+  grand constitutional event, in these midland parts, have this day
+  met, and upon consideration, come to the following resolutions:
+
+  That General Gladwin do take the chair at this meeting. That the
+  Rev. Samuel Pegge be requested to preach a Sermon on the occasion,
+  at Whittington Church, on the 5th day of November next. That the
+  Gentlemen who intend to honor the meeting with their company, do
+  assemble at Whittington Church, exactly at eleven o'clock in the
+  forenoon of that day to attend divine service. That immediately
+  after service, they meet at the Revolution House, where a cold
+  collation will be provided. That they go in procession from thence
+  to Chesterfield, where ordinaries will be provided at the Angel,
+  Castle, and Falcon inns. That the meeting be open to all friends of
+  the Revolution. That letters be written to the Dukes of Devonshire
+  and Leeds, and the Earl of Stamford, to request the honour of
+  their attendance at that meeting. That there be a ball for the
+  Ladies in the evening at the Assembly Room in Chesterfield. That a
+  subscription of one guinea each be entered into for defraying the
+  extraordinary expenses on the occasion, and that the same be paid
+  into the hands of Messrs. Wilkinson's, in Chesterfield. That the
+  Committee do meet again on Wednesday the 8th of October next, at the
+  Angel Inn, in Chesterfield, at one o'clock. That these resolutions
+  be published in the Derby and Nottingham newspapers, and in the St.
+  James's of Whitehall, and Lloyd's Evening Posts, and the London and
+  English Chronicles.
+
+       _Chesterfield, Sept. 27, 1788._
+       HENRY GLADWIN, Chairman."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+     _Whittington, Nov. 29, 1788._
+
+     MY DEAR MR. GOUGH,
+
+     Mr. Rooke slept at the Vicarage on the 4th, in order to be ready
+     for our grand celebrity the next day; and to distribute then to
+     his friends his drawing, which he had caused to be engraved by
+     Basire, of the _Revolution House_ at Whittington, which he did,
+     with a paper of mine, respecting the meeting there of the Earl
+     of Devonshire, the Earl of Derby, &c. in 1688, annexed.
+
+     The 5th of November is now gone and over, and they said I
+     acquitted myself very well. Indeed, I was in good spirits, and,
+     as my Son-in-law read the prayers, I went fresh into the pulpit.
+     The Duke of Devon was too late; but we had the Earl of Stamford
+     at church, with Lord George and Lord John Cavendish, Lord Danby
+     (Son of the Marquis of Carmarthen), and Lord Francis Osborne,
+     with their Preceptor Dr. Jackson, Prebendary of Westminster, &c.
+     The cavalcade from Whittington to Chesterfield, where we were
+     to dine at four o'clock, was amazingly grand, no less than 50
+     coaches and chaises with horses dressed with orange ribbons;
+     large and fine banners, with sundry bands of music. There were
+     about 1000 on foot, with orange cockades, and about 300 on
+     horseback, many of whom, besides cockades, were in blue, with
+     orange capes. At half past six the fireworks, by an Italian
+     artist, began, and very admirable they were; he had twenty
+     pounds given him by the _Managers_. The ball room, at nine, was
+     so crowded that, though it is large, there could be but little
+     dancing. The ball was given to the Ladies, with an entertainment
+     of cakes, sweetmeats, negus, &c. It was a fine day; and not the
+     least accident happened, though it is supposed not less than
+     30,000 people were assembled. Hogsheads of liquor were given by
+     the Managers at Whittington and Chesterfield, and the Duke of
+     Devon gave twenty-four guineas to the footmen mentioned above. I
+     saw nobody however in liquor; and when Mr. Rooke and I returned
+     to Whittington, at one o'clock or after, we had a sober driver.
+
+     It happened to be my birth-day; which being known to some
+     gentlemen at all the three great inns where the company dined,
+     they drank my health with three cheers, requesting me to print
+     my Sermon. This request I have complied with, and it is now
+     printed at Chesterfield; I will take care that a copy be sent to
+     you and Mr. Nichols. But I must observe to you on the occasion,
+     that the Sermon will not read so well as it was heard, because
+     having good command over myself at the time, I delivered it with
+     energy and emphasis.
+
+     There will be a monument erected at the Revolution House in
+     Whittington; a column I suppose; and 148 guineas are already
+     subscribed. N. B. The Duke of Devon and the Earl of Stamford
+     were excepted from subscribing, so they reluctantly desisted.
+     Sir H. Hunloke, a Catholic, is a subscriber, and went in the
+     cavalcade, but was not at church, as you may suppose.
+
+     We have a very fine time here, no signs of winter but the
+     absence of leaves; the want of water however is very wonderful,
+     considering the time of year, and is even distressing. I grow
+     very idle and good for nothing; but, such as I am, I remain your
+     very affectionate and much obliged servant,
+
+     S. PEGGE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+     _Whittington, Dec. 22, 1788._
+
+     DEAR SIR,
+
+     By this time I hope you are in possession of my Sermon, as I
+     desired my Son to send one copy to you, and another to Mr.
+     Nichols. If I know you, your sentiments in politics coincide
+     with mine; so that I have no fear of your concurrence in that
+     respect and have only to wish that the composition may please
+     you.
+
+     I am, dear Sir, your truly affectionate and much obliged servant,
+
+       S. PEGGE.
+
+
+
+
+SEQUEL TO THE PARENTALIA.
+
+BY THE EDITOR.
+
+
+Samuel Pegge, Esq. the only surviving Son[50] of the venerable
+Antiquary whose Life has just been recorded, was born in 1731.
+After an excellent classical education, at St. John's College,
+Cambridge, he was admitted a Barrister of the Middle Temple; and
+was soon after, by the favour of the Duke of Devonshire, then
+Lord Chamberlain, appointed one of the Grooms of His Majesty's
+Privy-Chamber, and an Esquire of the King's Household.
+
+  [50] Another son, Christopher, died an infant in 1736.
+
+Mr. Pegge married Martha, daughter of Dr. Henry Bourne, an eminent
+Physician, of Spital, near Chesterfield, in Derbyshire[51], and
+sister to the Rev. John Bourne[52], Rector of Sutton, and Vicar of
+South Wingfield, co. Derby.
+
+  [51] Who died in 1775, in his 89th year.
+
+  [52] Who married Anne-Katharine, Mr. S. Pegge's only sister.
+
+By this lady, who was born in 1732, and died in 1767, he had
+one son, Christopher, of whom hereafter; and one daughter,
+Charlotte-Anne, who died, unmarried, March 17, 1793.
+
+Mr. Pegge married, secondly, Goodeth Belt, daughter of Robert Belt,
+Esq. of Bossall, co. York, by whom he had no issue[53].
+
+  [53] She died Oct. 23, 1807, in her 82d year.
+
+After the death of his Father, Mr. Pegge, though somewhat advanced
+in life, was desirous of becoming a Member of the Society of
+Antiquaries. He was accordingly elected in 1796; having previously
+shewn that he was well deserving of that distinction, by the
+accuracy and intelligence displayed in the "Curialia."
+
+He survived his Father little more than four years; during which
+period he enjoyed but an indifferent state of bodily health. His
+mental faculties, however, were, to the last, strong and unimpaired;
+his manners truly elegant; his conversation always sensible and
+pleasant; and his epistolary correspondence[54] lively and facetious.
+
+  [54] A few extracts from his Letters are given in p. lxxxiii.
+
+His death is thus recorded on an upright stone on the West side of
+Kensington church-yard:
+
+          "SAMUEL PEGGE, Esq.
+  died May the 22d, 1800, aged 67 years.
+
+    MARTHA, Wife of SAMUEL PEGGE, Esq.
+    died June 28, 1767, aged 35 years.
+
+    CHARLOTTE-ANNE, the only Daughter
+        of SAMUEL and MARTHA PEGGE,
+   died March 17, 1793, aged 31 years.
+
+  Mrs. CHRISTIANA PEGGE died July 1, 1790."
+
+To Mr. Pegge, we are indebted for the foregoing circumstantial
+Memoir or his very learned Father; and for several occasional
+communications to the Gentleman's Magazine.
+
+But his principal Work Was intituled, "_Curialia_; or, an Historical
+Account of some Branches of the Royal Household[55];" Three
+Portions of which he published in his life-time:
+
+     Part I. consisted of "Two Dissertations, addressed to the
+     President of the Society of Antiquaries, London; _viz._ 1. On
+     the obsolete Office of the Esquires of the King's Body. 2. On
+     the original Nature, Duty, &c. of the Gentlemen of the King's
+     Most Honourable Privy Chamber, 1782."
+
+     Part II. contains "A Memoir regarding the King's Honourable Band
+     of Gentlemen Pensioners, from its Establishment to the present
+     Time, 1784."
+
+     Part III. is "A Memoir respecting the King's Body-Guard of
+     Yeomen of his Guard, from its Institution, A. D. 1485; 1791."
+
+  [55] Had Mr. Pegge lived to have completed his whole design, the
+  Title would have run thus: "_Hospitium Regis_; or, a History of
+  the Royal Household, and the several Officers thereof, principally
+  in the Departments of the Lord Steward, the Lord Chamberlain, the
+  Master of the Horse, and the Groom of the Stole. Collected and
+  digested by Samuel Pegge, Esq. F.S.A."
+
+During the remaining period of his life, Mr. Pegge amused himself
+in preparing several other Numbers of his "Curialia" for the press;
+the materials for which, and also his "Anecdotes of the English
+Language," he bequeathed to Mr. Nichols; who printed "The Anecdotes
+of the English Language" in 1803. This Work having been noticed
+with much approbation in the principal Reviews, and very favourably
+received by the Publick at large, a Second Edition (corrected and
+improved from his own detached MSS.) was published in 1814. To this
+Edition was added, "A Supplement to the Provincial Glossary of
+Francis Grose, Esq." compiled by Mr. Pegge.
+
+In 1806 Mr. Nichols published Two additional Numbers of the
+"Curialia:"
+
+     Part IV. "A History of Somerset House[56], from the Commencement
+     of its Erection in 1549."
+
+     Part V. "A Dissertation[57] on the ancient Establishment and
+     Function of the Serjeant at Arms."
+
+  [56] The History of Somerset House was with Mr. Pegge a favourite
+  subject; and to this, with the exception of the two concluding
+  pages, he had put the finishing hand.
+
+  [57] Announced by the Author in his Introduction to Part III. and by
+  himself very nearly completed for the press.
+
+The further continuation of that interesting work was broken off by
+the melancholy accident mentioned in page v.
+
+In the early part of his life Mr. Pegge was a considerable
+proficient in Musick. He composed a complete Melo-Drama, both the
+words and the musick in score, which still remains in MS. Many
+Catches and Glees also, and several of the most popular Songs for
+Vauxhall Gardens were written and set to music by him.
+
+His Muse was very fertile; and though his modesty forbade the
+avowal, he was the Author of some occasional Prologues and Epilogues
+which were favourably received by the Publick: a Prologue,
+particularly, spoken by Mr. Yates at Birmingham in 1760, on taking
+the Theatre into his own hands; an Epilogue spoken by the same
+excellent Actor, at Drury Lane, on his return from France, and
+another Epilogue, filled with pertinent allusions to the Game of
+Quadrille, spoken by Mrs. Yates, at her Benefit, in three different
+seasons, 1769, 1770, and 1774. He was the Author also of a pathetic
+Elegy on his own Recovery from a dangerous Illness; and of some
+pleasant Tales and Epigrammatic Poems.
+
+His other acknowledged writings were,
+
+1. "An Elegy on the Death of Godfrey Bagnall Clerke, Esq. (late one
+of the Representatives in Parliament for the County of Derby), who
+died Dec. 26, 1774.[58]"
+
+2. "Memoirs of Edward Capell, Esq."[59]
+
+3. "Illustrations of the Churchwardens' Accompts of St. Michael
+Spurrier Gate, York," in the "Illustrations of the Manners and
+Expences of Antient Times, 1797."
+
+4. "On a Custom observed by the Lord Lieutenants of Ireland."
+(Antiquarian Repertory, Edit. 1809, vol. IV. p. 622.)
+
+5. "Historical Anecdotes of the French Word Carosse." (Ibid. p.
+642.)--The two last mentioned Tracts are re-printed in the present
+volume.
+
+  [58] Of this Elegy Mr. Pegge printed only a few copies to be given
+  to particular Friends; but, by his permission, it was re-printed for
+  sale by Mr. Joseph Bradley, of Chesterfield.
+
+  [59] See the "Illustrations of Literature," vol. I. p. 427.
+
+Mr. Pegge also superintended through the Press the greater part of
+his Father's "History of Beauchief Abbey;" but died before it was
+completed.
+
+His only Son, the present Sir Christopher Pegge, was admitted a
+Commoner at Christ Church, Oxford, in 1782; took the Degree of B. A.
+there in 1786; was elected Fellow of Oriel College in 1788; resigned
+his Fellowship in 1790, and was re-admitted of Christ Church, having
+been appointed, through favour of the Dean and Chapter, Dr. Lee's
+Reader in Anatomy (which situation he resigned in 1816, an asthmatic
+complaint having rendered change of residence adviseable); took the
+Degrees of M. A. and M. B. 1789, and that of M. D. 1792. He was
+elected one of the Physicians to the Radcliffe Infirmary in 1791
+(which he resigned in 1803); F. L. S. 1792; F.R.S. 1795; and Fellow
+of the College of Physicians 1796; received from his Majesty the
+Honour of Knighthood in 1799, and the Dignity of Regius Professor of
+Physic in 1801.
+
+Sir Christopher Pegge married, in 1791, Amey, the eldest daughter of
+Kenton Couse, Esq. of Whitehall; by whom he has issue one daughter,
+Mary, married in 1816 to the Rev. Richard Moore Boultbee, of Merton
+College, Oxford (second son of Joseph Boultbee, Esq. of Springfield
+House, near Knowle, Warwickshire), and had a daughter, born Dec. 9,
+1817.
+
+
+APPENDIX, No. II.
+
+To RICHARD GOUGH, Esq.
+
+_Whittington, March 17, 1796._
+
+DEAR SIR,
+
+There are no persons in the world to whom so much regard is due,
+respecting my late Father's Collections in the literary line, as
+to yourself and Mr. Nichols. I daily see obligations, from Books
+which you have respectively conferred upon him, which call for every
+acknowledgement. I am as daily concerned in looking over papers of
+various kinds; and will preserve them all sacredly, and report upon
+them when I return to Town, which must be in May or June.
+
+I am labouring to keep possession of this house as long as I can,
+and believe I shall be amply indulged; a circumstance which will
+enable me to pay every attention to what may be of real use to my
+Father's Friends: for, as Botanists allow nothing to be weeds, so I
+admit nothing to be waste paper.
+
+What I write to you I mean should be said to Mr. Nichols, with every
+kind remembrance. I have only to desire that I may be considered (by
+descent at least) as
+
+  Your obliged Friend,
+  S. PEGGE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+To Mr. Deputy NICHOLS.
+
+  _Whittington, March 30, 1796._
+
+  DEAR SIR,
+
+A peck of March dust is said to be worth a King's ransom;--and to
+you (who know this house) I may say that I am enveloped in as much
+dust[60] as would ransom an Emperor. I shall be in Town at the end
+of May at the farthest, and would wish to work double tides in
+the History of Beauchief-Abbey while I stay; for I shall find it
+necessary to pass as long a Summer as I can here, where (by the new
+Rector's leave) I hope to continue till the approach of Winter.
+
+  S. PEGGE.
+
+  [60] The Books in the Library at Whittington had, probably, not been
+  dusted for 20 to 30 years.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  _Whittington, April 12, 1796._
+
+  DEAR SIR,
+
+I am really so much engaged (for I am not half through my Herculean
+labour) that I have not leisure to think of my late nearest Friend,
+so as to _erect_ any memorial in the Gentleman's Magazine _at
+present_.
+
+I have written to Lord Leicester and to Mr. Topham by this post, to
+request that I may be _hung up, according to Law_, at the Society of
+Antiquaries, in hopes of being honourably cut down, and receiving
+Christian Burial. The _Director_[61], I trust, will appear _to
+character_ when my Trial comes up. God send me a good deliverance!
+What I write to you, I write to Mr. Gough also through you.
+
+  Your obliged Friend, &c.
+  S. PEGGE.
+
+  [61] Mr. Gough was then Director of the Society of Antiquaries.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+To GEORGE ALLAN, Esq. Darlington.
+
+  _Whittington, May 2, 1796._
+
+  SIR,
+
+In the course of the last year my late Father (Rev. Dr. Pegge) among
+other Books made me a present off "The Northumberland Household
+Book;" which he told me (as I since find by his memoranda) was lent
+to you. I take the liberty of wishing to have it returned soon,
+directed to my Friend Mr. Nichols.
+
+I have heard my Father often speak of you, Sir, with much respect,
+and I shall always honour my Father's Friends. I am, &c.
+
+  S. PEGGE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  _Whittington, May 23, 1796._
+  SIR,
+
+I thank you for the favour of your Letter, which was anticipated
+by a line from Mr. Nichols, advising me that "The Northumberland
+Household Book" was safe in his hands. The honourable mention I
+hear of my late Father, almost every day, is very gratifying to me,
+though I know it is not undeserved on his part. As to Mr. Brander's
+Print of my father, I have a very few in London; and one of the
+best of them shall be at your service. I cannot think the Print in
+the least like my Father; but I have a Painting[62] which is a very
+strong resemblance.
+
+Your very obedient humble servant,
+
+  S. PEGGE.
+
+  [62] This striking resemblance of my worthy old friend Dr. Pegge,
+  which I have often had the agreeable opportunity of comparing with
+  the Original when conversing with the good Doctor at Whittington,
+  is now in the possession of his Grandson, Sir Christopher Pegge;
+  by whose kind permission a faithful Engraving from it, admirably
+  executed by Philip Andinet, accompanies the present Publication.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+To Mr. NICHOLS.
+
+  _Whittington, July 28, 1796._
+
+  DEAR SIR,
+
+We left London on Monday the eleventh; but did not _make_
+Whittington till last Sunday the 24th inst. We passed part of
+Wednesday the 13th, and all the 14th and 15th, at Southwell, with
+the new Rector of Whittington, and had a very pleasurable visit. We
+next _touched_ at Spital, and as we thought only for three or four
+days, but were detained there by _contrary winds_, which _blew_ us
+into parties of company and venison.
+
+I am, dear Sir, yours very sincerely, S. PEGGE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  _York, Sunday, Sept. 11, 1796._
+
+  DEAR SIR,
+
+Where and when this will find you, whether in _Urban_ or in _Sylvan_
+scenes, I know not: but the purport of it is to desire that you
+would send me (to Whittington) the _last Impression_ of the Family
+Pedigree of _Bourne_.
+
+Whether you ever insert it in your _Leicestershire_ or not, I wish
+to have it completed, as far as may be, from my own connexion with
+it; and because I know that every difficulty is doubled to every
+succeeding generation. The Historian of Leicestershire must have had
+repeated experience of this circumstance in his investigations.
+
+  Yours, &c.
+  S. PEGGE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  _Scotland yard, Feb. 20, 1797._
+
+  DEAR SIR,
+
+I am now going seriously to work, to bring the Coins forward by
+auction. The whole collection amounts in number to between 1100 and
+1200; but of what value the hammer must determine.
+
+  S. PEGGE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  _June 10, 1797._
+
+  DEAR SIR,
+
+Mr. Gough was so obliging as to mention hopes of seeing us at
+Enfield; and I have been for several days on the point of writing to
+him a line of thanks, and to express the willingness of the spirit,
+and the weakness of the flesh; for, alas! I have got as much gout as
+will last me till we go into Derbyshire in the second week in July.
+In this situation it would be much to the honour of your humanity to
+come and pass an evening with us. I am sure to be found at home.
+
+  S. P.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  _Scotland yard, June 18, 1797._
+
+  DEAR SIR,
+
+I hope this will find you safely returned from your excursion,
+and disengaged, as I wish you to pass a _long_ evening with me.
+Mr. Bowyer Nichols would tell you that I am now at leisure to go
+on with "Beauchief Abbey" for a little while; but without your
+assistance, know not how. Send me word what evening you can best
+spare, and bring your Son with you, and let it be very _speedily_. I
+shall soon put an end to the Session, and this _Printing-ment_ will
+be prorogued to the 5th of October, then to meet for dispatch of
+business.
+
+  S. PEGGE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  _December 7, 1797._
+
+  DEAR SIR,
+
+As you are connected with the Representatives of Dr. Farmer, or the
+person who acts for them, I wish you would procure a receipt for a
+copy of Skelton, which was found in my Father's collection after his
+death, and which was evidently Mr. Farmer's property.
+
+As I hear that Dr. Farmer's Library is intended for sale, I should
+be glad that this book might be soon restored to the Executors; and
+my original wish to return it, may appear from a letter of mine to
+Dr. Farmer, dated so long ago as the 4th of February last, which has
+probably been found among his papers. I received no answer to it,
+which I imputed to his then bad state of health.
+
+  Yours, &c.
+  S. PEGGE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  _Harrowgate, Aug. 25, 1799._
+
+  DEAR SIR,
+
+Our history, since I saw you, is briefly this. We left London on
+the 18th of July, and made a journey of three days to Spital, near
+Chesterfield. After resting there, for as many days, we set off for
+this place, which we found very full, and made our quarters good
+at the humblest house we could find; but with the most comfortable
+accommodations that a very uncomfortable place can afford; and
+are reconciled to our situation. We dine (_en masse_) about 20 on
+the average, keep good hours, and are not pestered with gamblers,
+ladies-maids, or lap-dogs. In some houses they dine 120 people!!!
+
+The water of this place is a very strong sulphur, and I believe,
+is the most powerful of any in the kingdom. The most quiet of this
+sort of houses is much too turbulent for me; besides that it is
+difficult for one who cannot walk, or even saunter about, as others
+do, to fill up the chasms between meals, except by reading, which
+is scarcely practicable here. I find myself, however, tolerably
+habituated to noise and talk; and as to the art of doing nothing, I
+have made myself perfectly master of it. As a proof of it, I have
+been three weeks in writing this letter.
+
+If you ask me how I do? I answer, I don't know at present. I have
+experienced much _non_-valescence, and am told _con_-valescence will
+follow.
+
+  S. PEGGE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  _Monday, January 27, 1800._
+
+  DEAR SIR,
+
+The Lady[63] mentioned in the enclosed Article is my Niece, who
+hopes to open the Ball in the List of Marriages in this Month. I
+send also an article for the Obituary[64], the death of a Brother of
+my Wife, and whose death has long been expected. I am a lodger in my
+own first-floor, with some gout, which will neither lead nor drive;
+but I should be very happy to receive a charitable visit of chat in
+any evening that you can spare. I do not ask Mr. Bowyer Nichols, as
+I cannot encounter more than one person at a time.
+
+  Your very sincere friend,
+  S. PEGGE.
+
+  [63] Elizabeth, daughter of the Rev. John Bourne, of Spital, was
+  married, Jan. 1, 1800, to Robert Jennings, Esq. of Hull.
+
+  [64] Mr. John Belt, of York, Surgeon, died Jan. 23, 1800.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  _March 17, 1800._
+
+  DEAR SIR,
+
+Presuming that you are returned from Hinckley, and _have nothing
+in the world to do_, I hope you will give us your company in an
+evening very soon; for at that time of the day I see nobody else.
+Let me hear by one of your _Representatives in Parliament_[65] on
+what evening I may expect you, that I may _rectify_ my spirits
+accordingly.
+
+     Adieu!
+     S. PEGGE.
+
+  [65] So he humourously styled the Printer's Errand Boys.
+
+
+
+
+Hospitium Domini Regis;
+
+OR,
+
+THE HISTORY
+
+OF THE
+
+ROYAL HOUSEHOLD.
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+I was led into the following investigation from a natural and kind
+of instinctive curiosity, and a desire of knowing what was the
+antient state of the Court to which I have the honour, by the favour
+of his Grace William the late Duke of Devonshire, to compose a part.
+It is obvious to suppose that so large a body must have undergone
+various revolutions, and have borne very different complexions
+according to times and circumstances: and having occasion to consult
+some MSS. in the Lord Chamberlain's Office, by his Lordship's
+permission, upon a matter of no consequence to relate, I thought
+I discerned, in the course of my search, that materials were to be
+found sufficient to furnish out a detail. Having free access to the
+use of a large Library, and by the favour of many friends, to whom
+I take this opportunity of testifying my obligations, I was enabled
+to trace back the state of the Court in darker ages, though but by a
+glimmering light.
+
+Notwithstanding ample revenues have always been provided for support
+of the dignity and splendour of the Royal House of the Kings of
+England, equal, if not perhaps superior, to those of any Court in
+Europe, yet we shall find they have varied very much in different
+Reigns, as times and circumstances have required; though not always
+for laudable reasons. Some of our Kings have been so profuse,
+that, either from their extensive liberality, or more frequently
+worse inducements, they have thereby lessened the estates of the
+Crown so very much, that retrenchments, either in the number or
+expence of their Households (and sometimes both) have become the
+necessary consequence. Others[66] have found the Crown Revenues so
+much contracted at their Accession, that they have been obliged to
+demand resumptions of grants made by their immediate Predecessor,
+in order to enable themselves to support the Regal dignity with a
+proper degree of splendour. Others[67], again, from a wanton spirit
+of prodigality, have rendered it necessary for them to resume even
+_their own_ grants; a measure equally scandalous to the character of
+the Prince, as derogatory to the honour of the Crown.
+
+As to _resumptions_, several of each sort will be seen in the
+following sheets, antecedent to the Reformation; and since that
+period there have been repeated occasions for _reductions (ex
+necessitate rei)_ in the tumultuous reigns of Charles the First,
+Charles the Second, and James the Second.
+
+When we speak of the superior magnificence of our own Court, we may
+add, that no other makes so liberal appointments to its Officers,
+could we know the Establishments of the rest.
+
+  [66] Henry II.
+
+  [67] William Rufus.
+
+In France they figure away with thousands of livres _per annum_;
+but, when these come to be liquidated into pounds sterling, the idea
+is lost, and the appointment of a Lord of the Bed-chamber sinks down
+into a salary not superior to our Gentlemen Ushers.
+
+In Poland the Officers of the State and Household have no salaries
+nor fees[68]; but are content with the honour, unless the King chose
+to reward them with a _Starostie_, a kind of Fiefs inherent in the
+Crown for this purpose.
+
+  [68] See Letters concerning the present state of Poland, printed for
+  T. Payne, 1773, Letter iii. p. 57.
+
+At the Court of Turin, the salaries of the Officers of the Court
+are extremely small, and every way inadequate to their rank.
+Frugality and oeconomy, exercised in a Royal manner, are the
+characteristics of that Court; insomuch as that, if the Officers of
+State had not an income arising from their patrimony, their salaries
+would not afford them food and raiment[69].
+
+  [69] Lord Corke's Letters from Italy, published 1773, p. 52.
+
+The Emperor of Germany has one very singular prerogative, very
+inconvenient to the inhabitants of Vienna, that of taking to himself
+the _first floor_ of every house in the City (a few privileged
+places excepted) for the use of the _Officers of his Court and
+Army_; so that, on this account, says my Author[70], "Princes,
+Ambassadors, and Nobles, usually inhabit the second stories; and
+the third, fourth, and even fifth floors (the houses being large
+and high) are well fitted up for the reception of opulent and noble
+families." The houses being so large, a single floor suffices for
+most of the principal and largest families in the City.
+
+  [70] Dr. Burney, in his Present State of Munich, in Germany, vol. I.
+  pp. 205, 295.
+
+For particulars relative to the Court of Denmark, it may be
+sufficient to refer to the account given by Lord Molesworth, who
+resided several years as Envoy Extraordinary from King William III.
+
+
+
+
+WILLIAM I.
+
+
+After that great Revolution called _The Conquest_, it is to be
+supposed that a competent part, and that no inconsiderable one,
+was allotted for the support of the Dignity of the King's House.
+How large the establishment of the Household was, it would be very
+difficult to ascertain at this distance of time; but we know that
+the Conqueror's Revenues were very great, and that, besides the
+public branch of it for the defence of the Kingdom against invasions
+from abroad, there must have been an ample residue to maintain the
+Court in dignity and magnificence at home. William, as soon as he
+was seated on his new Throne, was careful to make a general and
+accurate Survey of the whole kingdom, notwithstanding there had
+been a Survey taken within less than 200 years by King Alfred, then
+remaining at Winchester.[71] But William's jealous caution did
+not permit him to trust to this. He saw the necessity there was to
+make the most of things; and, looking on money as a necessary means
+of maintaining and increasing power, he accumulated as much as he
+could, though rather, perhaps, from an ambitious than a covetous
+motive; at least his avarice was subservient to his ambition; and he
+laid up wealth in his coffers, as he did arms in his magazines, to
+be drawn out on proper occasions, for the defence and enlargement of
+his dominions[72].
+
+  [71] Called Codex Wintoniensis. See Sir John Spelman's Life of
+  Alfred.
+
+  [72] Lord Lyttelton's Life of Henry II. vol. i. p. 74; edit. 8vo.
+
+In William's Survey, which we call _Domesday Book_, particular
+attention was first paid to the King's right; and the _Terra Regis_
+(as it was called), which consisted of such lands as either had
+belonged to the Crown, or to the King individually, was placed
+first; and, upon the whole, 1422[73] manors, or lordships, were
+appropriated to the Crown; besides lands and farms, and besides
+quit-rents paid out of other subordinate manors. Whether William
+assumed to himself and the Crown more than he ought, is hard to
+say; but it is to be supposed he was not very sparing or delicate.
+The _Terra Regis_ is said to have consisted of such lands as Edward
+the Confessor was found to have been possessed of, the alienation
+of which was held impious; to which some think William added the
+forfeited estates of those who opposed him at the decisive battle of
+Hastings[74]; and likewise the lands of such Barons, and others, who
+afterwards forsook him. These advantages he might, perhaps, be glad
+to take, as they enabled him better to reward his Norman friends
+and followers, who were numerous; and furnished him likewise with a
+plea to enrich himself, by annexing part of such lands to the Crown,
+and distributing the rest, with a reservation of quit-rents and
+services. We may add to these, many apparently unjustifiable means
+which the Conqueror used to enrich himself, though by the greatness
+of the antient Crown-estate, and the feudal profits to which he
+was legally entitled, he was already one of the richest Monarchs
+in Europe. The Saxon Chronicle says, he omitted no opportunity of
+extorting money from his subjects upon the slightest pretext, and
+speaks of it as a thing of course[75]. It must be owned, however,
+(says Lord Lyttelton) that, if his avarice was insatiably and
+unjustly rapacious, it was not meanly parsimonious, nor of that
+sordid kind which brings on a Prince dishonour and contempt. He
+supported the _dignity of the Crown_ with a _decent magnificence_;
+and, though he never was _lavish_, he was sometimes _liberal_[76].
+
+  [73] Domesday Book.
+
+  [74] Rapin.
+
+  [75] "_Pro more suo_, extorsit multum pecuniae suis subditis
+  ubicunque haberet aliquem pretextum, sive jure sive aliter."
+  Chron. Sax. p. 187. In another place the writer says, he extorted
+  money, "partim juste, maxima vero ex parte injuste, rebus parum
+  urgentibus." p. 191.
+
+  [76] Lord Lyttelton's Henry II. vol. i. p. 74.
+
+Thus did the Conqueror leave an ample and splendid revenue to
+his Successor, sufficient to maintain his Court in dignity and
+magnificence, and adequate to every expence both foreign and
+domestic. It is, at this day, almost impossible to discover the
+nature and magnitude of William's Household; but most probably,
+as it was numerous, it was likewise magnificent; though, perhaps,
+composed of Officers and Offices very different from what have been
+adopted in succeeding Reigns.
+
+We read of Treasurers, for such a King _must_ have: and in the
+next Reign mention is made of Robert Fitz-Hamon, _Gentleman of the
+Bed-chamber_[77], who conquered Wales, while William Rufus was
+engaged in a war with Scotland, anno 1091; and we afterwards read
+of other Officers similar to what we have at present, though the
+rudeness of the times rendered most of the offices now in being
+unnecessary, which seem to have been added from time to time, as
+luxury and refined necessity required, and in conformity to the
+pride and ostentatious spirit of the Prince who erected them.
+
+  [77] _Gentleman of the Bed-chamber_ means what we now call a _Lord
+  of the Bed-chamber_; which last is a title of a late introduction.
+  When the _Gentleman_ was the superior, the next subordinate Officer
+  was the _Groom_; which last title continues to this day. Had the
+  first been originally called _Lords_, the latter would probably have
+  been styled the _Gentleman_. William of Malmsbury speaks of the
+  _Cubicularius_ in that ridiculous instance of William Rufus's absurd
+  profusion with respect to the price of a pair of hose; by whom, I
+  should suppose, he means an inferior Officer of the _Bed-chamber_,
+  by the rough language he uses to him; no less than calling him a
+  _son of a whore.--Fili, ait, meretricis._
+
+It is probable, however, that what was wanting in parade, was
+equalled by an expence in hospitality, which must, of course,
+employ a great many Domestics of different kinds in their several
+departments, to which we may suppose were added many of a Military
+nature, which the situation of the Conqueror rendered necessary in
+his new dominion.
+
+There being but few Placemen in those times, the Court was chiefly
+composed of Ecclesiastics, Barons, Knights, and other Military
+Gentlemen, led by the hopes of preferment or promotion; and Lord
+Lyttelton says, William was always liberal to his Soldiers and to
+the Church[78]. The Barons were, at this time of day, the chief
+Council of the Realm; they held their Baronies of the King, for
+which they were perpetually doing homage; and on these accounts the
+Court must have been crowded,--at least much frequented.
+
+  [78] Life of Henry II. vol. i. p. 74.
+
+As to the internal part of the Court, I mean the Attendants on the
+Royal person, we know but very little. King Alfred, however, who
+lived 200 years before the Conquest, during his attention to the
+Police of his Kingdom in general, did not forget the internal good
+government of his Household; for we learn from Ingulphus[79] that
+he divided his Attendants into three classes, who were appointed to
+wait by turns, _monthly_.
+
+  [79] Dividens Familiam in tres Turmas, singulis Turmis singulos
+  Principes imposuit; et unusquisque Princeps cum sua Turma per unum
+  mensem in Regis Ministerio Palatium conservavit. Uno mense completo,
+  exiens ad proprios agros cum sua Turma, propriis negotiis per duorum
+  mensium spatium intendebat; et interim secundus Princeps per unum
+  mensem, et tertius Princeps per alium mensem post illum in Regis
+  Palatio ministrabat: ut postea propriis utilitatibus per duos menses
+  quaelibet Turma vacaret. Hac revolutione Servorum suorum, totiusque
+  familiae suae rotatione, usus est omni tempore vitae suae. Ingulph.
+  Hist. p. 870.
+
+Whether this mode was continued by his Successors, I do not
+learn. William might perhaps reject it as being Saxon, and
+adopt a plan similar to the French Court, in compliment to his
+Norman adherents. This routine of waiting, not much unlike the
+present mode, rendered the service of Alfred's attendants both
+oeconomical, and agreeable to themselves. Sir John Spelman, in
+his Life of King Alfred, supposes that the Officers who are now
+called _Quarter-waiters_ are, from their title, a relique of this
+mode of waiting established by Alfred. But this (with deference to
+the Gentlemen of that Corps) seems to be going too far, and does
+not agree with Ingulphus, from whom Sir John takes his account; who
+says, that the Officers of King Alfred's Household were divided
+into three classes, and that each class waited alternately monthly,
+not quarterly; so that no one class waited two consecutive months,
+and each would, of course, wait _four months_ in the year, with an
+interval of two months between each wait. It is true, they would
+renew their waiting once in a quarter of course, from the number of
+classes, but no part of them attended for a quarter together; and
+I apprehend the Quarter-waiters received their name because they
+waited a quarter of a year at a time by turns, as their superiors,
+the Daily-waiters, waited daily by turns. Alfred's Household most
+resembled the Gentlemen Pensioners in the mode of attendance, who,
+to this day, wait in _classes_ quarterly.
+
+I shall now give Sir John Spelman's account at large (as I have
+Ingulphus's), where he gives a supposed, and not improbable, reason
+for this mode of attendance.
+
+"He [Alfred] having, it seems, observed the course that Solomon
+took in preparing timber at Lebanon for the Temple, where thirty
+thousand, assigned to the work, went by ten thousand at a time,
+wrought there a month, and then returning, stayed two months at
+home, until their turn in the fourth month came about again[80]--he,
+applying this to his own occasions, ordained the like course in
+his attendance, making a triplicate thereof, insomuch that he had
+a three-fold shift of all Domestic Officers; each of which were,
+by themselves, under the command of a several _Major-domo_[81], or
+Master of the Household, who, coming with his servants under his
+charge, to wait at Court, stayed there a month, and then returning
+home, were supplied by the second ternary, and they again by the
+third, until the course coming about, the first of them (after
+two months recess at home) did, with the quarter[82], renew their
+monthly service at the Court. I should conjecture (continues he)
+that the King, for his more honourable attendance, took this course
+in point of Royalty and State, there being (as it then stood with
+the State) very few men of quality fit to stand before a King,
+who, by their fortunes or dependency, were not otherwhere besides
+engaged; neither was there, in those times, any great assurance
+to be had of any man, unless he were one of such condition, whose
+service, when the King was fain to use one month in the quarter,
+it was necessary for the common-wealth that he should remit them
+the other two months unto their own occasions. Neither used he
+this course with some of his Officers only (as there are those who
+understand it to have been a course taken only with those of his
+Guard), but with all his whole attendance; neither used he it for a
+time only, but for his whole life; and I little doubt but that the
+use at Court, at this day, of Officers, _Quarter-waiters_, had the
+first beginning even from this invention of the King[83]."
+
+  [80] Ingulph. ubi supra.
+
+  [81] Princeps. Ingulphus, in eod.
+
+  [82] This, I suppose, led Sir John into the above supposition about
+  the Quarter-Waiters.
+
+  [83] Spelman's Life of Alfred, edit. Hearne, p. 198.
+
+The Translator of this Life of Alfred into Latin, Dr. Obadiah
+Walker, has taken a little latitude in the last sentence of
+this passage, and has wandered totally from the mark. His
+words are, "Neque multum dubito quin _Dapiferi_ hodierni (quos
+_Quarter-waiters_ appellamus) qui per singulos anni quadrantes,
+Regi ad _mensam_ ministrant, ab hoc Regis instituto, manarint." Now
+it is pretty certain that the Quarter-waiters are not Officers at
+all connected, by their post, with the King's _table_, they being a
+secondary degree of _Gentlemen Ushers_, called in a grant of Fees
+temp. Car. I. (in Rymer's Foedera) _Ante-Ambulones_. The Doctor
+seems, by the word _Dapiferi_, to have confounded them with the
+_Sewers_; which is strengthened by the following words, "qui ad
+_mensam_ ministrant."
+
+It is allowed that King Alfred enlarged his Household very much;
+but, what was the nature and office of the individuals of it, we
+shall probably never be able to gather. We may, however, fairly
+suppose his Retinue in number, and his Court in splendour, was far
+superior to those of any of his Predecessors.
+
+Of the _Conqueror's Court_ we know still less, neither do I learn
+that King Alfred's establishment was followed by his immediate
+successors; but it is reasonable to suppose that the _Court_, as
+well as the _Kingdom_, would be new-modelled, and assume a different
+face, upon so great a revolution as that of the Conquest.
+
+
+
+
+WILLIAM RUFUS.
+
+
+Notwithstanding the fair inheritance left by the Conqueror, equal
+to the Regal Dignity, and the exigences of the State, William
+Rufus, the successor, not only dissipated the great treasure of
+which he was possessed at the demise of his Father, but ran into so
+extravagant a profusion of expence, that he was at last obliged to
+apply to resources, unwarrantable in themselves, and derogatory to
+his Crown and Dignity. The late King's treasures were said to amount
+to 60,000_l._; but, according to Henry of Huntingdon[84], who lived
+very near the time, to 60,000 pound _weight_ of silver, exclusive of
+gold, jewels, plate, and robes; and "the silver money alone (says
+Lord Lyttelton[85]), according to the best computation I am able to
+make, was equivalent at least to nine hundred thousand pounds of our
+money at present:" but this would not suffice; for the Crown-lands,
+which were held so sacred by his ancestors, were alienated; and
+he was at last compelled, as a dernier resort, to resume his own
+grants, a practice now used for the first (but not the last) time,
+and a measure equally scandalous and iniquitous. Rufus's ordinary
+revenues did not probably exceed those of his Father; but, as he
+ran into more needless and wanton expenses, he was necessitated to
+make frequent demands upon his people. Considering the influence
+of artful Churchmen, in those times of Papal tyranny, over weak
+Princes, it is not to be wondered that Rufus should be easily
+prevailed upon by Ranulphus, Bishop of Durham[86], who was Master
+both of his Councils and his Conscience, to resume his own grants,
+though made for valuable considerations; or to take any measure,
+however unwarrantable and unprecedented--
+
+  "Tantum Religio potuit suadere malorum."
+
+  [84] Erant autem in Thesauro 60 Mille Librae Argenti. Lib. vi.
+
+  [85] Introduction to the Life of Henry II. The Reader may see his
+  Lordship's grounds of computation in a long note on this passage.
+  The Saxon Chronicle says, the King's Treasures were _difficiles
+  numeratu_, p. 192.
+
+  [86] Lord Lyttelton calling him Ralph Flambard, a Norman. Life of
+  Henry II. vol. i. p. 87, where his character may be seen at large.
+
+Amongst other acts of rapacity, made in a manner necessary by his
+former profusion, he kept the See of Canterbury vacant four years
+(upon the death of Lanfranc), that he might take the profits to
+his own use; nay, he did the same by the Bishoprick of Lincoln,
+and all others that became void in his Reign; and at the time of
+his death he had in his hands the Sees of Canterbury, Winchester,
+Salisbury, twelve[87] rich Abbeys, besides many other Benefices
+of less consideration[88]; so little regard has ever been paid to
+things _sacred_ by Arbitrary Princes (as our Kings were at that
+time) to gratify either their necessities or their passions. But
+this was not the worst part of the story; for, not satisfied with
+the First-fruits, to which he was entitled,--after he had seized the
+vacant Benefices, and pillaged them of every thing valuable (even
+to the very Shrines), he sold them publicly to the best bidder,
+without regard to merit or capacity[89].
+
+  [87] The Saxon Chronicle says but Eleven.
+
+  [88] Matthew Paris.
+
+  [89] Saxon Chronicle.
+
+After having been led, by the nature of the subject, to speak thus
+freely of this King's rapacity, it is but justice to mention an
+instance of his generosity. It is related that, two Monks striving
+to outbid each other for a rich Abbey, the King perceived a third
+standing by, who did not bid any thing; to whom the King addressing
+himself, asked "how much _he_ would give?" The Monk replied, "he had
+no money, and, if he had, his conscience would not suffer him to lay
+it out in that manner:" upon which the King swore his usual oath[90]
+"that he best deserved it, and should have it for nothing[91]."
+
+  [90] "Per Vultum di Lucca." See Lord Lyttelton's note, vol. i. p.
+  424, octavo. I have seen a private letter from his Lordship in
+  defence of his opinion.
+
+  [91] Higden.
+
+Though William was thus continually filling his coffers with these
+dishonourable and sacrilegious spoils, yet was he avaricious
+without frugality, covetous and prodigal at the same time; always
+in want, and devising new ways to raise money, however mean and
+despicable. I cannot omit one artful and almost ludicrous method
+which Rufus practised to raise money, in the war with his brother
+Robert, who had engaged the French in his interest. "Under pretence
+(says M. Rapin, from Simeon Dunelmensis, Matthew Paris, &c.) that
+there was occasion for supplies of men, William Rufus [then in
+Normandy] sent orders into England, to raise, with all possible
+speed, 20,000 men. In raising this army, such were purposely
+taken for soldiers who were well to pass, or to whom it was very
+inconvenient to leave their families. When these levies were going
+to embark, the King's Treasurer told them, by his order, "that
+they might every man return home, upon payment of ten shillings
+each." This news was so acceptable to the soldiers, listed thus
+against their wills, that there was not one but who was glad to be
+dismissed at so easy a rate. By this means William raised the sum
+of 10,000_l._ with which he bribed the French to retire. Various
+other instances of extortion and rapacity (though not attended with
+so much ingenuity as this) might be adduced from the history of
+this Reign, recorded by contemporary writers; but enough has been
+mentioned to convince us that but little order or decorum is to be
+expected within the walls of the Court of so unprincipled a King.
+On the contrary, indeed, all writers agree[92] in their accounts of
+the dissolute manners of his Household and Adherents, which called
+forth rigid edicts in the next Reign, for the suppression of vices
+which had grown too flagrant to be removed by reprobation alone. The
+crimes laid to the charge of his retinue were, some of them, of the
+most serious nature, and required an uncommon exertion of severity;
+as we shall see presently. "In the magnificence of his _Court_
+and buildings, however, (says Lord Lyttelton[93],) he _greatly_
+exceeded any King of that age. But though his profuseness (continues
+his Lordship) arose from a noble and generous nature, it must be
+accounted rather a vice than a virtue; as, in order to supply the
+unbounded extent of it, he was very rapacious. If he had lived long,
+his expences would have undone him, and they had brought him some
+years before his death into such difficulties, that even if his
+temper had not been despotic, his _necessities_ would have rendered
+him a Tyrant.
+
+  [92] "Ipse namque, et qui ei famulabantur (says Matthew Paris) omnia
+  rapiebant, omnia conterebant, et subvertebant. Adulteria violenter,
+  et _impune_ committebant, quicquid fraudis et nequitiae antea non
+  erat, his temporibus pullulavit." Henry of Huntingdon uses nearly
+  the same, but rather stronger, expressions.
+
+  [93] Introduction to History of Henry II.
+
+
+
+
+HENRY I.
+
+
+After so bad an oeconomist (to say no worse of William Rufus),
+we may hope to see a more prudent direction of the revenues of the
+State, and a less abandoned Retinue about the Royal Person. This
+is, however, no great compliment to Henry, who succeeded: for a
+moderate character will appear with some degree of lustre, after
+one so very much disfigured as that of Rufus. Henry had, without
+question, many good qualities. He was a wise and prudent Prince,
+and, as the Saxon Chronicle says, "magno honore habitus[94];" but
+yet, we shall discover, one of his ruling passions was avarice, when
+we come to look nearly into his interior conduct in life. There was
+a glaring inconsistency in his very outset; for, soon after his
+accession, we find him punishing and imprisoning the abettors of
+William Rufus's exactions, and, among the rest, Ranulph Bishop of
+Durham, the _Minister_ and instrument of all those oppressive and
+unwarrantable measures; and yet, very soon after, we behold Henry
+sequestering to his own use the revenues of the Archbishopric of
+Canterbury, and keeping them in his hands for five years, after the
+example of the very man whose rapacious conduct he had, but just
+before, publicly condemned[95]. It is true he recalled many grants
+bestowed upon _creatures_ and undeserving persons in the late Reign;
+but whether upon motives of justice or avarice I do not determine.
+It will be found that he died exceedingly rich for those times (by
+whatever means the wealth was amassed); for he did not omit any
+opportunity of taxing his subjects, where he could do it with a
+tolerable grace, though he did it not in so bare-faced a manner as
+Rufus had done. Thus he availed himself of an antient Norman feudal
+custom, on occasion of the marrying his eldest daughter[96]. This
+custom was not now first established by Henry himself, as some have
+supposed[97]; but was one of the antient aids due to the King from
+his subjects, and having lain dormant many years, was now revived,
+but not introduced otherwise, than that Henry happened to be the
+first King, of the Norman race, who married his eldest daughter.
+In this he might be justifiable enough; but then he seems to have
+laid the tax at a prodigious high rate, for it is said, by some
+calculations, to have amounted to upwards of 800,000_l._ sterling.
+Among other things, Henry was very attentive to the reformation of
+abuses and irregularities that had crept into the _Court_ during the
+Reign of his Brother.
+
+  [94] Saxon Chronicle, p. 237.
+
+  [95] Morem fratris sui Willielmi Regis secutus. Eadmer.
+
+  [96] Aide a Fille marier.
+
+  [97] Polydore Vergil.
+
+The accounts given of William's Court are surprizing for that
+age, when one would suppose our ancestors to have been rough and
+unpolished, little addicted to the softer vices, and totally
+unacquainted with the effeminacies of succeeding times; but we
+find that, notwithstanding men's minds were then so much turned
+to war and athletic diversions, excess and sensuality prevailed
+in a very scandalous manner among the Nobility, and even among
+the Clergy. Vanity, lust, and intemperance, reigned through the
+whole kingdom. The men appeared so effeminate in their dress and
+manners, that they shewed themselves men in nothing but their
+attempts upon the chastity of women[98]. So William of Malmsbury,
+speaking of the effeminacy of William Rufus's Court, says,
+"Mollitie corporis certare cum foeminis--gressum frangere--gestu
+soluto--et latere nudo incedere, Adolescentium specimen erat:
+enerves--emolliti--expugnatores alienae pudicitiae, prodigi suae." By
+many evidences it appears that a luxury in apparel was very general
+among the Nobles and Gentry of that age; even the Nuns were not free
+from it.
+
+  [98] Eadmer.
+
+The garments of the English, before their intermixture with the
+Normans, were generally plain; but they soon adopted the fashions of
+these new-comers, and became as magnificent in their dress as their
+fortunes could bear[99]. So that we see the French have, ever since
+the Conquest, been the standard of the English dress; and though we
+often complain of the folly of our times, in adopting French modes,
+it appears to be a practice that has existed time immemorial. Lord
+Lyttelton informs us (from Ordericus Vitalis) that there was a
+revolution in dress in William Rufus's reign, not only in England,
+but in all the Western parts of Europe; and that, instead of close
+coats, which till then had been used, as most commodious for
+exercise and a military life, trailing garments with long sleeves,
+after the manner of the Asiaticks, were universally worn. The men
+were also very nice in curling and dividing their hair, which,
+on the fore-part of their heads, was suffered to grow very long,
+but cut short behind[100];--a style of head-dressing, which, if
+introduced now, would spoil all the _Macaroni's_ of the age; for
+their comfort, however, it may be inferred from hence that similar
+beings have long subsisted in some shape or other.
+
+  [99] Lord Lyttelton.
+
+  [100] Introduction to Life of Henry II.
+
+To return to Henry. We find the reformation of his _Court_ was one
+of the first steps towards ingratiating himself with his subjects.
+The _Courtiers_, for the most part, sure of impunity, were wont to
+tyrannize over the people in a shameful manner. Not content with
+every species of oppression, and of secretly attempting the chastity
+of women, they gloried in it publicly. To remedy these disorders
+in his _Court_, Henry published a very severe edict against all
+offenders in general, and particularly against _Adulterers_; and
+such as abused their power by oppressing the people, he ordered to
+be put to death without mercy. Some who were already notorious on
+that account were banished the Court, among whom was Ranulph Bishop
+of Durham, who was likewise imprisoned by the advice of the great
+Council of the Kingdom[101]. This was in the first year of Henry's
+Reign; but it had so little effect, that five years afterwards we
+find a _second_ reformation; for, the former proclamation being
+ineffectual, it was necessary to publish another, with still greater
+penalties; and this severity was unavoidably necessary, to check the
+licentiousness that had crept in, from the connivance which offences
+of every kind had hitherto met with.
+
+  [101] Matthew Paris.
+
+Thus, we see, the dissoluteness of William Rufus's Court did not
+die with him; nor is it an easy thing to subdue so many-headed a
+monster as Vice in power. When the Magnates set bad examples in
+_Courts_, the inferior Officers are always ready to ape them;
+and crimes that in the commission are common to all men very soon
+descend from the _Prince_ to the _Page_. In the King's progresses
+during the late Reign, the _Court_ and its Followers committed many
+outrages of a very serious nature, in places where they lodged; such
+as extorting money from the hosts who entertained them, and abusing
+the chastity of women without restraint. But now the grievance
+was become much worse; for Henry's Attendants, in his progresses,
+plundered every thing that came in their way; so that the country
+was laid waste wherever the King travelled; for which reason people,
+when they knew of his approach, left their houses, carrying away
+what provisions they could, and sheltering themselves in the woods
+and bye-places, for fear their provisions should be taken away by
+the King's Purveyors[102]. These things called loudly for redress:
+it was therefore made public, by the King's command, that whoever,
+belonging to the Court, spoiled any goods of those who entertained
+them in these progresses, or abused the persons of their hosts,
+should, on proof, have their eyes put out, or their hands and feet
+cut off[103]. To us these seem cruel and unwarrantable punishments;
+but it must be remembered that, at this day, punishments were not
+prescribed, but arbitrary; there was no common law, and but little
+statute-law, and nothing to regulate the hand of Justice, which was
+directed by caprice, and the temper of the reigning King. Coiners
+of false money were grown so numerous and bare-faced, employed and
+even protected by the great men about the Court, that this kind
+of imposition on the publick became, among the rest, an object of
+redress, and the penalty inflicted was the loss of eyes and genitals.
+
+  [102] Eadmer.
+
+  [103] Eadmer.
+
+Taking the whole together, one must conclude that the profligacy,
+and wanton cruelty, of the King's _Suite_ must have been very
+enormous, to have required punishments so repugnant to natural
+mercy;--but we can but ill judge, at so distant a period, of the
+necessity there might be for such severity.
+
+The Kings, in these ages, moved their _Court_ very frequently, and
+often to considerable distances; and, as the state of the roads
+would not permit them to travel far in a day, they were forced to
+accommodate themselves as well as they could at such houses as lay
+convenient, there being then no receptacles of a public nature.
+These motions of so large a body of people, added to the frequency
+of them, were often, of themselves, very oppressive to the Yeomanry,
+who were obliged to supply the Court with carts and horses from
+place to place; and the abuse the people sustained in this kind of
+Purveyance was the occasion of edicts afterward to restrain any from
+_taking carriages_ from the subject, for this purpose, except by
+the persons authorized and appointed to the office, who were called
+the King's _Cart-takers_, a post which is now in being, though out
+of use. But, although the Court was not fixed in these times, yet
+the Kings generally kept the Feast of Christmas in one place[104],
+according to their liking or convenience. The other Feasts they kept
+at different places, as it happened, they having Palaces almost
+at every considerable place in the Kingdom, _viz._ besides London
+and its environs, at York, at Gloucester, Winchester, Salisbury,
+Marlborough, Bath, Worcester, and many other places, too numerous
+to mention _nominatim_. The great Feasts (together with that of St.
+George, after the institution of the Order of the Garter,) were kept
+with great solemnity, even so late as the Reign of King ... when the
+public observance of them was dropped by the King and Court.
+
+  [104] _Pro more_, as the Monkish writers say: though Henry I. does
+  not appear to have confined himself to keep the Feast of Christmas
+  at one place. According to the Saxon Chronicle, William I. had
+  stated places for each Feast; and on these occasions the Kings wore
+  their Crowns. "Ter gessit [Willielmus] suam Coronam singulis annis
+  quoties esset in Anglia; ad _Pascha_ eam gessit in _Winchester;_
+  ad Pentecosten in _Westminster;_ et ad _Natales_ in _Gloucester_."
+  Chronic. Saxon. p. 190. So before anno 1085 "Rex _induta Corona_
+  tenuit Curiam in _Winchester_ ad _Pascha_, atque ita Itinera
+  instituit ut esset ad _Pentecosten_ apud _Westminster;_ ubi armis
+  militaribus honoravit filium suum Henricum;" p. 187.
+
+  William Rufus was not so uniform. He sometimes held his Court
+  at one, and sometimes at another; but for the most part the
+  Easter-Court at Winchester, as his Father had done. At Whitsuntide
+  1099, he kept his Court for the first time in his new Hall at
+  Westminster (Saxon Chronicle); for which purpose, I suppose, he
+  built it. Henry I. was not regular in the places where he kept his
+  Court, but it was held oftener in Westminster Hall than any where
+  else, perhaps on account of its novelty and convenience in point of
+  magnitude, or for greater magnificence. The custom of wearing the
+  Crown during the celebration of the great Festivals was much left
+  off, however, after Henry II. It is said to have grown by degrees
+  into disuse after Henry II. and his Queen, 1136, laid their Crowns
+  on the Altar, after their third Coronation at Worcester, vowing they
+  would never wear them again. What the occasion of this vow was,
+  nobody has told us; and Lord Lyttelton does not even guess at the
+  reason.
+
+Henry was not wanting in splendour and magnificence on these
+occasions. Eadmerus, speaking of one of them, and more might be
+produced, says, "Rex Henricus [in Festivitate Pentecostes] _curiam_
+suam Lundoniae in _magna_ mundi _gloria_, et _diviti apparatu_
+celebravit." Wherever the King kept his Court, or indeed wherever
+he resided, _there_ was, of course, the general resort of all the
+great men of the time, who brought with them, no doubt, large
+retinues; and in so great a concourse it is no wonder there should
+be many disorderly and abandoned people, in spite of all edicts and
+penalties.
+
+Hitherto I have met with very little mention of any Officers
+of the _Court_ or _Household_. In this Reign, however, we hear
+of William de Tankerville, whom Lord Lyttelton calls, "Henry's
+_Great Chamberlain_." The Annotator on M. Rapin calls him
+only _Chamberlain_; and Matthew Paris, _Camerarius_; but this
+unquestionably means _Treasurer_, or _High Treasurer_, and not
+the great Officer we now understand by the _Chamberlain_, or the
+_Great Chamberlain_. The Latin term for these is _Cambellanus_,
+which Du Cange says, is--"diversus a _Camerario_, penes quem erat
+cura _Camerae_ seu Thesauri Regii--_Cambellano_ autem fuit cura
+_Cubiculi_[105]. We have the term _Chamberlain_, in the sense of
+_Camerarius_, still preserved in the City of London, where the
+Treasurer is called the _Chamberlain_, and the office the _Chamber_;
+and indeed this Officer, of every Corporation, is, for the most
+part, called the _Chamberlain_. In the account given by the Saxon
+Chronicle[106] of the persons who were so unfortunately drowned with
+Prince William, King Henry's son, in returning from Normandy, in the
+year 1120, it is said there perished "quamplurimi de Regis familia,
+_Dispensatores_[107], _Cubicularii_[108], _Pincernae_[109], aliique
+Ministri;" indeed all who were on board perished, except one man.
+These, it is supposed, were all menial and inferior Officers of the
+King's Household; those of a higher rank, and who appertained to the
+King's person, probably being on board the same ship with himself.
+
+  [105] Du Cange, Gloss. in voce _Cambellanus_.
+
+  [106] P. 222.
+
+  [107] The _Dispensatores_ should seem to be something like our
+  Gentlemen of the Buttery, Pantry, &c.; or such as delivered out
+  provisions of various sorts in their several provinces.
+
+  [108] The _Cubicularii_ I have already supposed to mean the inferior
+  Officers of the Bed-chamber.
+
+  [109] The _Pincernae_, Butlers,--"_Pincerna_, qui Vinum Convivis
+  miscet;" Du Cange in voce: and _Pincernare_, he says, is "Vinum
+  praegustare priusquam Principi propinetur;" Idem in voce. So that it
+  seems to be what we call _A Yeoman of the Mouth_.
+
+
+
+
+STEPHEN.
+
+
+Stephen, at his accession, found in his Uncle's Treasury upwards of
+100,000_l._[110] besides plate and jewels, the fruits of Henry's
+rapacity and oppression. As Stephen came in upon a doubtful
+title, the people were willing to take this opportunity of
+securing themselves against future usurpations and exactions; and
+accordingly, after some debate about the succession, when Stephen
+was placed on the throne, they imposed a new oath upon their new
+King; which imported, that he should fill the vacant Bishoprics,
+that he should not seize the Woods which belonged to private
+persons, upon frivolous pretences, as his Predecessors had done; but
+be content with the Forests which belonged to the two Williams, and
+make restitution of such as Henry had usurped. The Bishops, on the
+other hand, took a conditional oath, that they would pay allegiance
+no longer than he should continue to maintain the privileges of the
+Church. All this, and more, Stephen afterwards confirmed by Charter;
+but yet it tended only to amuse the people, till he was fully seated
+in his Throne, and felt himself a King; for, not many months after
+the signing the Charter, wherein he particularly covenants not to
+meddle with vacant Bishoprics, do we find that, upon the death of
+the Archbishop, he seized the revenues of the See of Canterbury, and
+kept them in his hands above two years. It is true, he only followed
+the examples of his Predecessors; but with this aggravation, that
+Stephen had given the most sacred engagements that can be had
+between men, that he would not intermeddle with the revenues of the
+vacant Bishoprics, but that they should be sequestered in the hands
+of Ecclesiastics till the vacancy was filled. No wonder then that
+a King, with so little regard to every tie, however sacred, should
+soon be involved in tumultuous scenes of disaffection and revolt. To
+heal this wound, and to buy off the reproaches of his subjects (of
+whose assistance he foresaw he should soon have occasion, in growing
+ruptures with neighbouring Powers), he not only became lavish of
+_titles_ and _honours_, but alienated many of the Crown lands, to
+secure the interest of such as he thought might be serviceable to
+him. But this bounty had not the desired effect: some who accepted
+his favours thought them no more than their due; others, who were
+passed by, became jealous, and thought themselves neglected, and
+soon shewed their resentment, which proved the source of the
+approaching troubles. So difficult is it to regain the lost esteem
+of a brave and spirited people!
+
+  [110] William of Malmesbury; "AEstimabantur denarii fere ad centum
+  millia libras," p. 179.
+
+One very great error in the politics of the preceding three Kings
+was, heaping favours and honours on the Normans, to the exclusion
+of the English; by which the affection of the Natives was warped,
+the natural security of the Kingdom (the People) divided, and their
+hearts turned against the King and his Adherents. The filling the
+Court with Normans, and lavishing honours and estates amongst them,
+was weakening the attachment of the English to such a degree, that
+it became eventually out of the power of the latter to support the
+Royal Family when it wanted protection. Stephen, at his accession,
+had made large promises to the Barons, to engage them in support of
+his weak title to the Throne; and had given them strong assurances
+that they should enjoy more privileges and offices under him, than
+they had possessed in the Reigns of his Norman Predecessors. These
+promises (which, perhaps, were never intended to be performed)
+answered Stephen's end, by securing to him the Crown, and were the
+sole motive that induced the Barons to concur so warmly in his
+interest; and the non-performance was the cause of the general
+revolt that happened in a few years. From the time of Stephen's
+accession, he had been perpetually reminded by his _Courtiers_ of
+his large promises, which he was forced to parry by other still
+larger promises, and often by actual grants, to satisfy those that
+were most importunate.
+
+Their private resentments were covered with public outside[111]; but
+most Writers agree that this was only an ostensible excuse for an
+opportunity to gratify their revenge; and that the true reasons of
+discontent were, that they did not receive rewards and emoluments
+equal to their expectations, and Stephen's promises. The greatest
+after-engagements that the King could devise were not, however,
+sufficient to secure the allegiance of his Courtiers; every one was
+grasping at the same posts, the same estates, the same honours.
+Reason has little weight among such claimants; and it is no wonder
+that the situation of the parties should kindle a flame that should
+spread itself over the whole Kingdom.
+
+  [111] The breach of his oath to Matilda.
+
+During so turbulent a period, it is not to be supposed that much
+attention should be paid to the interior regulation of the King's
+House or Household; it was probably as much distracted as the rest
+of the Kingdom. The King being obliged to fly about from place
+to place, as the exigency of affairs required, there was little
+time to study _State_ and _Magnificence_ in his _Court_. In the
+former part of Stephen's Reign his Court was extremely magnificent,
+exceeding that of his Predecessors. He held his Court at Easter,
+in the first year of his Reign, at London, which was the most
+splendid, in every respect, that had yet been seen in England[112].
+One may judge a little of the hospitality of the Court in those
+days, by the manner of living among the Nobility: for at this time,
+and many ages after, the great halls of the castles or principal
+manor-houses of the Nobility and Gentry were crowded with vast
+numbers of their vassals and tenants, who were daily fed at their
+cost. And in houses of inferior rank, upon occasions of feasting,
+the floor was strewed with flowers, and the jovial company drank
+wine out of gilded horns, and sang songs when they became inebriated
+with their liquor[113]. This custom of strewing the floor, in those
+days, was a part of the luxury of the times; and _Becket_, when
+he was Chancellor, in the next Reign, according to a contemporary
+Author[114], ordered his hall to be strewed every day, in the winter
+with fresh straw or hay, and in summer with rushes, or green leaves,
+fresh gathered; and this reason is given for it, that such Knights
+as the benches could not contain might sit on the floor without
+dirtying their fine cloaths. But even this rustic simplicity was
+mixed with great magnificence in gold and silver plate[115]. This
+custom of strewing the rooms extended to the apartments of the Kings
+themselves in those days; for in the time of Edward I. "Willielmus
+filius Willielmi de Aylesbury tenet tres virgatas terrae ... per
+serjeantiam inveniendi _stramen_ ad straminandam cameram Domini
+Regis in _Hyeme_ et in _AEstate Herbam_ ad juncandam[116] cameram
+suam[117]." It may be observed, further, that there is a relique
+of this custom still subsisting; for at Coronations the ground is
+strewed with flowers by a person who is upon the establishment,
+called the _Herb-strewer_, with an annual salary.
+
+  [112] Qua nunquam fuerat splendidior _in Anglia_ multitudine,
+  magnitudine, auro, argento, gemmis, Vestibus, omnimoda dapsilitate.
+           Henry of Huntingdon, Lib. viii.
+
+  [113] Lord Lyttelton, from John of Salisbury.
+
+  [114] Fitzstephen.
+
+  [115] Idem. Vide Lord Lyttelton's Life of Henry II. vol. iii. p. 483.
+
+  [116] _Juncare_ is properly, to strew with rushes.
+
+  [117] Blount's Jocular Tenures.
+
+But the commotions of this Reign even put a stop to these meetings
+of the Court and Council[118], and all Royal magnificence was broken
+down and defaced. Had it not been for the turbulency of the times,
+Stephen might doubtless have kept a very large Household, and a
+splendid Court; for, added to the wealth he inherited with the Crown
+from his Predecessor, he had large revenues, derived from different
+sources; _viz._ the demesnes of the Crown, escheats, feudal profits
+from the demesnes of others, fines, aids, and several others; but
+the exigency of his affairs, and the situation to which he was
+reduced with his Barons, obliged him to give largely, and at last
+to resume what he had before given, the price of the dissembled
+affection of his Courtiers.
+
+  [118] Jam quippe Curiae solennes, et ornatus Regii Schematis prorsus
+  evanuerant. Annals of Waverly.
+
+Stephen had liberality, and loved splendour; so that, had he lived
+in times more favourable to it, he would, probably, have shone with
+great lustre in his _Court_ and _Household_, if we may take the
+Court which attended him in his first year, and the magnificence
+there exhibited, for a specimen.
+
+King Stephen, being a Foreigner, and an Usurper, might not choose
+to ask _Aids_ of the people of England, and it does not appear that
+he did. He had two sons, Eustace and William, both of whom lived to
+be married, and no doubt were _Knights_, which, according to the
+complexion of the times, every person of the least consequence was,
+though these Princes do not appear to have received that honour in
+England. King Stephen was unpopular; and being embroiled in domestic
+wars with his Cousin the Empress Maud, made no demands of _aids_ of
+this sort of which we are speaking. His two elder Sons died in his
+life-time; and his third, William, was by Henry II. restored to his
+titles of Earl of Bolleigne, Surrey, and Mortaine; and dying without
+issue, was succeeded by his sister Mary, who, after having been
+Abbess of Ramsey, was married to the second son of Theodoric, Earl
+of Flanders, who, in her right, was Earl of Bolleigne.
+
+King Stephen, during the internal disquietudes in the Kingdom, was
+taken prisoner by _Maud_, the Empress, and afterwards released at
+the suit of his Son _Eustace_. It is not said that any sum of money
+was paid on the occasion, and indeed it will admit of a question
+whether the Norman _aid_, allowed for ransom of the King's Person
+if taken prisoner, would extend to such a domestic war. The Kingdom
+was divided; and the Title to the Crown suspended, and in such an
+unquiet hour, it was difficult for the Nation at large to refuse or
+comply.
+
+
+
+
+HENRY II. (PLANTAGENET.)
+
+
+Henry at his Accession found himself so contracted in his Royal
+Revenues, by the imprudence of his immediate Predecessor, Stephen,
+that some spirited measures became necessary, to enable him to
+support his dignity equal to the Sovereign of a great Kingdom, and
+his own wishes.
+
+Henry soon saw that the resumption of several grants made by
+Stephen was absolutely necessary; and these having been conferred
+on great and powerful men, the measure must be conducted with
+firmness and delicacy. In a Treaty made at Winchester, after the
+close of the Civil Commotions in the late Reign, after Stephen
+had contented himself that Henry, then Duke of Normandy, should
+assume the Rights and Power of a King, reserving to himself only
+_the Image of the Royal Dignity_, it was stipulated, _inter alia_,
+by a separate and secret article, that the King (Stephen) "should
+resume what had been alienated to the Nobles, or usurped by them,
+of the Royal Demesne[119]." This article was limited to whatever
+lands or possessions had belonged to the Crown at the death of
+King Henry I.; all which were to be restored, except those that
+Stephen had granted to William his Son, or had bestowed on the
+Church. Among these resumable gifts were some made by Matilda; for
+she too, acting as Sovereign, had followed Stephen's example, in
+giving away certain parts of the Estate of the Crown, to reward
+her adherents. Add to these, much that had been usurped by the
+Barons of both Parties, without any warrant, by the licence of the
+times, on unjustifiable pretences[120]. No article of the Treaty
+of Winchester was more necessary to be fulfilled than a resumption
+of all these alienations, which had been neglected by Stephen,
+indigent as he was; for, had this not been now executed, Henry
+would have been little better than Stephen, a Sovereign without
+a Royal Revenue--"Rex et preterea nihil."--His power would soon
+have vanished; and the Barons, having usurped the Crown Lands,
+would very soon have contended for the Sovereign Power: and had
+not Henry exerted the spirit and conduct which he soon shewed, it
+is more than probable the Government of the Kingdom at this period
+had sunk into an Aristocracy. Henry, therefore, as soon as he was
+well and fully confirmed on the Throne, set about the execution of
+this secret article of the Treaty of Winchester, relating to the
+alienated lands, which Stephen had neglected. The necessity of this
+measure, however arduous and disagreeable in itself, appeared in the
+most glaring colours to Henry; for Stephen's extravagance, and the
+insatiable demands of his faction, had induced him to alienate so
+much of the ancient Demesne of the Crown, that the remaining Estate
+was not (as has been said) sufficient to maintain the Royal Dignity.
+Royal Cities, and Forts of great consequence, had been also granted
+away, which could not be suffered to continue in the hands of the
+Nobles, without endangering the peace of the Kingdom. Policy and Law
+concurred in demanding these concessions back again. The Antient
+Demesne of the Crown was held so very sacred, and so inalienable,
+that no length of time could give a right of prescription to any
+other possessors, even by virtue of grants from the Crown, against
+the claim of succeeding Princes[121]. William Rufus made grants, and
+revoked them at pleasure, to supply his extravagance and ridiculous
+humour. This was base and unmanly. Henry's resumptions neither
+impeached his generosity nor his justice. The grants he reclaimed
+were such as sound policy and the exigencies of the State demanded,
+being made by a weak Prince in embarrassed situations; as they were
+all of no earlier date than the Reign of King Stephen, and had not
+been transmitted down through several generations. Foreseeing,
+however, that this step would raise much discontent in those who
+were to be affected by it, who were numerous and powerful, Henry was
+cautious not to act without a legal sanction, and the approbation
+of his Council. He therefore summoned a Parliament, wherein almost
+all his Nobles were present; and having properly laid before them
+the wants of the Crown, the losses it had suffered, the illegality
+of the grants, and the urgent necessity of a speedy resumption;
+obtained their concurrence to it, and proceeded to put it into
+immediate execution. The vigour of his government was such, that he
+met with less opposition than he had reason to expect; very near
+all that had been granted to Laymen, or usurped by them, from the
+Royal Demesne, was surrendered to him without bloodshed, after a
+little delay, and some ineffectual marks of reluctance in a few of
+the greatest Barons[122]. The cause assigned for these resumptions
+was not a defect in the title of the grantor, nor any unworthiness
+in the grantee, but the apparent and indispensable necessity
+of recovering the just and inseparable Rights of the Crown. No
+distinction was made between the grants of Stephen and Matilda;
+for that would have carried an appearance of Henry's acting from
+motives, not of Royal economy and public expediency, but of party
+revenge; and by this equal and impartial proceeding, he left the
+adherents of Stephen no reason to complain. In the course of this
+business, however, Henry was once very near losing his life; for
+Roger de Mortimer would not submit, which obliged Henry, incensed by
+his obstinacy, to lead an army against him, with which he assaulted,
+among others, the castle of Bridgnorth, in Shropshire, which was
+defended by Mortimer himself. Henry commanded in person, and exposed
+himself to so much danger, that he would have been infallibly slain,
+if a faithful vassal (Hubert de St. Clare[123]) who stood by his
+side, had not preferred the King's life to his own; for, seeing an
+arrow aimed at Henry by one of Mortimer's archers, he stepped before
+him, and received it in his own breast. The wound proved mortal,
+and he expired in Henry's arms; recommending his daughter, an only
+child, and an infant, to the care of that Prince[124]. It is hard
+to say which deserves the most admiration (continues my Noble
+Author[125]) a subject who died to save his King, or a King whose
+personal virtues could render his safety so dear to a subject whom
+he had not obliged by any extraordinary favours[126].
+
+  [119] Lord Lyttelton.
+
+  [120] Lord Lyttelton.
+
+  [121] Lord Lyttelton.
+
+  [122] Lord Lyttelton.
+
+  [123] Constable or Governor of Colchester Castle.
+
+  [124] The daughter was educated by Henry with all the affection he
+  owed to the memory of her father, and was afterwards married to a
+  Nobleman of great distinction.
+
+  [125] Lord Lyttelton.
+
+  [126] A very similar circumstance happened in our times in Poland.
+  The King, anno 1771, being shot at with arrows by the Regicides, H.
+  Butzau, a Hussar, interposed, and received the arrows in his own
+  breast, of which wounds he died. The King erected a monument (1773)
+  to his memory. See the public prints of the years 1771 and 1773.
+
+Henry, now firmly seated on his Throne, possessed of an ample Royal
+Revenue, confirmed the Charter of his Grandfather, Henry I; but, not
+content only to restore good Laws, he enforced a due execution of
+them. This Reign is so pregnant with interesting events, and shining
+transactions of a public nature, that it is no wonder Historians
+are silent as to lesser matters, such as the internal direction of
+his _Court_; but there is, I think, little question to be made but
+that it was magnificent; and as England became in his Reign one
+of the most powerful States in Europe, one would infer that his
+_Court_ was likewise equal (at least) to any other in dignity and
+splendour. He entertained at one time, in his Palace at Westminster,
+the several Ambassadors of Manuel, Emperor of Constantinople; of
+Frederic, Emperor of the Romans; of William, Archbishop of Triers;
+of the Duke of Saxony; and of Philip, Earl of Flanders: an uncommon
+resort in these days, who, doubtless, were attracted by the power
+of the King, and both received from, and added, lustre to the
+brilliancy and magnificence of his Court[127].
+
+  [127] Speed, p. 519.
+
+Lord Lyttelton, after giving an account of his person and temper,
+speaking of his munificence, says, he assigned the tenth part of
+the Provisions of his _Household_ to be constantly given in daily
+alms to the poor; which one must imagine to have been a very
+considerable donation, considering the hospitable manner of living
+in those days. "His own table (continues his Lordship) was frugal,
+his diet plain, and in his dress he affected the utmost simplicity,
+disliking all ornaments which might encumber him in his exercise, or
+shew an effeminate regard to his person." He introduced the Angevin
+fashion of wearing short cloaks or mantles (contrary to the mode
+that prevailed in William Rufus's Reign), which he himself had worn
+from his childhood, and from which he obtained the sobriquet, or
+nick-name, of Court-Mantle[128]. In this he would soon be followed
+by his Court, and the People; for it is every day seen how fast
+the fashions of the Great descend into the remotest parts of the
+Kingdom. Lord Lyttelton, however, observes, that the long garments
+introduced temp. Will. Rufus, were not wholly laid aside; so that
+Henry's fashion did not prevail universally[129]. The use of silk
+made by silk-worms (the _Bombycina_) was brought hither from Sicily
+about this time; there was also a costly stuff at this day in great
+request here, called in Latin _Aurifrisium_. What it was called in
+English, Mr. Camden declares himself ignorant[130]; but supposes it
+_not_ to mean Embroidery, although, by other testimonies, _that_ was
+much worn by the Nobility, and was termed in Latin _Opera Phrigia_,
+and the corruption seems very easy and allowable. "Whatever it was,"
+says he, "it was much desired by the Popes, and highly esteemed in
+Italy."
+
+  [128] _i.e._ Short Mantle.--"Ab Infantia vocabatur Henricus
+  _Curtmantell_, nam iste primus omnium _curta mantella_ ab Andegavia
+  (Anjou) in Angliam transvexit." Brompton, p. 1150.
+
+  [129] Vide note to vol. iii. octavo.
+
+  [130] Camden's Remains, p. 194.
+
+Hitherto I have not been able to learn any thing concerning Henry's
+_Household_, or the internal disposition of his Family. He appears
+himself to have lived in a great degree of familiarity with his
+Courtiers, whom he honoured with his intimacy; and would frequently
+unbend, and lay aside the King, and was fond of the _desipere in
+loco_. But "his good humour and jocularity," says Lord Lyttelton,
+"seems to have been sometimes too _playful in the eye of the
+public_; and to have carried him into things that were _infra_
+_dignitatem_[131]." In a note on this passage, his Lordship gives
+a pleasant story, which I shall relate, to relieve the Reader, and
+certainly cannot do it better than in his Lordship's own words, from
+Fitz-Stephen's Life of Archbishop Becket. "As the King and Becket,
+his Chancellor[132], were riding together through the streets of
+London, in cold and stormy weather, the King saw, coming towards
+them, a poor old man, in a thin coat, worn to tatters. Would it not
+be a great charity (said he to the Chancellor) to give this naked
+wretch, who is so needy and infirm, a good warm cloak? Certainly,
+answered that Minister; and you do the duty of a King, in turning
+your eyes and thoughts to such objects. While they were thus
+talking, the man came near; the King asked him if he wished to have
+a good cloak? and, turning to the Chancellor, said,--_You shall have
+the merit of this good deed of charity_; then suddenly laying hold
+on a fine new scarlet cloak, lined with fur, which Becket had on,
+he tried to pull it from him, and, after some struggle, in which
+they had both like to have fallen from their horses, prevailed.
+The poor man had the cloak, and the Courtiers laughed, like good
+Courtiers, at the pleasantry of the King[133]."
+
+  [131] Life of Henry II. vol. iii. p. 40.
+
+  [132] He was not then Archbishop.
+
+  [133] Life of Henry II. vol. iii. p. 311.
+
+King Henry II. in the early part of his life, was in a very doubtful
+situation with regard to his accession to the Crown of England,
+which depended upon the success of his Mother, the Empress, against
+the Usurper, King Stephen. As soon, however, as he attained his
+_sixteenth_ year, A. D. 1149, he came over into England; and at
+Carlisle, where his Great Uncle David, King of Scots, then lay, was
+by him made a Knight, among several others of equal age, at the
+feast of Pentecost[134], and for which no _Aid_ could be demanded.
+
+  [134] Gervas. Dorob. inter Decem Scriptores, col. 1366.
+
+His issue, which is all that concerns the matter before us,
+consisted of four Sons: Henry, Richard, Geoffrey, and John; and
+three Daughters, Maud, Alianor, and Joan.
+
+It is difficult, in a Reign where the subjects were so loaded with
+taxations of every kind, and so generally and indiscriminately
+imposed, to separate any particular charge from the aggregate.
+Henry was a Prince that would not forego his rights and privileges;
+and, as his Children were all natives of England, would doubtless
+avail himself of such laws and indulgences as he found established,
+and as would operate in his favour on their account. It does not
+appear, upon the face of common history, that any _Aid_ was paid
+for the _Knighthood_ of his eldest Son, though I have not the
+least doubt but that it was comprehended in some of those numerous
+subsidies, tallages, &c. which he levied, from time to time, on
+his subjects, for his transfretations (to use a Monkish word) into
+foreign parts. There is some ground for the surmise that the charge
+might be enveloped in some of those exactions; for, though there
+was a national contribution or _Aid_ demanded for the marriage of
+one of his daughters, yet it does not transpire but in a general
+Inquisition for the purpose of discoverig what monies had been
+received, in every County, by the Sheriffs, &c. This was effected by
+Itinerant Justices, who were dispatched over the whole Kingdom; and,
+among other articles contained in their general commission, they
+were directed to inquire--"concerning the _Aid_ to marry the King's
+Daughter, what was received in every hundred, in every township, and
+of every man, and who received it[135]." This took place in the year
+1170, in the sixteenth year of the King's Reign.
+
+  [135] From Brady's History, p. 309, who cites Gervas. Dorob. col.
+  1410.
+
+With regard to this King's _transfretations_, as I have called
+them, he was not contented with mere feudal contributions in lieu
+of personal service; but, upon a rupture with France, respecting
+settlements upon an intended marriage between two Sons of Henry
+(Henry, the then eldest, and Richard, the then second Son) with two
+Daughters of France; the King commanded all his _Tenants in capite_,
+Earls, Barons, and Knights, to attend him in person, properly
+prepared with horse and arms, who were to serve a whole year in
+Normandy at their own charge[136].
+
+To conclude all I have to observe upon the subject of exactions
+towards the King's expences in foreign wars, when he passed
+_outre-mer_; I can but remark one, which fell not a little heavy on
+the subject, imputable indeed to the religious frenzy of the times,
+which was occasioned by a joint resolution of _Henry of England_ and
+_Philip of France_ to go to the relief of _Jerusalem_, in what is
+known by the name of the _Holy War_. These levies were made in the
+most oppressive manner; every one who _did not_ go in person being
+taxed to the extent of his property real and personal; and this was
+not called an _Aid_, a _Subsidy_, or a _Tallage_, but (forsooth!)
+an ALMS[137]. It ought not to be forgotten that those who _did_ go,
+whether Clerk or Layman, were to have a free pardon of all sins
+repented of; and their securities were God, St. Peter, St. Paul, and
+the Pope[138].
+
+  [136] Brady, 330; A. D. 1177.
+
+  [137] Consult Brady, who gives authorities, p. 344.
+
+  [138] Ibid.
+
+
+
+
+RICHARD I.
+
+
+The following Reign is too full of the business of the Holy War,
+with which Richard was, above all men, most infatuated, to afford
+much matter for our purpose. Henry had, by the good government and
+direction of his revenues, left behind him great treasures; but
+these, or ten times as much, would not answer the purpose of his
+Successor, who ransacked every corner of his Kingdom for money
+to carry on this work of zeal, which had seized all Christendom,
+whereby Richard, on the Throne of a great and opulent Kingdom,
+thought he saw so fair a prospect of reaping honour and renown.
+
+Henry left in his treasury at Winchester more than nine hundred
+thousand pounds[139], besides jewels, and other valuable
+things[140]; but this would go but a very little way towards
+recovering Jerusalem, which had been taken, and was now in the
+hands of the Saracens. Before the death of Henry, Richard had bound
+himself in a vow to Philip of France, to join in this undertaking;
+and every one, _ad Regis exemplum_, strove either to go in person,
+or to supply money towards the expence of the expedition. Nothing,
+however sacred, could withstand Richard, in his schemes to raise
+money for this purpose. Most of the Crown lands which Henry had,
+with so much prudence and address, but a few years before, recovered
+out of private hands, and annexed to the State, were again put
+up to public sale, to be purchased by such as were able. Every
+expedient was devised, to create a fund for this enterprize; and
+among the rest, he obtained of the Pope a power to dispense with
+the vows of such who had rashly engaged in the Crusade, by which he
+raised very large sums. The Bishop of Norwich paid him 1000 marks,
+to be excused. Where he could, he borrowed; and where he could not
+borrow, he compelled. The people murmured at his oppression, and
+the alienation of the estates of the Crown; but Richard told them,
+_he would sell London itself, if he could meet with a purchaser_.
+So great, however, was the general infatuation, that he had less
+difficulty in raising men than money. The Clergy laboured as
+zealously to procure him soldiers, as he himself had been active
+in raising subsidies; his army soon became very numerous, and at a
+cheap rate, for every officer and private soldier provided himself
+with necessaries. One would think the great wealth that Richard had
+amassed would have answered all his purposes; but in a few years
+after, he had occasion for fresh supplies, to carry on a war with
+Philip of France; not to mention the ransom which was paid for his
+release, on his being taken prisoner by the Emperor Henry, amounting
+to 150,000 marks, which were raised for the occasion by his subjects
+in England. Philip of France had so maltreated Richard, by leaguing
+himself with his Brother John, and bribing the Emperor to detain
+him prisoner, that, as soon as Richard returned home, he could no
+longer deny himself the satisfaction of revenge. His Kingdom was
+already drained, and little able to furnish out supplies for a war
+with France; but Richard was resolved, and money must be had at any
+rate, let the means be ever so dishonourable. For this purpose he
+revoked all the grants of the Crown lands, which he had made before
+his expedition to Palestine. The pretext for this was, that the
+purchasers had enjoyed them long enough to re-imburse themselves
+out of the profits, and therefore he did them no injury by taking
+the lands back again. This was one device; the next was, to avail
+himself of the loss of the Great Seal, by ordering a new one to be
+made; and obliged all who had commissions under the old one, to
+renew them, and have them resealed, by which he must have raised a
+considerable sum[141].
+
+  [139] "Numero et Pondere." Brompton.
+
+  [140] "Praeter Utensilia, et Jocalia, et Lapides pretiosos." Matthew
+  Paris.
+
+  [141] In passing between Cyprus and Rhodes, in his Expedition to
+  the Holy War, three of his Ships were lost, and among other persons
+  that perished was the Vice-Chancellor, who had the Great Seal in his
+  custody, and was afterwards found with it about his neck. Brompton.
+  This was the manner in which the Seal was formerly carried by the
+  Chancellor himself--"_circa_ cujus _Collum suspensum_ Regis Sigillum
+  postea repertum est," are Brompton's words.
+
+King Richard I. having no child of either sex, there was not an
+opening for demanding the two common _Aids_; but the third, in
+the order they are usually placed, _viz._ for the _ransom_ of the
+_King's Person_, was exercised for the first time in this Reign.
+Other taxations, heavy and enormous, on frivolous and nugatory
+occasions, not to our immediate purpose, were copiously extorted
+from the subject, and even in a shameful manner[142]. If ever the
+Latin adage, "Quicquid delirant Reges," &c. could be properly
+applied, it belonged to Richard.
+
+  [142] Sir Richard Baker, p. 73.
+
+The favourite system of this King was the _Holy-War_, and his
+intemperate zeal led to the point before us. Failing in the attempt
+to recover Jerusalem from the Saracens, he concluded a truce of
+three years with Saladan their King; and, on his return towards
+England through Germany, was made prisoner by the Arch-duke of
+Austria (upon a pretext that he had killed the Margrave Conrade at
+Tyre); who delivered him into the hands of the Emperor, where he
+remained a captive full _fifteen months_, till he was ransomed[143].
+
+  [143] Consult the Monkish Historians.
+
+The sum demanded for the King's release is generally allowed to have
+been 100,000_l._; though some writers reduce it a third part, and
+call it 100,000 _marks_; but, let it be either of them, it was, in
+those days, a sum not to be raised without the greatest extortion;
+and I am justified in saying, it was not done without what,
+eventually, almost amounted to _sacrilege_[144]. The church was
+ransacked for plate, which was pretended to have been only borrowed
+for the moment--but the debt was never repaid.
+
+  [144] Sir Richard Baker reckons this no more than a voluntary
+  contribution, forgetting that it was one of the established Norman
+  _Feudal Aids_, though now first brought forward since the Conquest.
+
+
+
+
+HENRY IV.
+
+
+In the eleventh year of King Henry IV. a certain portion of the
+customs in the several ports, of subsidies in several ports, of the
+issues of the hamper [now the Hanaper], and of the profers [_sic_]
+of escheators and sheriffs, were, by the King's letters patent,
+set apart for the expences of his Household. This was done by the
+assent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, assembled in the King's
+Council[145].
+
+  [145] Rymer's Foedera, tom. viii. p. 610.--From Madox's MSS. n.
+  4486, p. 70.
+
+
+
+
+EDWARD IV.
+
+
+In the Reign also of King Edward IV. it was usual for the King to
+grant to his servants, or ministers, assignments for their salaries,
+or debts, upon divers officers who were concerned in receiving
+his revenue; _viz._ upon Sheriffs of Counties, Bailiffs, or _Men_
+[forte Mayors] of Towns, Collectors of Customs, Subsidies, &c.
+Upon these assignments the Assignees had Patent-Letters, Tallies
+of the Exchequer, or Writs of Liberate currant, made forth for
+their avail; and, in default of payment, they brought actions of
+debt in the Court of Exchequer, upon such Assignments, Tallies, or
+Liberates, against the Sheriffs, or other Officers aforesaid; many
+instances of which may be seen in the fifth year of King Edward IV.
+in the Placita coram Baronibus, 5 Edward IV. in the Rolls of the
+Exchequer[146].
+
+  [146] Madox's MSS. n. 4486, p. 71.
+
+The King was wont to distribute his revenue in such manner as
+he thought fit. He assigned, at his pleasure, part of it to the
+expences of his Household, and other parts to the expences of either
+civil government or war[147].
+
+  [147] Idem, p. 69.
+
+An act done within the verge of the King's Palace was said to be
+done in _praesentia Regis_. The party offending was tried in the
+Court held in the Palace, before the Steward and Marshal; and
+the proceedings there, were styled _Placita Aulae Domini Regis de
+Corona_[148].
+
+  [148] Idem, pp. 22, 23.
+
+
+
+
+EXTRACTS
+
+FROM THE
+
+LIBER NIGER.
+
+
+The Liber Niger Domus Regis Angliae[149] [_i. e._ Edward IV.]
+contains Orders for his said Majesty's Household, anno 1478; and
+relates to the following Officers:
+
+  A Chamberlain.
+  Bannerets, or Bachelor Knights, to be Carvers and Cup-bearers (four).
+  Knights of Household (twelve) to do the Office of Ewerers.
+  A Secretary.
+  Chaplains (four).
+  Esquires for the Body (four).
+  A Sewer for the King.
+  Surveyor for the King, _i. e._ of the Dresser.
+  Wardrobe.
+  Gentlemen Ushers of Chamber (four).
+  Yeomen of the Crown (twenty-four).
+  Yeomen of Chamber (four).
+  Wardrobe of Robes.
+  Wardrobe of Beds.
+  Grooms of Chamber (ten).
+  Pages of Chamber (four).
+  Jewel-house.
+  Doctor of Physic.
+  Master Surgeon.
+  Apothecary.
+  Barber.
+  Henxmen. Six Infants.
+  Master of the Henchmen.
+  Squires of Household.
+  Kings of Arms, Heralds, and Pursuivants.
+  Serjeants at Arms (four).
+  Minstrels (thirteen).
+
+     A Wayte. N. B. This Yeoman (for such was his rank) waiteth (_i.
+     e._ playeth; I suppose) at the making of Knights of the Bath,
+     watching upon them by night-time in the Chapel. Wherefore he
+     hath of fee all the watching cloathing that the Knights should
+     wear upon [them.]
+
+  Messagers (four).
+  Dean of the Chapel.
+
+  Chaplains, and Clerks of the Chapel (twenty-six).
+  Yeomen of the Chapel (two).
+  Children of the Chapel (eight).
+  Clerk of the Closet.
+  Master of Grammar, to teach the Henxmen and Children of the Chapel.
+  Office of Vestiary, _i. e._ Vestry.
+  Clerk of Crown in Chancery.
+  Clerk of the Market.
+  Clerk of the Works.
+  Marriage of Wards.
+  Steward of Household.
+  Treasurer of Household.
+  Controller of Household.
+  Cofferer.
+  Clerks of Green Cloth.
+
+  [149] Harleian MSS. in the British Museum, N^o 369, corrected by N^o
+  642.
+
+
+EXTRACTS FROM THE LIBER NIGER.
+
+KNIGHTS AND ESQUIRES OF THE BODY.
+
+Item, that all Knights for the Body, Cup-Bearers, and Knight
+Carvers, Squires for the Body, &c. be put to their attendance,
+and a book thereof delivered from the King's Highness into the
+compting-house, for a quarter of a year; the quarters to begin at
+October, January, April, and July.
+
+Among the provisions, it is said
+
+_Knights of the Body_, Carvers, and Cup-Bearers, [may have] every
+of them, _two_ Yeomen sitting in the hall; and for their livery
+at night, _one_ loaf and _an half_, and _a_ gallon of ale; _one_
+talshed and an _half_, and _three_ sizes of white lights[150].
+
+  [150] By white lights I understand tallow candles, they being so
+  distinguished from wax in other places: which last, I presume, at
+  that time were yellow.
+
+
+GENTLEMAN USHER.
+
+Item, that the Marshall, ne Usher of the Chamber, send his _rod_ by
+any mean person or persons, to pantry, buttery, or cellar, spicery,
+chaundry, or any other office; but go in his own person. But if he
+be occupied, so that he may not, then he send such one with his
+_rod_, as he will answer for on the morrow, and also that he will
+breve for, upon pain of six days wages.
+
+Item, that weekly there be warned and appointed by the Huishiers
+[Ushers] of the Chamber, [those] who shall attend and serve the
+King for the week next following, that is to say, Carvers, Sewers,
+Cup-Bearers, _Squires for the Bod_y, and others.
+
+Item, that every Lord, Knight, and Esquire, as well _Squire for the
+Body_, as other within the Household, wear daily a collar of the
+King's livery about their _nekket_ (sic) as to them appertaineth,
+and that none of the said Squires fail hereof, upon pain of losing a
+week's wages.
+
+Item, that the liveries for _All-night_, for the King and Queen be
+set by day-light, from Candlemas to Michaelmas; and in the winter
+time, to eight of the clock at farthest.
+
+Item, after the King and Queen's liveries delivered as aforesaid, no
+officer abide in his office, nor resort unto his said office after
+his departing, without a special commandment of the King or of the
+Queen; or else by special token from the Steward of the Household,
+or from the King or Queen's Chamberlains.
+
+Punishment for neglect of Duty.
+
+For the first offence, the party to be warned to amend.
+
+For the second offence, imprisonment at the discretion of his
+Superior.
+
+And for the third offence, a discharge from his office[151].
+
+  [151] In the time of Henry the Eighth (as in some cases in these
+  Orders) they used stoppages of wages in lieu of imprisonment. This
+  was called _checquing_. Hence, I apprehend, the office of a Clerk of
+  the Cheque.
+
+
+GREAT CHAMBERLAIN OF ENGLAND,
+
+cometh to this Court at the six principal feasts of the year;
+takes such livery and service after the estate he is of; and for
+his winter and summer robes, for the feasts of Christmas and
+Whitsuntide, to be taken of the counting-house by even portions, ten
+pounds thirteen shillings and four pence; and for his fee of the
+King's Household, at the two terms of Easter and Michaelmas, by even
+portions, twenty marks in the counting-house.
+
+
+KNIGHTS OF HOUSEHOLD[152].
+
+  [152] Of this Office, and that of the Esquires of the Body, see Mr.
+  Pegge's Curialia, Part I.
+
+Twelve Bachelors, sufficient and most valiant men of that order, of
+every Country, and more in number if it please the King, whereof
+_four_ to be continually abiding and attending upon the King's
+Person in Court, beside the Carvers abovesaid, for to serve the King
+of his bason, or such other service as they may do the King, in
+absence of the Carvers, sitting in the King's Chamber and Hall with
+persons of like service; every of them have eating in the hall one
+Yeoman, and taking for his chamber, at noon and night, one loaf, one
+quart of wine, one gallon of ale, one pitcher of wine, one candle
+wax, two candles pis, one tallwood and an half, for winter livery,
+from All-Hallowen-tide till Easter: rushes and litter all the year,
+of the Serjeant Usher, and for keeping of their stuff and Chamber,
+and to purvey for their stuff. Also at their livery in the Country,
+amongst them all, four Yeomen, after time eight of these Knights be
+departed from Court, and the four Yeomen to eat daily in the hall
+with Chamberlains, till their said Masters come again; so that the
+number of Knights' servants be not increased when their Masters be
+present. Every Knight shall have into this Court resorting, _three_
+persons, Waiters; the remanent of their servants to be at their
+livery in the Country, within seven miles to [of] the King, by the
+Herbergers sufficiently lodged; and, if it may be, _two_ Knights
+together. Also they pay, in this Court, for the carriage of their
+own stuff. And if a Knight take clothing, it is by warrant made to
+the King's Wardrober, and not of the Treasurer of Household. Some
+time Knights took a fee here yearly, of _ten_ marks, and clothing;
+but because[153] their clothing is not according for the King's
+Knights, therefore it was left.
+
+  [153] N^o 369 reads _Ray_ Clothing.
+
+Item, if he be sick, or specially let blood, or clystered, then he
+taketh livery, _four_ loaves, _two_ mess of great meat and roast,
+half a pitcher of wine, _two_ gallons of ale. This letting blood,
+or clystering, is to avoid pestilence; and therefore the people
+take livery out of the Court, and not for every sickness in man
+continuing in this Court.
+
+
+ESQUIRES FOR THE BODY.
+
+_Four_ Noble, of condition, whereof always two be attendant on
+the King's person, to array him, and unarray him; watch day and
+night; and to dress him in his cloaths. And they be callers to the
+Chamberlaine, if any thing lack for his person or pleasance. Their
+business is in many _secrets_, some sitting in the King's chamber,
+some in the hall with persons of like service, which is called
+_Knight's service_. Taking, every of them, for his livery at night,
+half a chet loaf, one quart of wine, one gallon of ale; and for
+winter livery, from All-Hallowtide till Easter, one _percher_ wax,
+one candle wax, two candles pric.[154] one talshide and an half,
+and wages in the compting-house. If he be present in the Court
+daily, seven-pence halfpenny; and cloathing with the Household,
+winter and summer, or else forty shillings, besides his other fee
+of the Jewel-house, or of the Treasurer of England; and besides
+his watching cloathing of Chamber of the King's Wardrobe. He hath,
+abiding in this Court, but two servants; livery sufficient for his
+horses in the country, by the Herberger. And if any Esquire be
+let blood, or else fore-watched, he shall have like livery with
+Knights. Litter and rushes all the year, of the Serjeant Usher of
+the Hall and Chamber. Oftentimes these stand instead of Carvers and
+Cup-bearers.
+
+  [154] Forte _Prickets_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_In the "Statutes of Eltham."_
+
+Esquires of the Body, every of them, to have ordinary within the
+Court _four_ persons, of the which to have sitting in the Hall two
+persons, and the residue _ut supra_ [_i. e._ to have no meat or
+drink within the House, but to be at board wages in the town]; and
+for their bouche of Court, every of them to have for their livery at
+night, one chet loaf, half a pitcher of wine, and one gallon of ale,
+one size wax, three white lights, two talsheds, and two faggots.
+
+In the appointment of Herbagage be ordinary for all Noble Estates,
+and others, for stabling of their horses, and beds for their
+servants, appointed by the King's Highness, at his Manor of Eltham,
+the 19th of January, in the 17th year of his Noble Reign.
+
+It is appointed to Knights for the Body, and other Knights, _six_
+horses and _two_ beds.
+
+To every Esquire for the Body, _five_ horses and two beds.
+
+[N. B. Every Gentleman Usher of the Privy Chamber, whereof six,
+_six_ horses and _two_ beds.
+
+Every Groom of the Privy Chamber, _two_ horses and _two_ beds.
+
+Every Gentleman Usher Daily Waiter, _three_ horses and _one_ bed.
+
+Every Gentleman Usher of the Privy Chamber, _four_ horses and _one_
+bed[155].]
+
+  [155] _Sic_: but query if not Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber; they
+  not being otherwise mentioned in either copy.
+
+For the good order of the King's Chamber, it is said, the Pages
+of the King's Chamber must daily arise at _seven_ o'clock, or soon
+after, and make a fire; and warn the Esquires of the Body of that
+hour, to the intent they may then arise, so as they may be ready,
+and the King's Chamber dressed in every thing as appertaineth, by
+_eight_ of the clock at the farthest.
+
+Item, that none of the servants of the said Esquires come within
+the Pallet Chamber; but be attendant at the door, as well at night
+as in the morning, with such gear as their Masters shall wear. And
+the said Pages, at the request of the said Esquires, to fetch in,
+and bear out, their night-gear, and all other their apparel, and
+likewise to make them ready, both at night and in the morning.
+
+Item, that, if the Esquires for the Body do not arise at the warning
+of the Pages, so as the King's Chamber may be ready and dressed by
+the hour afore limited; that then immediately the Pages are to shew
+the same to the Lord Chamberlain.
+
+[In the appointment of Lodgings, is a chamber for the _six_
+Gentlemen _and_ Ushers of the Privy Chamber, to sup in; which
+explains the above article.]
+
+The Esquires for the Body, mentioned to have been at Eltham at that
+time, were, Sir Arthur Poole, Sir Edward Baynton, Sir Humphrey
+Forster, and [Mr.] Francis Pointz.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In the New Book of the King's Household of Edward IV. anno 1478:
+
+Six Knights and five Squires appear to have been on duty for eight
+weeks from the last day of October, at the end of which they were
+relieved by _five_ Knights and four Esquires. Sir Roger Ray, being
+Vice Chamberlain, was in both lists; for it is said afterwards,
+"We will that Sir Roger Ray, Deputy to my Lord Chamberlain, two
+Gentlemen Ushers, and two Yeomen Ushers, at least, be always
+attending upon us."
+
+
+YEOMEN OF THE CROWN[156].
+
+  [156] See the "Curialia," Part III.
+
+Twenty-four most seemly persons, cleanly and strongest Archers,
+honest of conditions, and of behaviour, bold men chosen and tried
+out of every Lord's house in England for their cunning and virtue
+thereof. One to be Yeoman of the Robes, another to be Yeoman of
+the Wardrobe of Beds in Household. These two, in certainty, eat in
+the King's Chamber daily. Other two be Yeomen Ushers of Chamber,
+eating there also. Another to be Yeoman of the Stole, if it please
+the King. Another to be Yeoman of the Armory. Another to be Yeoman
+of the Bows for the King. Another Yeoman to keep the King's Books.
+Another to keep his Dogs for the Bow. And, except the first four
+persons, the remnant may to the Hall, as the Usher, &c. or another
+to keep his best; and thus they may be put to business. Also
+it accordeth that they be chosen men of manhood, shooting, and
+specially of virtuous conditions. In the King's Chamber be daily
+sitting four messes of Yeomen; and all the remnant eating in the
+Hall, sitting together above, joining to the Yeomen of Household;
+except at the five Great Feasts of the year, then as many Yeomen of
+Crown and Chamber as may sit in the King's Chamber shall be served
+there during the Feast; and every of them present in Court, hath
+daily allowed in the counting-house _three-pence_, and cloathing
+for winter and summer, and ... yearly, or else eighteen shillings,
+beside their watching cloathing of the King's Wardrobe. And if
+any of them be sent out by the King's Chamberlain, then he taketh
+his wages of the Jewel-house, and vacat in the Cheque Roll till
+he be seen in Court again. Also lodging in the town, or in the
+country, sufficient for their horses, as nigh together as the
+Herbiger of Household may dispose; and always two Yeomen of Crown
+to have an honest servant in to [the] Court, in the Noble Edward's
+Statutes. And these were called "The Twenty-four Archers de pie
+courants entierement devant le Roy par pairs pour Gard [de] Corps
+du Roy[157]." These were called the King's Watchment. At this [or
+rather that] day, a Yeoman took but ten shillings for his gown, and
+four shillings and eight pence for his hosen and shoone. They have
+nothing else with the Household _sans_ carriage of their beds, two
+men together, by deliverance or assignment for that carriage of
+the Controllers, and litter for their beds of the Serjeant Usher
+of the Hall and Chamber. And if any of them be sick, or let blood,
+he taketh for all day a cast of bread, one mess of great meat, one
+gallon of ale; and if it be of great sickness, he must remove out of
+the Court.
+
+  [157] Sic lego.
+
+Also, when they make watch nightly, they should be gird with their
+swords, or with other weapons ready, and harness about them.
+
+
+A BARBER FOR THE KING'S MOST HIGH AND DREAD PERSON.
+
+To be taking in this Court after that he standeth in degree,
+Gentleman, Yeoman, or Groom. It hath been much accustomed to one or
+two well-known Officers of the Ewry in Household, such as been for
+the month, Serjeant, or other. Also we find how this hath been used
+among ... by a well-betrusted Yeoman of Chamber, for lack of cunning
+of these other men. It is accustomed that a Knight of Chamber, or
+else Squire for the Body, or both, be present every time when the
+King will be shaven.
+
+This Barber shall have every Saturday at night, if it please the
+King to cleanse his head, legs, or feet, and for his shaving, two
+loaves, one pitcher of wine; and the Ushers of Chamber ought to
+testify this, if this be necessary dispended or no.
+
+Also, this Barber taketh his shaving cloths, basons, and all his
+other towels[158], and things necessary, by the Chamberlain's
+assignment, of the Jewel-house; no fees of plate or silver, but
+it be in his instrumental tools used by occupation, and that by
+allowance of the King's Chamberlain.
+
+  [158] _Tools_ in No. 642, in Bib. Harl.
+
+
+HENXMEN.
+
+Six infants, or more, as it shall please the King, all these
+eating in the Hall, and sitting at one board together; and to be
+served two or three to a mess, as the Sovereigns appoint; taking
+daily for their breakfasts, amongst them all, two loaves, a mess
+of great meat, a gallon of ale. Also, for their supper in fasting
+days, according to their age, and livery nightly for them all to
+their chamber, one loaf, one gallon of ale; and for winter livery,
+two candles wax, four candles p'is, three talsheds, for them all.
+Rushes and litter all the year, of the Serjeant Usher of the Hall
+and Chamber. And if these Gentlemen, or any of them, be Wards; then,
+after their births and degrees, the Steward and Treasurer, with
+the Chamberlain, may appoint the service more large in favour by
+their discretions, when as often as them needeth, till the King's
+Grace hath given or sold[159] their lands and wards. And all their
+competent harness to be carried, and beddings. Two lodged together
+at the King's carriage, by oversight of the Comptroller; and every
+of them an honest servant to keep their chamber and harness, and to
+array him in this Court whilst their Masters be present in Court; or
+else to allow here no chamber dokyns, &c. And all other findings for
+their beds they take of the King's Wardrobe, by suit of the Master
+of Henxmen, made to the King's Chamberlain for warrants.
+
+  [159] _i. e._ granted them during non-age.
+
+
+MASTER OF HENXMEN.
+
+To shew the schools of urbanity and nurture of England; to learn
+them to ride cleanly and surely; to draw them also to justs; to
+learn them wear their harness; to have all courtesy in words, deeds,
+and degrees; diligently to keep them in rules of goings and sittings
+after they be of honour. Moreover to teach them sundry languages,
+and other learnings virtuous; to harping, to pipe, sing, and dance,
+with other honest and temperate behaving and patience; and to
+keep daily and weekly with these children due [discipline], with
+corrections in their chambers, according to such gentlemen; and each
+of them to be used to that thing of virtue that he shall be most
+apt to learn, with remembrance daily of God's service accustomed.
+This Master sitteth in the Hall next unto beneath these Henxmen,
+at the same board; to have his respects unto their demeanings,
+how mannerly they eat and drink; and to their communication, and
+other forms curial, after the book of urbanity. He taketh daily, if
+he be present in Court, wages, cloathing, and other liveries, as
+other Esquires of Household, save he is not charged with serving
+of the Hall. Carriage also for harness in Court competent by the
+Comptroller to be with the Henxmen his harness in Court; and to have
+into this Court one servant, whilst he is present; and sufficient
+liveries for his horses, in the town or country, by the Herberger.
+And if he be sick in Court, or let blood, he taketh two loaves, two
+mess of great meat, one gallon ternoise[160]. And for the fees that
+he claimeth among the Henxmen of all their apparel, the Chamberlain
+is the judge.
+
+  [160] Forte _Tournois_.
+
+
+SQUIRES OF HOUSEHOLD.
+
+Forty, or more, if it please the King, by the advice of his High
+Council, to be chosen men of their profession, worship, and wisdom;
+also to be of sundry Shires, by whom it may be known the disposition
+of the Countries. And of these, to be continually in this Court
+Twenty Squires attendant upon the King's Person, in riding and going
+at all times, and to help serve his table from the Surveying-board,
+and from other places, as the Assewar will assign.--Also, by their
+common assent, to assign amongst themselves some to serve the King's
+Chamber, at one day, week, or time, some to serve the Hall at
+another time, of every mess that cometh from the dressing-board to
+their hands for such service, so that thereof be nothing withdrawn
+by the Squires, upon such pain as Steward, Treasurer, or Controller,
+or in their absence other Judges at the counting-board, will award,
+after their demerits.--They eat in the hall, sitting together at
+any of the both meals as they serve, some the first meal, some the
+latter, by assent. This hath be [been] always the manner amongst
+them for honour [and] profit to the King.--It may be, that the King
+taketh into Household in all Sixty Squires, and yet, amongst them
+all, Twenty take not the whole wages _of the year_ [sic]; wherefore
+the number of persons may be received and suffered the better in
+the checque-roll for a worship, and the King's profit saved, and
+ease to them self.--Every of them taketh for his livery at night,
+half a gallon of ale; and for winter season, each of them taketh two
+candles parris, one faggot, or else half talwode.
+
+When any of them is present in Court, he is allowed for daily wages,
+in the checque roll, seven-pence halfpenny, and clothing winter and
+summer; or else forty shillings. It hath ever been in special charge
+to Squires in this Court, to wear the King's Livery customably,
+for the more glory, and in worship of this honourable Household:
+and every of them to have in to this Court an honest servant, and
+sufficient livery in the towns or countries for their horses, and
+other servants, by the herberger. Two Gentlemen lodged together, and
+they be coupled bed-fellows by the Gentlemen Ushers.--And if any
+of them be let blood or sick in Court, or nigh, thereto, he taketh
+livery in eating days, two loaves, two mess of great meat, one
+gallon of ale, for all day, and litter all the year of the Serjeant
+Usher of the hall for their beds in Court.--And if any of these
+Squires be sent out of Court, by Steward, Treasurer, or Controller,
+or other of the counting-house, for matter touching the Household,
+then he hath daily allowed him twelve pence by petition. Also they
+pay for their carriage of harness in Court. They take no part of
+the general gifts, neither with chamber nor with hall, but if the
+giver give them specially a part by express name or words. None of
+these should depart from Court but by licence of Steward, Treasurer,
+or Sovereigns of the Counting-house, that know how the King is
+accompanied best: and to take a day when they should come again,
+upon pain of loss of wages at his next coming.--That no Serjeant
+of Office, nor Squire, nor Yeoman, nor Groom, but as be appointed
+in this Book, to dine or sup out of Hall and King's Chamber, nor to
+withdraw any service, or else to hurt or little the almesse [alms]
+of Hall or Chamber, upon such pain as the Sovereigns of Household
+will award by the Statutes of Noble Edward III. "In none office, &c."
+
+It hath been often, in days before, commanded by the Counting-house,
+that in ferial days, after that the King and Queen, and their
+Chambers, and the Sovereigns of Household in the Hall, be served,
+that then such honest Yeomen of Household be called or assigned to
+serve from the dresser to the hall the remnant, specially such as
+bear wages, that, if any service be withdrawn by them, that then
+they to be corrected therefor.
+
+These Squires of Household, of old, be accustomed, winter and
+summer, in afternoons and in evenings, to draw to Lord's Chambers
+within Court, there to keep honest company, after their cunning, in
+talking of chronicles of Kings, and of other policies, or in piping
+or harping, songings, or other acts marriables[161]; to help to
+occupy the Court, and accompany strangers, till the time require of
+departing.
+
+  [161] Sic.
+
+"Item, that daily there awaite twenty-four Squires to serve the King
+and Queen, of whom _twelve_ to serve at the first dinner, and to
+dine at the second; and the twelve sitting at the first dinner, to
+serve the second dinner, and there to awaite to serve the King and
+Queen[162]."
+
+Dom. Regis Angliae. The Esquires--"oftentimes these stand instead of
+Carvers and Cup-Bearers[162]."
+
+  [162] Harleian MSS. 642, p. 177.--Rigid Orders regarding Offenders,
+  p. 97. b.
+
+
+KINGS OF ARMS, HERALDS, AND PURSUIVANTS.
+
+Coming into this Royal Court to the worship of these five Feasts in
+the year, sitting at meats and suppers in the Hall, and to begin
+that one end of the table together, upon days of estate, by the
+Marshall's assignation, at one meal. And if the King keep estate,
+by the Marshall's assignation, in the Hall, then these walk before
+the Steward, Treasurer, and Comptroller, coming with the King's
+Surveyor[163] from the surveying-board at every course. And, after
+the last course, they cry the King's largesse, shaking their great
+cup. They take their largesse of the Jewel-house; and during these
+Festival-days they wait upon the King's Person coming and going
+to and from the Church, Hall, and Chamber, before his Highness,
+in their coats of arms. They take neither wages, cloathing, nor
+fees, by the Compting-house; but livery for their chamber, day and
+night, amongst them two loaves, a pitcher of wine, two gallons of
+ale; and for winter season, if there be present a King of Arms, for
+them all, one tortays at chandry, two candles wax, three candles
+p'is, three talsheds. These Kings of Arms are served in the Hall
+as Knights, service and livery for their horses nigh the Court, by
+the Herberger.--Alway remembered, that the cup which the King doth
+create any King of Arms or Herald withal, it standeth in the charge
+of the Jewel-house, and not upon the Treasurer of Household.
+
+  [163] Rectius, No. 642 reads _Service_.
+
+The fees that they shall take at the making of Knights of the Bath,
+it appeareth next after the chapter of Squires.
+
+
+SERJEANTS OF ARMS[164].
+
+  [164] See the "Curialia," Part V.
+
+Four chosen proved men, of haviour and condition, for the King and
+his Honourable Household; whereof two alway to be attending upon the
+King's Person and Chamber; and to avoid the press of people before
+where as the King shall come: in like wise at the conveyance of his
+meat at every course from the surveying board; also observing for
+[of] the King's commandments, and so after the Steward, Chamberlain,
+Treasurer, and Controller, for the King, or for his Household. They
+eat in the Hall, together or with Squires of Household, taking their
+wages of twelve-pence by [the] day, or four-pence, as it pleaseth
+the King, after their abilities, by letters patents; and clothing
+also, to be taken of the issue and profit growing to the King in
+divers counties of England, by the hands of the receivers of them.
+No more having in Household; but every of them, when he is present
+in Court, at night, a gallon of ale; and for winter livery, one
+candle wax, two candles p'is, one talshed; rushes [and] litter for
+their chamber of the Serjeant Usher all the year. They pay for the
+carriage of their proper harness and bedding; and every of them to
+have in to this Court, one honest servant. By the Statutes of the
+Noble Edward, were thirty Serjeants of Arms, sufficiently armed and
+horsed, riding before his Highness when he journeyed by the country
+for a Garde de Corps du Roi. And if any of these be sick, or be
+let blood, he taketh daily two loaves, two messes of great meat,
+one gallon of ale, and thus to be brevied in the Pantry-Roll. Also
+sufficient lodging assigned these Serjeants together, not far from
+Court, for hasty errands [when] they fall.
+
+
+MINSTRELS.
+
+Thirteen; whereof one is Verger, that directeth them all in festival
+days to their stations, to blowings and pipings to such offices
+as must be warned to prepare for the King and his Household, at
+meats and suppers, to be the more ready in all services; and all
+these sitting in the Hall together, whereof some use trumpets, some
+shalmuse[165] and small pipes, and some are strange-men coming to
+this Court at five feasts of the year; and then to take their wages
+of Household after four-pence halfpenny a day, if they be present
+in Court; and then they to avoid the next day after the feasts be
+done. Besides each of them another reward yearly, taking [taken]
+of the King, in the Receipt of the Chequer, and cloathing with the
+Household, winter and summer, or twenty shillings a-piece, and
+livery in Court at even--amongst them all four gallons of ale; and
+for winter season, three candles wax, six candles p'is, four tallow
+candles, and sufficient lodging, by the Herbergers for them and
+their horses in the Court. Also having in the Court two servants,
+honest, to bear the trumpets, pipes, and other instruments; and a
+torch for winter nights, whilst they blow to suppers, and other
+revels at Chaundry. And always two of these persons to continue
+in Court in wages, being present to warn at the King's ridings,
+when he goeth to horseback, as oft as it shall require. And by
+their blowings the Household-men may follow in the countries. And
+if any of these two Minstrels be sick in Court, he taketh two
+loaves, a mess of great meat, a gallon of ale. They have part of
+any rewards given to the Household. And if it please the King to
+have two strange Minstrels to continue in like wise. The King woll
+not for his worship that his Minstrels be too presumptuous, nor too
+familiar, to ask any rewards of the Lords of his land, remembering
+"De Henrico Secundo Imperatore, qui omnes Joculatores suos et ...
+monuerit ut nullus eorum in ejus nomine, vel dummodo steterunt in
+servicio suo, nihil ab aliquo in regno suo deberent petere donandum,
+scilicet, quod ipsi Domini donatores pro Regis amore citius
+pauperibus erogarent."
+
+  [165] Shawms.
+
+
+A WAYTE.
+
+That nightly, from Michaelmas till Shere-Thursday[166], pipeth the
+watch within this Court _four_ times, and in summer nights _three_
+times, and he to make _bon Gayte_, and every chamber-door and
+office, as well for fire as for other pikers, or pellys[167]. He
+eateth in the Hall with the Minstrels, and taketh livery at night,
+half a paine, half a gallon of ale; and for summer nights, _two_
+candles p'is, half a bushel of coals; and for winter nights, half
+a loaf, half a gallon of ale, four candles p'is, half a bushel of
+coals; and daily, if he be present in Court, by the Cheque Roll,
+_four-pence halfpenny_, or _three pence_, by the discretion of
+Steward and Treasurer, and after the cunning that he can, and good
+deserving. Also cloathing with the Household Yeomen, or Minstrels,
+according to the wages that he taketh. And if he be sick, or let
+blood, he taketh _two_ loaves, half a mess of great meat, [and]
+one gallon of ale. Also he partaketh with the general gifts of
+Household, and hath his bedding carried, and his grooms together, by
+the Controller's assignment. And under this Yeoman, _a Groom Wayte_;
+if he can excuse the Yeoman in his Office, and absence, then he
+taketh reward and cloathing, meet rewards, and other things, like to
+the other _Grooms_ of Household. Also this _Yeoman_ wayteth at the
+makings of _Knights_ of the Bath, watching by night-time upon them
+in the chapel; wherefore he hath of fee all the watching cloathing
+that the Knights do wear upon [them].
+
+  [166] _i. e._ Maunday Thursday.
+
+  [167] Perhaps Perils.
+
+
+CLERK OF THE CROWN IN CHANCERY.
+
+This Officer was anciently one of the Chancellor's Family[168].
+
+  [168] Lex Parliamentaria.
+
+Formerly accompanied the Masters in Chancery in carrying Bills to
+the Lower House[169].
+
+  [169] Ibid. p. 195.
+
+Reads the Titles of Bills in the House of Lords[170].
+
+  [170] Ibid. 197.
+
+Sir George Copping was Clerk of the Crown, anno 1 Jac. I.[171]
+
+  [171] Ibid. 301.
+
+The fee of the Clerk of the Crown, in the Reign of Queen Elizabeth,
+was 20_l._[172]
+
+  [172] See Peck's Desiderata Curiosa, vol. i. p. 51.
+
+
+
+
+SUPPORTERS,
+
+CRESTS, AND COGNIZANCES,
+
+OF THE
+
+KINGS OF ENGLAND.
+
+
+RICHARD II.
+
+Was the first who bore his Escocheon supported; _viz._ by Two
+_Angels_.
+
+_Cognizances._--A White Hart couchant, gorged with a Gold Chain and
+Coronet, under a Tree; derived from the Princess Joan his Mother.
+
+Also a Peascod Branch, with the Pods open, but the Peas out.
+
+
+HENRY IV.
+
+Dexter, a _Swan_. Sinister, an _Antelope_.
+
+_Cognizance._--A Fox's Tail dependant.
+
+
+HENRY V.
+
+Two _Swans_, when Prince of Wales, holding in their beaks an
+Ostrich-feather and a Scroll; when King, a _Lion_ and an _Antelope_.
+
+N. B. He first bore three Fleurs de Lis, instead of the Semee; and
+wrote himself King of _England_ and _France_, whereas those before
+him wrote _France_ and _England_.
+
+
+HENRY VI.
+
+Two Antelopes, Argent, attired, accolled with Coronets, and chained
+Or.
+
+_Cognizance._--Two Feathers in Saltire.
+
+
+EDWARD IV.
+
+A _Lion_ for Marche; and a _Bull_ for Clare.
+
+_Two Lions_, Argent.
+
+The _Lion_ and the _White Hart_ of Richard II.
+
+_Cognizances._--The _White Rose_.
+
+The _Fetter-Lock_.
+
+The _Sun_ after the Battle of Mortimer's Cross, when three _Suns_
+were seen, which immediately conjoined.
+
+The Rose is in the centre.
+
+
+EDWARD V.
+
+The _Lion_ and a _Hinde_, Argent.
+
+_Cognizance._--The Rose and the Falcon in a Fetter-Lock.
+
+
+RICHARD III.
+
+Two _Boars_.
+
+A White Boar.
+
+    "The Cat, the Rat, and Lovel the Dog,
+    Rule all England under the _Hog_."
+
+_i. e._ Sir William Catesby, Sir Richard Ratcliff, and Lord Lovel,
+creatures of King Richard. One Collingborne was executed for this
+poetry[173].
+
+  [173] Leigh's Choice Observations.
+
+_Cognizance._--The Rose.
+
+
+HENRY VII.
+
+_Red Dragon_ (for Cadwallader), Dexter.
+
+A _Greyhound_, Argent, accolled Gules, Sinister, for Nevile.
+
+_Cognizances._--The _White Rose_ united to the _Red_.
+
+A Portcullis for Beaufort.
+
+A Hawthorn Bush with the Crown in it.
+
+Richard's Crown was found in a Hawthorn Bush after the Battle of
+Bosworth[174].
+
+  [174] Leigh's Choice Observations, p. 151.
+
+
+HENRY VIII.
+
+The _Red Dragon_ and _Greyhound_.
+
+Afterwards, the _Lion_ Dexter; the _Dragon_ Sinister.
+
+_Cognizances._--A Red Rose.
+
+A Fleur de Lis.
+
+A Portcullis.
+
+An Archer (Green) drawing his Arrow to the Head; with "Cui adhaereo
+praeest." taken at the interview between him and Francis I.
+
+
+EDWARD VI.
+
+The Lion and Red Dragon.
+
+_Cognizance._--He bore the device of Prince of Wales, though never
+created.
+
+
+QUEEN MARY.
+
+An Eagle and Lion.--These are the Supporters in the Coat of
+Philip and Mary, impaled, over the chimney in the Hall of Trinity
+College, Oxford, as of the year 1554, put up 1772, when Lord North,
+afterwards Earl of Guilford, became Chancellor[175].
+
+  [175] Churchill, in his Divi Britannici, gives a Lion and a Griffin.
+
+_Cognizance._--When Princess, the White and Red Rose for York and
+Lancaster, with a Pomegranate for Spain.--When Queen, Time winged,
+drawing Truth out of a Pit; with "Veritas Temporis Filia."
+
+
+_Queen Elizabeth._
+
+A Lion and Red Dragon.
+
+_Cognizance._--A Sieve, without a motto.
+
+The words Video; Taceo. Semper Eadem[176].
+
+  [176] Vide Camden's Remains.
+
+
+JAMES I.
+
+The Lion (for England), and the Unicorn (for Scotland).
+
+_Cognizances._--A Rose; a Fleur de Lis; a Harp (for Ireland); a
+Greyhound current.
+
+
+
+
+REGAL TITLES.
+
+
+"HIS MOST CHRISTIAN MAJESTY THE KING OF FRANCE."
+
+Stowe says that Charlemagne, being chosen Emperor, A.D. 800, on
+account of his great zeal for the good of Christendom, was the first
+King of France that attributed to himself (I rather think received
+from the Pope) the Style and Title of _The Most Christian King of
+France_; and from him his Successors have continued it[177].
+
+  [177] Chronicle, p. 693.
+
+
+HIS SACRED MAJESTY THE KING OF GREAT BRITAIN.
+
+First given to (or rather assumed by) King James I.[178]--GRACE was
+the old Title.--MAJESTY succeeded to it at the latter end of the
+Reign of Henry VIII.[179]
+
+  [178] Mortimer's Dictionary, in voce _Sacred_.
+
+  [179] Mortimer's Dictionary.
+
+
+HIS CATHOLIC MAJESTY.
+
+(SPAIN.)
+
+About the year 1493, Pope Alexander VI. gave to Ferdinand, King of
+Spain, the Title of _Catholick King_, in memory and acknowledgment
+of the many Victories he had obtained over the Moors[180].
+
+  [180] Platina.
+
+
+
+
+ON THE
+
+VIRTUES
+
+OF
+
+The Royal Touch.
+
+
+KINGS OF ENGLAND.
+
+As the following subject, which has exercised the faith and
+incredulity of mankind for so many ages, comes before me in the
+light of a religious ceremonial, I shall not attempt to defend or
+depreciate the validity of this gift; though it may be necessary to
+observe some circumstances as they occur, which may point different
+ways. Well-attested instances of the effect of this power of healing
+may be produced; though other examples are too ludicrous and futile
+to attract serious attention. We may, however, in these enlightened
+and unsuperstitious times, speak freely on a subject, which for
+many years, I may say centuries, absorbed the faith of whole
+Nations; _viz._ the Cure of the King's Evil by the Royal Touch. As
+Mr. Addison, in the quality of The Spectator, professed a modest
+veneration for a couple of sticks, if concealed under petticoats;
+so am I loyally and religiously induced to "honour the King," as a
+part of our excellent Constitution: but why Kings should have in
+themselves a preternatural gift above other men, by healing the most
+stubborn of all diseases, exceeds my comprehension. Every body is,
+at this time, I dare believe, of the same opinion; and this foolish
+affectation of a divine inherent power has wisely been laid aside,
+ever since the accession of the House of Hanover.
+
+If Kings really possessed such an uncommon, such a wonderful gift,
+why has it been taken away? The same legal rights remain in the
+Royal Person now that have adhered to it for ages--while this
+Divine Prerogative has fallen away; or rather let us say, that the
+incredulity of the world has increased.
+
+The cases brought forward by the advocates for this Gift are
+exceedingly strong and well attested; but yet there is something
+so palpably absurd in the mere supposition, that the evidence,
+when brought forward, will be found to destroy itself on a
+cross-examination.
+
+As to the subject, and all its wonderful consequences, I have just
+as much faith as I have in the two following circumstances:
+
+Lord Bolingbroke tells us, from Bodin, Amyot, and other writers,
+that Ferdinand King of Spain, and Alphonsus King of Naples,
+were cured of desperate distempers by reading Livy and Quintus
+Curtius[181]. Again, there was such astonishing virtue in Quintus
+Curtius, that we are further told, Alphonsus IX. King of Spain[182]
+was healed by reading his works, after having in vain read the Bible
+throughout fourteen times[183]. _Credat qui vult._ And yet I
+could as soon subscribe to these, as to the cures performed by the
+Royal Touch.
+
+  [181] Bolingbroke, on the Study of History, p. 22.
+
+  [182] Obiit 1214. Query if not the same as Alphonsus above?
+
+  [183] Warton's History of English Poetry, p. 133.
+
+Anciently there was great reputed sanative virtue in a seventh
+son; and he was looked upon as a heaven-born Doctor, and those
+his medical abilities were reverenced for that reason only by the
+common people. So far the Doctor would be safe, and might kill with
+impunity; but it was a crime to heal.
+
+Thus I have a case before me in the Reign of King Charles I. where
+a poor unfortunate man, who was the seventh son of a seventh
+son, and never killed any body (for he was a gardener, and not a
+physician), was severely treated, because he pretended to have in
+him the faculty of healing several disorders, and especially the
+King's Evil, by the Touch or stroking of his hand. This man was
+imprudent enough to depreciate the Royal Touch; otherwise, at that
+time, he might have obtained a comfortable subsistence from his
+credulous patients; but that unfortunate intrenchment on the Royal
+Prerogative drew down upon him the double vengeance of the Court of
+Star-Chamber, and of the College of Physicians; which last, in the
+most courtly manner, denounced him to be an impostor[184]. _Delenda
+est Carthago._ It was highly necessary for the reputation of the
+Royal pretensions that this man should be proscribed.
+
+  [184] See the story at large in Granger, from Dr. Charles Goodall's
+  Works.
+
+The next person who appears to have usurped this Gift was Mr.
+Valentine Greatrackes, a gentleman of Ireland, who first practised
+his art of healing by the Touch in his own country; and afterwards
+came into England, where, at first, he obtained great reputation,
+which fell off by degrees, so that there was no occasion for any
+violent measures to prevent his intrenching on the Royal Prerogative.
+
+This gentleman wrote an account of his several cures, in a Letter to
+the Honourable Robert Boyle, which was printed in 1668. Whether Mr.
+Boyle was a believer I know not; but it was at a time when the King
+practised, so that he might think it prudent to conceal his real
+sentiments.
+
+How far imagination will operate in such cases, as the old women,
+even of this age, contend it does in Agues, is a question not for me
+to discuss; but it tempts me to transcribe the following story, as
+given by Mr. Granger, vol. IV. p. 32.
+
+"I was myself a witness of the powerful workings of imagination in
+the populace, when the waters of Glastonbury were at the height of
+their reputation. The virtues of the spring there were supposed to
+be supernatural, and to have been discovered by a revelation made in
+a dream to one Matthew Chancellor. The people did not only expect
+to be cured of such distempers as were in their nature incurable,
+but even to recover their lost eyes, and their mutilated limbs.
+The following story, which scarce exceeds what I observed upon the
+spot, was told me by a gentleman of character. 'An old woman in the
+workhouse at Yeovil, who had long been a cripple, and made use of
+crutches, was strongly inclined to drink of the Glastonbury waters,
+which she was assured would cure her of her lameness. The master of
+the workhouse procured her several bottles of water, which had such
+an effect, that she soon laid aside one crutch, and not long after,
+the other. This was extolled, as a miraculous cure. But the man
+protested to his friends, that he had imposed upon her, and fetched
+the water from an ordinary spring.' I need not inform the Reader,
+that when the force of imagination had spent itself, she relapsed
+into her former infirmity."
+
+
+FRENCH KINGS.
+
+Whether the French Kings possessed this Gift in a greater or less
+degree than our own, I cannot decide; but in point of antiquity, by
+the accounts of their Historians, they exceed us by many centuries.
+
+The advocates for the priority of the Kings of England in this
+wonderful Gift, tell you, that the French, seeing it with a jealous
+eye, invented a tale, and carried their claim up to Clovis, the
+first of that name in France, and their first Christian King, who
+acceded to the Throne A. D. 481; whereas we do not pretend to go
+higher than Edward the Confessor, who died in 1066.
+
+In reward for Clovis's faith and conversion, this Gift was bestowed
+upon him at his baptism, A. D. 496; and which he accordingly
+exercised immediately on one of his favourites[185].
+
+  [185] See Mezeray. The name of this person was Lancinet.
+
+How it was first discovered to be inherent in the French King we are
+not told; though we are assured as to our own, that the knowledge of
+such power in King Edward was discovered, like many other similar
+wonders, from a dream.
+
+The usual date of the introduction of this miraculous Gift
+into France is fixed in the Reign of St. Louis [_i. e._ IX], a
+contemporary with our Henry III. about 160 years after the death of
+the Confessor[186].
+
+  [186] Browne's "Adenochoiradelogia," 1684. See hereafter, under
+  Charles II.
+
+Unfortunately for the French Kings, there is a story extant, which
+overthrows their healing power, in a palpable instance which
+happened to Louis XI. who having had an apoplexy, sent for a famous
+man to cure him, by name Francis of Poul. Francis, unhappily, had
+the Evil; but, alas! the Saint could not cure the King; and, what
+was worse, the King could not cure the Saint[187].
+
+  [187] Davies, ii. 181.
+
+On the other hand, as the French Kings possessed the faculty sooner
+than our Kings, so did it last longer; for King George I. had the
+good sense not to pretend to it; whereas the French Kings kept
+up the farce at least till 1775, though with some address in the
+words spoken by the King; _viz._ "The King touches you, and may
+God heal you!" ["Le Roy te touche, Dieu te guerisse."] So that, in
+case the Touch fails, it is known where the blame is to lie; which
+is to be attributed to the anger of God, or the want of faith in
+the party[188]. The French Kings gave alms on the occasion; but
+I find no mention of particular pieces, as was the custom with
+us. I do not find that the French Kings ever touched, except upon
+Coronations; though it was a repeated, if not an annual ceremony
+with us, performed daily for a certain season[189], attended with a
+Form of Prayer, compiled for the purpose, which I shall hereafter
+preserve at length in the Appendix, together with the Ceremonial,
+after having given such accounts of the Practice itself, under the
+respective Kings, as are recorded by Writers on the subject.
+
+  [188] Louis XVI. of France went through this ceremony, as appears
+  from the Formule of his Coronation, published at the time, A. D.
+  1775. Louis XV. touched no less than 2000 persons, and Louis XIV.
+  upwards of 2500.
+
+  Gemelli(the famous Traveller) gives an account of 1600 persons being
+  presented for this purpose to Louis XIV. on Easter Sunday 1686.
+  Every Frenchman received 15 sous, and every Foreigner 30.
+
+  In "De mirabili Strumas Sanandi vi solis Galliae Regibus
+  Christianissimis Divinitus concessa. Authore Andrea Laurentio, Regis
+  Consiliario et Medico Primario, 1609," is a very curious Print,
+  representing King Henry IV. touching for the Evil; in which are
+  introduced many Patients and Officers of the Court.
+
+  The French confined their expression to the word _Touch_, though we
+  use the term _Heal_.
+
+  [189] See Browne.
+
+
+EDWARD THE CONFESSOR[190].
+
+To begin in order of time, I shall give you the narrative in Mr.
+Stowe's words, from the Latin account by Alfred, Abbot of Rivaulx.
+Thus then it is:
+
+"A young woman, married, but without children, had a disease about
+her jawes, and under her cheeke, like unto kernels, which they
+termed akornes, and this disease so corrupted her face with stench,
+that shee coulde scarce without great shame speake to any man. This
+woman was admonished in her sleepe, to go to King Edwarde, and get
+him to washe her face with water, and shee shoulde bee whole. To
+the Court shee came; and the King hearing of this matter, disdained
+not to doe it; having a bason of water brought unto him, hee dipped
+his hand therein, and washed the womannes face, and touched the
+diseased place; and this hee did oftentimes, sometimes also signing
+it with the signe of the Crosse, which after hee hadde thus washed
+it, the hard crust or skinne was softened and dissolved; and drawing
+his hand by divers of the holes, out of the kernels came little
+wormes, whereof they were full with corrupt matter and blood, the
+King still pressed it with his handes to bring forth the corruption,
+and disdained not to suffer the stench of the disease, untill hee
+hadde brought forth all the corruption with pressing: this done,
+hee commanded her a sufficient allowance every day for all thinges
+necessary, untill she hadd received perfect health, which was within
+a weeke after; and whereas shee was ever beefore barren, within one
+yeere shee had a childe by her husband. And although this thing
+seeme strange, yet the Normans sayde that hee often did the like in
+his youth, when he was in Normandy[191]."
+
+  [190] Dr. Plot, in his Natural History of Oxfordshire, c. 10, Sec. 125,
+  Plate 16, No. 5, gives a Drawing of the Touch-piece, supposed to
+  have been given by Edward the Confessor. The ribbon, he says, was
+  white.
+
+  [191] Stowe's Annals, p. 98.
+
+It does not appear that the King knew of this Gift before; but he
+continued to use it ever after, and his successors followed him in
+the practice.
+
+But this is not all: for Stowe affords us but one instance of the
+cure of a blind man by King Edward; whereas the Abbot's account[192]
+extends to six men totally blind, besides another who had lost one
+of his eyes; all of whom were restored to perfect sight by the
+King[193].
+
+  [192] See the "Decem Scriptores."
+
+  [193] Mr. Browne likewise believes that several blind persons were
+  restored to sight by King Charles II.
+
+
+WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR
+
+Had business enough upon his hands to employ his time, without
+thinking of such a matter as this; but however, that he might, in
+quieter times, enjoy this Kingly attribute (though only a Bastard
+Son of a Territorial Duke), Voltaire tells us, that some dependants
+endeavoured to persuade the world, that this Gift was bestowed upon
+him from Heaven[194]. Whether he ever exercised it does not appear.
+Nothing but a special bounty of Heaven could convey to him this
+privilege; and such interference was necessary; for it was anciently
+held not to be inherent in any but lawful Kings, and not to extend
+to Usurpers; so that it must have slept during all the wars between
+the Houses of York and Lancaster, till resumed by Henry VII. as will
+be mentioned in its place.
+
+
+EDWARD III.
+
+Mr. Joshua Barnes, the most copious Historiographer of this Reign,
+does not positively say that King Edward exercised this Gift,
+presuming only that he had a double right to it, as Heir to both the
+Realms of England and of France; and, consequently, more eminently
+endowed than Philip of Valois, the then French King[195]. The
+French, no doubt, would deny it to him, as an usurping claimant of
+their Crown; though they could not refuse his right, as derived to
+him as a legal King of England.
+
+  [194] See Davies, ii. 180.
+
+  [195] Barnes's History, b. ii. ch. 7. sect. 5.
+
+
+HENRY VI.
+
+I have already conceived the Gift of healing by the Touch to have
+been, as it were, in abeyance during the Civil Wars between the
+Houses of York and Lancaster; and therefore have found no historical
+record of Cures performed by this _Saint-like_ King, who had such
+ample religious claims. I have called him Saint-like, because he
+never was canonized, though it was attempted and refused by the Pope
+in the Reign of Henry VII. for reasons to be seen in Fuller's Church
+History of Britain[196].
+
+  [196] Book iv. p. 154.
+
+Two reasons against the canonization are suggested by different
+Writers:--1. That the then Pope thought King Henry VI. too simple
+to be sainted:--2. That the contingent expence amounted to more than
+King Henry VII. was willing to defray, being not less than 1500
+ducats of gold, a large sum at that time of day[197].
+
+  [197] Id. in eod.
+
+But, however, although King Henry VI. performed no Cures in his
+life-time, yet was a man miraculously saved from death at the
+gallows by the appearance of the King, 40 years after his demise (in
+the 10th year of Henry VII.), by which intervention the halter had
+no effect; for the convict was found alive, after having hung the
+usual hour, and went speedily (as in duty bound) to return thanks
+at the King's Tomb at Chertsey, for such a wonderful deliverance.
+The Story states, that the man was really innocent, though, from
+circumstantial evidence, presumed to have been guilty; otherwise the
+Ghost of so pious and merciful a King had doubtless never appeared
+to him and interposed.
+
+
+HENRY VII.
+
+It is evident, from various concurrent circumstances, that this King
+touched for the Evil, as the Religious Ceremonial used upon those
+occasions, such as Prayers, Benedictions, Suffrages, &c. during
+his Reign, are to be found not only in MS. in the British Museum,
+but were afterwards printed by order of King James II. A. D. 1686;
+both in Latin. Another proof arises from charges made for pieces of
+money delivered for this purpose in that Reign; for, in the 18th
+year of Henry VII. we find a disbursement of 20 shillings, made by
+John Heron, "for heling 3 seke folks;" and again, "13_s._ 4_d._
+for heling 2 seke folks." From these sums it is evident, that the
+Touch-pieces given were Nobles, or 6_s._ 8_d._ in value[198]. The
+accounts of this John Heron are preserved, together with those of
+divers others, in the office of the Remembrancer of the Exchequer.
+The fact is further established from the testimony of Polydore
+Vergil, who wrote his History at the command of King Henry VII.
+(though it was not made public till the following Reign); wherein
+the Writer, after going a little into the origin of this Gift,
+adds, that the Kings of England, even in his time, healed persons
+afflicted with this disease ["Nam Reges Angliae _etiam nunc_ Tactu
+strumosos sanant."] He further subjoins, that the exercise of it was
+attended with hymns, and other devout caeremonies; meaning, no doubt,
+those above-mentioned: ["quibusdam hymnis non sine ceremoniis prius
+recitatis[199]."] From looking over the Ceremonial, I conceive that
+by hymns, Polydore Vergil means the Gospel, which at that time was
+_sung_, or the suffrages, which might be chanted.
+
+  [198] In the Ceremonial, the King crossed the Sore of the Sick
+  Person, with an _Angel-Noble_.
+
+  [199] Polydore Vergil, p. 143. Basil edit 1546.
+
+Fabian Philips, in his Treatise on Purveyance, p. 257, asserts,
+"that the Angels issued by the Kings of England on these occasions,
+amounted to a charge of three thousand pounds _per annum_."]
+
+I shall give a transcript of the service appropriated to this
+occasion in the Appendix, (No. I.) as the printed copies are very
+scarce.
+
+I cannot dismiss this Reign without observing that the learned
+Editor of the Northumberland Household Book[200] is hereby proved to
+have been very inattentive, when he says that "this miraculous Gift
+was left to be claimed by the _Stuarts_; our ancient _Plantagenets_
+were humbly content to cure the _Cramp_[201]."
+
+  [200] The late truly venerable Bishop Percy.
+
+  [201] Notes to p. 334.--This Ceremony of consecrating the
+  _Cramp-Rings_ will be added to this account of the King's Evil. See
+  Appendix, No. III.
+
+What part the _Plantagenets_ took in this business, for want of
+information, must be left doubtful; but ample proof has been
+offered, that the _Tudors_ possessed the Gift of Healing.
+
+
+EDWARD VI.
+
+The King now before us, though he kept a journal of all material
+occurrences, does not, however, once hint that he touched for the
+Evil, as probably his natural piety would have led him to have
+done, had it ever taken place; but, if there be any truth in the
+immediate prevalence of prayer on the ears of Heaven, an instance is
+recorded wherein the King obtained his request, in a more notable
+instance than any cure he might have performed by the operation
+of his Touch. Sir John Cheke, his Tutor for the Greek language,
+lay very dangerously ill, to the great disquiet and concern of the
+King, who, after frequent and daily inquiries, learned from the
+Physicians at last that there was not the least hope of life. "No,"
+said the King, "he will not die now; for this morning I begged his
+life from God in my prayers, and obtained it." This accordingly came
+to pass; and Sir John recovered speedily, contrary to all medical
+expectations. The truth was ascertained by an ear-witness, the Earl
+of Huntingdon, who related it to the grandson of Sir John Cheke
+(Sir Thomas Cheke, of Pirgo, Essex), by whom it was mentioned to my
+Author[202].
+
+  [202] Fuller's Church History of Britain, book vii. p. 425.
+
+  "Nec Deus intersit nisi dignus vindice Nodus;"
+
+and, if ever necessary, it was on this occasion; though the King
+lived but one year afterwards; and Cheke survived, to disgrace the
+Protestant Religion by his revolt.
+
+
+QUEEN ELIZABETH.
+
+That the Queen touched, is acknowledged; but it is as evident that
+she had no high opinion of the efficacy of such operation; for she
+once threw out an expression tending much to disparage the validity
+of it. Being on a Progress in Gloucestershire, her Majesty was
+so pestered with applications from diseased people, who pressed
+about her person in hopes of obtaining the Royal Touch, that she
+unguardedly, and in an ill-humour, exclaimed, "Alas, poor people,
+_I_ cannot, _I_ cannot cure you; it is God alone who can do it."
+This was interpreted by some, as a renunciation of the Gift; but,
+nevertheless, the Queen afterwards admitted a general resort
+to her for the purpose of being touched, and one in particular
+was healed[203]. On this, or some other occasion, a rigid Papist
+was under a necessity of applying for the Queen's Touch, after
+having tried every other means in vain; and was, says my Author,
+perfectly healed. This happening soon after the Pope had denounced
+the sentence of Excommunication against her Majesty, raised the
+reputation of this Gift in the Royal Line of England; seeing that
+the Pope had no power to divest the Queen of it[204].
+
+  [203] Browne, book iii. p. 124.
+
+  [204] Browne in eod.; and Tooker's "Charisma," ch. 6.
+
+The Queen, at another time, A. D. 1575, being on a Progress in
+Warwickshire, where she was entertained by the Earl of Leicester at
+Kenilworth Castle, during her abode there, "touched nine for the
+King's Evil[205]."
+
+  [205] Strype's Annals, iv. p. 394.
+
+
+JAMES I.
+
+It does not appear that the Kings of Scotland ever pretended to this
+Gift; but when their James VI. came to the Throne of England, the
+virtue appeared in him; and he exercised it, as is evident from a
+passage in Macbeth[206], and still more strongly from Proclamations
+in this Reign, still extant[207].
+
+  [206] Davies, ii. 179.
+
+  [207] By a Proclamation, March 25, 1616, it appears that the Kings
+  of England would not permit patients to approach them during the
+  summer.
+
+Being lineally descended from Henry the Seventh's Daughter,
+Margaret, this King had the same title to the Gift as Henry himself,
+who, as has been seen, used it, though descended from a line of
+Usurpers.
+
+
+CHARLES I.
+
+So pious a King, and so jealous of every prerogatory right,
+divine and human, could not fail to exercise this preternatural
+endowment[208]; and accordingly we find him regulating the manner
+and time that persons shall be admitted to the Royal Touch, by
+divers Proclamations[209]. One is dated soon after his Accession,
+in 1621[210]; another in 1626; and a third in 1628[211]. He cured by
+his words only[212].
+
+  [208] The following interesting remarks on this subject were
+  communicated to Mr. Nichols, in 1781, by the learned and very
+  ingenious Dr. Aikin. "Though the superstitious notions respecting
+  the cure of the King's Evil by the Touch of our English Kings are
+  probably at present entirely eradicated, it is still a curious and
+  not uninstructive object of enquiry, by what means they were so
+  long supported, and by what kind of evidence they have been able to
+  gain credit even in the dawning of a more enlightened period. The
+  testimony of Richard Wiseman, Serjeant-Surgeon to King Charles I.
+  has been alleged as one of the strongest and most unexceptionable
+  in favour of the Touch. He was a man of the greatest eminence
+  in his profession; and his Works (collected in a folio volume,
+  intituled, "Several Chirurgical Treatises, by Richard Wiseman,
+  Serjeant-Chirurgeon, 1676") bear all the marks of an honest and
+  upright disposition in their author. On the subject of the Royal
+  Touch he delivers himself in the following strong and unequivocal
+  terms: 'I myself have been a frequent eye-witness of many hundreds
+  of cures performed by his Majesty's Touch alone, without any
+  assistance of Chirurgery; and those many of them such as had tired
+  out the endeavours of able Chirurgeons before they came thither.
+  It were endless to recite what I myself have seen, and what I have
+  received acknowledgments of by letter, not only from the several
+  parts of the Nation, but also from Ireland, Scotland, Jersey, and
+  Guernsey.' The question which will naturally arise upon this passage
+  is, Did Wiseman really believe what he asserted, or was he knowingly
+  promoting an imposture? Both suppositions have their difficulties;
+  yet both are in some degree probable. His warm attachment to the
+  Royal Family, and early prejudices, might in some measure make his
+  faith preponderate against his judgment; and, on the other hand,
+  certain passages in his treatise necessarily shew a consciousness
+  of collusion and fraudulent pretensions. It was his business, as
+  Serjeant-surgeon, to select such afflicted objects as were proper
+  to be presented for the Royal Touch. In the history of the disease,
+  relating its various states and appearances, he says, 'Those which
+  we present to his Majesty are chiefly such as have this kind of
+  tumour about the _musculus mastoideus_, or neck, with whatever
+  other circumstances they are accompanied; nor are we difficult in
+  admitting the thick-chapped upper lips, and eyes affected with a
+  _lippitudo;_ in other cases we give our judgment more warily.'
+  Here is a selection of the slightest cases, and a manifest doubt
+  expressed concerning the success in more inveterate ones. A little
+  below, observing that the _strumae_ will often be suppurated, or
+  resolved unexpectedly from accidental ferments, he says, 'In case
+  of the King's Touch, the resolution doth often happen where our
+  endeavours have signified nothing; yea, the very _gummata;_ insomuch
+  that I am cautious of predicting concerning them (though they appear
+  never so bad) till 14 days be over.' From this we learn, that the
+  Touch was by no means infallible, and that the pretence of its
+  succeeding was not given up till a fortnight had passed without
+  any change for the better. Indeed it appears very plain, that the
+  worst kind of cases were seldom or never offered the Touch; for in
+  no disease does Wiseman produce more observations from his practice
+  of difficult and dangerous chirurgical treatment, and in not one
+  of these did he call in the assistance of the Royal Hand. It was
+  indeed proposed in a single instance, but under such circumstances
+  as furnish a stronger proof of imposture than any thing hitherto
+  related. A young gentlewoman had an obstinate scrophulous tumour
+  in the right side of the neck, under the maxilla. Wiseman applied
+  a large caustic to it, brought it to suppuration, treated it with
+  escharotics, and cured it. 'About a year after,' he says, 'I saw her
+  again in town, and felt a small gland, of the bigness of a lupin,
+  lying lower on that side of the neck. I would have persuaded her
+  to admit of a resolvent emplaster, and to be touched; but she did
+  not, as she said, believe it to be the King's Evil.' Here, after
+  allowing his patient to undergo a course of very severe surgery, he
+  is willing to trust the relics of the disease to the Royal Touch,
+  assisted by a resolving plaster; but the complaint was now too
+  trifling to engage her attention. Surely the greatest opponent of
+  the Touch will not place it in a more contemptible light!"
+
+  [209] By a Proclamation, June 18, 1626, it is ordered, that no one
+  shall apply for this purpose, who does not bring a certificate that
+  he was never touched before; a regulation which undoubtedly arose
+  from some supposed patients, who had attempted to receive the bit of
+  gold more than once.
+
+  [210] Rymer, tom, xviii. p. 118.
+
+  [211] Id. p. 1023.
+
+  [212] Browne, book iii. p. 135.
+
+One would naturally be surprized to read of such numbers who
+received the Royal Touch in the 17th century, when the disease is
+now so nearly worn out; but Mr. Browne tells us it raged remarkably
+at the period when he lived.
+
+As to the giving of a piece of Gold, Mr. Browne says, "it only shews
+his Majestie's Royal well-wishes towards the recovery of those
+who come thus to be healed." In other parts of his book, however,
+he tells us that "some, losing their Gold[213], their diseases
+have seized them afresh; when, upon obtaining a second Touch, and
+new Gold, their diseases have been seen to vanish." Again, as to
+the virtue contained in the Gold, he relates a story of a father
+and a son, who both were afflicted with the Evil, for which the
+former was touched, and received a piece of Gold; but the latter
+never was touched, and had no Gold; upon which the son borrows
+the father's Gold, and received great relief from it. During this
+interval the father grew worse, received back his Gold, and, after
+wearing it a little time, became better; and this practice was
+pursued for several years. Mr. Browne likewise gives other examples
+of the operation of the Gold, on, persons who had never received
+the Touch.--Though we have called it Gold, which, in itself, was
+anciently reckoned to have a sanative quality in itself, yet Silver
+would do as well; for Mr. Browne does not deny but that a Silver
+two-pence has effectually done the business. The case was, that the
+King (Charles I.), who was the Operator, was then a Prisoner at
+Hampton Court, and perhaps had no Gold to spare; and therefore, in
+several instances, he used Silver, with which many were known to
+have been cured:--but, after all, by way of salvo, Mr. Browne adds,
+that such as failed of their cure--_wanted Faith_. From another
+passage in Mr. Browne's preface, one would be tempted to think that
+the virtue neither consisted in the Gold or the Silver, but in the
+Ribbon to which it was pendent; for he assures those who contended
+that a _second_ piece of _Gold_ was necessary on a _second_ Touch,
+that the same Gold, newly strung upon a White Ribbon, would work as
+effectually as a fresh piece of Gold. Some, he tells us, have been
+cured with the Touch only, without Gold or Silver.
+
+  [213] Sir Kenelm Digby informed Mons. Monconys, that if the person
+  had lost the piece of gold, the complaint immediately returned.
+
+Among other salvos in case of failure of the Touch, added to the
+want of faith, is, that the disease was mistaken in many instances;
+and that the Patients did not labour under the Struma, or Evil, but
+some other similar disorder, over which the Royal Hand had no divine
+influence.
+
+There was such sympathy between the Royal Hand and the part touched,
+that Mr. Browne seems to believe a case that had been sent to him,
+of a woman, at a distance from London, who had formerly been cured
+by King Charles I. and whose sores broke out afresh upon the day of
+the King's death, though she was so ignorant of the world as not to
+know that it was to take place. But she soon recovered her health.
+
+The effect of this Divine Emanation has been said even to extend
+beyond the life of this unfortunate Monarch; for part of the blood
+of this King being preserved on a piece of linen dipped therein, was
+found to have the same effect as the Touch, or his Prayers, when he
+was living[214].
+
+  [214] Browne, book iii. p. 109.
+
+A wen is said to be cured by the hand of a dead man while hanging on
+the gallows. This is still a superstitious notion among the common
+people at this day; and a child's cawl is a preservative against
+drowning in the notions of sailors (who are extremely credulous in
+general): one often sees them advertised for sale; and, if bought at
+all, they find a vent, no doubt, at Wapping.
+
+A wedding ring of gold, rubbed on a stye upon the eyelid, used to
+be esteemed a sovereign remedy; but, if I mistake not, it must be
+applied nine times.
+
+
+CHARLES II.
+
+In January 1683, the following Proclamation was ordered to be
+published in every Parish in the Kingdom[215].
+
+  [215] One of these is still preserved in a frame in the Vestry of
+  St. Martin's Church at Leicester, placed there by the Rev. Samuel
+  Carte, Vicar of that Parish, and brother of Mr. Thomas Carte the
+  Historian.
+
+     "At the Court at Whitehall, 9th of January 1683. Present, the
+     King's Most Excellent Majesty; Lord Keeper, Lord Privy Seal,
+     Duke of Ormond, Duke of Beaufort, Earl of Oxford, Earl of
+     Huntingdon, Earl of Bridgewater, Earl of Peterborow, Earl of
+     Chesterfield, Earl of Clarendon, Earl of Bathe, Earl of Craven,
+     Earl of Nottingham, Earl of Rochester, Lord Bishop of London,
+     Mr. Secretary Jenkins, Mr. Chancellor of the Duchy, Lord Chief
+     Justice Jeffryes, Mr. Godolphin. Whereas, by the grace and
+     blessing of God, the Kings and Queens of this Realm, by many
+     ages past, have had the happiness, by their sacred Touch, and
+     invocation of the name of God, to cure those who are afflicted
+     with the disease called the King's Evil; and his Majesty, in
+     no less measure than any of his Royal Predecessors, having
+     had good success therein; and, in his most gracious and pious
+     disposition, being as ready and willing as any King or Queen
+     of this Realm ever was, in any thing to relieve the distresses
+     and necessities of his good subjects; yet, in his princely
+     wisdom, foreseeing that in this (as in all other things) order
+     is to be observed, and fit times are necessary to be appointed
+     for the performing of this great work of charity, his Majesty
+     was therefore this day pleased to declare in Council his Royal
+     will and pleasure to be, That (in regard heretofore the usual
+     times of presenting such persons for this purpose have been
+     prefixed by his Royal Predecessors) the times of public healings
+     shall from henceforth be from the Feast of All-Saints, commonly
+     called Alhallow-tide, till a week before Christmas; and after
+     Christmas, until the first day of March, and then to cease
+     till the Passion-week, being times most convenient, both for
+     the temperature of the season, and in respect of contagion,
+     which may happen in this near access to his Majesty's sacred
+     Person. And when his Majesty shall at any time think fit to go
+     any progress, he will be pleased to appoint such other times
+     for healing as shall be most convenient. And his Majesty doth
+     hereby accordingly order and command, that, from the time of
+     publishing this his Majesty's order, none presume to repair to
+     his Majesty's Court to be healed of the said disease, but only
+     at or within the times for that purpose hereby appointed as
+     aforesaid. And his Majesty was farther pleased to order, that
+     all such as shall hereafter come or repair to the Court for
+     this purpose, shall bring with them certificates, under the
+     hands and seals of the parson, vicar, or minister, and of both
+     or one of the churchwardens of the respective parishes where
+     they dwell, and from whence they come, testifying, according to
+     the truth, that they have not, at any time before, been touched
+     by his Majesty, to the intent to be healed of their disease.
+     And all ministers and churchwardens are hereby required to be
+     very careful to examine into the truth before they give such
+     certificates; and also to keep a register of all certificates
+     they shall from time to time give. And, to the end that all his
+     Majesty's loving subjects may the better take knowledge of this
+     his Majesty's command, his Majesty was pleased to direct, that
+     this Order be read publicly in all parish-churches, and then be
+     affixed to some conspicuous place there; and for that end the
+     same be printed, and a convenient number of copies sent to the
+     Most Reverend Father in God the Lord Archbishop of Canterbury,
+     and the Lord Archbishop of York, who are to take care that
+     the same be delivered to all parishes within their respective
+     provinces.
+
+     LOYD.
+
+     "London, printed by the Assigns of John Bill, deceased, and by
+     Henry Hills, Printers to the King's Most Excellent Majesty."
+
+A regular Notice to the same effect was published by authority in
+the London Gazette.
+
+In 1684, John Browne, Sworn Chirurgeon in Ordinary to the King's
+Most Excellent Majesty, published a work, not now easily to be
+met with, except in the Libraries of the curious; and perhaps,
+for its general subjects, exploded at this day, as the fashion
+of physick has much altered, as well as many new and important
+discoveries been made, since it was written. It is in three Books.
+The Titles to the three Books are--1. "_Adenochoiradelogia_; or,
+an Anatomick-Chyrurgical Treatise of Glandules and Strumaes, or
+King's Evil Swellings. Together with the Royal Gift of Healing or
+Cure thereof, by contact or imposition of Hands, performed for above
+640 years by our Kings of England, continued with their admirable
+Effects and miraculous Events; and concluded with many wonderful
+Examples of Cures by their Sacred Touch; all which are succinctly
+described by John Browne, one of His Majesty's Chyrurgeons in
+Ordinary, and Chyrurgeon of his Majesty's Hospital; published
+with His Majesty's Royal Approbation: Together with the Testimony
+of many eminent Doctors and Chyrurgeons. Sold by Samuel Lowndes,
+over-against Exeter Change in the Strand." 2. "_Chaeradelogia_; or
+an Exact Discourse of Strumaes, or King's Evil Swellings; wherein
+are discovered their Names and Natures, Differences, Causes, Signs,
+Presages, and Cure, in that modest and plain Dress, that the meanest
+capacity may hereby find out the Disease." 3. _Charisma Basilicon_;
+or, the Royal Gift of Healing Strumaes, or King's Evil, Swellings,
+by Contact or Imposition of the Sacred Hands of our Kings of
+England and of France, given them at their Inaugurations. Shewing
+the Gift itself, and its continued Use, declaring all Persons Healed
+thereby, without any respect either to their Age, Sex, Temper,
+or Constitution; with the Manner, Form, and Ceremonies thereof;
+and divers general Rules for the meanest capacity to find out the
+Disease. The best expedient to prevent poor People from unnecessary
+Journeys. The whole concluded with above Sixty admirable Cures,
+performed with and without Gold, by His Majesty's Benediction;
+by His Late Majesty's precious Blood; and the like." Prefixed to
+the work is a portrait of Browne, engraved by R. White, inscribed
+"Johannes Browne, Regis Britannici necnon Nosocomii sui Chirurgus
+Ordinarius;" and a curious frontispiece, also engraved by White,
+entitled "The Royal Gift of Healing," representing Charles II.
+seated on his Throne, surrounded by his Court, touching for the
+King's Evil.
+
+This ceremony seems to have been in high vogue during this reign.
+"The King gives freely," says Mr. Browne, "not calling the Angels
+to witness, nor sinking so low as others do, to perform the
+same by Black Art or Inchantment. He does it with a pure heart,
+in the presence of the Almighty, who knows all things, without
+superstition, curing all that approach his Royal Touch. And this
+I may frankly presume to aver, that never any of his Predecessors
+have ever exercised it more, or more willingly or freely, whose
+wonderful effects, and certainty of cure, we must and shall ever
+acknowledge[216]."
+
+  [216] Browne, book iii. p. 126.
+
+This is followed by accounts of about 70 "wonderful and miraculous
+cures, performed by his Majesty's Sacred Hands;" and also by "An
+Account of the Number of Persons touched for the King's Evil, from
+May 1660 to September 1664, from the Registers kept by Thomas
+Haynes, Esq. Serjeant of the Chapel Royal; from which I shall copy
+the totals of each year:
+
+  1660       6725
+  1661       4619
+  1662       4275
+  1663       4667
+  1664       3335
+
+Another account, kept by Mr. Thomas Donkley, Keeper of his Majesty's
+Closet belonging to the Chapel Royal, continues the Numbers as
+follows:
+
+  1667       3078
+  1668       3543
+  1669       2983
+  1670       3377
+  1671       3568
+  1672       3771
+  1673       4457
+  1674       5079
+  1675       3471
+  1676       4454
+  1677       4607
+  1678       3456
+  1679       3752
+  1680       3796
+  1681       2461
+  1682       8577
+
+  Summa Totalis      92,107
+
+
+QUEEN ANNE.
+
+It appears by the Newspapers of the time, that on the 30th of
+March, 1714, _two hundred_ persons were touched by Queen Anne[217].
+Amongst these was _Samuel Johnson_, afterwards the justly celebrated
+Moral Writer. He was sent by the advice of Sir John Floyer, then a
+Physician at Lichfield; and many years afterwards, being asked if he
+could remember Queen Anne, said, "he had a confused, but somehow a
+sort of solemn recollection of a Lady in diamonds, and a long black
+hood."
+
+  [217] The Ceremony used in this Reign is given in the Appendix, No.
+  II.
+
+The Honourable Daines Barrington[218] has preserved an anecdote,
+which he heard from an old man who was witness in a cause with
+respect to this supposed miraculous power of Healing. "He had, by
+his evidence, fixed the time of a fact, by Queen Anne's having
+been at Oxford, and touched him, whilst a child, for the Evil.
+When he had finished his evidence, I had an opportunity of asking
+him, whether he was really cured? Upon which he answered, with a
+significant smile, "that he believed himself to have never had any
+complaint that deserved to be considered as the Evil; but that his
+parents were poor, _and had no objection to the bit of gold_."
+
+  [218] Observations on the Statutes.
+
+The learned and honourable Writer very properly observes on this
+occasion, "that this piece of gold, which was given to those who
+were touched, accounts for the great resort upon this occasion, and
+the supposed afterwards miraculous cures."
+
+
+GEORGE I.
+
+Although this Monarch, who succeeded to the Crown in 1714, had the
+good sense not to pretend to this miraculous Gift, it was assumed by
+the Descendants of the race of Stuarts. And it is well recollected,
+that Mr. Carte's (in other respects very excellent) "History of
+England" fell into almost immediate disrepute, on his making, in
+one of his notes, a bold assertion, the substance of which shall be
+here given:
+
+     "Whatever is to be said in favour of its being appropriated to
+     the eldest Descendant of the first branch of the Royal Line of
+     the Kings of France, England, &c. I have _myself_ seen a very
+     remarkable instance of such a cure, which could not possibly be
+     ascribed to the Royal _Unction_. One Christopher Lovel, born at
+     Wells in Somersetshire, but when he grew up residing in the City
+     of Bristol, where he got his living by labour, was extremely
+     afflicted for many years with that distemper, and such a flow
+     of the scrophulous humour, that, though it found a vent by five
+     running sores about his breast, neck, and arms, there was such
+     a tumour on one side of his neck, as left no hollow between his
+     cheek and the upper part of his left shoulder, and forced him
+     to keep his head always awry. The young man was reduced, by
+     the virulence of the humour, to the lowest state of weakness;
+     appeared a miserable object in the eyes of all the inhabitants
+     of that populous city; and, having for many years tried all
+     the remedies which the art of physic could administer, without
+     receiving any benefit, resolved at last to go _abroad_ to be
+     touched. He had an uncle in the place, who was an old seaman,
+     and carried him from Bristol, at the end of August, A. D. 1716,
+     along with him to Cork in Ireland, where he put him on board a
+     ship that was bound to St. Martin's in the Isle of Ree. From
+     thence Christopher made his way first to Paris, and thence to
+     the place where he was touched, in the beginning of November
+     following, by the eldest lineal Descendant of a race of Kings,
+     who had, indeed, for a long succession of ages, cured that
+     distemper by the _Royal Touch_. But this descendant and next
+     heir of their blood had not, at least at that time, been crowned
+     or _anointed_. The usual effect, however, followed: from the
+     moment that the man was touched and invested with the narrow
+     riband, to which a small piece of silver was pendant, according
+     to the rites prescribed in the office appointed by the Church
+     for that solemnity, the humour dispersed insensibly, his sores
+     healed up, and he recovered strength daily, till he arrived
+     in perfect health, in the beginning of January following, at
+     Bristol, having spent only four months and some few days in his
+     voyage. There it was, and in the week preceding St. Paul's fair,
+     that I saw the man, in his recovered vigour of body, without
+     any remains of his complaint, but what were to be seen in the
+     red scars then left upon the five places where the sharp humour
+     had found a vent, but which were otherwise entirely healed, and
+     as sound as any other part of his body. Dr. Lane, an eminent
+     physician in the place, whom I visited on my arrival, told me of
+     this cure, as the most wonderful thing that ever happened; and
+     pressed me as well to see the man upon whom it was performed,
+     as to talk about his case with Mr. Samuel Pye, a very skilful
+     surgeon, and I believe still living in that city, who had tried
+     in vain, for three years together, to cure the man by physical
+     remedies. I had an opportunity of doing both; and Mr. Pye, after
+     dining together, carrying me to the man, I examined and informed
+     myself fully of all particulars, relating as well to his illness
+     as his cure; and found upon the whole, that if it is not to be
+     deemed miraculous, it at least deserved the character given it
+     by Dr. Lane, of being one of the most wonderful events that has
+     ever happened."
+
+
+APPENDIX, No. I.
+
+_The Ceremonies for the Healing of them that be diseased with the
+King's Evil, as they were practised in the time of King Henry
+VII_[219].
+
+  [219] Published by Command of King Charles II.; and printed by
+  Henry Hills, Printer to the King's Most Excellent Majesty, for his
+  Household and Chapel, 1686.
+
+_Rubrick._--First, the King, kneeling, shall begin, and say,
+
+In nomine Patris, et Filii, et Spiritus Sancti. Amen.
+
+_Rubrick._--And so soon as He hath said that, He shall say,
+Benedicite.
+
+_Rubrick._--The Chaplain, kneeling before the King, having a stole
+about his neck, shall answer, and say,
+
+Dominus sit in corde tuo et labiis tuis, ad confitendum omnia
+peccata tua, in nomine Patris, et Filii, et Spiritus Sancti. Amen.
+
+_Rubrick._--Or else to say,
+
+Jesus nos exaudiat, in nomine Patris, et Filii, et Spiritus Sancti.
+
+_Rubrick._--Then by and by the King shall say, Confiteor Deo, Beatae
+Mariae Virgini, Omnibus Sanctis, et Vobis, quia peccavi nimis in
+cogitatione, locutione, et opere, mea culpa [sic.] Precor Sanctam
+Mariam, omnes Sanctos Dei, et Vos, orare pro me.
+
+_Rubrick._--The Chaplain shall answer, and say,
+
+Misereatur Vestri Omnipotens Deus, et demittat Vobis omnia peccata
+Vestra, liberet Vos ab omni malo, salvet et confirmet in bono, et ad
+vitam perducat aeternam. Amen.
+
+Absolutionem et Remissionem omnium peccatorum Vestrorum, spatium
+verae poenitentiae, et emendationem vitae, gratiam et consolationem
+Sancti Spiritus, tribuat Vobis omnipotens et misericors Dominus.
+Amen.
+
+_Rubrick._--This done, the Chaplain shall say, Dominus Vobiscum.
+
+_Rubrick._--The King shall answer,
+
+Et cum Spiritu tuo.
+
+_Rubrick._--The Chaplain.
+
+Sequentia Sancti Evangelii secundum Marcum.
+
+_Rubrick._--The King shall answer.
+
+Gloria tibi, Domine.
+
+_Rubrick._--The Chaplain shall read the Gospel.
+
+In illo tempore, recumbentibus undecim Discipulis apparuit illis
+Jesus; et exprobavit incredulitatem eorum, et duritiem cordis, qui
+iis qui viderant eum resurrexisse, non crediderunt. Et dixit eis,
+Euntes in mundum universum, praedicate Evangelium omni creaturae.
+Qui crediderit et baptizatus fuerit, salvus erit; qui vero non
+crediderit, condemnabitur. Signa autem eos, qui crediderint, haec
+sequentur: In nomine meo daemonia ejicient, linguis loquentur novis,
+serpentes tollent; et si mortiferum quid biberint non eis nocebit;
+super aegros manus imponent, et bene [seipsos] habebunt.
+
+_Rubrick._--Which clause [super aegros, &c.] the Chaplain repeats as
+long as the King is handling the Sick Person. And in the time of
+the repeating the aforesaid words [super aegros, &c.] the Clerk of
+the Closet shall kneel before the King, having the Sick Person upon
+the right hand, and the Sick Person shall likewise kneel before the
+King; and then the King shall lay his hand upon the Sore of the Sick
+Person. This done, the Chaplain shall make an end of the Gospel;
+and in the mean time the Chirurgeon shall lead away the Sick Person
+from the King.
+
+--Et Dominus quidem Jesus, postquam locutus est eis, assumptus
+est in coelum, et sedet a dextris Dei. Illi autem profecti,
+praedicaverunt ubique, Domino cooperante, et sermonem confirmante,
+sequentibus signis.
+
+_Rubrick._--Then the Chaplain shall begin to say again, Dominus
+Vobiscum.
+
+_Rubrick._--The King shall answer,
+
+Et cum spiritu tuo.
+
+_Rubrick._--The Chaplain. Initium Sancti Evangelii secundum Joannem.
+
+_Rubrick._--The King shall say.
+
+Gloria tibi, Domine.
+
+_Rubrick._--The Chaplain then shall say this Gospel following.
+
+In principio erat Verbum, et Verbum erat apud Deum, et Deus erat
+Verbum. Hoc erat in principio apud Deum. Omnia per ipsum facta sunt;
+et sine ipso factum est nihil, quod factum est: in ipso vita erat,
+et vita erat Lux hominum; et Lux in tenebris lucet, et Tenebrae
+eam non comprehenderunt. Fuit homo missus a Deo, cui nomen erat
+Joannes. Hic venit in testimonium, ut testimonium perhiberet de
+lumine, ut omnes crederent per illum. Non erat ille Lux, sed ut
+testimonium perhiberet de lumine. Erat Lux vera quae illuminat omnem
+hominem venientem in hunc mundum.
+
+_Rubrick._--Which last clause [Erat Lux vera, &c.] shall still be
+repeated so long as the King shall be crossing the Sore of the Sick
+Person with an Angel Noble. And the Sick Person to have the same
+Angel hanged about his neck, and to wear it until he be full whole.
+
+This done, the Chirurgeon shall lead away the Sick Person, as he did
+before; and then the Chaplain shall make an end of the Gospel.
+
+--In mundo erat, et mundus per ipsum factus est, et mundus eum non
+cognovit. In propria venit, et sui eum non receperunt. Quot quot
+autem receperunt eum dedit eis potestatem filios Dei fieri, his, qui
+credunt in nomine ejus, qui non ex sanguinibus, neque ex voluntate
+carnis, neque ex voluntate viri, sed ex Deo nati sunt. Et Verbum
+caro factum est, et habitavit in nobis; et vidimus gloriam ejus,
+gloriam quasi unigeniti a Patre, plenum gratiae et veritatis.
+
+_Rubrick._--Then the Chaplain shall say,
+
+Sit nomen Domini benedictum.
+
+_Rubrick._--The King shall answer,
+
+Ex hoc nunc et usque in seculum.
+
+_Rubrick._--Then shall the Chaplain say this Collect following,
+praying for the Sick Person or Persons.
+
+Domine exaudi orationem meam [nostram].
+
+_Rubrick._--The King shall answer,
+
+Et clamor meus [noster] ad te veniat. Oremus.
+
+Omnipotens sempiterne Deus, salus aeterna credentium, exaudi nos pro
+famulis tuis, pro quibus misericordiae tuae imploramus auxilium, ut,
+reddita sibi sanitate, tibi in Ecclesia tua referant actiones. Per
+Christum Dominum nostrum. Amen.
+
+_Rubrick._--This Prayer is to be said secretly, after the Sick
+Persons are departed from the King, at his pleasure.
+
+Dominator Domine Deus Omnipotens, cujus benignitate caeci vident,
+surdi audiunt, muti loquuntur, claudi ambulant, leprosi mundantur,
+omnes infirmorum curantur languores, et a quo solo donum Sanationis
+humano generi etiam tribuitur, et tanta gratia pro incredibili tua
+erga hoc regnum bonitate, Regibus ejusdem concessa est, ut sola
+manuum illorum impositione, morbus gravissimus foetidissimusque
+depellatur: concede propitius ut tibi propterea gratias agamus, et
+pro isto singulari beneficio in nos collato, non nobis ipsis, sed
+nomini tuo assidue gloriam demus, nosque sic ad pietatem semper
+exerceamus, ut tuam nobis donatam gratiam non solum diligenter
+conservare, sed indies magis magisque adaugere laboremus; et praesta
+ut quorumcunque corporibus in nomine tuo manus imposuerimus, hac
+tua virtute in illis operante et nobis ministrantibus, ad pristinam
+sanitatem restituantur, eam conservent, et pro eadem tibi, ut summo
+Medico et omnium morborum depulsori, perpetuo nobiscum gratias
+agant; sicque deinceps vitam instituant, ut non corpus solum ab
+infirmitate, sed anima etiam a peccato omnino sanata videatur.
+Per Dominum nostrum Jesum Christum Filium tuum, qui tecum vivit
+et regnat in unitate Sancti Spiritus, per omnia secula seculorum.
+Amen.[220]
+
+  [220] "Ritualia Varia," in the British Museum.
+
+
+APPENDIX, No. II.
+
+From a FOLIO PRAYER BOOK, printed 1710.
+
+_At the Healing._
+
+Prevent us, O Lord, &c.
+
+Gospel.
+
+From the 16th Chapter of St. Mark, beginning at the 14th Verse:
+"Afterwards he appeared, &c." to the end of the Chapter: "and
+confirming the Word with Signs following."
+
+    Let us pray.
+    Lord have mercy upon us.
+    Christ, &c.
+    Lord, &c.
+    Our Father, &c.
+
+--[Then shall the Infirm Persons, one by one, be presented to the
+Queen upon_Rubrick._ their Knees; and, as every one is presented,
+and while the Queen is laying her Hands upon them, and putting the
+Gold about their necks, the Chaplain that officiates, turning
+himself to her Majesty, shall say these words following:]
+
+God give a Blessing to this Work; and grant that _these_ Sick
+Persons, on whom the Queen lays her Hands, may recover, through
+Jesus Christ our Lord.
+
+_Rubrick._--[After all have been presented, the Chaplain shall say,]
+
+_Verse._--O Lord, save thy Servants;
+
+_Resp._--Who put their Trust in Thee.
+
+_Verse._--Send them Help from thy Holy Place.
+
+_Resp._--And evermore mightily defend them.
+
+_Verse._--Help us, O God of our Salvation.
+
+_Resp._--And, for the Glory of thy Name deliver us, and be merciful
+to us Sinners for thy Name's Sake.
+
+_Verse._--O Lord, hear our Prayers.
+
+_Resp._--And let our Cry come unto Thee.
+
+_Rubrick._--[These answers are to be made by them that come to be
+healed.]
+
+Let us pray.
+
+O Almighty God, who art the Giver of all Health, and the Aid of them
+that seek to thee for Succour, we call upon thee for thy Health and
+Goodness mercifully to be shewed upon these thy Servants, that they,
+being healed of their Infirmities, may give Thanks unto thee in thy
+Holy Church, through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.
+
+_Rubrick._--[Then the Chaplain, standing with his face towards them
+that come to be healed, shall say,]
+
+The Almighty Lord, who is a most strong Tower to all them that put
+their Trust in him; to whom all things in Heaven, in Earth, and
+under the Earth, do bow and obey, be now and evermore your Defence;
+and make you know and feel, that there is none other Name under
+Heaven given to Man, in whom, and through whom, you may receive
+Health and Salvation, but only the Name of our Lord Jesus Christ.
+Amen.
+
+The Grace of our Lord, &c. Amen.
+
+
+APPENDIX, No. III.
+
+_The Ceremonies of Blessing Cramp-Rings on Good-Friday, used by the
+Catholick Kings of England._
+
+The Psalme "Deus misereatur nostri," &c. with the "Gloria Patri."
+
+May God take pity upon us, and blesse us;* may he send forth the
+light of his face upon us, and take pity on us.
+
+That we may know thy ways on earth* among all nations thy salvation.
+
+May people acknowledge thee, O God:* may all people acknowledge thee.
+
+Let nations reioice, and be glad, because thou iudgest people with
+equity,* and doest guide nations on the earth.
+
+May people acknowledge thee, O God, may all people acknowledge
+thee,* the earth has sent forth her fruit.
+
+May God blesse us, that God who is ours: may that God blesse us,*
+and may all the bounds of the earth feare him.
+
+Glory be to the Father, and to the Son,* and to the Holy Ghost.
+
+As it was in the beginning, and now, and ever,* and for ever, and
+ever. Amen.
+
+Then the King reades this Prayer:
+
+Almighty eternal God, who by the most copious gifts of thy grace,
+flowing from the unexhausted fountain of thy bounty, hast been
+graciously pleased, for the comfort of mankind, continually to grant
+us many and various meanes to relieve us in our miseries; and art
+willing to make those the instruments and channels of thy gifts, and
+to grace those persons with more excellent favours, whom thou hast
+raised to the Royal dignity; to the end that, as by Thee they Reign,
+and govern others, so by Thee they may prove beneficial to them, and
+bestow thy favours on the people: Graciously heare our prayers, and
+favourably receive those vows we powre forth with humility, that
+Thou mayst grant to us, who beg with the same confidence the favour
+which our Ancestours, by their hopes in thy mercy have obtained:
+through Christ our Lord. Amen.
+
+The Rings lying in one bason or more, this prayer is to be said over
+them:
+
+O God, the Maker of heavenly and earthly creatures, and the most
+gracious Restorer of mankind, the Dispenser of spiritual grace, and
+the Origin of all blessings; send downe from heaven thy Holy Spirit
+the Comforter upon these Rings, artificially fram'd by the workman;
+and by thy greate power purify them so, that all the malice of the
+fowle and venomous Serpent be driven out; and so the metal, which by
+Thee was created, may remaine pure, and free from all dregs of the
+enemy: through Christ our Lord. Amen.
+
+The Blessing of the Rings.
+
+O God of Abraham, God of Isaac, God of Jacob, heare mercifully
+our prayers. Spare those who feare Thee. Be propitious to thy
+suppliants; and graciously be pleased to send downe from Heaven
+thy holy Angel, that he may sanctify ++ and blesse ++ these Rings;
+to the end they may prove a healthy remedy to such as implore thy
+name with humility, and accuse themselves of the sins which ly
+upon their conscience: who deplore their crimes in the sight of thy
+divine clemency, and beseech, with earnestness and humility, thy
+most serene piety. May they in fine, by the invocation of thy holy
+name, become profitable to all such as weare them, for the health of
+their soule and body, through Christ our Lord. Amen.
+
+A Blessing.
+
+O God, who hast manifested the greatest wonders of thy power by the
+cure of diseases, and who were pleased that Rings should be a pledge
+of fidelity in the Patriark Judah, a priestly ornament in Aaron,
+the mark of a faithful guardian in Darius, and in this Kingdom a
+remedy for divers diseases; graciously be pleased to blesse ++ and
+sanctify ++ these Rings; to the end that all such who weare them may
+be free from all snares of the Devil, may be defended by the power
+of celestial armour; and that no contraction of the nerves, or any
+danger of the falling-sickness, may infest them; but that in all
+sort of diseases by thy help they may find relief. In the name of
+the Father, ++ and of the Son, ++ and of the Holy Ghost. ++ Amen.
+
+Blesse, O my soule, the Lord,* and let all things which are within
+me praise his holy name.
+
+Blesse, O my soule, the Lord,* and do not forget all his favours.
+
+He forgives all thy iniquities,* he heales all thy infirmities.
+
+He redeemes thy life from ruin,* he crownes thee with mercy and
+commiseration.
+
+He fils thy desires with what is good:* thy youth, like that of the
+eagle, shall be renewed.
+
+The Lord is he who does mercy,* and does, iustice to those who
+suffer wrong.
+
+The merciful and pitying Lord:* the long sufferer, and most mighty
+merciful.
+
+He wil not continue his anger for ever;* neither wil he threaten for
+ever.
+
+He has not dealt with us in proportion to our sins;* nor has he
+rendered unto us according to our offences.
+
+Because according to the distance of heaven from earth,* so has he
+enforced his mercies, upon those who feare him.
+
+As far distant as the east is from the west,* so far has he divided
+our offences from us.
+
+After the manner that a Father takes pity of his sons; so has the
+Lord taken pity of those who feare him;* because he knows what we
+are made of.
+
+He remembers that we are but dust. Man, like hay, such are his
+days;* like the flower in the field, so wil he fade away.
+
+Because his breath wil passe away through him, and he wil not be
+able to subsist,* and it wil find no longer its owne place.
+
+But the mercy of the Lord is from all eternity;* and wil be for ever
+upon those who feare him.
+
+And his iustice comes upon the children of their children,* to those
+who keep his wil.
+
+And are mindful of his commandments,* to performe them.
+
+The Lord in heaven has prepared himself a throne, and his kingdom
+shall reign over all.
+
+Blesse yee the Lord, all yee Angels of his; yee who are powerful in
+strength:* who execute his commands, at the hearing of his voice
+when he speakes.
+
+Blesse yee the Lord, all yee vertues of his:* yee Ministers who
+execute his wil.
+
+Blesse yee the Lord, all yee works of his throughout all places of
+his dominions:* my Soule praise thou the Lord.
+
+Glory be to the Father, and to the Son,* and to the Holy Ghost.
+
+As it was in the beginning, and now and ever,* and for ever and
+ever. Amen.
+
+Wee humbly implore, O merciful God, thy infinit clemency; that as we
+come to Thee with a confident soule, and sincere faith, and a pious
+assurance of mind: with the like devotion thy beleevers may follow
+on these tokens of thy grace. May all superstition be banished
+hence; far be all suspicion of any diabolical fraud; and to the
+glory of thy name let all things succeede: to the end thy beleevers
+may understand Thee to be the dispenser of all good; and may be
+sensible, and publish, that whatsoever is profitable to soule or
+body, is derived from Thee: through Christ our Lord. Amen.
+
+These Prayers being said, the King's Highnes rubbeth the Rings
+between his hands, saying,
+
+Sanctify, O Lord, these Rings, and graciously bedew them with the
+dew of thy benediction, and consecrate them by the rubbing of our
+hands, which thou hast been pleased according to our ministery to
+sanctify by an external effusion of holy oyle upon them: to the end
+that what the nature of the mettal is not able to performe, may be
+wrought by the greatnes of thy grace: through Christ our Lord. Amen.
+
+Then must holy water be cast on the Rings, saying,
+
+In the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost.
+Amen.
+
+O Lord, the only begotten Son of God, Mediatour of God and men,
+Jesus Christ, in whose name alone salvation is sought for; and to
+such as hope in thee givest an easy acces to thy Father: who, when
+conversing among men, thyself a man, didst promise, by an assured
+oracle flowing from thy sacred mouth, that thy Father should grant
+whatever was asked him in thy name: Lend a gracious eare of pity to
+these prayers of ours; to the end that, approaching with confidence
+to the throne of thy grace, the beleevers may find, by the benefits
+conferr'd upon them, that by thy mediation we have obtained what we
+have most humbly begd in thy name: who livest and reignest with God
+the Father, in the unity of the Holy Ghost, one God for ever and
+ever. Amen.
+
+Wee beseech thee, O Lord, that the Spirit, which proceedes from
+thee, may prevent and follow on our desires; to the end that
+what we beg with confidence for the good of the faithful, we may
+efficaciously obtaine by thy gracious gift: through Christ our Lord.
+Amen.
+
+O most clement God; Father, Son, and Holy Ghost; wee supplicate and
+beseech thee, that what is here performed by pious ceremonies to
+the sanctifying of thy name, may be prevalent to the defense of our
+soule and body on earth; and profitable to a more ample felicity in
+heaven: who livest and reignest God, world without end. Amen.
+
+
+
+
+Stemmata Magnatum.
+
+ORIGIN OF THE TITLES
+
+OF SOME OF THE
+
+ENGLISH NOBILITY.
+
+
+    "When Adam dolve, and Eva span,
+    Who was then a Gentleman?
+    Then came the Churle, and gather'd Good;
+    And thence arose the Gentle Blood."
+
+"It is an ancient received saying, that there is no Poverty but is
+descended of Nobility; nor no Nobility but is descended of Beggary."
+
+  History of the Gwedir Family, p. 94.
+
+
+WESTMORELAND, Earl.--From the County.
+
+_Burghersh_[221], Baron (_Fane_).--Bartholomew, Baron of Burghersh,
+was the Tenth Knight of the Order of the Garter, at the Institution
+1350; who left a Daughter and Heir, who married Edward Le Despenser;
+which official Title was afterwards erected into a Barony by
+Summons, A. D. 1285; and was for a long time merged in the Family
+of Fane, Earl of Westmoreland, till the failure of Male Issue in a
+direct line, 1762. The Earldom and Barony of Burghersh passed to a
+distant branch, of the name of Fane; but the Barony of Le Despenser
+went by a Female to Sir Francis Dashwood, Bart. in right of his
+Mother.
+
+  [221] A corruption of Burghwash, a little Village in Sussex, on the
+  River Rother. See Camden's Brit.
+
+
+LE DESPENSER, Baron (STAPLETON).--A nominal Title from official
+derivation. It was held originally by Descent and Summons, A.D.
+1295. Anno 23 Edward I. it passed by Marriage to the Earl of
+Westmoreland; and, being a Fee, descended to Sir Francis Dashwood,
+Bart.; and after him to his Sister, Lady Austen, and now, 1788, is
+vested in Sir Thomas Stapleton, Bart. of Oxfordshire.
+
+
+WENTWORTH[222], Viscount (NOEL).--After the Barony of _Wentworth_
+had continued for several successions in the name of _Wentworth_,
+of Nettlestead in Suffolk, the Title devolved on Anne, the Wife of
+John Lord Lovelace, whose Daughter Martha inherited the Barony of
+_Wentworth_, and to whom the Title was confirmed, by Descent, in
+Parliament, A.D. 1702; and she walked at the Coronation of Queen
+Anne as Baroness _Wentworth_ in her own right. She dying without
+Issue, 1745, the Title devolved on the Descendants of Sir William
+_Noel_, Bart. who had married Margaret, another Daughter of Lord
+Lovelace, by Anne, the Heiress of Wentworth Lord _Wentworth_. Hence
+the Title passed to Edward, the eldest Son of Sir Clobery _Noel_,
+Bart. who succeeded to his Father's Title of Baronet, 1733; and
+to the Barony of _Wentworth_, as Heir of Margaret, 1745. He was
+created Viscount Wentworth of Wellesborough, co. Leic. 1762.
+
+  [222] The Ancestor of this Family was Thomas Wentworth, _Earl of
+  Cleveland;_ which Title became extinct, for want of Male Issue,
+  1667. The Barony passed as above.
+
+
+HOWLAND, Baron (RUSSELL).--A Barony in the Duke of Bedford, granted
+in honour of Elizabeth, Daughter of John Howland, Esq. of Streatham
+in Surrey (by whom the Family acquired that estate), who married
+Wriothesley, Grandson of the first Duke of Bedford, and the eldest
+Son of Lord William Russell, who was beheaded 1683[223].
+
+  [223] See Collins's Baronage, i. 267, 272.
+
+
+NORMANBY, Marquis, extinct (SHEFFIELD).--The second Title of
+Sheffield Duke of Buckingham, taken from an obscure place in
+Lincolnshire.
+
+
+CHANDOS, Duke (BRYDGES).--The Patent is dated April 29, 1719,
+wherein the Grantee is styled "Duke of Chandos in the County of
+Hereford." The Dukedom became extinct, by the death of James the
+third Duke, s. p. 1789. The Barony exists (1790), if a claim to it
+can be established, as that creation bears date A. D. 1554.
+
+
+ARUNDEL OF WARDOUR, Baron (ARUNDEL[224]).--From Wardour Castle in
+Wiltshire. He is a Count of the Empire by Grant of Rodolph II. A. D.
+1595[225].
+
+  [224] See Camden's Britannia, col. 112.
+
+  [225] See Camden, for the words of the Patent.
+
+
+SONDES, Baron (WATSON).--A revived Title, from the inheritance of
+part of the estates of Lewis Watson, Earl of Rockingham and Viscount
+_Sondes_. Lewis Watson, having married the Heiress of Sir George
+_Sondes_, K.B. was created Earl of Rockingham and Viscount _Sondes_,
+in honour of his Wife's Father, 1714; so that the present Title is
+nominal. The Estate at Lees-Court in Kent came by the above marriage.
+
+
+ONSLOW AND CRANLEY, Baron (ONSLOW).--This Barony is both nominal and
+local, for the Family came from Onslow in Shropshire. Their first
+settlement in Surrey was at Knowle, in the Parish of _Cranley_,
+whence came the second Barony by creation to George Onslow, the Son
+of Arthur (the Speaker), in the life-time of his Cousin Richard,
+then Lord Onslow, 1776. The original Patent, 1716, to Richard (who
+was Speaker also) the eldest Son of Sir Arthur Onslow, Bart. was
+limited to the Heirs Male of his Father, which carried the Title of
+Baron Onslow of Onslow and Clendon[226], to the Son of Arthur (the
+Speaker), on the death of his Cousin Richard Lord Onslow, 1776[227].
+
+  [226] Clendon is the Seat of the Family in Surrey.
+
+  [227] See Camden's Brit. col. 182, as to the Family.
+
+N.B. George Lord Onslow and _Cranley_ was created into the latter
+Title, May 14, 1776; and succeeded his Cousin Richard in the Title
+of Onslow, on the 8th of the following October.
+
+
+BERKELEY, Earl.--From Berkeley Castle, the present Seat of the
+Family, in Gloucestershire. The Barony of Berkeley is a Feudal
+Honour by the Tenure of the Castle of Berkeley; and the Possessor
+of it had Summons to Parliament as a Baron by that Tenure, anno 23
+Edward I.[228]
+
+  [228] Dale's Catalogue of the Nobility, 1697, p. 72.
+
+
+DURSLEY, Viscount.--From Dursley in Gloucestershire, the original
+Seat of the Family.
+
+
+DE CLIFFORD, Baron (SOUTHWELL).--From Clifford Castle in
+Herefordshire; where Walter Fitz-Ponce, whose Father possessed it
+by marriage, resided, and took the name of Clifford. The first
+Fitz-Ponce came hither with the Conqueror, to whom he was related.
+The Barony passed in the Female Line to the Family of Southwell, to
+which it was confirmed A.D. 1775. The first Summons to Parliament
+was anno 23 Edward I. 1295.
+
+
+DUCIE, Baron, OF MORTON AND TORTWORTH (REYNOLDS).--The Peer of the
+name of _Ducie_ was descended from Sir Robert Ducie, Lord Mayor
+of London, 1631; and who had been created a Baronet[229]. The
+Issue Male of the name of _Ducie_ failing, the Title was renewed
+by Patent, 1763, to Matthew Ducie, Lord Ducie of _Morton_ in
+Staffordshire; with a Limitation to Thomas and Francis _Reynolds_,
+his Nephews, and their Heirs Male successively, by the Style of Lord
+Ducie of _Tortworth_ in Gloucestershire. _Thomas_ Reynolds succeeded
+to this Title on the death of his Uncle, 1770; and dying without
+Issue 1785, it devolved on his Brother _Francis;_ who dying in 1808,
+was succeeded by his Son Thomas, present Lord Ducie.
+
+  [229] Pennant's London, fourth edition, p. 346.
+
+
+POWIS, Earl (HERBERT).--Powis is a part of Shropshire bordering on
+Wales; and was formerly a little Kingdom, still known by the name of
+Powis-Land. The first Baron was created by Henry I. on a surrender
+of the actual Territory, and an acknowledgment of service[230].
+
+  [230] Pennant's Tour in North Wales, vol. II. p. 436.
+
+
+LUDLOW, Viscount.--From the Town of that name in Shropshire[231].
+
+  [231] The Barony of Herbert of Cherbury was revived in this Branch
+in 1743.
+
+
+AUDLEY, Baron (THICKNESSE-TOUCHET). Audley is in Staffordshire. John
+Touchet married Joan, eldest Daughter of Lord Audley of Heleigh,
+whose Descendant was found Heir, and had Summons to Parliament,
+A.D. 1296[232]. The honour of Peerage in the name of Touchet, who
+was also Earl of Castlehaven in Ireland, ended in a Daughter (Lady
+Elizabeth), who married Philip Thicknesse, Esq. and died in 1762,
+leaving Issue; the Barony (being a Fee) passed to George Thicknesse,
+her Son, on the death of the Earl of Castlehaven, 1777; and who has
+taken, by sign-manual, 1784, the additional name of Touchet. The
+Earldom is extinct.
+
+  [232] Collins's Peerage.
+
+
+ABERGAVENNY, Earl (NEVILE).--This is a Title derived from a Lord
+Marcher, and taken, among many others now merged or extinct, from
+the place conquered. Mr. Pennant says, it is the only surviving
+Title of that nature[233].
+
+  [233] Tour in North Wales, vol. II. p. 439, 4to.
+
+
+NEVILE, Viscount.--From the Name.
+
+
+MIDDLETON, Baron (WILLOUGHBY).--From an obscure Village, near
+Sutton-Coldfield, in Warwickshire[234].
+
+  [234] Pennant's Journey from Chester to London, 4to, 1782, p. 127.
+
+
+COVENTRY, Earl.--From the City, or the Name.
+
+
+DEERHURST, Viscount (COVENTRY).--From a place in Gloucestershire.
+
+
+STANHOPE, Earl.--A nominal Title. The first Peer of this Branch was
+created Viscount Stanhope of Mahon, and Baron Stanhope of Elvaston,
+in the County of Derby, 1717, from his having taken Port-Mahon, in
+the Island of Minorca, 1708.
+
+
+MAHON, Viscount (STANHOPE).--The same Peer was created Earl Stanhope
+1718, by which his second Title became "Viscount Mahon."
+
+
+DUDLEY AND WARD, Viscount (WARD).--The Barony of _Ward_ is nominal,
+and was conferred in 1644. The Viscounty (by creation in 1763) is
+derived from a Village near Birmingham in Warwickshire.
+
+N. B. The Viscounty includes both Honours; the Title being Viscount
+_Dudley and Ward_.
+
+
+DORCHESTER, Earl (DAMER).--Lord Milton, a Baron both of England and
+Ireland, was created Earl of Dorchester in _Dorsetshire_, 1792.
+
+
+MILTON, Viscount.--From Milton Abbey, the Seat of the Family, in
+Dorsetshire. The Title of Viscount was granted by the Patent in
+1792.
+
+
+DORCHESTER, Baron[235] (CARLETON).--Sir Guy Carleton, K. B. was
+created Baron of Dorchester in _Oxfordshire_, 1786. Sir Dudley
+Carleton was created Baron Carleton 1626, and Viscount Dorchester in
+_Oxfordshire_ 1628. It is, however, denied by the Heralds that Sir
+Guy is of that Family.
+
+  [235] The Marquisate of Dorchester, which was in the late Dukes of
+  Kingston, was from Dorchester, Dorset.
+
+
+LEEDS, Duke (OSBORNE).--From the Town of Leeds in Yorkshire.
+
+
+CARMARTHEN, Marquis.--From Carmarthen in Wales.
+
+
+DANBY, Earl.--From a Castle of the name in Cleveland, a District of
+Yorkshire.
+
+
+ALBEMARLE, Earl.--otherwise Aumerle, and Aumale [Albo Marla, or
+White Marle], from a Town in Normandy, which gave Title to a Peer of
+France. It was conferred by William III. when at war with Louis XIV.
+
+
+BURY, Viscount (KEPPEL).--In Suffolk.
+
+
+HARRINGTON, Earl (STANHOPE[236]).--From a Village in
+Northamptonshire.
+
+  [236] Sir Michael Stanhope, of Harington in Northamptonshire, was
+  the common Ancestor of the Earls of Chesterfield and of Harrington;
+  as also of Earl Stanhope.
+
+
+PETERSHAM, Viscount (STANHOPE).--A Village near Richmond in
+Surrey[237].
+
+  [237] At Petersham was a Villa belonging to the Earl of Rochester,
+  which was burnt down in 1721; after which the Earl of Harrington
+  possessed and took it for his second Title in 1742.
+
+
+SUFFOLK, Earl.--From the County.
+
+
+BINDON, Viscount (HOWARD).--In Dorsetshire. It was the Seat of Lord
+Marney (A. D. 1607); and came to this Branch of the Family of Howard
+by a Marriage with the Heiress of Lord Marney[238].
+
+  [238] Camden, col. 57.
+
+
+SHIPBROOKE, Viscount.--Richard Vernon was possessed of the Barony of
+Shipbroke, in Cheshire, in the time of Richard the First[239].
+
+  [239] Pennant's Journey from Chester, 1782, p. 19.
+
+
+ORWELL, Baron (VERNON).--Vernon, Baron of Shipbroke, was one of the
+Barons (of the Palatinate of Chester) created by Hugh Lupus, the
+first Norman Earl of Chester. Extinct[240].
+
+  [240] Pennant's Tour in North Wales, 1778, p. 125.
+
+
+BEAULIEU, Earl; BEAULIEU, Baron (HUSSEY-MONTAGUE).--Beaulieu is an
+Abbey in Hampshire, and was part of the Estate of John (Montagu)
+Duke of Montagu, inherited by his Daughter and Co-heiress the
+Duchess of Manchester, who married Sir Edward Hussey, K. B. Upon
+this marriage he took the additional name of Montague.
+
+
+VERNON, Baron (VERNON).--The Title is nominal and local,
+from _Vernon_ in Normandy[241]. The Descent is from Hamon de
+Massie-Venables, of Kinderton, in Cheshire, who was one of Hugh
+Lupus's Palatinate Barons, as Earl of Chester.
+
+  [241] Collins's Peerage, 1779.
+
+
+HARCOURT, Earl.--The Title is from the Name, which is local, from a
+Town in Normandy, and which is also the Title of a French Dukedom.
+
+
+NUNEHAM, Viscount (HARCOURT).--From the Earl's Seat in Oxfordshire.
+The Earldom was erected in 1749.
+
+
+GRAFTON, Duke.--From a Village in Northamptonshire, which was
+erected into an Honour, and conferred by King Charles II. on his
+Natural Son by the Duchess of Cleveland.
+
+
+EUSTON, Earl (FITZROY).--From the Seat in Suffolk.
+
+
+DEVONSHIRE, Duke (CAVENDISH).--From the County. Descended from a
+Gentleman Usher to Cardinal Wolsey[242].
+
+  [242] See Cavendish's Life of Wolsey. Collins's Collections.
+
+
+HARTINGTON, Marquis (CAVENDISH).--From an obscure Village (the
+Property of the Duke) in the Peak of Derbyshire.
+
+
+DORSET, Duke.--From the County. Sir Lionel Cranfield, Knight, Lord
+Cranfield, &c. was a Shop-keeper in London, as his Father had been
+before him[243].
+
+  [243] Bibl. Top. Brit. vol. VI. No XV. from D'Ewes's MS Journal in
+  the British Museum.
+
+
+EFFINGHAM, Earl (HOWARD).--From Effingham in Surrey, a Seat of this
+Branch of the Family, and where there was a Castle.
+
+
+SUSSEX, Earl.--From the County.
+
+
+LONGUEVILLE, Viscount (YELVERTON).--Sir Henry Yelverton, the Second
+Baronet, married Susan Baroness Grey of Ruthyn, Daughter and sole
+Heiress of Charles Longueville, Lord Grey of Ruthyn. To this Title
+the eldest Son of Sir Henry succeeded on the death of his Mother
+(being a Barony in Fee); and was followed by his Brother Henry, who
+was created Viscount Longueville 1690. Talbot Yelverton, the eldest
+Son of Henry, was created Earl of Sussex in 1717.
+
+
+BEAUFORT, Duke.--Henry Beaufort, third Duke of Somerset, temp.
+Henry VII. had a Natural Son, to whom he gave the names of Charles
+Somerset (afterwards a Knight), whose Descendant was created Duke
+of Beaufort. Thus, by a Child of Casualty, the Name and Title have
+changed positions; as what was Beaufort Duke of Somerset is now
+Somerset Duke of Beaufort.
+
+
+WORCESTER, Marquis (SOMERSET). From the City.
+
+
+MANCHESTER, Duke.--From the Town.
+
+
+MANDEVILLE, Viscount (MONTAGU).--A nominal Title from Geoffrey de
+Mandeville, who possessed Kimbolton, the Seat of the Family, temp.
+Guil. Conq.[244]
+
+[244] Kelham's Key to Domesday Book, p. 35.
+
+Mandeville is a Village in Normandy (a corruption of Magnaville,
+_i. e._ Magna Villa), which gave name to the person who accompanied
+William the Conqueror[245].
+
+  [245] Vincent on Brooke.
+
+
+WALDEGRAVE, Earl.--Waldegrave is a Village in Northamptonshire.
+
+
+CHEWTON, Viscount (WALDEGRAVE).--From a place in Somersetshire[246].
+
+  [246] Camden's Britannia, col. 85.
+
+
+MOUNT-EDGECUMBE, Earl.--Baron Edgecumbe by Creation, 1742. Earl of
+Mount-Edgecumbe by Creation, 1789. From the Family Seat in Cornwall.
+
+
+VALLETORT, Viscount (EDGECUMBE).--From an old Norman Barony (De
+Valle Torta), with Lands annexed, in Devonshire, the property of the
+Family[247].
+
+  [247] Ibid. col. 21.
+
+
+GAINSBOROUGH, Earl.--From the Town.
+
+
+CAMPDEN, Viscount (NOEL).--Campden is in Gloucestershire.
+
+Sir Baptist Hicks, created Viscount Campden 1628, left two
+Daughters, the elder of whom married Lord Noel, one of whose
+Descendants (Edward) was created Earl of Gainsborough 1682.
+
+
+DIGBY, Earl.--This Title, when a Barony, was nominal (though local
+in itself, from Digby, co. Lincoln) till Henry, the late Peer, was
+created Earl of Digby in 1790. He dying in 1793, was succeeded by
+Edward the present Earl.
+
+
+COLESHILL, Viscount (DIGBY).--In Warwickshire. The Manor of
+Coleshill was forfeited by Sir Simon Montfort, on a charge of High
+Treason in supporting Perkin Warbeck; when it was given to Simon
+Digby, then Deputy Constable of Coleshill Castle[248].
+
+  [248] Pennant's Journey from Chester, p. 129.
+
+
+MONTAGU, or MONTACUTE, Viscount (BROWNE).--From a high Hill in a
+Village in Somersetshire; where William Earl of Moreton, Maternal
+Brother to William the Conqueror, built a Castle, which, as it
+rises from its base to a sharp point, he called _Mons acutus_. Thus
+far the tradition; and Bishop Gibson, in his Edition of Camden's
+Britannia, allows this to have been the place from which Sir Anthony
+Browne, the first Viscount, had the Title[249].
+
+  [249] Camden's Britannia, col. 72.
+
+
+RUTLAND, Duke.--From the County.
+
+
+GRANBY, Marquis (MANNERS).--From a Village in Nottinghamshire.
+
+The Barony of Roos of Hamlake[250] gives Title to the eldest Son of
+a Marquis of Granby, in his Father's life-time.
+
+  [250] Collins, in his Peerage 1735, says, that _Hamlake_ is the same
+  as _Hemsley_ in Yorkshire (North Riding).
+
+
+KENT, Duke.--From the County.
+
+
+HAROLD, Earl (GREY), Extinct.--From a place of the name in
+Bedfordshire.
+
+There was in this Family the Viscounty of _Gooderich_, from
+_Gooderich_ Castle in Herefordshire.
+
+
+ABINGDON, Earl.--In Berkshire.
+
+
+NORREYS, Baron (BERTIE).--James Bertie, the first Earl of Abingdon
+(who was the second Son of Montagu Bertie, the second Earl of
+Lindsey) was the Issue of a second Wife; _viz._ Bridget Baroness
+Norreys of Rycote in her own right. He had Summons to Parliament as
+Baron Norreys in 1572, and was created Earl of Abingdon in 1682[251].
+
+  [251] See Camden's Britannia, col. 315.
+
+
+DACRE, Baron (ROPER, late BARRETT-LEONARD).--Originally both nominal
+and local, the first Peer having been _Dacre_ of _Dacre_ Castle in
+Cumberland.
+
+Being a Barony in Fee, it has had owners of different names[252].
+
+  [252] There were two Barons of this Title existing at the same time;
+  _viz._ Lord Dacre of the North, and Lord Dacre of the South. Both at
+  length centered in Barrett-Leonard Lord Dacre.
+
+
+GODOLPHIN, Earl.--From a Hill (perhaps anciently a Seigniory)
+in Cornwall. The proper name is _Godolcan_, corrupted into
+_Godolphin_. The word signifies, in the Cornish language, "White
+Eagle;" agreeably to which, the Arms of the Family are, "Gules, an
+Eagle displayed between three Fleurs de Lis Argent [253]."
+
+  [253] See Camden's Britannia, col. 14.
+
+
+RIALTON, Viscount.--From a Village in Cornwall[254].
+
+  [254] On the death of Francis Earl of Godolphin, 1766, the Barony
+  devolved to Francis, his first cousin; and on his death, in 1785,
+  became extinct.
+
+
+TANKERVILLE, Earl.--Originally from a Town and Castle in
+Normandy[255]. The present Title is derived from Ford Lord Grey
+of Werk, who was created Earl of Tankerville (a dormant Title in
+his Family) in 1695. This Earl left an only Daughter, who married
+Charles Bennet, Baron of Ussulston, who was afterwards (1714)
+created Earl of Tankerville.
+
+  [255] See Peerage, 1711, vol. II.
+
+USSULSTON, Baron (BENNET).--From one of the Hundreds of Middlesex.
+
+
+ARLINGTON, Earl.--The Title was derived from Arlington in Middlesex,
+the Seat of Sir Henry Bennet, who was created Baron Arlington 1664,
+and Earl of Arlington in 1672. He died in 1685.
+
+
+THETFORD, Viscount (BENNET), Extinct.--In Norfolk.
+
+
+BRIDGEWATER, Duke (EGERTON).--The Lord Chancellor was the founder
+of this Family, and was a Natural Son of Sir Richard Egerton,
+Knight, of Ridley in Cheshire, by the Daughter of one Sparks of
+Bickerton[256].
+
+  [256] For other circumstances see Mr. Pennant's Tour in North
+  Wales, vol. I. p. 105; and vol. II. p. 187, in the corrections and
+  additions to vol. I.
+
+
+GREY DE WILTON, Baron (EGERTON).--The present Peer (Sir Thomas
+Egerton, Bart.) is descended from Bridget, sole Sister and Heir to
+Thomas Lord Grey of Wilton, a Female Barony, denominated from Wilton
+in the County of Hereford[257].
+
+  [257] The Barony was conferred upon Sir Thomas Egerton by Creation
+  in 1784, notwithstanding his claim by Descent.--His Lordship was in
+  1801 advanced to the Titles of Viscount Grey de Wilton, and Earl of
+  Wilton.
+
+
+HERTFORD, Earl.--From the Town.
+
+
+BEAUCHAMP, Viscount (CONWAY).--Nominal and local, from a place in
+Normandy.
+
+
+SCARBOROUGH, Earl.--From Scarborough in Yorkshire.
+
+
+LUMLEY, Viscount (LUMLEY, with the additional name of
+SANDERSON).--From Lumley Castle, in the Bishoprick of Durham.
+
+
+RIVERS, Baron (PITT).--The first of the name, _De Redvers_, came
+hither with William the Conqueror, and was made Earl of Devonshire.
+Baldwin de _Redveriis_ (or _Riveriis_), Earl of Devonshire, had
+Estates in the neighbourhood of Exeter[258].
+
+  [258] See Tanner's Notitia.--The name is written _Ridvers_, alias
+  _Redvers_, in Camden's Brit. col. 156.
+
+George Pitt, Ancestor of the present Lord Rivers (created in 1776),
+married Jane Daughter of Savage, Earl Rivers of Rock-Savage in
+Cheshire, Relict of George, the sixth Lord Chandos. She brought a
+large Estate to her second Husband, partly as Heiress of Savage Earl
+Rivers, and partly from her first Husband.
+
+
+DARLINGTON, Earl.--From Darlington, in the Bishoprick of Durham.
+
+
+BARNARD, Viscount (VANE).--From Barnard-Castle, in the Bishoprick of
+Durham.
+
+
+BROWNLOW, Baron (CUST).--A nominal Title; for Sir Richard Cust,
+Bart. married Anne Daughter of Sir William Brownlow, Bart. Sister,
+and at length Heir, to John Brownlow, Viscount Tyrconnel, of the
+Kingdom of Ireland, seated at Belton in Lincolnshire.
+
+
+HAWKESBURY, Baron (JENKINSON).--Though this Family is styled of
+Walcot in Oxfordshire, it was originally seated at Hawkesbury in
+Gloucestershire.
+
+
+HEATHFIELD, Baron (ELIOT).--Sir George Augustus Eliot, K. B. who
+commanded at Gibraltar during the celebrated Siege, chose this
+place in Sussex (his property) for his Title. It is said that the
+decisive Battle, called "The Battle of Hastings," was fought on this
+spot[259].
+
+  [259] East-Bourne Guide, p. 73.
+
+
+CAMDEN, Marquis.--From his House at Chislehurst in Kent, formerly
+the residence of Camden the celebrated Antiquary, and now called
+Camden Place.
+
+
+BAYHAM, Viscount (PRATT).--From Bayham Abbey, in Sussex, an Estate
+in the Family of Pratt, and now in possession of the Marquis.
+
+
+DYNEVOR, Baroness (RICE and DE CARDONEL).--From Dinevawr in
+Caermarthenshire. She is the Daughter of the first Earl Talbot,
+and Widow of George Rice, Esquire. In the year 1780 the Earl was
+created Baron of Dinevawr, with limitation to his Daughter and her
+Issue male; and which took place on the Earl's death, in 1782. She
+enjoyed the Title till her death, 1793, when it descended to her
+eldest Son George Talbot Rice, who, in pursuance of the Will of
+his Grandmother, Lady Talbot (whose maiden name was De Cardonel),
+changed his Name, Arms, and Crest, to those of De Cardonel only, by
+Sign Manual, in May 1793 [See the Gazette].[260]
+
+  [260] The Baroness had taken the Name and Arms of De Cardonel on the
+  death of her Mother in 1787. The Barony of Talbot, on the Earl's
+  death, passed to his Nephew, though the Earldom became extinct, but
+  was afterwards revived.
+
+
+NEWCASTLE, Duke (HOLLES).--From Sir William Holles, Lord Mayor of
+London[261].
+
+  [261] See Collins's Collections.
+
+
+HOLDERNESS, Earl (DARCY), Extinct.--For the origin of the Family,
+see Leland's Itinerary, vol. VI. p. 24.
+
+
+NORTHAMPTON, Marquis (PARR), Extinct.--For the origin of this
+Family, see also Leland's Itinerary, vol. VIII. p. 96.
+
+
+
+
+English Armorial Bearings.
+
+
+_Edward_ IV. is by Shakespeare made to say that he would bear Three
+fair shining Suns on his Target, from the time he is said to have
+seen Three Suns at one time. (Hen. VI. Part III. Act ii. Sc. i.)[262]
+
+  [262] Consult Sandford, &c. for his Armorial Bearings.
+
+_Monteagle._--Stanley, Baron of Monteagle, so entitled for his
+valour at Flodden Field, because his Ancestors bore an Eagle for
+their Crest. Vide Hon. Anglic, p. 109.
+
+_Carey.--_In the Reign of Henry V. was held, at Smithfield, a Just
+between Robert Carey _of the West_, Son of Sir John Carey, Knight,
+and a Foreign Knight, of the Kingdom of Aragon. Carey vanquished
+the Aragonese, and took his Coat Armour in lieu of his own; _viz._
+"Argent, on a Bend Sable, Three Roses of the First:" which have ever
+since been borne by the name of _Carey_, whose antient Coat was
+"Gules, a Chevron between Three Swans Proper, one whereof they still
+retain in their Crest[263]."
+
+  [263] Stowe's History of London, Book iii. p. 239.
+
+N. B. These are the Arms of _Carey_; though, from the words "_of the
+West_," one would think _Carew_ was intended. But the account agrees
+with the Arms of Viscount _Falkland_.
+
+_Cooper_ and _Cowper_.--Cooper Earl of Shaftesbury bears Three
+Bulls: Cowper Earl Cowper does not.
+
+"The Eagle and Child" having been adopted as the Crest of the Earl
+of _Derby_, its Origin is a circumstance of no small curiosity.
+
+Nothing is more common than for a Tenant or Dependant to take the
+Crest of his Lord or Chief for a Sign; which will account for the
+greatest part of the Bulls' Heads, Griffins, Falcons, Lions,
+Boars, &c. in the Kingdom. Thus from one quarter they straggled
+into different places, as those people who had occasion for Signs
+emigrated from their own Counties and Districts. Amongst these the
+Sign in question is one; and is to be found in various places that
+have no present connexion with the original, the Importer of such
+Device being, perhaps, long since dead. This, being the Crest or
+Cognizance of the Stanleys, Earls of Derby, it most probably was
+first used in Lancashire, and the parts contiguous, as a Sign.
+
+I at first conceived it to be a fabulous affair; but find, from
+good and respectable authorities, that there is not only probable,
+but substantial History contained in it; as the major part of the
+Estate is derived to the Family from the Issue of the very Child
+in question. The first account of this matter I shall give from "A
+Survey of the _Isle of Man_[264]," of which the _Stanleys_ were for
+several ages Kings and Lords, holding of the Kings of England,
+by Grant of Henry IV. (anno 7), by Homage and the Service of a
+[265]Cast (of Falcons), payable on Coronations. The _Stanleys_
+were Kings as much as any Tributary King whatsoever, making Laws,
+&c. They appeared on a certain day in Royal Array, sitting in a
+Chair, covered with a Royal Cloth and Cushions, with their Visage
+to the East; the Sword borne before them, with the point upwards;
+with their Barons, Knights, Squires, &c. about them. Such were the
+Descendants of the Child we are going to speak of more largely.
+
+  [264] By William Sacheverell, Esq. late Governor of the Island,
+  printed at London, 1702.
+
+  [265] _i. e._ Two Falcons. Dugdale's Baronage.
+
+_Sir John Stanley_ (temp. Richard II.) was a Knight of the greatest
+fame in matters of Chivalry; who, having been a great Traveller,
+was known for his prowess in most parts of Europe. On his return,
+he was followed by a _Frenchman_, who challenged the whole English
+Nation. _Sir John_ accepted his challenge, fought, and slew him
+in the presence of the King. This addition to his fame raised his
+reputation among the men, and procured him so much favour with the
+ladies, that he attracted the particular attention of the Heiress
+of the Family of _Latham_, who was young, rich, and beautiful. _Sir
+John_, with the true spirit of Errantry, declared it was for her he
+fought; and at length, contrary to the inclination of her Father,
+married the Lady.
+
+Mr. Sacheverell then relates the story which gave birth to this
+appendage to the Armorial Bearing of the _Stanley_ Family. These are
+his words:
+
+"The Lord of _Latham_ and his Lady, being Childless, as they were
+walking in the Park, heard a Child crying in an Eagle's nest:
+they immediately ordered their servants to search the Eyery, who
+presented them with a beautiful Boy, in rich swadling-cloaths. The
+good old lady looked upon it as a present sent from Heaven, ordered
+it to be carefully educated, and gave it the Surname of _Latham_.
+He (the Child) was knighted by King Edward III. by the name of Sir
+_Oskytel Latham_, and left sole Heir of that vast estate. He had one
+daughter, named _Isabella_, who by marriage brought the honours of
+_Latham_ and _Knowsley_, with many other Lordships, to _Sir John
+Stanley_."
+
+Mr. Sacheverell goes no further into the Story; and the Reader
+will be naturally inclined to know whose Child this was, and how
+it was conveyed into the Eagle's nest. For this we must have
+recourse to Sir William Dugdale[266], who relates the Story more
+circumstantially, and, as he says, upon credible tradition; _viz._
+That a _Sir Thomas de Latham_ had a natural Son, called _Oskytel_,
+by an obscure woman, who lived near him; and, "having no Child by
+his Lady, he designed to adopt this _Oskytel_ for his Heir; but so
+that he himself might not be suspected to have been the Father.
+Observing, therefore, that an Eagle had built her Nest in a large
+spread oak within his Park at Lathom, he caused the Child in
+swadling cloaths to be privily conveyed thither; and (as a wonder)
+presently called forth his Wife to see it; representing to her,
+that, having no Issue, God Almighty had thus sent him a Male Child,
+and so preserved, that he looked upon it as a miracle; disguising
+the truth so artificially from her, that she forthwith took him (the
+Child) with great fondness into the house, educating him with no
+less affection than if she had been his natural Mother; whereupon he
+became Heir to that fair inheritance; and that, in token thereof,
+not only his Descendants, whilst the Male Line endured, but the
+_Stanleys_ proceeding from the said Isabel (the Heir Female), have
+ever since borne the Child in the Eagle's Nest, with the Eagle
+thereon, for their Crest.
+
+  [266] Baronage, vol. II. p. 257.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Francis Bourgeois_, Member of the Royal Academy, had leave from
+King George III. to wear the Polish Order "Merentibus." The Diploma
+is dated Warsaw, February 16, 1791. Ordered to be registered in the
+College of Arms.
+
+
+
+
+ORIGIN AND DERIVATION
+
+OF A FEW
+
+Remarkable Surnames.
+
+
+_Lewkenor._--Sir Lewis, Master of the Ceremonies; from one of the
+Hundreds of Lincolnshire, called anciently _Levechenora_[267].
+
+  [267] Brady's History of England, General Preface, p. 50.
+
+_Kempe._--The same as _Champion_. The Danish word[268].
+
+  [268] Brady's Preface to the Norman History, p. 150.
+
+_Misenor._--From _Mesonero_, an Inn-keeper; Spanish.
+
+_Muncaster._--The old name of Newcastle upon Tyne; quasi
+_Monk-Caster_. The present name was perhaps taken on its being
+rebuilt.
+
+_Mease._--From _Meze_, a messuage[269].
+
+  [269] See Blount's Dict.
+
+_Hugesson._--Cardinal _Hugezun_ came over as the Pope's Legate,
+temp. Henry II.[270]
+
+  [270] Brady's Hist. p. 415.
+
+_Dempster._--The Judges of the Isle of Man were called
+Deemsters[271].
+
+  [271] Sacheverell's History of the Island, p. 2.
+
+_Eldred._--There was an Archbishop of York of the name of _Aldred_,
+temp. William the Conqueror. Perhaps contracted from _Alured_, the
+Latin of Alfred.
+
+_Brettell._--There is a Seignory in Normandy of the name of
+Bretteville. So we have corrupted the name of _Frescheville_ into
+_Fretwell_.
+
+_Belassis._--Something of this name may be seen in Brady's History,
+p. 196.
+
+_Larpent._--From the French, _L'Arpent_; _Arpent_ signifying an
+acre. We drop the apostrophe.
+
+_Duppa._--_De Uphaugh_ and, by apostrophe, _D'Uphaugh_, according to
+Anthony Wood.
+
+_Firmin._--From St. Fermin in France.
+
+_Paliser._--An official name of such person or persons who had the
+care of the pales of a forest[272].
+
+  [272] Manwood's Forest Laws.
+
+_Ord._--Signifies a Promontory in the Highland; and, I presume, is
+Erse[273].
+
+  [273] Pennant's Tour, p. 158.
+
+_Bownas_ and _Bonas_.--Corrupted from _Buchan-Ness_, the seat of the
+Earl of Errol[274].
+
+  [274] Ibid. p. 124.
+
+_Ridgeway._--A local term for the way of the ford, or passage over a
+stream. _Ryd_ and _Rith_ signifying a ford[275].
+
+  [275] Hasted's History of Kent.
+
+_Fitzherbert._--It is written Filius-Herberti in very old
+deeds[276]. The _Finches_ were called _Finch-Herbert_ formerly;
+which led Daniel Earl of Winchelsea to think he was related to
+the Fitzherberts. Thus Leland: "The Finches that be now, say,
+that theire propre name is _Hereberte_; and that with mariage of
+the Finche-Heyre, they tooke the Finche's name, and were called
+Finche-Herebert, joining booth names[277]."
+
+  [276] Ex inform. Dom. Gul. Fitzherbert, Baronetti.
+
+  [277] Itinerary, VI. 52.
+
+_Herbert_ of Kent married the heiress of Finch, and took that name
+as a prefix, which they soon corrupted into _Fitz-herbert_. But the
+Fitzherberts were a family before the _Finches_ were fledged; and
+in old deeds the name is given _Filius Herberti_.
+
+_Champernoun._--Devonshire: a corruption of _Campernulph_, or _De
+Campo Arnulphi_; called, says Camden, _Champernoun_[278].
+
+  [278] Britannia, col. 35.
+
+_Smelt._--Ralph Luvel (or Lovel) an ancestor of the Percivals, was,
+in the time of King Stephen, called also _Simelt_, for which no
+reason is given[279].
+
+  [279] See Collins's Peerage, 1779, art. _Lovel and Holland_.
+
+Names of Men, of Places, and Things, have changed, and by seeming
+corruption have come right again.
+
+Thus, for Men.
+
+  Tollemache                Talmash           Tollemache
+  Legarde                   Ledgiard          Legarde
+  Lyttelton                 Littleton         Lyttelton
+  Fauconberg                Falconbridge      Fauconberg[280]
+  Cholmondeley              Cholmley          Cholmondeley
+  Osbaldiston.              Osberton          Osbaldiston.
+
+  [280] So Shakspeare has it.
+
+I take this to be a local name, from _Osbaldiston_ in Lancashire, q.
+_Osbald his Town_. There is in Yorkshire _Osbaldwick_, pronounced
+_Osberwick_. It should be _Oswald_, a Bishop of York and Martyr, in
+both cases.
+
+We have the name _Bernardiston_, from a place of the name in
+Suffolk[281].
+
+  [281] For both the places see Spelman's Villare.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Robertsbridge_, in Sussex, appears to be a corruption of
+_Rothersbridge_, as it was long called, and with plausibility; for
+it is situated on the river _Rother_: but the former is the truth,
+as I have been informed that in old Latin deeds it is styled _Pons
+Roberti_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+There are some terms which, by a double corruption, have got
+home again; as _Crevisses_, in Derbyshire; where _Crevise_, the
+word for a _Cray-fish_, is a corruption: but it gets home by it;
+for the French word from whence _cray-fish_ was first formed, is
+_ecrevisse_. This too is the radical word; for the lobster is but a
+species of it, and called _l'ecrevisse de mer_, or _sea-cray-fish_;
+what is now called the sea-cray-fish, is properly the lobster. This
+difference consists in the want of claws.
+
+
+
+
+Symbola Scotica;
+
+OR,
+
+
+An Attempt to Elucidate some of the more Obscure Armorial Bearings,
+principally the MOTTOES used by many of the Scottish Families.
+
+
+_In a Letter to the Earl of LEICESTER, President of the Society of
+Antiquaries,_
+
+"Arma Viramque."
+
+There seems to be something peculiarly significant and quaint in
+the greatest part of the Mottoes and Devices used by the Scottish
+Nobility, and perhaps in those of many Families of inferior Rank;
+though these last do not so easily come under our observation.
+
+My intention is, to trouble your Lordship with my thoughts on
+a few of these Mottoes (as we call them); and refer to your
+extensive knowledge in the science of Heraldry, and your love of
+investigation, for the rest of these obscure impreses.
+
+We must, however, distinguish between the Motto and the _Slug horn_
+(or, as Sir George Mackenzie gives it, upon the more Southern
+pronunciation, _Slogan_[282]); the latter being a _cry de guerre_,
+whereas the former (though one may sometimes answer both purposes)
+seems more to relate to some historical circumstance by which the
+Family have been signalized. The original idea of these words, I
+have no doubt, related to War, and operated as what we now call the
+Watch-Word, and more emphatically _the Word_ by the circulation
+of which the King can, at this day, call his guards about him, as
+the Chiefs of Scotland formerly assembled their Vassals in their
+respective divisions or clans. The French call it a _Mot_; and the
+Italians, by an augmentation, _Motto_; which last we have adopted
+when we speak in an heraldic style. The true Scottish term is a
+_Ditton_, the _Slughorn_ being properly the _cry de Guerre_. Not
+to go into the antiquity of Mottoes, or Armory, further than the
+subject in question shall lead me, I shall content myself with
+observing that Armorial Bearings in general, with us in England,
+have little more than the fancy of the party, with Heraldic
+sanction, for their foundation; or some distant allusion to the
+name. Take one singular instance of this last case, which Mr. Boyer
+(in his Theatre of Honour) gives, as a whimsical bearing. The Arms
+of the name of _Matthias_ are three Dice (sixes as the highest
+throw), having, I make no doubt (though Mr. Boyer gives no reason
+for it), a reference to the election of St. Matthias into the
+Apostleship: "And the lot fell upon Matthias." One of the writers
+in the Antiquarian Discourses (Mr. Agarde) thinks the old Motto of
+the _Caves_, of Stanford, in Northamptonshire, a happy conceit;
+the ancient Crest being a Grey-hound currant, with a label issuing
+out of its mouth, with these words, "Adsum; Cave." Had the _Cave_
+stood alone, without the Dog or the _Adsum_, it might have been
+very well, and have operated religiously, morally, or politically:
+but otherwise the Dog seems to run away with the Wit. The Family,
+since Mr. Agarde's time, appear to have been sensible of this
+awkward compound, and have adopted the French word _Gardez_ for
+the Motto; though I think they had better have kept the _Cave_ (as
+I have observed), and hanged the Grey-hound; though perhaps it was
+conceived at the time the _Adsum_ was dropped, that Ca-ve, in the
+Latin, might be confounded with the English, _Cave_; and that it
+would have appeared as if they had taken the name for the Motto,
+without another Latin word to denote that language; and therefore
+might take _Gardez_, which shews itself to be French.
+
+  [282] The Glossary to Douglas's Virgil adduces the Term from the
+  Anglo-Saxon _Slegan_, interficere.
+
+Mr. Agarde's own Motto is much more apposite to his name; which,
+he tells us at the end of his Memoir, was, _Dieu me Garde_; but
+at the same time this would have admitted of improvement; for the
+French verb _Garder_ was originally _Agarder_, which, had he known
+it, would have enabled him to have made the pun complete--_Dieu
+m'Agarde_.
+
+Before I quit the subject in general, I cannot help mentioning
+a _bon mot_ of a friend of mine (and he has so much wit that I
+shall not rob him in the least by the repetition), on his visiting
+Chatsworth, to see the house. The Motto of the noble owner is,
+as your Lordship well knows, _Cavendo Tutus_, to which the Family
+has happily adhered in their Political concerns. The state rooms
+in that house are floored with old oak, waxed, and very slippery,
+in consequence of which my friend had very near fallen down; when,
+recovering his equilibrium, he observed, "that he rather supposed
+the Motto related to the floors than the name."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+But it is time to lead to the matter I proposed, _viz._ the SCOTTISH
+MOTTOES; and yet, before I proceed to them, I wish to premise
+something on the grounds of a few of the ARMORIAL BEARINGS among the
+most ancient Scottish Families, which have originated from History.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The principal Family of the name of
+
+DOUGLAS
+
+carries "A Man's Heart Gules," as a fixed principal Charge, because
+the Good Sir James Douglas, as he is styled, carried the Heart
+of King Robert I. (of the name of Bruce) to Jerusalem, and there
+interred it[283]. The original Coat Armour of Douglas was, "Azure,
+in chief Three Stars Argent[284]." The Heart is now imperially
+crowned; but that is a later introduction[285], not borne at least
+by those who merely quartered the Arms.
+
+  [283] Nisbet's Cadencies, p. 178.
+
+  [284] Idem, p, 208.
+
+  [285] Nisbet, Armories, p. 199.
+
+
+CAMPBELL,
+
+Duke of Argyle, Marquis of Lorn, &c. bears in the Second and Third
+Quarters (for the Lordship of Lorn) a Feudal Charge of "Or, a
+Limphad (or small Ship) Sable, with Flames of Fire issuing out of
+the Top of the Mast, and from the Fore and Hindermost Parts of the
+Ship:" which Fire, says my Author, was called in old blazonry St.
+Anthony's Fire. The reason is, that, as the Territory lay upon the
+Coast, this Bearing was indicative of the Tenure by which the Lands
+were held in capite; _viz_. by supplying a Ship with twenty Oars in
+time of War, if required. The _Reddendum_ runs, for the provision
+of "Unam navem viginti Remorum, si petatur, tempore Belli, &c."[286]
+
+  [286] Nisbet, Armories, p. 203.
+
+By Marriage, this Lordship, after many generations, came into the
+Family of Campbell, then Earl of Argyle; but, in process of time,
+the Flames issuing from the Ship have been extinguished.
+
+This was not an uncommon Armorial Appendage to other Feudal Lords,
+and Lordships similarly situated.
+
+Thus the Arms of the Isle of Arran are, "Argent, a Ship, with its
+Sails furled, Sable."
+
+The Earls of Orkney and Caithness have the Bearing of a Ship for the
+like reason; being Lordships, or Feudal Earldoms, situate on the
+Coast; but with Differences.
+
+The Earl of Orkney (and from thence the Earl of Caithness) bears a
+Ship of a more modern form, with three Masts; but it has the honour
+of being within a double Tressure, counter-fleured, to shew its
+connexion with Royalty.
+
+
+DRUMMOND
+
+carries, "Or, Three Bars wavy Gules." This simple Bearing, we are
+told, involves a Piece of History; for that an Hungarian Gentleman,
+of the name of Maurice, in the Reign of Malcolm III. had the
+command of a Ship in which Edgar Atheline, his Mother Agatha, and
+his Sisters Margaret and Christian, were embarked, in their return
+from England to Hungary. A Storm arose, and drove them on the
+Coast of Scotland, where they were landed in the Frith of Forth,
+and entertained by the King, who afterwards married Margaret. This
+Maurice so ingratiated himself with King Malcolm, that he was
+solicited by the King to settle in Scotland, which he did, and had
+grants of many Lands; and particularly those at Drymen or Drummond,
+of which last he took the name. Drummond, as we must now call him,
+was afterwards appointed Seneschal of Lenox; and the King assigned
+him the above Arms, alluding to his original Profession of a Naval
+Officer, and in memory of his having conducted the then Queen safe
+through the Storm into the Port in Scotland[287].
+
+  [287] Douglas's Peerage, p. 547. The Scottish Writers give different
+  Derivations of the Name of Drummond, not to our present purpose;
+  though all seem to agree as to the reason of the Armorial Bearing of
+  the Family. See the Works of Drummond of Hawthornden.
+
+
+SETON EARL OF WINTON.
+
+The Paternal Arms of Seton, afterwards Earls of Winton, were
+_Crescents_, for which no particular reason appears: but the Lords
+of Seton have for some hundreds of years carried, "Or, a Sword
+erected in pale, supporting an Imperial Crown Proper, betwixt
+Three Crescents within a Double Tressure, counter-fleured, Gules."
+This honourable Augmentation was granted by Robert the Bruce to
+his Nephew Sir Alexander Seton, of that Ilk, for the special and
+seasonable services performed by him and his Father Sir Christopher
+to that Monarch during the time of his troubles. Sir Christopher
+Seton, it seems, had lost two Estates of great value, one in
+Scotland, the other in England, together with his Life, in the
+Service of his King and Country; upon which account King Robert
+(whose Sister, Christian Bruce, Sir Christopher had married), when
+he had overcome his Enemies, restored his Nephew, Sir Alexander
+Seton, to the Lands in Scotland which his Father had lost, though
+he could not re-possess him of the English Estate; granted the
+Augmentation of the _Sword and Crown_ to his Paternal Coat-Armour,
+to perpetuate their gallant Actions; and added the Double Tressure,
+which at that time was given to none but such as had married, or
+were descended from, Daughters of the Blood-Royal[288]. One branch
+of the Family, _viz._ Sir Alexander Seton of Pitwedden (at one time
+a Lord of Session), upon the event of the death of his Father,
+who, in the Reign of King Charles I. (during the Civil Commotions)
+was killed by a Shot from the King's Enemies, with a Banner in his
+hand, assumed the Armorial Bearing of "An Heart distilling Drops of
+Blood[289]."
+
+  [288] Nisbet, Cadencies, p. 191.
+
+  [289] Ibid. p. 200.
+
+These, my Lord, I offer in the line of _Nobility_, as Historical
+Bearings; but many may likewise be found among the _Gentry_, who
+have Armorial Devices allusive to gallant actions, high employments,
+or other honourable circumstances.
+
+Of those, the few that follow, most easily occur, from the works of
+that laborious Herald, Mr. Alexander Nisbet.
+
+
+GRAHAM
+
+of Inchbrackie, descended of an eldest Son, of a second Marriage, of
+the first Earl of Montrose, gives, "Or, a Dyke [or Wall] fess-wise,
+Azure, broken down in several parts, &c." The Dyke there is assumed,
+to difference the Bearer from his Chief, and to perpetuate that
+action of Gramus (one of the Predecessors of the noble Family of
+Graham) in pulling down the Wall [anno 420] built by the Roman
+Emperor Severus, which was thereafter called "Graham's Dyke."
+
+N. B. By the Dyke the Scots seem to mean the Wall, _i.e._ the
+Vallum, which is formed out of the Dyke.
+
+
+CLARK
+
+of Pennycuik. Sir John Clark, of Pennycuik, had this Motto, "Free
+for a Blast," which is explained in part by the Crest, which is a
+Man blowing a Horn: but for both the Crest itself, and the Motto, we
+must look into the Tenure of the Estate, which they derived, most
+probably by Marriage, from the Pennycuiks of that Ilk, an old Family
+in Mid-Lothian, who bore "Or, a Fess between Three Hunting Horns
+Sable, stringed Gules;" and, by the ancient Tenure of their Lands,
+were obliged, once a year, to attend in the Forest of Drumsleich,
+since called Barrowmuir, to give a Blast of a Horn at the King's
+Hunting.
+
+The _Clarks_, holding by the same Tenure, preserved the Motto.
+
+
+KIRKPATRICK,
+
+who gave the last Blow to Cummin, supposed to have been slain, cried
+out, "Lest he should not be quite dead, _I will secure him_," and
+stabbed him with his Dagger. Hence the Family took the Crest of "A
+Hand holding a Dagger in Pale, distilling Drops of Blood;" and with
+the Motto "I'll make sicker (sure);" or, "I'll make sure."[290]
+
+  [290] Nisbet, p. 147. See also Hume's History, ch. xiii.
+
+
+CARRICK.
+
+STEWART, Earl of Carrick. The Paternal Arms of Stewart, out of which
+was a _Lion naissant_, all within a Double Tressure, counter-fleured
+Gules: the Lion naissant intimating his original right to the
+Crown[291].
+
+  [291] Nisbet, Cadencies, p. 33.
+
+
+FARQUHARSON,
+
+of Invercald, carries, in addition to his Paternal Coat, "Argent, a
+Fir Tree growing out of a Mount Proper on a Chief Gules,--the Banner
+of Scotland in Bend, and on a Canton of the first (_viz._ Or), a
+Dexter Hand couped at the wrist, grasping a Dagger, point downwards,
+Gules." Mr. Nisbet says[292], they carried the Fir Trees because
+their Country abounded with such Trees; the Hand grasping a Dagger,
+for killing the Cumming; and the Banner is lately added, because
+the Grand-father of the present John Farquharson (1702) was killed
+at the Battle of Pinkie, carrying the Banner of Scotland.
+
+  [292] Cadencies, p. 196.
+
+
+WOOD.
+
+The Chiefs of this name have given Trees in different forms; but
+Wood of Largoe placed his Tree between Two Ships under sail, as
+Admiral to King James III. and IV. in whose reigns he defeated the
+English with an inferior Force. Another Branch of the Family gave a
+Hunting-horn hanging upon the Branch of a Tree, to shew he was the
+King's Forester[293].
+
+  [293] Nisbet, Cadencies, p. 202.
+
+
+FORBES,
+
+of Watertown, charges his Coat with an "Escocheon Argent, a Sword
+and Key in Saltire Gules," as being Constable of Aberdeen: and for a
+Difference from the Grays, places a Quill or Pen in the Paw of the
+Lion in the Arms of Gray, because his Ancestor was Sheriff's Clerk
+of Angus[294].
+
+  [294] Idem, p. 203.
+
+
+JOHN RAMSAY,
+
+descended of the Ramsays of Wylicleuch in the Merss, who was Page
+to King James VI. thereafter Earl of Holdernesse, got for addition
+to his Paternal Bearing, "An Arm holding a naked Sword enfile of
+a Crown, with a Man's Heart on the point," because he rescued
+King James VI. from the Conspiracy of the Earl of Gowrie and his
+Confederates. The Paternal Coat was, "Argent, an Eagle displayed
+Sable."[295] These are what the Scottish Heralds call "Arms of
+Special Concession."[296]
+
+  [295] Nisbet, Cadencies, p. 196.
+
+  [296] See Nisbet's Armories.
+
+
+AYTON,
+
+of Kippo. This Family bears "A Baton Peri Or, couped;" which, Mr.
+Nisbet says, is an uncommon Bearing for a younger legitimate Son, it
+being a mark of Bastardy by its position; but he tells us, the Baton
+of this description, and thus borne, was granted to Sir John Ayton
+of Kippo, Knight, by King Charles II. as an Augmentation, because he
+had been Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod to that King. Upon the
+Family Coat he therefore carried "A Baton Sable, charged on the top
+with one of the Lions of England."
+
+
+STIRLING,
+
+of Glorat, carries "Argent, on a Bend engrailed Azure, Three
+Buckles Or; a Chief Gules, charged with a Naked Arm issuing out
+of a Cloud from the Sinister side, grasping a Sword in pale, and
+therewith guarding an Imperial Crown; all within a double Tressure,
+counterfleured of Thistles Vert." Which honourable Addition was
+granted to this Family for special Services done to King Charles I.
+and King Charles II. in their Troubles.
+
+
+BINNING,
+
+of Easter Binning, a Cadet of Binning of that Ilk, who carried
+"Argent, a Bend engrailed Sable," added, for Difference, on the
+Bend, a Waggon of the first, because he and his seven Sons went in
+a Waggon covered with Hay, and surprised and took the Castle of
+Linlithgow, then in the possession of the English, in the Reign of
+David the Bruce[297].
+
+  [297] Nisbet, Cadencies, p. 195.
+
+
+LOCKART.
+
+This Name now bears a Man's Heart Proper, within a Padlock Sable, in
+perpetuation, they tell you, that one of the Name accompanied the
+good Sir James Douglas to Jerusalem, with the Heart of King Robert
+the Bruce. Be that as it may, it is intended to play upon the Name;
+and, to preserve the Story the more entire, some Branches of the
+Family have strengthened it by the Motto, "Corda serata Pando" [some
+have it, Fero]. These Devices are differently placed by different
+Branches; but Mr. Nisbet insinuates[298] that this Bearing is an
+assumption of a modern date; and that the old Arms were, till within
+a century before he wrote [1702], "Three Boars' Heads erazed; the
+Crest, a Dexter Hand holding a Boar's Head erazed, Proper; the
+Motto, 'Feroci Fortior.'"
+
+  [298] Marks of Cadency, p. 199.
+
+
+NORFOLK.
+
+The Duke of Norfolk has an augmentation, _viz._ an _Escocheon Or_,
+in the middle of the Bend, charged with a _Demi-Lion_ Rampant,
+_pierced through the Mouth with an Arrow_, within a double Tressure
+counterfleur'd Gules; which was granted by King Henry VIII. for his
+services at the Battle of Flodden Field[299].
+
+  [299] Nisbet's Cadencies, pp. 91, 92.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Besides these and many other Bearings, not at this day easily,
+if at all, to be accounted for, the Scots have, like ourselves,
+several that are responsive to the Name. Of these I have selected
+the few which follow, and have given their material Charge, without
+attending to the Colours, or to the Blazonry of the whole. Thus
+
+_Cockburn_ has a Charge of Three Cocks.
+
+_Craw_ and _Craufurd_, Three Crows[300].
+
+  [300] This Bearing is of late introduction, as alluding to the
+  Name; for those of the Name anciently gave for Arms "Gules, a Fess
+  Ermine;" and another Branch gave "Argent, Three Stags' Heads erased
+  Gules." [Nisbet]. Crawfurd of Cloverhill has a still stronger
+  relation both to the Name and to his Seat; for to the original
+  Bearing he adds Three Crows; for Crest has a Garb (or Wheatsheaf);
+  and for Motto, "God feeds the Crows." Id. p. 57.--Like the Motto of
+  our Corbet, "Deus pascit Corvos."
+
+_Fraser_, Three Frases or Cinquefoils.
+
+_Falconer_, a Falcon.
+
+_Forester_, Three Bugle Horns; and the Peer of that Name and Title
+has for his Motto, "Blow, Hunter, thy Horn."
+
+_Heart_, Three Men's Hearts.
+
+_Hog_, Three Boars' Heads.
+
+_Justice_, A Sword in Pale, supporting a Balance.
+
+_Skene_, Three Daggers, in the Scottish Language called Skenes.
+
+
+
+
+Mottoes.
+
+
+The Motto of DALZIEL, Earl of CARNWARTH, now an attainted Title, is,
+"I Dare;" the reason of which is given by Crawfurd, in his Peerage
+of Scotland. The ancient armorial bearing of this Family was, A Man
+hanging on a Gallows, though it is now only a Naked Man with his
+Arms expanded. Some one of the Family having, perhaps, dropped the
+Gallows and the Rope, as deeming it an ignominious Bearing.
+
+But to proceed to the Motto. The Historian says, that a Favourite
+of Kenneth II. having been hanged by the Picts, and the King being
+much concerned that the Body should be exposed in so disgraceful
+a situation, offered a large Reward to him who would rescue the
+Body. Alpinus, the Father of Kenneth, with many of his Nobles, had
+been inhumanly put to death; and the Head of the King (Alpinus),
+placed upon a Pole, was exposed to the Populace. It was not for
+the redemption of his Father's Body, that the new King, Kenneth,
+offered the Reward; but for that of some young Favourite, perhaps
+of equal age, who was thus ignominiously hanging as a public
+spectacle, for the King appears to have been beheaded.[301] This
+being an enterprize of great danger, no one was found bold enough
+to undertake it, till a Gentleman came to the King and said, "Dal
+Ziel," _i.e._ "I Dare," and accordingly performed the hazardous
+exploit. In memory of this circumstance, the Family took the
+above-mentioned Coat-Armour, and likewise the Name of _Dalziel_,
+with the interpretation of it, "I Dare," as a Motto. The Maiden Name
+(as I may call it) of this Family is not recorded, neither is the
+original Coat Armour of the Gentleman mentioned. These circumstances
+are related by Crawfurd, upon the authority of Mr. Nisbet, in his
+Marks of Cadency, p. 41.
+
+  [301] Buchanan.
+
+Occasional changes in Coats of Arms, it is very well known, have
+always been common, owing to accidents and incidents, as well as
+atchievements, several instances of which may be seen in Camden's
+Remains.
+
+Similar to the case of Dalziel, is the reason given for the Motto
+of _Maclellan_, Lord Kircudbright, which is, "Think on." Crawfurd's
+account is to this effect. A Company of Saracens, from Ireland,
+in the Reign of King James II. infested the County of Galloway,
+whereupon the King issued a Proclamation, declaring that "Whoever
+should disperse them, and bring their Captain, dead or alive, should
+have the Barony of Bombie for his reward." This was performed by the
+Son of the Laird of Bombie, who brought the Head of the Captain, on
+the Point of his Sword, to the King, who put him into the immediate
+possession of the Barony; to perpetuate which action, the Baron took
+for his Crest a Moor's Head, on the Point of a Sword, with the words
+"Think on," for his Motto.
+
+It may be difficult to ascertain the meaning of these words; and one
+is at liberty either to suppose he addressed them to the King on the
+occasion, as if he had said "Think on your Promise:"--or they may
+apply to Posterity, advising them to Think on the gallant Action
+whereby they became ennobled: but I more incline to the former
+interpretation, because, in Yorkshire, which abounds with Scottish
+idioms, words, and proverbs, they say, "I will do so and so when I
+think on;" and "I would have done so and so, but I did not think
+on," Our expression is, "Think of it."
+
+MAXWELL, of Calderwood, has the same Motto, on a different idea.
+The _Crest_ is "A Man's Head looking upright," to which the _Motto_
+seems to give a religious interpretation, and to imply, "Think on"
+_Eternity_[302].
+
+  [302] See Nisbet's Heraldry, p. 138.
+
+A similar change appears to have been brought about, by religious
+attachments, in the _Crest_ and _Motto_ of BANNERMAN, which seems to
+extend to the rest of the Armorial Bearings. Sir Alexander Bannerman
+of Elsick, the chief, bore, "Gules, a Banner displayed Argent, and
+thereon a Canton Azure, charged with a St. Andrew's Cross. Crest, a
+Demi-Man in Armour, holding in his Right Hand a Sword Proper. Motto,
+_Pro Patria_." This Bearing is by Grant, 1692; but a younger Son
+of this House bore (when Mr. Nisbet wrote) the Field and Banner as
+above, "within a Bordure Argent, charged with Four Buckles Azure,
+and as many Holly-Leaves Vert, alternately." Buckles, in certain
+case we shall see hereafter, admit of a religious interpretation,
+and the Holly-Leaves (quasi Holy-Leaves), seem to have a similar
+import, especially when added to the new Crest, _viz_. "A Man
+issuing out of the Wreath in a Priest's habit, and praying posture,"
+with this Motto, "Haec prestat Militia[303]." This change might
+possibly take place about the enthusiastic time of the Union of the
+two Kingdoms, when religious party spirit ran high in Scotland[304].
+
+  [303] Nisbet's Heraldry, p. 414, 415.
+
+  [304] See Memoirs of Ker of Kersland.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Ross, Lord Ross, has the same Motto as Dalziel Earl of Carnwath; but
+on what pretensions does not appear.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I shall now proceed to another conjectural interpretation, as to the
+Motto of Lord NAPIER; which is, "Ready, aye Ready." Sir Alexander
+Napier was killed at the Battle of Flodden Field (1513), leaving
+Issue Alexander, who married Margaret, the Daughter of Sir Duncan
+Campbell of Glenorchy, ancestor of the Earls of Breadalbine. The
+Motto, or rather, perhaps, Slug-Horn, of the Laird of Glenorchy,
+was, "Follow me." On this marriage, therefore, I am led to believe
+that Alexander Napier might take the responsive Slug-Horn of "Ready,
+aye Ready," as if he had said, "always ready to follow you." This
+may, perhaps, _prima facie_, appear too hypothetical; but it is
+grounded upon the authority of a Friend, a Native of Scotland, who
+once told me that the Mottoes of the Lairds often had a reference to
+that of their Chief.
+
+Something like this appears in the Motto of FRASER, late Lord Lovat,
+which is, "I am Ready." That Family is descended from a younger
+Branch, the elder having ended in Daughters. They had for their
+Ancestor, in the Female line, the Sister of King Robert I.; and the
+Motto seems, if not responsive, at least expressive of Loyalty.
+
+This sort of Motto seems to prevail in the Family of DOUGLAS. That
+of the elder Branches is, "Forward;" to which the younger Branches
+reply, "Jamais Arriere," which may, perhaps, be best translated by
+the vulgar Scottish expression, "Hard at your Back."
+
+The Motto of HAY, Earl of ERROL, which is, "Serva Jugum," deserves
+our particular attention; and is founded on a well-attested
+historical fact, related to this effect by Mr. Crawfurd. In the
+Reign of Kenneth III. (anno 980), when the Danes invaded this
+Island, and gave Battle to the Scots, whom they had routed at the
+Village of Loncarty, near Perth, a certain Husbandman of the name
+of Hay, who was tilling his Land, perceived his Countrymen flying
+before the Enemy; when he and his two Sons, arming themselves with
+their Plough-gear, the old Man having the Yoke of the Oxen for his
+own Weapon, upbraided the Scots for their Cowardice, and, after much
+difficulty, persuaded them to rally. They accordingly, under the
+Command of this unexpected Leader and his Sons, armed with Yokes and
+Plough-shares, renewed the Engagement; when the Danes, supposing
+their Enemy had received a reinforcement, fled in their turn. The
+King, in reward for this uncommon Service, advanced _Hay_ to the
+Rank of Noblesse, and gave him as much Land as a Falcon, let loose
+from the Fists, should compass at one flight. The lucky Bird, says
+Dr. Abercrombie, seemed sensible of the merits of those that were to
+enjoy it; for she made a circuit of seven or eight miles long, and
+four or five broad; the limits of which are still extant. This Tract
+of Ground, continues my Author, being called _Errol_, the Family
+took from thence its designation, or title.
+
+To these circumstances the Armorial Bearings of the Family have
+very strong allusions; for the Supporters are Two Labourers with
+each a Yoke on his Shoulder; the Crest is a Falcon; and the Motto
+"Serva Jugum." The Coat Armour likewise is, Argent, Three Escocheons
+Gules; or, to speak in the language of noble Blazonry, Pearl, Three
+Escutcheons Ruby; to intimate that the Father and his Two Sons had
+been the three fortunate Shields by which Scotland had been defended
+and saved.
+
+Another Branch of the Family (HAY, Earl of KINNOUL,) gives the same
+Coat, with a Bordure for difference; the Supporters are likewise
+Two Husbandmen, the one having a Plough-share, and the other a Pick,
+or Spade, upon his Shoulder. The Yoke is preserved in the Crest,
+upon the Shoulder of a Demi-Man, from the waist upwards; and the
+Motto seems to refer to the rallying of the Scottish Army in these
+words, "Renovate Animos."
+
+Buchanan, further tells us, with regard to the modesty of these
+unexpected Conquerors, that, when they were brought to the King,
+rich and splendid Garments were offered to them, that they might
+be distinguished in a Triumphal Entry which was to be made into
+the Town of Perth; but the old Man rejected them with a decent
+contempt; and, wiping the dust from his ordinary Clothes, joined
+the Procession, with no other distinction than the Yoke upon his
+shoulder, preceded and followed by the King's Train. More minute
+circumstances of this extraordinary Victory, obtained, after a
+palpable Defeat, at the instigation of one obscure Man, are related
+by Buchanan, to whom I refer your Lordship; and you will find it
+equal to any instance we have of Roman Virtue, and the _Amor
+Patriae_, so much boasted of among the Ancients.
+
+Lloyd, in his Worthies, among his observations on the Life of James
+Hay, Earl of Carlisle, tells us a chimerical story, but on what
+authority I do not discover; after having mentioned slightly the
+above fact, that James Hay, 600 years afterwards, "saved the King
+of that Country from the Gowries at their House with a Cultre (or
+Plough-share) in his hand;" and that he had as much Land assigned
+him as he could ride round in two days. It does not appear from
+the accounts we have of the Gowry conspiracy, that any person of
+the name of Hay was concerned; but rather that this story has been
+confounded with the other, because, according to Dr. Abercrombie's
+account, the Land over which the Falcon flew in the first case, was
+in a part of Scotland known by the name of Gowry.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CONYNGHAM, Earl of GLENCAIRN, has this very singular Motto, "Over
+Fork Over," alluding to the principal Charge upon the Shield, which
+is the rude and ancient Hay-Fork, called in Scotland a Shake-Fork,
+and is in shape not unlike the Roman letter Y.
+
+This Bearing, some of their Heralds tell us, was official, because,
+they say, the Family had been Hereditary Masters of the King's
+Horses and Stables, of which employment this instrument was
+indicative. Such official Charges and Sur-charges were common in
+Scotland: thus, CARNEGIE, Earls of Southesk, charge the Breast of
+their Blue Eagle with a Cup of Gold, being Hereditary Cup-Bearers
+to the Kings of Scotland. But this will not hold good as to the
+CONYNGHAMS; though their Sur-charge of a Man on Horseback upon
+the Shake-Fork may perhaps be such an official Bearing. Different
+conjectures have been brought forward; and Mr. Camden and some
+others have interpreted the Fork to have been an Archiepiscopal
+Pall; for which surmise a very vague reason is given, viz. that an
+Ancestor of the Family was concerned in the Murder of Thomas Becket,
+Archbishop of Canterbury. Which Bearing, Mr. Nisbet observes,
+would in such case operate rather as an abatement than a badge
+of honour[305]. This conjecture, however, will not hold good on
+heraldic principles; for a Pall, when used as a Charge, is very
+differently represented, the three ends of it being square, and even
+touching the borders of the Escocheon; whereas the device before
+us is pointed at the ends, and does not come in contact with the
+edges of the Shield. But what has the Pall to do with the Motto? We
+must therefore advert to other circumstances for an interpretation
+of both the reason of the Armorial Bearing and the Motto, which
+generally assist to explain each other. The account which comes
+nearest the point in the present question is given by Mr. Nisbet
+from Frederick Van Bassen, a Norwegian, who, he says, was a good
+Genealogist, and left in MS. an account of the rise of some Scottish
+Families, and among the rest of this of Conyngham; from which MS.
+Mr. Nisbet gives this account--"that Malcome, the Son of Friskine,
+assisting Prince Malcom (afterwards surnamed Canmore) to escape from
+Macbeth's tyranny, and being hotly pursued by the Usurper's Men, was
+forced at a place to hide his Master by forking Straw or Hay above
+him. And after, upon that Prince's happy accession to the Crown,
+he, the King, rewarded his Preserver Malcome with the Thanedom of
+Cunnigham, from which he and his Posterity have their Surname, and
+took this Figure to represent the Shake-Fork with which he, Malcome,
+forked Hay or Straw above the Prince, to perpetuate the happy
+deliverance their Progenitor had the good fortune to give to their
+Prince." Admitting this to be a fact, or even a legendary tale,
+credited by the Family when this Bearing was granted or assumed,
+there is an affinity between the Device and the Motto not to be
+found among the other conjectures.
+
+  [305] Becket's Murderers were Four Barons, and Knights, no doubt,
+  of course; _viz._ Reginald Fitz-Urse, William de Tracy, Hugh de
+  Morville, and Richard Breto. [Consult Lord Lyttelton and his
+  Authorities.]
+
+There is another Family where the true Armorial Ensigns are
+illustrated by the Motto; _viz._ the Arms of BAILIE of Lanington,
+which have often been blazoned as Nine Mullets or Spurrials (or 3,
+3, 2, and 1); whereas it is evident they were Stars from the Motto,
+which is, "Quid clarius Astris?"
+
+I make no doubt there are many others of a like kind to be found,
+arising from inattention or ignorance. It has been observed, that
+the Shake-Fork is now much obscured by an Armed Man on Horseback
+within an Inescocheon, which is supposed to allude to the Hereditary
+Office of Master of the Horse; though whether this was the case,
+or whether that Bearing came by alliance, may be doubtful; for Mr.
+Crawfurd, in his Peerage, does not give it as a part of the Family
+Coat of Conyngham in 1716; though the more modern Peerages have it.
+The shape of the Fork is more discernible in the Arms of Conyngham,
+Peers of Ireland, where it is not covered by a Sur-charge. The
+meaning of the name is local, _Konyng-Ham; i.e._ The King's Village
+or Habitation; which Etymon has been so long obscured by age, that
+the Lion Office, on granting Supporters to the Family, have given
+Two Rabbits, or Conies. The Irish Branch has different Supporters;
+_viz._ a Horse and a Buck; though it preserves the Motto.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Earl of TRAQUAIR has for his Motto "Judge noucht;" though there
+is nothing in his Armorial Bearings to which it can allude. One
+is therefore to look for some event interesting to the Family to
+ground it upon, which probably was this: Sir John Stewart, first
+created Baron, and afterwards Earl, of Traquair, by King Charles
+I. was Lord High Treasurer of Scotland, anno 1635, and remained a
+firm friend to the Royal Cause to the last. His adherence to it,
+however, drew on him the resentment of the opposite party, insomuch
+that he was, 1641, impeached of High Treason, and found guilty; but
+the Parliament submitted his punishment to the King, who ordered
+him a Pardon under the Great Seal, the Preamble to which sets forth
+the King's high opinion of his abilities and his integrity in the
+discharge of his duty. Upon this transaction, it seems more than
+possible that the Earl, alluding to the rash and cruel treatment he
+had received from the Parliament for his loyalty to the King, might
+assume the Motto "Judge noucht;" the complement of which, we all
+know, is, "That ye be not judged."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+JOHNSTON, Marquis of ANNANDALE.--The modern _Motto_ is "Nunquam
+non paratus;" but in the original _Motto_ there is History, which
+connects with other parts of the Bearing. The _Crest_ is "A winged
+Spur," and one of the _Supporters_ is "A Horse furnished." The
+_Crest_ was taken, because the _Johnstons_ were often Wardens of the
+West Borders, and active in suppressing Thieves and Plunderers, who
+infested them during the Wars between England and Scotland; whence
+was derived the original _Motto_, "Alight Thieves all;" commanding,
+either by their authority or prowess, those Thieves to surrender.
+The _Horse_ as a _Supporter_ alludes to the same circumstance, or
+might be considered as a Bearing of Conquest, from a _Horse_ taken
+from some famous Marauder[306].
+
+  [306] Peerage of Scotland, 1767, octavo.
+
+The Johnstons of Westrow, or Westerhall, have a different principal
+Bearing in their Arms; _viz._ "A Man's Heart, ensigned with an
+Imperial Crown proper, in base," being part of the Arms of Douglas,
+in memory of the apprehension of Douglas Earl of Ormond, when in
+rebellion against James II.[307]
+
+  [307] Nisbet's Heraldry, p. 146.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+HAMILTON, Duke of HAMILTON.--Motto, "Through." This Motto is older
+than the Nobility of the Family, if my conjecture be true; as it
+seems to have originated from a circumstance which happened in the
+Reign of the Scottish King, Robert I. in England, at the Court of
+our King Edward II. Battles, sieges, &c. had been maintained, with
+various success, between the two Kings, for a long time. During
+these animosities Sir Gilbert Hamilton, an Englishman, happening
+to speak in praise of the intrepidity of Robert I. King of Scots,
+one of the De Spencers (John, Mr. Crawfurd says,) who was of King
+Edward's Bed-chamber, drew his falchion, and wounded him. Sir
+Gilbert, more concerned at the contumely than at the wound, and
+being prevented at the moment from resenting it; yet when he met
+his antagonist the next day in the same place, ran him _through_
+the body. On this he immediately fled for protection to the King of
+Scots, who gave him lands and honours for this bold vindication of
+his valour[308].
+
+  [308] Crawfurd's Peerage, in Duke of Hamilton. Buchanan, vol. I.
+  p. 332, 333. Dr. Abercrombie, however, gives us reasons to doubt
+  that this was the first introduction of the name of Hamilton into
+  Scotland: though that is not material, if it was the occasion which
+  introduced the _Motto_. This has no apparent connexion with the
+  Crest or Arms, and is therefore, more conclusive. Query as to the
+  Crest?
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Motto of MURRAY, now Duke of ATHOL, is, "Furth, Fortune,
+and fill the Fetters;" but it was originally given to John
+_Stewart, Earl_ of Athol, and came to the Family of Murray by
+an intermarriage with the Heiress of Stewart. The first _Earl_
+of Athol of the name of _Stewart_ was constituted Lieutenant to
+King James III. (1457); and for his defeating, and bringing to
+submission, Mac-Donald, Lord of the Isles, who had rebelled, he had
+a special grant of several lands, and the above Motto added to his
+Arms[309], which seems to mean, _Go forth, be successful, and fill
+the Fetters with the Feet of all other rebellious Subjects_; for I
+understand "_Fortune_" to be a verb, and chosen probably for the
+sake of the alliteration. One appendage to the Arms of _Murray_,
+probably received from Stewart, has an allusion to the Motto; for
+the Supporter, on the Sinister side, is a Savage, with his Feet in
+Fetters.
+
+  [309] Crawfurd's Peerage.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SETON, Earl of WINTON (attainted). The original Motto of _Lord_
+Seton was "Invia Virtuti Via nulla;" but another was assumed by the
+first _Earl_, alluding to an additional charge which he took, by
+grant I presume, when he was created into that dignity with great
+pomp (1601) at Holy-Rood House. To the original _Sword_ and Imperial
+_Crown_ which he bore in an Inescocheon with a Tressure, was added
+a Blazing Star of Twelve Points, with this new Motto, "Intaminatis
+fulget honoribus[310]," expressive of the unshaken Loyalty of the
+Family, which the last Peer unhappily forgot, and forfeited in the
+Rebellion 1715.
+
+  [310] Nisbet's Cadencies, p. 192. See also Douglas's Peerage.
+
+The Slughorn of the Family is _Set on_[311], which, by
+amplification, I apprehend, means _Set upon your Enemy_, as an
+incitement to ardour; and is rather analogous to the Motto _Think
+on_, of the Lord _Kirkcudbright_, before-mentioned.
+
+  [311] Douglas's Peerage, in the Arms.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+BRUCE, Earl of ELGIN. This, and other Branches of that ancient
+and once Kingly Family, has, for its Motto, "_Fuimus_," alluding
+strongly to their having been formerly in possession of the Crown of
+Scotland. The Crest is likewise denotative of Royal pretensions,
+_viz._ "A Hand holding a Sceptre." Something, however, is worth
+observing in several of the subordinate Branches, more distant from
+the original Stock, where one may discern the gradual dispirited
+declension of the Family, in point of Regal claims. One private
+House, indeed, bears the Lion Rampant in the Arms, and likewise the
+Crest, and the Motto of the Peer. Another descendant drops the Lion
+in the Arms, and only bears for Crest, "_A Hand holding a Sword_,"
+with this modest Motto, "_Venture forward_." A third seems to give
+up all for lost, by the Crest, _viz._ "_A Setting Sun_," with this
+Motto, "_Irrevocable_;" while a fourth appears to relinquish a
+Temporal for the hope of an Eternal Crown, by this Motto, "_Spes mea
+superne_."[312]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GORDON, Duke of GORDON. The primitive Bearing of this Family was,
+"Azure, a Boar's Head couped, Or;" though at present it carries
+"Azure, _Three_ Boars Heads couped, Or." The first is the more
+honourable Charge, as the Unit is always accounted in Heraldry
+preferable to Numbers, not only on account of its simplicity[313],
+but in a religious sense (often couched in Armory), as it betokens
+God the Father, while the Charge of Three has the like reference
+to the Trinity. The traditional story, however, relating to the
+particular Coat Armour before us, is told by Douglas, in his
+Peerage of Scotland, to this effect; _viz._ that in the Reign of
+King Malcolm Canmore, in the eleventh century, a valiant Knight,
+of the name of _Gordon_, came into Scotland, but from whence is
+not said, and was kindly received by that Prince. The Knight, not
+long afterwards, killed a Wild _Boar_, which greatly infested the
+Borders[314], when Malcolm gave him a grant of lands in the Shire
+of Berwick. These lands, according to the custom of those times, the
+Knight called _Gordon_, after his own name, and settled upon them,
+taking a _Boar's_ Head for his Armorial Ensign, in memory of his
+having killed "that monstrous animal[315]." This may seem a trivial
+reason in itself, but we have another similar tradition in the Arms
+of Forbes[316].
+
+  [312] Nisbet's Heraldry, vol. I. p. 145.
+
+  [313] Nisbet's Heraldry.
+
+  [314] In rude times, such as those were of which we have been
+  speaking, it was accounted an action of no small valour to kill so
+  fierce an animal as a _Wild Boar_; being attended with considerable
+  personal danger, for want of such weapons, offensive and defensive,
+  as we have at present. On this account I may be excused bringing
+  forward a parallel honour attending a circumstance of this sort,
+  though I fetch it from the Hottentots, a people to whose very
+  name we seem to have falsely annexed ideas, far from the truth,
+  of every thing below the dignity of human nature, and placed them
+  but one degree above the brute creation. On the contrary, they are
+  represented by Kolben, who had opportunities of personal intercourse
+  with them, and was well qualified to observe and reason upon what he
+  saw, as a people much wronged by our unfavourable opinions of them.
+  But to the point: their country appears to be, from its situation,
+  exceedingly exposed to the incursions of the fiercest of beasts,
+  lions and tigers; insomuch that a Hottentot who kills one of these
+  animals with his own hand is _deified_, and his person held sacred
+  ever after.
+
+  [315] Douglas's Peerage, p. 295.
+
+  [316] Nisbet's Heraldry, p. 327.
+
+In process of time the Gordons, according to the practice in
+Heraldry, increased the number of _Boars Heads_ to _three_, two and
+one; and thus they continue to be borne at this day, with proper
+differences; one of which, being particular, I shall mention,
+_viz._ GORDON, _Earl_ of _Aboyne_. The reference contained in the
+Motto of this Branch seems merely to be confined to the _Cheveron_
+placed between the _Boars Heads_, in these words, "_Stant caetera
+Tigno_," which last word is the acknowledged Latin word for the
+_Cheveron_[317]. This is, perhaps, the greatest compliment ever paid
+to the _Cheveron_, which is accounted one of the humblest Charges
+known, in Heraldic language, by the name of Ordinaries.
+
+  [317] Gibbon's Introd. ad Latinam Blazoniam. See also Nisbet's
+  Heraldry, p. 316.
+
+Thus much for the Arms of the _Duke of Gordon_, and for what has
+been said both of the Arms and Motto of the Earl of Aboyne; but
+the Motto of the Ducal Branch of the Family is yet unaccounted for,
+which is "Bydand." This, I make no doubt, is a compound word, and
+of no little antiquity; and I take the resolution of it to be, by
+contraction, _Byde th' End_, with the letter D in the place of the
+TH; for the Glossarist to some ancient Scottish Poems, published
+from the MSS. of George Bannatyne, at Edinburgh, 1770, p. 247,
+renders the word _Bidand, pendente Lite_. See also the Glossary, ad
+calcem. As to its import, it may refer to Family transactions, in
+two points of view; _viz._ either to loyal or religious attachments.
+In support of the first, we find that Sir Adam Gordon was a
+strenuous asserter of the claims of the Bruces, and peculiarly
+active in the cause of King Robert I. (in that long contest), who
+accordingly rewarded him with a large grant of land, sufficient to
+secure his interest, and make him _byde the end_ of the contest as
+a feudatory under that King. The Son and Grandson of Sir Adam were
+both faithful to the interest of the Bruces, and had the above
+grant confirmed by King David II.[318] If this is not satisfactory,
+we have instances of acts of piety done by the early Branches of
+this Family, sufficient to warrant the Motto on the interpretation
+here given; for in the Reign of Malcolm IV. the Family had large
+possessions, part of which they devoted to religious purposes, by
+considerable endowments and benefactions given to the Abbey of
+Kelso[319].
+
+  [318] Crawfurd's Peerage.
+
+  [319] Ibid.
+
+I incline, however, more strongly to the military sense of the
+Motto; and the more, as it is borne by other Families, manifestly
+with that reference, though I cannot account for the connexion of
+the two Houses. Thus, for instance, _Leith_, in one Branch, has for
+the Motto, "_Semper Fidus_;" in another, "_Trusty to the End_;"
+and in a third, "_Trusty and Bydand_;" in this last, I think the
+contraction of the last word, as above suggested, is more clearly
+established[320].
+
+  [320] Nisbet's Heraldry, p. 217.
+
+In these Mottoes of _Leith_, it must be confessed there is more
+appearance of a religious application than in that of the Duke
+of _Gordon_, as the Armorial Bearings are partly compounded of
+Cross-Croslets, and the Crest of the first is likewise a Turtle-dove.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ELPHINSTON, Lord ELPHINSTON; has for his Motto "_Caus Causit_[321],"
+or, as written by Mr. Nisbet, "_Cause caused it_."[322]
+
+  [321] Crawfurd's Peerage.
+
+  [322] System of Heraldry, p. 154.
+
+In Almon's Short Peerage of Scotland _Caus_ or _Cause_ is
+interpreted _Chance_, which leads us to search for some casual
+circumstance in the history of the Family, whereby it was elevated.
+
+Alexander Elphinston was ennobled by King James IV. in the time of
+our Henry VIII.; to whom a fatal incident happened, to which his
+Descendants might have a retrospect when the Motto was assumed.
+Some branches of the story are controverted; but enough is left by
+tradition to found our conjecture, and for the Family to rest the
+choice of their Motto upon. This Alexander, the first Peer, was
+slain at the Battle of Flodden Field (1513), together with King
+James IV.; and being, in his person and face, very like the King,
+his body was carried by the English to Berwick, instead of that of
+the King, and treated with some indignity. The controvertible part
+of the circumstance is, that the King escaped by this means, and
+lived to reward the Family who had thus lost their valiant Chief;
+but strong proofs are to be found, that the King was actually
+slain, though by some accounts not in the Battle, as his body was
+identified by more than one of his confidential Servants, who
+recognized it by certain private indelible marks[323].
+
+  [323] Drake's Hist. Ang. Scot.
+
+Buchanan allows that the King escaped from the Battle; but adds,
+that he was killed the same day by a party of his own Subjects,
+whose interest it was to take him off, to avoid a punishment due to
+themselves for cowardice in the preceding Battle[324].
+
+  [324] Buchanan's History, Book xiii. p. 26.
+
+Holinshed tells us, that in order to deceive the Enemy, and
+encourage his own Troops, the King caused several of his Nobles to
+be armed and apparelled like himself[325]; and this practice, at
+that time of day, seems not to have been uncommon; for Shakspeare
+makes Richard say, during the Battle of Bosworth Field,
+
+    "I think, there be _Six_ Richmonds in the Field:
+    _Five_ have I slain to-day instead of him[326]."
+
+  [325] Holinshed's Chronicle.
+
+  [326] Act v. Sc. iv.
+
+Let this pass for truth; yet was Lord Elphinston's case the most
+remarkable, and most deserving of favour to his posterity, on
+account of the insults offered to his body, under a supposition
+that it was the body of the King. After the death of James IV. a
+long Minority ensued, and consequently a Regency; but what reward
+the Family of _Elphinston_ had, or what weight they bore in the
+Reign of James V. or in that of Queen Mary, History is not minute
+enough to inform us; though we find, that the Great Grandson of the
+first Peer slain at Flodden-Field was of the Privy Council, and
+High Treasurer to James VI. (anno 1599) before his accession to the
+Crown of England. This King was too well read not to have known
+what passed in the Reign of his Great Grandfather respecting the
+first Lord _Elphinston_; and I am willing to suppose the Descendants
+of that Peer were equally informed of the fact above related; and
+that the Lord Treasurer _Elphinston_ modestly imputed his elevation
+ultimately to that circumstance, and allusively took the Motto
+before us.
+
+Lest this surmise should not be satisfactory, I will offer another
+on a very different ground, arising from the _Crest_, which is,
+"A Lady from the middle richly attired, holding a _Castle_ in her
+Right Hand, and in her Left a Branch of _Laurel_." This throws the
+matter open to another conjecture; for the Bearing of the _Lady_,
+with the _Castle_ in her Right Hand, may well be supposed to relate
+to Alliances; several of the Ancestry of the Family, which came
+originally from Germany in the time of Robert the Bruce (in the
+Reign of our Edward II.) having married Heiresses[327], whereby
+they obtained Lands, Castles, Power, and Nobility. These events
+often repeated, which may be termed the effects of _chance_, give
+us latitude to suppose the Motto may, on the other hand, relate to
+those casual means, whereby the Family rose to the honour of the
+Peerage.
+
+  [327] Nisbet's Heraldry, p. 154.
+
+These are the only two conjectures I have to offer; and I do not at
+present meet with any other historical matter to warrant a third.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+LESLIE, Earl of ROTHES.--The Motto of this Family is "Grip (or
+Gripe) Fast[328]," and seems to contain a double allusion; first
+to the old Motto "Firma Spe," and afterwards to some parts of the
+additional Armorial Appendages. I call it the old Motto, from the
+account Mr. Nisbet gives of the original Bearing and its adjuncts;
+_viz._ "Argent, on a Fess, between two Cross-Croslets Azure,
+Three Buckles Or." Crest, "A Griphon's (or Griffin's) Head couped
+Proper, charged with a Cross-Croslet fitched Argent." Motto, "Firma
+Spe."[329] Herein the Cross-Croslets repeated, taken together with
+the new Motto, admit of a religious allusion, as _holding fast_ the
+Faith of Christ with _firm Hope_, expressed allegorically by the
+Head of the Griffin. It may therefore be conceived, that the change
+of the Motto might take place after the Family, on being ennobled,
+chose Griffins for Supporters; thereby giving a loose and whimsical
+translation, if I may call it so, of "Firma Spe," by the words
+"Grip Fast." The ancient Bearings of the Cross-Croslets are now
+discharged, nothing remaining on the Field but a _Bend_, instead of
+a _Fess_, charged with Three Buckles; so that the meaning, couched
+under the Cross-Croslets, the Griffin's Head, and the original words
+of the Motto, is entirely lost: and at present nothing remains but
+a quaint allusion to the group of those chimerical Animals. The
+_Buckles_, borne first on the _Fess_, and afterwards on the _Bend_
+(a Change not uncommon as a Difference, in token of Cadency or
+Cadetship in Scotland), may likewise have regard to that strong
+metaphorical description of Christian Defence against the Powers
+of Darkness in the Sixth Chapter of the Epistle to the Ephesians,
+or to the First Epistle to the Thessalonians (Chap. v. 21). "Hold
+fast that which is good;" _viz_. the Faith and Hope in the Cross
+of Christ. In support of this idea, as being primarily religious,
+it appears that one subordinate Branch of the Family (_Leslie_ of
+Talloch) bears for a Crest, not a Griffin's, but "An Eagle's Neck,
+with Two Heads erased Sable;" with the Motto "Hold Fast:" and
+another has for its Motto "Keep Fast:"[330] so that _Grip_, or
+_Gripe Fast_, may be considered as a mere canting Motto, arising
+from old Heraldic wit. _Leslie_ of Burdsbank, carries the quartered
+Coat of the Earl of Rothes, with Differences; with the _Crest_, "A
+Buckle Or," and the Motto "Keep Fast."
+
+  [328] The traditional Family History of this Motto is, that a
+  Countess of Rothes (then Head of the House in her own right), riding
+  behind a servant through a dangerous ford, had nearly lost her seat
+  from fear; when the man, encouraging her by the words "_Gryp Fast_,"
+  the Countess took the advice, was rescued from imminent danger, and
+  her life preserved. This account of the origin of the Motto was
+  given by one of the Family to a Friend of mine; but how far it may
+  gain credit I do not determine.
+
+  [329] Nisbet's Heraldry, vol. i. p. 96.
+
+  [330] Nisbet's Heraldry, vol. I. ubi supra.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I close this attempt (for I call it nothing more) with a singular
+Motto of a Private Family.
+
+HAIG, or perhaps _Haigh_, of Bemerside, has for the Family Motto
+"Tyde what may," founded on a Prophecy of Sir Thomas Lermont (well
+known in Scotland by the name of "Thomas the Rhymer," because he
+wrote his Prophecies in Rhyme), who was an Herald in the Reign of
+Alexander III. He is said to have foretold the time of his own
+death; and particularly, among other remarkable occurrences, the
+Union of England and Scotland, which was not accomplished till the
+Reign of James VI. some hundreds of years after this Gentleman died.
+These Prophecies were never published in a perfect state; but the
+Epitome of them is well known in Scotland, though Mr. Nisbet says
+it is very erroneous. The original, he tells us, is a Folio MS.
+which Mr. Nisbet seems to have seen; for he adds, "Many things are
+missing in the small book which are to be met with in the original,
+particularly these two lines, concerning his (Sir Thomas Lermont's)
+neighbour, Haig of Bemerside:
+
+    'Tyde what may betide,
+    Haig shall be Laird of Bemerside.'
+
+"And," continues Mr. Nisbet, "his Prophecy concerning that ancient
+Family has hitherto been true; for since that time till this day
+(1702) the Haigs have been Lairds of that place."[331]
+
+  [331] Nisbet's Cadencies, pp. 158, 159.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"Cave Adsum" is the Motto of JARDIN, of Applegirth, Bart. in
+Scotland. The Ingredients (as they may be called) to which
+it alludes, are very dispersed, and to be collected from the
+Supporters, the Bearing, and Crest: the Arms having "Three Mullets
+charged on the Chief;" the Supporters, "An Armed Man and a Horse;"
+and the Crest, "A Mullet or Spur-Rowel." This might allude to Justs
+and Tournaments[332].
+
+  [332] See Nisbet's Heraldry.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I shall conclude with one Irish Motto; that of FITZGERALD--"_Crom
+a Boo_;" a Cri de Guerre, or Term of Defiance. _A Boo_ means _the
+Cause_, or the _Party_, and _Crom_ was the ancient Castle of the
+Fitz-Geralds. So _Butler_ a _Boo_ meant the Ormond Party, the Cri on
+the other side; by which they insulted each other, and consequently
+frays and skirmishes ensued[333].
+
+  [333] I owe this observation to my noble Friend, and kind
+  Correspondent, Lord Dacre.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Simon Fitz-Alan had a Son Robert, who, being of a fair complexion,
+was called _Boyt_, or _Boyd_, from the Celtic or Gallic word
+_Boidh_, which signifies fair or _yellow_[334], from which he
+assumed his Sur-name, and from him all the Boyds in Scotland are
+descended[335].
+
+  [334] So _Douglas_ means White Man. See "Armories."
+
+  [335] Douglas, p. 373.
+
+_Canmore_ is a Sobriquet. So might _GoldBerry_, from the colour
+of Boyd's hair. Sobriquets common in England and France; there
+was scarce a French King without some addition, relative to their
+persons, or to their good or bad qualities.
+
+_Goldberry_ is a Slughorn, for the Motto is _Confido_, as applying
+to the confidence the Chief had in the Vassals belonging to the
+Clan; though by the modern Crest (a Thumb and two Fingers pointing
+to Heaven) it seems to admit of a religious interpretation.
+
+
+
+
+DISSERTATION
+
+ON
+
+Coaches.
+
+
+Every thing has History belonging to it, though perhaps it is seldom
+worth investigation; and what follows will, I suspect, be thought
+not unlike Gratiano's reasons; _viz_. "As two grains of wheat hid
+in two bushels of chaff; you shall seek all day ere you find them,
+and when you have them, they are not worth the search[336]." But,
+as the History of Coaches in general, and particularly of Hackney
+Coaches, has never been drawn together, I shall attempt to do it as
+an historical detail of that species of luxury.
+
+  [336] Merchant of Venice.
+
+The Nobleman, and the man of fortune, steps into his own carriage;
+and the humbler orders of men into their occasional coach, even
+with the gout upon them, when walking is out of the question;
+without ever thinking with the smallest gratitude of those who
+introduced or improved such a convenience; and all this because
+these Vehicles are now too common to attract our notice further than
+their immediate use suggests.
+
+It is the business of Antiquaries to rescue subjects of this sort
+from oblivion, as to their origin, their improvements, &c. to the
+present hour; who of course must leave it to others of the same
+class, to shew their decline; for it is not improbable that even the
+present gay families, or their posterity, may be witnesses of such a
+revolution.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The first Wheel-Carriages of the Coach kind were in use with us
+in the Reign of King Richard II., and were called _Whirlicotes_;
+though we cannot but suppose they were such as, but for the name of
+riding, our ancestors might as well have walked on foot. Let us
+hear the account given either by Master John Stowe, or some of his
+Editors, on this matter, who tells us that "Coaches were not known
+in this Island; but Chariots, or _Whirlicotes_, then so called, and
+they only used of Princes, or men of great estates, such as had
+their footmen about them. And for example to note, I read[337] that
+Richard II. being threatened by the Rebels of Kent, rode from the
+Tower of London to the Miles-End, and with him his Mother, because
+she was sick and weak, in a Whirlicote.... But in the year next
+following, the said Richard took to wife Anne, daughter to the King
+of Bohemia, who first brought hither the riding upon side-saddles;
+and so was the riding in those _Whirlicotes_ and Chariots forsaken,
+except at Coronations, and such like spectacles. But now of late,"
+continues he, "the use of Coaches brought out of Germany, is taken
+up and made so common, as there is neither distinction of time, nor
+difference of persons, observed; for the world runs on wheels with
+many whose parents were glad to go on foot[338]."
+
+  [337] He cites Lib. S. Mariae Aborum.
+
+  [338] Survey of London and Westminster, book i.
+
+We may hence suppose that the _Whirlicote_ was not much more than a
+Litter upon Wheels, and adapted both to state and invalidity, among
+the higher orders of mankind; for we have seen that they gave place
+even to riding on Horseback, among the Ladies, as soon as proper
+Saddles were introduced.
+
+The word _Coach_ is evidently French, from their word _Carrosse_,
+and was formerly often written _Carroche_, as it appears in Stowe's
+Chronicle, where the two words appear almost in the same sentence.
+The French word, nevertheless, is not radically such, but formed
+from the Italian _Carroccio_, or _Carrozza_, for they have both;
+and that even the latter is a compound of _Carro Rozzo_, it being
+a _red_ Carriage, whereon the Italians carried the Cross when they
+took the field. So says Mr. Menage[339]; and if so, this Vehicle
+passed from Italy to Germany, from thence to France, and at length
+to us. According to Mr. De Caseneuve, the Italian _Carrocio_ had
+four wheels; and he adds to what Mr. Menage has said, that they
+carried their Standards upon it[340].
+
+  [339] Orig. Ital.
+
+  [340] Appendix to Menage, Orig. Fr.
+
+The French _Charrette_, from whence our _Chariot_[341], had but two
+wheels. But we may observe how our word is degraded, for it properly
+signifies a _Cart_, though it had four wheels[342]. The French,
+since Coaches came into use, have been ashamed of the term, and call
+it a Carrosse Coupe, or Half-Coach.
+
+  [341] Chariot--v. Carruca in Du Cange. Used in France at the end of
+the Reign of Francis I. and Henry II.
+
+  [342] Richelet.
+
+By the above account the _Chariot_ seems to have been the elder
+Vehicle, or rather the Coach in its infancy; which will lead us
+towards the etymon of our word _Coach_, and to the original nature
+of our _Chariot_, though both of them have the same common parent.
+
+We may, however, collect enough from these accounts, to satisfy
+ourselves that the introduction of Coaches took place in the Reign
+of Queen Elizabeth; and Stowe's Continuator adds a very natural
+consequence:--That, after the Royal example, "divers great ladies
+made them Coaches, and rode in them up and down the countries, to
+the great admiration of all the beholders." After this, he tells us,
+they grew common among the Nobility and opulent Gentry; that within
+twenty years Coach-making became a great trade, and that Coaches
+grew into more general use soon after the accession of King James.
+
+What sort of Carriages they originally were with us, in point of
+elegance, is not easily said; but in Germany, about that period, we
+are told they were--"ugly Vehicles made of four boards, which were
+put together in a very clumsy manner[343]." Of these, however, my
+Author adds, that John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg, when he
+went to Warsaw to do homage for the Dutchy of Prussia, A. D. 1618,
+had in his train thirty-six of these Coaches, each drawn by six
+horses.
+
+  [343] Memoirs of the House of Brandenburg, p. 222.
+
+Either the Chariots of that time were usually more elegant, or the
+Denmarkers had more taste than the Germans; for the same Author
+tells us, that, when the King of Denmark passed through Berlin, in
+the Reign of the Elector John George, who died 1598, the King made
+his entry "in a black-velvet Chariot, laced with gold; drawn by
+eight white coursers, with bits and caparisons all of silver[344]."
+
+  [344] Memoirs, p. 221.
+
+The Chariot I take to have been a much more ancient Vehicle, and an
+open Vehicle; for we read of them in the Reign of our Henry VII. and
+even of our Richard II.
+
+Queen Elizabeth, when she went to St. Paul's, 1588, after the
+Spanish Armada, was in a _Chariot_ supported by four pillars, and
+drawn by two white horses[345].
+
+  [345] Nichols's Preface to Queen Elizabeth's Progresses, p. xxiii.
+
+It is generally agreed, by those Writers who have touched upon the
+subject, that Coaches were introduced into this Kingdom in the Reign
+of Queen Elizabeth; but they must have had an earlier appearance
+amongst us than Anderson, in his History of Commerce, vol. I. p.
+421, allows, who affirms, that the first of them was brought hither
+by [Henry] Fitz-Alan, the last Earl of Arundel of that name, in the
+year 1580; which cannot be the truth; for his Lordship died 1579.
+This Earl, after having served Kings Henry VIII. and Edward VI. and
+Queen Mary, became likewise high in the favour of Queen Elizabeth,
+and was Lord Steward of her Household; but, finding himself
+supplanted by the Earl of Leicester, he went abroad A. D. 1566[346].
+It is to be supposed that he travelled to the sea-coast in the
+accustomed manner on Horseback; but he is said to have returned in
+his Coach, which, Mr. Granger says, was the first Equipage of the
+kind ever seen in England[347]; but that Author has left us without
+the date; so that we are yet to seek for that point.
+
+  [346] Camden's Elizabeth.
+
+  [347] Biographical History of England, I. 193, 8vo.
+
+Another Writer robs his Lordship entirely of the honour of such
+introduction; for Stowe's Continuator expressly says, that "In
+the year 1564 (two years before the Earl of Arundel went abroad),
+Guilliam Boonen, a Dutchman, became the Queen's Coachman, and was
+the first that brought the use of Coaches into England[348]." This
+very Coachman is said also to have driven the Queen's Coach, when
+she visited Oxford, 1592. Which of these two stories be true, the
+Relaters, Granger and Stowe, must answer for: but Anderson is
+palpably wrong in his date.
+
+  [348] Chronicle, p. 867. This Coachman's Wife had also the honour of
+  introducing the Art of Starching Cambric and Lawn, and was the first
+  Starcher the Queen had. Idem in eod.
+
+I can form no better an idea of our first Coaches than that they
+were heavy and unwieldy, as they continued to be for nearly two
+centuries afterwards; and I can at best but take the standard from
+the present State Coaches of the Archbishop of Canterbury and the
+Speaker of the House of Commons[349].
+
+  [349] I must here stop a moment to relate an Anecdote of the late
+  Right Honourable Arthur Onslow, when Speaker of the House of
+  Commons, whose ideas of travelling did not exceed the expedition of
+  a pair of horses tugging his own lumbering State Coach. King George
+  II. died on Saturday morning early, October 25, 1760. The Duke of
+  Devonshire (then at Chatsworth) was Lord Chamberlain; and the Duke
+  of Rutland (then at Belvoir Castle) was Lord Steward. Expresses
+  were dispatched to these great Officers, among others, immediately;
+  and the Duke of Devonshire arrived in Town on the Monday evening,
+  though the distance was 150 miles. Tuesday and Wednesday came, but
+  without the Lord Steward, to the utter astonishment of the Speaker,
+  who knew that his distance from the Metropolis was not so great
+  as that of the Duke of Devonshire, who had arrived on the Monday.
+  "But I am told," cried he, "that his Grace of Devonshire travels
+  at a prodigious rate; not less than _50 miles a day_!" Such was
+  the prejudice of ideas, confirmed by long habitude, in a man who
+  never extended his journeys further than his Seat in Surrey, a few
+  miles from London; and in Parliament time did little more than
+  oscillate between his Town House and the House of Commons.--It was
+  a misconception on the part of the Duke of Rutland, who understood
+  that the King of Prussia was dead, and not King George II. I mention
+  the circumstance, only to shew the ignorance of some parts of
+  mankind, when taken out of their routine.--The Duke of Devonshire at
+  that time usually ran to or from Chatsworth in about 18 or 20 hours.
+
+It cannot be any matter of surprize, after so luxurious a conveyance
+had found its way into the Royal Establishment, that it should be
+adopted by others who could support the expence, when not curbed by
+sumptuary laws; and we have accordingly seen, that Coaches prevailed
+much, early in the Reign of King James; but Hackney Coaches, which
+are professedly the Subject of this Memoir, waited till luxury had
+made larger strides among us, and till private Coaches came to
+market at second hand.
+
+
+HACKNEY COACH.
+
+There having always been an imitative luxury in mankind, whereby the
+inferior orders might approximate the superior; so those that could
+not maintain a Coach _de die in diem_ contrived a means of having
+the use of one _de hora in horam_. Hence arose our occasional
+Vehicles called Hackney Coaches.
+
+The French word _Haquenee_[350] implies a common horse for all
+purposes of riding, whether for private use or for hire; generally
+an ambler, as distinguished from the horses of superior orders,
+such as the _palfrey_ and the _great horse_. The former of these
+are often called _pad-nags_, and were likewise _amblers_; while
+horses for draught were called _trotting-horses_[351]: so that the
+_Haquenee_ was in fact, and in his use, distinct from all the rest,
+and inferior in rank and quality. This term for an ambling-nag
+occurs in Chaucer[352]. Thus we obtained our _Haquenee_ or _Hackney
+Horses_ long before we had any Coaches to tack to them; and the
+term had likewise, at the same time, made its way into metaphor, to
+express any thing much and promiscuously used. Thus Shakspeare, who
+never lived to ride in a _Hackney Coach_, applies the word _Hackney_
+to a common woman of easy access[353]: and again, in the First Part
+of Henry IV. (Act iii. Sc. 4), the King says to the Prince of Wales,
+
+  [350] See the French Lexicographers.
+
+  [351] Northumberland Household Book, p. 127.
+
+  [352] The Romaunt of the Rose.
+
+  [353] Love's Labour's Lost, Act ii. Sc. 2.
+
+    "Had I so lavish of my presence been,
+    So common-_hackneyed_ in the eyes of men,
+    So stale and cheap to vulgar company," &c.
+
+Now Shakspeare died in the year 1616; whereas Hackney Coaches were
+not known, in the Streets at least, till about the year 1625[354].
+
+  [354] Mortimer's Pocket Dictionary.
+
+Though the term _Haquenee_ is French, it is not used in France
+for Coaches of a like kind; yet, after we had adopted the word as
+applied to horses of the common sort, it was easy to put them in
+harness, for the service of drawing, and the convenience of the
+Inhabitants of the Metropolis; whereby the word _Hackney_ became
+transferred to the whole Equipage, then in want of a differential
+name; whereof the Coach, being the more striking part, obtained the
+name by pre-eminence.
+
+Before I return to my subject, give me leave to add a word or
+two on the French Coaches of a similar nature, which are called
+_Fiacres_[355]. The term is thus accounted for, though I did not
+suspect I should have found the meaning in a Martyrology. _Fiacre_
+was the name of a Saint, whose Portrait, like those of many other
+famous men of their times both in Church and State, had the honour
+to adorn a Sign-Post; and the Inn in Paris, Rue St. Antoine,
+from which these Coaches were first let out to hire on temporary
+occasions, had the Sign of _St. Fiacre_, and from thence they took
+their name. M. Richelet, in his Dictionary[356], tells us, that a
+_Fiacre_ is "Carosse de loueage, auquel on a donne ce nom a cause
+de l'Enseigne d'un logis de la Rue St. Antoine de Paris ou l'on
+a premierement loeue ces sortes de Carosse. Ce logis avoit pour
+Enseigne un _Saint Fiacre_." As to the Saint himself, he was no less
+a personage than the second Son, and at length Heir, of Eugenius
+IV. King of Scots, who lived in the Seventh Century. He went into
+France, took a religious habit, refusing the Crown of Scotland some
+years afterwards, on his Brother's death; and, when he died, was
+canonized. There is a Chapel dedicated to him at St. Omer's. His
+death is commemorated on the 30th of August[357].
+
+  [355] About the same period that our Hackney Coaches became in use,
+  a sort of Carriage arose at Paris under the name of a _Fiacre_. I
+  mention them to account for the term, which in the common French
+  Dictionaries is simply rendered a Hackney Coach.
+
+  [356] Voc. _Fiacre_. See also Menage, Orig. de la Langue Francoise.
+
+  [357] English Martyrology. Moreri's Dictionary. Collyer. St. Fiacre
+  was the Patron Saint of persons afflicted with the _Piles_. "The
+  Troops of Henry V. are said to have pillaged the Chapel of the
+  Highland Saint; who, in revenge, assisted his Countrymen in the
+  French Service to defeat the English at Bauge; and afterwards
+  afflicted Henry with the _Piles_, of which he died. This Prince
+  complained, that he was not only plagued by the living Scots, but
+  even persecuted by those who were dead." Smollett's Travels, Letter
+  IV.
+
+  N. B. There was a Prelate of the name _Fiachre_ in Ireland, whose
+  death is remembered there on the 8th of February. He lived about the
+  same time. [British Piety, in the Supplement]. He was not a Saint.
+
+As to the time when the French _Fiacres_ first came into use, we are
+led pretty nearly to it by Mr. Menage, who, in his "Origines de la
+Langue Francoise," published in Quarto, 1650, speaks of them as of a
+late introduction. His words are, "On appelle ainsi [Fiacre] a Paris
+_depuis quelques annees_ un Carosse de loueage." He then gives the
+same reason as we find in Richelet: but the words "_depuis quelques
+Annees_" shew, that those Coaches had not then been long in use, and
+are to be dated either a little before or a little after our own;
+insomuch that it is probable the one gave the example to the other,
+allowing Mr. Menage credit for twenty-five years, comprehended in
+his expression of _quelques Annees_[358].
+
+  [358] It is a little singular, that neither Cotgrave himself, in his
+  Dictionary, first published in 1611, nor his Editor, James Howell,
+  either in his Edition of 1650, or in that of 1673, take any notice
+  of the word _Fiacre_ in the sense before us.
+
+But to return to our Hackney Coaches, which took birth A. D. 1625
+(the first year of King Charles I.); and either began to ply in
+the Streets, or stood ready at Inns to be called for if wanted: and
+at that time did not exceed _twenty_ in number[359]. But, as luxury
+makes large shoots in any branch where it puts forth, so we find
+that, in no more than ten years, this new-planted scyon had grown so
+much as to require the pruning-knife; for that the Street Coaches
+had become in reality a national nuisance in various particulars:
+and accordingly a Proclamation issued A.D. 1635 in the following
+words:
+
+     "That the great numbers of Hackney Coaches of late time seen
+     and kept in London, Westminster, and their Suburbs, and the
+     general and promiscuous use of Coaches there, were not only
+     _a great disturbance to his_ Majesty, his dearest Consort the
+     Queen, the Nobility, and others of place and degree, in their
+     passage through the Streets_; but the Streets themselves were
+     so pestered, and the pavements so broken up, that the common
+     passage is thereby hindered and made dangerous; and the prices
+     of hay and provender, and other provisions of stable, thereby
+     made exceeding dear: Wherefore we expressly command and forbid,
+     That, from the Feast of St. John the Baptist next coming,
+     no Hackney or Hired Coaches be used or suffered in London,
+     Westminster, or the Suburbs or Liberties thereof, except they be
+     to travel at least _three_ miles out of London or Westminster,
+     or the Suburbs thereof. And also, that no person shall go in a
+     Coach in the said Streets, except the owner of the Coach shall
+     constantly keep up _Four able Horses for our Service, when
+     required_[360]. Dated January 19, 1635-6."
+
+  [359] Anderson on Commerce, II. 20.
+
+  [360] Rymer, tom. XIX. p. 721.
+
+This Proclamation, so long as it was observed, must have put a
+considerable check to the use of these Carriages; nor can I think it
+could operate much in the King's favour, as it would hardly be worth
+a Coach-Master's while to be at so great a contingent charge as the
+keeping of Four Horses to be furnished at a moment's warning for his
+Majesty's occasional employment. We are to construe this, then, as
+amounting to a prohibition, on account of the certain expence which
+must follow an uncertain occupation. The nature of this penalty, as
+I may call it, was founded on the Statute of Purveyance, not then
+repealed.
+
+But there was another co-operating cause that suspended the use
+of Coaches for a short time, which was the introduction of the
+_Hackney Chairs_, which took place a very little while before the
+Proclamation. They arose from the incommodities stated in the Royal
+Edict, and, no doubt, tended in some measure towards the suppression
+of the Hackney-Coaches; till by degrees being found incompetent
+to answer all their seemingly intended purposes, we shall see the
+Coaches, in about _two_ years time, return into the streets, and
+resume their functions. But to proceed with the History of the
+_Chairs_. At the critical time, then, when Government was devising
+measures to prevent the increase of _Coaches_ as much as possible,
+for the reasons alleged in the Proclamation, there stepped in a
+Knight, by name Sir Saunders Duncombe, a Gentleman-Pensioner, and a
+travelled man, who proposed the introduction of _Chairs_, after the
+model he had seen abroad[361]. This was in the year 1634; when Sir
+Saunders obtained an exclusive Patent for the setting them forth
+for hire, dated the first day of October, for the term of _fourteen_
+years. The number is not specified, but left perhaps indefinite,
+it being impossible to say what would be necessary in a new device
+of this sort, tending to be beneficial to the introductor, as well
+as convenient to the Publick. The tenor of the Grant, omitting the
+words of course, runs thus:
+
+  "CHARLES, &c.
+
+  [361] He was knighted, together with fourteen other Gentlemen of
+  the Band, by King James, in Scotland, 1617; as appears from a
+  Catalogue of Knights, published by J. P. Esq. 1660.
+
+     "Whereas the several Streets and Passages within our Cities of
+     _London_ and _Westminster_, and the Suburbs of the same, are of
+     late time so much encumbered and pestered with the unnecessary
+     multitude of Coaches therein used, that many of our good and
+     loving Subjects are by that means oftentimes exposed to great
+     danger; and the necessary use of Carts and Carriages for the
+     necessary Provisions of the said Cities and Suburbs thereby
+     also much hindered. And whereas, our servant, _Sir Sanders
+     Duncombe_, Knight, hath lately preferred his humble Petition
+     unto us; thereby shewing, that in many parts beyond the Seas,
+     the people there are much carried in the Streets in Chairs that
+     are covered; by which means very few Coaches are used amongst
+     them: and thereof he hath humbly besought us to grant unto him
+     the sole using and putting forth to hire of certain covered
+     Chairs, which he will procure to be made at his own proper costs
+     and charges, for carrying such of our loving Subjects as shall
+     desire to use the same, in and about our said Cities of _London_
+     and _Westminster_, and the Suburbs thereof.
+
+     "Know ye, that we, of our princely care of the good and welfare
+     of all our loving Subjects, desiring to use all good and
+     lawful ways and means that may tend to the suppressing of the
+     excessive and unnecessary number of Coaches now of late used
+     in and about our said Cities, and the Suburbs thereof; and to
+     the intent the said _Sir Sanders Duncombe_ may reap some fruit
+     and benefit of his industry, and may recompense himself of the
+     costs, charges, and expences, which he shall be at in and about
+     the directing, making, procuring, and putting in use of the
+     said covered Chairs, of the purpose aforesaid; and for divers
+     other good causes and considerations, us hereunto moving, of
+     our special grace, certain knowledge, and mere motion, have
+     given and granted, and by these Presents, for Us, our Heirs
+     and Successors, do give and grant, unto the said _Sir Sanders
+     Duncombe_, his Executors, Administrators, and Assigns, and
+     to his and their, and every of their, Deputy and Deputies,
+     Servants, Workmen, Factors, and Agents, and to all and every
+     such person and persons as shall have power and authority
+     from him, them, or any of them, in that behalf, full and free
+     Licence, Privilege, Power, and Authority, that they only, and
+     none other, shall or may, from time to time, during the term of
+     fourteen years hereafter granted, use, put forth, and lett to
+     hire, within our said Cities of _London_ and _Westminster_, and
+     the Suburbs and Precincts thereof, or in any part of them, or
+     any of them, the said covered Chairs, to be carried and borne as
+     aforesaid.
+
+     "Witness Ourself at _Canbury_, the First day of October[362]."
+
+  [362] Rymer, tom. XIX. p. 572.
+
+The place principally hinted at in the above Grant, or Patent, seems
+to have been the City of _Sedan_ in Champagne; where, we are at
+liberty to suppose, these covered Chairs being most in use, they
+obtained with us the name of _Sedan Chairs_, like the local names of
+_Berlin_ and _Landau_[363].
+
+  [363] Mr. Reed, the Editor of the Old Plays [2d Edit. 1780], from
+  the above account, must therefore certainly be in an error, when
+  he supposes that _Sedan Chairs_ were the introduction of the Duke
+  of Buckingham, about the year 1619. [See Note to vol. V. p. 475.]
+  _Sedan_--mentioned by the name only in the Life of Dr. Thomas
+  Fuller, 1661, 18mo. p. 57.
+
+These new Vehicles, hitherto unseen in our orbit, had, doubtless,
+patrons among the beaus and fine gentlemen of the age; though, in
+their general utility, they manifestly could not be so commodious
+as Coaches, were it for no other reason than that they could carry
+but one person. They might prevail with persons of a certain rank
+and description; but the opulent Merchant, and others in a similar
+line of family life, still were in want of a conveyance of greater
+capacity; a circumstance which would depress the _Chairs_, and
+gradually hasten the re-introduction of the _Coaches_, and which,
+as has been observed, took place accordingly in little more than
+two years. The following special commission was therefore granted
+by the King, A. D. 1637, wherein the number of the Coaches seems
+rather to have enlarged, and the management of them was placed in
+the department of the Master of the Horse. It runs essentially in
+the following words:
+
+     "That we, finding it very requisite for our Nobility and Gentry,
+     as well as for Foreign Ambassadors, Strangers, and others,
+     that there should be a competent number of Hackney Coaches
+     allowed for such uses, have, by the advice of our Privy Council,
+     thought fit to allow _Fifty Hackney Coachmen_ in and about
+     London and Westminster; limiting them not to keep above Twelve
+     Horses a-piece. We therefore grant to you [the Marquis] during
+     your Life, the Power and Authority to license _Fifty_ Hackney
+     Coachmen, who shall keep no more than Twelve good Horses each,
+     for their, or any of their, Coach and Coaches respectively. You
+     also hereby have Power to license so many in other Cities and
+     Towns of England as in your wisdom shall be thought necessary;
+     with power to restrain and prohibit all others from keeping any
+     Hackney Coach to let to hire, either in London or elsewhere.
+     Also to prescribe _Rules_ and _Orders_ concerning the daily
+     _Prices_ of the said licensed Hackney Coachmen, to be by them,
+     or any of them, taken for _our own_ particular service, and in
+     their employment for our Subjects; provided such orders be first
+     allowed by us, under our Royal Hand."[364]
+
+  [364] Rymer, tom. XX. fol. 159.
+
+We may observe that the article of Purveyance is here very gently
+touched upon, and confined to a sign-manual. Mr. Anderson supposes
+that there must have been many more than _fifty_ Coaches introduced
+by the above allowance of _twelve_ horses; but it seems rather to
+imply that no Coach-Master should engross more than six Coaches to
+himself. This also might be a tacit mode of preserving a supply of
+horses to be purveyed for the King when necessary.
+
+One may collect from hence that private Coaches were sparingly kept,
+by the mention of the Nobility and Gentry.
+
+Hitherto we have found the Hackney Coaches under the regulation
+of the Crown, or its immediate Officers; but we are now to look
+for them at a time when the Monarchical Government was suspended,
+during the Protectorate. Whether the Master of the Horse received
+any emolument from granting the above Licences, is not apparent;
+but under the Commonwealth we find that the Coaches became subject
+to a tax towards the expence of their regulation; for by an Act
+of Oliver's Parliament, A. D. 1654, the number of such Coaches,
+within London and Westminster, was enlarged to _two hundred_[365].
+The outlying distance was also augmented to _six_ miles _round
+the late lines of communication_, as the Statute expresses it; by
+which I conceive that the greatest distance was extended to _nine_
+miles, including the _three_ prescribed, or rather enjoined, by the
+regulating proclamation of King Charles I. in the year 1635. By this
+Act of Oliver's Parliament, the government of the Hackney Coaches,
+with respect to their _stands_, _rates_, &c. was placed in the
+Court of Aldermen of London; and as, of course, this new business
+would require Clerks, and other officers, to supervise it, the
+Coach-Masters were made subject to the payment of _twenty shillings_
+yearly for every such Coach.
+
+  [365] Anderson says _three hundred_, but that must be an error; for
+  the Docquet of the Act in Scobel says, that "the number of persons
+  keeping Hackney Coaches shall not at one time exceed _two hundred_."
+  This must apply to the number of Carriages; and so Sir William
+  Blackstone understood it. Commentaries, vol. I, 4to.
+
+Here we have brought the Coaches under a Police similar to
+that of our own time; but it did not long remain in the hands
+of the Corporation; for in the year after the Restoration, the
+establishment was new-modelled by an Act of the 13th and 14th of
+King Charles II. 1661, wherein it is specified that no Coaches
+were to be used without a Licence,--who may be entitled to such
+Licences,--that the number shall not exceed 400,--what shall be the
+rates,--with penalties for exacting more[366].
+
+  [366] See the Act in the Statute Book.
+
+Each of these four hundred Coaches so licensed was obliged to
+pay annually five pounds for the privilege, to be applied towards
+the keeping in repair certain parts of the streets of London and
+Westminster[367]; a very rational appropriation of such fund, for
+who ought so much to contribute to the amendment of the streets, as
+those who lived by their demolition?
+
+  "Nex Lex aequior ulla, quam," &c.
+
+Within a few years after the Revolution (anno 5 Gul. et Mar. ch.
+xxii.) the number of Coaches arose to seven hundred, each of which
+paid to the Crown annually four pounds. This, prima facie, one
+would suppose was a relief to the Coach-Masters, and that the
+reduction in the impost accrued from the number; but that was not
+the case, for every Owner, for each Coach, was constrained to pay
+down fifty pounds for his first Licence for twenty-one years, or
+forego his employment; which seeming indulgence was, in fact, paying
+five pounds _per annum_ for that term; whereas, probably, the
+Coach-Master would rather have continued at the former five pounds,
+and have run all risks, than have purchased an exclusive privilege,
+in the gross, at so high a price.
+
+  [367] Anderson, II. 115. Journals of the House of Commons.
+  Blackstone.
+
+The finances, and even the resources, of Government, must have been
+very low at this moment, or Ministry could never have stooped to so
+paltry and oppressive an expedient, to raise so small a sum as would
+arise from these Licences. By the increase of the number of Coaches
+from four hundred at five pounds _per annum_, to seven hundred
+at four pounds _per annum_, the gain to the Treasury was L.800
+annually:--and what did the licences at fifty pounds each Coach, for
+the term of twenty-one years, yield to the State?--L.3,500! Whereas,
+had such lease of the privilege of driving a Coach been kept at the
+rack rent of five pounds _per annum_, it had produced in that period
+L.14,700.
+
+Thus, however the matter rested, till the ninth year of Queen Anne,
+1710, when a Statute was made, which brought the business to its
+present standard, with a few variations, which will be observed in
+the order of time. By this Act every circumstance was new modelled;
+for thereby the Crown was impowered to appoint five Commissioners
+for regulating and licensing both Hackney Coaches and Chairs,
+from the time the late Statute of the fifth of William and Mary
+should expire, _viz._ at Midsummer A. D. 1715, authorizing such
+Commissioners to grant licences to eight hundred Hackney Coaches
+from that time for the term of thirty-two years, which should be
+allowed to be driven in the Cities of London and Westminster, and
+the Suburbs thereof, or any where within the Bills of Mortality;
+each Coach paying for such privilege the sum of five shillings _per_
+week[368]. It was at the same time enacted, that from the 24th of
+June, 1711, all _horses_ to be used with an Hackney Coach shall be
+fourteen hands high, according to the standard; and further, that
+every _Coach_ and _Chair_ shall have a mark of distinction, "by
+_figure_ or otherwise," as the Commissioners shall think fit; and
+"the said _mark_ shall be placed on each side of every such Coach
+and Chair respectively, in the most convenient place to be taken
+notice of, to the end that they may be known if any complaints shall
+be made of them[369]."
+
+  [368] By Monthly Payments.
+
+  [369] The Figures of the Chairs are too small and inconspicuous;
+  there should be one both on the outside and inside of each.
+
+This was all that could then be done respecting the _Coaches_,
+forasmuch as the old term of twenty-one years, granted in the
+fifth year of William and Mary, 1694, was subsisting, whereby
+seven hundred Coaches were allowed, and for which privilege the
+Owners had paid fifty pounds each, on whom Government shewed some
+tenderness. With regard, however, to regulation, &c. there was,
+no doubt, room sufficient for the exercise of the powers given to
+the Commissioners. There was, likewise, another object involved in
+this Statute; _viz._ the _Chairs_, which were not comprehended in
+the same agreement and contract with the Coaches, but were open
+immediately to new laws. Therefore under the same commissions was
+placed the management and licensing of the Hackney Chairs, to
+commence from the 24th of June in the following year, 1711, for the
+said term of thirty-two years; which were thereby limited to the
+number of _two hundred_, each paying for such licence the annual
+sum of ten shillings[370]. As the number of both Coaches and Chairs
+was enlarged, whereby many new persons would come forward, perhaps
+to the ousting of the old Coach-Masters and Chair-Masters, it is
+required by this Act that the Commissioners shall give a preference
+to such of the Lessees, as I may call them, whose terms had not then
+expired, whether the right remained in themselves or their widows,
+if they applied within a given time[371].
+
+  [370] By Quarterly Payments. Thus the Power of the Commissioners
+  over the Chairs arose before that over the Coaches.
+
+  [371] Some Lawsuits having arisen from this Clause, it was explained
+  by a short Act of the 12th year of the Queen (1713), subjecting such
+  _Widows_ to the same Rules, Penalties, &c. made, or to be made, as
+  any acting Chairman. And thus it continues to this day; for the
+  owner of a _Figure_, as it is called, is answerable for certain
+  faults of his or her assignee.
+
+By this statute likewise the rates were limited to time and
+distance, at ten shillings by the Day.--One shilling and six
+pence for the first Hour, and one shilling for every succeeding
+Hour.--One shilling for the distance of a mile and a half.--One
+shilling and six pence for any distance more than a mile and a half,
+and not exceeding two miles; and so on, in the proportion of six
+pence for every succeeding half mile.
+
+The Chairs are likewise at the same time rated at two-thirds of the
+distance prescribed to the Coaches, so that they were allowed to
+take one shilling for a mile, and six pence for every succeeding
+half mile.
+
+Though the time of waiting is not specified in the Act with regard
+to the Chairs, yet it follows, by implication, to be intended the
+same as the Coaches. These have been altered by a very late Statute,
+1785. It is well known that it is left in the option of either
+Coachmen or Chairmen, whether they will be paid by the distance or
+the time, which is but a reasonable privilege; but there is another
+circumstance, not generally known, of which the passengers are not
+perhaps aware, _viz_. that if the room which a Coach will occupy
+in turning about should exceed the distance allowed, the Coachman
+is entitled to a larger fare, that is, as much as if he had gone
+another half mile. The doctrine is the same respecting Chairs, and
+the room allowed is eight yards in the case of a Coach, and four
+yards in the case of a Chair. As the Statute gives all competent
+allowances to the Coachmen and Chairmen, so it was requisite, on
+the other hand, to make the contract obligatory, and that each of
+them should be compellable to perform their parts; and therefore,
+to do this, and at the same time to prevent extortion, it became
+necessary to add a severe penal clause, _viz._ "that if any
+Hackney-Coachman or Chairman shall refuse to go at, or shall exact
+more for his hire than, the several rates hereby limited, he shall,
+for every such offence, forfeit the sum of _forty shillings_." These
+penalties were, by this Act, to have gone in the proportion of
+_two_-thirds to the Queen, and _one_-third to the Plaintiff. [Since
+made half to the Crown and half to the Complainant.] The Coachmen
+and Chairmen are thereby likewise liable to be deprived of their
+Licences for misbehaviour, or by giving abusive language[372]. On
+the other hand, that the Coachmen and Chairmen might have a remedy
+in case of refusal to pay them their just fare, any Justice of the
+Peace is impowered, upon complaint, to issue a warrant to bring
+before him the Recusant, and to award reasonable satisfaction to
+the party aggrieved, or otherwise to bind him over to the next
+Quarter-Session, where the Bench is empowered to levy the said
+satisfaction by distress. The Act proceeds to other matters touching
+the Commissioners themselves, &c.; and then states, that whereas by
+a Statute of the 29th of Charles II. the use of all Hackney Coaches
+and Chairs had been prohibited on Sundays, it gives full power both
+to stand and to ply as on other days.[373]
+
+  [372] Turned afterwards into a mulct.
+
+  [373] Restrained by a subsequent Act.
+
+This is the substance of the Act before us; but it may here be
+observed, that in the 10th year of the Queen, 1711, _one hundred
+more Chairs_ were added by Statute, subject to the same regulations
+as the rest, being found not only convenient but necessary; as the
+number of Coaches, consistently with Public Faith, could not be
+enlarged till the year 1715, when the old term of twenty-one years
+should have expired.
+
+Before all the provisions in the Act of the year 1710, referred to
+the future period of 1715, could take place, a demise of the Crown
+intervened, A. D. 1714, by which all such clauses, which extended to
+a future time, were of course become a nullity.
+
+By Act 12 George I. chap. 12, the number of Chairs was raised to
+400, on account of the increase of Buildings Westward.[374]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  [374] The MS here ends abruptly.--On the subject of Chairs, however,
+  see Acts 3 Geo. I. chap. 7; 16 Geo. II. chap. 26; 20 Geo. II. chap.
+  10; 30 Geo. II. chap. 22; 33 Geo. II. chap. 25.
+
+
+THE HAMMER CLOTH.
+
+To shew how trifling, though necessary conveniences, arise to great
+and expensive luxuries, let us remark the original insignificant
+appendage of what we call the Hammer Cloth. It was requisite that
+the Coachman should have a few implements in case of accidents, or a
+sudden and little repair was wanting to the Coach; for which purpose
+he carried a hammer with a few pins, nails, &c. with him, and placed
+them under his seat, made hollow to hold them, and which from thence
+was called the Coach Box; and, in a little time, in order to conceal
+this unsightly appearance, a cloth was thrown over the box and its
+contents, of which a hammer was the chief, and thence took the name
+of the Hammer-Cloth. This is my idea of the etymon of these two
+common terms. And here again it can but be observed that this little
+appendage is now become the most striking and conspicuous ornament
+of the equipage.
+
+
+
+
+Articles of Dress.
+
+
+GLOVES.
+
+About the year 790, Charlemagne granted an unlimited right of
+hunting to the Abbot and Monks of Sithin, for making their _Gloves_
+and Girdles of the Skins of the Deer they killed, and Covers for
+their Books. [Mabillon de Re Diplom. p. 611. Grose.]
+
+Anciently richly adorned and decorated with precious Stones,--as
+in the Rolls of Parliament, anno 53 Hen. III. A. D. 1267. "Et de 2
+Paribus _Chirothecarum_ cum lapidibus." [Warton's History of Poetry,
+vol. I. p. 182, note. Grose.]
+
+Edward Vere, Earl of Oxford, according to Mr. Walpole's account, on
+the authority of Stowe,--"having travelled into Italy, is recorded
+to have been the first that brought into England _embroidered_
+GLOVES and Perfumes; and presenting the Queen [Elizabeth] with a
+Pair of the former, she was so pleased with them, as to be drawn
+with them in one of her Portraits." [Royal and Noble Authors, vol.
+i. p. 159. Note to Winter's Tale, edit. Johnson and Steevens, 1778,
+p. 388.]
+
+  "Give _Gloves_ to the Reapers, a Largesse to cry."
+
+  [Tusser, _v._ Hist. of Hawsted. 190.]
+
+The Monastery of Bury allowed its Servants two pence apiece for
+_Glove-Silver_ in Autumn. [Hist. of Hawsted. 190.]
+
+The rural Bridegroom, in Laneham's (or Langham's) Account of the
+Entertainment of Queen Elizabeth at Kenelworth Castle, 1575, had--a
+Payr of _Harvest Gloves_ on his Hands, as a sign of good Husbandry.
+Id. in eod.
+
+When Sir Thomas Pope, the Founder of Trinity College, Oxford,
+visited it, 1556, "The Bursars offered him a present of embroidered
+_Gloves_." [Warton's Life of Sir Thomas Pope, p. 119.]
+
+When Sir Thomas Pope had founded the College, the University
+complimented him with a Letter of Thanks, which was accompanied
+with a Present of _rich Gloves_, 1556. [Warton's Life, p. 132,
+note.] The Gloves were sent both to himself and Lady, and cost 6_s._
+8_d._ [Id. in eod.]
+
+After the death of Sir Thomas Pope, his Widow married Sir Hugh
+Powlett; on which occasion the College presented her, as the Wife
+of the Founder, with a Pair of very rich Gloves, the charge for
+which runs--Pro _Pari Chirothecarum_ dat. Dom. Powlett et Domine
+Fundatrici, xvi s. Idem, p. 185. See also p. 191, ubi saepe; and p.
+411. "Pro Chirothecis Magistri Pope, xxxii s.
+
+An article charged in the Bursar's books of Trinity College, Oxford,
+is "pro fumigatis _Chirothecis_." [Warton.] These were often given
+to College-Tenants, and Guests of Distinction; but this fell into
+disuse soon after the Reign of Charles I. Idem. [Grose.]
+
+George Clifford, Earl of Cumberland, received a _Glove_ from Queen
+Elizabeth. The Queen had dropped it, when he taking it up to return
+to her, she presented it to him as a mark of her esteem. He adorned
+it with Jewels, and wore it in the front of his Hat on days of
+Tournaments. It is expressed in a print of him by Robert White.
+[Bray's Tour, p. 319.]
+
+See for Gloves worn in Hats, Old Plays, vol. ii. p. 132, second
+edition: King Lear, act iii. sc. 4. edit, 1778 by Johnson and
+Steevens.
+
+N. B. Such Tokens as these were called _Favours_[375], from whence
+we derive the term for Ribbons given on Weddings. I presume they are
+supposed to be given by the hand of the Bride.
+
+  [375] See Walpole's Royal and Noble Authors, vol. i. p. 131. So
+  Shakspeare, Richard II. act v. sc. 2.
+
+Dr. Glisson, in his last visit to Queen Elizabeth, received from her
+a Pair of rich Spanish leather _Gloves_, embossed on the backs and
+tops with gold embroidery, and fringed round with gold plate. The
+Queen, as he tells us, pulled them from her own Royal Hands, saying,
+"Here, Glisson, wear them for my sake." Life of Corinna (or Mrs.
+Eliz. Thomas), p. xxxi.
+
+Perfumed Gloves[376]; v. supra.
+
+  [376] Mistress of the _Sweet_-Coffers, occurs in the Old
+  Establishments. The present Queen (Charlotte) has her Gloves kept in
+  a _perfumed_ box.
+
+  "These Gloves the Count sent me; they are an excellent _Perfume_."
+
+  Much Ado about Nothing, act ii. sc. 4.
+
+Gloves given at Weddings. Old Plays, vol. v. p. 8.
+
+A Glove hung up in a Church, as a public Challenge. Gilpin's Life of
+Bernard Gilpin, by Mr. Gilpin, p. 179.
+
+Swearing by Gloves, in jocular conversation, very common. "Aye, by
+these Gloves!" is an expression I have somewhere seen.
+
+Ladies' Sleeves, as well as Gloves, were worn as tokens of
+Gallantry. Vide Troil. and Cress, act. v. sc. 2. edit. Johnson and
+Steevens, 1778.
+
+Gifts that admitted of it (especially to Women from Men) were
+usually worn on the Sleeve.
+
+  "I knew her by this Jewel on her _Sleeve_."
+
+  Love's Labour Lost, act v. sc. 1.
+
+Fairings, and such Tokens, were of this sort. Hence the Question and
+Answer.
+
+     Q. What have you brought me? (from the Fair, &c.) A. A _new
+     nothing_, to pin on your _Sleeve_.
+
+Hence also to _pin_ one's _Faith_ upon another's _Sleeve_.
+
+  "Wear my Heart upon my Sleeve."
+
+  Othello, act i. sc. 1.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+F. GROSE, Esq. to S. PEGGE, F. S. A.
+
+     September 4, 1784.
+
+     Dear Sir,
+
+     I have had such a variety of interruptions (agreeable ones),
+     that I have made no hand of your _Gloves:_ all that has occurred
+     on that subject, I here send you.
+
+     Blood, who attempted to steal the Crown, presented Mr. Edwards,
+     Keeper of the Jewel Office, with _four_ Pair of White Gloves,
+     as from his Wife, in gratitude for his civility to her in
+     a pretended qualm or sickness. The whole transaction is in
+     Maitland's History of London.
+
+     To give one's Glove was considered as a challenge. See
+     Shakspeare, in Hen. V. It is still considered in that light by
+     the Highlanders, of which I once saw an instance in Flanders.
+     Dropping the Gauntlet, at the Coronation, is a kind of challenge.
+
+     When the Judge invites the Justices to dine with him at a County
+     Assize, a Glove is handed about by the Crier or Clerk of the
+     Court, who delivers the invitation; into this Glove every one
+     invited puts a shilling.
+
+     A Bribe is called a Pair of Gloves.
+
+     In a Play, I think called the Twin Rivals, an Alderman presents
+     his Glove, filled with Broad Pieces, to a Nobleman, as a Bribe
+     to procure a Commission for his Son.
+
+     Item, for three dozen Leder Gloves, 12s. Vide Account of Henry
+     VII. in Remembrancer's Office.
+
+     I set off next week for Christchurch, where I propose staying a
+     month, or six weeks at farthest. My best wishes attend you and
+     yours.
+
+     Adieu!
+
+     F. GROSE.
+
+ERMINE
+
+GENTLEWOMEN'S APPAREL.
+
+What we call _Ermine_ is an erroneous conception, for we give the
+name to White Fur tufted with Black, whereas it is the Black only
+that is properly Ermine, of which numberless instances may be
+produced, and this is one.
+
+_Powderings on her Bonnet._--This may require an explanation to
+those who are unacquainted with the language of that age. What we
+call Ermine, is a compound, which will bear a little analysis, for
+it is formed of the Fur of one animal, and the tip of the Tail of
+another. The White Ground is, properly speaking, _Minever_, so
+called from a Russian animal of that name. [v. Philips's Dictionary,
+in voce.] The Ermine is the Armenian Mouse, the tip of whose Tail is
+Black, which being placed as a falling tuft upon the Minever, forms
+what we collectively call Ermine, the value of which is enhanced
+the more, as one animal can afford but one tuft. [v. Bailey's Dict,
+in voce.] Every one of these tufts is termed a _Powdering_.
+
+The Heralds make a distinction between the singular _Ermine_, and
+the Plural, _Ermines_; the latter, in their language, importing
+Black powdered with White: and they go into still more minute
+modifications, _Erminois_, &c.
+
+
+APPAREL FOR THE HEADS OF GENTLEWOMEN.
+
+First, none shall wear an Ermine, or Lettice-Bonnet, unless she be a
+Gentlewoman born, having Arms.
+
+Item, a _Gentleman_'s Wife, she being a Gentlewoman born, shall wear
+an Ermine or Lettice Bonnet, having _one_ Powdering in the Top. And
+if she be of honourable stock, to have _two_ Powderings, one before
+another, in the Top.
+
+Item, an _Esquire_'s Wife to have _two_ Powderings.
+
+Item, an _Esquire_'s Wife _for the Body_ to wear _five_ Powderings;
+and if she be of great Blood, _two_ before, which maketh seven.
+
+Item, a _Knight_'s Wife to wear on her Bonnet, _seven_ Powderings,
+or _eight_ at the most, because of higher Blood, as before.
+
+Item, a _Banneret_'s Wife to wear _ten_ Powderings.
+
+Item, a _Baron_'s Wife _thirteen_.
+
+Item, a _Viscount_'s [Wife] to wear _eighteen_.
+
+Item, a _Countess_ to wear _twenty-four_. And above that Estate the
+number convenient, at their pleasures.
+
+  Ex Bibl. Harl. No. 1776. fol. 31. b.
+
+
+MOURNING.
+
+The French Queens, before the Reign of Charles VIII. wore _White_
+upon the death of the King; and were called "_Reines Blanches_." It
+was changed to _Black_ on the death of Charles VIII. 1498. [See P.
+Dan. Hist. iv. 590.]
+
+In a Wardrobe account for half a year, to Lady-day 1684 (a MS.
+purchased by Mr. Brander at the sale of the Library of Geo. Scot,
+Esq. of Woolston-Hall, 1781), are the following entries for the
+King's Mourning.
+
+"A Grey Coat lined with Murrey and White flowered Silk, with Gold
+Loops, and four Crape Hat-bands."
+
+Again, "A Sad-coloured Silk Coat, lined with Gold-striped
+Lutestring, with Silver-and-Silk Buttons; and a Purple Crape
+Hatband."
+
+Again, "A Purple Coat."
+
+The Emperor Leopold, who died 1705, never shaved his Beard during
+the time of Mourning, which often lasted for a long time. [Bancks's
+Hist. of Austria, p. 277.]
+
+The Empress-Dowagers never lay aside their Mourning, and even their
+Apartments are hung with Black till their deaths. [Bancks's Hist. of
+Austria, p. 400. He says this from Baron Polnitz's Memoirs, vol. iv.
+p. 46.]
+
+The Bavarian Family never give a Black Livery, or line their
+Coaches, in the deepest Mourning. [Polnitz, i. letter 22.]
+
+The Pope's Nieces never wear Mourning, not even for their nearest
+Relations; as the Romans reckon it so great a happiness for a
+Family to have a Pope in it, that nothing ought to afflict his
+Holiness's kindred. [Polnitz's Memoirs, ii. letter 33.]
+
+Queen Anne, on the death of Prince George of Denmark, wore Black
+and White, with a mixture of Purple in some part of her Dress. The
+precedent was taken from that worn by Mary Queen of Scots for the
+Earl of Darnley, which was exactly in point. [Secret History of
+England, ii. 299.]
+
+King Charles I. put the Court into Mourning for one Day on the death
+of the Earl of Portland (Richard Weston), Lord High Treasurer.
+[Stafford's Letters, i. 389.]
+
+
+BEARD, &c.
+
+CHARLES I.[377]--WILLIAM I.
+
+  [377] See "The Life of Corinna," or Mrs. Elizabeth Thomas, Jun.
+  Printed in 1731.
+
+Mrs. Thomas's Great Grand-Father was Mr. Richard _Shute_, a
+Turkey Merchant, one of the Members for the City of London,
+and much favoured by King Charles I. who gave him the Name of
+_Sattin_-Shute, by way of distinction from another Branch of the
+same Name and Family, and from his usually wearing a _Sattin_
+Doublet cut upon White Taffata.
+
+"Without doubt," says Mrs. Thomas (for she was her own Biographer),
+"he was very nice in the mode of that Age, his Valet being some
+hours every morning in _starching_ his _Beard_, and _curling_ his
+_Whiskers_; but," continues she, "during that time a Gentleman, whom
+he maintained as a Companion, always read to him on some useful
+subject." He lived in Leaden-Hall Street, the site on which stands
+the India House, and had a Country-seat at Berking, in Essex. Here
+he had a very fine Bowling-green, as he delighted much in that
+exercise. The King, who was fond of the diversion, once told Mr.
+Shute, he would dine with him some day, and try his skill on his
+Bowling-green. The King went, and was so pleased with the place, it
+being very retired, and likewise with Mr. Shute's skill in Bowling
+(he being accounted one of the best Bowlers of his time), that he
+frequently visited afterwards Berking-Hall, without any Guards, and
+with three or four select Gentlemen, his attendants, when, as the
+King expressed it, he had a mind to _drop State, and enjoy himself
+as a private man_:--"_Ah, Shute_," said he one day, with a deep
+sigh, "how much happier than I art thou, in this blessed retirement,
+free from the cares of a Crown, a factious Ministry, and rebellious
+Subjects!" They generally played high, and punctually paid their
+losings; and though Mr. Shute often won, yet the King would, one
+day, set higher than usual, and, having lost several games, gave
+over; when Mr. Shute said,--"An please your Majesty, _One thousand
+pounds rubber more, perhaps Luck may turn_:"--"_No, Shute_," replied
+the King, laying his hand gently on his shoulder, "_Thou hast won
+the day, and much good may it do thee, but I must remember I have a
+Wife and Children_." P. xxi.
+
+This place was afterwards dismantled by Mr. Shute's heir, and in a
+few years became a ploughed field. The King gave Mr. Shute several
+places; among which were the Deputy Lieutenancy of the Ordnance,
+and the Mastership of St. Cross's Hospital, to the amount of four
+thousand pounds _per annum_. P. xxv.
+
+These he gave up when the Civil War broke out; and retired to
+Hamburgh, where he died a few years after the death of the King. P.
+xxvii.
+
+William the Conqueror played _deep_; for, tradition says, that
+Walter Fitzbourne, a Norman Knight, and great Favourite of the King,
+playing at Chess on a Summer's evening, on the banks of the _Ouse_,
+with the King, won all he played for. The King threw down the Board,
+saying he had nothing more to play for. "Sir," said Sir Walter,
+"here is land." "There is so," replied the King; "and if thou
+beatest me this Game also, thine be all the Land on this side the
+Bourne, or River, which thou canst see as thou sittest." He had the
+good fortune to _win_; and the King, clapping him on the shoulder,
+said, "Henceforth thou shalt no more be called _Fitzbourne_, but
+_Ousebourne_."' Hence it is supposed came the name of _Osborne_.
+Life of Corinna, p. xxviii.
+
+
+
+
+Westminster.
+
+
+Lord Coke, in his 3d Inst. (cap. 51.) speaking of the City of
+Westminster, says, "It hath its name of 'the Monastery,' which
+_Minster_ signifieth, and it is called _West_minster, in respect of
+_East_minster, not far from the Tower of London. This Westminster,
+Sebert, the first King of the East Saxons that was christened,
+founded." It is added in a note in the margin, Segbert began his
+Reign A. D. 603.
+
+Lord Coke, however excellent a Lawyer, I fear was but a bad
+Antiquary; for the reverse rather seems to be the case, as it
+will appear that _East_minster was so called in respect of
+_West_minster. For in Stowe's Survey of London (edit. 1633), p.
+497, he gives the following account of the Foundation of the Church
+of Westminster:--"This Monasterie was founded and builded in the
+year 605, by Sebert, King of the East Saxons, upon the perswasion
+of Ethelbert, King of Kent, who, having embraced Christianity, and
+being baptized by Melitus, Bishop of London, immediately (to shew
+himself a Christian indede) built a Church to the honor of God and
+St. Peter, on the West side of the City of London, in a place, which
+(because it was overgrown with thornes, and environed with water)
+the Saxons called 'Thornez,' or 'Thorney;' ... whereupon, partly
+from the situation to the _West_, and partly from the Monasterie or
+_Minster_, it began to take the name of _Westminster_:" and then he
+goes on with the history of that Church.
+
+So far of Westminster. Of Eastminster Stowe gives the following
+account, by which it will appear that the foundation of Eastminster
+was subsequent to that of Westminster, by at least 700 years. "In
+the year 1348," says he, "the 23d of Edward the Third, the first
+great Pestilence in his time began, and increased so sore, that for
+want of roome in Church-yards to bury the dead of the City and of
+the Suburbs, one John Corey, Clerke, procured of Nicholas, Prior of
+the Holy Trinity within Ealdgate, one toft of ground neere unto
+East Smithfield, for the buriall of them that dyed; with condition,
+that it might be called the Church-yard of the Holy Trinity: which
+ground he caused, by the ayd of divers devout Citizens, to be
+inclosed with a wall of stone; ... and the same was dedicated by
+Ralfe Stratford, Bishop of London, where innumerable bodies of the
+dead, were afterwards buried, and a Chapel built in the same place
+to the honour of God; to the which King Edward setting his eye
+(having before, in a tempest on the sea, and peril of drowning, made
+a vow to build a Monastery to the honour of God, and _our Lady of
+Grace_, if God would give him _grace_ to come safe to land), builded
+there a Monasterie, causing it to be named _Eastminster_, placing an
+Abbot and Monks of the Cistercian or White order." P. 117.
+
+In Stowe, p. 751, is a list of all the "Patrones of all the
+Benefices in London," in which this Foundation seems to be twice
+mentioned, first as the "Abbey of White Monks," and then as "Mary de
+Grace, an Abbey of Monkes, by the Towre of London."
+
+
+
+
+MEMORANDA
+
+RELATIVE TO THE
+
+Society of the Temple,
+
+LONDON;
+
+_Written in or about the Year 1760._
+
+
+The Societies of the Temple have no Charter; but the Fee was granted
+by a Patent to the Professors and Students of the Law, to them and
+their Successors for ever.
+
+The King is Visitor of the Temples; and orders have been sent down
+from him so lately as Charles the Second's time, for the Regulation
+of them, which were brought in great form by the Lord Chancellor and
+twelve Judges, and signed by them.
+
+The _Discipline_ of these Societies was formerly, till within
+these eighty years, very strict. The Students appeared, upon all
+occasions, and in all places, in their proper habits; and for
+neglecting to appear in such habit, or for want of decency in
+it, they were punished by being put two years backward in their
+standing. This habit was discontinued, because the Templars having
+been guilty of riots in some parts of the town, being known by their
+habits to be such, a reproach was thereby reflected on the Society,
+for want of discipline.
+
+_Commons._--Till there was a relaxation of discipline, the Commons
+were continued in the Vacation as well as in the Terms; and the
+Members obliged to attend, upon severe penalties for neglect of
+it. The Barristers, though they were called to their degree, were
+not admitted to practise, but by special leave from the Judges,
+till three years after their call, during which their attendance to
+Commons, both in Term and Vacation, was not to be compounded for, or
+dispensed with.
+
+The Law Societies were, at first, under one general regulation and
+establishment, till they branched out, and divided, as it were,
+into Colonies. The Societies of each Temple are very zealous in
+contending for the Antiquity of their Society.
+
+_The Society of the Middle Temple_ must now be very rich; and it
+consists in money, they having no real estate. I have been assured,
+that the certain yearly expences of it, exclusive of repairs,
+amounts to a considerable sum.
+
+The _Benchers_ are generally in number about twenty, though there
+is no fixed number. They may be called to the Bench at eighteen or
+twenty years standing. The Bench have power to call whom they think
+proper of such standing to the Bench; which if they answer not, they
+pay a Fine of Fifty Pounds.
+
+The Benchers eat at their own expence in this Society, having
+nothing allowed but their Commons; which few, I believe none, of the
+Benchers of the other Houses do.
+
+The _Readings_, which generally were upon some Statute, continued
+about eight days, when there were Treats and Balls at the Reader's
+expence; and there is an Order of the House, of no very old date, by
+which the Reader was restrained from having above Eight Servants,
+which shews, in some measure, the luxury and expence attending
+them. They have now been discontinued upwards of seventy years
+(the last Reader being Sir William Whitlocke, 1684); but there is
+a Reader still appointed every year, and some small Treat, at the
+expence of the Society, of Venison, &c.; and the Arms of the Reader
+are put up in a Pannel in the Hall.
+
+Mr. Bohun, the Writer of several excellent Books in different
+branches of the Law, having, when he was Reader at New Inn, put up a
+question tending to Blasphemy, (I think it was, whether the Person
+of our Saviour was God,) was _excommoned_ by the Society; that is,
+he was denied the privilege of coming into the Hall, and at the same
+time obliged to pay for full Commons. They judged expulsion too mild
+a punishment.
+
+The _Old Hall_ stood on the South side of Pump Court, which, upon
+building a new one, was converted into Sets of Chambers; and which,
+by Order of Queen Elizabeth, were not to exceed eight in number.
+This was soon after pulled down, and Chambers built in its stead.
+
+_Library._--Left by Will to the Society, by Astley, a Bencher of
+it. It contains about Nine Thousand Volumes. Besides this, he left
+a Set of Chambers, value three hundred pounds, for the maintenance
+of a Librarian, who at first was a Barrister; but, not being thought
+worth their acceptance, it is now in the Butler.
+
+_Present Hall._--Built by Plowden, who was seven years in perfecting
+it. He was three years Treasurer successively; and after he quitted
+the Treasurership, he still continued the direction of the Building.
+
+_The Temple Organ_ was made by _Smith_. The Societies, being
+resolved to have a good Organ, employed one _Smith_ and one
+_Harris_ to make each of them an Organ, value five hundred pounds;
+and promised that they would give seven hundred pounds for that
+which proved the best. This was accordingly done, and Smith's was
+preferred and purchased. The other, made by Harris, was sold to
+Christ-Church in Dublin; but, being afterwards exchanged for another
+made by Byfield for four hundred pounds difference, it was sold by
+Byfield to the Church at Woolwich[378].
+
+  [378] Mr. Snetzler.
+
+_Inns of Chancery_, like the Halls at Oxford.
+
+_New-Inn_ belongs to the Middle Temple; and at the expiration of a
+long lease, the Fee Simple will be vested in us.
+
+
+
+
+Simnel.
+
+
+"_Simnel.--Siminellus_ from the Latin _Simila_, which signifies
+the Finest Part of the Flour. Panis similageneus, Simnel Bread. It
+is mentioned in 'Assisa Panis;' and is still in use, especially in
+Lent. Bread made into a Simnel shall weigh two shillings less than
+Wastell Bread." Stat. 51 Henry III.
+
+The Statute, intituled Assisa Panis et Cervisiae, made Anno 51 Hen.
+III. Stat. I.; and Anno Dom. 1266. Cotton MS. Claudius, D. 2.
+
+... Panis vero de siminello ponderabit minus de Wastello de duobus
+solidis, quia bis coctus est.
+
+For the Ordinance for the Assise and Weight of Bread in the City of
+London, see Stowe's Survey, p. 740, Edit. 1633.
+
+It was sometime called _Simnellus_, as in the Annals of the Church
+of Winchester, under the year 1042. "Rex Edwardus instituit,
+et carta confirmavit, ut quoties ipse vel aliquis Successorum
+suorum Regum Angliae diadema portaret Wintoniae vel Wigorniae vel
+Westmonasterii; Praecentor loci recipiet de fisco ipsa die dimidiam
+marcam, et conventus centum Sumnellos et unun modium vini." But,
+indeed, the true reading is _Siminel_.
+
+The English Simnel was the purest White Bread, as in the Book
+of Battle Abbey. "Panem Regiae Mensae aptam, qui _Simenel_ vulgo
+vocatur[379]."
+
+  [379] Cowell's Interpreter. See also Blount's Glossary, in voce.
+
+_Simula._--A Manchet, a White Loaf. Among the Customs of the Abbey
+of Glastonbury: "In diebus solemnibus, cum Fratres fuerunt in
+cappis, Medonem habuerunt in Justis, et Simulas super mensam, et
+vinum ad caritatem, et tria generalia." Chartular. Abbat. Glaston.
+MS. fol. 10.
+
+For the use of Saffron, now used for colouring the Crust of the
+Simnel, see Shakespear's Winter's Tale; where the Clown (Act iv.)
+says, "Then I must have Saffron to colour the Warden Pyes."
+
+
+
+
+Origin of Thirteen Pence Halfpenny,
+
+AS
+
+HANGMAN'S WAGES;
+
+
+_In a Letter to_ EDWARD KING, _Esq. President of the Society of
+Antiquaries_.
+
+The vulgar notion, though it will not appear to be a vulgar error,
+is, that Thirteen Pence Halfpenny is the fee of the Executioner in
+the common line of business at Tyburn[380], and therefore is called
+Hangman's Wages. The sum is singular, and certainly there is a
+reason for its having obtained so odious an appellation, though it
+may not be very obvious.
+
+  [380] The Executions, on ordinary occasions, were removed from this
+  memorable place, and were performed in the street of the Old Bailey,
+  at the door of Newgate. This was first practised on the 9th of
+  December 1783. See the printed account. Every of these Executions, I
+  was told by Mr. Reed, 1785, is attended with an expence of upwards
+  of nine pounds. Twenty persons were hanged at once in February 1785.
+
+We find that anciently this Office was, in some parts of the
+Kingdom, annexed to other Posts; for the Porter of the City of
+Canterbury was the Executioner for the County of Kent, temporibus
+Hen. II. and Hen. III. for which he had an allowance from the
+Sheriff, who was re-imbursed from the Exchequer, of Twenty Shillings
+_per annum_[381].
+
+  [381] Madox's History of the Exchequer, ii. p. 373.
+
+Though this is an Office in great and general disesteem, yet the
+Sheriffs are much obliged to those who will undertake it, as
+otherwise the unpleasant and painful duty must fall upon themselves.
+They are the persons to whom the Law looks for its completion,
+as they give a Receipt to the Gaoler for the Bodies of condemned
+Criminals whom they are to punish, or cause to be punished,
+according to their respective Sentences. The business is of such an
+invidious nature, that, in the Country, Sheriffs have sometimes had
+much difficulty to procure an Executioner, as, in the eyes of the
+lower people, it carries with it a Stigma, apart from any shock that
+it must give to Humanity and Compassion. I remember a very few years
+ago, if the News-papers said true, the Sheriff of one of the Inland
+Counties was very near being obliged to perform the unwelcome Office
+himself.
+
+So that in fact the Hangman is the Sheriff's immediate Deputy
+in criminal matters, though there is always, at present, an
+Under-Sheriff for civil purposes. But, before I bring you to the
+point in question, it will not be amiss to lead you gradually to
+it, by inquiring into the nature and dignity of the Office in some
+particulars, and into the Rank of the Officer, for we have all heard
+of _Squire Ketch_. These will be found to be supportable matters, as
+well as the Fee of Office, which is our ground-work.
+
+The Sheriff is, by being so styled in the King's Patent under the
+Great Seal, an Esquire, which raises him to that Rank, unless he
+has previously had the Title adventitiously. None were anciently
+chosen to this Office, but such Gentlemen whose fortunes and
+stations would warrant it; so, on the other hand, Merchants,
+and other liberal branches of the lower order, were admitted
+first into the rank of Gentlemen, by a grant of Arms, on proper
+qualifications; from the Earl Marshal, and the Kings of Arms,
+respectively, according to their Provinces. After a Negotiant has
+become a Gentleman, courtesy will very soon advance that rank, and
+give the party the title of Esquire; and so it has happened with
+the worthy _Gentleman_ before us, for such I shall prove him once
+with ceremony to have been created. This remarkable case happened
+in the year 1616, and was as follows. Ralph Brooke, whose real name
+was Brokesmouth, at that time York Herald, not content with being
+mischievous, was the most turbulent and malicious man that ever wore
+the King's Coat. After various malversations in Office, not to the
+present purpose, he put a trick upon Sir William Segar, Garter King
+of Arms, which had very nearly cost both of them their places. The
+story is touched upon in Mr. Anstis's Register of the Order of the
+Garter[382]; but is more fully and satisfactorily related in the
+Life of Mr. Camden, prefixed to his "Britannia," to this effect.
+Ralph Brooke employed a person to carry a Coat of Arms ready drawn
+to Garter, and to pretend it belonged to one Gregory Brandon, a
+Gentleman who had formerly lived in London, but then residing in
+Spain, and to desire Garter to set his hand to it. To prevent
+deliberation, the messenger was instructed to pretend that the
+vessel, which was to carry this confirmation into Spain, when it had
+received the Seal of the Office and Garter's Hand, was just ready to
+sail[383]. This being done, and the Fees paid, Brooke carries it to
+Thomas Earl of Arundel, then one of the Commissioners for executing
+the Office of Earl Marshal; and, in order to vilify Garter, and to
+represent him as a rapacious negligent Officer, assures his Lordship
+that those were the Arms of Arragon, with a Canton for Brabant, and
+that Gregory Brandon was a mean and inconsiderable person. This was
+true enough; for he was the common Hangman for London and Middlesex.
+Ralph Brooke afterwards confessed all these circumstances to the
+Commissioners who represented the Earl Marshal; the consequence of
+which was, that Garter was, by order of the King, when he heard
+the case, committed to Prison for negligence, and the Herald for
+treachery. Be this as we find it, yet was Gregory Brandon the
+Hangman become a _Gentleman_, and, as the Bastard says in King John,
+"could make any Joan a Gentlewoman."
+
+  [382] Vol. ii. p. 399.
+
+  [383] These Arms actually appear in Edmondson's Body of Heraldry,
+  annexed to the name of _Brandon_, _viz_. the Arms of Arragon with a
+  difference, and the Arms of Brabant in a Canton.
+
+Thus was this Gregory Brandon advanced, perhaps from the state of a
+Convict, to the rank of a Gentleman; and though it was a personal
+honour to himself, notwithstanding it was surreptitiously obtained
+by the Herald, of which _Gregory Brandon, Gentleman_, was perhaps
+ignorant, yet did it operate so much on his successors in office,
+that afterwards it became transferred from the Family to the Officer
+for the time being; and from Mr. Brandon's popularity, though not
+of the most desirable kind, the mobility soon improved his rank,
+and, with a jocular complaisance, gave him the title of _Esquire_,
+which remains to this day. I have said that Mr. Brandon was perhaps
+a Convict; for I know that at York the Hangman has usually been a
+pardoned Criminal, whose case was deemed venial, and for which the
+performance of this painful duty to fellow-prisoners was thought a
+sufficient infliction. It seems too as if this Office had once, like
+many other important Offices of State, been hereditary; but whether
+Mr. Brandon had it by descent I cannot say, yet Shakspeare has this
+passage in Coriolanus[384]:
+
+"_Menenius._--Marcius, in a cheap estimation, is worth all your
+Predecessors, since Deucalion; though, peradventure, some of the
+best of them were Hereditary Hangmen."
+
+  [384] Act ii. sc. 1.
+
+This looks as if the Office of Executioner had run in some Family
+for a generation or two, at the time when Shakspeare wrote; and that
+it was a circumstance well understood, and would be well relished,
+at least by the Galleries. This might indeed, with regard to time,
+point at the ancestors of Mr. Brandon himself; for it was in the
+Reign of King James I. that this person was, as we have seen,
+brought within the pale of Gentility. Nay, more, we are told by Dr.
+Grey, in his Notes on Shakspeare[385], that from this Gentleman, the
+Hangmen, his Successors, bore for a considerable time his Christian
+name of Gregory, though not his Arms, they being a personal honour,
+till a greater man arose, _viz. Jack Ketch_, who entailed the
+present official name on all who have hitherto followed him[386].
+
+  [385] Vol. ii. p. 163.
+
+  [386] The Hangman was known by the name of _Gregory_ in the year
+  1642, as we learn from the Mercurius Aulicus, p. 553.
+
+Whether the name of _Ketch_ be not the provincial pronunciation of
+_Catch_ among the Cockneys, I have my doubts, though I have printed
+authority to confront me; for that learned and laborious Compiler,
+B. E. Gent. the Editor of the Canting Dictionary, says that _Jack
+Kitch_, for so he spells it, was the real name of a Hangman, which
+has become that of all his successors. When this great man lived,
+for such we must suppose him to have been, and renowned for his
+popularity or dexterity, Biographical History is silent.
+
+So much for this important Office itself; and we must now look
+to the Emoluments which appertain to it, and assign a reason why
+Thirteen Pence Halfpenny should be esteemed the standard Fee for
+this definitive stroke of the law.
+
+Hogarth has given a fine Picture of the _sang-froid_ of an
+Executioner in his Print of the London Apprentice; where the Mr.
+Ketch for the time being is lolling upon the Gallows, and smoaking
+his Pipe; waiting, with the utmost indifference, for the arrival of
+the Cart and the Mob that close the melancholy Procession. But Use
+becomes Nature in things at which even Nature herself revolts.
+
+Before we proceed to matters of a pecuniary nature, having said
+so much upon the _Executioner_, permit me to step out of the way
+for a moment, and add a word or two on the _Executione_, which will
+explain a Yorkshire saying. It was for the most unsuspected crime
+imaginable, that the truly unfortunate man who gave rise to the
+adage suffered the Sentence of the Law at York. He was a Saddler
+at Bawtry, and occasioned this saying, often applied among the
+lower people to a man who quits his friends too early, and will not
+stay to finish his bottle; "That he will be hanged for leaving his
+liquor, like the Saddler of Bawtry." The case was this: There was
+formerly, and indeed it has not long been suppressed, an Ale-house,
+to this day called "_The Gallows House_," situate between the City
+of York and their Tyburne; at which House the Cart used always to
+stop; and there the Convict and the other parties were refreshed
+with liquors; but the rash and precipitate Saddler, under Sentence,
+and on his road to the fatal Tree, refused this little regale, and
+hastened on to the Place of Execution--when, very soon after he was
+turned-off, a Reprieve arrived; insomuch that, had he stopped, as
+was usual, at the Gallows House, the time consumed there would have
+been the means of saving his life; so that he was hanged, as truly
+as unhappily, for leaving his liquor.
+
+The same compliment was anciently paid to Convicts, on their passage
+to Tyburne, at St. Giles's Hospital; for we are told by Stowe[387],
+that they were there presented with a Bowl of Ale, called "_St.
+Giles's Bowl_;" "thereof to drink at their pleasure, as their last
+refreshing in this life." This place (Tyburne) was the established
+scene of Executions in common cases so long ago as the first year of
+King Henry IV; Smithfield and St. Giles's Field being reserved for
+persons of higher rank, and for crimes of uncommon magnitude; such
+as treason and heresy: in the last of these, Sir John Oldcastle,
+Lord Cobham, was burnt, or rather roasted, alive; having been
+hanged up over the fire by a chain which went round his waist[388].
+
+  [387] History of London, vol. II. p. 74.
+
+  [388] Rapin. See also Bale's Life and Trial of Sir John Oldcastle.
+  St. Giles's was then an independent Village, and is still called
+  St. Giles's in the Fields, to distinguish it from St. Giles's,
+  Cripplegate; being both in the same Diocese.
+
+The Execution of the Duke of Monmouth (in July 1685) was peculiarly
+unsuccessful in the operation.
+
+The Duke said to the Executioner, "Here are Six Guineas for you:
+pray do your business well; do not serve me as you did my Lord
+Russell: I have heard you struck him three or four times. Here" (to
+his Servant); "take these remaining Guineas, and give them to him if
+he does his work well."
+
+_Executioner._--"I hope I shall."
+
+_Monmouth._--"If you strike me twice, I cannot promise you not to
+stir. Pr'ythee let me feel the Axe." He felt the edge, and said, "I
+fear it is not sharp enough."
+
+_Executioner._--"It is sharp enough, and heavy enough."
+
+The Executioner proceeded to do his office; but the Note says, "it
+was under such distraction of mind, that he fell into the very error
+which the Duke had so earnestly cautioned him to avoid; wounding him
+so slightly, that he lifted up his head, and looked him in the face,
+as if to upbraid him for making his death painful; but said nothing.
+He then prostrated himself again, and received two other ineffectual
+blows; upon which the Executioner threw down his Axe in a fit of
+horror; crying out, "_he could not finish his work_." but, on being
+brought to himself by the threats of the Sheriffs, took up the fatal
+weapon again, and at two other strokes made a shift to separate the
+Head from the Body." [Lord Somers's Tracts, vol. I. pp. 219, 220;
+the Note taken from the Review of the Reigns of Charles and James,
+p. 885.]
+
+As to the Fee itself, which has occasioned me to give you so
+much trouble, I incline to think this seeming singular sum must
+have been of Scottish extraction, though not used for the like
+purpose; for, I presume, from the value of money there, a man
+might formerly be hanged at a much cheaper rate, and that we have
+it by transplantation. The Scottish Mark (not ideal or nominal
+money, like our Mark) was a Silver Coin, in value Thirteen Pence
+Halfpenny and Two Placks, or Two-Thirds of a Penny; which Plack is
+likewise a Coin. This, their Mark, bears the same proportion to
+their Pound, which is Twenty Pence, as our Mark does to our Pound,
+or Twenty Shillings; being Two-Thirds of it. By these divisions
+and sub-divisions of their Penny (for they have a still smaller
+piece, called a Bodel or Half a Plack) they can reckon with the
+greatest minuteness, and buy much less quantities of any article
+than we can[389]. This Scottish Mark was, upon the Union of the
+two Crowns in the person of King James I. made current in England
+at the value of Thirteen Pence Half-penny (without regarding the
+fraction), by Proclamation, in the first year of that King; where
+it is said, that "the Coin of Silver, called the Mark Piece, shall
+be from henceforth currant within the said Kingdom of England, at
+the value of Thirteen Pence Halfpeny[390]." This, probably, was a
+revolution in the current money in favour of the Officer of whom
+we have been speaking, whose Fee before was perhaps no more than
+a Shilling. There is, however, very good reason to conclude, from
+the singularity of the sum, that the odious title of _Hangman's
+Wages_ became at this time, or soon after, applicable to the sum of
+_Thirteen Pence Halfpenny_. Though it was contingent, yet at that
+time it was very considerable pay; when one Shilling _per diem_ was
+a standing annual stipend to many respectable Officers of various
+kinds.
+
+  [389] Mr. Ray, in his Itinerary, gives the Fractional Parts of the
+  Scottish Penny.
+
+  [390] The Proclamation may be seen in Strype's Annals, vol. IV.
+  p. 384; where the Mark-Piece is valued exactly at Thirteen Pence
+  Halfpenny.
+
+After having discovered the pay of an Office, one naturally inquires
+for Perquisites and other Emoluments; for all posts, from the High
+Chancellor to the Hangman, carry some; and which, in many cases, as
+well as this, often exceed the established pay itself. Nothing can
+well vary more than the Perquisites of this Office; for it is well
+known that Jack Ketch has a _Post-obit_ interest in the Convict,
+being entitled to his Cloaths, or to a composition for them; though,
+on the other hand, they must very frequently be such Garments that,
+as Shakspeare says, "a Hangman would bury with those who wore
+them[391]."
+
+  [391] Coriolanus, Act i. Sc. 8.
+
+This emolument is of no modern date; and has an affinity to other
+Droits on very dissimilar occasions, which will be mentioned
+presently. The Executioner's perquisite is at least as old as Henry
+VIII.; for Sir Thomas More, on the morning of his Execution, put
+on his best Gown, which was of Silk Camlet, sent him as a present,
+while he was in the Tower, by a Citizen of Lucca with whom he
+had been in correspondence; but the Lieutenant of the Tower was
+of opinion that a worse Gown would be good enough for the person
+who was to have it, meaning the Executioner, and prevailed upon
+Sir Thomas to change it, which he did for one made of frize[392].
+Thus the antiquity of this obitual emolument, so well known in
+Shakspeare's time, seems well established; and, as to its nature,
+has a strong resemblance to a fee of a much longer standing, and
+formerly received by Officers of very great respectability: for
+anciently Garter King of Arms had specifically the Gown of the Party
+on the creation of a Peer; and again, when Archbishops, Bishops,
+Abbots, and Priors, did homage to the King, their upper garment was
+the perquisite even of the Lord Chamberlain of the Household. The
+fee in the latter case was always compounded for, though Garter's
+was often formerly received in kind, inasmuch as the Statute which
+gives this fee to the Lord Chamberlain, directs the composition,
+because, as the words are, "it is more convenient that religious
+men should fine for their upper garment, than to be stripped[393]."
+The same delicate necessity does not operate in the Hangman's case;
+and his fee extends much farther than either of them, he being
+entitled to _all_ the sufferer's garments, having first rendered
+them useless to the party. Besides this perquisite, there has always
+been a pecuniary compliment, where it could possibly be afforded,
+given by the Sufferer to the Executioner, to induce him to be speedy
+and dexterous in the operation, which seems to be of still greater
+antiquity; for Sir Thomas More tells us that St. Cyprian, Bishop of
+Carthage, gave his Executioner thirty pieces of gold; and Sir Thomas
+himself gave (according to his Historian, his Great Grandson), on
+the like occasion, an angel of gold, being almost the last penny he
+had left. These outward gifts may likewise be understood as tokens
+of inward forgiveness.
+
+  [392] More's Life of Sir Thomas More, p. 271.
+
+  [393] Stat. 13 Edward I.
+
+Upon the whole, Sir, I conceive that what I have offered above,
+though with much enlargement, is the meaning of the ignominious
+term affixed to the sum of Thirteen Pence Halfpenny; and cannot but
+commiserate those for whom it is to be paid.
+
+  I am, Sir,
+  Your faithful humble Servant,
+  SAMUEL PEGGE.
+
+
+
+
+CUSTOM
+
+OBSERVED BY THE
+
+LORD LIEUTENANTS OF IRELAND.
+
+
+On the great road from London to West Chester, we find, at the
+principal Inns, the Coats of Arms of several Lord Lieutenants of
+Ireland, framed, and hung up in the best rooms. At the bottom of
+these Armorial Pictures (as I may call them) is a full display of
+all the Titles of the Party, together with the date of the year
+when each Viceroyship commenced. I have often inquired the reason
+of this custom, but never could procure a satisfactory answer.
+I do not reprobate the idea of this relique of ancient dignity,
+as these Heraldic Monuments were doubtless intended to operate
+as public evidences of the passage of each Lord-Deputy to his
+delegated Government. They now seem only to be preserved for the
+gratification of the vanity of the capital Inn-keepers, by shewing
+to Humble Travellers that such and such Lord-Lieutenants did them
+the honour to stop at their houses; and yet I will not say, but that
+for half-a-crown handsomely offered to his Excellency's Gentleman,
+they might likewise become part of the furniture of every alehouse
+in Dunstable.
+
+After fruitless inquiry, accident furnished me with the ground of
+this custom, which now only serves to excite a little transitory
+curiosity. Having occasion to look into Sir Dudley Digge's "Complete
+Ambassador," published in 1654, I was obliged to the Editor for
+a solution, who, in the Preface (signed A. H.), speaking of the
+reserve of the English Ambassadors, in not making public their
+Negotiations, has this observation:--"We have hardly any notion of
+them but by their _Arms_, which are hung up in _Inns_ where they
+passed."
+
+This paragraph at once accounts for the point before us, and
+is sufficient, at the same time, to shew that the custom was
+anciently, and even in the seventeenth century, common to every
+Ambassador, though it now only survives with those who go in the
+greater and more elevated line of Royal representation to Ireland.
+
+  SAMUEL PEGGE.
+
+THE END.
+
+
+
+
+  _Of the Publishers of this Work may be had_
+
+  ANONYMIANA;
+  OR,
+  TEN CENTURIES OF OBSERVATIONS
+  ON VARIOUS AUTHORS AND SUBJECTS;
+
+  (Compiled by the late very Learned and Reverend
+  DR. PEGGE);
+
+  _With a copious Index.----8vo. Price 12s._
+
+  "Whether as an Antiquary, a classical, poetical, and historical
+  Critick, a Biographer, or Enquirer into the Beauties and
+  Niceties of Grammar and Languages, we find everywhere that
+  Dr. Pegge's remarks are not only striking and useful, but
+  original; and, in this last respect, we have little hesitation in
+  preferring the _Anonymiana_ to the greater part of the Works
+  of this description, which have been lately published, either at
+  home or abroad. There is scarcely a taste among the various
+  divisions of human liking, that will not find something appropriate
+  and gratifying. It would be impossible to withhold, in
+  these times of levity, just praise from a Work that so ably combines
+  'light reading' with 'serious thinking.'"
+
+  _Gent. Mag. 1809._
+
+  ANECDOTES
+  OF THE
+  ENGLISH LANGUAGE,
+
+  chiefly regarding the Local Dialect of London and it's Environs;
+  whence it will appear, that the Natives of the Metropolis, and
+  its Vicinities, have not corrupted the Language of their Ancestors.
+
+  By SAMUEL PEGGE, Esq. F.S.A.
+  Second Edition, enlarged and corrected.
+
+  To which is added, A SUPPLEMENT to the PROVINCIAL
+  GLOSSARY of FRANCIS GROSE, Esq.
+
+  8vo. Price 12s. boards.
+
+  *** The Provincial Glossary may be had separate, Price 3s.
+
+  Printed at the VOTES Printing Office, King Street, Westminster,
+  _By Nichols, Son, and Bentley_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+Minor typographical errors have been corrected without note.
+Irregularities and inconsistencies in the text have been retained as
+printed.
+
+The illustrations have been moved so that they do not break up
+paragraphs.
+
+Mismatched quotes are not fixed if it's not sufficiently clear where
+the missing quote should be placed.
+
+The cover for the eBook version of this book was created by the
+transcriber and is placed in the public domain.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Curialia Miscellanea, or Anecdotes of
+Old Times; Regal, Noble, Gentilitial, and Miscellaneous, by Samuel Pegge
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author	Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org>	2025-10-14 18:39:25 -0700
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