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diff --git a/old/44335.txt b/old/44335.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..35cae76 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/44335.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10788 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Curialia Miscellanea, or Anecdotes of Old +Times; Regal, Noble, Gentilitial, and Miscellaneous, by Samuel Pegge + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license + + +Title: Curialia Miscellanea, or Anecdotes of Old Times; Regal, Noble, Gentilitial, and Miscellaneous + Including Authentic Anecdotes of The Royal Household + +Author: Samuel Pegge + +Release Date: December 1, 2013 [EBook #44335] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CURIALIA MISCELLANEA *** + + + + +Produced by StevenGibbs, Julia Neufeld and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + +Transcriber's note: + +Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_). + +Text enclosed by plus symbols indicates Greek transliteration + (+Alektruonon Agon+) + +Small capital text has been replaced with all capitals. + +The carat character (^) indicates that the following letter is +superscripted (example: N^o). + +++ indicates a Maltese Cross symbol. + +*** indicates an asterism. + + * * * * * + +[Illustration: titlepage] + +[Illustration: REV. SAMUEL PEGGE, LL.D F.S.A. + +_Born 1704; Died 1796._ + +_Engraved by Philip Audinet from an Original Painting by Elias +Needham 1788 in the Possession of Sir Christopher Pegge, M.D._ + +_Published by Nichols, Son & Bentley, Jan. 1, 1818._] + + + + + Curialia Miscellanea, + + OR + + _ANECDOTES OF OLD TIMES_; + + REGAL, NOBLE, GENTILITIAL, + + AND + + MISCELLANEOUS: + + INCLUDING AUTHENTIC ANECDOTES OF + + THE ROYAL HOUSEHOLD, + + AND THE + + MANNERS AND CUSTOMS OF THE COURT, + + AT AN EARLY PERIOD OF THE + + English History. + + BY SAMUEL PEGGE, ESQ. F.S.A. + + AUTHOR OF THE "CURIALIA," + + AND OF + + "ANECDOTES OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE." + + PRINTED BY AND FOR J. NICHOLS, SON, AND BENTLEY, + + AT THE PRINTING-OFFICE OF THE NOTES OF THE HOUSE OF COMMONS, + 25, PARLIAMENT STREET, AND 10, KING STREET, WESTMINSTER; + + SOLD ALSO AT THEIR OLD OFFICE IN RED LION PASSAGE, + FLEET STREET, LONDON. + 1818. + + + + +LIST OF PLATES. + + + Portrait of the Rev. Samuel Pegge, LL.D. _Frontispiece._ + + Whittington Church p. lix. + + Whittington Rectory lxii. + + Whittington Revolution House lxiii. + + + + +ADVERTISEMENT. + + +The publication of this Volume is strictly conformable to the +testamentary intentions of the Author, who consigned the MSS. for +that express purpose to the present Editor[1]. + + [1] See the Extract in page vi. + +Mr. Pegge had, in his life-time, published Three Portions of +"_Curialia_, or an Account of some Members of the Royal Houshold;" +and had, with great industry and laborious research, collected +materials for several other Portions, some of which were nearly +completed for the press. + +Mr. Pegge was "led into the investigation," he says, "by a natural +and kind of instinctive curiosity, and a desire of knowing what was +the antient state of the Court to which he had the honour, by the +favour of his Grace William the late Duke of Devonshire, to compose +a part." + +Two more Portions were printed in 1806 by the present Editor. Long, +however, and intimately acquainted as he was with the accuracy and +diffidence of Mr. Pegge, he would have hesitated in offering those +posthumous Essays to the Publick, if the plan had not been clearly +defined, and the Essays sufficiently distinct to be creditable to +the reputation which Mr. Pegge had already acquired, by the Parts of +the "Curialia" published by himself, and by his very entertaining +(posthumous) "Anecdotes of the English Language;"--a reputation +which descended to him by _Hereditary Right_, and which he +transmitted untarnished to a worthy and learned Son. + +It was the hope and intention of the Editor to have proceeded with +some other Portions of the "Curialia;" but the fatal event which (in +February 1808) overwhelmed him in accumulated distress put a stop +to that intention. Nearly all the printed Copies of the "Curialia" +perished in the flames; and part of the original MS. was lost. + +A few detached Articles, which related to the College of Arms, +and to the Order of Knights Bachelors (which, had they been more +perfect, would have formed one or more succeeding Portions) have +since been deposited in the rich Library of that excellent College. + +The Volume now submitted to the candour of the Reader is formed from +the wreck of the original materials. The arranging of the several +detached articles, and the revisal of them through the press, have +afforded the Editor some amusement; and he flatters himself that +the Volume will meet with that indulgence which the particular +circumstances attending it may presume to claim.--If the Work has +any merit, it is the Author's. The defects should, in fairness, be +attributed to the Editor. + + J. N. + + _Highbury Place, Dec. 1, 1817._ + + +*** Extract from Mr. PEGGE'S Will. + + "Having the Copy-right of my little Work called _Curialia_ in + myself, I hereby give and bequeath all my interest therein, + together with all my impressions thereof which may be unsold at + the time of my decease, to my Friend Mr. John Nichols, Printer, + with the addition of as much money as will pay the Tax on this + Legacy. I also request of the said Mr. John Nichols, that he + would carefully peruse and digest all my Papers and Collections + on the above subject, and print them under the title of + _Curialia Miscellanea_, or some such description.--There is also + another Work of mine, not quite finished, intitled _Anecdotes of + the English Language_, which I wish Mr. Nichols to bring forward + from his Press. SAMUEL PEGGE." + + + + +CONTENTS. + + + PARENTALIA: or, Memoirs of the Rev. Dr. Samuel + Pegge, compiled by his Son Page ix-lviii + + + Appendix to the Parentalia: + + Description of Whittington Church lix + + Description of Whittington Rectory lxii + + Description of The Revolution House at Whittington ibid. + + Origin of the Revolution in 1688 lxiv + + Celebration of the Jubilee in 1788 lxv + + Stanzas by the Rev. P. Cunningham lxxi + + Ode for the Revolution Jubilee lxxiii + + Extracts from Letters of Dr. Pegge to Mr. Gough lxxiv + + Memoirs of Samuel Pegge, Esq. by the Editor lxxvii + + Appendix of Epistolary Correspondence lxxxiii + + + HOSPITIUM DOMINI REGIS: + or, The History of the Royal Household. + + Introduction Page 1 + + William I. 6 + + William Rufus 18 + + Henry I. 24 + + Stephen 38 + + Henry II. (Plantagenet) 48 + + Richard I. 63 + + Henry IV. 68 + + Edward IV. 69 + + Extracts from the _Liber Niger_ 71 + + Knights and Esquires of the Body 73 + + Gentleman Usher 74 + + Great Chamberlain of England 76 + + Knights of Household 77 + + Esquires of the Body 79 + + Yeomen of the Crown 84 + + A Barber for the King's most high and dread Person 86 + + Henxmen 88 + + Master of Henxmen 89 + + Squires of Household 91 + + Kings of Arms, Heralds, and Pursuivants 95 + + Serjeants of Arms 97 + + Minstrels 99 + + A Wayte 101 + + Clerk of the Crown in Chancery 103 + + Supporters, Crests, and Cognizances, of the Kings of + England 104 + + Regal Titles 109 + + On the Virtues of the Royal Touch 111 + + Ceremonies for Healing, for King's Evil 154 + + Ceremonies for blessing Cramp-Rings 164 + + _Stemmata Magnatum_: Origin of the Titles of some of + the English Nobility 173 + + English Armorial Bearings 201 + + Origin and Derivation of remarkable Surnames 208 + + _Symbola Scotica_: Mottoes, &c. of Scottish Families 213 + + Dissertation on Coaches and Sedan Chairs 269 + + Dissertation on the Hammer Cloth 304 + + Articles of Dress.--Gloves 305 + + Ermine--Gentlewomen's Apparel 312 + + Apparel for the Heads of Gentlewomen 313 + + Mourning 314 + + Beard, &c. 316 + + Origin of the Name of the City of Westminster 320 + + Memoranda relative to the Society of the Temple in + London, written in 1760 323 + + Dissertation on the Use of _Simnel_ Bread, and the + Derivation of the Word _Simnel_ 329 + + Historical Essay on the Origin of "Thirteen Pence + Half-penny," as Hangman's Wages 331 + + Custom observed by the Lord Lieutenants of Ireland 349 + + + + +Parentalia: + +OR, + +MEMOIRS OF THE REV. DR. PEGGE, + +COMPILED BY HIS SON. + + +The Rev. Samuel Pegge, LL. D. and F.S.A. was the Representative +of one of four Branches of the Family of that name in Derbyshire, +derived from a common Ancestor, all which existed together till +within a few years. The eldest became extinct by the death of Mr. +William Pegge, of Yeldersley, near Ashborne, 1768; and another by +that of the Rev. Nathaniel Pegge, M.A. Vicar of Packington, in +Leicestershire, 1782. + +The Doctor's immediate Predecessors, as may appear from the +Heralds-office, were of Osmaston, near _Ashborne_, where they +resided, in lineal succession, for four generations, antecedently +to his Father and himself, and where they left a patrimonial +inheritance, of which the Doctor died possessed[2]. + + [2] In Church-street, at Ashborne, is an Alms-house, originally + founded by Christopher Pegge, Esq. The name occurs also on the table + of Benefactors in Ashborne Church. + +Of the other existing branch, Mr. Edward Pegge having [1662] married +Gertrude, sole daughter and heir of William Strelley, Esq. of +Beauchief, in the Northern part of Derbyshire, seated himself there, +and was appointed High Sheriff of the County in 1667; as was his +Grandson, Strelley Pegge, Esq. 1739; and his Great-grandson, the +present Peter Pegge, Esq. 1788. + +It was by Katharine Pegge, a daughter of Thomas Pegge, Esq. of +Yeldersley, that King Charles II. (who saw her abroad during his +exile) had a son born (1647), whom he called Charles _Fitz-Charles_, +to whom he granted the Royal arms, with a baton sinister, Vaire, +and whom (1675) his Majesty created Earl of _Plymouth_, Viscount +_Totness_, and Baron _Dartmouth_[3]. He was bred to the Sea, and, +having been educated abroad, most probably in Spain, was known by +the name of _Don Carlos_[4]. The Earl married the Lady Bridget +Osborne, third Daughter of Thomas Earl of Danby, Lord High +Treasurer (at Wimbledon, in Surrey), 1678[5], and died of a flux +at the siege of Tangier, 1680, without issue. The body was brought +to England, and interred in Westminster Abbey[6]. The Countess +re-married Dr. Philip Bisse, Bishop of Hereford, by whom she had +no issue; and who, surviving her, erected a handsome tablet to her +memory in his Cathedral. + + [3] Docquet-book in the Crown-office. + + [4] See Sandford, p. 647, edit. 1707. Granger erroneously calls him + _Carlo_; and also, by mistake, gives him the name of _Fitz-roy_. + + [5] See Mr. Lysons's Environs of London, vol. I. p. 537. + + [6] Dart's History of Westminster Abbey, vol. II. p. 55. + +Katharine Pegge, the Earl's mother, married Sir Edward Greene, Bart. +of Samford in Essex, and died without issue by him[7]. + + [7] There is a half-length portrait of the Earl, in a robe de + chambre, laced cravat, and flowing hair (with a ship in the back + ground of the picture), by Sir Peter Lely, now in the family: and + also two of his Mother, Lady Greene; one a half-length, with her + infant Son standing by her side; the other, a three-quarters; both + either by Sir Peter Lely, or by one of his pupils. + +But to return to the Rev. Dr. Pegge, the outline _only_ of whose +life we propose to give. His Father (Christopher) was, as we have +observed, of Osmaston, though he never resided there, even after +he became possessed of it; for, being a younger Brother, it was +thought proper to put him to business; and he served his time with +a considerable woollen-draper at Derby, which line he followed +till the death of his elder Brother (Humphry, who died without +issue 1711) at Chesterfield in Derbyshire, when he commenced +lead-merchant, then a lucrative branch of traffick there; and, +having been for several years a Member of the Corporation, died in +his third Mayoralty, 1723. + +He had married Gertrude Stephenson (a daughter of Francis +Stephenson, of Unston, near Chesterfield, Gent.) whose Mother was +Gertrude Pegge, a Daughter of the before-mentioned Edward Pegge, +Esq. of Beauchief; by which marriage these two Branches of the +Family, which had long been diverging from each ether, became +reunited, both by blood and name, in the person of Dr. Pegge, their +only surviving child. + +He was born Nov. 5, 1704, N.S. at Chesterfield, where he had his +school education; and was admitted a Pensioner of St. John's +College, Cambridge, May 30, 1722, under the tuition of the Rev. Dr. +William Edmundson; was matriculated July 7; and, in the following +November, was elected a Scholar of the House, upon Lupton's +Foundation. + +In the same year with his Father (1723) died the Heir of his +Maternal Grandfather (Stephenson), a minor; by whose death a moiety +of the real estate at Unston (before-mentioned) became the property +of our young Collegian, who was then pursuing his academical +studies with intention of taking orders. + +Having, however, no immediate prospect of preferment, he looked +up to a Fellowship of the College, after he had taken the degree +of A.B. in January 1725, N.S.; and became a candidate upon a +vacancy which happened favourably in that very year; for it was a +Lay-fellowship upon the Beresford Foundation, and appropriated to +the Founder's kin, or at least confined to a Native of Derbyshire. + +The competitors were, Mr. Michael Burton (afterwards Dr. Burton), +and another, whose name we do not find; but the contest lay between +Mr. Burton and Mr. Pegge. Mr. Burton had the stronger claim, +being indubitably related to the Founder; but, upon examination, +was declared to be so very deficient in Literature, that his +superior right, as Founder's kin, was set aside, on account of the +insufficiency of his learning; and Mr. Pegge was admitted, and sworn +Fellow March 21, 1726, O. S. + +In consequence of this disappointment, Mr. Burton was obliged +to take new ground, to enable him to procure an establishment +in the world; and therefore artfully applied to the College for +a testimonial, that he might receive orders, and undertake some +cure in the vicinity of Cambridge. Being ordained, he turned the +circumstance into a manoeuvre, and took an unexpected advantage +of it, by appealing to the Visitor [the Bishop of Ely, Dr. Thomas +Greene], representing, that, as the College had, by the testimonial, +thought him qualified for Ordination, it could not, in justice, deem +him unworthy of becoming a Fellow of the Society, upon such forcible +claims as Founder's kin, and also as a Native of Derbyshire. + +These were irresistible pleas on the part of Mr. Burton; and the +Visitor found himself reluctantly obliged to eject Mr. Pegge; when +Mr. Burton took possession of the Fellowship, which he held many +years[8]. + + [8] Dr. Burton was President (_i. e._ Vice-master of the College) + when Mr. Pegge's Son was admitted of it, 1751; but soon afterwards + took the Rectory of Staplehurst in Kent, which he held till his + death in 1759. + +Thus this business closed; but the Visitor did Mr. Pegge the favour +to recommend him, in so particular a manner, to the Master and +Seniors of the College, that he was thenceforward considered as an +honorary member of the body of Fellows (_tanquam Socius_), kept his +seat at their table and in the chapel, being placed in the situation +of a Fellow-commoner. + +In consequence, then, of this testimony of the Bishop of Ely's +approbation, Mr. Pegge was chosen a Platt-fellow on the first +vacancy, A. D. 1729[9]. He was therefore, in fact, _twice_ a Fellow +of St. John's. + + [9] The _Platt-fellowships_ at St. John's are similar to what are + called _Bye-fellowships_ in some other Colleges at Cambridge, and + are not on the Foundation. The original number was _six_, with a + stipend of 20_l., per annum_ each, besides rooms, and commons at + the Fellows' table. They were founded by William Platt, Esq. (Son + of Sir Hugh Platt, Knt.) an opulent citizen of London, out of an + estate then of the annual value of 140_l._ Being a rent-charge, + the Fellowships cannot be enlarged in point of revenue, though the + number has been increased to _eight_, by savings from the surplus. + There is a good portrait of Mr. Platt in the Master's Lodge at St. + John's, with the date of 1626, aet. 47. He died in 1637. More of him + may be seen in Mr. Lysons's Environs of London, vol. III. pp. 59, + 66, 70, 71, 110, 376. + +There is good reason to believe that, in the interval between his +removal from his first Fellowship, and his acceding to the second, +he meditated the publication of Xenophon's "_Cyropaedia_" and +"_Anabasis_," from a collation of them with a Duport MS. in the +Library at Eton--to convince the world that the Master and Seniors +of St. John's College did not judge unworthily in giving him so +decided a preference to Mr. Burton in their election. + +It appears that he had made very large collections for such a +work; but we suspect that it was thrown aside on being anticipated +by Mr. Hutchinson's Edition, which was formed from more valuable +manuscripts. + +He possessed a MS "Lexicon Xenophonticum" by himself, as well +as a Greek Lexicon in MS.; and had also "An English Historical +Dictionary," in 6 volumes folio; a French and Italian, a Latin, a +British and Saxon one, in one volume each; all corrected by his +notes; a "Glossarium Generale;" and two volumes of "Collections in +English History." + +During his residence in Kent, Mr. Pegge formed a "Monasticon +Cantianum," in two folio MS volumes; a MS Dictionary for Kent; +an Alphabetical List of Kentish Authors and Worthies; Kentish +Collections; Places in Kent; and many large MS additions to the +account of that county in the "Magna Britannia." + +He also collected a good deal relative to the College at Wye, and +its neighbourhood, which he thought of publishing, and engraved the +seal, before engraved in Lewis's Seals. He had "Extracts from the +Rental of the Royal Manor of Wye, made about 1430, in the hands of +Daniel Earl of Winchelsea;" and "Copy of a Survey and Rental of the +College, in the possession of Sir Windham Knatchbull, 1739." + +While resident in College (and in the year 1730) Mr. Pegge was +elected a Member of the Zodiac Club, a literary Society, which +consisted of twelve members, denominated from the Twelve Signs. +This little institution was founded, and articles, in the nature +of statutes, were agreed upon Dec. 10, 1725. Afterwards (1728) +this Society thought proper to enlarge their body, when six select +additional members were chosen, and denominated from six of the +Planets, though it still went collectively under the name of the +_Zodiac Club_[10]. In this latter class Mr. Pegge was the original +_Mars_, and continued a member of the Club as long as he resided +in the University. His secession was in April 1732, and his seat +accordingly declared vacant. + + [10] Of this little academical literary Society the late Samuel + Pegge, Esq. possessed a particular History in MS. EDIT. + +In the same year, 1730, Mr. Pegge appears in a more public literary +body;--among the Members of the Gentlemen's Society at Spalding, +in Lincolnshire, to which he contributed some papers which will be +noticed below[11]. + + [11] In 1733, his Life of Archbishop Kempe was in forwardness for + press, and he solicited assistance for it from MSS. + + In 1734, he sent them a critical letter on the name and town of Wye. + + In 1739, an Account of a Religious House in Canterbury, not noticed + before, his conjectures on which were approved by Mr. Thorpe. + + An Account of the Endowment of the Vicarage of Westfield in Sussex, + by Richard second Bishop of Chichester, 1249, in the hands of Sir + Peter Webster, Bart. + + Account of the Amphitheatre in the Garden of the Nuns of Fidelite at + Angers: the arena 150 feet diameter, outer wall 20 feet thick, the + caveae 14 feet long and wide, with layers of Roman brick and stone 3 + or 4 feet asunder. + +Having taken the degree of A. M. in July 1729, Mr. Pegge was +ordained Deacon in December in the same year; and, in the February +following, received Priest's orders; both of which were conferred by +Dr. William Baker, Bishop of Norwich. + +It was natural that he should now look to employment in his +profession; and, agreeably to his wishes, he was soon retained +as Curate to the Rev. Dr. John Lynch (afterwards [1733] Dean of +Canterbury), at Sundrich in Kent, on which charge he entered +at Lady-day 1730; and in his Principal, as will appear, soon +afterwards, very unexpectedly, found a Patron. + +The Doctor gave Mr. Pegge the choice of three Cures under +him--of Sundrich, of a London Living, or the Chaplainship of St. +Cross, of which the Doctor was then Master. Mr. Pegge preferred +Sundrich, which he held till Dr. Lynch exchanged, that Rectory for +Bishopsbourne, and then removed thither at Midsummer 1731. + +Within a few months after this period, Dr. Lynch, who had married a +daughter of Archbishop Wake, obtained for Mr. Pegge, unsolicited, +the Vicarage of Godmersham (cum Challock), into which he was +inducted Dec. 6, 1731. + +We have said _unsolicited_, because, at the moment when the Living +was conferred, Mr. Pegge had more reason to expect a _reproof_ +from his Principal, than a _reward_ for so short a service of these +Cures. The case was, that Mr. Pegge had, in the course of the +preceding summer (unknown to Dr. Lynch) taken a little tour, for a +few months, to Leyden, with a Fellow Collegian (John Stubbing, M. +B. then a medical pupil under Boerhaave), leaving his Curacy to the +charge of some of the neighbouring Clergy. On his return, therefore, +he was not a little surprized to obtain actual preferment through +Dr. Lynch, without the most distant engagement on the score of the +Doctor's interest with the Archbishop, or the smallest suggestion +from Mr. Pegge. + +Being now in possession of a Living, and independent property, Mr. +Pegge married (April 13, 1732) Miss Anne Clarke, the only daughter +of Benjamin, and sister of John Clarke, Esqrs. of Stanley, near +Wakefield, in the county of York, by whom he had one Son [Samuel, of +whom hereafter], who, after his Mother's death, became eventually +heir to his Uncle; and one Daughter, Anna-Katharina, wife of +the Rev. John Bourne, M.A. of Spital, near Chesterfield, Rector +of Sutton cum Duckmanton, and Vicar of South Winfield, both in +Derbyshire; by whom she had two daughters, Elizabeth, who married +Robert Jennings, Esq. and Jane, who married Benjamin Thompson, Esq. + +While Mr. Pegge was resident in Kent, where he continued twenty +years, he made himself acceptable to every body, by his general +knowledge, his agreeable conversation, and his vivacity; for he was +received into the familiar acquaintance of the best Gentlemen's +Families in East Kent, several of whom he preserved in his +correspondence after he quitted the county, till the whole of those +of his own standing gave way to fate before him. + +Having an early propensity to the study of Antiquity among his +general researches, and being allowedly an excellent Classical +Scholar, he here laid the foundation of what in time became a +considerable collection of books, and his little cabinet of Coins +grew in proportion; by which two assemblages (so scarce among +Country Gentlemen in general) he was qualified to pursue those +collateral studies, without neglecting his parochial duties, to +which he was always assiduously attentive. + +The few pieces which Mr. Pegge printed while he lived in Kent +will be mentioned hereafter, when we shall enumerate such of his +Writings as are most material. These (exclusively of Mr. _Urban_'s +obligations to him in the Gentleman's Magazine) have appeared +principally, and most conspicuously, in the _Archaeologia_, which may +be termed the Transactions of the Society of Antiquaries. In that +valuable collection will be found more than fifty memoirs, written +and communicated by him, many of which are of considerable length, +being by much the greatest number hitherto contributed by any +individual member of that respectable Society. + +In returning to the order of time, we find that, in July 1746, Mr. +Pegge had the great misfortune to lose his Wife; whose monumental +inscription, at Godmersham, bears ample testimony of her worth: + + "MDCCXLVI. + Anna Clarke, uxor Samuelis Pegge + Vicarii hujus parochiae; + Mulier, si qua alia, sine dolo, + Vitam aeternam et beatam fidenter hic sperat; + nec erit frustra." + +This event entirely changed Mr. Pegge's destinations; for he now +zealously meditated on some mode of removing himself, without +disadvantage, into his Native County. To effect this, one of two +points was to be carried; either to obtain some piece of preferment, +tenable in its nature with his Kentish Vicarage; or to exchange the +latter for an equivalent; in which last he eventually succeeded +beyond his immediate expectations. + +We are now come to a new epoch in the Doctor's life; but there is +an interval of a few years to be accounted for, before he found an +opportunity of effectually removing himself into Derbyshire. + +His Wife being dead, his Children young and at school, and himself +reduced to a life of solitude, so ungenial to his temper (though no +man was better qualified to improve his leisure); he found relief by +the kind offer of his valuable Friend, Sir Edward Dering, Bart. + +At this moment Sir Edward chose to place his Son[12] under the care +of a private Tutor at home, to qualify him more competently for the +University. Sir Edward's personal knowledge of Mr. Pegge, added to +the Family situation of the latter, mutually induced the former +to offer, and the latter to accept, the proposal of removing from +Godmersham to Surrenden (Sir Edward's mansion-house) to superintend +Mr. Dering's education for a short time; in which capacity he +continued about a year and a half, till Mr. Dering was admitted of +St. John's College, Cambridge, in March 1751. + + [12] Afterwards Sir Edward Dering, the sixth Baronet of that Family, + who died Dec. 8, 1798. + +Sir Edward had no opportunity, by any patronage of his own, +permanently to gratify Mr. Pegge, and to preserve him in the circle +of their common Friends. On the other hand, finding Mr. Pegge's +propensity to a removal so very strong, Sir Edward reluctantly +pursued every possible measure to effect it. + +The first vacant living in Derbyshire which offered itself was the +Perpetual Curacy of _Brampton_, near Chesterfield; a situation +peculiarly eligible in many respects. It became vacant in 1747; and, +if it could have been obtained, would have placed Mr. Pegge in the +centre of his early acquaintance in that County; and, being tenable +with his Kentish living, would not have totally estranged him from +his Friends in the South of England. The patronage of Brampton is in +the Dean of Lincoln, which Dignity was then filled by the Rev. Dr. +Thomas Cheyney; to whom, Mr. Pegge being a stranger, the application +was necessarily to be made in a circuitous manner, and he was +obliged to employ more than a double mediation before his name could +be mentioned to the Dean. + +The mode he proposed was through the influence of William the +third Duke of Devonshire; to whom Mr. Pegge was personally known +as a Derbyshire man (though he had so long resided in Kent), +having always paid his respects to his Grace on the public days +at Chatsworth, as often as opportunity served, when on a visit in +Derbyshire. Mr. Pegge did not, however, think himself sufficiently +in the Duke's favour to make a direct address for his Grace's +recommendation to the Dean of Lincoln, though the object so fully +met his wishes in moderation, and in every other point. He had, +therefore, recourse to a friend, the Right Rev. Dr. Fletcher, Bishop +of Dromore, then in England; who, in conjunction with Godfrey +Watkinson, of Brampton Moor, Esq. (the principal resident Gentleman +in the parish of Brampton) solicited, and obtained, his Grace's +interest with the Dean of Lincoln: who, in consequence, nominated +Mr. Pegge to the living. + +One point now seemed to be gained towards his re-transplantation +into his native soil, after he had resisted considerable offers +had he continued in Kent; and thus did he think himself virtually +in possession of a living in Derbyshire, which in its nature was +tenable with Godmersham in Kent. Henceforward, then, he no doubt +felt a satisfaction that he should soon be enabled to live in +Derbyshire, and occasionally visit his friends in Kent, instead of +residing in that county, and visiting his friends in Derbyshire. + +But, after all this assiduity and anxiety (as if _admission_ and +_ejection_ had pursued him a second + +time), the result of Mr. Pegge's expectations was far from answering +his then present wishes; for, when he thought himself secure by the +Dean's nomination, and that nothing was wanting but the Bishop's +licence, the Dean's _right of Patronage_ was controverted by the +Parishioners of Brampton, who brought forward a Nominee of their own. + +The ground of this claim, on the part of the Parish, was owing +to an ill-judged indulgence of some former Deans of Lincoln, who +had occasionally permitted the Parishioners to send an Incumbent +directly to the _Bishop_ for his licence, without the intermediate +nomination of the _Dean_ in due form. + +These measures were principally fomented by the son of the last +Incumbent, the Rev. Seth Ellis, a man of a reprobate character, +and a disgrace to his profession, who wanted the living, and was +patronised by the Parish. He had a desperate game to play; for +he had not the least chance of obtaining any preferment, as no +individual Patron, who was even superficially acquainted with his +_moral_ character alone, could with decency advance him in the +church. To complete the detail of the fate of this man, whose +interest the deluded part of the mal-contents of the parish so +warmly espoused, he was soon after suspended by the Bishop from +officiating at Brampton[13]. + + [13] The Bishop's Inhibition took place soon after the decision of + the cause at Derby, and was not revoked till late in the year 1758, + which was principally effected by Mr. Pegge's intercession with + his Lordship, stating Mr. Ellis's distressed circumstances, and + his having made a proper submission, with a promise of future good + behaviour. This revocation is contained in a letter addressed to Mr. + Pegge, under the Bishop's own hand, dated Oct. 30, 1758. + +Whatever inducements the Parish might have to support Mr. Ellis so +strenuously we do not say, though they manifestly did not arise from +any pique to one Dean more than to another; and we are decidedly +clear that they were not founded in any aversion to Mr. Pegge +as an individual; for his character was in all points too well +established, and too well known (even to the leading opponents to +the Dean), to admit of the least personal dislike in any respect. So +great, nevertheless, was the acrimony with which the Parishioners +pursued their visionary pretensions to the Patronage, that, not +content with the decision of the Jury (which was highly respectable) +in favour of the Dean, when the right of Patronage was tried in +1748; they had the audacity to carry the cause to an Assize at +Derby, where, on the fullest and most incontestable evidence, a +verdict was given in favour of the Dean, to the confusion and +indelible disgrace of those Parishioners who espoused so bad a +cause, supported by the most undaunted effrontery. + +The evidence produced by the Parish went to prove, from an entry +made nearly half a century before in the accompts kept by the +Churchwardens, that the _Parishioners_, and not the _Deans of +Lincoln_, had hitherto, on a vacancy, nominated a successor to the +Bishop of the Diocese for his licence, without the intervention of +any other person or party. The Parish accompts were accordingly +brought into court at Derby, wherein there appeared not only a +palpable erasement, but such an one as was detected by a living and +credible witness; for, a Mr. _Mower_ swore that, on a vacancy in the +year 1704, an application was made by the Parish to the _Dean of +Lincoln_ in favour of the Rev. Mr. Littlewood[14]. + + [14] We believe this witness to have been _George Mower_, Esq. of + Wood-seats, in this county, who served the office of Sheriff in 1734. + +In corroboration of Mr. Mower's testimony, an article in the Parish +accompts and expenditures of that year was adverted to, and which, +when Mr. Mower saw it, ran thus: + +"Paid William Wilcoxon, for going _to Lincoln to the Dean_ +concerning Mr. Littlewood, five shillings." + +The Parishioners had before alleged, in proof of their title, that +they had _elected_ Mr. Littlewood; and, to uphold this asseveration, +had clumsily altered the parish accompt-book, and inserted the +words "to _Lichfield_ to the BISHOP," in the place of the words "to +_Lincoln_ to the DEAN." + +Thus their own evidence was turned against the Parishioners; and not +a moment's doubt remained but that the patronage rested with the +DEAN _of Lincoln_. + +We have related this affair without a strict adherence to +chronological order as to facts, or to collateral circumstances, +for the sake of preserving the narrative entire, as far as it +regards the contest between the _Dean of Lincoln_ and the _Parish of +Brampton_; for we believe that this transaction (uninteresting as it +may be to the publick in general) is one of very few instances on +record which has an exact parallel. + +The intermediate points of the contest, in which Mr. Pegge was more +peculiarly concerned, and which did not prominently appear to the +world, were interruptions and unpleasant impediments which arose in +the course of this tedious process. + +He had been nominated to the Perpetual Curacy of Brampton by Dr. +_Cheyney_, Dean of Lincoln; was at the sole expence of the suit +respecting the right of Patronage, whereby the verdict was given in +favour of the Dean; and he was actually licensed by the Bishop of +Lichfield. In consequence of this decision and the Bishop's licence, +Mr. Pegge, not suspecting that the contest could go any farther, +attended to qualify at Brampton, on Sunday, August 28, 1748, in +the usual manner; but was repelled _by violence_ from entering the +Church. + +In this state matters rested regarding the Patronage of Brampton, +when Dr. Cheyney was unexpectedly transferred from the Deanry of +_Lincoln_ to the Deanry of _Winchester_, which (we may observe by +the way) he solicited on motives similar to those which actuated +Mr. Pegge at the very moment; for Dr. Cheyney, being a Native of +Winchester, procured an exchange of his Deanry of Lincoln with the +Rev. Dr. William George, Provost of Queen's college, Cambridge, for +whom the Deanry of Winchester was intended by the Minister on the +part of the Crown. + +Thus Mr. Pegge's interests and applications were to begin _de novo_ +with the Patron of Brampton; for, his nomination by Dr. Cheyney, +in the then state of things, was of no validity. He fell, however, +into liberal hands; for his activity in the proceedings which had +hitherto taken place respecting the living in question had rendered +fresh advocates unnecessary, as it had secured the unasked favour +of Dr. George, who not long afterwards voluntarily gave him the +Rectory of _Whittington_, near Chesterfield, in Derbyshire; into +which he was inducted Nov. 11, 1751, and where he resided for +upwards of 44 years without interruption[15]. + + [15] Dr. George's letter to Mr. Pegge on the occasion has been + preserved, and is conceived in the most manly and generous terms. + On account of the distance, Mr. Pegge then residing in Kent, the + Dean was so obliging as to concert matters with Bishop (Frederick) + Cornwallis, who then sat at Lichfield, that the living might _lapse_ + without injury to Mr. Pegge, who therefore took it, in fact, from + his Lordship by _collation_. + +Though Mr. Pegge had relinquished all farther pretensions to +the living of _Brampton_ before the cause came to a decision at +Derby, yet he gave every possible assistance at the trial, by the +communication of various documents, as well as by his personal +evidence at the Assize, to support the claim of the new Nominee, the +Rev. John Bowman, in whose favour the verdict was given, and who +afterwards enjoyed the benefice. + +Here then we take leave of this troublesome affair, so nefarious +and unwarrantable on the part of the Parishioners of _Brampton_; +and from which PATRONS of every description may draw their own +inferences. + +Mr. Pegge's ecclesiastical prospect in Derbyshire began soon to +brighten; and he ere long obtained the more eligible living of +_Whittington_. Add to this that, in the course of the dispute +concerning the Patronage of Brampton, he became known to the +Hon. and Right Rev. Frederick (Cornwallis) Bishop of Lichfield +and Coventry; who ever afterwards favoured him not only with his +personal regard, but with his patronage, which extended even beyond +the grave, as will be mentioned hereafter in the order of time. + +We must now revert to Mr. Pegge's old Friend Sir Edward Dering, +who, at the moment when Mr. Pegge decidedly took the living of +_Whittington_, in Derbyshire, began to negotiate with his Grace +of Canterbury (Dr. Herring), the Patron of _Godmersham_, for an +exchange of that living for something tenable with Whittington. + +The Archbishop's answer to this application was highly honourable to +Mr. Pegge: "Why," said his Grace, "will Mr. Pegge leave my Diocese? +If he will continue in Kent, I promise you, Sir Edward, that I will +give him preferment to his satisfaction[16]." + + [16] Mr. Pegge became known, at least by name, to Dr. Herring, when + Archbishop of York, by an occasional Sermon (which will be adverted + to among Mr. Pegge's writings), on the publication whereof his + Grace sent him a letter in handsome terms. When the Archbishop was + translated to Canterbury, Mr. Pegge was, most probably, personally + known to him as the Diocesan. + +No allurements, however, could prevail; and Mr. Pegge, at all +events, accepted the Rectory of _Whittington_, leaving every other +pursuit of the kind to contingent circumstances. An exchange was, +nevertheless, very soon afterwards effected, by the interest of Sir +Edward with the _Duke of Devonshire_, who consented that Mr. Pegge +should take his Grace's Rectory of _Brinhill_[17] in Lancashire, +then luckily void, the Archbishop at the same time engaging +to present the _Duke's_ Clerk to _Godmersham_. Mr. Pegge was +accordingly inducted into the Rectory of _Brindle_, Nov. 23, 1751, +in less than a fortnight after his induction at _Whittington_[18]. + + [17] More usually called _Brindle_. + + [18] The person who actually succeeded to the Vicarage of Godmersham + was the Rev. _Aden Ley_, who died there in 1766. + +In addition to this favour from the Family of _Cavendish_, Sir +Edward Dering obtained for Mr. Pegge, almost at the same moment, +a _scarf_ from the _Marquis of Hartington_ (afterwards the fourth +Duke of Devonshire), then called up to the House of Peers, in +June 1751, by the title of Baron _Cavendish_ of _Hardwick_. Mr. +Pegge's appointment is dated Nov. 18, 1751; and thus, after all his +solicitude, he found himself possessed of two livings and a dignity, +honourably and indulgently conferred, as well as most desirably +connected, in the same year and in the same month; though this +latter circumstance may be attributed to the voluntary lapse of +Whittington[19]. After Mr. Pegge had held the Rectory of _Brinhill_ +for a few years, an opportunity offered, by another obliging +acquiescence of the Duke _of Devonshire_, to exchange it for the +living of _Heath_ (alias _Lown_), in his _Grace's_ Patronage, +which lies within seven miles of Whittington: a very commodious +measure, as it brought Mr. Pegge's parochial preferments within a +smaller distance of each other. He was accordingly inducted into the +Vicarage of _Heath_, Oct. 22, 1758, which he held till his death. + + [19] Soon after the fourth Duke of Devonshire came of age, 1769, + finding that he had many friends of his own to oblige, it was + suggested to the Senior Chaplains that a resignation would be deemed + a compliment by his Grace. Mr. Pegge, therefore (among some others), + relinquished his Chaplainship, though he continued to wear the + _scarf_. + +This was the last favour of the kind which Mr. Pegge _individually_ +received from the DUKES OF DEVONSHIRE; but the Compiler of this +little Memoir regarding his late Father, flatters himself that it +can give no offence to that Noble Family if he takes the opportunity +of testifying a sense of his own _personal_ obligations to William +the fourth DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE, when his Grace was _Lord Chamberlain_ +of his MAJESTY'S _Household_. + +As to Mr. Pegge's other preferments, they shall only be briefly +mentioned in chronological order; but with due regard to his +obligations. In the year 1765 he was presented to the Perpetual +Curacy of _Wingerworth_, about six miles from. Whittington, by the +Honourable and Reverend James _Yorke_, then _Dean of Lincoln_, +afterwards _Bishop of Ely_, to whom he was but little known but by +name and character. This appendage was rendered the more acceptable +to Mr. Pegge, because the seat of his very respectable Friend Sir +Henry Hunloke, Bart. is in the parish, from whom, and all the +Family, Mr. Pegge ever received great civilities. + +We have already observed, that Mr. Pegge became known, insensibly +as it were, to the Honourable and Right Reverend Frederick +(_Cornwallis_), Bishop of Lichfield, during the contest respecting +the living of _Brampton_; from whom he afterwards received more +than one favour, and by whom another greater instance of regard was +intended, as will be mentioned hereafter. + +Mr. Pegge was first collated by his Lordship to the Prebend of +_Bobenhull_, in the Church of _Lichfield_, in 1757; and was +afterwards voluntarily advanced by him to that of _Whittington_ in +1763, which he possessed at his death[20]. + + [20] It is rather a singular coincidence, that Mr. Pegge should have + been at the same time _Rector_ of _Whittington_ in _Derbyshire_ + and _Prebendary_ of _Whittington_ in _Staffordshire_, both in one + Diocese, under different patronages, and totally independent of each + other. These two _Whittingtons_ are likewise nearly equidistant from + places of the name of _Chesterfield_. + +In addition to the Stall at Lichfield, Mr. Pegge enjoyed the Prebend +of _Louth_, in the Cathedral of _Lincoln_, to which he had been +collated (in 1772) by his old acquaintance, and Fellow-collegian, +the late Right Reverend John _Green_, Bishop of that See[21]. + + [21] The Prebend of _Louth_ carries with it the _Patronage_ of the + Vicarage of the _Parish_ of _Louth_, to which Mr. Pegge presented + more than once. On the first vacancy, having no Clerk of his own, + he offered the nomination to his Benefactor Bishop _Green_; at the + last, he gave the living, uninfluenced, to the present Incumbent, + the Rev. _Wolley Jolland_, son of the Recorder of Louth. + +This seems to be the proper place to subjoin, that, towards the +close of his life, Mr. Pegge declined a situation for which, in more +early days, he had the greatest predilection, and had taken every +active and modest measure to obtain--a _Residentiaryship_ in the +Church of _Lichfield_. + +Mr. Pegge's wishes tended to this point on laudable, and almost +natural motives, as soon as his interest with the Bishop began to +gain strength; for it would have been a very pleasant interchange, +at that period of life, to have passed a portion of the year at +_Lichfield_. This expectation, however, could not be brought forward +till he was too far advanced in age to endure with tolerable +convenience a removal from time to time; and therefore, when the +offer was realized, he declined the acceptance. + +The case was literally this: While Mr. Pegge's elevation in the +Church of _Lichfield_ rested solely upon Bishop (_Frederick_) +Cornwallis, it was secure, had a vacancy happened: but his +Patron was translated to _Canterbury_ in 1768, and Mr. Pegge had +henceforward little more than personal knowledge of any of his +Grace's Successors at _Lichfield_, till the Hon. and Right Reverend +_James_ Cornwallis (the Archbishop's Nephew) was consecrated Bishop +of that See in 1781. + +On this occasion, to restore the balance in favour of Mr. Pegge, +the Archbishop had the kindness to make an _Option_ of the +_Residentiaryship_ at _Lichfield_, then possessed by the Rev. Thomas +_Seward_. It was, nevertheless, several years before even the tender +of this preferment could take place; as his _Grace_ of _Canterbury_ +died in 1783, while Mr. _Seward_ was living. + +_Options_ being personal property, Mr. Pegge's interest, on the +demise of the _Archbishop_, fell into the hands of the Hon. Mrs. +_Cornwallis_, his Relict and Executrix, who fulfilled his _Grace's_ +original intention in the most friendly manner, on the death of Mr. +_Seward_, in 1790[22]. + + [22] It was said at the time, as we recollect, that this piece of + preferment was so peculiar in its tenure, as not to be strictly + _optionable_; for, had the _See_ of _Lichfield_ been possessed by a + Bishop inimical to the Archbishop or to Mr. Pegge at the time of the + vacancy of the Stall, such Bishop might have defeated his _Grace's_ + intentions. The qualifications of the Residentiaries in this + Cathedral we understand to be singular, dependent on the possession + of certain _Prebendal Houses_, which are in the absolute disposal of + the Bishop, as a _sine qua non_, to constitute the eligibility which + is vested in the _Dean_ and _Chapter_. As matters stood, in this + case, at the death of Mr. _Seward_, the present Bishop of Lichfield + (_Dr. James Cornwallis_), Mr. Pegge's warm Friend, co-operating with + the Dowager Mrs. _Cornwallis_, removed every obstruction. + +The little occasional transactions which primarily brought Mr. +Pegge within the notice of Bishop (_Frederick_) Cornwallis at +Eccleshall-castle led his Lordship to indulge him with a greater +share of personal esteem than has often fallen to the lot of a +private Clergyman so remotely placed from his Diocesan. Mr. Pegge +had attended his Lordship two or three times on affairs of business, +as one of the Parochial Clergy, after which the Bishop did him the +honour to invite him to make an annual visit at Eccleshall-castle +as an _Acquaintance_. The compliance with this overture was not +only very flattering, but highly gratifying, to Mr. Pegge, who +consequently waited upon his Lordship for a fortnight in the +Autumn, during several years, till the Bishop was translated to the +Metropolitical See of _Canterbury_ in 1768. After this, however, +his Grace did not forget his humble friend, the _Rector of_ +_Whittington_, as will be seen; and sometimes corresponded with him +on indifferent matters. + +About the same time that Mr. Pegge paid these visits at +Eccleshall-castle, he adopted an expedient to change the scene, +likewise, by a journey to London (between Easter and Whitsuntide); +where, for a few years, he was entertained by his old Friend and +Fellow-collegian the Rev. Dr. _John Taylor_, F. S. A. Chancellor of +Lincoln, &c. (the learned Editor of Demosthenes and Lysias), then +one of the Residentiaries of St. Paul's. + +After Dr. Taylor's death (1766), the Bishop of Lincoln, Dr. _John +Green_, another old College-acquaintance, became Mr. Pegge's +London-host for a few years, till _Archbishop Cornwallis_ began +to reside at Lambeth. This event superseded the visits to Bishop +_Green_, as Mr. Pegge soon afterwards received a very friendly +invitation from his _Grace_; to whom, from that time, he annually +paid his respects at _Lambeth-palace_, for a month in the Spring, +till the _Archbishop's_ decease, which took place about Easter 1783. + +All these were delectable visits to a man of Mr. Pegge's turn of +mind, whose conversation was adapted to every company, and who +enjoyed _the world_ with greater relish from not living in it every +day. The society with which he intermixed, in such excursions, +changed his ideas, and relieved him from the _taedium_ of a life of +much reading and retirement; as, in the course of these journeys, he +often had opportunities of meeting old _Friends_, and of making new +_literary acquaintance_. + +On some of these occasions he passed for a week into _Kent_, among +such of his old Associates as were then living, till the death of +his much-honoured Friend, and former Parishioner, the elder _Thomas +Knight_, Esq. of Godmersham, in 1781[23]. We ought on no account to +omit the mention of some _extra-visits_ which Mr. Pegge occasionally +made to Bishop _Green_, at _Buckden_, to which we are indebted for +the Life of that excellent Prelate _Robert Grosseteste_, Bishop of +_Lincoln_;--a work upon which we shall only observe here, that it +is Dr. Pegge's _chef-d'oeuvre_, and merits from the world much +obligation. To these interviews with Bishop _Green_, we may also +attribute those ample Collections, which Dr. Pegge left among his +MSS. towards a History of the _Bishops_ of _Lincoln_, and of that +_Cathedral_ in general, &c. &c. + + [23] The very just character of Mr. _Knight_ given in the + Gentleman's Magazine, vol. LI. p. 147, was drawn by Mr. _Pegge_, who + had been intimate with him very nearly half a century. + +With the decease of Archbishop Cornwallis (1783), Mr. Pegge's +excursions to London terminated. His old familiar Friends, and +principal acquaintance there, were gathered to their fathers; and +he felt that the lot of a long life had fallen upon him, having +survived not only the _first_, but the _second_ class of his +numerous distant connexions. + +While on one of these visits at Lambeth, the late _Gustavus +Brander_, Esq. F. S. A. who entertained an uncommon partiality for +Mr. Pegge, persuaded him, very much against his inclination, to +sit for a Drawing, from which an octavo _Print_ of him might be +engraved by Basire. The Work went on so slowly, that the Plate was +not finished till 1785, when Mr. Pegge's current age was 81. Being a +_private Print_, it was at first only intended for, and distributed +among, the particular Friends of Mr. Brander and Mr. Pegge. This +Print, however, _now_ carries with it something of a publication; +for a considerable number of the impressions were dispersed after +Mr. _Brander_'s death, when his Library, &c. were sold by auction; +and the Print is often found prefixed to copies of "The Forme of +Cury," a work which will hereafter be specified among Mr. Pegge's +literary labours[24]. + + [24] This Print has the following inscription: + + "SAMUEL PEGGE, A.M. S.A.S. + A.D. MDCCLXXXV. AEt. 81. + + Impensis, et ex Voto, Gustavi Brander, Arm. + Sibi et Amicis." + + We cannot in any degree subscribe to the resemblance, though, the + print is well engraved. There is, however, a three-quarters portrait + in oil (in the possession of his grandson, Sir Christopher Pegge, + and much valued by him) painted in 1788, by Mr. Elias Needham, a + young Provincial Artist, and a native of Derbyshire, which does + the Painter great credit, being a likeness uncommonly striking. + Dr. Pegge being an old gentleman well known, with a countenance + of much character, the Portrait was taken at the request of Mr. + Needham; who, after exhibiting it to his Patrons and Friends, made a + present of it to Mr. Pegge. Those who knew Dr. Pegge, and have had + an opportunity of comparing the Portrait with the Print, will agree + with us, that no two pictures of the same person, taken nearly at + the same point of life, and so unlike each other, can both be true + resemblances.--A faithful Engraving from Mr. Needham's Portrait is + prefixed to the present Volume. + +The remainder of Mr. Pegge's life after the year 1783 was, in a +great measure, reduced to a state of quietude; but not without an +extensive correspondence with the world in the line of Antiquarian +researches: for he afterwards contributed largely to the +_Archaeologia_, and the Bibliotheca_ Topographica Britannica_, &c. +&c. as may appear to those who will take the trouble to compare the +dates of his Writings, which will hereafter be enumerated, with the +time of which we are speaking. + +The only periodical variation in life, which attended Mr. Pegge +after the Archbishop's death, consisted of Summer visits at +Eccleshall-castle to the present Bishop (_James_) Cornwallis, who +(if we may be allowed the word) _adopted_ Mr. Pegge as his guest so +long as he was able to undertake such journeys. + +We have already seen an instance of his Lordship's kindness in the +case of the intended _Residentiaryship_; and have, moreover, good +reasons to believe that, had the late _Archdeacon_ of _Derby_ (Dr. +Henry Egerton) died at an earlier stage of Mr. Pegge's life, he +would have succeeded to that dignity. + +This part of the Memoir ought not to be dismissed without observing, +to the honour of Mr. Pegge, that, as it was not in his power to +make any individual return (in his life-time) to his Patrons, the +two Bishops of _Lichfield_ of the name of _Cornwallis_, for their +extended civilities, he directed, by testamentary instructions, that +_one hundred volumes_ out of his Collection of Books should be given +to the Library of the Cathedral of _Lichfield_[25]. + + [25] He specified, in writing, about fourscore of these volumes, + which were chiefly what may be called Library-books; the rest were + added by his Son. + +During Mr. Pegge's involuntary retreat from his former associations +with the more remote parts of the Kingdom, he was actively awake to +such objects in which he was implicated nearer home. + +Early in the year 1788 material repairs and considerable alterations +became necessary to the Cathedral of _Lichfield_. A subscription +was accordingly begun by the Members of the Church, supported by +many Lay-gentlemen of the neighbourhood; when Mr. Pegge, as a +Prebendary, not only contributed handsomely, but projected, and drew +up, a circular letter, addressed to the Rev. Charles Hope, M. A. the +Minister of All Saints (the principal) Church in Derby, recommending +the promotion of this public design. The Letter, being inserted in +several Provincial Newspapers, was so well seconded by Mr. Hope, +that it had a due effect upon the Clergy and Laity of the Diocese in +general; for which Mr. Pegge received a written acknowledgment of +thanks from the present Bishop of _Lichfield_, dated May 29, 1788. + +This year (1788), memorable as a Centenary in the annals of England, +was honourable to the little Parish of _Whittington_, which +accidentally bore a subordinate _local_ part in the History of the +_Revolution;_ for it was to an inconsiderable public-house _there_ +(still called the _Revolution-house_) that the Earl of Devonshire, +the Earl of Danby, the Lord Delamere, and the Hon. John D'Arcy, were +driven for shelter, by a sudden shower of rain, from the adjoining +common (_Whittington-Moor_), where they had met by appointment, +disguised as farmers, to concert measures, unobservedly, for +promoting the succession of King William III. after the abdication +of King James II.[26] + + [26] In this year he printed "A Narrative of what passed at the + Revolution-house at Whittington in the year 1688, with a view and + plan of the house by Major Rooke (reprinted in Gent. Mag. vol. LIX. + p. 124)." [See the Appendix.] + +The celebration of this Jubilee, on Nov. 5, 1788, is related at +large in the Gentleman's Magazine of that month[27]; on which day +Mr. Pegge preached a Sermon[28], apposite to the occasion, which +was printed at the request of the Gentlemen of the Committee who +conducted the ceremonial[29], which proceeded from his Church to +Chesterfield in grand procession. + + [27] See the Appendix to this Memoir. + + [28] In this Discourse the venerable Preacher, taking for his text + Psalm cxviii. 24, first recites, in plain and unaffected language, + the blessings resulting from the event here commemorated to Church + and State; and then points out the corruptions of the present age, + with advice for their reformation. + + [29] This solemnity took place on _Wednesday_; and, the Church being + crowded with strangers, the Sermon was repeated to the parochial + congregation on the following _Sunday_.--Mr. Pegge was then very + old, and the 5th of November N. S. was his birth-day, when he + entered into the 85th year of his age. + +In the year 1791 (July 8) Mr. Pegge was created D. C. L. by the +University of OXFORD, at the Commemoration. It may be thought a +little extraordinary that he should accept an advanced Academical +Degree so late in life, as he wanted no such aggrandizement in the +Learned World, or among his usual Associates, and had _voluntarily_ +closed all his expectations of ecclesiastical elevation. We are +confident that he was not ambitious of the compliment; for, when +it was first proposed to him, he put a _negative_ upon it. It must +be remembered that this honour was not conferred on an unknown man +(_novus homo_); but on a _Master of Arts of_ CAMBRIDGE, of name and +character, and of acknowledged literary merit[30]. Had Mr. Pegge +been desirous of the title of _Doctor_ in earlier life, there can +be no doubt but that he might have obtained the superior degree of +D. D. from Abp. Cornwallis, upon the bare suggestion, during his +familiar and domestic conversations with his Grace at Lambeth-palace. + + [30] Mr. Pegge, at the time, was on a visit to his Grandson, the + present Sir Christopher Pegge, M. D. then lately elected Reader of + Anatomy at Christ Church, Oxford, on Dr. Lee's foundation. + +Dr. Pegge's manners were those of a gentleman of a liberal +education, who had seen much of the world, and had formed them upon +the best models within his observation. Having in his early years +lived in free intercourse with many of the principal and best-bred +Gentry in various parts of Kent; he ever afterwards preserved the +same attentions, by associating with respectable company, and (as we +have seen) by forming honourable attachments. + +In his avocations from reading and retirement, few men could relax +with more ease and cheerfulness, or better understood the _desipere +in loco_;--could enter occasionally into temperate convivial mirth +with a superior grace, or more interest and enliven every company by +general conversation. + +As he did not mix in business of a public nature, his better +qualities appeared most conspicuously in private circles; for he +possessed an equanimity which obtained the esteem of his Friends, +and an affability which procured the respect of his dependents. + +His habits of life were such as became his profession and station. +In his clerical functions he was exemplarily correct, not entrusting +his parochial duties at _Whittington_ (where he constantly resided) +to another (except to the neighbouring Clergy during the excursions +before-mentioned) till the failure of his eye-sight rendered it +indispensably necessary; and even _that_ did not happen till within +a few years of his death. + +As a Preacher, his Discourses from the pulpit were of the didactic +and exhortatory kind, appealing to the understandings rather than +to the passions of his Auditory, by expounding the Holy Scriptures +in a plain, intelligible, and unaffected manner. His voice was +naturally weak, and suited only to a small Church; so that when +he occasionally appeared before a large Congregation (as on +Visitations, &c.), he was heard to a disadvantage. He left in his +closet considerably more than 230 Sermons composed by himself, and +in his own hand-writing, besides a few (not exceeding 26) which he +had transcribed (in substance only, as appears by collation) from +the printed works of eminent Divines. These liberties, however, +were not taken in his early days, from motives of idleness, or +other attachments--but later in life, to favour the fatigue of +composition; all which obligations he acknowledged at the end of +each such Sermon. + +Though Dr. Pegge's life was sedentary, from his turn to studious +retirement, his love of Antiquities, and of literary acquirements +in general; yet these applications, which he pursued with, great +ardour and perseverance, did not injure his health. Vigour of mind, +in proportion to his bodily strength, continued unimpaired through +a very extended course of life, and nearly till he had reached +"_ultima linea rerum_:" for he never had any chronical disease; but +gradually and gently sunk into the grave under the weight of years, +after a fortnight's illness, Feb. 14, 1796, in the 92d year of his +age. + +He was buried, according to his own desire, in the chancel at +_Whittington_, where a mural tablet of black marble (a voluntary +tribute of filial respect) has been placed, over the East window +with the following short inscription: + + "At the North End of the Altar Table, within the Rails, + lie the Remains of + SAMUEL PEGGE, LL. D. + who was inducted to this Rectory Nov. 11, 1751, + and died Feb. 14, 1796; + in the 92d year of his Age." + +Having closed the scene; it must be confessed, on the one hand, +that the biographical history of an individual, however learned, +or engaging to private friends, who had passed the major part of +his days in secluded retreats from what is called _the world_, can +afford but little entertainment to the generality of Readers. On +the other hand, nevertheless, let it be allowed that every man of +acknowledged literary merit, had he made no other impression, cannot +but have left many to regret his death. + +Though Dr. Pegge had exceeded even his "_fourscore_ years and ten," +and had outlived all his more early friends and acquaintance; he +had the address to make new ones, who _now_ survive, and who, it is +humbly hoped, will not be sorry to see a modest remembrance of him +preserved by this little Memoir. + +Though Dr. Pegge had an early propensity to the pursuit of +_Antiquarian_ knowledge, he never indulged himself materially in it, +so long as more essential and _professional_ occupations had a claim +upon him; for he had a due sense of the _nature_ and _importance_ +of his _clerical_ function. It appears that he had read the Greek +and Latin _Fathers_ diligently at his outset in life. He had also +re-perused the _Classicks_ attentively before he applied much to the +_Monkish_ Historians, or engaged in _Antiquarian_ researches; well +knowing that a thorough knowledge of the Learning of the _Antients_, +conveyed by _classical_ Authors, was the best foundation for any +literary structure which had not the _Christian Religion_ for its +_cornerstone_. + +During the early part of his incumbency at Godmersham in Kent, his +reading was principally such as became a _Divine_, or which tended +to the acquisition of _general knowledge_, of which he possessed a +greater share than most men we ever knew. When he obtained allowable +leisure to follow _unprofessional_ pursuits, he _attached_ himself +more closely to the study of _Antiquities_; and was elected a Fellow +of the SOCIETY of ANTIQUARIES, Feb. 14, 1751, N. S. in which year +the _Charter_ of _Incorporation_ was granted (in November), wherein +his name stands enrolled among those of many very respectable and +eminently learned men[31]. + + [31] The only Member of the Society at the time of its + Incorporation, who survived Dr. Pegge, was _Samuel Reynardson_, Esq. + +Though we will be candid enough to allow that Dr. Pegge's _style_ in +general was not sufficiently terse and compact to be called elegant; +yet he made ample amends by the matter, and by the accuracy with +which he treated every copious subject, wherein all points were +matured by close examination and sound judgment[32]. + + [32] The first Piece that appears to have been, in any degree, + _published_ by Dr. _Pegge_, was, A _Latin_ Ode on the Death of King + George I. 1727. See "Academiae Cantabrigiensis Luctus" Signature + Z. z. fol. b. [Dr. Pegge was then lately elected Fellow of St. + John's College (the first time) as he signs it "Sam. Pegge, A. + B. Coll. Div. Joh. Evang. Soc." See before, p. xiii.]--1731. An + _irregular English_ Ode on Joshua vi. 20, which he contributed to + a Collection of "Miscellaneous Poems and Translations," published + (with a numerous subscription) by the Rev. Henry Travers, 1731, + octavo, p, 170. [See "Anonymiana," p. 327, for an account of Mr. + Travers, and this publication.] A marginal note in Dr. Pegge's + copy of Mr. Travers's publication tells us, that this _Ode_ was an + _academical exercise_, when the Doctor was an _under-graduate_ at + St. John's, which was sent to the _Earl_ of _Exeter_. His Lordship's + Ancestors had been Benefactors to the College, a circumstance which, + we presume, gave rise to the custom of sending such _periodical + exercises_ to the then Earl; though the practice, as far as we + know, does not continue. Thus much of this Commemoration, as we + believe, remains, that _two_ Sermons are still annually preached + (the one at _Hatfield_, and the other at _Burleigh)_ by Fellows + of the College, which we apprehend to have been enjoined by the + Benefactor. The _Ode_, of which we have spoken, became some years + after an _auxiliary_ contribution to Mr. _Travers's_ Collection from + Dr. Pegge, jointly with other contemporaries, to relieve the Editor + from some pecuniary embarrassments.--An Examination of "The Enquiry + into the meaning of Demoniacks in the New Testament; in a Letter to + the Author," 1739. An octavo (of 86 pages), with his name prefixed. + [This controversy originated from the Rev. Dr. Arthur-Ashley Sykes, + who published "An Enquiry into the Meaning of the Demoniacks in the + New Testament" (1737). under the obscure signature of "T. P. A. + P. O. A. B. I. T. C. O. S." The interpretation of this is, _T_he + _P_recentor _A_nd _P_rebendary _O_f _A_lton-_B_orealis, _I_n _T_he + _C_hurch _O_f _S_alisbury. Dr. Sykes had been vicar of Godmersham; + so that _two_ vicars of Godmersham became, incidentally, parties + in the controversy. The question engaged several other Writers; + _viz._ Rev. Leonard Twells, Rev. Thomas Hutchinson, and Rev. William + Winston, who were followed by Dr. Pegge. He, however, entered so + late into the lists, after the subject was almost worn out, that + his Publication was not much attended to, though it attracted + the applause of several competent judges, such as the Rev. Dr. + Newcome, Master of St. John's College, Cambridge; Rev. Dr. Taylor + (late Residentiary of St. Paul's); the very learned Bp. Smalbroke; + and some others.]--A Sermon on St. John i. 5: "The Light Shineth + in Darkness," preached on St. John's-day, 1742, at _Canterbury_ + cathedral, and inscribed to his much-respected friend, Thomas + Knight, Esq. of _Godmersham_, in _Kent_.--A Sermon, preached + also at _Canterbury_ Cathedral during the Rebellion, 1746. [The + avowed design of the Discourse was, to prove that "Popery was an + encouragement to vice and immorality." This Sermon attracted the + civilities (mentioned in p. xxxi.) which Dr. Pegge received from + _Archbishop_ Herring. + + These are the principal _professional_ Publications by Dr. Pegge; + to which ought to be added some short _pastoral_ and _gratuitous_ + printed distributions at various times; _viz._ 1755. A Discourse + on Confirmation (of 23 pages, octavo), being an enlarged Sermon, + preached at _Chesterfield_ previously to the Bishop's triennial + Visitation, and dispersed.--1767. A brief Examination of the Church + Catechism, for the Use of those who are just arrived at Years of + Discretion.--1790. + +A short Paraphrase of the Lord's Prayer (4 pages octavo), first +addressed to his Parishioners of Brindle, in Lancashire, 1753; +and afterwards reprinted and distributed in his three parishes of +Whittington, Heath, and Wingerworth, in Derbyshire, 1790. and a fund +of knowledge, more than would have displayed itself in any greater +work, where the subject requires but _one_ bias, and _one_ peculiar +attention[33]. + + [33] An accurate list of these detached publications may be seen in + the Gentleman's Magazine for 1796, pp. 979, 1081. + +Frivolous as many detached _morsels_, scattered up and down in the +GENTLEMAN'S MAGAZINE, may appear to some Readers, they may be called +the ruminations of a busy mind; which shews an universality of +reading, a love of investigation, + +It is but justice to say, that few men were so liberal in the +diffusion of the knowledge which he had acquired, or more ready to +communicate it, either _viva voce_, or by the loan of his MSS. as +many of his living Friends can testify. + +In his publications he was also equally _disinterested_ as in his +private communications; for he never, as far as can be recollected, +received any _pecuniary_ advantage from any pieces that he printed, +committing them all to the press, with the sole reserve of a few +copies to distribute among his particular Friends[34]. + + [34] We shall here specify Mr. Pegge's several Memoirs printed (by + direction of the Council of the Society of Antiquaries) in the + Archaeologia, as being the principal _combined_ work to which he + contributed. Herein we shall proceed as they successively occur in + those volumes, rather than by the times at which the communications + themselves were actually read before the Society. + + Vol. I. No. XXXVII. p. 155. Some Observations on an antique Marble + of the Earl of Pembroke.--No. XXXVIII. p. 161. Dissertation on an + Anglo-Saxon Jewel.--No. LV. p. 319. Of the Introduction, Progress, + State, and Condition, of the Vine in Britain.--No. LVII. p. 335. + A Copy of a Deed in Latin and Saxon of Odo, Bishop of Baieux, with + some Observations thereon. + + Vol. II. No. IX. p. 68. Observations on the Mistakes of Mr. + Lisle and Mr. Hearne in respect of King Alfred's Present to the + Cathedrals. The late use of the Stylus, or metalline Pen. Mr. + Wise's Conjecture concerning the famous Jewel of King Alfred + further pursued; shewing it might possibly be part of the Stylus + sent by that King, with Gregory's Pastorals, to the Monastery + at Athelney.--No. XIII. p. 86. The Bull-running at Tutbury, in + Staffordshire, considered.--No. XVI. p. 100. Observations on Dr. + Percy's (afterwards Bishop of Dromore) Account of Minstrels among + the Saxons. [See vol. III. Art. XXXIV. p. 310.]--No. XIX. p. 124. + Observations on Stone Hammers.--No. XXV. p. 171. A Dissertation on + the Crane, as a Dish served up at great Tables in England.--No. + XXXVI. p. 276. A succinct and authentic Narrative of the Battle of + Chesterfield [co. Derby], A. D. 1266, in the Reign of K. Henry III. + + Vol. III. No. I. p. 1. Of the Horn, as a Charter, or Instrument + of Conveyance. Some Observations on Mr. Samuel Foxlow's Horn; as + likewise on the Nature and Kinds of those Horns in general.--No. X. + p. 39. On Shoeing of Horses among the Antients.--No. XI. p. 53. The + Question considered, whether England formerly produced any Wine from + Grapes. [See vol. I. Art. LV. p. 319. This Question was answered by + the Hon. Daines Barrington in the 12th article of this volume, p. + 67.]--No. XIV. p. 101. Remarks on Belatucader.--No. XVIII. p. 125. + Memoir concerning the Sac-Friars, or _Fratres de Poenitentia Jesu + Christi_, as settled in England.--No. XIX. p. 132. +Alektruonon + Agon+.] A Memoir on Cock-Fighting; wherein the Antiquity of it, + as a Pastime, is examined and stated; some Errors of the Moderns + concerning it are corrected; and the Retention of it among + Christians absolutely condemned and proscribed.--No. XX. p. 151. An + Inscription in honour of Serapis, found at York, illustrated.--No. + XXXIV. p. 310. A Letter to Dr. Percy (afterwards Bishop of Dromore), + on the Minstrels among the antient Saxons, occasioned by some + Observations on the Subject printed in the second Volume, p. 100. + [In this short Letter, Dr. Pegge very candidly acknowledges that + the Bishop had removed all his doubts in the most satisfactory + manner, by a more copious discussion of the subject in a subsequent + edition, which the Doctor had not seen when he wrote the Memoir in + vol. II. p. 100]--No. XXXVI. p. 316. Remarks on the first Noble + (coined 18 Edw. III. A. D. 1344) wherein a new and more rational + Interpretation is given of the Legend on the Reverse.--No. XLII. p. + 371. Observations on two Jewels in the Possession of Sir Charles + Mordaunt, Bart. + + Vol. IV. No. III. p. 29. An Enquiry into the Nature and Cause of + King John's Death; wherein it is shewn that it was not effected by + Poison.--No. IV. p. 47. Illustrations of a Gold enamelled Ring, + supposed to have been the Property of Alhstan, Bishop of Sherburne, + with some Account of the State and Condition of the Saxon Jewelry in + the more early Ages.--No. VIII. p. 110. Observations on Kits Cotty + House in Kent.--No. XVII. p. 190. A Dissertation on a most valuable + Gold Coin of Edmund Crouchback, son of King Henry III.--No. XXVI. p. + 414. Remarks on the Bones of Fowls found in Christ-church Twynham, + Hampshire. + + Vol. V, No. I. p. 1. Observations on the History of St. George, + the Patron Saint of England; wherein Dr. Pettingall's allegorical + Interpretation of the Equestrian Figure on the George, and the + late Mr. Byrom's Conjecture, that St. George is mistaken for Pope + Gregory, are briefly confuted; and the Martyr of Cappadocia, as + Patron of England, and of the Order of the Garter, is defended + against both. [N. B. Dr. Pegge's Name to this Article is omitted in + the Contents to the Volume; but see the Signature, p. 32.]--No. V. + p. 95. On the Rudston Pyramidal Stone.--No. VII. p. 101. Remarks + on Governor Pownall's Conjecture concerning the Croyland Boundary + Stone.--No. XIII. p. 160. An Examination of a mistaken Opinion + that Ireland, and [The Isle of] Thanet, are void of Serpents.--No. + XXI. p. 224. Observations on the Stone Coffins found at Christ + Church [in Hampshire].--No. XXVII. p. 272. An important Historical + Passage of Gildas amended and explained.--No. XXXVI. p. 346. The + Question discussed concerning the Appearances of the Matrices of so + many Conventual Seals.--No. XXXIX. p. 369. Remarks on the ancient + Pig of Lead [then] lately discovered in Derbyshire. [The Date is + 1777.]--No. XLI. p. 390. The Penny with the name of Rodbertus IV. + ascribed to Robert Duke of Normandy, and other Matters relative to + the English Coinage, occasionally discussed. + + Vol. VI. No. VIII. p. 79. Observations on the Plague in England--No. + XX. p. 150. The Commencement of the Day among the Saxons and Britons + ascertained. + + Vol. VII. No. II. p. 19. Illustration of some Druidical Remains in + the Peak of Derbyshire, drawn by Hayman Rooke, Esq.--No. IX. p. + 86. Observations on the present Aldborough Church, in Holderness; + proving that it was not a Saxon Building, as Mr. Somerset [_i. + e._ John-Charles Brooke, Esq. Somerset Herald] contends.--No. + XIII. p. 131. A Disquisition on the Lows, or Barrows, in the Peak + of Derbyshire, particularly that capital British Monument called + Arbelows.--No. XVIII. p. 170. Description of a Second Roman Pig of + Lead found in Derbyshire, in the Possession of Mr. Adam Wolley, + of Matlock, in that County, with Remarks.--No. XXIV. p. 211. + Observations on the Chariots of the Antient Britons.--No. XXXVIII. + p. 362. Observations on a Seal of Thomas, Suffragan Bishop of + Philadelphia. + + Vol. VIII. No. I. p. 1. A Sketch of the History of the Asylum, or + Sanctuary, from its Origin to the final Abolition of it in the + Reign of King James I.--No. III. p. 58. Observations on the Stanton + Moor Urns, and Druidical Temples.--No. XX. p. 159. A circumstantial + Detail of the Battle of Lincoln, A. D. 1217 (1 Henry III). + + Vol. IX. No. V. p. 45. Description of another [a third] Roman Pig of + Lead found in Derbyshire.--No. IX. p. 84. Observations on some Brass + Celts, and other Weapons, discovered in Ireland, 1780.--No. XVIII. + p. 189. Discoveries on opening a Tumulus in Derbyshire. + + Vol. X. No. II. p. 17. Derbeiescira Romana.--No. IV. p. 50. Some + Observations of the Paintings in Brereton Church.--No. XIX. p. 156. + On the hunting of the antient Inhabitants of our Island, Britons + and Saxons.--No. XXIII. p. 177. Observations on an antient Font at + Burnham-Deepdale, in Norfolk. + + The following articles appear to have been contributed by Mr. Pegge + to that useful and interesting reservoir of British Topographical + History, the _Bibliotheca Topographica Britannica; viz._ No. XVII. + A Memoir on the Story of Guy Earl of Warwick [1783].--No. XXI. The + History and Antiquities of Eccleshal-Manor and Castle, in the County + of Stafford; and of Lichfield House in London [1784]. [This Memoir + is inscribed to four successive Bishops of Lichfield: the Right Rev. + Dr. John Egerton (then Bishop of Durham); Hon. and Right Rev. Dr. + Brownlow North, then (and still) Bishop of Winchester; Right Rev. + Dr. Hurd, then Bishop of Worcester; and the Hon. and Right Rev. Dr. + Cornwallis, the present Bishop of Lichfield, who has done Dr. Pegge + the honour to deposit a copy of it among the Archives belonging to + that See.--No. XXIV. The Roman Roads (Ikenild-Street and Bath-Way) + discovered and investigated through the Country of the Coritani, + or the County of Derby; with the Addition of a Dissertation on the + Coritani. [1784.]--No. XXV. An Historical Account of that venerable + Monument of Antiquity, the Textus Roffensis; including Memoirs + of Mr. William Elstob, and his Sister, Mrs. Elizabeth Elstob. + [1784.]--No. XXVIII. Some Account of that Species of Prelates + formerly existing in England, usually called "Bishops _in Partibus + Infidelium_." [1784.] [The article before us is combined with some + others to consolidate what has been written on the subject. It + begins with a Letter from the Rev. Thomas Brett, LL. D. on Suffragan + Bishops in England, extracted from Drake's Antiquities of York (p. + 539), which is followed by a Memoir on the same Topick from the Rev. + Mr. Lewis, of Margate. To these is subjoined Dr. Pegge's Account + of "Bishops _in Partibus Infidelium_." [N. B. This Number closes + with "A List of the Suffragan Bishops in England, drawn up by the + late Rev. Henry Wharton, M.A. and extracted from his MSS. in the + Lambeth Library."]--No. XXXII. Sketch of the History of Bolsover + and Peak Castles, in the County of Derby (in a Letter to his Grace + the Duke of Portland), illustrated with various Drawings by Hayman + Rooke, Esq. [1785].--No. XLI. A Sylloge of the authentic remaining + Inscriptions relative to the Erection of our English Churches, + embellished with Copperplates. Inscribed to Richard Gough, esq. + [1787.] + + Independent Publications on Numismatical, Antiquarian, and + Biographical Subjects: 1756. No. I. "A Series of Dissertations on + some elegant and very valuable Anglo-Saxon Remains." [42 pages, + 4to. with a Plate.] 1. A Gold Coin in the Pembrochian Cabinet, in a + Letter to Martin Folkes, Esq. late President of the Royal Society, + and Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries. [Dated Godmersham, + 1751.] 2. A Silver Coin in the Possession of Mr. John White. + [Dated Whittington, 1755.] 3. A Gold Coin in the Possession of Mr. + Simpson, of Lincoln, in a Letter to Mr. Vertue. [Dated Godmersham, + 1751.] 4. A Jewel in the Bodleian Library. [No place or date.] + 5. Second Thoughts on Lord Pembroke's Coin, in a Letter to Mr. + Ames, Secretary to the Society of Antiquaries. [Dated Whittington, + 1755.] [These Dissertations are prefaced by a Question, candidly + debated with the Rev. George North, Whether the Saxons coined any + Gold?]--No. II. 1761. "Memoirs of Roger de Weseham, Dean of Lincoln, + afterwards Bishop of Lichfield; and the principal Favourite of + Robert Grosseteste, Bishop of Lincoln." [60 pages, 4to.] [This + work (as we are told in the title-page) was intended as a prelude + to the Life of that most excellent Bishop, Robert Grosseteste; + which accordingly appeared (as will be mentioned) in the year 1795. + These Memoirs were compiled soon after Dr. Pegge was collated, by + Bishop [Frederick] Cornwallis, to the prebend of _Bobenhull_, in + the church of Lichfield, 1757, (founded by Bishop Weseham) and + gratefully inscribed to his patron the Bishop of Lichfield, and to + his friend Dr. John Green, then Dean of Lincoln, as Roger de Weseham + had successively filled both those dignities.-- No. III. 1766. "An + Essay on the Coins of Cunobelin; in an Epistle to the Right Rev. + Bishop of Carlisle [Charles Lyttelton], President of the Society of + Antiquaries." [105 pages, 4to.] [This collection of coins is classed + in two plates, and illustrated by a Commentary, together with + observations on the word _tascia_. N. B. The impression consisted + of no more than 200 copies.]--No. IV. 1772. "An Assemblage of Coins + fabricated by Authority of the Archbishops of Canterbury. To which + are subjoined, Two Dissertations." [125 pages, 4to.] 1. On a fine + Coin of Alfred the Great, with his Head. 2. On an Unic, in the + Possession of the late Mr. Thoresby, supposed to be a Coin of St. + Edwin; but shewn to be a Penny of Edward the Confessor. [An Essay + is annexed on the origin of metropolitical and other subordinate + mints; with an Account of their Progress and final Determination: + together with other incidental Matters, tending to throw light on a + branch of the Science of Medals, not perfectly considered by English + Medalists.]--No. V. 1772. "Fitz-Stephen's Description of the City of + London, newly translated from the Latin Original, with a necessary + Commentary, and a Dissertation on the Author, ascertaining the exact + Year of the Production; to which are added, a correct Edition of + the Original, with the various Readings, and many Annotations." [81 + pages, 4to.] [This publication (well known _now_ to have been one + of the works of Dr. Pegge) was, as we believe, brought forward at + the instance of the Hon. Daines Barrington, to whom it is inscribed. + The number of copies printed was 250.]--No. VI. 1780. "The Forme of + Cury. A Roll of antient English Cookery, compiled about the Year + 1390, Temp. Ric. II. with a copious Index and Glossary." [8vo.] [The + curious Roll, of which this is a copy, was the property of the late + Gustavus Brander, esq. It is in the hand-writing of the time, a + facsimile of which is given facing p. xxxi. of the Preface. The work + before us was a _private_ impression; but as, since Mr. Brander's + decease, it has fallen, by sale, into a great many hands, we refer + to the Preface for a farther account of it. Soon after Dr. Pegge's + elucidation of the Roll was finished, Mr. Brander presented the + autograph to the British Museum.]--No. VII. 1789. "Annales Eliae de + Trickenham, Monachi Ordinis Benedictini. Ex Bibliotheca Lamethana." + To which is added, "Compendium Compertorum. Ex Bibliotheca Ducis + Devoniae." [4to.] [Both parts of this publication contain copious + annotations by the Editor. The former was communicated by Mr. + John Nichols, Printer, to whom it is _inscribed_. The latter was + published by permission of his Grace the Duke of Devonshire, to whom + it is _dedicated_. The respective Prefaces to these pieces will best + explain the nature of them.]--No. VIII. 1793. "The Life of Robert + Grosseteste, the celebrated Bishop of Lincoln." [4to.] [This Work + we have justly called his _chef-d'oeuvre_; for, in addition to + the life of an individual, it comprises much important history of + interesting times, together with abundant collateral matter.]--The + two following works have appeared since the Writer's death: No. IX. + 1801. "An Historical Account of Beauchief Abbey, in the County of + Derby, from its first Foundation to its final Dissolution. Wherein + the three following material Points, in opposition to vulgar + Prejudices, are clearly established: 1st, That this Abbey did not + take its name from the Head of Archbishop Becket, though it was + dedicated to him. 2d, That the Founder of it had no hand in the + Murder of that Prelate; and, consequently, that the House was not + erected in Expiation of that Crime. 3d, The Dependance of this House + on that of Welbeck, in the County of Nottingham; a Matter hitherto + unknown." [4to.]--No. X. 1809. "_Anonymiana_; or, Ten Centuries of + Observations on various Authors and Subjects. Compiled by a late + very learned and reverend Divine; and faithfully published from the + original MS. with the Addition of a copious Index." [8vo.]] + +In the following Catalogue we must be allowed to deviate from +chronological order, for the sake of preserving Dr. Pegge's +_contributions_ to various _periodical_ and _contingent_ +Publications, distinct from his independent WORKS; to all which, +however, we shall give (as far as possible) their respective dates. + +The greatest honour, which a literary man can obtain, is the +_eulogies_ of those who possessed equal or more learning than +himself. "_Laudatus a laudatis viris_" may peculiarly and deservedly +be said of Dr. Pegge, as might be exemplified from the frequent +mention made of him by the most respectable contemporary writers in +the _Archaeological_ line; but modesty forbids our enumerating them. + +[Illustration: WHITTINGTON CHURCH, DERBYSHIRE. + +_Gent. Mag. Supp. 1809. Pl. II, p. 1201._ + +_Schnebbelie del. 1789._] + + + + +APPENDIX TO THE PARENTALIA. + + +1. WHITTINGTON CHURCH. + +The annexed View was taken in 1789, by the ingenious Mr. Jacob +Schnebbelie; and the following concise account of it was +communicated in 1793, by the then worthy and venerable Rector. + +"WHITTINGTON, of whose Church the annexed Plate contains a Drawing +by the late Mr. Schnebbelie, is a small parish of about 14 or 15 +hundred acres, distant from the church and old market-place of +Chesterfield about two miles and a half. It lies in the road from +Chesterfield to Sheffield and Rotherham, whose roads divide there +at the well-known inn _The Cock and Magpye_, commonly called _The +Revolution House_. + +The situation is exceedingly pleasant, in a pure and excellent +air. It abounds with all kinds of conveniences for the use of the +inhabitants, as coal, stone, timber, &c.; besides its proximity to a +good market, to take its products. + +The Church is now a little Rectory, in the gift of the Dean of +Lincoln. At first it was a Chapel of Ease to Chesterfield, a very +large manor and parish; of which I will give the following short +but convincing proof. The Dean of Lincoln, as I said, is Patron of +this Rectory, and yet William Rufus gave no other church in this +part of Derbyshire to the church of St. Mary at Lincoln but the +church of Chesterfield; and, moreover, Whittington is at this day +a parcel of the great and extensive manor of Chesterfield; whence +it follows, that Whittington must have been once a part both of the +rectory and manor of Chesterfield. But whence comes it, you will +say, that it became a rectory, for such it has been many years? I +answer, I neither know how nor when; but it is certain that chapels +of ease have been frequently converted into rectories, and I suppose +by mutual agreement of the curate of the chapel, the rector of the +mother church, and the diocesan. Instances of the like emancipation +of chapels, and transforming them into independent rectories, there +are several in the county of Derby, as Matlock, Bonteshall, Bradley, +&c.; and others may be found in Mr. Nichols's "History of Hinckley," +and in his "Bibliotheca Topographica Britannica," No. VI. + +_Fig._ 1 is an inscription on the _Ting-tang_, or Saints Bell, of +Whittington Church, drawn by Mr. Schnebbelie, 27 July, 1789, from an +impression taken in clay. This bell, which is seen in the annexed +view, hangs within a stone frame, or tabernacle, at the top of the +church, on the outside between the Nave and the Chancel. It has a +remarkable fine shrill tone, and is heard, it is said, three or four +miles off, if the wind be right. It is very antient, as appears +both from the form of the letters, and the name (of the donor, I +suppose), which is that in use before surnames were common. Perhaps +it may be as old as the fabrick of the church itself, though this is +very antient. + +_Fig._ 2 is a stone head, near the roof on the North side of the +church. + +In the East window of the church is a small Female Saint. + +In this window, A. a fess Vaire G. and O. between three +water-bougets Sable. _Dethick._ + +Cheque A. and G. on a bend S. a martlet. _Beckering._ + +At the bottom of this window an inscription, + + Rogero Cric. + +Roger Criche was rector, and died 1413, and probably made the +window. He is buried within the rails of the communion-table, and +his slab is engraved in the second volume of Mr. Gough's "Sepulchral +Monuments of Great Britain," Plate XIX. p. 37. Nothing remains of +the inscription but Amen. + +In the upper part of the South window of the Chancel, is a picture +in glass of our Saviour with the five Wounds; an angel at his left +hand sounding a trumpet[35].--On a pane of the upper tier of the West +window is the portrait of St. John; his right hand holding a book +with the Holy Lamb upon it: and the forefinger of his left hand +pointing to the Cross held by the Lamb, as uttering his well-known +confession: "Behold the Lamb of God, which taketh away the sin of +the world[35]." + + [35] Both these are engraved in the "Antiquaries Museum," from + drawings made by Mr. Schnebbelie. EDIT. + +In the South window of the Chancel is, Barry wavy of 6 A. and G. a +chief A. Ermine and Gules. _Barley._ + +Ermine, on a chief indented G. or lozenge. + +In the Easternmost South window of the nave is A. on a chevron +Sable, three quatrefoils Argent. _Eyre._ + +This window has been renewed; before which there were other coats +and some effigies in it. + + _Jan. 1, 1793._ + + SAMUEL PEGGE, Rector." + + +2. WHITTINGTON RECTORY. + +This View was taken also, in 1789, by Mr. Schnebbelie; and the +account of it drawn up in 1793 by Dr. Pegge, then resident in it, at +the advanced age of 88. + +"The Parsonage-house at Whittington is a convenient substantial +stone building, and very sufficient for this small benefice. It +was, as I take it, erected by the Rev. Thomas Callice, one of my +predecessors; and, when I had been inducted, I enlarged it, by +pulling down the West end, making a cellar, a kitchen, a brew-house, +and a pantry, with chambers over them. There is a glebe of about 30 +acres belonging to it with a garden large enough for a family, and a +small orchard. The garden is remarkably pleasant in respect to its +fine views to the North, East, and South, with the Church to the +West. There is a fair prospect of Chesterfield Church, distant about +two miles and a half; and of Bolsover Castle to the West; and, on +the whole, this Rectorial house may be esteemed a very delightful +habitation. + + S. PEGGE." + +In this Parsonage the Editor of the present Volume, accompanied by +his late excellent Friend Mr. Gough, spent many happy hours with +the worthy Rector for several successive years, and derived equal +information and pleasure from his instructive conversation. + +[Illustration: WHITTINGTON RECTORY. + +_Gent. Mag. Sep. 1810. Pl. II, p. 217._ + +_Schnebbelie del._] + + +3. THE REVOLUTION HOUSE. + +To complete the little series of Views at Whittington more +immediately connected with Dr. Pegge, a third plate is here given, +from another Drawing by Mr. Schnebbelie, of the small public-house +at Whittington, which has been handed down to posterity for above a +century under the honourable appellation of "The Revolution House." +It obtained that name from the accidental meeting of two noble +personages, Thomas Osborne Earl of Danby, and William Cavendish +Earl of Devonshire, with a third person, Mr. John D'Arcy[36], +privately one morning, 1688, upon Whittington, Moor, as a middle +place between Chatsworth, Kniveton, and Aston, their respective +residences, to consult about the Revolution, then in agitation[37]; +but a shower of rain happening to fall, they removed to the village +for shelter, and finished their conversation at a public-house +there, the sign of _The Cock and Pynot_[38]. + + [36] It appears, from traditional accounts, that Lord Delamere, an + ancestor of the present Earl of Stamford and Warrington, was also at + this meeting. H. ROOKE. + + [37] Kennett. + + [38] A Provincial name for a _Magpye_. + +The part assigned to the Earl of Danby was, to surprize York; in +which he succeeded: after which, the Earl of Devonshire was to take +measures at Nottingham, where the Declaration for a free Parliament, +which he, at the head of a number of Gentlemen of Derbyshire, had +signed Nov. 28, 1688[39], was adopted by the Nobility, Gentry, and +Commonalty of the Northern Counties, assembled there for the defence +of the Laws, Religion, and Properties[40]. + + [39] Rapin, XV. 199. + + [40] Deering's Nottingham, p. 258. + +The success of these measures is well known; and to the concurrence +of these Patriots with the proceedings in favour of the Prince of +Orange in the West, is this Nation indebted for the establishment of +her rights and liberties at the glorious Revolution. + +The cottage here represented stands at the point where the road from +Chesterfield divides into two branches, to Sheffield and Rotherham. +The room where the Noblemen sat is 15 feet by 12 feet 10, and is +to this day called _The Plotting Parlour_. The old armed chair, +still remaining in it, is shewn by the landlord with particular +satisfaction, as that in which it is said the Earl of Devonshire +sat; and he tells with equal pleasure, how it was visited by his +descendants, and the descendants of his associates, in the year +1788. Some new rooms, for the better accommodation of customers, +were added about 20 years ago. + + The Duke of LEEDS' own account of his meeting the Earl of + DEVONSHIRE and Mr. JOHN D'ARCY[41] at Whittington, in the County + of Derby, A. D. 1688. + + [41] Son and heir of Conyers Earl of Holderness. + +The Earl of Derby, afterwards Duke of Leeds, was impeached, A.D. +1678, of High Treason by the House of Commons, on a charge of being +in the French interest, and, in particular, of being Popishly +affected: many, both Peers and Commoners, were misled, and had +conceived an erroneous opinion concerning him and his political +conduct. This he has stated himself, in the Introduction to his +Letters, printed A. 1710, where he says, "That the malice of my +accusation did so manifestly appear in that article wherein I was +charged to be Popishly affected, that I dare swear there was not one +of my accusers that did then believe that article against me." + + * * * * * + +His Grace then proceeds, for the further clearing of himself, in +these memorable words, relative to the meeting at Whittington, the +subject of this memoir. + +"The Duke of Devonshire also, when we were partners in the secret +trust about the Revolution, and who did meet me and Mr. John D'Arcy, +for that purpose, at a town called Whittington, in Derbyshire, +did, in the presence of the said Mr. D'Arcy, make a voluntary +acknowledgment of the great mistakes he had been led into about me; +and said, that both he, and most others, were entirely convinced of +their error. And he came to Sir Henry Goodrick's house in Yorkshire +purposely to meet me there again, in order to concert the times +and methods by which he should act at Nottingham (which was to be +his post), and one at York (which was to be mine); and we agreed, +that I should first attempt to surprize York, because there was a +small garrison with a Governor there; whereas Nottingham was but +an open town, and might give an alarm to York, if he should appear +in arms before I had made my attempt upon York; which was done +accordingly[42]; but is mistaken in divers relations of it. And I +am confident that Duke (had he been now alive) would have thanked +nobody for putting his prosecution of me amongst the glorious +actions of his life." + + [42] For the Earl of Devonshire's proceedings at Derby and + Whittington see Mr. Deering's History of Nottingham, p. 260. Mr. + Drake, p. 177 of his Eboracum, just mentions the Earl of Danby's + appearance at York. + + * * * * * + + Celebration of the REVOLUTION JUBILEE, at Whittington and + Chesterfield, on the 4th and 5th of November, 1788. + +On Tuesday the 4th instant, the Committee appointed to conduct +the Jubilee had a previous meeting, and dined together at the +Revolution House in Whittington. His Grace the Duke of Devonshire, +Lord Stamford, Lord George and Lord John Cavendish, with several +neighbouring Gentlemen, were present. After dinner a subscription +was opened for the erecting of a Monumental Column, in Commemoration +of the Glorious Revolution, on that spot where the Earls of +Devonshire and Danby, Lord Delamere, and Mr. John D'Arcy, met to +concert measures which were eminently instrumental in rescuing +the Liberties of their Country from perdition. As this Monument +is intended to be not less a mark of public Gratitude, than the +memorial of an important event; it was requested, that the present +Representatives of the above-mentioned families would excuse their +not being permitted to join in the expence. + +On the 5th, at eleven in the morning, the commemoration commenced +with divine service at Whittington Church. The Rev. Mr. Pegge, the +Rector of the Parish, delivered an excellent Sermon from the words +"This is the day, &c." Though of a great age, having that very +morning entered his 85th year, he spoke with a spirit which seemed +to be derived from the occasion, his sentiments were pertinent, well +arranged, and his expression animated. + +The descendants of the illustrious houses of Cavendish, Osborne, +Boothe, and Darcy (for the venerable Duke of Leeds, whose age would +not allow him to attend, had sent his two grandsons, in whom the +blood of Osborne and D'Arcy is united); a numerous and powerful +gentry; a wealthy and respectable yeomanry; a hardy, yet decent and +attentive peasantry; whose intelligent countenances shewed that they +understood, and would be firm to preserve that blessing, for which +they were assembled to return thanks to Almighty God, presented a +truly solemn spectacle, and to the eye of a philosopher the most +interesting that can be imagined. + +After service the company went in succession to view the old +house, and the room called by the Anti-revolutionists "The +Plotting-Parlour," with the old armed-chair in which the Earl of +Devonshire is said to have sitten, and every one was then pleased to +partake of a very elegant cold collation, which was prepared in the +new rooms annexed to the cottage. Some time being spent in this, the +procession began: + +Constables with long staves, two and two. + +The Eight Clubs, four and four; _viz_. + + 1. Mr. Deakin's: Flag, blue, with orange fringe, on it the + figure of Liberty, the motto, "The Protestant Religion, and the + Liberties of England, we will maintain." + + 2. Mr. Bluett's: Flag, blue, fringed with orange, motto, + "Libertas; quae sera, tamen respexit inertem." Underneath the + figure of Liberty crowning Britannia with a wreath of laurels, + who is represented sitting on a Lion, at her feet the Cornucopiae + of Plenty; at the top next the pole, a Castle, emblematical of + the house where the club is kept; on the lower side of the flag + Liberty holding a Cap and resting on the Cavendish arms. + + 3. Mr. Ostliff's: Flag, broad blue and orange stripe, with + orange fringe; in the middle the Cavendish arms; motto as No. 1. + + 4. Mrs. Barber's: Flag, garter blue and orange quarter'd, + with white fringe, mottoes, "Liberty secured." "The Glorious + Revolution 1688." + + 5. Mr. Valentine Wilkinson's: Flag, blue with orange fringe, in + the middle the figure of Liberty; motto as No. 1. + + 6. Mr. Stubbs: Flag, blue with orange fringe, motto, "Liberty, + Property, Trade, Manufactures;" at the top a head of King + William crowned with laurel, in the middle in a large oval, + "Revolution 1688." On one side the Cap of Liberty, on the other + the figure of Britannia; on the opposite side the flag of the + Devonshire arms. + + Mrs. Ollerenshaw's: Flag, blue with orange fringe; motto as No. + 1. on both sides. + + Mr. Marsingale's: Flag, blue with orange fringe; at the top the + motto, "In Memory of the Glorious Assertors of British Freedom + 1688," beneath, the figure of Liberty leaning on a shield, on + which is inscribed, "Revolted from Tyranny at WHITTINGTON 1688;" + and having in her hand a scroll with the words "Bill of Rights" + underneath a head of King William the Third; on the other side + the flag, the motto, "The Glorious Revolter from Tyranny 1688" + underneath the Devonshire arms; at the bottom the following + inscription, "WILLIELMUS DUX DEVON. Bonorum Principum Fidelis + Subditus; Inimicus et Invisus Tyrannis." + + The Members of the Clubs were estimated 2000 + persons, each having a white wand in his hand + with blue and orange tops and favours, with + the REVOLUTION stamped upon them. + + The Derbyshire militia's band of music. + + The Corporation of Chesterfield in their formalities, + who joined the procession on entering the town. + + The Duke of Devonshire in his coach and six. + + Attendants on horseback with four led horses. + + The Earl of Stamford in his post chaise and four. + + Attendants on horseback. + + The Earl of Danby and Lord Francis Osborne in their + post-chaise and four. + + Attendants on horseback. + + Lord George Cavendish in his post-chaise and four. + + Attendants on horseback. + + Lord John Cavendish in his post-chaise and four. + + Attendants on horseback. + + Sir Francis Molyneux and Sir Henry Hunloke, Barts. + in Sir Henry's coach and six. + + Attendants on horseback. + + And upwards of forty other carriages of the neighbouring + gentry, with their attendants. + + Gentlemen on horseback, three and three. + + Servants on horseback, ditto. + +The procession in the town of Chesterfield went along +Holywell-Street, Saltergate, Glumangate, then to the left along +the upper side of the Market-place to Mr. Wilkinson's house, down +the street past the Mayor's house, along the lower side of the +Market-place to the end of the West Barrs, from thence past Dr. +Milnes's house to the Castle, where the Derbyshire band of music +formed in the centre and played "_Rule Britannia_," "_God save the +King, &c._" the Clubs and Corporation still proceeding in the same +order to the Mayor's and then dispersed. + +[Illustration: REVOLUTION House at WHITTINGTON. + +_Gent. Mag. Suppl. to Vol. LXXX. Part II, p. 609._ + +_Schnebbelie del._] + +The whole was conducted with order and regularity, for +notwithstanding there were fifty carriages, 400 gentlemen on +horseback, and an astonishing throng of spectators, not an accident +happened. All was joy and gladness, without a single burst of unruly +tumult and uproar. The approving eye of Heaven shed its auspicious +beams, and blessed this happy day with more than common splendour. + +The company was so numerous as scarcely to be accommodated at the +three principal inns. It would be a piece of injustice not to +mention the dinner at the Castle, which was served in a style of +unusual elegance. + +The following toasts were afterwards given: + + 1. THE KING. + 2. The glorious and immortal Memory of King William the IIId. + 3. The Memory of the Glorious Revolution. + 4. The Memory of those Friends to their Country, who, at the risk of + their lives and fortunes, were instrumental in effecting + the Glorious Revolution in 1688. + 5. The Law of the Land. + 6. The PRINCE of WALES. + 7. The QUEEN, and the rest of the Royal Family. + 8. Prosperity to the British Empire. + 9. The Duke of Leeds, and prosperity to the House of Osborne. + 10. The Duke of Devonshire, and prosperity to the House of + Cavendish. + 11. The Earl of Stamford, and prosperity to the united House of + Boothe and Grey. + 12. The Earl of Danby, and prosperity to the united House of Osborne + and Darcy. + 13. All the Friends of the Revolution met this year to commemorate + that glorious Event. + 14. The Dke of Portland. + 15. Prosperity to the County of Derby. + 16. The Members for the County. + 17. The Members for the Borough of Derby. + 18. The Duchess of Devonshire, &c. + +In the evening a brilliant exhibition of fireworks was played off, +under the direction of Signor Pietro; during which the populace were +regaled with a proper distribution of liquor. The day concluded with +a ball, at which were present near 300 gentlemen and ladies; amongst +whom were many persons of distinction. The Duchess of Devonshire, +surrounded by the bloom of the Derbyshire hills, is a picture not to +be pourtrayed. Near 250 ball-tickets were received at the door. + +The warm expression of gratitude and affection sparkling in every +eye, must have excited in the breasts of those noble personages, +whose ancestors were the source of this felicity, a sensation which +Monarchs in all their glory might envy. The utmost harmony and +felicity prevailed throughout the whole meeting. An hogshead of ale +was given to the populace at Whittington, and three hogsheads at +Chesterfield; where the Duke of Devonshire gave also three guineas +to each of the eight clubs. + +It was not the least pleasing circumstance attending this meeting, +that all party distinctions were forgotten. Persons of all ranks +and denominations wore orange and blue, in memory of our glorious +Deliverer; And the most respectable Roman Catholic families, +satisfied with the mild toleration of government in the exercise of +their Religion, vied in their endeavours to shew how just a sense +they had of the value of CIVIL LIBERTY. + + +Letter from the Rev. P. CUNNINGHAM to Mr. PEGGE. + + _Eyam, near Tideswal, + Nov. 2, 1788._ + + REV. AND DEAR SIR, + + You will please to accept of the inclosed Stanzas, and the + Ode for the Jubilee, as a little testimony of the Author's + respectful remembrance of regard; and of his congratulations, + that it has pleased Divine Providence to prolong your days, to + take a distinguished part in the happy commemoration of the + approaching Fifth of November. + + Having accidentally heard yesterday the Text you proposed for + your Discourse on Wednesday, I thought the adoption of it, as an + additional truth to the one I had chosen, would be regarded as + an additional token of implied respect. In that light I flatter + myself you will consider it. + + I shall be happy if these poetic effusions should be considered + by you as a proof of the sincere respect and esteem with which I + subscribe myself, + + Dear Sir, your faithful humble servant, + P. CUNNINGHAM. + + +Stanzas, by the Rev. P. _Cunningham_, occasioned by the + Revolution Jubilee, at Whittington and Chesterfield, Nov. 5, + 1788. Inscribed to the Rev. SAMUEL PEGGE, Rector of Whittington. + +"This is the day which the Lord hath made; we will rejoice and be glad +in it." Psalms. + + "Esto perpetua!" _F. P. Sarpi da Venez._ + + Round the starr'd Zodiack, now the golden Sun + Eventful Time a Century hath led; + Since Freedom, with her choicest wreath, begun + Smiling, to grace her long-loved Nation's head. + + Welcome again, the fair auspicious Morn! + To Freedom, first and fairest of the year; + When from her ashes, like a Phoenix born, + Reviving Britain rose in Glory's sphere. + + When, starting from their mournful death-like trance, + Her venerable Laws their fasces rais'd. + Her stern-eyed Champions grasp'd th' avenging lance, + And pure Religion's trembling altars blaz'd. + + For then, from Belgia, through the billowy storm, + And, heaven-directed in an happy hour, + Britain's good Genius, bearing WILLIAM'S form, + Broke the dire Sceptre of Despotic Power. + + Ev'n now, to Fancy's retrospective eyes, + Fix'd on the triumphs of his Patriot-Reign; + Majestic seems the Hero's shade to rise, + With Commerce, Wealth, and Empire, in his train. + + Undimm'd his[43] Eagle-eye, serene his air, + Of Soul heroic, as in Fields of Death; + See! Britain's Weal employs his latest care, + Her Liberty and Laws his latest breath. + + "Visions of Glory! crouding on his sight," + With your still-growing lustre gild the day, + When Britons, worthy of their Sires, unite + Their Orisons at Freedom's Shrine to pay. + + To eternize the delegated hand, + That seal'd their great forefathers' fields their own; + Rais'd ev'ry art that decks a smiling land, + And Laws that guard the Cottage as the Throne. + + That to the free, unconquerable mind + Secur'd the sacred Rights of Conscience, given + To Man, when tender Mercy first design'd + To raise the Citizen of Earth to Heaven. + + And hark! the solemn Paeans grateful rise + From rural Whittington's o'erflowing fane; + And, with the heart's pure incense to the skies, + Its venerable Shepherd's[44] hallow'd strain. + + See! pointing to the memorable scene, + He bids that Heath[45] to latest times be known, + Whence her three Champions[46], Freedom, heaven-born Queen, + Led with fresh glories to the British Throne. + + Oh, Friend! upon whose natal morn[47] 'tis given, + When seventeen Lustres mark thy letter'd days, + To lead the Hymn of Gratitude to Heav'n, + And blend the Christian's with the Briton's praise. + + Like hoary Sarpis[48], patriot Sage, thy pray'r + With Life shall close in _his_ emphatic Strain; + "As on _this_ day, may Freedom, ever fair, + In Britain flourish, and for ever reign!" + + _Eyam, Derbyshire._ + P. C. + + [43] Sir John Dalrymple's "Continuation of Memoirs of Great Britain." + + [44] Samuel Pegge. + + [45] Whittington Moor. + + [46] Earl of Devon, Earl of Danby, and Mr. John D'Arcy. + + [47] Birth-day of the Rev. Samuel Pegge, 1704. + + [48] Father Paul. + + * * * * * + +Ode for the Revolution Jubilee, 1788. + + When lawless Power his iron hand, + When blinded Zeal her flaming brand + O'er Albion's Island wav'd; + Indignant freedom veil'd the sight; + Eclips'd her Son of Glory's light; + Her fav'rite Realm enslav'd. + + Distrest she wander'd:--when afar + She saw her NASSAU'S friendly star + Stream through the stormy air: + She call'd around a Patriot Band; + She bade them save a sinking land; + And deathless glory share. + + Her cause their dauntless hearts inspir'd, + With ancient Roman virtue fir'd; + They plough'd the surging main; + With fav'ring gales from Belgia's shore + Her heaven-directed Hero bore, + And Freedom crown'd his Reign. + + With equal warmth her spirit glows, + Though hoary Time's centennial snows + New silver o'er her fame. + For hark, what songs of triumph tell, + Still grateful Britons love to dwell, + On WILLIAM'S glorious name. + + +EXTRACTS FROM LETTERS TO MR. GOUGH. + + DEAR SIR, + _Whittington, Oct. 11, 1788._ + + We are to have most grand doings at this place, 5th of November + next, at the _Revolution House_, which I believe you saw when + you was here. The Resolutions of the Committee were ordered to + be inserted in the London prints[49]; so I presume you may have + seen them, and that I am desired to preach the Sermon. + + I remain your much obliged, &c. + S. PEGGE. + + [49] "The Committee appointed by the Lords and Gentlemen at the + last Chesterfield Races, to conduct and manage the Celebration of + the intended Jubilee, on the Hundredth Anniversary of the glorious + Revolution, at the Revolution House in Whittington, in the County of + Derby, where measures were first concerted for the promotion of that + grand constitutional event, in these midland parts, have this day + met, and upon consideration, come to the following resolutions: + + That General Gladwin do take the chair at this meeting. That the + Rev. Samuel Pegge be requested to preach a Sermon on the occasion, + at Whittington Church, on the 5th day of November next. That the + Gentlemen who intend to honor the meeting with their company, do + assemble at Whittington Church, exactly at eleven o'clock in the + forenoon of that day to attend divine service. That immediately + after service, they meet at the Revolution House, where a cold + collation will be provided. That they go in procession from thence + to Chesterfield, where ordinaries will be provided at the Angel, + Castle, and Falcon inns. That the meeting be open to all friends of + the Revolution. That letters be written to the Dukes of Devonshire + and Leeds, and the Earl of Stamford, to request the honour of + their attendance at that meeting. That there be a ball for the + Ladies in the evening at the Assembly Room in Chesterfield. That a + subscription of one guinea each be entered into for defraying the + extraordinary expenses on the occasion, and that the same be paid + into the hands of Messrs. Wilkinson's, in Chesterfield. That the + Committee do meet again on Wednesday the 8th of October next, at the + Angel Inn, in Chesterfield, at one o'clock. That these resolutions + be published in the Derby and Nottingham newspapers, and in the St. + James's of Whitehall, and Lloyd's Evening Posts, and the London and + English Chronicles. + + _Chesterfield, Sept. 27, 1788._ + HENRY GLADWIN, Chairman." + + * * * * * + + _Whittington, Nov. 29, 1788._ + + MY DEAR MR. GOUGH, + + Mr. Rooke slept at the Vicarage on the 4th, in order to be ready + for our grand celebrity the next day; and to distribute then to + his friends his drawing, which he had caused to be engraved by + Basire, of the _Revolution House_ at Whittington, which he did, + with a paper of mine, respecting the meeting there of the Earl + of Devonshire, the Earl of Derby, &c. in 1688, annexed. + + The 5th of November is now gone and over, and they said I + acquitted myself very well. Indeed, I was in good spirits, and, + as my Son-in-law read the prayers, I went fresh into the pulpit. + The Duke of Devon was too late; but we had the Earl of Stamford + at church, with Lord George and Lord John Cavendish, Lord Danby + (Son of the Marquis of Carmarthen), and Lord Francis Osborne, + with their Preceptor Dr. Jackson, Prebendary of Westminster, &c. + The cavalcade from Whittington to Chesterfield, where we were + to dine at four o'clock, was amazingly grand, no less than 50 + coaches and chaises with horses dressed with orange ribbons; + large and fine banners, with sundry bands of music. There were + about 1000 on foot, with orange cockades, and about 300 on + horseback, many of whom, besides cockades, were in blue, with + orange capes. At half past six the fireworks, by an Italian + artist, began, and very admirable they were; he had twenty + pounds given him by the _Managers_. The ball room, at nine, was + so crowded that, though it is large, there could be but little + dancing. The ball was given to the Ladies, with an entertainment + of cakes, sweetmeats, negus, &c. It was a fine day; and not the + least accident happened, though it is supposed not less than + 30,000 people were assembled. Hogsheads of liquor were given by + the Managers at Whittington and Chesterfield, and the Duke of + Devon gave twenty-four guineas to the footmen mentioned above. I + saw nobody however in liquor; and when Mr. Rooke and I returned + to Whittington, at one o'clock or after, we had a sober driver. + + It happened to be my birth-day; which being known to some + gentlemen at all the three great inns where the company dined, + they drank my health with three cheers, requesting me to print + my Sermon. This request I have complied with, and it is now + printed at Chesterfield; I will take care that a copy be sent to + you and Mr. Nichols. But I must observe to you on the occasion, + that the Sermon will not read so well as it was heard, because + having good command over myself at the time, I delivered it with + energy and emphasis. + + There will be a monument erected at the Revolution House in + Whittington; a column I suppose; and 148 guineas are already + subscribed. N. B. The Duke of Devon and the Earl of Stamford + were excepted from subscribing, so they reluctantly desisted. + Sir H. Hunloke, a Catholic, is a subscriber, and went in the + cavalcade, but was not at church, as you may suppose. + + We have a very fine time here, no signs of winter but the + absence of leaves; the want of water however is very wonderful, + considering the time of year, and is even distressing. I grow + very idle and good for nothing; but, such as I am, I remain your + very affectionate and much obliged servant, + + S. PEGGE. + + * * * * * + + _Whittington, Dec. 22, 1788._ + + DEAR SIR, + + By this time I hope you are in possession of my Sermon, as I + desired my Son to send one copy to you, and another to Mr. + Nichols. If I know you, your sentiments in politics coincide + with mine; so that I have no fear of your concurrence in that + respect and have only to wish that the composition may please + you. + + I am, dear Sir, your truly affectionate and much obliged servant, + + S. PEGGE. + + + + +SEQUEL TO THE PARENTALIA. + +BY THE EDITOR. + + +Samuel Pegge, Esq. the only surviving Son[50] of the venerable +Antiquary whose Life has just been recorded, was born in 1731. +After an excellent classical education, at St. John's College, +Cambridge, he was admitted a Barrister of the Middle Temple; and +was soon after, by the favour of the Duke of Devonshire, then +Lord Chamberlain, appointed one of the Grooms of His Majesty's +Privy-Chamber, and an Esquire of the King's Household. + + [50] Another son, Christopher, died an infant in 1736. + +Mr. Pegge married Martha, daughter of Dr. Henry Bourne, an eminent +Physician, of Spital, near Chesterfield, in Derbyshire[51], and +sister to the Rev. John Bourne[52], Rector of Sutton, and Vicar of +South Wingfield, co. Derby. + + [51] Who died in 1775, in his 89th year. + + [52] Who married Anne-Katharine, Mr. S. Pegge's only sister. + +By this lady, who was born in 1732, and died in 1767, he had +one son, Christopher, of whom hereafter; and one daughter, +Charlotte-Anne, who died, unmarried, March 17, 1793. + +Mr. Pegge married, secondly, Goodeth Belt, daughter of Robert Belt, +Esq. of Bossall, co. York, by whom he had no issue[53]. + + [53] She died Oct. 23, 1807, in her 82d year. + +After the death of his Father, Mr. Pegge, though somewhat advanced +in life, was desirous of becoming a Member of the Society of +Antiquaries. He was accordingly elected in 1796; having previously +shewn that he was well deserving of that distinction, by the +accuracy and intelligence displayed in the "Curialia." + +He survived his Father little more than four years; during which +period he enjoyed but an indifferent state of bodily health. His +mental faculties, however, were, to the last, strong and unimpaired; +his manners truly elegant; his conversation always sensible and +pleasant; and his epistolary correspondence[54] lively and facetious. + + [54] A few extracts from his Letters are given in p. lxxxiii. + +His death is thus recorded on an upright stone on the West side of +Kensington church-yard: + + "SAMUEL PEGGE, Esq. + died May the 22d, 1800, aged 67 years. + + MARTHA, Wife of SAMUEL PEGGE, Esq. + died June 28, 1767, aged 35 years. + + CHARLOTTE-ANNE, the only Daughter + of SAMUEL and MARTHA PEGGE, + died March 17, 1793, aged 31 years. + + Mrs. CHRISTIANA PEGGE died July 1, 1790." + +To Mr. Pegge, we are indebted for the foregoing circumstantial +Memoir or his very learned Father; and for several occasional +communications to the Gentleman's Magazine. + +But his principal Work Was intituled, "_Curialia_; or, an Historical +Account of some Branches of the Royal Household[55];" Three +Portions of which he published in his life-time: + + Part I. consisted of "Two Dissertations, addressed to the + President of the Society of Antiquaries, London; _viz._ 1. On + the obsolete Office of the Esquires of the King's Body. 2. On + the original Nature, Duty, &c. of the Gentlemen of the King's + Most Honourable Privy Chamber, 1782." + + Part II. contains "A Memoir regarding the King's Honourable Band + of Gentlemen Pensioners, from its Establishment to the present + Time, 1784." + + Part III. is "A Memoir respecting the King's Body-Guard of + Yeomen of his Guard, from its Institution, A. D. 1485; 1791." + + [55] Had Mr. Pegge lived to have completed his whole design, the + Title would have run thus: "_Hospitium Regis_; or, a History of + the Royal Household, and the several Officers thereof, principally + in the Departments of the Lord Steward, the Lord Chamberlain, the + Master of the Horse, and the Groom of the Stole. Collected and + digested by Samuel Pegge, Esq. F.S.A." + +During the remaining period of his life, Mr. Pegge amused himself +in preparing several other Numbers of his "Curialia" for the press; +the materials for which, and also his "Anecdotes of the English +Language," he bequeathed to Mr. Nichols; who printed "The Anecdotes +of the English Language" in 1803. This Work having been noticed +with much approbation in the principal Reviews, and very favourably +received by the Publick at large, a Second Edition (corrected and +improved from his own detached MSS.) was published in 1814. To this +Edition was added, "A Supplement to the Provincial Glossary of +Francis Grose, Esq." compiled by Mr. Pegge. + +In 1806 Mr. Nichols published Two additional Numbers of the +"Curialia:" + + Part IV. "A History of Somerset House[56], from the Commencement + of its Erection in 1549." + + Part V. "A Dissertation[57] on the ancient Establishment and + Function of the Serjeant at Arms." + + [56] The History of Somerset House was with Mr. Pegge a favourite + subject; and to this, with the exception of the two concluding + pages, he had put the finishing hand. + + [57] Announced by the Author in his Introduction to Part III. and by + himself very nearly completed for the press. + +The further continuation of that interesting work was broken off by +the melancholy accident mentioned in page v. + +In the early part of his life Mr. Pegge was a considerable +proficient in Musick. He composed a complete Melo-Drama, both the +words and the musick in score, which still remains in MS. Many +Catches and Glees also, and several of the most popular Songs for +Vauxhall Gardens were written and set to music by him. + +His Muse was very fertile; and though his modesty forbade the +avowal, he was the Author of some occasional Prologues and Epilogues +which were favourably received by the Publick: a Prologue, +particularly, spoken by Mr. Yates at Birmingham in 1760, on taking +the Theatre into his own hands; an Epilogue spoken by the same +excellent Actor, at Drury Lane, on his return from France, and +another Epilogue, filled with pertinent allusions to the Game of +Quadrille, spoken by Mrs. Yates, at her Benefit, in three different +seasons, 1769, 1770, and 1774. He was the Author also of a pathetic +Elegy on his own Recovery from a dangerous Illness; and of some +pleasant Tales and Epigrammatic Poems. + +His other acknowledged writings were, + +1. "An Elegy on the Death of Godfrey Bagnall Clerke, Esq. (late one +of the Representatives in Parliament for the County of Derby), who +died Dec. 26, 1774.[58]" + +2. "Memoirs of Edward Capell, Esq."[59] + +3. "Illustrations of the Churchwardens' Accompts of St. Michael +Spurrier Gate, York," in the "Illustrations of the Manners and +Expences of Antient Times, 1797." + +4. "On a Custom observed by the Lord Lieutenants of Ireland." +(Antiquarian Repertory, Edit. 1809, vol. IV. p. 622.) + +5. "Historical Anecdotes of the French Word Carosse." (Ibid. p. +642.)--The two last mentioned Tracts are re-printed in the present +volume. + + [58] Of this Elegy Mr. Pegge printed only a few copies to be given + to particular Friends; but, by his permission, it was re-printed for + sale by Mr. Joseph Bradley, of Chesterfield. + + [59] See the "Illustrations of Literature," vol. I. p. 427. + +Mr. Pegge also superintended through the Press the greater part of +his Father's "History of Beauchief Abbey;" but died before it was +completed. + +His only Son, the present Sir Christopher Pegge, was admitted a +Commoner at Christ Church, Oxford, in 1782; took the Degree of B. A. +there in 1786; was elected Fellow of Oriel College in 1788; resigned +his Fellowship in 1790, and was re-admitted of Christ Church, having +been appointed, through favour of the Dean and Chapter, Dr. Lee's +Reader in Anatomy (which situation he resigned in 1816, an asthmatic +complaint having rendered change of residence adviseable); took the +Degrees of M. A. and M. B. 1789, and that of M. D. 1792. He was +elected one of the Physicians to the Radcliffe Infirmary in 1791 +(which he resigned in 1803); F. L. S. 1792; F.R.S. 1795; and Fellow +of the College of Physicians 1796; received from his Majesty the +Honour of Knighthood in 1799, and the Dignity of Regius Professor of +Physic in 1801. + +Sir Christopher Pegge married, in 1791, Amey, the eldest daughter of +Kenton Couse, Esq. of Whitehall; by whom he has issue one daughter, +Mary, married in 1816 to the Rev. Richard Moore Boultbee, of Merton +College, Oxford (second son of Joseph Boultbee, Esq. of Springfield +House, near Knowle, Warwickshire), and had a daughter, born Dec. 9, +1817. + + +APPENDIX, No. II. + +To RICHARD GOUGH, Esq. + +_Whittington, March 17, 1796._ + +DEAR SIR, + +There are no persons in the world to whom so much regard is due, +respecting my late Father's Collections in the literary line, as +to yourself and Mr. Nichols. I daily see obligations, from Books +which you have respectively conferred upon him, which call for every +acknowledgement. I am as daily concerned in looking over papers of +various kinds; and will preserve them all sacredly, and report upon +them when I return to Town, which must be in May or June. + +I am labouring to keep possession of this house as long as I can, +and believe I shall be amply indulged; a circumstance which will +enable me to pay every attention to what may be of real use to my +Father's Friends: for, as Botanists allow nothing to be weeds, so I +admit nothing to be waste paper. + +What I write to you I mean should be said to Mr. Nichols, with every +kind remembrance. I have only to desire that I may be considered (by +descent at least) as + + Your obliged Friend, + S. PEGGE. + + * * * * * + +To Mr. Deputy NICHOLS. + + _Whittington, March 30, 1796._ + + DEAR SIR, + +A peck of March dust is said to be worth a King's ransom;--and to +you (who know this house) I may say that I am enveloped in as much +dust[60] as would ransom an Emperor. I shall be in Town at the end +of May at the farthest, and would wish to work double tides in +the History of Beauchief-Abbey while I stay; for I shall find it +necessary to pass as long a Summer as I can here, where (by the new +Rector's leave) I hope to continue till the approach of Winter. + + S. PEGGE. + + [60] The Books in the Library at Whittington had, probably, not been + dusted for 20 to 30 years. + + * * * * * + + _Whittington, April 12, 1796._ + + DEAR SIR, + +I am really so much engaged (for I am not half through my Herculean +labour) that I have not leisure to think of my late nearest Friend, +so as to _erect_ any memorial in the Gentleman's Magazine _at +present_. + +I have written to Lord Leicester and to Mr. Topham by this post, to +request that I may be _hung up, according to Law_, at the Society of +Antiquaries, in hopes of being honourably cut down, and receiving +Christian Burial. The _Director_[61], I trust, will appear _to +character_ when my Trial comes up. God send me a good deliverance! +What I write to you, I write to Mr. Gough also through you. + + Your obliged Friend, &c. + S. PEGGE. + + [61] Mr. Gough was then Director of the Society of Antiquaries. + + * * * * * + +To GEORGE ALLAN, Esq. Darlington. + + _Whittington, May 2, 1796._ + + SIR, + +In the course of the last year my late Father (Rev. Dr. Pegge) among +other Books made me a present off "The Northumberland Household +Book;" which he told me (as I since find by his memoranda) was lent +to you. I take the liberty of wishing to have it returned soon, +directed to my Friend Mr. Nichols. + +I have heard my Father often speak of you, Sir, with much respect, +and I shall always honour my Father's Friends. I am, &c. + + S. PEGGE. + + * * * * * + + _Whittington, May 23, 1796._ + SIR, + +I thank you for the favour of your Letter, which was anticipated +by a line from Mr. Nichols, advising me that "The Northumberland +Household Book" was safe in his hands. The honourable mention I +hear of my late Father, almost every day, is very gratifying to me, +though I know it is not undeserved on his part. As to Mr. Brander's +Print of my father, I have a very few in London; and one of the +best of them shall be at your service. I cannot think the Print in +the least like my Father; but I have a Painting[62] which is a very +strong resemblance. + +Your very obedient humble servant, + + S. PEGGE. + + [62] This striking resemblance of my worthy old friend Dr. Pegge, + which I have often had the agreeable opportunity of comparing with + the Original when conversing with the good Doctor at Whittington, + is now in the possession of his Grandson, Sir Christopher Pegge; + by whose kind permission a faithful Engraving from it, admirably + executed by Philip Andinet, accompanies the present Publication. + + * * * * * + +To Mr. NICHOLS. + + _Whittington, July 28, 1796._ + + DEAR SIR, + +We left London on Monday the eleventh; but did not _make_ +Whittington till last Sunday the 24th inst. We passed part of +Wednesday the 13th, and all the 14th and 15th, at Southwell, with +the new Rector of Whittington, and had a very pleasurable visit. We +next _touched_ at Spital, and as we thought only for three or four +days, but were detained there by _contrary winds_, which _blew_ us +into parties of company and venison. + +I am, dear Sir, yours very sincerely, S. PEGGE. + + * * * * * + + _York, Sunday, Sept. 11, 1796._ + + DEAR SIR, + +Where and when this will find you, whether in _Urban_ or in _Sylvan_ +scenes, I know not: but the purport of it is to desire that you +would send me (to Whittington) the _last Impression_ of the Family +Pedigree of _Bourne_. + +Whether you ever insert it in your _Leicestershire_ or not, I wish +to have it completed, as far as may be, from my own connexion with +it; and because I know that every difficulty is doubled to every +succeeding generation. The Historian of Leicestershire must have had +repeated experience of this circumstance in his investigations. + + Yours, &c. + S. PEGGE. + + * * * * * + + _Scotland yard, Feb. 20, 1797._ + + DEAR SIR, + +I am now going seriously to work, to bring the Coins forward by +auction. The whole collection amounts in number to between 1100 and +1200; but of what value the hammer must determine. + + S. PEGGE. + + * * * * * + + _June 10, 1797._ + + DEAR SIR, + +Mr. Gough was so obliging as to mention hopes of seeing us at +Enfield; and I have been for several days on the point of writing to +him a line of thanks, and to express the willingness of the spirit, +and the weakness of the flesh; for, alas! I have got as much gout as +will last me till we go into Derbyshire in the second week in July. +In this situation it would be much to the honour of your humanity to +come and pass an evening with us. I am sure to be found at home. + + S. P. + + * * * * * + + _Scotland yard, June 18, 1797._ + + DEAR SIR, + +I hope this will find you safely returned from your excursion, +and disengaged, as I wish you to pass a _long_ evening with me. +Mr. Bowyer Nichols would tell you that I am now at leisure to go +on with "Beauchief Abbey" for a little while; but without your +assistance, know not how. Send me word what evening you can best +spare, and bring your Son with you, and let it be very _speedily_. I +shall soon put an end to the Session, and this _Printing-ment_ will +be prorogued to the 5th of October, then to meet for dispatch of +business. + + S. PEGGE. + + * * * * * + + _December 7, 1797._ + + DEAR SIR, + +As you are connected with the Representatives of Dr. Farmer, or the +person who acts for them, I wish you would procure a receipt for a +copy of Skelton, which was found in my Father's collection after his +death, and which was evidently Mr. Farmer's property. + +As I hear that Dr. Farmer's Library is intended for sale, I should +be glad that this book might be soon restored to the Executors; and +my original wish to return it, may appear from a letter of mine to +Dr. Farmer, dated so long ago as the 4th of February last, which has +probably been found among his papers. I received no answer to it, +which I imputed to his then bad state of health. + + Yours, &c. + S. PEGGE. + + * * * * * + + _Harrowgate, Aug. 25, 1799._ + + DEAR SIR, + +Our history, since I saw you, is briefly this. We left London on +the 18th of July, and made a journey of three days to Spital, near +Chesterfield. After resting there, for as many days, we set off for +this place, which we found very full, and made our quarters good +at the humblest house we could find; but with the most comfortable +accommodations that a very uncomfortable place can afford; and +are reconciled to our situation. We dine (_en masse_) about 20 on +the average, keep good hours, and are not pestered with gamblers, +ladies-maids, or lap-dogs. In some houses they dine 120 people!!! + +The water of this place is a very strong sulphur, and I believe, +is the most powerful of any in the kingdom. The most quiet of this +sort of houses is much too turbulent for me; besides that it is +difficult for one who cannot walk, or even saunter about, as others +do, to fill up the chasms between meals, except by reading, which +is scarcely practicable here. I find myself, however, tolerably +habituated to noise and talk; and as to the art of doing nothing, I +have made myself perfectly master of it. As a proof of it, I have +been three weeks in writing this letter. + +If you ask me how I do? I answer, I don't know at present. I have +experienced much _non_-valescence, and am told _con_-valescence will +follow. + + S. PEGGE. + + * * * * * + + _Monday, January 27, 1800._ + + DEAR SIR, + +The Lady[63] mentioned in the enclosed Article is my Niece, who +hopes to open the Ball in the List of Marriages in this Month. I +send also an article for the Obituary[64], the death of a Brother of +my Wife, and whose death has long been expected. I am a lodger in my +own first-floor, with some gout, which will neither lead nor drive; +but I should be very happy to receive a charitable visit of chat in +any evening that you can spare. I do not ask Mr. Bowyer Nichols, as +I cannot encounter more than one person at a time. + + Your very sincere friend, + S. PEGGE. + + [63] Elizabeth, daughter of the Rev. John Bourne, of Spital, was + married, Jan. 1, 1800, to Robert Jennings, Esq. of Hull. + + [64] Mr. John Belt, of York, Surgeon, died Jan. 23, 1800. + + * * * * * + + _March 17, 1800._ + + DEAR SIR, + +Presuming that you are returned from Hinckley, and _have nothing +in the world to do_, I hope you will give us your company in an +evening very soon; for at that time of the day I see nobody else. +Let me hear by one of your _Representatives in Parliament_[65] on +what evening I may expect you, that I may _rectify_ my spirits +accordingly. + + Adieu! + S. PEGGE. + + [65] So he humourously styled the Printer's Errand Boys. + + + + +Hospitium Domini Regis; + +OR, + +THE HISTORY + +OF THE + +ROYAL HOUSEHOLD. + + + + +INTRODUCTION. + + +I was led into the following investigation from a natural and kind +of instinctive curiosity, and a desire of knowing what was the +antient state of the Court to which I have the honour, by the favour +of his Grace William the late Duke of Devonshire, to compose a part. +It is obvious to suppose that so large a body must have undergone +various revolutions, and have borne very different complexions +according to times and circumstances: and having occasion to consult +some MSS. in the Lord Chamberlain's Office, by his Lordship's +permission, upon a matter of no consequence to relate, I thought +I discerned, in the course of my search, that materials were to be +found sufficient to furnish out a detail. Having free access to the +use of a large Library, and by the favour of many friends, to whom +I take this opportunity of testifying my obligations, I was enabled +to trace back the state of the Court in darker ages, though but by a +glimmering light. + +Notwithstanding ample revenues have always been provided for support +of the dignity and splendour of the Royal House of the Kings of +England, equal, if not perhaps superior, to those of any Court in +Europe, yet we shall find they have varied very much in different +Reigns, as times and circumstances have required; though not always +for laudable reasons. Some of our Kings have been so profuse, +that, either from their extensive liberality, or more frequently +worse inducements, they have thereby lessened the estates of the +Crown so very much, that retrenchments, either in the number or +expence of their Households (and sometimes both) have become the +necessary consequence. Others[66] have found the Crown Revenues so +much contracted at their Accession, that they have been obliged to +demand resumptions of grants made by their immediate Predecessor, +in order to enable themselves to support the Regal dignity with a +proper degree of splendour. Others[67], again, from a wanton spirit +of prodigality, have rendered it necessary for them to resume even +_their own_ grants; a measure equally scandalous to the character of +the Prince, as derogatory to the honour of the Crown. + +As to _resumptions_, several of each sort will be seen in the +following sheets, antecedent to the Reformation; and since that +period there have been repeated occasions for _reductions (ex +necessitate rei)_ in the tumultuous reigns of Charles the First, +Charles the Second, and James the Second. + +When we speak of the superior magnificence of our own Court, we may +add, that no other makes so liberal appointments to its Officers, +could we know the Establishments of the rest. + + [66] Henry II. + + [67] William Rufus. + +In France they figure away with thousands of livres _per annum_; +but, when these come to be liquidated into pounds sterling, the idea +is lost, and the appointment of a Lord of the Bed-chamber sinks down +into a salary not superior to our Gentlemen Ushers. + +In Poland the Officers of the State and Household have no salaries +nor fees[68]; but are content with the honour, unless the King chose +to reward them with a _Starostie_, a kind of Fiefs inherent in the +Crown for this purpose. + + [68] See Letters concerning the present state of Poland, printed for + T. Payne, 1773, Letter iii. p. 57. + +At the Court of Turin, the salaries of the Officers of the Court +are extremely small, and every way inadequate to their rank. +Frugality and oeconomy, exercised in a Royal manner, are the +characteristics of that Court; insomuch as that, if the Officers of +State had not an income arising from their patrimony, their salaries +would not afford them food and raiment[69]. + + [69] Lord Corke's Letters from Italy, published 1773, p. 52. + +The Emperor of Germany has one very singular prerogative, very +inconvenient to the inhabitants of Vienna, that of taking to himself +the _first floor_ of every house in the City (a few privileged +places excepted) for the use of the _Officers of his Court and +Army_; so that, on this account, says my Author[70], "Princes, +Ambassadors, and Nobles, usually inhabit the second stories; and +the third, fourth, and even fifth floors (the houses being large +and high) are well fitted up for the reception of opulent and noble +families." The houses being so large, a single floor suffices for +most of the principal and largest families in the City. + + [70] Dr. Burney, in his Present State of Munich, in Germany, vol. I. + pp. 205, 295. + +For particulars relative to the Court of Denmark, it may be +sufficient to refer to the account given by Lord Molesworth, who +resided several years as Envoy Extraordinary from King William III. + + + + +WILLIAM I. + + +After that great Revolution called _The Conquest_, it is to be +supposed that a competent part, and that no inconsiderable one, +was allotted for the support of the Dignity of the King's House. +How large the establishment of the Household was, it would be very +difficult to ascertain at this distance of time; but we know that +the Conqueror's Revenues were very great, and that, besides the +public branch of it for the defence of the Kingdom against invasions +from abroad, there must have been an ample residue to maintain the +Court in dignity and magnificence at home. William, as soon as he +was seated on his new Throne, was careful to make a general and +accurate Survey of the whole kingdom, notwithstanding there had +been a Survey taken within less than 200 years by King Alfred, then +remaining at Winchester.[71] But William's jealous caution did +not permit him to trust to this. He saw the necessity there was to +make the most of things; and, looking on money as a necessary means +of maintaining and increasing power, he accumulated as much as he +could, though rather, perhaps, from an ambitious than a covetous +motive; at least his avarice was subservient to his ambition; and he +laid up wealth in his coffers, as he did arms in his magazines, to +be drawn out on proper occasions, for the defence and enlargement of +his dominions[72]. + + [71] Called Codex Wintoniensis. See Sir John Spelman's Life of + Alfred. + + [72] Lord Lyttelton's Life of Henry II. vol. i. p. 74; edit. 8vo. + +In William's Survey, which we call _Domesday Book_, particular +attention was first paid to the King's right; and the _Terra Regis_ +(as it was called), which consisted of such lands as either had +belonged to the Crown, or to the King individually, was placed +first; and, upon the whole, 1422[73] manors, or lordships, were +appropriated to the Crown; besides lands and farms, and besides +quit-rents paid out of other subordinate manors. Whether William +assumed to himself and the Crown more than he ought, is hard to +say; but it is to be supposed he was not very sparing or delicate. +The _Terra Regis_ is said to have consisted of such lands as Edward +the Confessor was found to have been possessed of, the alienation +of which was held impious; to which some think William added the +forfeited estates of those who opposed him at the decisive battle of +Hastings[74]; and likewise the lands of such Barons, and others, who +afterwards forsook him. These advantages he might, perhaps, be glad +to take, as they enabled him better to reward his Norman friends +and followers, who were numerous; and furnished him likewise with a +plea to enrich himself, by annexing part of such lands to the Crown, +and distributing the rest, with a reservation of quit-rents and +services. We may add to these, many apparently unjustifiable means +which the Conqueror used to enrich himself, though by the greatness +of the antient Crown-estate, and the feudal profits to which he +was legally entitled, he was already one of the richest Monarchs +in Europe. The Saxon Chronicle says, he omitted no opportunity of +extorting money from his subjects upon the slightest pretext, and +speaks of it as a thing of course[75]. It must be owned, however, +(says Lord Lyttelton) that, if his avarice was insatiably and +unjustly rapacious, it was not meanly parsimonious, nor of that +sordid kind which brings on a Prince dishonour and contempt. He +supported the _dignity of the Crown_ with a _decent magnificence_; +and, though he never was _lavish_, he was sometimes _liberal_[76]. + + [73] Domesday Book. + + [74] Rapin. + + [75] "_Pro more suo_, extorsit multum pecuniae suis subditis + ubicunque haberet aliquem pretextum, sive jure sive aliter." + Chron. Sax. p. 187. In another place the writer says, he extorted + money, "partim juste, maxima vero ex parte injuste, rebus parum + urgentibus." p. 191. + + [76] Lord Lyttelton's Henry II. vol. i. p. 74. + +Thus did the Conqueror leave an ample and splendid revenue to +his Successor, sufficient to maintain his Court in dignity and +magnificence, and adequate to every expence both foreign and +domestic. It is, at this day, almost impossible to discover the +nature and magnitude of William's Household; but most probably, +as it was numerous, it was likewise magnificent; though, perhaps, +composed of Officers and Offices very different from what have been +adopted in succeeding Reigns. + +We read of Treasurers, for such a King _must_ have: and in the +next Reign mention is made of Robert Fitz-Hamon, _Gentleman of the +Bed-chamber_[77], who conquered Wales, while William Rufus was +engaged in a war with Scotland, anno 1091; and we afterwards read +of other Officers similar to what we have at present, though the +rudeness of the times rendered most of the offices now in being +unnecessary, which seem to have been added from time to time, as +luxury and refined necessity required, and in conformity to the +pride and ostentatious spirit of the Prince who erected them. + + [77] _Gentleman of the Bed-chamber_ means what we now call a _Lord + of the Bed-chamber_; which last is a title of a late introduction. + When the _Gentleman_ was the superior, the next subordinate Officer + was the _Groom_; which last title continues to this day. Had the + first been originally called _Lords_, the latter would probably have + been styled the _Gentleman_. William of Malmsbury speaks of the + _Cubicularius_ in that ridiculous instance of William Rufus's absurd + profusion with respect to the price of a pair of hose; by whom, I + should suppose, he means an inferior Officer of the _Bed-chamber_, + by the rough language he uses to him; no less than calling him a + _son of a whore.--Fili, ait, meretricis._ + +It is probable, however, that what was wanting in parade, was +equalled by an expence in hospitality, which must, of course, +employ a great many Domestics of different kinds in their several +departments, to which we may suppose were added many of a Military +nature, which the situation of the Conqueror rendered necessary in +his new dominion. + +There being but few Placemen in those times, the Court was chiefly +composed of Ecclesiastics, Barons, Knights, and other Military +Gentlemen, led by the hopes of preferment or promotion; and Lord +Lyttelton says, William was always liberal to his Soldiers and to +the Church[78]. The Barons were, at this time of day, the chief +Council of the Realm; they held their Baronies of the King, for +which they were perpetually doing homage; and on these accounts the +Court must have been crowded,--at least much frequented. + + [78] Life of Henry II. vol. i. p. 74. + +As to the internal part of the Court, I mean the Attendants on the +Royal person, we know but very little. King Alfred, however, who +lived 200 years before the Conquest, during his attention to the +Police of his Kingdom in general, did not forget the internal good +government of his Household; for we learn from Ingulphus[79] that +he divided his Attendants into three classes, who were appointed to +wait by turns, _monthly_. + + [79] Dividens Familiam in tres Turmas, singulis Turmis singulos + Principes imposuit; et unusquisque Princeps cum sua Turma per unum + mensem in Regis Ministerio Palatium conservavit. Uno mense completo, + exiens ad proprios agros cum sua Turma, propriis negotiis per duorum + mensium spatium intendebat; et interim secundus Princeps per unum + mensem, et tertius Princeps per alium mensem post illum in Regis + Palatio ministrabat: ut postea propriis utilitatibus per duos menses + quaelibet Turma vacaret. Hac revolutione Servorum suorum, totiusque + familiae suae rotatione, usus est omni tempore vitae suae. Ingulph. + Hist. p. 870. + +Whether this mode was continued by his Successors, I do not +learn. William might perhaps reject it as being Saxon, and +adopt a plan similar to the French Court, in compliment to his +Norman adherents. This routine of waiting, not much unlike the +present mode, rendered the service of Alfred's attendants both +oeconomical, and agreeable to themselves. Sir John Spelman, in +his Life of King Alfred, supposes that the Officers who are now +called _Quarter-waiters_ are, from their title, a relique of this +mode of waiting established by Alfred. But this (with deference to +the Gentlemen of that Corps) seems to be going too far, and does +not agree with Ingulphus, from whom Sir John takes his account; who +says, that the Officers of King Alfred's Household were divided +into three classes, and that each class waited alternately monthly, +not quarterly; so that no one class waited two consecutive months, +and each would, of course, wait _four months_ in the year, with an +interval of two months between each wait. It is true, they would +renew their waiting once in a quarter of course, from the number of +classes, but no part of them attended for a quarter together; and +I apprehend the Quarter-waiters received their name because they +waited a quarter of a year at a time by turns, as their superiors, +the Daily-waiters, waited daily by turns. Alfred's Household most +resembled the Gentlemen Pensioners in the mode of attendance, who, +to this day, wait in _classes_ quarterly. + +I shall now give Sir John Spelman's account at large (as I have +Ingulphus's), where he gives a supposed, and not improbable, reason +for this mode of attendance. + +"He [Alfred] having, it seems, observed the course that Solomon +took in preparing timber at Lebanon for the Temple, where thirty +thousand, assigned to the work, went by ten thousand at a time, +wrought there a month, and then returning, stayed two months at +home, until their turn in the fourth month came about again[80]--he, +applying this to his own occasions, ordained the like course in +his attendance, making a triplicate thereof, insomuch that he had +a three-fold shift of all Domestic Officers; each of which were, +by themselves, under the command of a several _Major-domo_[81], or +Master of the Household, who, coming with his servants under his +charge, to wait at Court, stayed there a month, and then returning +home, were supplied by the second ternary, and they again by the +third, until the course coming about, the first of them (after +two months recess at home) did, with the quarter[82], renew their +monthly service at the Court. I should conjecture (continues he) +that the King, for his more honourable attendance, took this course +in point of Royalty and State, there being (as it then stood with +the State) very few men of quality fit to stand before a King, +who, by their fortunes or dependency, were not otherwhere besides +engaged; neither was there, in those times, any great assurance +to be had of any man, unless he were one of such condition, whose +service, when the King was fain to use one month in the quarter, +it was necessary for the common-wealth that he should remit them +the other two months unto their own occasions. Neither used he +this course with some of his Officers only (as there are those who +understand it to have been a course taken only with those of his +Guard), but with all his whole attendance; neither used he it for a +time only, but for his whole life; and I little doubt but that the +use at Court, at this day, of Officers, _Quarter-waiters_, had the +first beginning even from this invention of the King[83]." + + [80] Ingulph. ubi supra. + + [81] Princeps. Ingulphus, in eod. + + [82] This, I suppose, led Sir John into the above supposition about + the Quarter-Waiters. + + [83] Spelman's Life of Alfred, edit. Hearne, p. 198. + +The Translator of this Life of Alfred into Latin, Dr. Obadiah +Walker, has taken a little latitude in the last sentence of +this passage, and has wandered totally from the mark. His +words are, "Neque multum dubito quin _Dapiferi_ hodierni (quos +_Quarter-waiters_ appellamus) qui per singulos anni quadrantes, +Regi ad _mensam_ ministrant, ab hoc Regis instituto, manarint." Now +it is pretty certain that the Quarter-waiters are not Officers at +all connected, by their post, with the King's _table_, they being a +secondary degree of _Gentlemen Ushers_, called in a grant of Fees +temp. Car. I. (in Rymer's Foedera) _Ante-Ambulones_. The Doctor +seems, by the word _Dapiferi_, to have confounded them with the +_Sewers_; which is strengthened by the following words, "qui ad +_mensam_ ministrant." + +It is allowed that King Alfred enlarged his Household very much; +but, what was the nature and office of the individuals of it, we +shall probably never be able to gather. We may, however, fairly +suppose his Retinue in number, and his Court in splendour, was far +superior to those of any of his Predecessors. + +Of the _Conqueror's Court_ we know still less, neither do I learn +that King Alfred's establishment was followed by his immediate +successors; but it is reasonable to suppose that the _Court_, as +well as the _Kingdom_, would be new-modelled, and assume a different +face, upon so great a revolution as that of the Conquest. + + + + +WILLIAM RUFUS. + + +Notwithstanding the fair inheritance left by the Conqueror, equal +to the Regal Dignity, and the exigences of the State, William +Rufus, the successor, not only dissipated the great treasure of +which he was possessed at the demise of his Father, but ran into so +extravagant a profusion of expence, that he was at last obliged to +apply to resources, unwarrantable in themselves, and derogatory to +his Crown and Dignity. The late King's treasures were said to amount +to 60,000_l._; but, according to Henry of Huntingdon[84], who lived +very near the time, to 60,000 pound _weight_ of silver, exclusive of +gold, jewels, plate, and robes; and "the silver money alone (says +Lord Lyttelton[85]), according to the best computation I am able to +make, was equivalent at least to nine hundred thousand pounds of our +money at present:" but this would not suffice; for the Crown-lands, +which were held so sacred by his ancestors, were alienated; and +he was at last compelled, as a dernier resort, to resume his own +grants, a practice now used for the first (but not the last) time, +and a measure equally scandalous and iniquitous. Rufus's ordinary +revenues did not probably exceed those of his Father; but, as he +ran into more needless and wanton expenses, he was necessitated to +make frequent demands upon his people. Considering the influence +of artful Churchmen, in those times of Papal tyranny, over weak +Princes, it is not to be wondered that Rufus should be easily +prevailed upon by Ranulphus, Bishop of Durham[86], who was Master +both of his Councils and his Conscience, to resume his own grants, +though made for valuable considerations; or to take any measure, +however unwarrantable and unprecedented-- + + "Tantum Religio potuit suadere malorum." + + [84] Erant autem in Thesauro 60 Mille Librae Argenti. Lib. vi. + + [85] Introduction to the Life of Henry II. The Reader may see his + Lordship's grounds of computation in a long note on this passage. + The Saxon Chronicle says, the King's Treasures were _difficiles + numeratu_, p. 192. + + [86] Lord Lyttelton calling him Ralph Flambard, a Norman. Life of + Henry II. vol. i. p. 87, where his character may be seen at large. + +Amongst other acts of rapacity, made in a manner necessary by his +former profusion, he kept the See of Canterbury vacant four years +(upon the death of Lanfranc), that he might take the profits to +his own use; nay, he did the same by the Bishoprick of Lincoln, +and all others that became void in his Reign; and at the time of +his death he had in his hands the Sees of Canterbury, Winchester, +Salisbury, twelve[87] rich Abbeys, besides many other Benefices +of less consideration[88]; so little regard has ever been paid to +things _sacred_ by Arbitrary Princes (as our Kings were at that +time) to gratify either their necessities or their passions. But +this was not the worst part of the story; for, not satisfied with +the First-fruits, to which he was entitled,--after he had seized the +vacant Benefices, and pillaged them of every thing valuable (even +to the very Shrines), he sold them publicly to the best bidder, +without regard to merit or capacity[89]. + + [87] The Saxon Chronicle says but Eleven. + + [88] Matthew Paris. + + [89] Saxon Chronicle. + +After having been led, by the nature of the subject, to speak thus +freely of this King's rapacity, it is but justice to mention an +instance of his generosity. It is related that, two Monks striving +to outbid each other for a rich Abbey, the King perceived a third +standing by, who did not bid any thing; to whom the King addressing +himself, asked "how much _he_ would give?" The Monk replied, "he had +no money, and, if he had, his conscience would not suffer him to lay +it out in that manner:" upon which the King swore his usual oath[90] +"that he best deserved it, and should have it for nothing[91]." + + [90] "Per Vultum di Lucca." See Lord Lyttelton's note, vol. i. p. + 424, octavo. I have seen a private letter from his Lordship in + defence of his opinion. + + [91] Higden. + +Though William was thus continually filling his coffers with these +dishonourable and sacrilegious spoils, yet was he avaricious +without frugality, covetous and prodigal at the same time; always +in want, and devising new ways to raise money, however mean and +despicable. I cannot omit one artful and almost ludicrous method +which Rufus practised to raise money, in the war with his brother +Robert, who had engaged the French in his interest. "Under pretence +(says M. Rapin, from Simeon Dunelmensis, Matthew Paris, &c.) that +there was occasion for supplies of men, William Rufus [then in +Normandy] sent orders into England, to raise, with all possible +speed, 20,000 men. In raising this army, such were purposely +taken for soldiers who were well to pass, or to whom it was very +inconvenient to leave their families. When these levies were going +to embark, the King's Treasurer told them, by his order, "that +they might every man return home, upon payment of ten shillings +each." This news was so acceptable to the soldiers, listed thus +against their wills, that there was not one but who was glad to be +dismissed at so easy a rate. By this means William raised the sum +of 10,000_l._ with which he bribed the French to retire. Various +other instances of extortion and rapacity (though not attended with +so much ingenuity as this) might be adduced from the history of +this Reign, recorded by contemporary writers; but enough has been +mentioned to convince us that but little order or decorum is to be +expected within the walls of the Court of so unprincipled a King. +On the contrary, indeed, all writers agree[92] in their accounts of +the dissolute manners of his Household and Adherents, which called +forth rigid edicts in the next Reign, for the suppression of vices +which had grown too flagrant to be removed by reprobation alone. The +crimes laid to the charge of his retinue were, some of them, of the +most serious nature, and required an uncommon exertion of severity; +as we shall see presently. "In the magnificence of his _Court_ +and buildings, however, (says Lord Lyttelton[93],) he _greatly_ +exceeded any King of that age. But though his profuseness (continues +his Lordship) arose from a noble and generous nature, it must be +accounted rather a vice than a virtue; as, in order to supply the +unbounded extent of it, he was very rapacious. If he had lived long, +his expences would have undone him, and they had brought him some +years before his death into such difficulties, that even if his +temper had not been despotic, his _necessities_ would have rendered +him a Tyrant. + + [92] "Ipse namque, et qui ei famulabantur (says Matthew Paris) omnia + rapiebant, omnia conterebant, et subvertebant. Adulteria violenter, + et _impune_ committebant, quicquid fraudis et nequitiae antea non + erat, his temporibus pullulavit." Henry of Huntingdon uses nearly + the same, but rather stronger, expressions. + + [93] Introduction to History of Henry II. + + + + +HENRY I. + + +After so bad an oeconomist (to say no worse of William Rufus), +we may hope to see a more prudent direction of the revenues of the +State, and a less abandoned Retinue about the Royal Person. This +is, however, no great compliment to Henry, who succeeded: for a +moderate character will appear with some degree of lustre, after +one so very much disfigured as that of Rufus. Henry had, without +question, many good qualities. He was a wise and prudent Prince, +and, as the Saxon Chronicle says, "magno honore habitus[94];" but +yet, we shall discover, one of his ruling passions was avarice, when +we come to look nearly into his interior conduct in life. There was +a glaring inconsistency in his very outset; for, soon after his +accession, we find him punishing and imprisoning the abettors of +William Rufus's exactions, and, among the rest, Ranulph Bishop of +Durham, the _Minister_ and instrument of all those oppressive and +unwarrantable measures; and yet, very soon after, we behold Henry +sequestering to his own use the revenues of the Archbishopric of +Canterbury, and keeping them in his hands for five years, after the +example of the very man whose rapacious conduct he had, but just +before, publicly condemned[95]. It is true he recalled many grants +bestowed upon _creatures_ and undeserving persons in the late Reign; +but whether upon motives of justice or avarice I do not determine. +It will be found that he died exceedingly rich for those times (by +whatever means the wealth was amassed); for he did not omit any +opportunity of taxing his subjects, where he could do it with a +tolerable grace, though he did it not in so bare-faced a manner as +Rufus had done. Thus he availed himself of an antient Norman feudal +custom, on occasion of the marrying his eldest daughter[96]. This +custom was not now first established by Henry himself, as some have +supposed[97]; but was one of the antient aids due to the King from +his subjects, and having lain dormant many years, was now revived, +but not introduced otherwise, than that Henry happened to be the +first King, of the Norman race, who married his eldest daughter. +In this he might be justifiable enough; but then he seems to have +laid the tax at a prodigious high rate, for it is said, by some +calculations, to have amounted to upwards of 800,000_l._ sterling. +Among other things, Henry was very attentive to the reformation of +abuses and irregularities that had crept into the _Court_ during the +Reign of his Brother. + + [94] Saxon Chronicle, p. 237. + + [95] Morem fratris sui Willielmi Regis secutus. Eadmer. + + [96] Aide a Fille marier. + + [97] Polydore Vergil. + +The accounts given of William's Court are surprizing for that +age, when one would suppose our ancestors to have been rough and +unpolished, little addicted to the softer vices, and totally +unacquainted with the effeminacies of succeeding times; but we +find that, notwithstanding men's minds were then so much turned +to war and athletic diversions, excess and sensuality prevailed +in a very scandalous manner among the Nobility, and even among +the Clergy. Vanity, lust, and intemperance, reigned through the +whole kingdom. The men appeared so effeminate in their dress and +manners, that they shewed themselves men in nothing but their +attempts upon the chastity of women[98]. So William of Malmsbury, +speaking of the effeminacy of William Rufus's Court, says, +"Mollitie corporis certare cum foeminis--gressum frangere--gestu +soluto--et latere nudo incedere, Adolescentium specimen erat: +enerves--emolliti--expugnatores alienae pudicitiae, prodigi suae." By +many evidences it appears that a luxury in apparel was very general +among the Nobles and Gentry of that age; even the Nuns were not free +from it. + + [98] Eadmer. + +The garments of the English, before their intermixture with the +Normans, were generally plain; but they soon adopted the fashions of +these new-comers, and became as magnificent in their dress as their +fortunes could bear[99]. So that we see the French have, ever since +the Conquest, been the standard of the English dress; and though we +often complain of the folly of our times, in adopting French modes, +it appears to be a practice that has existed time immemorial. Lord +Lyttelton informs us (from Ordericus Vitalis) that there was a +revolution in dress in William Rufus's reign, not only in England, +but in all the Western parts of Europe; and that, instead of close +coats, which till then had been used, as most commodious for +exercise and a military life, trailing garments with long sleeves, +after the manner of the Asiaticks, were universally worn. The men +were also very nice in curling and dividing their hair, which, +on the fore-part of their heads, was suffered to grow very long, +but cut short behind[100];--a style of head-dressing, which, if +introduced now, would spoil all the _Macaroni's_ of the age; for +their comfort, however, it may be inferred from hence that similar +beings have long subsisted in some shape or other. + + [99] Lord Lyttelton. + + [100] Introduction to Life of Henry II. + +To return to Henry. We find the reformation of his _Court_ was one +of the first steps towards ingratiating himself with his subjects. +The _Courtiers_, for the most part, sure of impunity, were wont to +tyrannize over the people in a shameful manner. Not content with +every species of oppression, and of secretly attempting the chastity +of women, they gloried in it publicly. To remedy these disorders +in his _Court_, Henry published a very severe edict against all +offenders in general, and particularly against _Adulterers_; and +such as abused their power by oppressing the people, he ordered to +be put to death without mercy. Some who were already notorious on +that account were banished the Court, among whom was Ranulph Bishop +of Durham, who was likewise imprisoned by the advice of the great +Council of the Kingdom[101]. This was in the first year of Henry's +Reign; but it had so little effect, that five years afterwards we +find a _second_ reformation; for, the former proclamation being +ineffectual, it was necessary to publish another, with still greater +penalties; and this severity was unavoidably necessary, to check the +licentiousness that had crept in, from the connivance which offences +of every kind had hitherto met with. + + [101] Matthew Paris. + +Thus, we see, the dissoluteness of William Rufus's Court did not +die with him; nor is it an easy thing to subdue so many-headed a +monster as Vice in power. When the Magnates set bad examples in +_Courts_, the inferior Officers are always ready to ape them; +and crimes that in the commission are common to all men very soon +descend from the _Prince_ to the _Page_. In the King's progresses +during the late Reign, the _Court_ and its Followers committed many +outrages of a very serious nature, in places where they lodged; such +as extorting money from the hosts who entertained them, and abusing +the chastity of women without restraint. But now the grievance +was become much worse; for Henry's Attendants, in his progresses, +plundered every thing that came in their way; so that the country +was laid waste wherever the King travelled; for which reason people, +when they knew of his approach, left their houses, carrying away +what provisions they could, and sheltering themselves in the woods +and bye-places, for fear their provisions should be taken away by +the King's Purveyors[102]. These things called loudly for redress: +it was therefore made public, by the King's command, that whoever, +belonging to the Court, spoiled any goods of those who entertained +them in these progresses, or abused the persons of their hosts, +should, on proof, have their eyes put out, or their hands and feet +cut off[103]. To us these seem cruel and unwarrantable punishments; +but it must be remembered that, at this day, punishments were not +prescribed, but arbitrary; there was no common law, and but little +statute-law, and nothing to regulate the hand of Justice, which was +directed by caprice, and the temper of the reigning King. Coiners +of false money were grown so numerous and bare-faced, employed and +even protected by the great men about the Court, that this kind +of imposition on the publick became, among the rest, an object of +redress, and the penalty inflicted was the loss of eyes and genitals. + + [102] Eadmer. + + [103] Eadmer. + +Taking the whole together, one must conclude that the profligacy, +and wanton cruelty, of the King's _Suite_ must have been very +enormous, to have required punishments so repugnant to natural +mercy;--but we can but ill judge, at so distant a period, of the +necessity there might be for such severity. + +The Kings, in these ages, moved their _Court_ very frequently, and +often to considerable distances; and, as the state of the roads +would not permit them to travel far in a day, they were forced to +accommodate themselves as well as they could at such houses as lay +convenient, there being then no receptacles of a public nature. +These motions of so large a body of people, added to the frequency +of them, were often, of themselves, very oppressive to the Yeomanry, +who were obliged to supply the Court with carts and horses from +place to place; and the abuse the people sustained in this kind of +Purveyance was the occasion of edicts afterward to restrain any from +_taking carriages_ from the subject, for this purpose, except by +the persons authorized and appointed to the office, who were called +the King's _Cart-takers_, a post which is now in being, though out +of use. But, although the Court was not fixed in these times, yet +the Kings generally kept the Feast of Christmas in one place[104], +according to their liking or convenience. The other Feasts they kept +at different places, as it happened, they having Palaces almost +at every considerable place in the Kingdom, _viz._ besides London +and its environs, at York, at Gloucester, Winchester, Salisbury, +Marlborough, Bath, Worcester, and many other places, too numerous +to mention _nominatim_. The great Feasts (together with that of St. +George, after the institution of the Order of the Garter,) were kept +with great solemnity, even so late as the Reign of King ... when the +public observance of them was dropped by the King and Court. + + [104] _Pro more_, as the Monkish writers say: though Henry I. does + not appear to have confined himself to keep the Feast of Christmas + at one place. According to the Saxon Chronicle, William I. had + stated places for each Feast; and on these occasions the Kings wore + their Crowns. "Ter gessit [Willielmus] suam Coronam singulis annis + quoties esset in Anglia; ad _Pascha_ eam gessit in _Winchester;_ + ad Pentecosten in _Westminster;_ et ad _Natales_ in _Gloucester_." + Chronic. Saxon. p. 190. So before anno 1085 "Rex _induta Corona_ + tenuit Curiam in _Winchester_ ad _Pascha_, atque ita Itinera + instituit ut esset ad _Pentecosten_ apud _Westminster;_ ubi armis + militaribus honoravit filium suum Henricum;" p. 187. + + William Rufus was not so uniform. He sometimes held his Court + at one, and sometimes at another; but for the most part the + Easter-Court at Winchester, as his Father had done. At Whitsuntide + 1099, he kept his Court for the first time in his new Hall at + Westminster (Saxon Chronicle); for which purpose, I suppose, he + built it. Henry I. was not regular in the places where he kept his + Court, but it was held oftener in Westminster Hall than any where + else, perhaps on account of its novelty and convenience in point of + magnitude, or for greater magnificence. The custom of wearing the + Crown during the celebration of the great Festivals was much left + off, however, after Henry II. It is said to have grown by degrees + into disuse after Henry II. and his Queen, 1136, laid their Crowns + on the Altar, after their third Coronation at Worcester, vowing they + would never wear them again. What the occasion of this vow was, + nobody has told us; and Lord Lyttelton does not even guess at the + reason. + +Henry was not wanting in splendour and magnificence on these +occasions. Eadmerus, speaking of one of them, and more might be +produced, says, "Rex Henricus [in Festivitate Pentecostes] _curiam_ +suam Lundoniae in _magna_ mundi _gloria_, et _diviti apparatu_ +celebravit." Wherever the King kept his Court, or indeed wherever +he resided, _there_ was, of course, the general resort of all the +great men of the time, who brought with them, no doubt, large +retinues; and in so great a concourse it is no wonder there should +be many disorderly and abandoned people, in spite of all edicts and +penalties. + +Hitherto I have met with very little mention of any Officers +of the _Court_ or _Household_. In this Reign, however, we hear +of William de Tankerville, whom Lord Lyttelton calls, "Henry's +_Great Chamberlain_." The Annotator on M. Rapin calls him +only _Chamberlain_; and Matthew Paris, _Camerarius_; but this +unquestionably means _Treasurer_, or _High Treasurer_, and not +the great Officer we now understand by the _Chamberlain_, or the +_Great Chamberlain_. The Latin term for these is _Cambellanus_, +which Du Cange says, is--"diversus a _Camerario_, penes quem erat +cura _Camerae_ seu Thesauri Regii--_Cambellano_ autem fuit cura +_Cubiculi_[105]. We have the term _Chamberlain_, in the sense of +_Camerarius_, still preserved in the City of London, where the +Treasurer is called the _Chamberlain_, and the office the _Chamber_; +and indeed this Officer, of every Corporation, is, for the most +part, called the _Chamberlain_. In the account given by the Saxon +Chronicle[106] of the persons who were so unfortunately drowned with +Prince William, King Henry's son, in returning from Normandy, in the +year 1120, it is said there perished "quamplurimi de Regis familia, +_Dispensatores_[107], _Cubicularii_[108], _Pincernae_[109], aliique +Ministri;" indeed all who were on board perished, except one man. +These, it is supposed, were all menial and inferior Officers of the +King's Household; those of a higher rank, and who appertained to the +King's person, probably being on board the same ship with himself. + + [105] Du Cange, Gloss. in voce _Cambellanus_. + + [106] P. 222. + + [107] The _Dispensatores_ should seem to be something like our + Gentlemen of the Buttery, Pantry, &c.; or such as delivered out + provisions of various sorts in their several provinces. + + [108] The _Cubicularii_ I have already supposed to mean the inferior + Officers of the Bed-chamber. + + [109] The _Pincernae_, Butlers,--"_Pincerna_, qui Vinum Convivis + miscet;" Du Cange in voce: and _Pincernare_, he says, is "Vinum + praegustare priusquam Principi propinetur;" Idem in voce. So that it + seems to be what we call _A Yeoman of the Mouth_. + + + + +STEPHEN. + + +Stephen, at his accession, found in his Uncle's Treasury upwards of +100,000_l._[110] besides plate and jewels, the fruits of Henry's +rapacity and oppression. As Stephen came in upon a doubtful +title, the people were willing to take this opportunity of +securing themselves against future usurpations and exactions; and +accordingly, after some debate about the succession, when Stephen +was placed on the throne, they imposed a new oath upon their new +King; which imported, that he should fill the vacant Bishoprics, +that he should not seize the Woods which belonged to private +persons, upon frivolous pretences, as his Predecessors had done; but +be content with the Forests which belonged to the two Williams, and +make restitution of such as Henry had usurped. The Bishops, on the +other hand, took a conditional oath, that they would pay allegiance +no longer than he should continue to maintain the privileges of the +Church. All this, and more, Stephen afterwards confirmed by Charter; +but yet it tended only to amuse the people, till he was fully seated +in his Throne, and felt himself a King; for, not many months after +the signing the Charter, wherein he particularly covenants not to +meddle with vacant Bishoprics, do we find that, upon the death of +the Archbishop, he seized the revenues of the See of Canterbury, and +kept them in his hands above two years. It is true, he only followed +the examples of his Predecessors; but with this aggravation, that +Stephen had given the most sacred engagements that can be had +between men, that he would not intermeddle with the revenues of the +vacant Bishoprics, but that they should be sequestered in the hands +of Ecclesiastics till the vacancy was filled. No wonder then that +a King, with so little regard to every tie, however sacred, should +soon be involved in tumultuous scenes of disaffection and revolt. To +heal this wound, and to buy off the reproaches of his subjects (of +whose assistance he foresaw he should soon have occasion, in growing +ruptures with neighbouring Powers), he not only became lavish of +_titles_ and _honours_, but alienated many of the Crown lands, to +secure the interest of such as he thought might be serviceable to +him. But this bounty had not the desired effect: some who accepted +his favours thought them no more than their due; others, who were +passed by, became jealous, and thought themselves neglected, and +soon shewed their resentment, which proved the source of the +approaching troubles. So difficult is it to regain the lost esteem +of a brave and spirited people! + + [110] William of Malmesbury; "AEstimabantur denarii fere ad centum + millia libras," p. 179. + +One very great error in the politics of the preceding three Kings +was, heaping favours and honours on the Normans, to the exclusion +of the English; by which the affection of the Natives was warped, +the natural security of the Kingdom (the People) divided, and their +hearts turned against the King and his Adherents. The filling the +Court with Normans, and lavishing honours and estates amongst them, +was weakening the attachment of the English to such a degree, that +it became eventually out of the power of the latter to support the +Royal Family when it wanted protection. Stephen, at his accession, +had made large promises to the Barons, to engage them in support of +his weak title to the Throne; and had given them strong assurances +that they should enjoy more privileges and offices under him, than +they had possessed in the Reigns of his Norman Predecessors. These +promises (which, perhaps, were never intended to be performed) +answered Stephen's end, by securing to him the Crown, and were the +sole motive that induced the Barons to concur so warmly in his +interest; and the non-performance was the cause of the general +revolt that happened in a few years. From the time of Stephen's +accession, he had been perpetually reminded by his _Courtiers_ of +his large promises, which he was forced to parry by other still +larger promises, and often by actual grants, to satisfy those that +were most importunate. + +Their private resentments were covered with public outside[111]; but +most Writers agree that this was only an ostensible excuse for an +opportunity to gratify their revenge; and that the true reasons of +discontent were, that they did not receive rewards and emoluments +equal to their expectations, and Stephen's promises. The greatest +after-engagements that the King could devise were not, however, +sufficient to secure the allegiance of his Courtiers; every one was +grasping at the same posts, the same estates, the same honours. +Reason has little weight among such claimants; and it is no wonder +that the situation of the parties should kindle a flame that should +spread itself over the whole Kingdom. + + [111] The breach of his oath to Matilda. + +During so turbulent a period, it is not to be supposed that much +attention should be paid to the interior regulation of the King's +House or Household; it was probably as much distracted as the rest +of the Kingdom. The King being obliged to fly about from place +to place, as the exigency of affairs required, there was little +time to study _State_ and _Magnificence_ in his _Court_. In the +former part of Stephen's Reign his Court was extremely magnificent, +exceeding that of his Predecessors. He held his Court at Easter, +in the first year of his Reign, at London, which was the most +splendid, in every respect, that had yet been seen in England[112]. +One may judge a little of the hospitality of the Court in those +days, by the manner of living among the Nobility: for at this time, +and many ages after, the great halls of the castles or principal +manor-houses of the Nobility and Gentry were crowded with vast +numbers of their vassals and tenants, who were daily fed at their +cost. And in houses of inferior rank, upon occasions of feasting, +the floor was strewed with flowers, and the jovial company drank +wine out of gilded horns, and sang songs when they became inebriated +with their liquor[113]. This custom of strewing the floor, in those +days, was a part of the luxury of the times; and _Becket_, when +he was Chancellor, in the next Reign, according to a contemporary +Author[114], ordered his hall to be strewed every day, in the winter +with fresh straw or hay, and in summer with rushes, or green leaves, +fresh gathered; and this reason is given for it, that such Knights +as the benches could not contain might sit on the floor without +dirtying their fine cloaths. But even this rustic simplicity was +mixed with great magnificence in gold and silver plate[115]. This +custom of strewing the rooms extended to the apartments of the Kings +themselves in those days; for in the time of Edward I. "Willielmus +filius Willielmi de Aylesbury tenet tres virgatas terrae ... per +serjeantiam inveniendi _stramen_ ad straminandam cameram Domini +Regis in _Hyeme_ et in _AEstate Herbam_ ad juncandam[116] cameram +suam[117]." It may be observed, further, that there is a relique +of this custom still subsisting; for at Coronations the ground is +strewed with flowers by a person who is upon the establishment, +called the _Herb-strewer_, with an annual salary. + + [112] Qua nunquam fuerat splendidior _in Anglia_ multitudine, + magnitudine, auro, argento, gemmis, Vestibus, omnimoda dapsilitate. + Henry of Huntingdon, Lib. viii. + + [113] Lord Lyttelton, from John of Salisbury. + + [114] Fitzstephen. + + [115] Idem. Vide Lord Lyttelton's Life of Henry II. vol. iii. p. 483. + + [116] _Juncare_ is properly, to strew with rushes. + + [117] Blount's Jocular Tenures. + +But the commotions of this Reign even put a stop to these meetings +of the Court and Council[118], and all Royal magnificence was broken +down and defaced. Had it not been for the turbulency of the times, +Stephen might doubtless have kept a very large Household, and a +splendid Court; for, added to the wealth he inherited with the Crown +from his Predecessor, he had large revenues, derived from different +sources; _viz._ the demesnes of the Crown, escheats, feudal profits +from the demesnes of others, fines, aids, and several others; but +the exigency of his affairs, and the situation to which he was +reduced with his Barons, obliged him to give largely, and at last +to resume what he had before given, the price of the dissembled +affection of his Courtiers. + + [118] Jam quippe Curiae solennes, et ornatus Regii Schematis prorsus + evanuerant. Annals of Waverly. + +Stephen had liberality, and loved splendour; so that, had he lived +in times more favourable to it, he would, probably, have shone with +great lustre in his _Court_ and _Household_, if we may take the +Court which attended him in his first year, and the magnificence +there exhibited, for a specimen. + +King Stephen, being a Foreigner, and an Usurper, might not choose +to ask _Aids_ of the people of England, and it does not appear that +he did. He had two sons, Eustace and William, both of whom lived to +be married, and no doubt were _Knights_, which, according to the +complexion of the times, every person of the least consequence was, +though these Princes do not appear to have received that honour in +England. King Stephen was unpopular; and being embroiled in domestic +wars with his Cousin the Empress Maud, made no demands of _aids_ of +this sort of which we are speaking. His two elder Sons died in his +life-time; and his third, William, was by Henry II. restored to his +titles of Earl of Bolleigne, Surrey, and Mortaine; and dying without +issue, was succeeded by his sister Mary, who, after having been +Abbess of Ramsey, was married to the second son of Theodoric, Earl +of Flanders, who, in her right, was Earl of Bolleigne. + +King Stephen, during the internal disquietudes in the Kingdom, was +taken prisoner by _Maud_, the Empress, and afterwards released at +the suit of his Son _Eustace_. It is not said that any sum of money +was paid on the occasion, and indeed it will admit of a question +whether the Norman _aid_, allowed for ransom of the King's Person +if taken prisoner, would extend to such a domestic war. The Kingdom +was divided; and the Title to the Crown suspended, and in such an +unquiet hour, it was difficult for the Nation at large to refuse or +comply. + + + + +HENRY II. (PLANTAGENET.) + + +Henry at his Accession found himself so contracted in his Royal +Revenues, by the imprudence of his immediate Predecessor, Stephen, +that some spirited measures became necessary, to enable him to +support his dignity equal to the Sovereign of a great Kingdom, and +his own wishes. + +Henry soon saw that the resumption of several grants made by +Stephen was absolutely necessary; and these having been conferred +on great and powerful men, the measure must be conducted with +firmness and delicacy. In a Treaty made at Winchester, after the +close of the Civil Commotions in the late Reign, after Stephen +had contented himself that Henry, then Duke of Normandy, should +assume the Rights and Power of a King, reserving to himself only +_the Image of the Royal Dignity_, it was stipulated, _inter alia_, +by a separate and secret article, that the King (Stephen) "should +resume what had been alienated to the Nobles, or usurped by them, +of the Royal Demesne[119]." This article was limited to whatever +lands or possessions had belonged to the Crown at the death of +King Henry I.; all which were to be restored, except those that +Stephen had granted to William his Son, or had bestowed on the +Church. Among these resumable gifts were some made by Matilda; for +she too, acting as Sovereign, had followed Stephen's example, in +giving away certain parts of the Estate of the Crown, to reward +her adherents. Add to these, much that had been usurped by the +Barons of both Parties, without any warrant, by the licence of the +times, on unjustifiable pretences[120]. No article of the Treaty +of Winchester was more necessary to be fulfilled than a resumption +of all these alienations, which had been neglected by Stephen, +indigent as he was; for, had this not been now executed, Henry +would have been little better than Stephen, a Sovereign without +a Royal Revenue--"Rex et preterea nihil."--His power would soon +have vanished; and the Barons, having usurped the Crown Lands, +would very soon have contended for the Sovereign Power: and had +not Henry exerted the spirit and conduct which he soon shewed, it +is more than probable the Government of the Kingdom at this period +had sunk into an Aristocracy. Henry, therefore, as soon as he was +well and fully confirmed on the Throne, set about the execution of +this secret article of the Treaty of Winchester, relating to the +alienated lands, which Stephen had neglected. The necessity of this +measure, however arduous and disagreeable in itself, appeared in the +most glaring colours to Henry; for Stephen's extravagance, and the +insatiable demands of his faction, had induced him to alienate so +much of the ancient Demesne of the Crown, that the remaining Estate +was not (as has been said) sufficient to maintain the Royal Dignity. +Royal Cities, and Forts of great consequence, had been also granted +away, which could not be suffered to continue in the hands of the +Nobles, without endangering the peace of the Kingdom. Policy and Law +concurred in demanding these concessions back again. The Antient +Demesne of the Crown was held so very sacred, and so inalienable, +that no length of time could give a right of prescription to any +other possessors, even by virtue of grants from the Crown, against +the claim of succeeding Princes[121]. William Rufus made grants, and +revoked them at pleasure, to supply his extravagance and ridiculous +humour. This was base and unmanly. Henry's resumptions neither +impeached his generosity nor his justice. The grants he reclaimed +were such as sound policy and the exigencies of the State demanded, +being made by a weak Prince in embarrassed situations; as they were +all of no earlier date than the Reign of King Stephen, and had not +been transmitted down through several generations. Foreseeing, +however, that this step would raise much discontent in those who +were to be affected by it, who were numerous and powerful, Henry was +cautious not to act without a legal sanction, and the approbation +of his Council. He therefore summoned a Parliament, wherein almost +all his Nobles were present; and having properly laid before them +the wants of the Crown, the losses it had suffered, the illegality +of the grants, and the urgent necessity of a speedy resumption; +obtained their concurrence to it, and proceeded to put it into +immediate execution. The vigour of his government was such, that he +met with less opposition than he had reason to expect; very near +all that had been granted to Laymen, or usurped by them, from the +Royal Demesne, was surrendered to him without bloodshed, after a +little delay, and some ineffectual marks of reluctance in a few of +the greatest Barons[122]. The cause assigned for these resumptions +was not a defect in the title of the grantor, nor any unworthiness +in the grantee, but the apparent and indispensable necessity +of recovering the just and inseparable Rights of the Crown. No +distinction was made between the grants of Stephen and Matilda; +for that would have carried an appearance of Henry's acting from +motives, not of Royal economy and public expediency, but of party +revenge; and by this equal and impartial proceeding, he left the +adherents of Stephen no reason to complain. In the course of this +business, however, Henry was once very near losing his life; for +Roger de Mortimer would not submit, which obliged Henry, incensed by +his obstinacy, to lead an army against him, with which he assaulted, +among others, the castle of Bridgnorth, in Shropshire, which was +defended by Mortimer himself. Henry commanded in person, and exposed +himself to so much danger, that he would have been infallibly slain, +if a faithful vassal (Hubert de St. Clare[123]) who stood by his +side, had not preferred the King's life to his own; for, seeing an +arrow aimed at Henry by one of Mortimer's archers, he stepped before +him, and received it in his own breast. The wound proved mortal, +and he expired in Henry's arms; recommending his daughter, an only +child, and an infant, to the care of that Prince[124]. It is hard +to say which deserves the most admiration (continues my Noble +Author[125]) a subject who died to save his King, or a King whose +personal virtues could render his safety so dear to a subject whom +he had not obliged by any extraordinary favours[126]. + + [119] Lord Lyttelton. + + [120] Lord Lyttelton. + + [121] Lord Lyttelton. + + [122] Lord Lyttelton. + + [123] Constable or Governor of Colchester Castle. + + [124] The daughter was educated by Henry with all the affection he + owed to the memory of her father, and was afterwards married to a + Nobleman of great distinction. + + [125] Lord Lyttelton. + + [126] A very similar circumstance happened in our times in Poland. + The King, anno 1771, being shot at with arrows by the Regicides, H. + Butzau, a Hussar, interposed, and received the arrows in his own + breast, of which wounds he died. The King erected a monument (1773) + to his memory. See the public prints of the years 1771 and 1773. + +Henry, now firmly seated on his Throne, possessed of an ample Royal +Revenue, confirmed the Charter of his Grandfather, Henry I; but, not +content only to restore good Laws, he enforced a due execution of +them. This Reign is so pregnant with interesting events, and shining +transactions of a public nature, that it is no wonder Historians +are silent as to lesser matters, such as the internal direction of +his _Court_; but there is, I think, little question to be made but +that it was magnificent; and as England became in his Reign one +of the most powerful States in Europe, one would infer that his +_Court_ was likewise equal (at least) to any other in dignity and +splendour. He entertained at one time, in his Palace at Westminster, +the several Ambassadors of Manuel, Emperor of Constantinople; of +Frederic, Emperor of the Romans; of William, Archbishop of Triers; +of the Duke of Saxony; and of Philip, Earl of Flanders: an uncommon +resort in these days, who, doubtless, were attracted by the power +of the King, and both received from, and added, lustre to the +brilliancy and magnificence of his Court[127]. + + [127] Speed, p. 519. + +Lord Lyttelton, after giving an account of his person and temper, +speaking of his munificence, says, he assigned the tenth part of +the Provisions of his _Household_ to be constantly given in daily +alms to the poor; which one must imagine to have been a very +considerable donation, considering the hospitable manner of living +in those days. "His own table (continues his Lordship) was frugal, +his diet plain, and in his dress he affected the utmost simplicity, +disliking all ornaments which might encumber him in his exercise, or +shew an effeminate regard to his person." He introduced the Angevin +fashion of wearing short cloaks or mantles (contrary to the mode +that prevailed in William Rufus's Reign), which he himself had worn +from his childhood, and from which he obtained the sobriquet, or +nick-name, of Court-Mantle[128]. In this he would soon be followed +by his Court, and the People; for it is every day seen how fast +the fashions of the Great descend into the remotest parts of the +Kingdom. Lord Lyttelton, however, observes, that the long garments +introduced temp. Will. Rufus, were not wholly laid aside; so that +Henry's fashion did not prevail universally[129]. The use of silk +made by silk-worms (the _Bombycina_) was brought hither from Sicily +about this time; there was also a costly stuff at this day in great +request here, called in Latin _Aurifrisium_. What it was called in +English, Mr. Camden declares himself ignorant[130]; but supposes it +_not_ to mean Embroidery, although, by other testimonies, _that_ was +much worn by the Nobility, and was termed in Latin _Opera Phrigia_, +and the corruption seems very easy and allowable. "Whatever it was," +says he, "it was much desired by the Popes, and highly esteemed in +Italy." + + [128] _i.e._ Short Mantle.--"Ab Infantia vocabatur Henricus + _Curtmantell_, nam iste primus omnium _curta mantella_ ab Andegavia + (Anjou) in Angliam transvexit." Brompton, p. 1150. + + [129] Vide note to vol. iii. octavo. + + [130] Camden's Remains, p. 194. + +Hitherto I have not been able to learn any thing concerning Henry's +_Household_, or the internal disposition of his Family. He appears +himself to have lived in a great degree of familiarity with his +Courtiers, whom he honoured with his intimacy; and would frequently +unbend, and lay aside the King, and was fond of the _desipere in +loco_. But "his good humour and jocularity," says Lord Lyttelton, +"seems to have been sometimes too _playful in the eye of the +public_; and to have carried him into things that were _infra_ +_dignitatem_[131]." In a note on this passage, his Lordship gives +a pleasant story, which I shall relate, to relieve the Reader, and +certainly cannot do it better than in his Lordship's own words, from +Fitz-Stephen's Life of Archbishop Becket. "As the King and Becket, +his Chancellor[132], were riding together through the streets of +London, in cold and stormy weather, the King saw, coming towards +them, a poor old man, in a thin coat, worn to tatters. Would it not +be a great charity (said he to the Chancellor) to give this naked +wretch, who is so needy and infirm, a good warm cloak? Certainly, +answered that Minister; and you do the duty of a King, in turning +your eyes and thoughts to such objects. While they were thus +talking, the man came near; the King asked him if he wished to have +a good cloak? and, turning to the Chancellor, said,--_You shall have +the merit of this good deed of charity_; then suddenly laying hold +on a fine new scarlet cloak, lined with fur, which Becket had on, +he tried to pull it from him, and, after some struggle, in which +they had both like to have fallen from their horses, prevailed. +The poor man had the cloak, and the Courtiers laughed, like good +Courtiers, at the pleasantry of the King[133]." + + [131] Life of Henry II. vol. iii. p. 40. + + [132] He was not then Archbishop. + + [133] Life of Henry II. vol. iii. p. 311. + +King Henry II. in the early part of his life, was in a very doubtful +situation with regard to his accession to the Crown of England, +which depended upon the success of his Mother, the Empress, against +the Usurper, King Stephen. As soon, however, as he attained his +_sixteenth_ year, A. D. 1149, he came over into England; and at +Carlisle, where his Great Uncle David, King of Scots, then lay, was +by him made a Knight, among several others of equal age, at the +feast of Pentecost[134], and for which no _Aid_ could be demanded. + + [134] Gervas. Dorob. inter Decem Scriptores, col. 1366. + +His issue, which is all that concerns the matter before us, +consisted of four Sons: Henry, Richard, Geoffrey, and John; and +three Daughters, Maud, Alianor, and Joan. + +It is difficult, in a Reign where the subjects were so loaded with +taxations of every kind, and so generally and indiscriminately +imposed, to separate any particular charge from the aggregate. +Henry was a Prince that would not forego his rights and privileges; +and, as his Children were all natives of England, would doubtless +avail himself of such laws and indulgences as he found established, +and as would operate in his favour on their account. It does not +appear, upon the face of common history, that any _Aid_ was paid +for the _Knighthood_ of his eldest Son, though I have not the +least doubt but that it was comprehended in some of those numerous +subsidies, tallages, &c. which he levied, from time to time, on +his subjects, for his transfretations (to use a Monkish word) into +foreign parts. There is some ground for the surmise that the charge +might be enveloped in some of those exactions; for, though there +was a national contribution or _Aid_ demanded for the marriage of +one of his daughters, yet it does not transpire but in a general +Inquisition for the purpose of discoverig what monies had been +received, in every County, by the Sheriffs, &c. This was effected by +Itinerant Justices, who were dispatched over the whole Kingdom; and, +among other articles contained in their general commission, they +were directed to inquire--"concerning the _Aid_ to marry the King's +Daughter, what was received in every hundred, in every township, and +of every man, and who received it[135]." This took place in the year +1170, in the sixteenth year of the King's Reign. + + [135] From Brady's History, p. 309, who cites Gervas. Dorob. col. + 1410. + +With regard to this King's _transfretations_, as I have called +them, he was not contented with mere feudal contributions in lieu +of personal service; but, upon a rupture with France, respecting +settlements upon an intended marriage between two Sons of Henry +(Henry, the then eldest, and Richard, the then second Son) with two +Daughters of France; the King commanded all his _Tenants in capite_, +Earls, Barons, and Knights, to attend him in person, properly +prepared with horse and arms, who were to serve a whole year in +Normandy at their own charge[136]. + +To conclude all I have to observe upon the subject of exactions +towards the King's expences in foreign wars, when he passed +_outre-mer_; I can but remark one, which fell not a little heavy on +the subject, imputable indeed to the religious frenzy of the times, +which was occasioned by a joint resolution of _Henry of England_ and +_Philip of France_ to go to the relief of _Jerusalem_, in what is +known by the name of the _Holy War_. These levies were made in the +most oppressive manner; every one who _did not_ go in person being +taxed to the extent of his property real and personal; and this was +not called an _Aid_, a _Subsidy_, or a _Tallage_, but (forsooth!) +an ALMS[137]. It ought not to be forgotten that those who _did_ go, +whether Clerk or Layman, were to have a free pardon of all sins +repented of; and their securities were God, St. Peter, St. Paul, and +the Pope[138]. + + [136] Brady, 330; A. D. 1177. + + [137] Consult Brady, who gives authorities, p. 344. + + [138] Ibid. + + + + +RICHARD I. + + +The following Reign is too full of the business of the Holy War, +with which Richard was, above all men, most infatuated, to afford +much matter for our purpose. Henry had, by the good government and +direction of his revenues, left behind him great treasures; but +these, or ten times as much, would not answer the purpose of his +Successor, who ransacked every corner of his Kingdom for money +to carry on this work of zeal, which had seized all Christendom, +whereby Richard, on the Throne of a great and opulent Kingdom, +thought he saw so fair a prospect of reaping honour and renown. + +Henry left in his treasury at Winchester more than nine hundred +thousand pounds[139], besides jewels, and other valuable +things[140]; but this would go but a very little way towards +recovering Jerusalem, which had been taken, and was now in the +hands of the Saracens. Before the death of Henry, Richard had bound +himself in a vow to Philip of France, to join in this undertaking; +and every one, _ad Regis exemplum_, strove either to go in person, +or to supply money towards the expence of the expedition. Nothing, +however sacred, could withstand Richard, in his schemes to raise +money for this purpose. Most of the Crown lands which Henry had, +with so much prudence and address, but a few years before, recovered +out of private hands, and annexed to the State, were again put +up to public sale, to be purchased by such as were able. Every +expedient was devised, to create a fund for this enterprize; and +among the rest, he obtained of the Pope a power to dispense with +the vows of such who had rashly engaged in the Crusade, by which he +raised very large sums. The Bishop of Norwich paid him 1000 marks, +to be excused. Where he could, he borrowed; and where he could not +borrow, he compelled. The people murmured at his oppression, and +the alienation of the estates of the Crown; but Richard told them, +_he would sell London itself, if he could meet with a purchaser_. +So great, however, was the general infatuation, that he had less +difficulty in raising men than money. The Clergy laboured as +zealously to procure him soldiers, as he himself had been active +in raising subsidies; his army soon became very numerous, and at a +cheap rate, for every officer and private soldier provided himself +with necessaries. One would think the great wealth that Richard had +amassed would have answered all his purposes; but in a few years +after, he had occasion for fresh supplies, to carry on a war with +Philip of France; not to mention the ransom which was paid for his +release, on his being taken prisoner by the Emperor Henry, amounting +to 150,000 marks, which were raised for the occasion by his subjects +in England. Philip of France had so maltreated Richard, by leaguing +himself with his Brother John, and bribing the Emperor to detain +him prisoner, that, as soon as Richard returned home, he could no +longer deny himself the satisfaction of revenge. His Kingdom was +already drained, and little able to furnish out supplies for a war +with France; but Richard was resolved, and money must be had at any +rate, let the means be ever so dishonourable. For this purpose he +revoked all the grants of the Crown lands, which he had made before +his expedition to Palestine. The pretext for this was, that the +purchasers had enjoyed them long enough to re-imburse themselves +out of the profits, and therefore he did them no injury by taking +the lands back again. This was one device; the next was, to avail +himself of the loss of the Great Seal, by ordering a new one to be +made; and obliged all who had commissions under the old one, to +renew them, and have them resealed, by which he must have raised a +considerable sum[141]. + + [139] "Numero et Pondere." Brompton. + + [140] "Praeter Utensilia, et Jocalia, et Lapides pretiosos." Matthew + Paris. + + [141] In passing between Cyprus and Rhodes, in his Expedition to + the Holy War, three of his Ships were lost, and among other persons + that perished was the Vice-Chancellor, who had the Great Seal in his + custody, and was afterwards found with it about his neck. Brompton. + This was the manner in which the Seal was formerly carried by the + Chancellor himself--"_circa_ cujus _Collum suspensum_ Regis Sigillum + postea repertum est," are Brompton's words. + +King Richard I. having no child of either sex, there was not an +opening for demanding the two common _Aids_; but the third, in +the order they are usually placed, _viz._ for the _ransom_ of the +_King's Person_, was exercised for the first time in this Reign. +Other taxations, heavy and enormous, on frivolous and nugatory +occasions, not to our immediate purpose, were copiously extorted +from the subject, and even in a shameful manner[142]. If ever the +Latin adage, "Quicquid delirant Reges," &c. could be properly +applied, it belonged to Richard. + + [142] Sir Richard Baker, p. 73. + +The favourite system of this King was the _Holy-War_, and his +intemperate zeal led to the point before us. Failing in the attempt +to recover Jerusalem from the Saracens, he concluded a truce of +three years with Saladan their King; and, on his return towards +England through Germany, was made prisoner by the Arch-duke of +Austria (upon a pretext that he had killed the Margrave Conrade at +Tyre); who delivered him into the hands of the Emperor, where he +remained a captive full _fifteen months_, till he was ransomed[143]. + + [143] Consult the Monkish Historians. + +The sum demanded for the King's release is generally allowed to have +been 100,000_l._; though some writers reduce it a third part, and +call it 100,000 _marks_; but, let it be either of them, it was, in +those days, a sum not to be raised without the greatest extortion; +and I am justified in saying, it was not done without what, +eventually, almost amounted to _sacrilege_[144]. The church was +ransacked for plate, which was pretended to have been only borrowed +for the moment--but the debt was never repaid. + + [144] Sir Richard Baker reckons this no more than a voluntary + contribution, forgetting that it was one of the established Norman + _Feudal Aids_, though now first brought forward since the Conquest. + + + + +HENRY IV. + + +In the eleventh year of King Henry IV. a certain portion of the +customs in the several ports, of subsidies in several ports, of the +issues of the hamper [now the Hanaper], and of the profers [_sic_] +of escheators and sheriffs, were, by the King's letters patent, +set apart for the expences of his Household. This was done by the +assent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, assembled in the King's +Council[145]. + + [145] Rymer's Foedera, tom. viii. p. 610.--From Madox's MSS. n. + 4486, p. 70. + + + + +EDWARD IV. + + +In the Reign also of King Edward IV. it was usual for the King to +grant to his servants, or ministers, assignments for their salaries, +or debts, upon divers officers who were concerned in receiving +his revenue; _viz._ upon Sheriffs of Counties, Bailiffs, or _Men_ +[forte Mayors] of Towns, Collectors of Customs, Subsidies, &c. +Upon these assignments the Assignees had Patent-Letters, Tallies +of the Exchequer, or Writs of Liberate currant, made forth for +their avail; and, in default of payment, they brought actions of +debt in the Court of Exchequer, upon such Assignments, Tallies, or +Liberates, against the Sheriffs, or other Officers aforesaid; many +instances of which may be seen in the fifth year of King Edward IV. +in the Placita coram Baronibus, 5 Edward IV. in the Rolls of the +Exchequer[146]. + + [146] Madox's MSS. n. 4486, p. 71. + +The King was wont to distribute his revenue in such manner as +he thought fit. He assigned, at his pleasure, part of it to the +expences of his Household, and other parts to the expences of either +civil government or war[147]. + + [147] Idem, p. 69. + +An act done within the verge of the King's Palace was said to be +done in _praesentia Regis_. The party offending was tried in the +Court held in the Palace, before the Steward and Marshal; and +the proceedings there, were styled _Placita Aulae Domini Regis de +Corona_[148]. + + [148] Idem, pp. 22, 23. + + + + +EXTRACTS + +FROM THE + +LIBER NIGER. + + +The Liber Niger Domus Regis Angliae[149] [_i. e._ Edward IV.] +contains Orders for his said Majesty's Household, anno 1478; and +relates to the following Officers: + + A Chamberlain. + Bannerets, or Bachelor Knights, to be Carvers and Cup-bearers (four). + Knights of Household (twelve) to do the Office of Ewerers. + A Secretary. + Chaplains (four). + Esquires for the Body (four). + A Sewer for the King. + Surveyor for the King, _i. e._ of the Dresser. + Wardrobe. + Gentlemen Ushers of Chamber (four). + Yeomen of the Crown (twenty-four). + Yeomen of Chamber (four). + Wardrobe of Robes. + Wardrobe of Beds. + Grooms of Chamber (ten). + Pages of Chamber (four). + Jewel-house. + Doctor of Physic. + Master Surgeon. + Apothecary. + Barber. + Henxmen. Six Infants. + Master of the Henchmen. + Squires of Household. + Kings of Arms, Heralds, and Pursuivants. + Serjeants at Arms (four). + Minstrels (thirteen). + + A Wayte. N. B. This Yeoman (for such was his rank) waiteth (_i. + e._ playeth; I suppose) at the making of Knights of the Bath, + watching upon them by night-time in the Chapel. Wherefore he + hath of fee all the watching cloathing that the Knights should + wear upon [them.] + + Messagers (four). + Dean of the Chapel. + + Chaplains, and Clerks of the Chapel (twenty-six). + Yeomen of the Chapel (two). + Children of the Chapel (eight). + Clerk of the Closet. + Master of Grammar, to teach the Henxmen and Children of the Chapel. + Office of Vestiary, _i. e._ Vestry. + Clerk of Crown in Chancery. + Clerk of the Market. + Clerk of the Works. + Marriage of Wards. + Steward of Household. + Treasurer of Household. + Controller of Household. + Cofferer. + Clerks of Green Cloth. + + [149] Harleian MSS. in the British Museum, N^o 369, corrected by N^o + 642. + + +EXTRACTS FROM THE LIBER NIGER. + +KNIGHTS AND ESQUIRES OF THE BODY. + +Item, that all Knights for the Body, Cup-Bearers, and Knight +Carvers, Squires for the Body, &c. be put to their attendance, +and a book thereof delivered from the King's Highness into the +compting-house, for a quarter of a year; the quarters to begin at +October, January, April, and July. + +Among the provisions, it is said + +_Knights of the Body_, Carvers, and Cup-Bearers, [may have] every +of them, _two_ Yeomen sitting in the hall; and for their livery +at night, _one_ loaf and _an half_, and _a_ gallon of ale; _one_ +talshed and an _half_, and _three_ sizes of white lights[150]. + + [150] By white lights I understand tallow candles, they being so + distinguished from wax in other places: which last, I presume, at + that time were yellow. + + +GENTLEMAN USHER. + +Item, that the Marshall, ne Usher of the Chamber, send his _rod_ by +any mean person or persons, to pantry, buttery, or cellar, spicery, +chaundry, or any other office; but go in his own person. But if he +be occupied, so that he may not, then he send such one with his +_rod_, as he will answer for on the morrow, and also that he will +breve for, upon pain of six days wages. + +Item, that weekly there be warned and appointed by the Huishiers +[Ushers] of the Chamber, [those] who shall attend and serve the +King for the week next following, that is to say, Carvers, Sewers, +Cup-Bearers, _Squires for the Bod_y, and others. + +Item, that every Lord, Knight, and Esquire, as well _Squire for the +Body_, as other within the Household, wear daily a collar of the +King's livery about their _nekket_ (sic) as to them appertaineth, +and that none of the said Squires fail hereof, upon pain of losing a +week's wages. + +Item, that the liveries for _All-night_, for the King and Queen be +set by day-light, from Candlemas to Michaelmas; and in the winter +time, to eight of the clock at farthest. + +Item, after the King and Queen's liveries delivered as aforesaid, no +officer abide in his office, nor resort unto his said office after +his departing, without a special commandment of the King or of the +Queen; or else by special token from the Steward of the Household, +or from the King or Queen's Chamberlains. + +Punishment for neglect of Duty. + +For the first offence, the party to be warned to amend. + +For the second offence, imprisonment at the discretion of his +Superior. + +And for the third offence, a discharge from his office[151]. + + [151] In the time of Henry the Eighth (as in some cases in these + Orders) they used stoppages of wages in lieu of imprisonment. This + was called _checquing_. Hence, I apprehend, the office of a Clerk of + the Cheque. + + +GREAT CHAMBERLAIN OF ENGLAND, + +cometh to this Court at the six principal feasts of the year; +takes such livery and service after the estate he is of; and for +his winter and summer robes, for the feasts of Christmas and +Whitsuntide, to be taken of the counting-house by even portions, ten +pounds thirteen shillings and four pence; and for his fee of the +King's Household, at the two terms of Easter and Michaelmas, by even +portions, twenty marks in the counting-house. + + +KNIGHTS OF HOUSEHOLD[152]. + + [152] Of this Office, and that of the Esquires of the Body, see Mr. + Pegge's Curialia, Part I. + +Twelve Bachelors, sufficient and most valiant men of that order, of +every Country, and more in number if it please the King, whereof +_four_ to be continually abiding and attending upon the King's +Person in Court, beside the Carvers abovesaid, for to serve the King +of his bason, or such other service as they may do the King, in +absence of the Carvers, sitting in the King's Chamber and Hall with +persons of like service; every of them have eating in the hall one +Yeoman, and taking for his chamber, at noon and night, one loaf, one +quart of wine, one gallon of ale, one pitcher of wine, one candle +wax, two candles pis, one tallwood and an half, for winter livery, +from All-Hallowen-tide till Easter: rushes and litter all the year, +of the Serjeant Usher, and for keeping of their stuff and Chamber, +and to purvey for their stuff. Also at their livery in the Country, +amongst them all, four Yeomen, after time eight of these Knights be +departed from Court, and the four Yeomen to eat daily in the hall +with Chamberlains, till their said Masters come again; so that the +number of Knights' servants be not increased when their Masters be +present. Every Knight shall have into this Court resorting, _three_ +persons, Waiters; the remanent of their servants to be at their +livery in the Country, within seven miles to [of] the King, by the +Herbergers sufficiently lodged; and, if it may be, _two_ Knights +together. Also they pay, in this Court, for the carriage of their +own stuff. And if a Knight take clothing, it is by warrant made to +the King's Wardrober, and not of the Treasurer of Household. Some +time Knights took a fee here yearly, of _ten_ marks, and clothing; +but because[153] their clothing is not according for the King's +Knights, therefore it was left. + + [153] N^o 369 reads _Ray_ Clothing. + +Item, if he be sick, or specially let blood, or clystered, then he +taketh livery, _four_ loaves, _two_ mess of great meat and roast, +half a pitcher of wine, _two_ gallons of ale. This letting blood, +or clystering, is to avoid pestilence; and therefore the people +take livery out of the Court, and not for every sickness in man +continuing in this Court. + + +ESQUIRES FOR THE BODY. + +_Four_ Noble, of condition, whereof always two be attendant on +the King's person, to array him, and unarray him; watch day and +night; and to dress him in his cloaths. And they be callers to the +Chamberlaine, if any thing lack for his person or pleasance. Their +business is in many _secrets_, some sitting in the King's chamber, +some in the hall with persons of like service, which is called +_Knight's service_. Taking, every of them, for his livery at night, +half a chet loaf, one quart of wine, one gallon of ale; and for +winter livery, from All-Hallowtide till Easter, one _percher_ wax, +one candle wax, two candles pric.[154] one talshide and an half, +and wages in the compting-house. If he be present in the Court +daily, seven-pence halfpenny; and cloathing with the Household, +winter and summer, or else forty shillings, besides his other fee +of the Jewel-house, or of the Treasurer of England; and besides +his watching cloathing of Chamber of the King's Wardrobe. He hath, +abiding in this Court, but two servants; livery sufficient for his +horses in the country, by the Herberger. And if any Esquire be +let blood, or else fore-watched, he shall have like livery with +Knights. Litter and rushes all the year, of the Serjeant Usher of +the Hall and Chamber. Oftentimes these stand instead of Carvers and +Cup-bearers. + + [154] Forte _Prickets_. + + * * * * * + +_In the "Statutes of Eltham."_ + +Esquires of the Body, every of them, to have ordinary within the +Court _four_ persons, of the which to have sitting in the Hall two +persons, and the residue _ut supra_ [_i. e._ to have no meat or +drink within the House, but to be at board wages in the town]; and +for their bouche of Court, every of them to have for their livery at +night, one chet loaf, half a pitcher of wine, and one gallon of ale, +one size wax, three white lights, two talsheds, and two faggots. + +In the appointment of Herbagage be ordinary for all Noble Estates, +and others, for stabling of their horses, and beds for their +servants, appointed by the King's Highness, at his Manor of Eltham, +the 19th of January, in the 17th year of his Noble Reign. + +It is appointed to Knights for the Body, and other Knights, _six_ +horses and _two_ beds. + +To every Esquire for the Body, _five_ horses and two beds. + +[N. B. Every Gentleman Usher of the Privy Chamber, whereof six, +_six_ horses and _two_ beds. + +Every Groom of the Privy Chamber, _two_ horses and _two_ beds. + +Every Gentleman Usher Daily Waiter, _three_ horses and _one_ bed. + +Every Gentleman Usher of the Privy Chamber, _four_ horses and _one_ +bed[155].] + + [155] _Sic_: but query if not Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber; they + not being otherwise mentioned in either copy. + +For the good order of the King's Chamber, it is said, the Pages +of the King's Chamber must daily arise at _seven_ o'clock, or soon +after, and make a fire; and warn the Esquires of the Body of that +hour, to the intent they may then arise, so as they may be ready, +and the King's Chamber dressed in every thing as appertaineth, by +_eight_ of the clock at the farthest. + +Item, that none of the servants of the said Esquires come within +the Pallet Chamber; but be attendant at the door, as well at night +as in the morning, with such gear as their Masters shall wear. And +the said Pages, at the request of the said Esquires, to fetch in, +and bear out, their night-gear, and all other their apparel, and +likewise to make them ready, both at night and in the morning. + +Item, that, if the Esquires for the Body do not arise at the warning +of the Pages, so as the King's Chamber may be ready and dressed by +the hour afore limited; that then immediately the Pages are to shew +the same to the Lord Chamberlain. + +[In the appointment of Lodgings, is a chamber for the _six_ +Gentlemen _and_ Ushers of the Privy Chamber, to sup in; which +explains the above article.] + +The Esquires for the Body, mentioned to have been at Eltham at that +time, were, Sir Arthur Poole, Sir Edward Baynton, Sir Humphrey +Forster, and [Mr.] Francis Pointz. + + * * * * * + +In the New Book of the King's Household of Edward IV. anno 1478: + +Six Knights and five Squires appear to have been on duty for eight +weeks from the last day of October, at the end of which they were +relieved by _five_ Knights and four Esquires. Sir Roger Ray, being +Vice Chamberlain, was in both lists; for it is said afterwards, +"We will that Sir Roger Ray, Deputy to my Lord Chamberlain, two +Gentlemen Ushers, and two Yeomen Ushers, at least, be always +attending upon us." + + +YEOMEN OF THE CROWN[156]. + + [156] See the "Curialia," Part III. + +Twenty-four most seemly persons, cleanly and strongest Archers, +honest of conditions, and of behaviour, bold men chosen and tried +out of every Lord's house in England for their cunning and virtue +thereof. One to be Yeoman of the Robes, another to be Yeoman of +the Wardrobe of Beds in Household. These two, in certainty, eat in +the King's Chamber daily. Other two be Yeomen Ushers of Chamber, +eating there also. Another to be Yeoman of the Stole, if it please +the King. Another to be Yeoman of the Armory. Another to be Yeoman +of the Bows for the King. Another Yeoman to keep the King's Books. +Another to keep his Dogs for the Bow. And, except the first four +persons, the remnant may to the Hall, as the Usher, &c. or another +to keep his best; and thus they may be put to business. Also +it accordeth that they be chosen men of manhood, shooting, and +specially of virtuous conditions. In the King's Chamber be daily +sitting four messes of Yeomen; and all the remnant eating in the +Hall, sitting together above, joining to the Yeomen of Household; +except at the five Great Feasts of the year, then as many Yeomen of +Crown and Chamber as may sit in the King's Chamber shall be served +there during the Feast; and every of them present in Court, hath +daily allowed in the counting-house _three-pence_, and cloathing +for winter and summer, and ... yearly, or else eighteen shillings, +beside their watching cloathing of the King's Wardrobe. And if +any of them be sent out by the King's Chamberlain, then he taketh +his wages of the Jewel-house, and vacat in the Cheque Roll till +he be seen in Court again. Also lodging in the town, or in the +country, sufficient for their horses, as nigh together as the +Herbiger of Household may dispose; and always two Yeomen of Crown +to have an honest servant in to [the] Court, in the Noble Edward's +Statutes. And these were called "The Twenty-four Archers de pie +courants entierement devant le Roy par pairs pour Gard [de] Corps +du Roy[157]." These were called the King's Watchment. At this [or +rather that] day, a Yeoman took but ten shillings for his gown, and +four shillings and eight pence for his hosen and shoone. They have +nothing else with the Household _sans_ carriage of their beds, two +men together, by deliverance or assignment for that carriage of +the Controllers, and litter for their beds of the Serjeant Usher +of the Hall and Chamber. And if any of them be sick, or let blood, +he taketh for all day a cast of bread, one mess of great meat, one +gallon of ale; and if it be of great sickness, he must remove out of +the Court. + + [157] Sic lego. + +Also, when they make watch nightly, they should be gird with their +swords, or with other weapons ready, and harness about them. + + +A BARBER FOR THE KING'S MOST HIGH AND DREAD PERSON. + +To be taking in this Court after that he standeth in degree, +Gentleman, Yeoman, or Groom. It hath been much accustomed to one or +two well-known Officers of the Ewry in Household, such as been for +the month, Serjeant, or other. Also we find how this hath been used +among ... by a well-betrusted Yeoman of Chamber, for lack of cunning +of these other men. It is accustomed that a Knight of Chamber, or +else Squire for the Body, or both, be present every time when the +King will be shaven. + +This Barber shall have every Saturday at night, if it please the +King to cleanse his head, legs, or feet, and for his shaving, two +loaves, one pitcher of wine; and the Ushers of Chamber ought to +testify this, if this be necessary dispended or no. + +Also, this Barber taketh his shaving cloths, basons, and all his +other towels[158], and things necessary, by the Chamberlain's +assignment, of the Jewel-house; no fees of plate or silver, but +it be in his instrumental tools used by occupation, and that by +allowance of the King's Chamberlain. + + [158] _Tools_ in No. 642, in Bib. Harl. + + +HENXMEN. + +Six infants, or more, as it shall please the King, all these +eating in the Hall, and sitting at one board together; and to be +served two or three to a mess, as the Sovereigns appoint; taking +daily for their breakfasts, amongst them all, two loaves, a mess +of great meat, a gallon of ale. Also, for their supper in fasting +days, according to their age, and livery nightly for them all to +their chamber, one loaf, one gallon of ale; and for winter livery, +two candles wax, four candles p'is, three talsheds, for them all. +Rushes and litter all the year, of the Serjeant Usher of the Hall +and Chamber. And if these Gentlemen, or any of them, be Wards; then, +after their births and degrees, the Steward and Treasurer, with +the Chamberlain, may appoint the service more large in favour by +their discretions, when as often as them needeth, till the King's +Grace hath given or sold[159] their lands and wards. And all their +competent harness to be carried, and beddings. Two lodged together +at the King's carriage, by oversight of the Comptroller; and every +of them an honest servant to keep their chamber and harness, and to +array him in this Court whilst their Masters be present in Court; or +else to allow here no chamber dokyns, &c. And all other findings for +their beds they take of the King's Wardrobe, by suit of the Master +of Henxmen, made to the King's Chamberlain for warrants. + + [159] _i. e._ granted them during non-age. + + +MASTER OF HENXMEN. + +To shew the schools of urbanity and nurture of England; to learn +them to ride cleanly and surely; to draw them also to justs; to +learn them wear their harness; to have all courtesy in words, deeds, +and degrees; diligently to keep them in rules of goings and sittings +after they be of honour. Moreover to teach them sundry languages, +and other learnings virtuous; to harping, to pipe, sing, and dance, +with other honest and temperate behaving and patience; and to +keep daily and weekly with these children due [discipline], with +corrections in their chambers, according to such gentlemen; and each +of them to be used to that thing of virtue that he shall be most +apt to learn, with remembrance daily of God's service accustomed. +This Master sitteth in the Hall next unto beneath these Henxmen, +at the same board; to have his respects unto their demeanings, +how mannerly they eat and drink; and to their communication, and +other forms curial, after the book of urbanity. He taketh daily, if +he be present in Court, wages, cloathing, and other liveries, as +other Esquires of Household, save he is not charged with serving +of the Hall. Carriage also for harness in Court competent by the +Comptroller to be with the Henxmen his harness in Court; and to have +into this Court one servant, whilst he is present; and sufficient +liveries for his horses, in the town or country, by the Herberger. +And if he be sick in Court, or let blood, he taketh two loaves, two +mess of great meat, one gallon ternoise[160]. And for the fees that +he claimeth among the Henxmen of all their apparel, the Chamberlain +is the judge. + + [160] Forte _Tournois_. + + +SQUIRES OF HOUSEHOLD. + +Forty, or more, if it please the King, by the advice of his High +Council, to be chosen men of their profession, worship, and wisdom; +also to be of sundry Shires, by whom it may be known the disposition +of the Countries. And of these, to be continually in this Court +Twenty Squires attendant upon the King's Person, in riding and going +at all times, and to help serve his table from the Surveying-board, +and from other places, as the Assewar will assign.--Also, by their +common assent, to assign amongst themselves some to serve the King's +Chamber, at one day, week, or time, some to serve the Hall at +another time, of every mess that cometh from the dressing-board to +their hands for such service, so that thereof be nothing withdrawn +by the Squires, upon such pain as Steward, Treasurer, or Controller, +or in their absence other Judges at the counting-board, will award, +after their demerits.--They eat in the hall, sitting together at +any of the both meals as they serve, some the first meal, some the +latter, by assent. This hath be [been] always the manner amongst +them for honour [and] profit to the King.--It may be, that the King +taketh into Household in all Sixty Squires, and yet, amongst them +all, Twenty take not the whole wages _of the year_ [sic]; wherefore +the number of persons may be received and suffered the better in +the checque-roll for a worship, and the King's profit saved, and +ease to them self.--Every of them taketh for his livery at night, +half a gallon of ale; and for winter season, each of them taketh two +candles parris, one faggot, or else half talwode. + +When any of them is present in Court, he is allowed for daily wages, +in the checque roll, seven-pence halfpenny, and clothing winter and +summer; or else forty shillings. It hath ever been in special charge +to Squires in this Court, to wear the King's Livery customably, +for the more glory, and in worship of this honourable Household: +and every of them to have in to this Court an honest servant, and +sufficient livery in the towns or countries for their horses, and +other servants, by the herberger. Two Gentlemen lodged together, and +they be coupled bed-fellows by the Gentlemen Ushers.--And if any +of them be let blood or sick in Court, or nigh, thereto, he taketh +livery in eating days, two loaves, two mess of great meat, one +gallon of ale, for all day, and litter all the year of the Serjeant +Usher of the hall for their beds in Court.--And if any of these +Squires be sent out of Court, by Steward, Treasurer, or Controller, +or other of the counting-house, for matter touching the Household, +then he hath daily allowed him twelve pence by petition. Also they +pay for their carriage of harness in Court. They take no part of +the general gifts, neither with chamber nor with hall, but if the +giver give them specially a part by express name or words. None of +these should depart from Court but by licence of Steward, Treasurer, +or Sovereigns of the Counting-house, that know how the King is +accompanied best: and to take a day when they should come again, +upon pain of loss of wages at his next coming.--That no Serjeant +of Office, nor Squire, nor Yeoman, nor Groom, but as be appointed +in this Book, to dine or sup out of Hall and King's Chamber, nor to +withdraw any service, or else to hurt or little the almesse [alms] +of Hall or Chamber, upon such pain as the Sovereigns of Household +will award by the Statutes of Noble Edward III. "In none office, &c." + +It hath been often, in days before, commanded by the Counting-house, +that in ferial days, after that the King and Queen, and their +Chambers, and the Sovereigns of Household in the Hall, be served, +that then such honest Yeomen of Household be called or assigned to +serve from the dresser to the hall the remnant, specially such as +bear wages, that, if any service be withdrawn by them, that then +they to be corrected therefor. + +These Squires of Household, of old, be accustomed, winter and +summer, in afternoons and in evenings, to draw to Lord's Chambers +within Court, there to keep honest company, after their cunning, in +talking of chronicles of Kings, and of other policies, or in piping +or harping, songings, or other acts marriables[161]; to help to +occupy the Court, and accompany strangers, till the time require of +departing. + + [161] Sic. + +"Item, that daily there awaite twenty-four Squires to serve the King +and Queen, of whom _twelve_ to serve at the first dinner, and to +dine at the second; and the twelve sitting at the first dinner, to +serve the second dinner, and there to awaite to serve the King and +Queen[162]." + +Dom. Regis Angliae. The Esquires--"oftentimes these stand instead of +Carvers and Cup-Bearers[162]." + + [162] Harleian MSS. 642, p. 177.--Rigid Orders regarding Offenders, + p. 97. b. + + +KINGS OF ARMS, HERALDS, AND PURSUIVANTS. + +Coming into this Royal Court to the worship of these five Feasts in +the year, sitting at meats and suppers in the Hall, and to begin +that one end of the table together, upon days of estate, by the +Marshall's assignation, at one meal. And if the King keep estate, +by the Marshall's assignation, in the Hall, then these walk before +the Steward, Treasurer, and Comptroller, coming with the King's +Surveyor[163] from the surveying-board at every course. And, after +the last course, they cry the King's largesse, shaking their great +cup. They take their largesse of the Jewel-house; and during these +Festival-days they wait upon the King's Person coming and going +to and from the Church, Hall, and Chamber, before his Highness, +in their coats of arms. They take neither wages, cloathing, nor +fees, by the Compting-house; but livery for their chamber, day and +night, amongst them two loaves, a pitcher of wine, two gallons of +ale; and for winter season, if there be present a King of Arms, for +them all, one tortays at chandry, two candles wax, three candles +p'is, three talsheds. These Kings of Arms are served in the Hall +as Knights, service and livery for their horses nigh the Court, by +the Herberger.--Alway remembered, that the cup which the King doth +create any King of Arms or Herald withal, it standeth in the charge +of the Jewel-house, and not upon the Treasurer of Household. + + [163] Rectius, No. 642 reads _Service_. + +The fees that they shall take at the making of Knights of the Bath, +it appeareth next after the chapter of Squires. + + +SERJEANTS OF ARMS[164]. + + [164] See the "Curialia," Part V. + +Four chosen proved men, of haviour and condition, for the King and +his Honourable Household; whereof two alway to be attending upon the +King's Person and Chamber; and to avoid the press of people before +where as the King shall come: in like wise at the conveyance of his +meat at every course from the surveying board; also observing for +[of] the King's commandments, and so after the Steward, Chamberlain, +Treasurer, and Controller, for the King, or for his Household. They +eat in the Hall, together or with Squires of Household, taking their +wages of twelve-pence by [the] day, or four-pence, as it pleaseth +the King, after their abilities, by letters patents; and clothing +also, to be taken of the issue and profit growing to the King in +divers counties of England, by the hands of the receivers of them. +No more having in Household; but every of them, when he is present +in Court, at night, a gallon of ale; and for winter livery, one +candle wax, two candles p'is, one talshed; rushes [and] litter for +their chamber of the Serjeant Usher all the year. They pay for the +carriage of their proper harness and bedding; and every of them to +have in to this Court, one honest servant. By the Statutes of the +Noble Edward, were thirty Serjeants of Arms, sufficiently armed and +horsed, riding before his Highness when he journeyed by the country +for a Garde de Corps du Roi. And if any of these be sick, or be +let blood, he taketh daily two loaves, two messes of great meat, +one gallon of ale, and thus to be brevied in the Pantry-Roll. Also +sufficient lodging assigned these Serjeants together, not far from +Court, for hasty errands [when] they fall. + + +MINSTRELS. + +Thirteen; whereof one is Verger, that directeth them all in festival +days to their stations, to blowings and pipings to such offices +as must be warned to prepare for the King and his Household, at +meats and suppers, to be the more ready in all services; and all +these sitting in the Hall together, whereof some use trumpets, some +shalmuse[165] and small pipes, and some are strange-men coming to +this Court at five feasts of the year; and then to take their wages +of Household after four-pence halfpenny a day, if they be present +in Court; and then they to avoid the next day after the feasts be +done. Besides each of them another reward yearly, taking [taken] +of the King, in the Receipt of the Chequer, and cloathing with the +Household, winter and summer, or twenty shillings a-piece, and +livery in Court at even--amongst them all four gallons of ale; and +for winter season, three candles wax, six candles p'is, four tallow +candles, and sufficient lodging, by the Herbergers for them and +their horses in the Court. Also having in the Court two servants, +honest, to bear the trumpets, pipes, and other instruments; and a +torch for winter nights, whilst they blow to suppers, and other +revels at Chaundry. And always two of these persons to continue +in Court in wages, being present to warn at the King's ridings, +when he goeth to horseback, as oft as it shall require. And by +their blowings the Household-men may follow in the countries. And +if any of these two Minstrels be sick in Court, he taketh two +loaves, a mess of great meat, a gallon of ale. They have part of +any rewards given to the Household. And if it please the King to +have two strange Minstrels to continue in like wise. The King woll +not for his worship that his Minstrels be too presumptuous, nor too +familiar, to ask any rewards of the Lords of his land, remembering +"De Henrico Secundo Imperatore, qui omnes Joculatores suos et ... +monuerit ut nullus eorum in ejus nomine, vel dummodo steterunt in +servicio suo, nihil ab aliquo in regno suo deberent petere donandum, +scilicet, quod ipsi Domini donatores pro Regis amore citius +pauperibus erogarent." + + [165] Shawms. + + +A WAYTE. + +That nightly, from Michaelmas till Shere-Thursday[166], pipeth the +watch within this Court _four_ times, and in summer nights _three_ +times, and he to make _bon Gayte_, and every chamber-door and +office, as well for fire as for other pikers, or pellys[167]. He +eateth in the Hall with the Minstrels, and taketh livery at night, +half a paine, half a gallon of ale; and for summer nights, _two_ +candles p'is, half a bushel of coals; and for winter nights, half +a loaf, half a gallon of ale, four candles p'is, half a bushel of +coals; and daily, if he be present in Court, by the Cheque Roll, +_four-pence halfpenny_, or _three pence_, by the discretion of +Steward and Treasurer, and after the cunning that he can, and good +deserving. Also cloathing with the Household Yeomen, or Minstrels, +according to the wages that he taketh. And if he be sick, or let +blood, he taketh _two_ loaves, half a mess of great meat, [and] +one gallon of ale. Also he partaketh with the general gifts of +Household, and hath his bedding carried, and his grooms together, by +the Controller's assignment. And under this Yeoman, _a Groom Wayte_; +if he can excuse the Yeoman in his Office, and absence, then he +taketh reward and cloathing, meet rewards, and other things, like to +the other _Grooms_ of Household. Also this _Yeoman_ wayteth at the +makings of _Knights_ of the Bath, watching by night-time upon them +in the chapel; wherefore he hath of fee all the watching cloathing +that the Knights do wear upon [them]. + + [166] _i. e._ Maunday Thursday. + + [167] Perhaps Perils. + + +CLERK OF THE CROWN IN CHANCERY. + +This Officer was anciently one of the Chancellor's Family[168]. + + [168] Lex Parliamentaria. + +Formerly accompanied the Masters in Chancery in carrying Bills to +the Lower House[169]. + + [169] Ibid. p. 195. + +Reads the Titles of Bills in the House of Lords[170]. + + [170] Ibid. 197. + +Sir George Copping was Clerk of the Crown, anno 1 Jac. I.[171] + + [171] Ibid. 301. + +The fee of the Clerk of the Crown, in the Reign of Queen Elizabeth, +was 20_l._[172] + + [172] See Peck's Desiderata Curiosa, vol. i. p. 51. + + + + +SUPPORTERS, + +CRESTS, AND COGNIZANCES, + +OF THE + +KINGS OF ENGLAND. + + +RICHARD II. + +Was the first who bore his Escocheon supported; _viz._ by Two +_Angels_. + +_Cognizances._--A White Hart couchant, gorged with a Gold Chain and +Coronet, under a Tree; derived from the Princess Joan his Mother. + +Also a Peascod Branch, with the Pods open, but the Peas out. + + +HENRY IV. + +Dexter, a _Swan_. Sinister, an _Antelope_. + +_Cognizance._--A Fox's Tail dependant. + + +HENRY V. + +Two _Swans_, when Prince of Wales, holding in their beaks an +Ostrich-feather and a Scroll; when King, a _Lion_ and an _Antelope_. + +N. B. He first bore three Fleurs de Lis, instead of the Semee; and +wrote himself King of _England_ and _France_, whereas those before +him wrote _France_ and _England_. + + +HENRY VI. + +Two Antelopes, Argent, attired, accolled with Coronets, and chained +Or. + +_Cognizance._--Two Feathers in Saltire. + + +EDWARD IV. + +A _Lion_ for Marche; and a _Bull_ for Clare. + +_Two Lions_, Argent. + +The _Lion_ and the _White Hart_ of Richard II. + +_Cognizances._--The _White Rose_. + +The _Fetter-Lock_. + +The _Sun_ after the Battle of Mortimer's Cross, when three _Suns_ +were seen, which immediately conjoined. + +The Rose is in the centre. + + +EDWARD V. + +The _Lion_ and a _Hinde_, Argent. + +_Cognizance._--The Rose and the Falcon in a Fetter-Lock. + + +RICHARD III. + +Two _Boars_. + +A White Boar. + + "The Cat, the Rat, and Lovel the Dog, + Rule all England under the _Hog_." + +_i. e._ Sir William Catesby, Sir Richard Ratcliff, and Lord Lovel, +creatures of King Richard. One Collingborne was executed for this +poetry[173]. + + [173] Leigh's Choice Observations. + +_Cognizance._--The Rose. + + +HENRY VII. + +_Red Dragon_ (for Cadwallader), Dexter. + +A _Greyhound_, Argent, accolled Gules, Sinister, for Nevile. + +_Cognizances._--The _White Rose_ united to the _Red_. + +A Portcullis for Beaufort. + +A Hawthorn Bush with the Crown in it. + +Richard's Crown was found in a Hawthorn Bush after the Battle of +Bosworth[174]. + + [174] Leigh's Choice Observations, p. 151. + + +HENRY VIII. + +The _Red Dragon_ and _Greyhound_. + +Afterwards, the _Lion_ Dexter; the _Dragon_ Sinister. + +_Cognizances._--A Red Rose. + +A Fleur de Lis. + +A Portcullis. + +An Archer (Green) drawing his Arrow to the Head; with "Cui adhaereo +praeest." taken at the interview between him and Francis I. + + +EDWARD VI. + +The Lion and Red Dragon. + +_Cognizance._--He bore the device of Prince of Wales, though never +created. + + +QUEEN MARY. + +An Eagle and Lion.--These are the Supporters in the Coat of +Philip and Mary, impaled, over the chimney in the Hall of Trinity +College, Oxford, as of the year 1554, put up 1772, when Lord North, +afterwards Earl of Guilford, became Chancellor[175]. + + [175] Churchill, in his Divi Britannici, gives a Lion and a Griffin. + +_Cognizance._--When Princess, the White and Red Rose for York and +Lancaster, with a Pomegranate for Spain.--When Queen, Time winged, +drawing Truth out of a Pit; with "Veritas Temporis Filia." + + +_Queen Elizabeth._ + +A Lion and Red Dragon. + +_Cognizance._--A Sieve, without a motto. + +The words Video; Taceo. Semper Eadem[176]. + + [176] Vide Camden's Remains. + + +JAMES I. + +The Lion (for England), and the Unicorn (for Scotland). + +_Cognizances._--A Rose; a Fleur de Lis; a Harp (for Ireland); a +Greyhound current. + + + + +REGAL TITLES. + + +"HIS MOST CHRISTIAN MAJESTY THE KING OF FRANCE." + +Stowe says that Charlemagne, being chosen Emperor, A.D. 800, on +account of his great zeal for the good of Christendom, was the first +King of France that attributed to himself (I rather think received +from the Pope) the Style and Title of _The Most Christian King of +France_; and from him his Successors have continued it[177]. + + [177] Chronicle, p. 693. + + +HIS SACRED MAJESTY THE KING OF GREAT BRITAIN. + +First given to (or rather assumed by) King James I.[178]--GRACE was +the old Title.--MAJESTY succeeded to it at the latter end of the +Reign of Henry VIII.[179] + + [178] Mortimer's Dictionary, in voce _Sacred_. + + [179] Mortimer's Dictionary. + + +HIS CATHOLIC MAJESTY. + +(SPAIN.) + +About the year 1493, Pope Alexander VI. gave to Ferdinand, King of +Spain, the Title of _Catholick King_, in memory and acknowledgment +of the many Victories he had obtained over the Moors[180]. + + [180] Platina. + + + + +ON THE + +VIRTUES + +OF + +The Royal Touch. + + +KINGS OF ENGLAND. + +As the following subject, which has exercised the faith and +incredulity of mankind for so many ages, comes before me in the +light of a religious ceremonial, I shall not attempt to defend or +depreciate the validity of this gift; though it may be necessary to +observe some circumstances as they occur, which may point different +ways. Well-attested instances of the effect of this power of healing +may be produced; though other examples are too ludicrous and futile +to attract serious attention. We may, however, in these enlightened +and unsuperstitious times, speak freely on a subject, which for +many years, I may say centuries, absorbed the faith of whole +Nations; _viz._ the Cure of the King's Evil by the Royal Touch. As +Mr. Addison, in the quality of The Spectator, professed a modest +veneration for a couple of sticks, if concealed under petticoats; +so am I loyally and religiously induced to "honour the King," as a +part of our excellent Constitution: but why Kings should have in +themselves a preternatural gift above other men, by healing the most +stubborn of all diseases, exceeds my comprehension. Every body is, +at this time, I dare believe, of the same opinion; and this foolish +affectation of a divine inherent power has wisely been laid aside, +ever since the accession of the House of Hanover. + +If Kings really possessed such an uncommon, such a wonderful gift, +why has it been taken away? The same legal rights remain in the +Royal Person now that have adhered to it for ages--while this +Divine Prerogative has fallen away; or rather let us say, that the +incredulity of the world has increased. + +The cases brought forward by the advocates for this Gift are +exceedingly strong and well attested; but yet there is something +so palpably absurd in the mere supposition, that the evidence, +when brought forward, will be found to destroy itself on a +cross-examination. + +As to the subject, and all its wonderful consequences, I have just +as much faith as I have in the two following circumstances: + +Lord Bolingbroke tells us, from Bodin, Amyot, and other writers, +that Ferdinand King of Spain, and Alphonsus King of Naples, +were cured of desperate distempers by reading Livy and Quintus +Curtius[181]. Again, there was such astonishing virtue in Quintus +Curtius, that we are further told, Alphonsus IX. King of Spain[182] +was healed by reading his works, after having in vain read the Bible +throughout fourteen times[183]. _Credat qui vult._ And yet I +could as soon subscribe to these, as to the cures performed by the +Royal Touch. + + [181] Bolingbroke, on the Study of History, p. 22. + + [182] Obiit 1214. Query if not the same as Alphonsus above? + + [183] Warton's History of English Poetry, p. 133. + +Anciently there was great reputed sanative virtue in a seventh +son; and he was looked upon as a heaven-born Doctor, and those +his medical abilities were reverenced for that reason only by the +common people. So far the Doctor would be safe, and might kill with +impunity; but it was a crime to heal. + +Thus I have a case before me in the Reign of King Charles I. where +a poor unfortunate man, who was the seventh son of a seventh +son, and never killed any body (for he was a gardener, and not a +physician), was severely treated, because he pretended to have in +him the faculty of healing several disorders, and especially the +King's Evil, by the Touch or stroking of his hand. This man was +imprudent enough to depreciate the Royal Touch; otherwise, at that +time, he might have obtained a comfortable subsistence from his +credulous patients; but that unfortunate intrenchment on the Royal +Prerogative drew down upon him the double vengeance of the Court of +Star-Chamber, and of the College of Physicians; which last, in the +most courtly manner, denounced him to be an impostor[184]. _Delenda +est Carthago._ It was highly necessary for the reputation of the +Royal pretensions that this man should be proscribed. + + [184] See the story at large in Granger, from Dr. Charles Goodall's + Works. + +The next person who appears to have usurped this Gift was Mr. +Valentine Greatrackes, a gentleman of Ireland, who first practised +his art of healing by the Touch in his own country; and afterwards +came into England, where, at first, he obtained great reputation, +which fell off by degrees, so that there was no occasion for any +violent measures to prevent his intrenching on the Royal Prerogative. + +This gentleman wrote an account of his several cures, in a Letter to +the Honourable Robert Boyle, which was printed in 1668. Whether Mr. +Boyle was a believer I know not; but it was at a time when the King +practised, so that he might think it prudent to conceal his real +sentiments. + +How far imagination will operate in such cases, as the old women, +even of this age, contend it does in Agues, is a question not for me +to discuss; but it tempts me to transcribe the following story, as +given by Mr. Granger, vol. IV. p. 32. + +"I was myself a witness of the powerful workings of imagination in +the populace, when the waters of Glastonbury were at the height of +their reputation. The virtues of the spring there were supposed to +be supernatural, and to have been discovered by a revelation made in +a dream to one Matthew Chancellor. The people did not only expect +to be cured of such distempers as were in their nature incurable, +but even to recover their lost eyes, and their mutilated limbs. +The following story, which scarce exceeds what I observed upon the +spot, was told me by a gentleman of character. 'An old woman in the +workhouse at Yeovil, who had long been a cripple, and made use of +crutches, was strongly inclined to drink of the Glastonbury waters, +which she was assured would cure her of her lameness. The master of +the workhouse procured her several bottles of water, which had such +an effect, that she soon laid aside one crutch, and not long after, +the other. This was extolled, as a miraculous cure. But the man +protested to his friends, that he had imposed upon her, and fetched +the water from an ordinary spring.' I need not inform the Reader, +that when the force of imagination had spent itself, she relapsed +into her former infirmity." + + +FRENCH KINGS. + +Whether the French Kings possessed this Gift in a greater or less +degree than our own, I cannot decide; but in point of antiquity, by +the accounts of their Historians, they exceed us by many centuries. + +The advocates for the priority of the Kings of England in this +wonderful Gift, tell you, that the French, seeing it with a jealous +eye, invented a tale, and carried their claim up to Clovis, the +first of that name in France, and their first Christian King, who +acceded to the Throne A. D. 481; whereas we do not pretend to go +higher than Edward the Confessor, who died in 1066. + +In reward for Clovis's faith and conversion, this Gift was bestowed +upon him at his baptism, A. D. 496; and which he accordingly +exercised immediately on one of his favourites[185]. + + [185] See Mezeray. The name of this person was Lancinet. + +How it was first discovered to be inherent in the French King we are +not told; though we are assured as to our own, that the knowledge of +such power in King Edward was discovered, like many other similar +wonders, from a dream. + +The usual date of the introduction of this miraculous Gift +into France is fixed in the Reign of St. Louis [_i. e._ IX], a +contemporary with our Henry III. about 160 years after the death of +the Confessor[186]. + + [186] Browne's "Adenochoiradelogia," 1684. See hereafter, under + Charles II. + +Unfortunately for the French Kings, there is a story extant, which +overthrows their healing power, in a palpable instance which +happened to Louis XI. who having had an apoplexy, sent for a famous +man to cure him, by name Francis of Poul. Francis, unhappily, had +the Evil; but, alas! the Saint could not cure the King; and, what +was worse, the King could not cure the Saint[187]. + + [187] Davies, ii. 181. + +On the other hand, as the French Kings possessed the faculty sooner +than our Kings, so did it last longer; for King George I. had the +good sense not to pretend to it; whereas the French Kings kept +up the farce at least till 1775, though with some address in the +words spoken by the King; _viz._ "The King touches you, and may +God heal you!" ["Le Roy te touche, Dieu te guerisse."] So that, in +case the Touch fails, it is known where the blame is to lie; which +is to be attributed to the anger of God, or the want of faith in +the party[188]. The French Kings gave alms on the occasion; but +I find no mention of particular pieces, as was the custom with +us. I do not find that the French Kings ever touched, except upon +Coronations; though it was a repeated, if not an annual ceremony +with us, performed daily for a certain season[189], attended with a +Form of Prayer, compiled for the purpose, which I shall hereafter +preserve at length in the Appendix, together with the Ceremonial, +after having given such accounts of the Practice itself, under the +respective Kings, as are recorded by Writers on the subject. + + [188] Louis XVI. of France went through this ceremony, as appears + from the Formule of his Coronation, published at the time, A. D. + 1775. Louis XV. touched no less than 2000 persons, and Louis XIV. + upwards of 2500. + + Gemelli(the famous Traveller) gives an account of 1600 persons being + presented for this purpose to Louis XIV. on Easter Sunday 1686. + Every Frenchman received 15 sous, and every Foreigner 30. + + In "De mirabili Strumas Sanandi vi solis Galliae Regibus + Christianissimis Divinitus concessa. Authore Andrea Laurentio, Regis + Consiliario et Medico Primario, 1609," is a very curious Print, + representing King Henry IV. touching for the Evil; in which are + introduced many Patients and Officers of the Court. + + The French confined their expression to the word _Touch_, though we + use the term _Heal_. + + [189] See Browne. + + +EDWARD THE CONFESSOR[190]. + +To begin in order of time, I shall give you the narrative in Mr. +Stowe's words, from the Latin account by Alfred, Abbot of Rivaulx. +Thus then it is: + +"A young woman, married, but without children, had a disease about +her jawes, and under her cheeke, like unto kernels, which they +termed akornes, and this disease so corrupted her face with stench, +that shee coulde scarce without great shame speake to any man. This +woman was admonished in her sleepe, to go to King Edwarde, and get +him to washe her face with water, and shee shoulde bee whole. To +the Court shee came; and the King hearing of this matter, disdained +not to doe it; having a bason of water brought unto him, hee dipped +his hand therein, and washed the womannes face, and touched the +diseased place; and this hee did oftentimes, sometimes also signing +it with the signe of the Crosse, which after hee hadde thus washed +it, the hard crust or skinne was softened and dissolved; and drawing +his hand by divers of the holes, out of the kernels came little +wormes, whereof they were full with corrupt matter and blood, the +King still pressed it with his handes to bring forth the corruption, +and disdained not to suffer the stench of the disease, untill hee +hadde brought forth all the corruption with pressing: this done, +hee commanded her a sufficient allowance every day for all thinges +necessary, untill she hadd received perfect health, which was within +a weeke after; and whereas shee was ever beefore barren, within one +yeere shee had a childe by her husband. And although this thing +seeme strange, yet the Normans sayde that hee often did the like in +his youth, when he was in Normandy[191]." + + [190] Dr. Plot, in his Natural History of Oxfordshire, c. 10, Sec. 125, + Plate 16, No. 5, gives a Drawing of the Touch-piece, supposed to + have been given by Edward the Confessor. The ribbon, he says, was + white. + + [191] Stowe's Annals, p. 98. + +It does not appear that the King knew of this Gift before; but he +continued to use it ever after, and his successors followed him in +the practice. + +But this is not all: for Stowe affords us but one instance of the +cure of a blind man by King Edward; whereas the Abbot's account[192] +extends to six men totally blind, besides another who had lost one +of his eyes; all of whom were restored to perfect sight by the +King[193]. + + [192] See the "Decem Scriptores." + + [193] Mr. Browne likewise believes that several blind persons were + restored to sight by King Charles II. + + +WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR + +Had business enough upon his hands to employ his time, without +thinking of such a matter as this; but however, that he might, in +quieter times, enjoy this Kingly attribute (though only a Bastard +Son of a Territorial Duke), Voltaire tells us, that some dependants +endeavoured to persuade the world, that this Gift was bestowed upon +him from Heaven[194]. Whether he ever exercised it does not appear. +Nothing but a special bounty of Heaven could convey to him this +privilege; and such interference was necessary; for it was anciently +held not to be inherent in any but lawful Kings, and not to extend +to Usurpers; so that it must have slept during all the wars between +the Houses of York and Lancaster, till resumed by Henry VII. as will +be mentioned in its place. + + +EDWARD III. + +Mr. Joshua Barnes, the most copious Historiographer of this Reign, +does not positively say that King Edward exercised this Gift, +presuming only that he had a double right to it, as Heir to both the +Realms of England and of France; and, consequently, more eminently +endowed than Philip of Valois, the then French King[195]. The +French, no doubt, would deny it to him, as an usurping claimant of +their Crown; though they could not refuse his right, as derived to +him as a legal King of England. + + [194] See Davies, ii. 180. + + [195] Barnes's History, b. ii. ch. 7. sect. 5. + + +HENRY VI. + +I have already conceived the Gift of healing by the Touch to have +been, as it were, in abeyance during the Civil Wars between the +Houses of York and Lancaster; and therefore have found no historical +record of Cures performed by this _Saint-like_ King, who had such +ample religious claims. I have called him Saint-like, because he +never was canonized, though it was attempted and refused by the Pope +in the Reign of Henry VII. for reasons to be seen in Fuller's Church +History of Britain[196]. + + [196] Book iv. p. 154. + +Two reasons against the canonization are suggested by different +Writers:--1. That the then Pope thought King Henry VI. too simple +to be sainted:--2. That the contingent expence amounted to more than +King Henry VII. was willing to defray, being not less than 1500 +ducats of gold, a large sum at that time of day[197]. + + [197] Id. in eod. + +But, however, although King Henry VI. performed no Cures in his +life-time, yet was a man miraculously saved from death at the +gallows by the appearance of the King, 40 years after his demise (in +the 10th year of Henry VII.), by which intervention the halter had +no effect; for the convict was found alive, after having hung the +usual hour, and went speedily (as in duty bound) to return thanks +at the King's Tomb at Chertsey, for such a wonderful deliverance. +The Story states, that the man was really innocent, though, from +circumstantial evidence, presumed to have been guilty; otherwise the +Ghost of so pious and merciful a King had doubtless never appeared +to him and interposed. + + +HENRY VII. + +It is evident, from various concurrent circumstances, that this King +touched for the Evil, as the Religious Ceremonial used upon those +occasions, such as Prayers, Benedictions, Suffrages, &c. during +his Reign, are to be found not only in MS. in the British Museum, +but were afterwards printed by order of King James II. A. D. 1686; +both in Latin. Another proof arises from charges made for pieces of +money delivered for this purpose in that Reign; for, in the 18th +year of Henry VII. we find a disbursement of 20 shillings, made by +John Heron, "for heling 3 seke folks;" and again, "13_s._ 4_d._ +for heling 2 seke folks." From these sums it is evident, that the +Touch-pieces given were Nobles, or 6_s._ 8_d._ in value[198]. The +accounts of this John Heron are preserved, together with those of +divers others, in the office of the Remembrancer of the Exchequer. +The fact is further established from the testimony of Polydore +Vergil, who wrote his History at the command of King Henry VII. +(though it was not made public till the following Reign); wherein +the Writer, after going a little into the origin of this Gift, +adds, that the Kings of England, even in his time, healed persons +afflicted with this disease ["Nam Reges Angliae _etiam nunc_ Tactu +strumosos sanant."] He further subjoins, that the exercise of it was +attended with hymns, and other devout caeremonies; meaning, no doubt, +those above-mentioned: ["quibusdam hymnis non sine ceremoniis prius +recitatis[199]."] From looking over the Ceremonial, I conceive that +by hymns, Polydore Vergil means the Gospel, which at that time was +_sung_, or the suffrages, which might be chanted. + + [198] In the Ceremonial, the King crossed the Sore of the Sick + Person, with an _Angel-Noble_. + + [199] Polydore Vergil, p. 143. Basil edit 1546. + +Fabian Philips, in his Treatise on Purveyance, p. 257, asserts, +"that the Angels issued by the Kings of England on these occasions, +amounted to a charge of three thousand pounds _per annum_."] + +I shall give a transcript of the service appropriated to this +occasion in the Appendix, (No. I.) as the printed copies are very +scarce. + +I cannot dismiss this Reign without observing that the learned +Editor of the Northumberland Household Book[200] is hereby proved to +have been very inattentive, when he says that "this miraculous Gift +was left to be claimed by the _Stuarts_; our ancient _Plantagenets_ +were humbly content to cure the _Cramp_[201]." + + [200] The late truly venerable Bishop Percy. + + [201] Notes to p. 334.--This Ceremony of consecrating the + _Cramp-Rings_ will be added to this account of the King's Evil. See + Appendix, No. III. + +What part the _Plantagenets_ took in this business, for want of +information, must be left doubtful; but ample proof has been +offered, that the _Tudors_ possessed the Gift of Healing. + + +EDWARD VI. + +The King now before us, though he kept a journal of all material +occurrences, does not, however, once hint that he touched for the +Evil, as probably his natural piety would have led him to have +done, had it ever taken place; but, if there be any truth in the +immediate prevalence of prayer on the ears of Heaven, an instance is +recorded wherein the King obtained his request, in a more notable +instance than any cure he might have performed by the operation +of his Touch. Sir John Cheke, his Tutor for the Greek language, +lay very dangerously ill, to the great disquiet and concern of the +King, who, after frequent and daily inquiries, learned from the +Physicians at last that there was not the least hope of life. "No," +said the King, "he will not die now; for this morning I begged his +life from God in my prayers, and obtained it." This accordingly came +to pass; and Sir John recovered speedily, contrary to all medical +expectations. The truth was ascertained by an ear-witness, the Earl +of Huntingdon, who related it to the grandson of Sir John Cheke +(Sir Thomas Cheke, of Pirgo, Essex), by whom it was mentioned to my +Author[202]. + + [202] Fuller's Church History of Britain, book vii. p. 425. + + "Nec Deus intersit nisi dignus vindice Nodus;" + +and, if ever necessary, it was on this occasion; though the King +lived but one year afterwards; and Cheke survived, to disgrace the +Protestant Religion by his revolt. + + +QUEEN ELIZABETH. + +That the Queen touched, is acknowledged; but it is as evident that +she had no high opinion of the efficacy of such operation; for she +once threw out an expression tending much to disparage the validity +of it. Being on a Progress in Gloucestershire, her Majesty was +so pestered with applications from diseased people, who pressed +about her person in hopes of obtaining the Royal Touch, that she +unguardedly, and in an ill-humour, exclaimed, "Alas, poor people, +_I_ cannot, _I_ cannot cure you; it is God alone who can do it." +This was interpreted by some, as a renunciation of the Gift; but, +nevertheless, the Queen afterwards admitted a general resort +to her for the purpose of being touched, and one in particular +was healed[203]. On this, or some other occasion, a rigid Papist +was under a necessity of applying for the Queen's Touch, after +having tried every other means in vain; and was, says my Author, +perfectly healed. This happening soon after the Pope had denounced +the sentence of Excommunication against her Majesty, raised the +reputation of this Gift in the Royal Line of England; seeing that +the Pope had no power to divest the Queen of it[204]. + + [203] Browne, book iii. p. 124. + + [204] Browne in eod.; and Tooker's "Charisma," ch. 6. + +The Queen, at another time, A. D. 1575, being on a Progress in +Warwickshire, where she was entertained by the Earl of Leicester at +Kenilworth Castle, during her abode there, "touched nine for the +King's Evil[205]." + + [205] Strype's Annals, iv. p. 394. + + +JAMES I. + +It does not appear that the Kings of Scotland ever pretended to this +Gift; but when their James VI. came to the Throne of England, the +virtue appeared in him; and he exercised it, as is evident from a +passage in Macbeth[206], and still more strongly from Proclamations +in this Reign, still extant[207]. + + [206] Davies, ii. 179. + + [207] By a Proclamation, March 25, 1616, it appears that the Kings + of England would not permit patients to approach them during the + summer. + +Being lineally descended from Henry the Seventh's Daughter, +Margaret, this King had the same title to the Gift as Henry himself, +who, as has been seen, used it, though descended from a line of +Usurpers. + + +CHARLES I. + +So pious a King, and so jealous of every prerogatory right, +divine and human, could not fail to exercise this preternatural +endowment[208]; and accordingly we find him regulating the manner +and time that persons shall be admitted to the Royal Touch, by +divers Proclamations[209]. One is dated soon after his Accession, +in 1621[210]; another in 1626; and a third in 1628[211]. He cured by +his words only[212]. + + [208] The following interesting remarks on this subject were + communicated to Mr. Nichols, in 1781, by the learned and very + ingenious Dr. Aikin. "Though the superstitious notions respecting + the cure of the King's Evil by the Touch of our English Kings are + probably at present entirely eradicated, it is still a curious and + not uninstructive object of enquiry, by what means they were so + long supported, and by what kind of evidence they have been able to + gain credit even in the dawning of a more enlightened period. The + testimony of Richard Wiseman, Serjeant-Surgeon to King Charles I. + has been alleged as one of the strongest and most unexceptionable + in favour of the Touch. He was a man of the greatest eminence + in his profession; and his Works (collected in a folio volume, + intituled, "Several Chirurgical Treatises, by Richard Wiseman, + Serjeant-Chirurgeon, 1676") bear all the marks of an honest and + upright disposition in their author. On the subject of the Royal + Touch he delivers himself in the following strong and unequivocal + terms: 'I myself have been a frequent eye-witness of many hundreds + of cures performed by his Majesty's Touch alone, without any + assistance of Chirurgery; and those many of them such as had tired + out the endeavours of able Chirurgeons before they came thither. + It were endless to recite what I myself have seen, and what I have + received acknowledgments of by letter, not only from the several + parts of the Nation, but also from Ireland, Scotland, Jersey, and + Guernsey.' The question which will naturally arise upon this passage + is, Did Wiseman really believe what he asserted, or was he knowingly + promoting an imposture? Both suppositions have their difficulties; + yet both are in some degree probable. His warm attachment to the + Royal Family, and early prejudices, might in some measure make his + faith preponderate against his judgment; and, on the other hand, + certain passages in his treatise necessarily shew a consciousness + of collusion and fraudulent pretensions. It was his business, as + Serjeant-surgeon, to select such afflicted objects as were proper + to be presented for the Royal Touch. In the history of the disease, + relating its various states and appearances, he says, 'Those which + we present to his Majesty are chiefly such as have this kind of + tumour about the _musculus mastoideus_, or neck, with whatever + other circumstances they are accompanied; nor are we difficult in + admitting the thick-chapped upper lips, and eyes affected with a + _lippitudo;_ in other cases we give our judgment more warily.' + Here is a selection of the slightest cases, and a manifest doubt + expressed concerning the success in more inveterate ones. A little + below, observing that the _strumae_ will often be suppurated, or + resolved unexpectedly from accidental ferments, he says, 'In case + of the King's Touch, the resolution doth often happen where our + endeavours have signified nothing; yea, the very _gummata;_ insomuch + that I am cautious of predicting concerning them (though they appear + never so bad) till 14 days be over.' From this we learn, that the + Touch was by no means infallible, and that the pretence of its + succeeding was not given up till a fortnight had passed without + any change for the better. Indeed it appears very plain, that the + worst kind of cases were seldom or never offered the Touch; for in + no disease does Wiseman produce more observations from his practice + of difficult and dangerous chirurgical treatment, and in not one + of these did he call in the assistance of the Royal Hand. It was + indeed proposed in a single instance, but under such circumstances + as furnish a stronger proof of imposture than any thing hitherto + related. A young gentlewoman had an obstinate scrophulous tumour + in the right side of the neck, under the maxilla. Wiseman applied + a large caustic to it, brought it to suppuration, treated it with + escharotics, and cured it. 'About a year after,' he says, 'I saw her + again in town, and felt a small gland, of the bigness of a lupin, + lying lower on that side of the neck. I would have persuaded her + to admit of a resolvent emplaster, and to be touched; but she did + not, as she said, believe it to be the King's Evil.' Here, after + allowing his patient to undergo a course of very severe surgery, he + is willing to trust the relics of the disease to the Royal Touch, + assisted by a resolving plaster; but the complaint was now too + trifling to engage her attention. Surely the greatest opponent of + the Touch will not place it in a more contemptible light!" + + [209] By a Proclamation, June 18, 1626, it is ordered, that no one + shall apply for this purpose, who does not bring a certificate that + he was never touched before; a regulation which undoubtedly arose + from some supposed patients, who had attempted to receive the bit of + gold more than once. + + [210] Rymer, tom, xviii. p. 118. + + [211] Id. p. 1023. + + [212] Browne, book iii. p. 135. + +One would naturally be surprized to read of such numbers who +received the Royal Touch in the 17th century, when the disease is +now so nearly worn out; but Mr. Browne tells us it raged remarkably +at the period when he lived. + +As to the giving of a piece of Gold, Mr. Browne says, "it only shews +his Majestie's Royal well-wishes towards the recovery of those +who come thus to be healed." In other parts of his book, however, +he tells us that "some, losing their Gold[213], their diseases +have seized them afresh; when, upon obtaining a second Touch, and +new Gold, their diseases have been seen to vanish." Again, as to +the virtue contained in the Gold, he relates a story of a father +and a son, who both were afflicted with the Evil, for which the +former was touched, and received a piece of Gold; but the latter +never was touched, and had no Gold; upon which the son borrows +the father's Gold, and received great relief from it. During this +interval the father grew worse, received back his Gold, and, after +wearing it a little time, became better; and this practice was +pursued for several years. Mr. Browne likewise gives other examples +of the operation of the Gold, on, persons who had never received +the Touch.--Though we have called it Gold, which, in itself, was +anciently reckoned to have a sanative quality in itself, yet Silver +would do as well; for Mr. Browne does not deny but that a Silver +two-pence has effectually done the business. The case was, that the +King (Charles I.), who was the Operator, was then a Prisoner at +Hampton Court, and perhaps had no Gold to spare; and therefore, in +several instances, he used Silver, with which many were known to +have been cured:--but, after all, by way of salvo, Mr. Browne adds, +that such as failed of their cure--_wanted Faith_. From another +passage in Mr. Browne's preface, one would be tempted to think that +the virtue neither consisted in the Gold or the Silver, but in the +Ribbon to which it was pendent; for he assures those who contended +that a _second_ piece of _Gold_ was necessary on a _second_ Touch, +that the same Gold, newly strung upon a White Ribbon, would work as +effectually as a fresh piece of Gold. Some, he tells us, have been +cured with the Touch only, without Gold or Silver. + + [213] Sir Kenelm Digby informed Mons. Monconys, that if the person + had lost the piece of gold, the complaint immediately returned. + +Among other salvos in case of failure of the Touch, added to the +want of faith, is, that the disease was mistaken in many instances; +and that the Patients did not labour under the Struma, or Evil, but +some other similar disorder, over which the Royal Hand had no divine +influence. + +There was such sympathy between the Royal Hand and the part touched, +that Mr. Browne seems to believe a case that had been sent to him, +of a woman, at a distance from London, who had formerly been cured +by King Charles I. and whose sores broke out afresh upon the day of +the King's death, though she was so ignorant of the world as not to +know that it was to take place. But she soon recovered her health. + +The effect of this Divine Emanation has been said even to extend +beyond the life of this unfortunate Monarch; for part of the blood +of this King being preserved on a piece of linen dipped therein, was +found to have the same effect as the Touch, or his Prayers, when he +was living[214]. + + [214] Browne, book iii. p. 109. + +A wen is said to be cured by the hand of a dead man while hanging on +the gallows. This is still a superstitious notion among the common +people at this day; and a child's cawl is a preservative against +drowning in the notions of sailors (who are extremely credulous in +general): one often sees them advertised for sale; and, if bought at +all, they find a vent, no doubt, at Wapping. + +A wedding ring of gold, rubbed on a stye upon the eyelid, used to +be esteemed a sovereign remedy; but, if I mistake not, it must be +applied nine times. + + +CHARLES II. + +In January 1683, the following Proclamation was ordered to be +published in every Parish in the Kingdom[215]. + + [215] One of these is still preserved in a frame in the Vestry of + St. Martin's Church at Leicester, placed there by the Rev. Samuel + Carte, Vicar of that Parish, and brother of Mr. Thomas Carte the + Historian. + + "At the Court at Whitehall, 9th of January 1683. Present, the + King's Most Excellent Majesty; Lord Keeper, Lord Privy Seal, + Duke of Ormond, Duke of Beaufort, Earl of Oxford, Earl of + Huntingdon, Earl of Bridgewater, Earl of Peterborow, Earl of + Chesterfield, Earl of Clarendon, Earl of Bathe, Earl of Craven, + Earl of Nottingham, Earl of Rochester, Lord Bishop of London, + Mr. Secretary Jenkins, Mr. Chancellor of the Duchy, Lord Chief + Justice Jeffryes, Mr. Godolphin. Whereas, by the grace and + blessing of God, the Kings and Queens of this Realm, by many + ages past, have had the happiness, by their sacred Touch, and + invocation of the name of God, to cure those who are afflicted + with the disease called the King's Evil; and his Majesty, in + no less measure than any of his Royal Predecessors, having + had good success therein; and, in his most gracious and pious + disposition, being as ready and willing as any King or Queen + of this Realm ever was, in any thing to relieve the distresses + and necessities of his good subjects; yet, in his princely + wisdom, foreseeing that in this (as in all other things) order + is to be observed, and fit times are necessary to be appointed + for the performing of this great work of charity, his Majesty + was therefore this day pleased to declare in Council his Royal + will and pleasure to be, That (in regard heretofore the usual + times of presenting such persons for this purpose have been + prefixed by his Royal Predecessors) the times of public healings + shall from henceforth be from the Feast of All-Saints, commonly + called Alhallow-tide, till a week before Christmas; and after + Christmas, until the first day of March, and then to cease + till the Passion-week, being times most convenient, both for + the temperature of the season, and in respect of contagion, + which may happen in this near access to his Majesty's sacred + Person. And when his Majesty shall at any time think fit to go + any progress, he will be pleased to appoint such other times + for healing as shall be most convenient. And his Majesty doth + hereby accordingly order and command, that, from the time of + publishing this his Majesty's order, none presume to repair to + his Majesty's Court to be healed of the said disease, but only + at or within the times for that purpose hereby appointed as + aforesaid. And his Majesty was farther pleased to order, that + all such as shall hereafter come or repair to the Court for + this purpose, shall bring with them certificates, under the + hands and seals of the parson, vicar, or minister, and of both + or one of the churchwardens of the respective parishes where + they dwell, and from whence they come, testifying, according to + the truth, that they have not, at any time before, been touched + by his Majesty, to the intent to be healed of their disease. + And all ministers and churchwardens are hereby required to be + very careful to examine into the truth before they give such + certificates; and also to keep a register of all certificates + they shall from time to time give. And, to the end that all his + Majesty's loving subjects may the better take knowledge of this + his Majesty's command, his Majesty was pleased to direct, that + this Order be read publicly in all parish-churches, and then be + affixed to some conspicuous place there; and for that end the + same be printed, and a convenient number of copies sent to the + Most Reverend Father in God the Lord Archbishop of Canterbury, + and the Lord Archbishop of York, who are to take care that + the same be delivered to all parishes within their respective + provinces. + + LOYD. + + "London, printed by the Assigns of John Bill, deceased, and by + Henry Hills, Printers to the King's Most Excellent Majesty." + +A regular Notice to the same effect was published by authority in +the London Gazette. + +In 1684, John Browne, Sworn Chirurgeon in Ordinary to the King's +Most Excellent Majesty, published a work, not now easily to be +met with, except in the Libraries of the curious; and perhaps, +for its general subjects, exploded at this day, as the fashion +of physick has much altered, as well as many new and important +discoveries been made, since it was written. It is in three Books. +The Titles to the three Books are--1. "_Adenochoiradelogia_; or, +an Anatomick-Chyrurgical Treatise of Glandules and Strumaes, or +King's Evil Swellings. Together with the Royal Gift of Healing or +Cure thereof, by contact or imposition of Hands, performed for above +640 years by our Kings of England, continued with their admirable +Effects and miraculous Events; and concluded with many wonderful +Examples of Cures by their Sacred Touch; all which are succinctly +described by John Browne, one of His Majesty's Chyrurgeons in +Ordinary, and Chyrurgeon of his Majesty's Hospital; published +with His Majesty's Royal Approbation: Together with the Testimony +of many eminent Doctors and Chyrurgeons. Sold by Samuel Lowndes, +over-against Exeter Change in the Strand." 2. "_Chaeradelogia_; or +an Exact Discourse of Strumaes, or King's Evil Swellings; wherein +are discovered their Names and Natures, Differences, Causes, Signs, +Presages, and Cure, in that modest and plain Dress, that the meanest +capacity may hereby find out the Disease." 3. _Charisma Basilicon_; +or, the Royal Gift of Healing Strumaes, or King's Evil, Swellings, +by Contact or Imposition of the Sacred Hands of our Kings of +England and of France, given them at their Inaugurations. Shewing +the Gift itself, and its continued Use, declaring all Persons Healed +thereby, without any respect either to their Age, Sex, Temper, +or Constitution; with the Manner, Form, and Ceremonies thereof; +and divers general Rules for the meanest capacity to find out the +Disease. The best expedient to prevent poor People from unnecessary +Journeys. The whole concluded with above Sixty admirable Cures, +performed with and without Gold, by His Majesty's Benediction; +by His Late Majesty's precious Blood; and the like." Prefixed to +the work is a portrait of Browne, engraved by R. White, inscribed +"Johannes Browne, Regis Britannici necnon Nosocomii sui Chirurgus +Ordinarius;" and a curious frontispiece, also engraved by White, +entitled "The Royal Gift of Healing," representing Charles II. +seated on his Throne, surrounded by his Court, touching for the +King's Evil. + +This ceremony seems to have been in high vogue during this reign. +"The King gives freely," says Mr. Browne, "not calling the Angels +to witness, nor sinking so low as others do, to perform the +same by Black Art or Inchantment. He does it with a pure heart, +in the presence of the Almighty, who knows all things, without +superstition, curing all that approach his Royal Touch. And this +I may frankly presume to aver, that never any of his Predecessors +have ever exercised it more, or more willingly or freely, whose +wonderful effects, and certainty of cure, we must and shall ever +acknowledge[216]." + + [216] Browne, book iii. p. 126. + +This is followed by accounts of about 70 "wonderful and miraculous +cures, performed by his Majesty's Sacred Hands;" and also by "An +Account of the Number of Persons touched for the King's Evil, from +May 1660 to September 1664, from the Registers kept by Thomas +Haynes, Esq. Serjeant of the Chapel Royal; from which I shall copy +the totals of each year: + + 1660 6725 + 1661 4619 + 1662 4275 + 1663 4667 + 1664 3335 + +Another account, kept by Mr. Thomas Donkley, Keeper of his Majesty's +Closet belonging to the Chapel Royal, continues the Numbers as +follows: + + 1667 3078 + 1668 3543 + 1669 2983 + 1670 3377 + 1671 3568 + 1672 3771 + 1673 4457 + 1674 5079 + 1675 3471 + 1676 4454 + 1677 4607 + 1678 3456 + 1679 3752 + 1680 3796 + 1681 2461 + 1682 8577 + + Summa Totalis 92,107 + + +QUEEN ANNE. + +It appears by the Newspapers of the time, that on the 30th of +March, 1714, _two hundred_ persons were touched by Queen Anne[217]. +Amongst these was _Samuel Johnson_, afterwards the justly celebrated +Moral Writer. He was sent by the advice of Sir John Floyer, then a +Physician at Lichfield; and many years afterwards, being asked if he +could remember Queen Anne, said, "he had a confused, but somehow a +sort of solemn recollection of a Lady in diamonds, and a long black +hood." + + [217] The Ceremony used in this Reign is given in the Appendix, No. + II. + +The Honourable Daines Barrington[218] has preserved an anecdote, +which he heard from an old man who was witness in a cause with +respect to this supposed miraculous power of Healing. "He had, by +his evidence, fixed the time of a fact, by Queen Anne's having +been at Oxford, and touched him, whilst a child, for the Evil. +When he had finished his evidence, I had an opportunity of asking +him, whether he was really cured? Upon which he answered, with a +significant smile, "that he believed himself to have never had any +complaint that deserved to be considered as the Evil; but that his +parents were poor, _and had no objection to the bit of gold_." + + [218] Observations on the Statutes. + +The learned and honourable Writer very properly observes on this +occasion, "that this piece of gold, which was given to those who +were touched, accounts for the great resort upon this occasion, and +the supposed afterwards miraculous cures." + + +GEORGE I. + +Although this Monarch, who succeeded to the Crown in 1714, had the +good sense not to pretend to this miraculous Gift, it was assumed by +the Descendants of the race of Stuarts. And it is well recollected, +that Mr. Carte's (in other respects very excellent) "History of +England" fell into almost immediate disrepute, on his making, in +one of his notes, a bold assertion, the substance of which shall be +here given: + + "Whatever is to be said in favour of its being appropriated to + the eldest Descendant of the first branch of the Royal Line of + the Kings of France, England, &c. I have _myself_ seen a very + remarkable instance of such a cure, which could not possibly be + ascribed to the Royal _Unction_. One Christopher Lovel, born at + Wells in Somersetshire, but when he grew up residing in the City + of Bristol, where he got his living by labour, was extremely + afflicted for many years with that distemper, and such a flow + of the scrophulous humour, that, though it found a vent by five + running sores about his breast, neck, and arms, there was such + a tumour on one side of his neck, as left no hollow between his + cheek and the upper part of his left shoulder, and forced him + to keep his head always awry. The young man was reduced, by + the virulence of the humour, to the lowest state of weakness; + appeared a miserable object in the eyes of all the inhabitants + of that populous city; and, having for many years tried all + the remedies which the art of physic could administer, without + receiving any benefit, resolved at last to go _abroad_ to be + touched. He had an uncle in the place, who was an old seaman, + and carried him from Bristol, at the end of August, A. D. 1716, + along with him to Cork in Ireland, where he put him on board a + ship that was bound to St. Martin's in the Isle of Ree. From + thence Christopher made his way first to Paris, and thence to + the place where he was touched, in the beginning of November + following, by the eldest lineal Descendant of a race of Kings, + who had, indeed, for a long succession of ages, cured that + distemper by the _Royal Touch_. But this descendant and next + heir of their blood had not, at least at that time, been crowned + or _anointed_. The usual effect, however, followed: from the + moment that the man was touched and invested with the narrow + riband, to which a small piece of silver was pendant, according + to the rites prescribed in the office appointed by the Church + for that solemnity, the humour dispersed insensibly, his sores + healed up, and he recovered strength daily, till he arrived + in perfect health, in the beginning of January following, at + Bristol, having spent only four months and some few days in his + voyage. There it was, and in the week preceding St. Paul's fair, + that I saw the man, in his recovered vigour of body, without + any remains of his complaint, but what were to be seen in the + red scars then left upon the five places where the sharp humour + had found a vent, but which were otherwise entirely healed, and + as sound as any other part of his body. Dr. Lane, an eminent + physician in the place, whom I visited on my arrival, told me of + this cure, as the most wonderful thing that ever happened; and + pressed me as well to see the man upon whom it was performed, + as to talk about his case with Mr. Samuel Pye, a very skilful + surgeon, and I believe still living in that city, who had tried + in vain, for three years together, to cure the man by physical + remedies. I had an opportunity of doing both; and Mr. Pye, after + dining together, carrying me to the man, I examined and informed + myself fully of all particulars, relating as well to his illness + as his cure; and found upon the whole, that if it is not to be + deemed miraculous, it at least deserved the character given it + by Dr. Lane, of being one of the most wonderful events that has + ever happened." + + +APPENDIX, No. I. + +_The Ceremonies for the Healing of them that be diseased with the +King's Evil, as they were practised in the time of King Henry +VII_[219]. + + [219] Published by Command of King Charles II.; and printed by + Henry Hills, Printer to the King's Most Excellent Majesty, for his + Household and Chapel, 1686. + +_Rubrick._--First, the King, kneeling, shall begin, and say, + +In nomine Patris, et Filii, et Spiritus Sancti. Amen. + +_Rubrick._--And so soon as He hath said that, He shall say, +Benedicite. + +_Rubrick._--The Chaplain, kneeling before the King, having a stole +about his neck, shall answer, and say, + +Dominus sit in corde tuo et labiis tuis, ad confitendum omnia +peccata tua, in nomine Patris, et Filii, et Spiritus Sancti. Amen. + +_Rubrick._--Or else to say, + +Jesus nos exaudiat, in nomine Patris, et Filii, et Spiritus Sancti. + +_Rubrick._--Then by and by the King shall say, Confiteor Deo, Beatae +Mariae Virgini, Omnibus Sanctis, et Vobis, quia peccavi nimis in +cogitatione, locutione, et opere, mea culpa [sic.] Precor Sanctam +Mariam, omnes Sanctos Dei, et Vos, orare pro me. + +_Rubrick._--The Chaplain shall answer, and say, + +Misereatur Vestri Omnipotens Deus, et demittat Vobis omnia peccata +Vestra, liberet Vos ab omni malo, salvet et confirmet in bono, et ad +vitam perducat aeternam. Amen. + +Absolutionem et Remissionem omnium peccatorum Vestrorum, spatium +verae poenitentiae, et emendationem vitae, gratiam et consolationem +Sancti Spiritus, tribuat Vobis omnipotens et misericors Dominus. +Amen. + +_Rubrick._--This done, the Chaplain shall say, Dominus Vobiscum. + +_Rubrick._--The King shall answer, + +Et cum Spiritu tuo. + +_Rubrick._--The Chaplain. + +Sequentia Sancti Evangelii secundum Marcum. + +_Rubrick._--The King shall answer. + +Gloria tibi, Domine. + +_Rubrick._--The Chaplain shall read the Gospel. + +In illo tempore, recumbentibus undecim Discipulis apparuit illis +Jesus; et exprobavit incredulitatem eorum, et duritiem cordis, qui +iis qui viderant eum resurrexisse, non crediderunt. Et dixit eis, +Euntes in mundum universum, praedicate Evangelium omni creaturae. +Qui crediderit et baptizatus fuerit, salvus erit; qui vero non +crediderit, condemnabitur. Signa autem eos, qui crediderint, haec +sequentur: In nomine meo daemonia ejicient, linguis loquentur novis, +serpentes tollent; et si mortiferum quid biberint non eis nocebit; +super aegros manus imponent, et bene [seipsos] habebunt. + +_Rubrick._--Which clause [super aegros, &c.] the Chaplain repeats as +long as the King is handling the Sick Person. And in the time of +the repeating the aforesaid words [super aegros, &c.] the Clerk of +the Closet shall kneel before the King, having the Sick Person upon +the right hand, and the Sick Person shall likewise kneel before the +King; and then the King shall lay his hand upon the Sore of the Sick +Person. This done, the Chaplain shall make an end of the Gospel; +and in the mean time the Chirurgeon shall lead away the Sick Person +from the King. + +--Et Dominus quidem Jesus, postquam locutus est eis, assumptus +est in coelum, et sedet a dextris Dei. Illi autem profecti, +praedicaverunt ubique, Domino cooperante, et sermonem confirmante, +sequentibus signis. + +_Rubrick._--Then the Chaplain shall begin to say again, Dominus +Vobiscum. + +_Rubrick._--The King shall answer, + +Et cum spiritu tuo. + +_Rubrick._--The Chaplain. Initium Sancti Evangelii secundum Joannem. + +_Rubrick._--The King shall say. + +Gloria tibi, Domine. + +_Rubrick._--The Chaplain then shall say this Gospel following. + +In principio erat Verbum, et Verbum erat apud Deum, et Deus erat +Verbum. Hoc erat in principio apud Deum. Omnia per ipsum facta sunt; +et sine ipso factum est nihil, quod factum est: in ipso vita erat, +et vita erat Lux hominum; et Lux in tenebris lucet, et Tenebrae +eam non comprehenderunt. Fuit homo missus a Deo, cui nomen erat +Joannes. Hic venit in testimonium, ut testimonium perhiberet de +lumine, ut omnes crederent per illum. Non erat ille Lux, sed ut +testimonium perhiberet de lumine. Erat Lux vera quae illuminat omnem +hominem venientem in hunc mundum. + +_Rubrick._--Which last clause [Erat Lux vera, &c.] shall still be +repeated so long as the King shall be crossing the Sore of the Sick +Person with an Angel Noble. And the Sick Person to have the same +Angel hanged about his neck, and to wear it until he be full whole. + +This done, the Chirurgeon shall lead away the Sick Person, as he did +before; and then the Chaplain shall make an end of the Gospel. + +--In mundo erat, et mundus per ipsum factus est, et mundus eum non +cognovit. In propria venit, et sui eum non receperunt. Quot quot +autem receperunt eum dedit eis potestatem filios Dei fieri, his, qui +credunt in nomine ejus, qui non ex sanguinibus, neque ex voluntate +carnis, neque ex voluntate viri, sed ex Deo nati sunt. Et Verbum +caro factum est, et habitavit in nobis; et vidimus gloriam ejus, +gloriam quasi unigeniti a Patre, plenum gratiae et veritatis. + +_Rubrick._--Then the Chaplain shall say, + +Sit nomen Domini benedictum. + +_Rubrick._--The King shall answer, + +Ex hoc nunc et usque in seculum. + +_Rubrick._--Then shall the Chaplain say this Collect following, +praying for the Sick Person or Persons. + +Domine exaudi orationem meam [nostram]. + +_Rubrick._--The King shall answer, + +Et clamor meus [noster] ad te veniat. Oremus. + +Omnipotens sempiterne Deus, salus aeterna credentium, exaudi nos pro +famulis tuis, pro quibus misericordiae tuae imploramus auxilium, ut, +reddita sibi sanitate, tibi in Ecclesia tua referant actiones. Per +Christum Dominum nostrum. Amen. + +_Rubrick._--This Prayer is to be said secretly, after the Sick +Persons are departed from the King, at his pleasure. + +Dominator Domine Deus Omnipotens, cujus benignitate caeci vident, +surdi audiunt, muti loquuntur, claudi ambulant, leprosi mundantur, +omnes infirmorum curantur languores, et a quo solo donum Sanationis +humano generi etiam tribuitur, et tanta gratia pro incredibili tua +erga hoc regnum bonitate, Regibus ejusdem concessa est, ut sola +manuum illorum impositione, morbus gravissimus foetidissimusque +depellatur: concede propitius ut tibi propterea gratias agamus, et +pro isto singulari beneficio in nos collato, non nobis ipsis, sed +nomini tuo assidue gloriam demus, nosque sic ad pietatem semper +exerceamus, ut tuam nobis donatam gratiam non solum diligenter +conservare, sed indies magis magisque adaugere laboremus; et praesta +ut quorumcunque corporibus in nomine tuo manus imposuerimus, hac +tua virtute in illis operante et nobis ministrantibus, ad pristinam +sanitatem restituantur, eam conservent, et pro eadem tibi, ut summo +Medico et omnium morborum depulsori, perpetuo nobiscum gratias +agant; sicque deinceps vitam instituant, ut non corpus solum ab +infirmitate, sed anima etiam a peccato omnino sanata videatur. +Per Dominum nostrum Jesum Christum Filium tuum, qui tecum vivit +et regnat in unitate Sancti Spiritus, per omnia secula seculorum. +Amen.[220] + + [220] "Ritualia Varia," in the British Museum. + + +APPENDIX, No. II. + +From a FOLIO PRAYER BOOK, printed 1710. + +_At the Healing._ + +Prevent us, O Lord, &c. + +Gospel. + +From the 16th Chapter of St. Mark, beginning at the 14th Verse: +"Afterwards he appeared, &c." to the end of the Chapter: "and +confirming the Word with Signs following." + + Let us pray. + Lord have mercy upon us. + Christ, &c. + Lord, &c. + Our Father, &c. + +--[Then shall the Infirm Persons, one by one, be presented to the +Queen upon_Rubrick._ their Knees; and, as every one is presented, +and while the Queen is laying her Hands upon them, and putting the +Gold about their necks, the Chaplain that officiates, turning +himself to her Majesty, shall say these words following:] + +God give a Blessing to this Work; and grant that _these_ Sick +Persons, on whom the Queen lays her Hands, may recover, through +Jesus Christ our Lord. + +_Rubrick._--[After all have been presented, the Chaplain shall say,] + +_Verse._--O Lord, save thy Servants; + +_Resp._--Who put their Trust in Thee. + +_Verse._--Send them Help from thy Holy Place. + +_Resp._--And evermore mightily defend them. + +_Verse._--Help us, O God of our Salvation. + +_Resp._--And, for the Glory of thy Name deliver us, and be merciful +to us Sinners for thy Name's Sake. + +_Verse._--O Lord, hear our Prayers. + +_Resp._--And let our Cry come unto Thee. + +_Rubrick._--[These answers are to be made by them that come to be +healed.] + +Let us pray. + +O Almighty God, who art the Giver of all Health, and the Aid of them +that seek to thee for Succour, we call upon thee for thy Health and +Goodness mercifully to be shewed upon these thy Servants, that they, +being healed of their Infirmities, may give Thanks unto thee in thy +Holy Church, through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen. + +_Rubrick._--[Then the Chaplain, standing with his face towards them +that come to be healed, shall say,] + +The Almighty Lord, who is a most strong Tower to all them that put +their Trust in him; to whom all things in Heaven, in Earth, and +under the Earth, do bow and obey, be now and evermore your Defence; +and make you know and feel, that there is none other Name under +Heaven given to Man, in whom, and through whom, you may receive +Health and Salvation, but only the Name of our Lord Jesus Christ. +Amen. + +The Grace of our Lord, &c. Amen. + + +APPENDIX, No. III. + +_The Ceremonies of Blessing Cramp-Rings on Good-Friday, used by the +Catholick Kings of England._ + +The Psalme "Deus misereatur nostri," &c. with the "Gloria Patri." + +May God take pity upon us, and blesse us;* may he send forth the +light of his face upon us, and take pity on us. + +That we may know thy ways on earth* among all nations thy salvation. + +May people acknowledge thee, O God:* may all people acknowledge thee. + +Let nations reioice, and be glad, because thou iudgest people with +equity,* and doest guide nations on the earth. + +May people acknowledge thee, O God, may all people acknowledge +thee,* the earth has sent forth her fruit. + +May God blesse us, that God who is ours: may that God blesse us,* +and may all the bounds of the earth feare him. + +Glory be to the Father, and to the Son,* and to the Holy Ghost. + +As it was in the beginning, and now, and ever,* and for ever, and +ever. Amen. + +Then the King reades this Prayer: + +Almighty eternal God, who by the most copious gifts of thy grace, +flowing from the unexhausted fountain of thy bounty, hast been +graciously pleased, for the comfort of mankind, continually to grant +us many and various meanes to relieve us in our miseries; and art +willing to make those the instruments and channels of thy gifts, and +to grace those persons with more excellent favours, whom thou hast +raised to the Royal dignity; to the end that, as by Thee they Reign, +and govern others, so by Thee they may prove beneficial to them, and +bestow thy favours on the people: Graciously heare our prayers, and +favourably receive those vows we powre forth with humility, that +Thou mayst grant to us, who beg with the same confidence the favour +which our Ancestours, by their hopes in thy mercy have obtained: +through Christ our Lord. Amen. + +The Rings lying in one bason or more, this prayer is to be said over +them: + +O God, the Maker of heavenly and earthly creatures, and the most +gracious Restorer of mankind, the Dispenser of spiritual grace, and +the Origin of all blessings; send downe from heaven thy Holy Spirit +the Comforter upon these Rings, artificially fram'd by the workman; +and by thy greate power purify them so, that all the malice of the +fowle and venomous Serpent be driven out; and so the metal, which by +Thee was created, may remaine pure, and free from all dregs of the +enemy: through Christ our Lord. Amen. + +The Blessing of the Rings. + +O God of Abraham, God of Isaac, God of Jacob, heare mercifully +our prayers. Spare those who feare Thee. Be propitious to thy +suppliants; and graciously be pleased to send downe from Heaven +thy holy Angel, that he may sanctify ++ and blesse ++ these Rings; +to the end they may prove a healthy remedy to such as implore thy +name with humility, and accuse themselves of the sins which ly +upon their conscience: who deplore their crimes in the sight of thy +divine clemency, and beseech, with earnestness and humility, thy +most serene piety. May they in fine, by the invocation of thy holy +name, become profitable to all such as weare them, for the health of +their soule and body, through Christ our Lord. Amen. + +A Blessing. + +O God, who hast manifested the greatest wonders of thy power by the +cure of diseases, and who were pleased that Rings should be a pledge +of fidelity in the Patriark Judah, a priestly ornament in Aaron, +the mark of a faithful guardian in Darius, and in this Kingdom a +remedy for divers diseases; graciously be pleased to blesse ++ and +sanctify ++ these Rings; to the end that all such who weare them may +be free from all snares of the Devil, may be defended by the power +of celestial armour; and that no contraction of the nerves, or any +danger of the falling-sickness, may infest them; but that in all +sort of diseases by thy help they may find relief. In the name of +the Father, ++ and of the Son, ++ and of the Holy Ghost. ++ Amen. + +Blesse, O my soule, the Lord,* and let all things which are within +me praise his holy name. + +Blesse, O my soule, the Lord,* and do not forget all his favours. + +He forgives all thy iniquities,* he heales all thy infirmities. + +He redeemes thy life from ruin,* he crownes thee with mercy and +commiseration. + +He fils thy desires with what is good:* thy youth, like that of the +eagle, shall be renewed. + +The Lord is he who does mercy,* and does, iustice to those who +suffer wrong. + +The merciful and pitying Lord:* the long sufferer, and most mighty +merciful. + +He wil not continue his anger for ever;* neither wil he threaten for +ever. + +He has not dealt with us in proportion to our sins;* nor has he +rendered unto us according to our offences. + +Because according to the distance of heaven from earth,* so has he +enforced his mercies, upon those who feare him. + +As far distant as the east is from the west,* so far has he divided +our offences from us. + +After the manner that a Father takes pity of his sons; so has the +Lord taken pity of those who feare him;* because he knows what we +are made of. + +He remembers that we are but dust. Man, like hay, such are his +days;* like the flower in the field, so wil he fade away. + +Because his breath wil passe away through him, and he wil not be +able to subsist,* and it wil find no longer its owne place. + +But the mercy of the Lord is from all eternity;* and wil be for ever +upon those who feare him. + +And his iustice comes upon the children of their children,* to those +who keep his wil. + +And are mindful of his commandments,* to performe them. + +The Lord in heaven has prepared himself a throne, and his kingdom +shall reign over all. + +Blesse yee the Lord, all yee Angels of his; yee who are powerful in +strength:* who execute his commands, at the hearing of his voice +when he speakes. + +Blesse yee the Lord, all yee vertues of his:* yee Ministers who +execute his wil. + +Blesse yee the Lord, all yee works of his throughout all places of +his dominions:* my Soule praise thou the Lord. + +Glory be to the Father, and to the Son,* and to the Holy Ghost. + +As it was in the beginning, and now and ever,* and for ever and +ever. Amen. + +Wee humbly implore, O merciful God, thy infinit clemency; that as we +come to Thee with a confident soule, and sincere faith, and a pious +assurance of mind: with the like devotion thy beleevers may follow +on these tokens of thy grace. May all superstition be banished +hence; far be all suspicion of any diabolical fraud; and to the +glory of thy name let all things succeede: to the end thy beleevers +may understand Thee to be the dispenser of all good; and may be +sensible, and publish, that whatsoever is profitable to soule or +body, is derived from Thee: through Christ our Lord. Amen. + +These Prayers being said, the King's Highnes rubbeth the Rings +between his hands, saying, + +Sanctify, O Lord, these Rings, and graciously bedew them with the +dew of thy benediction, and consecrate them by the rubbing of our +hands, which thou hast been pleased according to our ministery to +sanctify by an external effusion of holy oyle upon them: to the end +that what the nature of the mettal is not able to performe, may be +wrought by the greatnes of thy grace: through Christ our Lord. Amen. + +Then must holy water be cast on the Rings, saying, + +In the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost. +Amen. + +O Lord, the only begotten Son of God, Mediatour of God and men, +Jesus Christ, in whose name alone salvation is sought for; and to +such as hope in thee givest an easy acces to thy Father: who, when +conversing among men, thyself a man, didst promise, by an assured +oracle flowing from thy sacred mouth, that thy Father should grant +whatever was asked him in thy name: Lend a gracious eare of pity to +these prayers of ours; to the end that, approaching with confidence +to the throne of thy grace, the beleevers may find, by the benefits +conferr'd upon them, that by thy mediation we have obtained what we +have most humbly begd in thy name: who livest and reignest with God +the Father, in the unity of the Holy Ghost, one God for ever and +ever. Amen. + +Wee beseech thee, O Lord, that the Spirit, which proceedes from +thee, may prevent and follow on our desires; to the end that +what we beg with confidence for the good of the faithful, we may +efficaciously obtaine by thy gracious gift: through Christ our Lord. +Amen. + +O most clement God; Father, Son, and Holy Ghost; wee supplicate and +beseech thee, that what is here performed by pious ceremonies to +the sanctifying of thy name, may be prevalent to the defense of our +soule and body on earth; and profitable to a more ample felicity in +heaven: who livest and reignest God, world without end. Amen. + + + + +Stemmata Magnatum. + +ORIGIN OF THE TITLES + +OF SOME OF THE + +ENGLISH NOBILITY. + + + "When Adam dolve, and Eva span, + Who was then a Gentleman? + Then came the Churle, and gather'd Good; + And thence arose the Gentle Blood." + +"It is an ancient received saying, that there is no Poverty but is +descended of Nobility; nor no Nobility but is descended of Beggary." + + History of the Gwedir Family, p. 94. + + +WESTMORELAND, Earl.--From the County. + +_Burghersh_[221], Baron (_Fane_).--Bartholomew, Baron of Burghersh, +was the Tenth Knight of the Order of the Garter, at the Institution +1350; who left a Daughter and Heir, who married Edward Le Despenser; +which official Title was afterwards erected into a Barony by +Summons, A. D. 1285; and was for a long time merged in the Family +of Fane, Earl of Westmoreland, till the failure of Male Issue in a +direct line, 1762. The Earldom and Barony of Burghersh passed to a +distant branch, of the name of Fane; but the Barony of Le Despenser +went by a Female to Sir Francis Dashwood, Bart. in right of his +Mother. + + [221] A corruption of Burghwash, a little Village in Sussex, on the + River Rother. See Camden's Brit. + + +LE DESPENSER, Baron (STAPLETON).--A nominal Title from official +derivation. It was held originally by Descent and Summons, A.D. +1295. Anno 23 Edward I. it passed by Marriage to the Earl of +Westmoreland; and, being a Fee, descended to Sir Francis Dashwood, +Bart.; and after him to his Sister, Lady Austen, and now, 1788, is +vested in Sir Thomas Stapleton, Bart. of Oxfordshire. + + +WENTWORTH[222], Viscount (NOEL).--After the Barony of _Wentworth_ +had continued for several successions in the name of _Wentworth_, +of Nettlestead in Suffolk, the Title devolved on Anne, the Wife of +John Lord Lovelace, whose Daughter Martha inherited the Barony of +_Wentworth_, and to whom the Title was confirmed, by Descent, in +Parliament, A.D. 1702; and she walked at the Coronation of Queen +Anne as Baroness _Wentworth_ in her own right. She dying without +Issue, 1745, the Title devolved on the Descendants of Sir William +_Noel_, Bart. who had married Margaret, another Daughter of Lord +Lovelace, by Anne, the Heiress of Wentworth Lord _Wentworth_. Hence +the Title passed to Edward, the eldest Son of Sir Clobery _Noel_, +Bart. who succeeded to his Father's Title of Baronet, 1733; and +to the Barony of _Wentworth_, as Heir of Margaret, 1745. He was +created Viscount Wentworth of Wellesborough, co. Leic. 1762. + + [222] The Ancestor of this Family was Thomas Wentworth, _Earl of + Cleveland;_ which Title became extinct, for want of Male Issue, + 1667. The Barony passed as above. + + +HOWLAND, Baron (RUSSELL).--A Barony in the Duke of Bedford, granted +in honour of Elizabeth, Daughter of John Howland, Esq. of Streatham +in Surrey (by whom the Family acquired that estate), who married +Wriothesley, Grandson of the first Duke of Bedford, and the eldest +Son of Lord William Russell, who was beheaded 1683[223]. + + [223] See Collins's Baronage, i. 267, 272. + + +NORMANBY, Marquis, extinct (SHEFFIELD).--The second Title of +Sheffield Duke of Buckingham, taken from an obscure place in +Lincolnshire. + + +CHANDOS, Duke (BRYDGES).--The Patent is dated April 29, 1719, +wherein the Grantee is styled "Duke of Chandos in the County of +Hereford." The Dukedom became extinct, by the death of James the +third Duke, s. p. 1789. The Barony exists (1790), if a claim to it +can be established, as that creation bears date A. D. 1554. + + +ARUNDEL OF WARDOUR, Baron (ARUNDEL[224]).--From Wardour Castle in +Wiltshire. He is a Count of the Empire by Grant of Rodolph II. A. D. +1595[225]. + + [224] See Camden's Britannia, col. 112. + + [225] See Camden, for the words of the Patent. + + +SONDES, Baron (WATSON).--A revived Title, from the inheritance of +part of the estates of Lewis Watson, Earl of Rockingham and Viscount +_Sondes_. Lewis Watson, having married the Heiress of Sir George +_Sondes_, K.B. was created Earl of Rockingham and Viscount _Sondes_, +in honour of his Wife's Father, 1714; so that the present Title is +nominal. The Estate at Lees-Court in Kent came by the above marriage. + + +ONSLOW AND CRANLEY, Baron (ONSLOW).--This Barony is both nominal and +local, for the Family came from Onslow in Shropshire. Their first +settlement in Surrey was at Knowle, in the Parish of _Cranley_, +whence came the second Barony by creation to George Onslow, the Son +of Arthur (the Speaker), in the life-time of his Cousin Richard, +then Lord Onslow, 1776. The original Patent, 1716, to Richard (who +was Speaker also) the eldest Son of Sir Arthur Onslow, Bart. was +limited to the Heirs Male of his Father, which carried the Title of +Baron Onslow of Onslow and Clendon[226], to the Son of Arthur (the +Speaker), on the death of his Cousin Richard Lord Onslow, 1776[227]. + + [226] Clendon is the Seat of the Family in Surrey. + + [227] See Camden's Brit. col. 182, as to the Family. + +N.B. George Lord Onslow and _Cranley_ was created into the latter +Title, May 14, 1776; and succeeded his Cousin Richard in the Title +of Onslow, on the 8th of the following October. + + +BERKELEY, Earl.--From Berkeley Castle, the present Seat of the +Family, in Gloucestershire. The Barony of Berkeley is a Feudal +Honour by the Tenure of the Castle of Berkeley; and the Possessor +of it had Summons to Parliament as a Baron by that Tenure, anno 23 +Edward I.[228] + + [228] Dale's Catalogue of the Nobility, 1697, p. 72. + + +DURSLEY, Viscount.--From Dursley in Gloucestershire, the original +Seat of the Family. + + +DE CLIFFORD, Baron (SOUTHWELL).--From Clifford Castle in +Herefordshire; where Walter Fitz-Ponce, whose Father possessed it +by marriage, resided, and took the name of Clifford. The first +Fitz-Ponce came hither with the Conqueror, to whom he was related. +The Barony passed in the Female Line to the Family of Southwell, to +which it was confirmed A.D. 1775. The first Summons to Parliament +was anno 23 Edward I. 1295. + + +DUCIE, Baron, OF MORTON AND TORTWORTH (REYNOLDS).--The Peer of the +name of _Ducie_ was descended from Sir Robert Ducie, Lord Mayor +of London, 1631; and who had been created a Baronet[229]. The +Issue Male of the name of _Ducie_ failing, the Title was renewed +by Patent, 1763, to Matthew Ducie, Lord Ducie of _Morton_ in +Staffordshire; with a Limitation to Thomas and Francis _Reynolds_, +his Nephews, and their Heirs Male successively, by the Style of Lord +Ducie of _Tortworth_ in Gloucestershire. _Thomas_ Reynolds succeeded +to this Title on the death of his Uncle, 1770; and dying without +Issue 1785, it devolved on his Brother _Francis;_ who dying in 1808, +was succeeded by his Son Thomas, present Lord Ducie. + + [229] Pennant's London, fourth edition, p. 346. + + +POWIS, Earl (HERBERT).--Powis is a part of Shropshire bordering on +Wales; and was formerly a little Kingdom, still known by the name of +Powis-Land. The first Baron was created by Henry I. on a surrender +of the actual Territory, and an acknowledgment of service[230]. + + [230] Pennant's Tour in North Wales, vol. II. p. 436. + + +LUDLOW, Viscount.--From the Town of that name in Shropshire[231]. + + [231] The Barony of Herbert of Cherbury was revived in this Branch +in 1743. + + +AUDLEY, Baron (THICKNESSE-TOUCHET). Audley is in Staffordshire. John +Touchet married Joan, eldest Daughter of Lord Audley of Heleigh, +whose Descendant was found Heir, and had Summons to Parliament, +A.D. 1296[232]. The honour of Peerage in the name of Touchet, who +was also Earl of Castlehaven in Ireland, ended in a Daughter (Lady +Elizabeth), who married Philip Thicknesse, Esq. and died in 1762, +leaving Issue; the Barony (being a Fee) passed to George Thicknesse, +her Son, on the death of the Earl of Castlehaven, 1777; and who has +taken, by sign-manual, 1784, the additional name of Touchet. The +Earldom is extinct. + + [232] Collins's Peerage. + + +ABERGAVENNY, Earl (NEVILE).--This is a Title derived from a Lord +Marcher, and taken, among many others now merged or extinct, from +the place conquered. Mr. Pennant says, it is the only surviving +Title of that nature[233]. + + [233] Tour in North Wales, vol. II. p. 439, 4to. + + +NEVILE, Viscount.--From the Name. + + +MIDDLETON, Baron (WILLOUGHBY).--From an obscure Village, near +Sutton-Coldfield, in Warwickshire[234]. + + [234] Pennant's Journey from Chester to London, 4to, 1782, p. 127. + + +COVENTRY, Earl.--From the City, or the Name. + + +DEERHURST, Viscount (COVENTRY).--From a place in Gloucestershire. + + +STANHOPE, Earl.--A nominal Title. The first Peer of this Branch was +created Viscount Stanhope of Mahon, and Baron Stanhope of Elvaston, +in the County of Derby, 1717, from his having taken Port-Mahon, in +the Island of Minorca, 1708. + + +MAHON, Viscount (STANHOPE).--The same Peer was created Earl Stanhope +1718, by which his second Title became "Viscount Mahon." + + +DUDLEY AND WARD, Viscount (WARD).--The Barony of _Ward_ is nominal, +and was conferred in 1644. The Viscounty (by creation in 1763) is +derived from a Village near Birmingham in Warwickshire. + +N. B. The Viscounty includes both Honours; the Title being Viscount +_Dudley and Ward_. + + +DORCHESTER, Earl (DAMER).--Lord Milton, a Baron both of England and +Ireland, was created Earl of Dorchester in _Dorsetshire_, 1792. + + +MILTON, Viscount.--From Milton Abbey, the Seat of the Family, in +Dorsetshire. The Title of Viscount was granted by the Patent in +1792. + + +DORCHESTER, Baron[235] (CARLETON).--Sir Guy Carleton, K. B. was +created Baron of Dorchester in _Oxfordshire_, 1786. Sir Dudley +Carleton was created Baron Carleton 1626, and Viscount Dorchester in +_Oxfordshire_ 1628. It is, however, denied by the Heralds that Sir +Guy is of that Family. + + [235] The Marquisate of Dorchester, which was in the late Dukes of + Kingston, was from Dorchester, Dorset. + + +LEEDS, Duke (OSBORNE).--From the Town of Leeds in Yorkshire. + + +CARMARTHEN, Marquis.--From Carmarthen in Wales. + + +DANBY, Earl.--From a Castle of the name in Cleveland, a District of +Yorkshire. + + +ALBEMARLE, Earl.--otherwise Aumerle, and Aumale [Albo Marla, or +White Marle], from a Town in Normandy, which gave Title to a Peer of +France. It was conferred by William III. when at war with Louis XIV. + + +BURY, Viscount (KEPPEL).--In Suffolk. + + +HARRINGTON, Earl (STANHOPE[236]).--From a Village in +Northamptonshire. + + [236] Sir Michael Stanhope, of Harington in Northamptonshire, was + the common Ancestor of the Earls of Chesterfield and of Harrington; + as also of Earl Stanhope. + + +PETERSHAM, Viscount (STANHOPE).--A Village near Richmond in +Surrey[237]. + + [237] At Petersham was a Villa belonging to the Earl of Rochester, + which was burnt down in 1721; after which the Earl of Harrington + possessed and took it for his second Title in 1742. + + +SUFFOLK, Earl.--From the County. + + +BINDON, Viscount (HOWARD).--In Dorsetshire. It was the Seat of Lord +Marney (A. D. 1607); and came to this Branch of the Family of Howard +by a Marriage with the Heiress of Lord Marney[238]. + + [238] Camden, col. 57. + + +SHIPBROOKE, Viscount.--Richard Vernon was possessed of the Barony of +Shipbroke, in Cheshire, in the time of Richard the First[239]. + + [239] Pennant's Journey from Chester, 1782, p. 19. + + +ORWELL, Baron (VERNON).--Vernon, Baron of Shipbroke, was one of the +Barons (of the Palatinate of Chester) created by Hugh Lupus, the +first Norman Earl of Chester. Extinct[240]. + + [240] Pennant's Tour in North Wales, 1778, p. 125. + + +BEAULIEU, Earl; BEAULIEU, Baron (HUSSEY-MONTAGUE).--Beaulieu is an +Abbey in Hampshire, and was part of the Estate of John (Montagu) +Duke of Montagu, inherited by his Daughter and Co-heiress the +Duchess of Manchester, who married Sir Edward Hussey, K. B. Upon +this marriage he took the additional name of Montague. + + +VERNON, Baron (VERNON).--The Title is nominal and local, +from _Vernon_ in Normandy[241]. The Descent is from Hamon de +Massie-Venables, of Kinderton, in Cheshire, who was one of Hugh +Lupus's Palatinate Barons, as Earl of Chester. + + [241] Collins's Peerage, 1779. + + +HARCOURT, Earl.--The Title is from the Name, which is local, from a +Town in Normandy, and which is also the Title of a French Dukedom. + + +NUNEHAM, Viscount (HARCOURT).--From the Earl's Seat in Oxfordshire. +The Earldom was erected in 1749. + + +GRAFTON, Duke.--From a Village in Northamptonshire, which was +erected into an Honour, and conferred by King Charles II. on his +Natural Son by the Duchess of Cleveland. + + +EUSTON, Earl (FITZROY).--From the Seat in Suffolk. + + +DEVONSHIRE, Duke (CAVENDISH).--From the County. Descended from a +Gentleman Usher to Cardinal Wolsey[242]. + + [242] See Cavendish's Life of Wolsey. Collins's Collections. + + +HARTINGTON, Marquis (CAVENDISH).--From an obscure Village (the +Property of the Duke) in the Peak of Derbyshire. + + +DORSET, Duke.--From the County. Sir Lionel Cranfield, Knight, Lord +Cranfield, &c. was a Shop-keeper in London, as his Father had been +before him[243]. + + [243] Bibl. Top. Brit. vol. VI. No XV. from D'Ewes's MS Journal in + the British Museum. + + +EFFINGHAM, Earl (HOWARD).--From Effingham in Surrey, a Seat of this +Branch of the Family, and where there was a Castle. + + +SUSSEX, Earl.--From the County. + + +LONGUEVILLE, Viscount (YELVERTON).--Sir Henry Yelverton, the Second +Baronet, married Susan Baroness Grey of Ruthyn, Daughter and sole +Heiress of Charles Longueville, Lord Grey of Ruthyn. To this Title +the eldest Son of Sir Henry succeeded on the death of his Mother +(being a Barony in Fee); and was followed by his Brother Henry, who +was created Viscount Longueville 1690. Talbot Yelverton, the eldest +Son of Henry, was created Earl of Sussex in 1717. + + +BEAUFORT, Duke.--Henry Beaufort, third Duke of Somerset, temp. +Henry VII. had a Natural Son, to whom he gave the names of Charles +Somerset (afterwards a Knight), whose Descendant was created Duke +of Beaufort. Thus, by a Child of Casualty, the Name and Title have +changed positions; as what was Beaufort Duke of Somerset is now +Somerset Duke of Beaufort. + + +WORCESTER, Marquis (SOMERSET). From the City. + + +MANCHESTER, Duke.--From the Town. + + +MANDEVILLE, Viscount (MONTAGU).--A nominal Title from Geoffrey de +Mandeville, who possessed Kimbolton, the Seat of the Family, temp. +Guil. Conq.[244] + +[244] Kelham's Key to Domesday Book, p. 35. + +Mandeville is a Village in Normandy (a corruption of Magnaville, +_i. e._ Magna Villa), which gave name to the person who accompanied +William the Conqueror[245]. + + [245] Vincent on Brooke. + + +WALDEGRAVE, Earl.--Waldegrave is a Village in Northamptonshire. + + +CHEWTON, Viscount (WALDEGRAVE).--From a place in Somersetshire[246]. + + [246] Camden's Britannia, col. 85. + + +MOUNT-EDGECUMBE, Earl.--Baron Edgecumbe by Creation, 1742. Earl of +Mount-Edgecumbe by Creation, 1789. From the Family Seat in Cornwall. + + +VALLETORT, Viscount (EDGECUMBE).--From an old Norman Barony (De +Valle Torta), with Lands annexed, in Devonshire, the property of the +Family[247]. + + [247] Ibid. col. 21. + + +GAINSBOROUGH, Earl.--From the Town. + + +CAMPDEN, Viscount (NOEL).--Campden is in Gloucestershire. + +Sir Baptist Hicks, created Viscount Campden 1628, left two +Daughters, the elder of whom married Lord Noel, one of whose +Descendants (Edward) was created Earl of Gainsborough 1682. + + +DIGBY, Earl.--This Title, when a Barony, was nominal (though local +in itself, from Digby, co. Lincoln) till Henry, the late Peer, was +created Earl of Digby in 1790. He dying in 1793, was succeeded by +Edward the present Earl. + + +COLESHILL, Viscount (DIGBY).--In Warwickshire. The Manor of +Coleshill was forfeited by Sir Simon Montfort, on a charge of High +Treason in supporting Perkin Warbeck; when it was given to Simon +Digby, then Deputy Constable of Coleshill Castle[248]. + + [248] Pennant's Journey from Chester, p. 129. + + +MONTAGU, or MONTACUTE, Viscount (BROWNE).--From a high Hill in a +Village in Somersetshire; where William Earl of Moreton, Maternal +Brother to William the Conqueror, built a Castle, which, as it +rises from its base to a sharp point, he called _Mons acutus_. Thus +far the tradition; and Bishop Gibson, in his Edition of Camden's +Britannia, allows this to have been the place from which Sir Anthony +Browne, the first Viscount, had the Title[249]. + + [249] Camden's Britannia, col. 72. + + +RUTLAND, Duke.--From the County. + + +GRANBY, Marquis (MANNERS).--From a Village in Nottinghamshire. + +The Barony of Roos of Hamlake[250] gives Title to the eldest Son of +a Marquis of Granby, in his Father's life-time. + + [250] Collins, in his Peerage 1735, says, that _Hamlake_ is the same + as _Hemsley_ in Yorkshire (North Riding). + + +KENT, Duke.--From the County. + + +HAROLD, Earl (GREY), Extinct.--From a place of the name in +Bedfordshire. + +There was in this Family the Viscounty of _Gooderich_, from +_Gooderich_ Castle in Herefordshire. + + +ABINGDON, Earl.--In Berkshire. + + +NORREYS, Baron (BERTIE).--James Bertie, the first Earl of Abingdon +(who was the second Son of Montagu Bertie, the second Earl of +Lindsey) was the Issue of a second Wife; _viz._ Bridget Baroness +Norreys of Rycote in her own right. He had Summons to Parliament as +Baron Norreys in 1572, and was created Earl of Abingdon in 1682[251]. + + [251] See Camden's Britannia, col. 315. + + +DACRE, Baron (ROPER, late BARRETT-LEONARD).--Originally both nominal +and local, the first Peer having been _Dacre_ of _Dacre_ Castle in +Cumberland. + +Being a Barony in Fee, it has had owners of different names[252]. + + [252] There were two Barons of this Title existing at the same time; + _viz._ Lord Dacre of the North, and Lord Dacre of the South. Both at + length centered in Barrett-Leonard Lord Dacre. + + +GODOLPHIN, Earl.--From a Hill (perhaps anciently a Seigniory) +in Cornwall. The proper name is _Godolcan_, corrupted into +_Godolphin_. The word signifies, in the Cornish language, "White +Eagle;" agreeably to which, the Arms of the Family are, "Gules, an +Eagle displayed between three Fleurs de Lis Argent [253]." + + [253] See Camden's Britannia, col. 14. + + +RIALTON, Viscount.--From a Village in Cornwall[254]. + + [254] On the death of Francis Earl of Godolphin, 1766, the Barony + devolved to Francis, his first cousin; and on his death, in 1785, + became extinct. + + +TANKERVILLE, Earl.--Originally from a Town and Castle in +Normandy[255]. The present Title is derived from Ford Lord Grey +of Werk, who was created Earl of Tankerville (a dormant Title in +his Family) in 1695. This Earl left an only Daughter, who married +Charles Bennet, Baron of Ussulston, who was afterwards (1714) +created Earl of Tankerville. + + [255] See Peerage, 1711, vol. II. + +USSULSTON, Baron (BENNET).--From one of the Hundreds of Middlesex. + + +ARLINGTON, Earl.--The Title was derived from Arlington in Middlesex, +the Seat of Sir Henry Bennet, who was created Baron Arlington 1664, +and Earl of Arlington in 1672. He died in 1685. + + +THETFORD, Viscount (BENNET), Extinct.--In Norfolk. + + +BRIDGEWATER, Duke (EGERTON).--The Lord Chancellor was the founder +of this Family, and was a Natural Son of Sir Richard Egerton, +Knight, of Ridley in Cheshire, by the Daughter of one Sparks of +Bickerton[256]. + + [256] For other circumstances see Mr. Pennant's Tour in North + Wales, vol. I. p. 105; and vol. II. p. 187, in the corrections and + additions to vol. I. + + +GREY DE WILTON, Baron (EGERTON).--The present Peer (Sir Thomas +Egerton, Bart.) is descended from Bridget, sole Sister and Heir to +Thomas Lord Grey of Wilton, a Female Barony, denominated from Wilton +in the County of Hereford[257]. + + [257] The Barony was conferred upon Sir Thomas Egerton by Creation + in 1784, notwithstanding his claim by Descent.--His Lordship was in + 1801 advanced to the Titles of Viscount Grey de Wilton, and Earl of + Wilton. + + +HERTFORD, Earl.--From the Town. + + +BEAUCHAMP, Viscount (CONWAY).--Nominal and local, from a place in +Normandy. + + +SCARBOROUGH, Earl.--From Scarborough in Yorkshire. + + +LUMLEY, Viscount (LUMLEY, with the additional name of +SANDERSON).--From Lumley Castle, in the Bishoprick of Durham. + + +RIVERS, Baron (PITT).--The first of the name, _De Redvers_, came +hither with William the Conqueror, and was made Earl of Devonshire. +Baldwin de _Redveriis_ (or _Riveriis_), Earl of Devonshire, had +Estates in the neighbourhood of Exeter[258]. + + [258] See Tanner's Notitia.--The name is written _Ridvers_, alias + _Redvers_, in Camden's Brit. col. 156. + +George Pitt, Ancestor of the present Lord Rivers (created in 1776), +married Jane Daughter of Savage, Earl Rivers of Rock-Savage in +Cheshire, Relict of George, the sixth Lord Chandos. She brought a +large Estate to her second Husband, partly as Heiress of Savage Earl +Rivers, and partly from her first Husband. + + +DARLINGTON, Earl.--From Darlington, in the Bishoprick of Durham. + + +BARNARD, Viscount (VANE).--From Barnard-Castle, in the Bishoprick of +Durham. + + +BROWNLOW, Baron (CUST).--A nominal Title; for Sir Richard Cust, +Bart. married Anne Daughter of Sir William Brownlow, Bart. Sister, +and at length Heir, to John Brownlow, Viscount Tyrconnel, of the +Kingdom of Ireland, seated at Belton in Lincolnshire. + + +HAWKESBURY, Baron (JENKINSON).--Though this Family is styled of +Walcot in Oxfordshire, it was originally seated at Hawkesbury in +Gloucestershire. + + +HEATHFIELD, Baron (ELIOT).--Sir George Augustus Eliot, K. B. who +commanded at Gibraltar during the celebrated Siege, chose this +place in Sussex (his property) for his Title. It is said that the +decisive Battle, called "The Battle of Hastings," was fought on this +spot[259]. + + [259] East-Bourne Guide, p. 73. + + +CAMDEN, Marquis.--From his House at Chislehurst in Kent, formerly +the residence of Camden the celebrated Antiquary, and now called +Camden Place. + + +BAYHAM, Viscount (PRATT).--From Bayham Abbey, in Sussex, an Estate +in the Family of Pratt, and now in possession of the Marquis. + + +DYNEVOR, Baroness (RICE and DE CARDONEL).--From Dinevawr in +Caermarthenshire. She is the Daughter of the first Earl Talbot, +and Widow of George Rice, Esquire. In the year 1780 the Earl was +created Baron of Dinevawr, with limitation to his Daughter and her +Issue male; and which took place on the Earl's death, in 1782. She +enjoyed the Title till her death, 1793, when it descended to her +eldest Son George Talbot Rice, who, in pursuance of the Will of +his Grandmother, Lady Talbot (whose maiden name was De Cardonel), +changed his Name, Arms, and Crest, to those of De Cardonel only, by +Sign Manual, in May 1793 [See the Gazette].[260] + + [260] The Baroness had taken the Name and Arms of De Cardonel on the + death of her Mother in 1787. The Barony of Talbot, on the Earl's + death, passed to his Nephew, though the Earldom became extinct, but + was afterwards revived. + + +NEWCASTLE, Duke (HOLLES).--From Sir William Holles, Lord Mayor of +London[261]. + + [261] See Collins's Collections. + + +HOLDERNESS, Earl (DARCY), Extinct.--For the origin of the Family, +see Leland's Itinerary, vol. VI. p. 24. + + +NORTHAMPTON, Marquis (PARR), Extinct.--For the origin of this +Family, see also Leland's Itinerary, vol. VIII. p. 96. + + + + +English Armorial Bearings. + + +_Edward_ IV. is by Shakespeare made to say that he would bear Three +fair shining Suns on his Target, from the time he is said to have +seen Three Suns at one time. (Hen. VI. Part III. Act ii. Sc. i.)[262] + + [262] Consult Sandford, &c. for his Armorial Bearings. + +_Monteagle._--Stanley, Baron of Monteagle, so entitled for his +valour at Flodden Field, because his Ancestors bore an Eagle for +their Crest. Vide Hon. Anglic, p. 109. + +_Carey.--_In the Reign of Henry V. was held, at Smithfield, a Just +between Robert Carey _of the West_, Son of Sir John Carey, Knight, +and a Foreign Knight, of the Kingdom of Aragon. Carey vanquished +the Aragonese, and took his Coat Armour in lieu of his own; _viz._ +"Argent, on a Bend Sable, Three Roses of the First:" which have ever +since been borne by the name of _Carey_, whose antient Coat was +"Gules, a Chevron between Three Swans Proper, one whereof they still +retain in their Crest[263]." + + [263] Stowe's History of London, Book iii. p. 239. + +N. B. These are the Arms of _Carey_; though, from the words "_of the +West_," one would think _Carew_ was intended. But the account agrees +with the Arms of Viscount _Falkland_. + +_Cooper_ and _Cowper_.--Cooper Earl of Shaftesbury bears Three +Bulls: Cowper Earl Cowper does not. + +"The Eagle and Child" having been adopted as the Crest of the Earl +of _Derby_, its Origin is a circumstance of no small curiosity. + +Nothing is more common than for a Tenant or Dependant to take the +Crest of his Lord or Chief for a Sign; which will account for the +greatest part of the Bulls' Heads, Griffins, Falcons, Lions, +Boars, &c. in the Kingdom. Thus from one quarter they straggled +into different places, as those people who had occasion for Signs +emigrated from their own Counties and Districts. Amongst these the +Sign in question is one; and is to be found in various places that +have no present connexion with the original, the Importer of such +Device being, perhaps, long since dead. This, being the Crest or +Cognizance of the Stanleys, Earls of Derby, it most probably was +first used in Lancashire, and the parts contiguous, as a Sign. + +I at first conceived it to be a fabulous affair; but find, from +good and respectable authorities, that there is not only probable, +but substantial History contained in it; as the major part of the +Estate is derived to the Family from the Issue of the very Child +in question. The first account of this matter I shall give from "A +Survey of the _Isle of Man_[264]," of which the _Stanleys_ were for +several ages Kings and Lords, holding of the Kings of England, +by Grant of Henry IV. (anno 7), by Homage and the Service of a +[265]Cast (of Falcons), payable on Coronations. The _Stanleys_ +were Kings as much as any Tributary King whatsoever, making Laws, +&c. They appeared on a certain day in Royal Array, sitting in a +Chair, covered with a Royal Cloth and Cushions, with their Visage +to the East; the Sword borne before them, with the point upwards; +with their Barons, Knights, Squires, &c. about them. Such were the +Descendants of the Child we are going to speak of more largely. + + [264] By William Sacheverell, Esq. late Governor of the Island, + printed at London, 1702. + + [265] _i. e._ Two Falcons. Dugdale's Baronage. + +_Sir John Stanley_ (temp. Richard II.) was a Knight of the greatest +fame in matters of Chivalry; who, having been a great Traveller, +was known for his prowess in most parts of Europe. On his return, +he was followed by a _Frenchman_, who challenged the whole English +Nation. _Sir John_ accepted his challenge, fought, and slew him +in the presence of the King. This addition to his fame raised his +reputation among the men, and procured him so much favour with the +ladies, that he attracted the particular attention of the Heiress +of the Family of _Latham_, who was young, rich, and beautiful. _Sir +John_, with the true spirit of Errantry, declared it was for her he +fought; and at length, contrary to the inclination of her Father, +married the Lady. + +Mr. Sacheverell then relates the story which gave birth to this +appendage to the Armorial Bearing of the _Stanley_ Family. These are +his words: + +"The Lord of _Latham_ and his Lady, being Childless, as they were +walking in the Park, heard a Child crying in an Eagle's nest: +they immediately ordered their servants to search the Eyery, who +presented them with a beautiful Boy, in rich swadling-cloaths. The +good old lady looked upon it as a present sent from Heaven, ordered +it to be carefully educated, and gave it the Surname of _Latham_. +He (the Child) was knighted by King Edward III. by the name of Sir +_Oskytel Latham_, and left sole Heir of that vast estate. He had one +daughter, named _Isabella_, who by marriage brought the honours of +_Latham_ and _Knowsley_, with many other Lordships, to _Sir John +Stanley_." + +Mr. Sacheverell goes no further into the Story; and the Reader +will be naturally inclined to know whose Child this was, and how +it was conveyed into the Eagle's nest. For this we must have +recourse to Sir William Dugdale[266], who relates the Story more +circumstantially, and, as he says, upon credible tradition; _viz._ +That a _Sir Thomas de Latham_ had a natural Son, called _Oskytel_, +by an obscure woman, who lived near him; and, "having no Child by +his Lady, he designed to adopt this _Oskytel_ for his Heir; but so +that he himself might not be suspected to have been the Father. +Observing, therefore, that an Eagle had built her Nest in a large +spread oak within his Park at Lathom, he caused the Child in +swadling cloaths to be privily conveyed thither; and (as a wonder) +presently called forth his Wife to see it; representing to her, +that, having no Issue, God Almighty had thus sent him a Male Child, +and so preserved, that he looked upon it as a miracle; disguising +the truth so artificially from her, that she forthwith took him (the +Child) with great fondness into the house, educating him with no +less affection than if she had been his natural Mother; whereupon he +became Heir to that fair inheritance; and that, in token thereof, +not only his Descendants, whilst the Male Line endured, but the +_Stanleys_ proceeding from the said Isabel (the Heir Female), have +ever since borne the Child in the Eagle's Nest, with the Eagle +thereon, for their Crest. + + [266] Baronage, vol. II. p. 257. + + * * * * * + +_Francis Bourgeois_, Member of the Royal Academy, had leave from +King George III. to wear the Polish Order "Merentibus." The Diploma +is dated Warsaw, February 16, 1791. Ordered to be registered in the +College of Arms. + + + + +ORIGIN AND DERIVATION + +OF A FEW + +Remarkable Surnames. + + +_Lewkenor._--Sir Lewis, Master of the Ceremonies; from one of the +Hundreds of Lincolnshire, called anciently _Levechenora_[267]. + + [267] Brady's History of England, General Preface, p. 50. + +_Kempe._--The same as _Champion_. The Danish word[268]. + + [268] Brady's Preface to the Norman History, p. 150. + +_Misenor._--From _Mesonero_, an Inn-keeper; Spanish. + +_Muncaster._--The old name of Newcastle upon Tyne; quasi +_Monk-Caster_. The present name was perhaps taken on its being +rebuilt. + +_Mease._--From _Meze_, a messuage[269]. + + [269] See Blount's Dict. + +_Hugesson._--Cardinal _Hugezun_ came over as the Pope's Legate, +temp. Henry II.[270] + + [270] Brady's Hist. p. 415. + +_Dempster._--The Judges of the Isle of Man were called +Deemsters[271]. + + [271] Sacheverell's History of the Island, p. 2. + +_Eldred._--There was an Archbishop of York of the name of _Aldred_, +temp. William the Conqueror. Perhaps contracted from _Alured_, the +Latin of Alfred. + +_Brettell._--There is a Seignory in Normandy of the name of +Bretteville. So we have corrupted the name of _Frescheville_ into +_Fretwell_. + +_Belassis._--Something of this name may be seen in Brady's History, +p. 196. + +_Larpent._--From the French, _L'Arpent_; _Arpent_ signifying an +acre. We drop the apostrophe. + +_Duppa._--_De Uphaugh_ and, by apostrophe, _D'Uphaugh_, according to +Anthony Wood. + +_Firmin._--From St. Fermin in France. + +_Paliser._--An official name of such person or persons who had the +care of the pales of a forest[272]. + + [272] Manwood's Forest Laws. + +_Ord._--Signifies a Promontory in the Highland; and, I presume, is +Erse[273]. + + [273] Pennant's Tour, p. 158. + +_Bownas_ and _Bonas_.--Corrupted from _Buchan-Ness_, the seat of the +Earl of Errol[274]. + + [274] Ibid. p. 124. + +_Ridgeway._--A local term for the way of the ford, or passage over a +stream. _Ryd_ and _Rith_ signifying a ford[275]. + + [275] Hasted's History of Kent. + +_Fitzherbert._--It is written Filius-Herberti in very old +deeds[276]. The _Finches_ were called _Finch-Herbert_ formerly; +which led Daniel Earl of Winchelsea to think he was related to +the Fitzherberts. Thus Leland: "The Finches that be now, say, +that theire propre name is _Hereberte_; and that with mariage of +the Finche-Heyre, they tooke the Finche's name, and were called +Finche-Herebert, joining booth names[277]." + + [276] Ex inform. Dom. Gul. Fitzherbert, Baronetti. + + [277] Itinerary, VI. 52. + +_Herbert_ of Kent married the heiress of Finch, and took that name +as a prefix, which they soon corrupted into _Fitz-herbert_. But the +Fitzherberts were a family before the _Finches_ were fledged; and +in old deeds the name is given _Filius Herberti_. + +_Champernoun._--Devonshire: a corruption of _Campernulph_, or _De +Campo Arnulphi_; called, says Camden, _Champernoun_[278]. + + [278] Britannia, col. 35. + +_Smelt._--Ralph Luvel (or Lovel) an ancestor of the Percivals, was, +in the time of King Stephen, called also _Simelt_, for which no +reason is given[279]. + + [279] See Collins's Peerage, 1779, art. _Lovel and Holland_. + +Names of Men, of Places, and Things, have changed, and by seeming +corruption have come right again. + +Thus, for Men. + + Tollemache Talmash Tollemache + Legarde Ledgiard Legarde + Lyttelton Littleton Lyttelton + Fauconberg Falconbridge Fauconberg[280] + Cholmondeley Cholmley Cholmondeley + Osbaldiston. Osberton Osbaldiston. + + [280] So Shakspeare has it. + +I take this to be a local name, from _Osbaldiston_ in Lancashire, q. +_Osbald his Town_. There is in Yorkshire _Osbaldwick_, pronounced +_Osberwick_. It should be _Oswald_, a Bishop of York and Martyr, in +both cases. + +We have the name _Bernardiston_, from a place of the name in +Suffolk[281]. + + [281] For both the places see Spelman's Villare. + + * * * * * + +_Robertsbridge_, in Sussex, appears to be a corruption of +_Rothersbridge_, as it was long called, and with plausibility; for +it is situated on the river _Rother_: but the former is the truth, +as I have been informed that in old Latin deeds it is styled _Pons +Roberti_. + + * * * * * + +There are some terms which, by a double corruption, have got +home again; as _Crevisses_, in Derbyshire; where _Crevise_, the +word for a _Cray-fish_, is a corruption: but it gets home by it; +for the French word from whence _cray-fish_ was first formed, is +_ecrevisse_. This too is the radical word; for the lobster is but a +species of it, and called _l'ecrevisse de mer_, or _sea-cray-fish_; +what is now called the sea-cray-fish, is properly the lobster. This +difference consists in the want of claws. + + + + +Symbola Scotica; + +OR, + + +An Attempt to Elucidate some of the more Obscure Armorial Bearings, +principally the MOTTOES used by many of the Scottish Families. + + +_In a Letter to the Earl of LEICESTER, President of the Society of +Antiquaries,_ + +"Arma Viramque." + +There seems to be something peculiarly significant and quaint in +the greatest part of the Mottoes and Devices used by the Scottish +Nobility, and perhaps in those of many Families of inferior Rank; +though these last do not so easily come under our observation. + +My intention is, to trouble your Lordship with my thoughts on +a few of these Mottoes (as we call them); and refer to your +extensive knowledge in the science of Heraldry, and your love of +investigation, for the rest of these obscure impreses. + +We must, however, distinguish between the Motto and the _Slug horn_ +(or, as Sir George Mackenzie gives it, upon the more Southern +pronunciation, _Slogan_[282]); the latter being a _cry de guerre_, +whereas the former (though one may sometimes answer both purposes) +seems more to relate to some historical circumstance by which the +Family have been signalized. The original idea of these words, I +have no doubt, related to War, and operated as what we now call the +Watch-Word, and more emphatically _the Word_ by the circulation +of which the King can, at this day, call his guards about him, as +the Chiefs of Scotland formerly assembled their Vassals in their +respective divisions or clans. The French call it a _Mot_; and the +Italians, by an augmentation, _Motto_; which last we have adopted +when we speak in an heraldic style. The true Scottish term is a +_Ditton_, the _Slughorn_ being properly the _cry de Guerre_. Not +to go into the antiquity of Mottoes, or Armory, further than the +subject in question shall lead me, I shall content myself with +observing that Armorial Bearings in general, with us in England, +have little more than the fancy of the party, with Heraldic +sanction, for their foundation; or some distant allusion to the +name. Take one singular instance of this last case, which Mr. Boyer +(in his Theatre of Honour) gives, as a whimsical bearing. The Arms +of the name of _Matthias_ are three Dice (sixes as the highest +throw), having, I make no doubt (though Mr. Boyer gives no reason +for it), a reference to the election of St. Matthias into the +Apostleship: "And the lot fell upon Matthias." One of the writers +in the Antiquarian Discourses (Mr. Agarde) thinks the old Motto of +the _Caves_, of Stanford, in Northamptonshire, a happy conceit; +the ancient Crest being a Grey-hound currant, with a label issuing +out of its mouth, with these words, "Adsum; Cave." Had the _Cave_ +stood alone, without the Dog or the _Adsum_, it might have been +very well, and have operated religiously, morally, or politically: +but otherwise the Dog seems to run away with the Wit. The Family, +since Mr. Agarde's time, appear to have been sensible of this +awkward compound, and have adopted the French word _Gardez_ for +the Motto; though I think they had better have kept the _Cave_ (as +I have observed), and hanged the Grey-hound; though perhaps it was +conceived at the time the _Adsum_ was dropped, that Ca-ve, in the +Latin, might be confounded with the English, _Cave_; and that it +would have appeared as if they had taken the name for the Motto, +without another Latin word to denote that language; and therefore +might take _Gardez_, which shews itself to be French. + + [282] The Glossary to Douglas's Virgil adduces the Term from the + Anglo-Saxon _Slegan_, interficere. + +Mr. Agarde's own Motto is much more apposite to his name; which, +he tells us at the end of his Memoir, was, _Dieu me Garde_; but +at the same time this would have admitted of improvement; for the +French verb _Garder_ was originally _Agarder_, which, had he known +it, would have enabled him to have made the pun complete--_Dieu +m'Agarde_. + +Before I quit the subject in general, I cannot help mentioning +a _bon mot_ of a friend of mine (and he has so much wit that I +shall not rob him in the least by the repetition), on his visiting +Chatsworth, to see the house. The Motto of the noble owner is, +as your Lordship well knows, _Cavendo Tutus_, to which the Family +has happily adhered in their Political concerns. The state rooms +in that house are floored with old oak, waxed, and very slippery, +in consequence of which my friend had very near fallen down; when, +recovering his equilibrium, he observed, "that he rather supposed +the Motto related to the floors than the name." + + * * * * * + +But it is time to lead to the matter I proposed, _viz._ the SCOTTISH +MOTTOES; and yet, before I proceed to them, I wish to premise +something on the grounds of a few of the ARMORIAL BEARINGS among the +most ancient Scottish Families, which have originated from History. + + * * * * * + +The principal Family of the name of + +DOUGLAS + +carries "A Man's Heart Gules," as a fixed principal Charge, because +the Good Sir James Douglas, as he is styled, carried the Heart +of King Robert I. (of the name of Bruce) to Jerusalem, and there +interred it[283]. The original Coat Armour of Douglas was, "Azure, +in chief Three Stars Argent[284]." The Heart is now imperially +crowned; but that is a later introduction[285], not borne at least +by those who merely quartered the Arms. + + [283] Nisbet's Cadencies, p. 178. + + [284] Idem, p, 208. + + [285] Nisbet, Armories, p. 199. + + +CAMPBELL, + +Duke of Argyle, Marquis of Lorn, &c. bears in the Second and Third +Quarters (for the Lordship of Lorn) a Feudal Charge of "Or, a +Limphad (or small Ship) Sable, with Flames of Fire issuing out of +the Top of the Mast, and from the Fore and Hindermost Parts of the +Ship:" which Fire, says my Author, was called in old blazonry St. +Anthony's Fire. The reason is, that, as the Territory lay upon the +Coast, this Bearing was indicative of the Tenure by which the Lands +were held in capite; _viz_. by supplying a Ship with twenty Oars in +time of War, if required. The _Reddendum_ runs, for the provision +of "Unam navem viginti Remorum, si petatur, tempore Belli, &c."[286] + + [286] Nisbet, Armories, p. 203. + +By Marriage, this Lordship, after many generations, came into the +Family of Campbell, then Earl of Argyle; but, in process of time, +the Flames issuing from the Ship have been extinguished. + +This was not an uncommon Armorial Appendage to other Feudal Lords, +and Lordships similarly situated. + +Thus the Arms of the Isle of Arran are, "Argent, a Ship, with its +Sails furled, Sable." + +The Earls of Orkney and Caithness have the Bearing of a Ship for the +like reason; being Lordships, or Feudal Earldoms, situate on the +Coast; but with Differences. + +The Earl of Orkney (and from thence the Earl of Caithness) bears a +Ship of a more modern form, with three Masts; but it has the honour +of being within a double Tressure, counter-fleured, to shew its +connexion with Royalty. + + +DRUMMOND + +carries, "Or, Three Bars wavy Gules." This simple Bearing, we are +told, involves a Piece of History; for that an Hungarian Gentleman, +of the name of Maurice, in the Reign of Malcolm III. had the +command of a Ship in which Edgar Atheline, his Mother Agatha, and +his Sisters Margaret and Christian, were embarked, in their return +from England to Hungary. A Storm arose, and drove them on the +Coast of Scotland, where they were landed in the Frith of Forth, +and entertained by the King, who afterwards married Margaret. This +Maurice so ingratiated himself with King Malcolm, that he was +solicited by the King to settle in Scotland, which he did, and had +grants of many Lands; and particularly those at Drymen or Drummond, +of which last he took the name. Drummond, as we must now call him, +was afterwards appointed Seneschal of Lenox; and the King assigned +him the above Arms, alluding to his original Profession of a Naval +Officer, and in memory of his having conducted the then Queen safe +through the Storm into the Port in Scotland[287]. + + [287] Douglas's Peerage, p. 547. The Scottish Writers give different + Derivations of the Name of Drummond, not to our present purpose; + though all seem to agree as to the reason of the Armorial Bearing of + the Family. See the Works of Drummond of Hawthornden. + + +SETON EARL OF WINTON. + +The Paternal Arms of Seton, afterwards Earls of Winton, were +_Crescents_, for which no particular reason appears: but the Lords +of Seton have for some hundreds of years carried, "Or, a Sword +erected in pale, supporting an Imperial Crown Proper, betwixt +Three Crescents within a Double Tressure, counter-fleured, Gules." +This honourable Augmentation was granted by Robert the Bruce to +his Nephew Sir Alexander Seton, of that Ilk, for the special and +seasonable services performed by him and his Father Sir Christopher +to that Monarch during the time of his troubles. Sir Christopher +Seton, it seems, had lost two Estates of great value, one in +Scotland, the other in England, together with his Life, in the +Service of his King and Country; upon which account King Robert +(whose Sister, Christian Bruce, Sir Christopher had married), when +he had overcome his Enemies, restored his Nephew, Sir Alexander +Seton, to the Lands in Scotland which his Father had lost, though +he could not re-possess him of the English Estate; granted the +Augmentation of the _Sword and Crown_ to his Paternal Coat-Armour, +to perpetuate their gallant Actions; and added the Double Tressure, +which at that time was given to none but such as had married, or +were descended from, Daughters of the Blood-Royal[288]. One branch +of the Family, _viz._ Sir Alexander Seton of Pitwedden (at one time +a Lord of Session), upon the event of the death of his Father, +who, in the Reign of King Charles I. (during the Civil Commotions) +was killed by a Shot from the King's Enemies, with a Banner in his +hand, assumed the Armorial Bearing of "An Heart distilling Drops of +Blood[289]." + + [288] Nisbet, Cadencies, p. 191. + + [289] Ibid. p. 200. + +These, my Lord, I offer in the line of _Nobility_, as Historical +Bearings; but many may likewise be found among the _Gentry_, who +have Armorial Devices allusive to gallant actions, high employments, +or other honourable circumstances. + +Of those, the few that follow, most easily occur, from the works of +that laborious Herald, Mr. Alexander Nisbet. + + +GRAHAM + +of Inchbrackie, descended of an eldest Son, of a second Marriage, of +the first Earl of Montrose, gives, "Or, a Dyke [or Wall] fess-wise, +Azure, broken down in several parts, &c." The Dyke there is assumed, +to difference the Bearer from his Chief, and to perpetuate that +action of Gramus (one of the Predecessors of the noble Family of +Graham) in pulling down the Wall [anno 420] built by the Roman +Emperor Severus, which was thereafter called "Graham's Dyke." + +N. B. By the Dyke the Scots seem to mean the Wall, _i.e._ the +Vallum, which is formed out of the Dyke. + + +CLARK + +of Pennycuik. Sir John Clark, of Pennycuik, had this Motto, "Free +for a Blast," which is explained in part by the Crest, which is a +Man blowing a Horn: but for both the Crest itself, and the Motto, we +must look into the Tenure of the Estate, which they derived, most +probably by Marriage, from the Pennycuiks of that Ilk, an old Family +in Mid-Lothian, who bore "Or, a Fess between Three Hunting Horns +Sable, stringed Gules;" and, by the ancient Tenure of their Lands, +were obliged, once a year, to attend in the Forest of Drumsleich, +since called Barrowmuir, to give a Blast of a Horn at the King's +Hunting. + +The _Clarks_, holding by the same Tenure, preserved the Motto. + + +KIRKPATRICK, + +who gave the last Blow to Cummin, supposed to have been slain, cried +out, "Lest he should not be quite dead, _I will secure him_," and +stabbed him with his Dagger. Hence the Family took the Crest of "A +Hand holding a Dagger in Pale, distilling Drops of Blood;" and with +the Motto "I'll make sicker (sure);" or, "I'll make sure."[290] + + [290] Nisbet, p. 147. See also Hume's History, ch. xiii. + + +CARRICK. + +STEWART, Earl of Carrick. The Paternal Arms of Stewart, out of which +was a _Lion naissant_, all within a Double Tressure, counter-fleured +Gules: the Lion naissant intimating his original right to the +Crown[291]. + + [291] Nisbet, Cadencies, p. 33. + + +FARQUHARSON, + +of Invercald, carries, in addition to his Paternal Coat, "Argent, a +Fir Tree growing out of a Mount Proper on a Chief Gules,--the Banner +of Scotland in Bend, and on a Canton of the first (_viz._ Or), a +Dexter Hand couped at the wrist, grasping a Dagger, point downwards, +Gules." Mr. Nisbet says[292], they carried the Fir Trees because +their Country abounded with such Trees; the Hand grasping a Dagger, +for killing the Cumming; and the Banner is lately added, because +the Grand-father of the present John Farquharson (1702) was killed +at the Battle of Pinkie, carrying the Banner of Scotland. + + [292] Cadencies, p. 196. + + +WOOD. + +The Chiefs of this name have given Trees in different forms; but +Wood of Largoe placed his Tree between Two Ships under sail, as +Admiral to King James III. and IV. in whose reigns he defeated the +English with an inferior Force. Another Branch of the Family gave a +Hunting-horn hanging upon the Branch of a Tree, to shew he was the +King's Forester[293]. + + [293] Nisbet, Cadencies, p. 202. + + +FORBES, + +of Watertown, charges his Coat with an "Escocheon Argent, a Sword +and Key in Saltire Gules," as being Constable of Aberdeen: and for a +Difference from the Grays, places a Quill or Pen in the Paw of the +Lion in the Arms of Gray, because his Ancestor was Sheriff's Clerk +of Angus[294]. + + [294] Idem, p. 203. + + +JOHN RAMSAY, + +descended of the Ramsays of Wylicleuch in the Merss, who was Page +to King James VI. thereafter Earl of Holdernesse, got for addition +to his Paternal Bearing, "An Arm holding a naked Sword enfile of +a Crown, with a Man's Heart on the point," because he rescued +King James VI. from the Conspiracy of the Earl of Gowrie and his +Confederates. The Paternal Coat was, "Argent, an Eagle displayed +Sable."[295] These are what the Scottish Heralds call "Arms of +Special Concession."[296] + + [295] Nisbet, Cadencies, p. 196. + + [296] See Nisbet's Armories. + + +AYTON, + +of Kippo. This Family bears "A Baton Peri Or, couped;" which, Mr. +Nisbet says, is an uncommon Bearing for a younger legitimate Son, it +being a mark of Bastardy by its position; but he tells us, the Baton +of this description, and thus borne, was granted to Sir John Ayton +of Kippo, Knight, by King Charles II. as an Augmentation, because he +had been Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod to that King. Upon the +Family Coat he therefore carried "A Baton Sable, charged on the top +with one of the Lions of England." + + +STIRLING, + +of Glorat, carries "Argent, on a Bend engrailed Azure, Three +Buckles Or; a Chief Gules, charged with a Naked Arm issuing out +of a Cloud from the Sinister side, grasping a Sword in pale, and +therewith guarding an Imperial Crown; all within a double Tressure, +counterfleured of Thistles Vert." Which honourable Addition was +granted to this Family for special Services done to King Charles I. +and King Charles II. in their Troubles. + + +BINNING, + +of Easter Binning, a Cadet of Binning of that Ilk, who carried +"Argent, a Bend engrailed Sable," added, for Difference, on the +Bend, a Waggon of the first, because he and his seven Sons went in +a Waggon covered with Hay, and surprised and took the Castle of +Linlithgow, then in the possession of the English, in the Reign of +David the Bruce[297]. + + [297] Nisbet, Cadencies, p. 195. + + +LOCKART. + +This Name now bears a Man's Heart Proper, within a Padlock Sable, in +perpetuation, they tell you, that one of the Name accompanied the +good Sir James Douglas to Jerusalem, with the Heart of King Robert +the Bruce. Be that as it may, it is intended to play upon the Name; +and, to preserve the Story the more entire, some Branches of the +Family have strengthened it by the Motto, "Corda serata Pando" [some +have it, Fero]. These Devices are differently placed by different +Branches; but Mr. Nisbet insinuates[298] that this Bearing is an +assumption of a modern date; and that the old Arms were, till within +a century before he wrote [1702], "Three Boars' Heads erazed; the +Crest, a Dexter Hand holding a Boar's Head erazed, Proper; the +Motto, 'Feroci Fortior.'" + + [298] Marks of Cadency, p. 199. + + +NORFOLK. + +The Duke of Norfolk has an augmentation, _viz._ an _Escocheon Or_, +in the middle of the Bend, charged with a _Demi-Lion_ Rampant, +_pierced through the Mouth with an Arrow_, within a double Tressure +counterfleur'd Gules; which was granted by King Henry VIII. for his +services at the Battle of Flodden Field[299]. + + [299] Nisbet's Cadencies, pp. 91, 92. + + * * * * * + +Besides these and many other Bearings, not at this day easily, +if at all, to be accounted for, the Scots have, like ourselves, +several that are responsive to the Name. Of these I have selected +the few which follow, and have given their material Charge, without +attending to the Colours, or to the Blazonry of the whole. Thus + +_Cockburn_ has a Charge of Three Cocks. + +_Craw_ and _Craufurd_, Three Crows[300]. + + [300] This Bearing is of late introduction, as alluding to the + Name; for those of the Name anciently gave for Arms "Gules, a Fess + Ermine;" and another Branch gave "Argent, Three Stags' Heads erased + Gules." [Nisbet]. Crawfurd of Cloverhill has a still stronger + relation both to the Name and to his Seat; for to the original + Bearing he adds Three Crows; for Crest has a Garb (or Wheatsheaf); + and for Motto, "God feeds the Crows." Id. p. 57.--Like the Motto of + our Corbet, "Deus pascit Corvos." + +_Fraser_, Three Frases or Cinquefoils. + +_Falconer_, a Falcon. + +_Forester_, Three Bugle Horns; and the Peer of that Name and Title +has for his Motto, "Blow, Hunter, thy Horn." + +_Heart_, Three Men's Hearts. + +_Hog_, Three Boars' Heads. + +_Justice_, A Sword in Pale, supporting a Balance. + +_Skene_, Three Daggers, in the Scottish Language called Skenes. + + + + +Mottoes. + + +The Motto of DALZIEL, Earl of CARNWARTH, now an attainted Title, is, +"I Dare;" the reason of which is given by Crawfurd, in his Peerage +of Scotland. The ancient armorial bearing of this Family was, A Man +hanging on a Gallows, though it is now only a Naked Man with his +Arms expanded. Some one of the Family having, perhaps, dropped the +Gallows and the Rope, as deeming it an ignominious Bearing. + +But to proceed to the Motto. The Historian says, that a Favourite +of Kenneth II. having been hanged by the Picts, and the King being +much concerned that the Body should be exposed in so disgraceful +a situation, offered a large Reward to him who would rescue the +Body. Alpinus, the Father of Kenneth, with many of his Nobles, had +been inhumanly put to death; and the Head of the King (Alpinus), +placed upon a Pole, was exposed to the Populace. It was not for +the redemption of his Father's Body, that the new King, Kenneth, +offered the Reward; but for that of some young Favourite, perhaps +of equal age, who was thus ignominiously hanging as a public +spectacle, for the King appears to have been beheaded.[301] This +being an enterprize of great danger, no one was found bold enough +to undertake it, till a Gentleman came to the King and said, "Dal +Ziel," _i.e._ "I Dare," and accordingly performed the hazardous +exploit. In memory of this circumstance, the Family took the +above-mentioned Coat-Armour, and likewise the Name of _Dalziel_, +with the interpretation of it, "I Dare," as a Motto. The Maiden Name +(as I may call it) of this Family is not recorded, neither is the +original Coat Armour of the Gentleman mentioned. These circumstances +are related by Crawfurd, upon the authority of Mr. Nisbet, in his +Marks of Cadency, p. 41. + + [301] Buchanan. + +Occasional changes in Coats of Arms, it is very well known, have +always been common, owing to accidents and incidents, as well as +atchievements, several instances of which may be seen in Camden's +Remains. + +Similar to the case of Dalziel, is the reason given for the Motto +of _Maclellan_, Lord Kircudbright, which is, "Think on." Crawfurd's +account is to this effect. A Company of Saracens, from Ireland, +in the Reign of King James II. infested the County of Galloway, +whereupon the King issued a Proclamation, declaring that "Whoever +should disperse them, and bring their Captain, dead or alive, should +have the Barony of Bombie for his reward." This was performed by the +Son of the Laird of Bombie, who brought the Head of the Captain, on +the Point of his Sword, to the King, who put him into the immediate +possession of the Barony; to perpetuate which action, the Baron took +for his Crest a Moor's Head, on the Point of a Sword, with the words +"Think on," for his Motto. + +It may be difficult to ascertain the meaning of these words; and one +is at liberty either to suppose he addressed them to the King on the +occasion, as if he had said "Think on your Promise:"--or they may +apply to Posterity, advising them to Think on the gallant Action +whereby they became ennobled: but I more incline to the former +interpretation, because, in Yorkshire, which abounds with Scottish +idioms, words, and proverbs, they say, "I will do so and so when I +think on;" and "I would have done so and so, but I did not think +on," Our expression is, "Think of it." + +MAXWELL, of Calderwood, has the same Motto, on a different idea. +The _Crest_ is "A Man's Head looking upright," to which the _Motto_ +seems to give a religious interpretation, and to imply, "Think on" +_Eternity_[302]. + + [302] See Nisbet's Heraldry, p. 138. + +A similar change appears to have been brought about, by religious +attachments, in the _Crest_ and _Motto_ of BANNERMAN, which seems to +extend to the rest of the Armorial Bearings. Sir Alexander Bannerman +of Elsick, the chief, bore, "Gules, a Banner displayed Argent, and +thereon a Canton Azure, charged with a St. Andrew's Cross. Crest, a +Demi-Man in Armour, holding in his Right Hand a Sword Proper. Motto, +_Pro Patria_." This Bearing is by Grant, 1692; but a younger Son +of this House bore (when Mr. Nisbet wrote) the Field and Banner as +above, "within a Bordure Argent, charged with Four Buckles Azure, +and as many Holly-Leaves Vert, alternately." Buckles, in certain +case we shall see hereafter, admit of a religious interpretation, +and the Holly-Leaves (quasi Holy-Leaves), seem to have a similar +import, especially when added to the new Crest, _viz_. "A Man +issuing out of the Wreath in a Priest's habit, and praying posture," +with this Motto, "Haec prestat Militia[303]." This change might +possibly take place about the enthusiastic time of the Union of the +two Kingdoms, when religious party spirit ran high in Scotland[304]. + + [303] Nisbet's Heraldry, p. 414, 415. + + [304] See Memoirs of Ker of Kersland. + + * * * * * + +Ross, Lord Ross, has the same Motto as Dalziel Earl of Carnwath; but +on what pretensions does not appear. + + * * * * * + +I shall now proceed to another conjectural interpretation, as to the +Motto of Lord NAPIER; which is, "Ready, aye Ready." Sir Alexander +Napier was killed at the Battle of Flodden Field (1513), leaving +Issue Alexander, who married Margaret, the Daughter of Sir Duncan +Campbell of Glenorchy, ancestor of the Earls of Breadalbine. The +Motto, or rather, perhaps, Slug-Horn, of the Laird of Glenorchy, +was, "Follow me." On this marriage, therefore, I am led to believe +that Alexander Napier might take the responsive Slug-Horn of "Ready, +aye Ready," as if he had said, "always ready to follow you." This +may, perhaps, _prima facie_, appear too hypothetical; but it is +grounded upon the authority of a Friend, a Native of Scotland, who +once told me that the Mottoes of the Lairds often had a reference to +that of their Chief. + +Something like this appears in the Motto of FRASER, late Lord Lovat, +which is, "I am Ready." That Family is descended from a younger +Branch, the elder having ended in Daughters. They had for their +Ancestor, in the Female line, the Sister of King Robert I.; and the +Motto seems, if not responsive, at least expressive of Loyalty. + +This sort of Motto seems to prevail in the Family of DOUGLAS. That +of the elder Branches is, "Forward;" to which the younger Branches +reply, "Jamais Arriere," which may, perhaps, be best translated by +the vulgar Scottish expression, "Hard at your Back." + +The Motto of HAY, Earl of ERROL, which is, "Serva Jugum," deserves +our particular attention; and is founded on a well-attested +historical fact, related to this effect by Mr. Crawfurd. In the +Reign of Kenneth III. (anno 980), when the Danes invaded this +Island, and gave Battle to the Scots, whom they had routed at the +Village of Loncarty, near Perth, a certain Husbandman of the name +of Hay, who was tilling his Land, perceived his Countrymen flying +before the Enemy; when he and his two Sons, arming themselves with +their Plough-gear, the old Man having the Yoke of the Oxen for his +own Weapon, upbraided the Scots for their Cowardice, and, after much +difficulty, persuaded them to rally. They accordingly, under the +Command of this unexpected Leader and his Sons, armed with Yokes and +Plough-shares, renewed the Engagement; when the Danes, supposing +their Enemy had received a reinforcement, fled in their turn. The +King, in reward for this uncommon Service, advanced _Hay_ to the +Rank of Noblesse, and gave him as much Land as a Falcon, let loose +from the Fists, should compass at one flight. The lucky Bird, says +Dr. Abercrombie, seemed sensible of the merits of those that were to +enjoy it; for she made a circuit of seven or eight miles long, and +four or five broad; the limits of which are still extant. This Tract +of Ground, continues my Author, being called _Errol_, the Family +took from thence its designation, or title. + +To these circumstances the Armorial Bearings of the Family have +very strong allusions; for the Supporters are Two Labourers with +each a Yoke on his Shoulder; the Crest is a Falcon; and the Motto +"Serva Jugum." The Coat Armour likewise is, Argent, Three Escocheons +Gules; or, to speak in the language of noble Blazonry, Pearl, Three +Escutcheons Ruby; to intimate that the Father and his Two Sons had +been the three fortunate Shields by which Scotland had been defended +and saved. + +Another Branch of the Family (HAY, Earl of KINNOUL,) gives the same +Coat, with a Bordure for difference; the Supporters are likewise +Two Husbandmen, the one having a Plough-share, and the other a Pick, +or Spade, upon his Shoulder. The Yoke is preserved in the Crest, +upon the Shoulder of a Demi-Man, from the waist upwards; and the +Motto seems to refer to the rallying of the Scottish Army in these +words, "Renovate Animos." + +Buchanan, further tells us, with regard to the modesty of these +unexpected Conquerors, that, when they were brought to the King, +rich and splendid Garments were offered to them, that they might +be distinguished in a Triumphal Entry which was to be made into +the Town of Perth; but the old Man rejected them with a decent +contempt; and, wiping the dust from his ordinary Clothes, joined +the Procession, with no other distinction than the Yoke upon his +shoulder, preceded and followed by the King's Train. More minute +circumstances of this extraordinary Victory, obtained, after a +palpable Defeat, at the instigation of one obscure Man, are related +by Buchanan, to whom I refer your Lordship; and you will find it +equal to any instance we have of Roman Virtue, and the _Amor +Patriae_, so much boasted of among the Ancients. + +Lloyd, in his Worthies, among his observations on the Life of James +Hay, Earl of Carlisle, tells us a chimerical story, but on what +authority I do not discover; after having mentioned slightly the +above fact, that James Hay, 600 years afterwards, "saved the King +of that Country from the Gowries at their House with a Cultre (or +Plough-share) in his hand;" and that he had as much Land assigned +him as he could ride round in two days. It does not appear from +the accounts we have of the Gowry conspiracy, that any person of +the name of Hay was concerned; but rather that this story has been +confounded with the other, because, according to Dr. Abercrombie's +account, the Land over which the Falcon flew in the first case, was +in a part of Scotland known by the name of Gowry. + + * * * * * + +CONYNGHAM, Earl of GLENCAIRN, has this very singular Motto, "Over +Fork Over," alluding to the principal Charge upon the Shield, which +is the rude and ancient Hay-Fork, called in Scotland a Shake-Fork, +and is in shape not unlike the Roman letter Y. + +This Bearing, some of their Heralds tell us, was official, because, +they say, the Family had been Hereditary Masters of the King's +Horses and Stables, of which employment this instrument was +indicative. Such official Charges and Sur-charges were common in +Scotland: thus, CARNEGIE, Earls of Southesk, charge the Breast of +their Blue Eagle with a Cup of Gold, being Hereditary Cup-Bearers +to the Kings of Scotland. But this will not hold good as to the +CONYNGHAMS; though their Sur-charge of a Man on Horseback upon +the Shake-Fork may perhaps be such an official Bearing. Different +conjectures have been brought forward; and Mr. Camden and some +others have interpreted the Fork to have been an Archiepiscopal +Pall; for which surmise a very vague reason is given, viz. that an +Ancestor of the Family was concerned in the Murder of Thomas Becket, +Archbishop of Canterbury. Which Bearing, Mr. Nisbet observes, +would in such case operate rather as an abatement than a badge +of honour[305]. This conjecture, however, will not hold good on +heraldic principles; for a Pall, when used as a Charge, is very +differently represented, the three ends of it being square, and even +touching the borders of the Escocheon; whereas the device before +us is pointed at the ends, and does not come in contact with the +edges of the Shield. But what has the Pall to do with the Motto? We +must therefore advert to other circumstances for an interpretation +of both the reason of the Armorial Bearing and the Motto, which +generally assist to explain each other. The account which comes +nearest the point in the present question is given by Mr. Nisbet +from Frederick Van Bassen, a Norwegian, who, he says, was a good +Genealogist, and left in MS. an account of the rise of some Scottish +Families, and among the rest of this of Conyngham; from which MS. +Mr. Nisbet gives this account--"that Malcome, the Son of Friskine, +assisting Prince Malcom (afterwards surnamed Canmore) to escape from +Macbeth's tyranny, and being hotly pursued by the Usurper's Men, was +forced at a place to hide his Master by forking Straw or Hay above +him. And after, upon that Prince's happy accession to the Crown, +he, the King, rewarded his Preserver Malcome with the Thanedom of +Cunnigham, from which he and his Posterity have their Surname, and +took this Figure to represent the Shake-Fork with which he, Malcome, +forked Hay or Straw above the Prince, to perpetuate the happy +deliverance their Progenitor had the good fortune to give to their +Prince." Admitting this to be a fact, or even a legendary tale, +credited by the Family when this Bearing was granted or assumed, +there is an affinity between the Device and the Motto not to be +found among the other conjectures. + + [305] Becket's Murderers were Four Barons, and Knights, no doubt, + of course; _viz._ Reginald Fitz-Urse, William de Tracy, Hugh de + Morville, and Richard Breto. [Consult Lord Lyttelton and his + Authorities.] + +There is another Family where the true Armorial Ensigns are +illustrated by the Motto; _viz._ the Arms of BAILIE of Lanington, +which have often been blazoned as Nine Mullets or Spurrials (or 3, +3, 2, and 1); whereas it is evident they were Stars from the Motto, +which is, "Quid clarius Astris?" + +I make no doubt there are many others of a like kind to be found, +arising from inattention or ignorance. It has been observed, that +the Shake-Fork is now much obscured by an Armed Man on Horseback +within an Inescocheon, which is supposed to allude to the Hereditary +Office of Master of the Horse; though whether this was the case, +or whether that Bearing came by alliance, may be doubtful; for Mr. +Crawfurd, in his Peerage, does not give it as a part of the Family +Coat of Conyngham in 1716; though the more modern Peerages have it. +The shape of the Fork is more discernible in the Arms of Conyngham, +Peers of Ireland, where it is not covered by a Sur-charge. The +meaning of the name is local, _Konyng-Ham; i.e._ The King's Village +or Habitation; which Etymon has been so long obscured by age, that +the Lion Office, on granting Supporters to the Family, have given +Two Rabbits, or Conies. The Irish Branch has different Supporters; +_viz._ a Horse and a Buck; though it preserves the Motto. + + * * * * * + +The Earl of TRAQUAIR has for his Motto "Judge noucht;" though there +is nothing in his Armorial Bearings to which it can allude. One +is therefore to look for some event interesting to the Family to +ground it upon, which probably was this: Sir John Stewart, first +created Baron, and afterwards Earl, of Traquair, by King Charles +I. was Lord High Treasurer of Scotland, anno 1635, and remained a +firm friend to the Royal Cause to the last. His adherence to it, +however, drew on him the resentment of the opposite party, insomuch +that he was, 1641, impeached of High Treason, and found guilty; but +the Parliament submitted his punishment to the King, who ordered +him a Pardon under the Great Seal, the Preamble to which sets forth +the King's high opinion of his abilities and his integrity in the +discharge of his duty. Upon this transaction, it seems more than +possible that the Earl, alluding to the rash and cruel treatment he +had received from the Parliament for his loyalty to the King, might +assume the Motto "Judge noucht;" the complement of which, we all +know, is, "That ye be not judged." + + * * * * * + +JOHNSTON, Marquis of ANNANDALE.--The modern _Motto_ is "Nunquam +non paratus;" but in the original _Motto_ there is History, which +connects with other parts of the Bearing. The _Crest_ is "A winged +Spur," and one of the _Supporters_ is "A Horse furnished." The +_Crest_ was taken, because the _Johnstons_ were often Wardens of the +West Borders, and active in suppressing Thieves and Plunderers, who +infested them during the Wars between England and Scotland; whence +was derived the original _Motto_, "Alight Thieves all;" commanding, +either by their authority or prowess, those Thieves to surrender. +The _Horse_ as a _Supporter_ alludes to the same circumstance, or +might be considered as a Bearing of Conquest, from a _Horse_ taken +from some famous Marauder[306]. + + [306] Peerage of Scotland, 1767, octavo. + +The Johnstons of Westrow, or Westerhall, have a different principal +Bearing in their Arms; _viz._ "A Man's Heart, ensigned with an +Imperial Crown proper, in base," being part of the Arms of Douglas, +in memory of the apprehension of Douglas Earl of Ormond, when in +rebellion against James II.[307] + + [307] Nisbet's Heraldry, p. 146. + + * * * * * + +HAMILTON, Duke of HAMILTON.--Motto, "Through." This Motto is older +than the Nobility of the Family, if my conjecture be true; as it +seems to have originated from a circumstance which happened in the +Reign of the Scottish King, Robert I. in England, at the Court of +our King Edward II. Battles, sieges, &c. had been maintained, with +various success, between the two Kings, for a long time. During +these animosities Sir Gilbert Hamilton, an Englishman, happening +to speak in praise of the intrepidity of Robert I. King of Scots, +one of the De Spencers (John, Mr. Crawfurd says,) who was of King +Edward's Bed-chamber, drew his falchion, and wounded him. Sir +Gilbert, more concerned at the contumely than at the wound, and +being prevented at the moment from resenting it; yet when he met +his antagonist the next day in the same place, ran him _through_ +the body. On this he immediately fled for protection to the King of +Scots, who gave him lands and honours for this bold vindication of +his valour[308]. + + [308] Crawfurd's Peerage, in Duke of Hamilton. Buchanan, vol. I. + p. 332, 333. Dr. Abercrombie, however, gives us reasons to doubt + that this was the first introduction of the name of Hamilton into + Scotland: though that is not material, if it was the occasion which + introduced the _Motto_. This has no apparent connexion with the + Crest or Arms, and is therefore, more conclusive. Query as to the + Crest? + + * * * * * + +The Motto of MURRAY, now Duke of ATHOL, is, "Furth, Fortune, +and fill the Fetters;" but it was originally given to John +_Stewart, Earl_ of Athol, and came to the Family of Murray by +an intermarriage with the Heiress of Stewart. The first _Earl_ +of Athol of the name of _Stewart_ was constituted Lieutenant to +King James III. (1457); and for his defeating, and bringing to +submission, Mac-Donald, Lord of the Isles, who had rebelled, he had +a special grant of several lands, and the above Motto added to his +Arms[309], which seems to mean, _Go forth, be successful, and fill +the Fetters with the Feet of all other rebellious Subjects_; for I +understand "_Fortune_" to be a verb, and chosen probably for the +sake of the alliteration. One appendage to the Arms of _Murray_, +probably received from Stewart, has an allusion to the Motto; for +the Supporter, on the Sinister side, is a Savage, with his Feet in +Fetters. + + [309] Crawfurd's Peerage. + + * * * * * + +SETON, Earl of WINTON (attainted). The original Motto of _Lord_ +Seton was "Invia Virtuti Via nulla;" but another was assumed by the +first _Earl_, alluding to an additional charge which he took, by +grant I presume, when he was created into that dignity with great +pomp (1601) at Holy-Rood House. To the original _Sword_ and Imperial +_Crown_ which he bore in an Inescocheon with a Tressure, was added +a Blazing Star of Twelve Points, with this new Motto, "Intaminatis +fulget honoribus[310]," expressive of the unshaken Loyalty of the +Family, which the last Peer unhappily forgot, and forfeited in the +Rebellion 1715. + + [310] Nisbet's Cadencies, p. 192. See also Douglas's Peerage. + +The Slughorn of the Family is _Set on_[311], which, by +amplification, I apprehend, means _Set upon your Enemy_, as an +incitement to ardour; and is rather analogous to the Motto _Think +on_, of the Lord _Kirkcudbright_, before-mentioned. + + [311] Douglas's Peerage, in the Arms. + + * * * * * + +BRUCE, Earl of ELGIN. This, and other Branches of that ancient +and once Kingly Family, has, for its Motto, "_Fuimus_," alluding +strongly to their having been formerly in possession of the Crown of +Scotland. The Crest is likewise denotative of Royal pretensions, +_viz._ "A Hand holding a Sceptre." Something, however, is worth +observing in several of the subordinate Branches, more distant from +the original Stock, where one may discern the gradual dispirited +declension of the Family, in point of Regal claims. One private +House, indeed, bears the Lion Rampant in the Arms, and likewise the +Crest, and the Motto of the Peer. Another descendant drops the Lion +in the Arms, and only bears for Crest, "_A Hand holding a Sword_," +with this modest Motto, "_Venture forward_." A third seems to give +up all for lost, by the Crest, _viz._ "_A Setting Sun_," with this +Motto, "_Irrevocable_;" while a fourth appears to relinquish a +Temporal for the hope of an Eternal Crown, by this Motto, "_Spes mea +superne_."[312] + + * * * * * + +GORDON, Duke of GORDON. The primitive Bearing of this Family was, +"Azure, a Boar's Head couped, Or;" though at present it carries +"Azure, _Three_ Boars Heads couped, Or." The first is the more +honourable Charge, as the Unit is always accounted in Heraldry +preferable to Numbers, not only on account of its simplicity[313], +but in a religious sense (often couched in Armory), as it betokens +God the Father, while the Charge of Three has the like reference +to the Trinity. The traditional story, however, relating to the +particular Coat Armour before us, is told by Douglas, in his +Peerage of Scotland, to this effect; _viz._ that in the Reign of +King Malcolm Canmore, in the eleventh century, a valiant Knight, +of the name of _Gordon_, came into Scotland, but from whence is +not said, and was kindly received by that Prince. The Knight, not +long afterwards, killed a Wild _Boar_, which greatly infested the +Borders[314], when Malcolm gave him a grant of lands in the Shire +of Berwick. These lands, according to the custom of those times, the +Knight called _Gordon_, after his own name, and settled upon them, +taking a _Boar's_ Head for his Armorial Ensign, in memory of his +having killed "that monstrous animal[315]." This may seem a trivial +reason in itself, but we have another similar tradition in the Arms +of Forbes[316]. + + [312] Nisbet's Heraldry, vol. I. p. 145. + + [313] Nisbet's Heraldry. + + [314] In rude times, such as those were of which we have been + speaking, it was accounted an action of no small valour to kill so + fierce an animal as a _Wild Boar_; being attended with considerable + personal danger, for want of such weapons, offensive and defensive, + as we have at present. On this account I may be excused bringing + forward a parallel honour attending a circumstance of this sort, + though I fetch it from the Hottentots, a people to whose very + name we seem to have falsely annexed ideas, far from the truth, + of every thing below the dignity of human nature, and placed them + but one degree above the brute creation. On the contrary, they are + represented by Kolben, who had opportunities of personal intercourse + with them, and was well qualified to observe and reason upon what he + saw, as a people much wronged by our unfavourable opinions of them. + But to the point: their country appears to be, from its situation, + exceedingly exposed to the incursions of the fiercest of beasts, + lions and tigers; insomuch that a Hottentot who kills one of these + animals with his own hand is _deified_, and his person held sacred + ever after. + + [315] Douglas's Peerage, p. 295. + + [316] Nisbet's Heraldry, p. 327. + +In process of time the Gordons, according to the practice in +Heraldry, increased the number of _Boars Heads_ to _three_, two and +one; and thus they continue to be borne at this day, with proper +differences; one of which, being particular, I shall mention, +_viz._ GORDON, _Earl_ of _Aboyne_. The reference contained in the +Motto of this Branch seems merely to be confined to the _Cheveron_ +placed between the _Boars Heads_, in these words, "_Stant caetera +Tigno_," which last word is the acknowledged Latin word for the +_Cheveron_[317]. This is, perhaps, the greatest compliment ever paid +to the _Cheveron_, which is accounted one of the humblest Charges +known, in Heraldic language, by the name of Ordinaries. + + [317] Gibbon's Introd. ad Latinam Blazoniam. See also Nisbet's + Heraldry, p. 316. + +Thus much for the Arms of the _Duke of Gordon_, and for what has +been said both of the Arms and Motto of the Earl of Aboyne; but +the Motto of the Ducal Branch of the Family is yet unaccounted for, +which is "Bydand." This, I make no doubt, is a compound word, and +of no little antiquity; and I take the resolution of it to be, by +contraction, _Byde th' End_, with the letter D in the place of the +TH; for the Glossarist to some ancient Scottish Poems, published +from the MSS. of George Bannatyne, at Edinburgh, 1770, p. 247, +renders the word _Bidand, pendente Lite_. See also the Glossary, ad +calcem. As to its import, it may refer to Family transactions, in +two points of view; _viz._ either to loyal or religious attachments. +In support of the first, we find that Sir Adam Gordon was a +strenuous asserter of the claims of the Bruces, and peculiarly +active in the cause of King Robert I. (in that long contest), who +accordingly rewarded him with a large grant of land, sufficient to +secure his interest, and make him _byde the end_ of the contest as +a feudatory under that King. The Son and Grandson of Sir Adam were +both faithful to the interest of the Bruces, and had the above +grant confirmed by King David II.[318] If this is not satisfactory, +we have instances of acts of piety done by the early Branches of +this Family, sufficient to warrant the Motto on the interpretation +here given; for in the Reign of Malcolm IV. the Family had large +possessions, part of which they devoted to religious purposes, by +considerable endowments and benefactions given to the Abbey of +Kelso[319]. + + [318] Crawfurd's Peerage. + + [319] Ibid. + +I incline, however, more strongly to the military sense of the +Motto; and the more, as it is borne by other Families, manifestly +with that reference, though I cannot account for the connexion of +the two Houses. Thus, for instance, _Leith_, in one Branch, has for +the Motto, "_Semper Fidus_;" in another, "_Trusty to the End_;" +and in a third, "_Trusty and Bydand_;" in this last, I think the +contraction of the last word, as above suggested, is more clearly +established[320]. + + [320] Nisbet's Heraldry, p. 217. + +In these Mottoes of _Leith_, it must be confessed there is more +appearance of a religious application than in that of the Duke +of _Gordon_, as the Armorial Bearings are partly compounded of +Cross-Croslets, and the Crest of the first is likewise a Turtle-dove. + + * * * * * + +ELPHINSTON, Lord ELPHINSTON; has for his Motto "_Caus Causit_[321]," +or, as written by Mr. Nisbet, "_Cause caused it_."[322] + + [321] Crawfurd's Peerage. + + [322] System of Heraldry, p. 154. + +In Almon's Short Peerage of Scotland _Caus_ or _Cause_ is +interpreted _Chance_, which leads us to search for some casual +circumstance in the history of the Family, whereby it was elevated. + +Alexander Elphinston was ennobled by King James IV. in the time of +our Henry VIII.; to whom a fatal incident happened, to which his +Descendants might have a retrospect when the Motto was assumed. +Some branches of the story are controverted; but enough is left by +tradition to found our conjecture, and for the Family to rest the +choice of their Motto upon. This Alexander, the first Peer, was +slain at the Battle of Flodden Field (1513), together with King +James IV.; and being, in his person and face, very like the King, +his body was carried by the English to Berwick, instead of that of +the King, and treated with some indignity. The controvertible part +of the circumstance is, that the King escaped by this means, and +lived to reward the Family who had thus lost their valiant Chief; +but strong proofs are to be found, that the King was actually +slain, though by some accounts not in the Battle, as his body was +identified by more than one of his confidential Servants, who +recognized it by certain private indelible marks[323]. + + [323] Drake's Hist. Ang. Scot. + +Buchanan allows that the King escaped from the Battle; but adds, +that he was killed the same day by a party of his own Subjects, +whose interest it was to take him off, to avoid a punishment due to +themselves for cowardice in the preceding Battle[324]. + + [324] Buchanan's History, Book xiii. p. 26. + +Holinshed tells us, that in order to deceive the Enemy, and +encourage his own Troops, the King caused several of his Nobles to +be armed and apparelled like himself[325]; and this practice, at +that time of day, seems not to have been uncommon; for Shakspeare +makes Richard say, during the Battle of Bosworth Field, + + "I think, there be _Six_ Richmonds in the Field: + _Five_ have I slain to-day instead of him[326]." + + [325] Holinshed's Chronicle. + + [326] Act v. Sc. iv. + +Let this pass for truth; yet was Lord Elphinston's case the most +remarkable, and most deserving of favour to his posterity, on +account of the insults offered to his body, under a supposition +that it was the body of the King. After the death of James IV. a +long Minority ensued, and consequently a Regency; but what reward +the Family of _Elphinston_ had, or what weight they bore in the +Reign of James V. or in that of Queen Mary, History is not minute +enough to inform us; though we find, that the Great Grandson of the +first Peer slain at Flodden-Field was of the Privy Council, and +High Treasurer to James VI. (anno 1599) before his accession to the +Crown of England. This King was too well read not to have known +what passed in the Reign of his Great Grandfather respecting the +first Lord _Elphinston_; and I am willing to suppose the Descendants +of that Peer were equally informed of the fact above related; and +that the Lord Treasurer _Elphinston_ modestly imputed his elevation +ultimately to that circumstance, and allusively took the Motto +before us. + +Lest this surmise should not be satisfactory, I will offer another +on a very different ground, arising from the _Crest_, which is, +"A Lady from the middle richly attired, holding a _Castle_ in her +Right Hand, and in her Left a Branch of _Laurel_." This throws the +matter open to another conjecture; for the Bearing of the _Lady_, +with the _Castle_ in her Right Hand, may well be supposed to relate +to Alliances; several of the Ancestry of the Family, which came +originally from Germany in the time of Robert the Bruce (in the +Reign of our Edward II.) having married Heiresses[327], whereby +they obtained Lands, Castles, Power, and Nobility. These events +often repeated, which may be termed the effects of _chance_, give +us latitude to suppose the Motto may, on the other hand, relate to +those casual means, whereby the Family rose to the honour of the +Peerage. + + [327] Nisbet's Heraldry, p. 154. + +These are the only two conjectures I have to offer; and I do not at +present meet with any other historical matter to warrant a third. + + * * * * * + +LESLIE, Earl of ROTHES.--The Motto of this Family is "Grip (or +Gripe) Fast[328]," and seems to contain a double allusion; first +to the old Motto "Firma Spe," and afterwards to some parts of the +additional Armorial Appendages. I call it the old Motto, from the +account Mr. Nisbet gives of the original Bearing and its adjuncts; +_viz._ "Argent, on a Fess, between two Cross-Croslets Azure, +Three Buckles Or." Crest, "A Griphon's (or Griffin's) Head couped +Proper, charged with a Cross-Croslet fitched Argent." Motto, "Firma +Spe."[329] Herein the Cross-Croslets repeated, taken together with +the new Motto, admit of a religious allusion, as _holding fast_ the +Faith of Christ with _firm Hope_, expressed allegorically by the +Head of the Griffin. It may therefore be conceived, that the change +of the Motto might take place after the Family, on being ennobled, +chose Griffins for Supporters; thereby giving a loose and whimsical +translation, if I may call it so, of "Firma Spe," by the words +"Grip Fast." The ancient Bearings of the Cross-Croslets are now +discharged, nothing remaining on the Field but a _Bend_, instead of +a _Fess_, charged with Three Buckles; so that the meaning, couched +under the Cross-Croslets, the Griffin's Head, and the original words +of the Motto, is entirely lost: and at present nothing remains but +a quaint allusion to the group of those chimerical Animals. The +_Buckles_, borne first on the _Fess_, and afterwards on the _Bend_ +(a Change not uncommon as a Difference, in token of Cadency or +Cadetship in Scotland), may likewise have regard to that strong +metaphorical description of Christian Defence against the Powers +of Darkness in the Sixth Chapter of the Epistle to the Ephesians, +or to the First Epistle to the Thessalonians (Chap. v. 21). "Hold +fast that which is good;" _viz_. the Faith and Hope in the Cross +of Christ. In support of this idea, as being primarily religious, +it appears that one subordinate Branch of the Family (_Leslie_ of +Talloch) bears for a Crest, not a Griffin's, but "An Eagle's Neck, +with Two Heads erased Sable;" with the Motto "Hold Fast:" and +another has for its Motto "Keep Fast:"[330] so that _Grip_, or +_Gripe Fast_, may be considered as a mere canting Motto, arising +from old Heraldic wit. _Leslie_ of Burdsbank, carries the quartered +Coat of the Earl of Rothes, with Differences; with the _Crest_, "A +Buckle Or," and the Motto "Keep Fast." + + [328] The traditional Family History of this Motto is, that a + Countess of Rothes (then Head of the House in her own right), riding + behind a servant through a dangerous ford, had nearly lost her seat + from fear; when the man, encouraging her by the words "_Gryp Fast_," + the Countess took the advice, was rescued from imminent danger, and + her life preserved. This account of the origin of the Motto was + given by one of the Family to a Friend of mine; but how far it may + gain credit I do not determine. + + [329] Nisbet's Heraldry, vol. i. p. 96. + + [330] Nisbet's Heraldry, vol. I. ubi supra. + + * * * * * + +I close this attempt (for I call it nothing more) with a singular +Motto of a Private Family. + +HAIG, or perhaps _Haigh_, of Bemerside, has for the Family Motto +"Tyde what may," founded on a Prophecy of Sir Thomas Lermont (well +known in Scotland by the name of "Thomas the Rhymer," because he +wrote his Prophecies in Rhyme), who was an Herald in the Reign of +Alexander III. He is said to have foretold the time of his own +death; and particularly, among other remarkable occurrences, the +Union of England and Scotland, which was not accomplished till the +Reign of James VI. some hundreds of years after this Gentleman died. +These Prophecies were never published in a perfect state; but the +Epitome of them is well known in Scotland, though Mr. Nisbet says +it is very erroneous. The original, he tells us, is a Folio MS. +which Mr. Nisbet seems to have seen; for he adds, "Many things are +missing in the small book which are to be met with in the original, +particularly these two lines, concerning his (Sir Thomas Lermont's) +neighbour, Haig of Bemerside: + + 'Tyde what may betide, + Haig shall be Laird of Bemerside.' + +"And," continues Mr. Nisbet, "his Prophecy concerning that ancient +Family has hitherto been true; for since that time till this day +(1702) the Haigs have been Lairds of that place."[331] + + [331] Nisbet's Cadencies, pp. 158, 159. + + * * * * * + +"Cave Adsum" is the Motto of JARDIN, of Applegirth, Bart. in +Scotland. The Ingredients (as they may be called) to which +it alludes, are very dispersed, and to be collected from the +Supporters, the Bearing, and Crest: the Arms having "Three Mullets +charged on the Chief;" the Supporters, "An Armed Man and a Horse;" +and the Crest, "A Mullet or Spur-Rowel." This might allude to Justs +and Tournaments[332]. + + [332] See Nisbet's Heraldry. + + * * * * * + +I shall conclude with one Irish Motto; that of FITZGERALD--"_Crom +a Boo_;" a Cri de Guerre, or Term of Defiance. _A Boo_ means _the +Cause_, or the _Party_, and _Crom_ was the ancient Castle of the +Fitz-Geralds. So _Butler_ a _Boo_ meant the Ormond Party, the Cri on +the other side; by which they insulted each other, and consequently +frays and skirmishes ensued[333]. + + [333] I owe this observation to my noble Friend, and kind + Correspondent, Lord Dacre. + + * * * * * + +Simon Fitz-Alan had a Son Robert, who, being of a fair complexion, +was called _Boyt_, or _Boyd_, from the Celtic or Gallic word +_Boidh_, which signifies fair or _yellow_[334], from which he +assumed his Sur-name, and from him all the Boyds in Scotland are +descended[335]. + + [334] So _Douglas_ means White Man. See "Armories." + + [335] Douglas, p. 373. + +_Canmore_ is a Sobriquet. So might _GoldBerry_, from the colour +of Boyd's hair. Sobriquets common in England and France; there +was scarce a French King without some addition, relative to their +persons, or to their good or bad qualities. + +_Goldberry_ is a Slughorn, for the Motto is _Confido_, as applying +to the confidence the Chief had in the Vassals belonging to the +Clan; though by the modern Crest (a Thumb and two Fingers pointing +to Heaven) it seems to admit of a religious interpretation. + + + + +DISSERTATION + +ON + +Coaches. + + +Every thing has History belonging to it, though perhaps it is seldom +worth investigation; and what follows will, I suspect, be thought +not unlike Gratiano's reasons; _viz_. "As two grains of wheat hid +in two bushels of chaff; you shall seek all day ere you find them, +and when you have them, they are not worth the search[336]." But, +as the History of Coaches in general, and particularly of Hackney +Coaches, has never been drawn together, I shall attempt to do it as +an historical detail of that species of luxury. + + [336] Merchant of Venice. + +The Nobleman, and the man of fortune, steps into his own carriage; +and the humbler orders of men into their occasional coach, even +with the gout upon them, when walking is out of the question; +without ever thinking with the smallest gratitude of those who +introduced or improved such a convenience; and all this because +these Vehicles are now too common to attract our notice further than +their immediate use suggests. + +It is the business of Antiquaries to rescue subjects of this sort +from oblivion, as to their origin, their improvements, &c. to the +present hour; who of course must leave it to others of the same +class, to shew their decline; for it is not improbable that even the +present gay families, or their posterity, may be witnesses of such a +revolution. + + * * * * * + +The first Wheel-Carriages of the Coach kind were in use with us +in the Reign of King Richard II., and were called _Whirlicotes_; +though we cannot but suppose they were such as, but for the name of +riding, our ancestors might as well have walked on foot. Let us +hear the account given either by Master John Stowe, or some of his +Editors, on this matter, who tells us that "Coaches were not known +in this Island; but Chariots, or _Whirlicotes_, then so called, and +they only used of Princes, or men of great estates, such as had +their footmen about them. And for example to note, I read[337] that +Richard II. being threatened by the Rebels of Kent, rode from the +Tower of London to the Miles-End, and with him his Mother, because +she was sick and weak, in a Whirlicote.... But in the year next +following, the said Richard took to wife Anne, daughter to the King +of Bohemia, who first brought hither the riding upon side-saddles; +and so was the riding in those _Whirlicotes_ and Chariots forsaken, +except at Coronations, and such like spectacles. But now of late," +continues he, "the use of Coaches brought out of Germany, is taken +up and made so common, as there is neither distinction of time, nor +difference of persons, observed; for the world runs on wheels with +many whose parents were glad to go on foot[338]." + + [337] He cites Lib. S. Mariae Aborum. + + [338] Survey of London and Westminster, book i. + +We may hence suppose that the _Whirlicote_ was not much more than a +Litter upon Wheels, and adapted both to state and invalidity, among +the higher orders of mankind; for we have seen that they gave place +even to riding on Horseback, among the Ladies, as soon as proper +Saddles were introduced. + +The word _Coach_ is evidently French, from their word _Carrosse_, +and was formerly often written _Carroche_, as it appears in Stowe's +Chronicle, where the two words appear almost in the same sentence. +The French word, nevertheless, is not radically such, but formed +from the Italian _Carroccio_, or _Carrozza_, for they have both; +and that even the latter is a compound of _Carro Rozzo_, it being +a _red_ Carriage, whereon the Italians carried the Cross when they +took the field. So says Mr. Menage[339]; and if so, this Vehicle +passed from Italy to Germany, from thence to France, and at length +to us. According to Mr. De Caseneuve, the Italian _Carrocio_ had +four wheels; and he adds to what Mr. Menage has said, that they +carried their Standards upon it[340]. + + [339] Orig. Ital. + + [340] Appendix to Menage, Orig. Fr. + +The French _Charrette_, from whence our _Chariot_[341], had but two +wheels. But we may observe how our word is degraded, for it properly +signifies a _Cart_, though it had four wheels[342]. The French, +since Coaches came into use, have been ashamed of the term, and call +it a Carrosse Coupe, or Half-Coach. + + [341] Chariot--v. Carruca in Du Cange. Used in France at the end of +the Reign of Francis I. and Henry II. + + [342] Richelet. + +By the above account the _Chariot_ seems to have been the elder +Vehicle, or rather the Coach in its infancy; which will lead us +towards the etymon of our word _Coach_, and to the original nature +of our _Chariot_, though both of them have the same common parent. + +We may, however, collect enough from these accounts, to satisfy +ourselves that the introduction of Coaches took place in the Reign +of Queen Elizabeth; and Stowe's Continuator adds a very natural +consequence:--That, after the Royal example, "divers great ladies +made them Coaches, and rode in them up and down the countries, to +the great admiration of all the beholders." After this, he tells us, +they grew common among the Nobility and opulent Gentry; that within +twenty years Coach-making became a great trade, and that Coaches +grew into more general use soon after the accession of King James. + +What sort of Carriages they originally were with us, in point of +elegance, is not easily said; but in Germany, about that period, we +are told they were--"ugly Vehicles made of four boards, which were +put together in a very clumsy manner[343]." Of these, however, my +Author adds, that John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg, when he +went to Warsaw to do homage for the Dutchy of Prussia, A. D. 1618, +had in his train thirty-six of these Coaches, each drawn by six +horses. + + [343] Memoirs of the House of Brandenburg, p. 222. + +Either the Chariots of that time were usually more elegant, or the +Denmarkers had more taste than the Germans; for the same Author +tells us, that, when the King of Denmark passed through Berlin, in +the Reign of the Elector John George, who died 1598, the King made +his entry "in a black-velvet Chariot, laced with gold; drawn by +eight white coursers, with bits and caparisons all of silver[344]." + + [344] Memoirs, p. 221. + +The Chariot I take to have been a much more ancient Vehicle, and an +open Vehicle; for we read of them in the Reign of our Henry VII. and +even of our Richard II. + +Queen Elizabeth, when she went to St. Paul's, 1588, after the +Spanish Armada, was in a _Chariot_ supported by four pillars, and +drawn by two white horses[345]. + + [345] Nichols's Preface to Queen Elizabeth's Progresses, p. xxiii. + +It is generally agreed, by those Writers who have touched upon the +subject, that Coaches were introduced into this Kingdom in the Reign +of Queen Elizabeth; but they must have had an earlier appearance +amongst us than Anderson, in his History of Commerce, vol. I. p. +421, allows, who affirms, that the first of them was brought hither +by [Henry] Fitz-Alan, the last Earl of Arundel of that name, in the +year 1580; which cannot be the truth; for his Lordship died 1579. +This Earl, after having served Kings Henry VIII. and Edward VI. and +Queen Mary, became likewise high in the favour of Queen Elizabeth, +and was Lord Steward of her Household; but, finding himself +supplanted by the Earl of Leicester, he went abroad A. D. 1566[346]. +It is to be supposed that he travelled to the sea-coast in the +accustomed manner on Horseback; but he is said to have returned in +his Coach, which, Mr. Granger says, was the first Equipage of the +kind ever seen in England[347]; but that Author has left us without +the date; so that we are yet to seek for that point. + + [346] Camden's Elizabeth. + + [347] Biographical History of England, I. 193, 8vo. + +Another Writer robs his Lordship entirely of the honour of such +introduction; for Stowe's Continuator expressly says, that "In +the year 1564 (two years before the Earl of Arundel went abroad), +Guilliam Boonen, a Dutchman, became the Queen's Coachman, and was +the first that brought the use of Coaches into England[348]." This +very Coachman is said also to have driven the Queen's Coach, when +she visited Oxford, 1592. Which of these two stories be true, the +Relaters, Granger and Stowe, must answer for: but Anderson is +palpably wrong in his date. + + [348] Chronicle, p. 867. This Coachman's Wife had also the honour of + introducing the Art of Starching Cambric and Lawn, and was the first + Starcher the Queen had. Idem in eod. + +I can form no better an idea of our first Coaches than that they +were heavy and unwieldy, as they continued to be for nearly two +centuries afterwards; and I can at best but take the standard from +the present State Coaches of the Archbishop of Canterbury and the +Speaker of the House of Commons[349]. + + [349] I must here stop a moment to relate an Anecdote of the late + Right Honourable Arthur Onslow, when Speaker of the House of + Commons, whose ideas of travelling did not exceed the expedition of + a pair of horses tugging his own lumbering State Coach. King George + II. died on Saturday morning early, October 25, 1760. The Duke of + Devonshire (then at Chatsworth) was Lord Chamberlain; and the Duke + of Rutland (then at Belvoir Castle) was Lord Steward. Expresses + were dispatched to these great Officers, among others, immediately; + and the Duke of Devonshire arrived in Town on the Monday evening, + though the distance was 150 miles. Tuesday and Wednesday came, but + without the Lord Steward, to the utter astonishment of the Speaker, + who knew that his distance from the Metropolis was not so great + as that of the Duke of Devonshire, who had arrived on the Monday. + "But I am told," cried he, "that his Grace of Devonshire travels + at a prodigious rate; not less than _50 miles a day_!" Such was + the prejudice of ideas, confirmed by long habitude, in a man who + never extended his journeys further than his Seat in Surrey, a few + miles from London; and in Parliament time did little more than + oscillate between his Town House and the House of Commons.--It was + a misconception on the part of the Duke of Rutland, who understood + that the King of Prussia was dead, and not King George II. I mention + the circumstance, only to shew the ignorance of some parts of + mankind, when taken out of their routine.--The Duke of Devonshire at + that time usually ran to or from Chatsworth in about 18 or 20 hours. + +It cannot be any matter of surprize, after so luxurious a conveyance +had found its way into the Royal Establishment, that it should be +adopted by others who could support the expence, when not curbed by +sumptuary laws; and we have accordingly seen, that Coaches prevailed +much, early in the Reign of King James; but Hackney Coaches, which +are professedly the Subject of this Memoir, waited till luxury had +made larger strides among us, and till private Coaches came to +market at second hand. + + +HACKNEY COACH. + +There having always been an imitative luxury in mankind, whereby the +inferior orders might approximate the superior; so those that could +not maintain a Coach _de die in diem_ contrived a means of having +the use of one _de hora in horam_. Hence arose our occasional +Vehicles called Hackney Coaches. + +The French word _Haquenee_[350] implies a common horse for all +purposes of riding, whether for private use or for hire; generally +an ambler, as distinguished from the horses of superior orders, +such as the _palfrey_ and the _great horse_. The former of these +are often called _pad-nags_, and were likewise _amblers_; while +horses for draught were called _trotting-horses_[351]: so that the +_Haquenee_ was in fact, and in his use, distinct from all the rest, +and inferior in rank and quality. This term for an ambling-nag +occurs in Chaucer[352]. Thus we obtained our _Haquenee_ or _Hackney +Horses_ long before we had any Coaches to tack to them; and the +term had likewise, at the same time, made its way into metaphor, to +express any thing much and promiscuously used. Thus Shakspeare, who +never lived to ride in a _Hackney Coach_, applies the word _Hackney_ +to a common woman of easy access[353]: and again, in the First Part +of Henry IV. (Act iii. Sc. 4), the King says to the Prince of Wales, + + [350] See the French Lexicographers. + + [351] Northumberland Household Book, p. 127. + + [352] The Romaunt of the Rose. + + [353] Love's Labour's Lost, Act ii. Sc. 2. + + "Had I so lavish of my presence been, + So common-_hackneyed_ in the eyes of men, + So stale and cheap to vulgar company," &c. + +Now Shakspeare died in the year 1616; whereas Hackney Coaches were +not known, in the Streets at least, till about the year 1625[354]. + + [354] Mortimer's Pocket Dictionary. + +Though the term _Haquenee_ is French, it is not used in France +for Coaches of a like kind; yet, after we had adopted the word as +applied to horses of the common sort, it was easy to put them in +harness, for the service of drawing, and the convenience of the +Inhabitants of the Metropolis; whereby the word _Hackney_ became +transferred to the whole Equipage, then in want of a differential +name; whereof the Coach, being the more striking part, obtained the +name by pre-eminence. + +Before I return to my subject, give me leave to add a word or +two on the French Coaches of a similar nature, which are called +_Fiacres_[355]. The term is thus accounted for, though I did not +suspect I should have found the meaning in a Martyrology. _Fiacre_ +was the name of a Saint, whose Portrait, like those of many other +famous men of their times both in Church and State, had the honour +to adorn a Sign-Post; and the Inn in Paris, Rue St. Antoine, +from which these Coaches were first let out to hire on temporary +occasions, had the Sign of _St. Fiacre_, and from thence they took +their name. M. Richelet, in his Dictionary[356], tells us, that a +_Fiacre_ is "Carosse de loueage, auquel on a donne ce nom a cause +de l'Enseigne d'un logis de la Rue St. Antoine de Paris ou l'on +a premierement loeue ces sortes de Carosse. Ce logis avoit pour +Enseigne un _Saint Fiacre_." As to the Saint himself, he was no less +a personage than the second Son, and at length Heir, of Eugenius +IV. King of Scots, who lived in the Seventh Century. He went into +France, took a religious habit, refusing the Crown of Scotland some +years afterwards, on his Brother's death; and, when he died, was +canonized. There is a Chapel dedicated to him at St. Omer's. His +death is commemorated on the 30th of August[357]. + + [355] About the same period that our Hackney Coaches became in use, + a sort of Carriage arose at Paris under the name of a _Fiacre_. I + mention them to account for the term, which in the common French + Dictionaries is simply rendered a Hackney Coach. + + [356] Voc. _Fiacre_. See also Menage, Orig. de la Langue Francoise. + + [357] English Martyrology. Moreri's Dictionary. Collyer. St. Fiacre + was the Patron Saint of persons afflicted with the _Piles_. "The + Troops of Henry V. are said to have pillaged the Chapel of the + Highland Saint; who, in revenge, assisted his Countrymen in the + French Service to defeat the English at Bauge; and afterwards + afflicted Henry with the _Piles_, of which he died. This Prince + complained, that he was not only plagued by the living Scots, but + even persecuted by those who were dead." Smollett's Travels, Letter + IV. + + N. B. There was a Prelate of the name _Fiachre_ in Ireland, whose + death is remembered there on the 8th of February. He lived about the + same time. [British Piety, in the Supplement]. He was not a Saint. + +As to the time when the French _Fiacres_ first came into use, we are +led pretty nearly to it by Mr. Menage, who, in his "Origines de la +Langue Francoise," published in Quarto, 1650, speaks of them as of a +late introduction. His words are, "On appelle ainsi [Fiacre] a Paris +_depuis quelques annees_ un Carosse de loueage." He then gives the +same reason as we find in Richelet: but the words "_depuis quelques +Annees_" shew, that those Coaches had not then been long in use, and +are to be dated either a little before or a little after our own; +insomuch that it is probable the one gave the example to the other, +allowing Mr. Menage credit for twenty-five years, comprehended in +his expression of _quelques Annees_[358]. + + [358] It is a little singular, that neither Cotgrave himself, in his + Dictionary, first published in 1611, nor his Editor, James Howell, + either in his Edition of 1650, or in that of 1673, take any notice + of the word _Fiacre_ in the sense before us. + +But to return to our Hackney Coaches, which took birth A. D. 1625 +(the first year of King Charles I.); and either began to ply in +the Streets, or stood ready at Inns to be called for if wanted: and +at that time did not exceed _twenty_ in number[359]. But, as luxury +makes large shoots in any branch where it puts forth, so we find +that, in no more than ten years, this new-planted scyon had grown so +much as to require the pruning-knife; for that the Street Coaches +had become in reality a national nuisance in various particulars: +and accordingly a Proclamation issued A.D. 1635 in the following +words: + + "That the great numbers of Hackney Coaches of late time seen + and kept in London, Westminster, and their Suburbs, and the + general and promiscuous use of Coaches there, were not only + _a great disturbance to his_ Majesty, his dearest Consort the + Queen, the Nobility, and others of place and degree, in their + passage through the Streets_; but the Streets themselves were + so pestered, and the pavements so broken up, that the common + passage is thereby hindered and made dangerous; and the prices + of hay and provender, and other provisions of stable, thereby + made exceeding dear: Wherefore we expressly command and forbid, + That, from the Feast of St. John the Baptist next coming, + no Hackney or Hired Coaches be used or suffered in London, + Westminster, or the Suburbs or Liberties thereof, except they be + to travel at least _three_ miles out of London or Westminster, + or the Suburbs thereof. And also, that no person shall go in a + Coach in the said Streets, except the owner of the Coach shall + constantly keep up _Four able Horses for our Service, when + required_[360]. Dated January 19, 1635-6." + + [359] Anderson on Commerce, II. 20. + + [360] Rymer, tom. XIX. p. 721. + +This Proclamation, so long as it was observed, must have put a +considerable check to the use of these Carriages; nor can I think it +could operate much in the King's favour, as it would hardly be worth +a Coach-Master's while to be at so great a contingent charge as the +keeping of Four Horses to be furnished at a moment's warning for his +Majesty's occasional employment. We are to construe this, then, as +amounting to a prohibition, on account of the certain expence which +must follow an uncertain occupation. The nature of this penalty, as +I may call it, was founded on the Statute of Purveyance, not then +repealed. + +But there was another co-operating cause that suspended the use +of Coaches for a short time, which was the introduction of the +_Hackney Chairs_, which took place a very little while before the +Proclamation. They arose from the incommodities stated in the Royal +Edict, and, no doubt, tended in some measure towards the suppression +of the Hackney-Coaches; till by degrees being found incompetent +to answer all their seemingly intended purposes, we shall see the +Coaches, in about _two_ years time, return into the streets, and +resume their functions. But to proceed with the History of the +_Chairs_. At the critical time, then, when Government was devising +measures to prevent the increase of _Coaches_ as much as possible, +for the reasons alleged in the Proclamation, there stepped in a +Knight, by name Sir Saunders Duncombe, a Gentleman-Pensioner, and a +travelled man, who proposed the introduction of _Chairs_, after the +model he had seen abroad[361]. This was in the year 1634; when Sir +Saunders obtained an exclusive Patent for the setting them forth +for hire, dated the first day of October, for the term of _fourteen_ +years. The number is not specified, but left perhaps indefinite, +it being impossible to say what would be necessary in a new device +of this sort, tending to be beneficial to the introductor, as well +as convenient to the Publick. The tenor of the Grant, omitting the +words of course, runs thus: + + "CHARLES, &c. + + [361] He was knighted, together with fourteen other Gentlemen of + the Band, by King James, in Scotland, 1617; as appears from a + Catalogue of Knights, published by J. P. Esq. 1660. + + "Whereas the several Streets and Passages within our Cities of + _London_ and _Westminster_, and the Suburbs of the same, are of + late time so much encumbered and pestered with the unnecessary + multitude of Coaches therein used, that many of our good and + loving Subjects are by that means oftentimes exposed to great + danger; and the necessary use of Carts and Carriages for the + necessary Provisions of the said Cities and Suburbs thereby + also much hindered. And whereas, our servant, _Sir Sanders + Duncombe_, Knight, hath lately preferred his humble Petition + unto us; thereby shewing, that in many parts beyond the Seas, + the people there are much carried in the Streets in Chairs that + are covered; by which means very few Coaches are used amongst + them: and thereof he hath humbly besought us to grant unto him + the sole using and putting forth to hire of certain covered + Chairs, which he will procure to be made at his own proper costs + and charges, for carrying such of our loving Subjects as shall + desire to use the same, in and about our said Cities of _London_ + and _Westminster_, and the Suburbs thereof. + + "Know ye, that we, of our princely care of the good and welfare + of all our loving Subjects, desiring to use all good and + lawful ways and means that may tend to the suppressing of the + excessive and unnecessary number of Coaches now of late used + in and about our said Cities, and the Suburbs thereof; and to + the intent the said _Sir Sanders Duncombe_ may reap some fruit + and benefit of his industry, and may recompense himself of the + costs, charges, and expences, which he shall be at in and about + the directing, making, procuring, and putting in use of the + said covered Chairs, of the purpose aforesaid; and for divers + other good causes and considerations, us hereunto moving, of + our special grace, certain knowledge, and mere motion, have + given and granted, and by these Presents, for Us, our Heirs + and Successors, do give and grant, unto the said _Sir Sanders + Duncombe_, his Executors, Administrators, and Assigns, and + to his and their, and every of their, Deputy and Deputies, + Servants, Workmen, Factors, and Agents, and to all and every + such person and persons as shall have power and authority + from him, them, or any of them, in that behalf, full and free + Licence, Privilege, Power, and Authority, that they only, and + none other, shall or may, from time to time, during the term of + fourteen years hereafter granted, use, put forth, and lett to + hire, within our said Cities of _London_ and _Westminster_, and + the Suburbs and Precincts thereof, or in any part of them, or + any of them, the said covered Chairs, to be carried and borne as + aforesaid. + + "Witness Ourself at _Canbury_, the First day of October[362]." + + [362] Rymer, tom. XIX. p. 572. + +The place principally hinted at in the above Grant, or Patent, seems +to have been the City of _Sedan_ in Champagne; where, we are at +liberty to suppose, these covered Chairs being most in use, they +obtained with us the name of _Sedan Chairs_, like the local names of +_Berlin_ and _Landau_[363]. + + [363] Mr. Reed, the Editor of the Old Plays [2d Edit. 1780], from + the above account, must therefore certainly be in an error, when + he supposes that _Sedan Chairs_ were the introduction of the Duke + of Buckingham, about the year 1619. [See Note to vol. V. p. 475.] + _Sedan_--mentioned by the name only in the Life of Dr. Thomas + Fuller, 1661, 18mo. p. 57. + +These new Vehicles, hitherto unseen in our orbit, had, doubtless, +patrons among the beaus and fine gentlemen of the age; though, in +their general utility, they manifestly could not be so commodious +as Coaches, were it for no other reason than that they could carry +but one person. They might prevail with persons of a certain rank +and description; but the opulent Merchant, and others in a similar +line of family life, still were in want of a conveyance of greater +capacity; a circumstance which would depress the _Chairs_, and +gradually hasten the re-introduction of the _Coaches_, and which, +as has been observed, took place accordingly in little more than +two years. The following special commission was therefore granted +by the King, A. D. 1637, wherein the number of the Coaches seems +rather to have enlarged, and the management of them was placed in +the department of the Master of the Horse. It runs essentially in +the following words: + + "That we, finding it very requisite for our Nobility and Gentry, + as well as for Foreign Ambassadors, Strangers, and others, + that there should be a competent number of Hackney Coaches + allowed for such uses, have, by the advice of our Privy Council, + thought fit to allow _Fifty Hackney Coachmen_ in and about + London and Westminster; limiting them not to keep above Twelve + Horses a-piece. We therefore grant to you [the Marquis] during + your Life, the Power and Authority to license _Fifty_ Hackney + Coachmen, who shall keep no more than Twelve good Horses each, + for their, or any of their, Coach and Coaches respectively. You + also hereby have Power to license so many in other Cities and + Towns of England as in your wisdom shall be thought necessary; + with power to restrain and prohibit all others from keeping any + Hackney Coach to let to hire, either in London or elsewhere. + Also to prescribe _Rules_ and _Orders_ concerning the daily + _Prices_ of the said licensed Hackney Coachmen, to be by them, + or any of them, taken for _our own_ particular service, and in + their employment for our Subjects; provided such orders be first + allowed by us, under our Royal Hand."[364] + + [364] Rymer, tom. XX. fol. 159. + +We may observe that the article of Purveyance is here very gently +touched upon, and confined to a sign-manual. Mr. Anderson supposes +that there must have been many more than _fifty_ Coaches introduced +by the above allowance of _twelve_ horses; but it seems rather to +imply that no Coach-Master should engross more than six Coaches to +himself. This also might be a tacit mode of preserving a supply of +horses to be purveyed for the King when necessary. + +One may collect from hence that private Coaches were sparingly kept, +by the mention of the Nobility and Gentry. + +Hitherto we have found the Hackney Coaches under the regulation +of the Crown, or its immediate Officers; but we are now to look +for them at a time when the Monarchical Government was suspended, +during the Protectorate. Whether the Master of the Horse received +any emolument from granting the above Licences, is not apparent; +but under the Commonwealth we find that the Coaches became subject +to a tax towards the expence of their regulation; for by an Act +of Oliver's Parliament, A. D. 1654, the number of such Coaches, +within London and Westminster, was enlarged to _two hundred_[365]. +The outlying distance was also augmented to _six_ miles _round +the late lines of communication_, as the Statute expresses it; by +which I conceive that the greatest distance was extended to _nine_ +miles, including the _three_ prescribed, or rather enjoined, by the +regulating proclamation of King Charles I. in the year 1635. By this +Act of Oliver's Parliament, the government of the Hackney Coaches, +with respect to their _stands_, _rates_, &c. was placed in the +Court of Aldermen of London; and as, of course, this new business +would require Clerks, and other officers, to supervise it, the +Coach-Masters were made subject to the payment of _twenty shillings_ +yearly for every such Coach. + + [365] Anderson says _three hundred_, but that must be an error; for + the Docquet of the Act in Scobel says, that "the number of persons + keeping Hackney Coaches shall not at one time exceed _two hundred_." + This must apply to the number of Carriages; and so Sir William + Blackstone understood it. Commentaries, vol. I, 4to. + +Here we have brought the Coaches under a Police similar to +that of our own time; but it did not long remain in the hands +of the Corporation; for in the year after the Restoration, the +establishment was new-modelled by an Act of the 13th and 14th of +King Charles II. 1661, wherein it is specified that no Coaches +were to be used without a Licence,--who may be entitled to such +Licences,--that the number shall not exceed 400,--what shall be the +rates,--with penalties for exacting more[366]. + + [366] See the Act in the Statute Book. + +Each of these four hundred Coaches so licensed was obliged to +pay annually five pounds for the privilege, to be applied towards +the keeping in repair certain parts of the streets of London and +Westminster[367]; a very rational appropriation of such fund, for +who ought so much to contribute to the amendment of the streets, as +those who lived by their demolition? + + "Nex Lex aequior ulla, quam," &c. + +Within a few years after the Revolution (anno 5 Gul. et Mar. ch. +xxii.) the number of Coaches arose to seven hundred, each of which +paid to the Crown annually four pounds. This, prima facie, one +would suppose was a relief to the Coach-Masters, and that the +reduction in the impost accrued from the number; but that was not +the case, for every Owner, for each Coach, was constrained to pay +down fifty pounds for his first Licence for twenty-one years, or +forego his employment; which seeming indulgence was, in fact, paying +five pounds _per annum_ for that term; whereas, probably, the +Coach-Master would rather have continued at the former five pounds, +and have run all risks, than have purchased an exclusive privilege, +in the gross, at so high a price. + + [367] Anderson, II. 115. Journals of the House of Commons. + Blackstone. + +The finances, and even the resources, of Government, must have been +very low at this moment, or Ministry could never have stooped to so +paltry and oppressive an expedient, to raise so small a sum as would +arise from these Licences. By the increase of the number of Coaches +from four hundred at five pounds _per annum_, to seven hundred +at four pounds _per annum_, the gain to the Treasury was L.800 +annually:--and what did the licences at fifty pounds each Coach, for +the term of twenty-one years, yield to the State?--L.3,500! Whereas, +had such lease of the privilege of driving a Coach been kept at the +rack rent of five pounds _per annum_, it had produced in that period +L.14,700. + +Thus, however the matter rested, till the ninth year of Queen Anne, +1710, when a Statute was made, which brought the business to its +present standard, with a few variations, which will be observed in +the order of time. By this Act every circumstance was new modelled; +for thereby the Crown was impowered to appoint five Commissioners +for regulating and licensing both Hackney Coaches and Chairs, +from the time the late Statute of the fifth of William and Mary +should expire, _viz._ at Midsummer A. D. 1715, authorizing such +Commissioners to grant licences to eight hundred Hackney Coaches +from that time for the term of thirty-two years, which should be +allowed to be driven in the Cities of London and Westminster, and +the Suburbs thereof, or any where within the Bills of Mortality; +each Coach paying for such privilege the sum of five shillings _per_ +week[368]. It was at the same time enacted, that from the 24th of +June, 1711, all _horses_ to be used with an Hackney Coach shall be +fourteen hands high, according to the standard; and further, that +every _Coach_ and _Chair_ shall have a mark of distinction, "by +_figure_ or otherwise," as the Commissioners shall think fit; and +"the said _mark_ shall be placed on each side of every such Coach +and Chair respectively, in the most convenient place to be taken +notice of, to the end that they may be known if any complaints shall +be made of them[369]." + + [368] By Monthly Payments. + + [369] The Figures of the Chairs are too small and inconspicuous; + there should be one both on the outside and inside of each. + +This was all that could then be done respecting the _Coaches_, +forasmuch as the old term of twenty-one years, granted in the +fifth year of William and Mary, 1694, was subsisting, whereby +seven hundred Coaches were allowed, and for which privilege the +Owners had paid fifty pounds each, on whom Government shewed some +tenderness. With regard, however, to regulation, &c. there was, +no doubt, room sufficient for the exercise of the powers given to +the Commissioners. There was, likewise, another object involved in +this Statute; _viz._ the _Chairs_, which were not comprehended in +the same agreement and contract with the Coaches, but were open +immediately to new laws. Therefore under the same commissions was +placed the management and licensing of the Hackney Chairs, to +commence from the 24th of June in the following year, 1711, for the +said term of thirty-two years; which were thereby limited to the +number of _two hundred_, each paying for such licence the annual +sum of ten shillings[370]. As the number of both Coaches and Chairs +was enlarged, whereby many new persons would come forward, perhaps +to the ousting of the old Coach-Masters and Chair-Masters, it is +required by this Act that the Commissioners shall give a preference +to such of the Lessees, as I may call them, whose terms had not then +expired, whether the right remained in themselves or their widows, +if they applied within a given time[371]. + + [370] By Quarterly Payments. Thus the Power of the Commissioners + over the Chairs arose before that over the Coaches. + + [371] Some Lawsuits having arisen from this Clause, it was explained + by a short Act of the 12th year of the Queen (1713), subjecting such + _Widows_ to the same Rules, Penalties, &c. made, or to be made, as + any acting Chairman. And thus it continues to this day; for the + owner of a _Figure_, as it is called, is answerable for certain + faults of his or her assignee. + +By this statute likewise the rates were limited to time and +distance, at ten shillings by the Day.--One shilling and six +pence for the first Hour, and one shilling for every succeeding +Hour.--One shilling for the distance of a mile and a half.--One +shilling and six pence for any distance more than a mile and a half, +and not exceeding two miles; and so on, in the proportion of six +pence for every succeeding half mile. + +The Chairs are likewise at the same time rated at two-thirds of the +distance prescribed to the Coaches, so that they were allowed to +take one shilling for a mile, and six pence for every succeeding +half mile. + +Though the time of waiting is not specified in the Act with regard +to the Chairs, yet it follows, by implication, to be intended the +same as the Coaches. These have been altered by a very late Statute, +1785. It is well known that it is left in the option of either +Coachmen or Chairmen, whether they will be paid by the distance or +the time, which is but a reasonable privilege; but there is another +circumstance, not generally known, of which the passengers are not +perhaps aware, _viz_. that if the room which a Coach will occupy +in turning about should exceed the distance allowed, the Coachman +is entitled to a larger fare, that is, as much as if he had gone +another half mile. The doctrine is the same respecting Chairs, and +the room allowed is eight yards in the case of a Coach, and four +yards in the case of a Chair. As the Statute gives all competent +allowances to the Coachmen and Chairmen, so it was requisite, on +the other hand, to make the contract obligatory, and that each of +them should be compellable to perform their parts; and therefore, +to do this, and at the same time to prevent extortion, it became +necessary to add a severe penal clause, _viz._ "that if any +Hackney-Coachman or Chairman shall refuse to go at, or shall exact +more for his hire than, the several rates hereby limited, he shall, +for every such offence, forfeit the sum of _forty shillings_." These +penalties were, by this Act, to have gone in the proportion of +_two_-thirds to the Queen, and _one_-third to the Plaintiff. [Since +made half to the Crown and half to the Complainant.] The Coachmen +and Chairmen are thereby likewise liable to be deprived of their +Licences for misbehaviour, or by giving abusive language[372]. On +the other hand, that the Coachmen and Chairmen might have a remedy +in case of refusal to pay them their just fare, any Justice of the +Peace is impowered, upon complaint, to issue a warrant to bring +before him the Recusant, and to award reasonable satisfaction to +the party aggrieved, or otherwise to bind him over to the next +Quarter-Session, where the Bench is empowered to levy the said +satisfaction by distress. The Act proceeds to other matters touching +the Commissioners themselves, &c.; and then states, that whereas by +a Statute of the 29th of Charles II. the use of all Hackney Coaches +and Chairs had been prohibited on Sundays, it gives full power both +to stand and to ply as on other days.[373] + + [372] Turned afterwards into a mulct. + + [373] Restrained by a subsequent Act. + +This is the substance of the Act before us; but it may here be +observed, that in the 10th year of the Queen, 1711, _one hundred +more Chairs_ were added by Statute, subject to the same regulations +as the rest, being found not only convenient but necessary; as the +number of Coaches, consistently with Public Faith, could not be +enlarged till the year 1715, when the old term of twenty-one years +should have expired. + +Before all the provisions in the Act of the year 1710, referred to +the future period of 1715, could take place, a demise of the Crown +intervened, A. D. 1714, by which all such clauses, which extended to +a future time, were of course become a nullity. + +By Act 12 George I. chap. 12, the number of Chairs was raised to +400, on account of the increase of Buildings Westward.[374] + + * * * * * + + [374] The MS here ends abruptly.--On the subject of Chairs, however, + see Acts 3 Geo. I. chap. 7; 16 Geo. II. chap. 26; 20 Geo. II. chap. + 10; 30 Geo. II. chap. 22; 33 Geo. II. chap. 25. + + +THE HAMMER CLOTH. + +To shew how trifling, though necessary conveniences, arise to great +and expensive luxuries, let us remark the original insignificant +appendage of what we call the Hammer Cloth. It was requisite that +the Coachman should have a few implements in case of accidents, or a +sudden and little repair was wanting to the Coach; for which purpose +he carried a hammer with a few pins, nails, &c. with him, and placed +them under his seat, made hollow to hold them, and which from thence +was called the Coach Box; and, in a little time, in order to conceal +this unsightly appearance, a cloth was thrown over the box and its +contents, of which a hammer was the chief, and thence took the name +of the Hammer-Cloth. This is my idea of the etymon of these two +common terms. And here again it can but be observed that this little +appendage is now become the most striking and conspicuous ornament +of the equipage. + + + + +Articles of Dress. + + +GLOVES. + +About the year 790, Charlemagne granted an unlimited right of +hunting to the Abbot and Monks of Sithin, for making their _Gloves_ +and Girdles of the Skins of the Deer they killed, and Covers for +their Books. [Mabillon de Re Diplom. p. 611. Grose.] + +Anciently richly adorned and decorated with precious Stones,--as +in the Rolls of Parliament, anno 53 Hen. III. A. D. 1267. "Et de 2 +Paribus _Chirothecarum_ cum lapidibus." [Warton's History of Poetry, +vol. I. p. 182, note. Grose.] + +Edward Vere, Earl of Oxford, according to Mr. Walpole's account, on +the authority of Stowe,--"having travelled into Italy, is recorded +to have been the first that brought into England _embroidered_ +GLOVES and Perfumes; and presenting the Queen [Elizabeth] with a +Pair of the former, she was so pleased with them, as to be drawn +with them in one of her Portraits." [Royal and Noble Authors, vol. +i. p. 159. Note to Winter's Tale, edit. Johnson and Steevens, 1778, +p. 388.] + + "Give _Gloves_ to the Reapers, a Largesse to cry." + + [Tusser, _v._ Hist. of Hawsted. 190.] + +The Monastery of Bury allowed its Servants two pence apiece for +_Glove-Silver_ in Autumn. [Hist. of Hawsted. 190.] + +The rural Bridegroom, in Laneham's (or Langham's) Account of the +Entertainment of Queen Elizabeth at Kenelworth Castle, 1575, had--a +Payr of _Harvest Gloves_ on his Hands, as a sign of good Husbandry. +Id. in eod. + +When Sir Thomas Pope, the Founder of Trinity College, Oxford, +visited it, 1556, "The Bursars offered him a present of embroidered +_Gloves_." [Warton's Life of Sir Thomas Pope, p. 119.] + +When Sir Thomas Pope had founded the College, the University +complimented him with a Letter of Thanks, which was accompanied +with a Present of _rich Gloves_, 1556. [Warton's Life, p. 132, +note.] The Gloves were sent both to himself and Lady, and cost 6_s._ +8_d._ [Id. in eod.] + +After the death of Sir Thomas Pope, his Widow married Sir Hugh +Powlett; on which occasion the College presented her, as the Wife +of the Founder, with a Pair of very rich Gloves, the charge for +which runs--Pro _Pari Chirothecarum_ dat. Dom. Powlett et Domine +Fundatrici, xvi s. Idem, p. 185. See also p. 191, ubi saepe; and p. +411. "Pro Chirothecis Magistri Pope, xxxii s. + +An article charged in the Bursar's books of Trinity College, Oxford, +is "pro fumigatis _Chirothecis_." [Warton.] These were often given +to College-Tenants, and Guests of Distinction; but this fell into +disuse soon after the Reign of Charles I. Idem. [Grose.] + +George Clifford, Earl of Cumberland, received a _Glove_ from Queen +Elizabeth. The Queen had dropped it, when he taking it up to return +to her, she presented it to him as a mark of her esteem. He adorned +it with Jewels, and wore it in the front of his Hat on days of +Tournaments. It is expressed in a print of him by Robert White. +[Bray's Tour, p. 319.] + +See for Gloves worn in Hats, Old Plays, vol. ii. p. 132, second +edition: King Lear, act iii. sc. 4. edit, 1778 by Johnson and +Steevens. + +N. B. Such Tokens as these were called _Favours_[375], from whence +we derive the term for Ribbons given on Weddings. I presume they are +supposed to be given by the hand of the Bride. + + [375] See Walpole's Royal and Noble Authors, vol. i. p. 131. So + Shakspeare, Richard II. act v. sc. 2. + +Dr. Glisson, in his last visit to Queen Elizabeth, received from her +a Pair of rich Spanish leather _Gloves_, embossed on the backs and +tops with gold embroidery, and fringed round with gold plate. The +Queen, as he tells us, pulled them from her own Royal Hands, saying, +"Here, Glisson, wear them for my sake." Life of Corinna (or Mrs. +Eliz. Thomas), p. xxxi. + +Perfumed Gloves[376]; v. supra. + + [376] Mistress of the _Sweet_-Coffers, occurs in the Old + Establishments. The present Queen (Charlotte) has her Gloves kept in + a _perfumed_ box. + + "These Gloves the Count sent me; they are an excellent _Perfume_." + + Much Ado about Nothing, act ii. sc. 4. + +Gloves given at Weddings. Old Plays, vol. v. p. 8. + +A Glove hung up in a Church, as a public Challenge. Gilpin's Life of +Bernard Gilpin, by Mr. Gilpin, p. 179. + +Swearing by Gloves, in jocular conversation, very common. "Aye, by +these Gloves!" is an expression I have somewhere seen. + +Ladies' Sleeves, as well as Gloves, were worn as tokens of +Gallantry. Vide Troil. and Cress, act. v. sc. 2. edit. Johnson and +Steevens, 1778. + +Gifts that admitted of it (especially to Women from Men) were +usually worn on the Sleeve. + + "I knew her by this Jewel on her _Sleeve_." + + Love's Labour Lost, act v. sc. 1. + +Fairings, and such Tokens, were of this sort. Hence the Question and +Answer. + + Q. What have you brought me? (from the Fair, &c.) A. A _new + nothing_, to pin on your _Sleeve_. + +Hence also to _pin_ one's _Faith_ upon another's _Sleeve_. + + "Wear my Heart upon my Sleeve." + + Othello, act i. sc. 1. + + * * * * * + +F. GROSE, Esq. to S. PEGGE, F. S. A. + + September 4, 1784. + + Dear Sir, + + I have had such a variety of interruptions (agreeable ones), + that I have made no hand of your _Gloves:_ all that has occurred + on that subject, I here send you. + + Blood, who attempted to steal the Crown, presented Mr. Edwards, + Keeper of the Jewel Office, with _four_ Pair of White Gloves, + as from his Wife, in gratitude for his civility to her in + a pretended qualm or sickness. The whole transaction is in + Maitland's History of London. + + To give one's Glove was considered as a challenge. See + Shakspeare, in Hen. V. It is still considered in that light by + the Highlanders, of which I once saw an instance in Flanders. + Dropping the Gauntlet, at the Coronation, is a kind of challenge. + + When the Judge invites the Justices to dine with him at a County + Assize, a Glove is handed about by the Crier or Clerk of the + Court, who delivers the invitation; into this Glove every one + invited puts a shilling. + + A Bribe is called a Pair of Gloves. + + In a Play, I think called the Twin Rivals, an Alderman presents + his Glove, filled with Broad Pieces, to a Nobleman, as a Bribe + to procure a Commission for his Son. + + Item, for three dozen Leder Gloves, 12s. Vide Account of Henry + VII. in Remembrancer's Office. + + I set off next week for Christchurch, where I propose staying a + month, or six weeks at farthest. My best wishes attend you and + yours. + + Adieu! + + F. GROSE. + +ERMINE + +GENTLEWOMEN'S APPAREL. + +What we call _Ermine_ is an erroneous conception, for we give the +name to White Fur tufted with Black, whereas it is the Black only +that is properly Ermine, of which numberless instances may be +produced, and this is one. + +_Powderings on her Bonnet._--This may require an explanation to +those who are unacquainted with the language of that age. What we +call Ermine, is a compound, which will bear a little analysis, for +it is formed of the Fur of one animal, and the tip of the Tail of +another. The White Ground is, properly speaking, _Minever_, so +called from a Russian animal of that name. [v. Philips's Dictionary, +in voce.] The Ermine is the Armenian Mouse, the tip of whose Tail is +Black, which being placed as a falling tuft upon the Minever, forms +what we collectively call Ermine, the value of which is enhanced +the more, as one animal can afford but one tuft. [v. Bailey's Dict, +in voce.] Every one of these tufts is termed a _Powdering_. + +The Heralds make a distinction between the singular _Ermine_, and +the Plural, _Ermines_; the latter, in their language, importing +Black powdered with White: and they go into still more minute +modifications, _Erminois_, &c. + + +APPAREL FOR THE HEADS OF GENTLEWOMEN. + +First, none shall wear an Ermine, or Lettice-Bonnet, unless she be a +Gentlewoman born, having Arms. + +Item, a _Gentleman_'s Wife, she being a Gentlewoman born, shall wear +an Ermine or Lettice Bonnet, having _one_ Powdering in the Top. And +if she be of honourable stock, to have _two_ Powderings, one before +another, in the Top. + +Item, an _Esquire_'s Wife to have _two_ Powderings. + +Item, an _Esquire_'s Wife _for the Body_ to wear _five_ Powderings; +and if she be of great Blood, _two_ before, which maketh seven. + +Item, a _Knight_'s Wife to wear on her Bonnet, _seven_ Powderings, +or _eight_ at the most, because of higher Blood, as before. + +Item, a _Banneret_'s Wife to wear _ten_ Powderings. + +Item, a _Baron_'s Wife _thirteen_. + +Item, a _Viscount_'s [Wife] to wear _eighteen_. + +Item, a _Countess_ to wear _twenty-four_. And above that Estate the +number convenient, at their pleasures. + + Ex Bibl. Harl. No. 1776. fol. 31. b. + + +MOURNING. + +The French Queens, before the Reign of Charles VIII. wore _White_ +upon the death of the King; and were called "_Reines Blanches_." It +was changed to _Black_ on the death of Charles VIII. 1498. [See P. +Dan. Hist. iv. 590.] + +In a Wardrobe account for half a year, to Lady-day 1684 (a MS. +purchased by Mr. Brander at the sale of the Library of Geo. Scot, +Esq. of Woolston-Hall, 1781), are the following entries for the +King's Mourning. + +"A Grey Coat lined with Murrey and White flowered Silk, with Gold +Loops, and four Crape Hat-bands." + +Again, "A Sad-coloured Silk Coat, lined with Gold-striped +Lutestring, with Silver-and-Silk Buttons; and a Purple Crape +Hatband." + +Again, "A Purple Coat." + +The Emperor Leopold, who died 1705, never shaved his Beard during +the time of Mourning, which often lasted for a long time. [Bancks's +Hist. of Austria, p. 277.] + +The Empress-Dowagers never lay aside their Mourning, and even their +Apartments are hung with Black till their deaths. [Bancks's Hist. of +Austria, p. 400. He says this from Baron Polnitz's Memoirs, vol. iv. +p. 46.] + +The Bavarian Family never give a Black Livery, or line their +Coaches, in the deepest Mourning. [Polnitz, i. letter 22.] + +The Pope's Nieces never wear Mourning, not even for their nearest +Relations; as the Romans reckon it so great a happiness for a +Family to have a Pope in it, that nothing ought to afflict his +Holiness's kindred. [Polnitz's Memoirs, ii. letter 33.] + +Queen Anne, on the death of Prince George of Denmark, wore Black +and White, with a mixture of Purple in some part of her Dress. The +precedent was taken from that worn by Mary Queen of Scots for the +Earl of Darnley, which was exactly in point. [Secret History of +England, ii. 299.] + +King Charles I. put the Court into Mourning for one Day on the death +of the Earl of Portland (Richard Weston), Lord High Treasurer. +[Stafford's Letters, i. 389.] + + +BEARD, &c. + +CHARLES I.[377]--WILLIAM I. + + [377] See "The Life of Corinna," or Mrs. Elizabeth Thomas, Jun. + Printed in 1731. + +Mrs. Thomas's Great Grand-Father was Mr. Richard _Shute_, a +Turkey Merchant, one of the Members for the City of London, +and much favoured by King Charles I. who gave him the Name of +_Sattin_-Shute, by way of distinction from another Branch of the +same Name and Family, and from his usually wearing a _Sattin_ +Doublet cut upon White Taffata. + +"Without doubt," says Mrs. Thomas (for she was her own Biographer), +"he was very nice in the mode of that Age, his Valet being some +hours every morning in _starching_ his _Beard_, and _curling_ his +_Whiskers_; but," continues she, "during that time a Gentleman, whom +he maintained as a Companion, always read to him on some useful +subject." He lived in Leaden-Hall Street, the site on which stands +the India House, and had a Country-seat at Berking, in Essex. Here +he had a very fine Bowling-green, as he delighted much in that +exercise. The King, who was fond of the diversion, once told Mr. +Shute, he would dine with him some day, and try his skill on his +Bowling-green. The King went, and was so pleased with the place, it +being very retired, and likewise with Mr. Shute's skill in Bowling +(he being accounted one of the best Bowlers of his time), that he +frequently visited afterwards Berking-Hall, without any Guards, and +with three or four select Gentlemen, his attendants, when, as the +King expressed it, he had a mind to _drop State, and enjoy himself +as a private man_:--"_Ah, Shute_," said he one day, with a deep +sigh, "how much happier than I art thou, in this blessed retirement, +free from the cares of a Crown, a factious Ministry, and rebellious +Subjects!" They generally played high, and punctually paid their +losings; and though Mr. Shute often won, yet the King would, one +day, set higher than usual, and, having lost several games, gave +over; when Mr. Shute said,--"An please your Majesty, _One thousand +pounds rubber more, perhaps Luck may turn_:"--"_No, Shute_," replied +the King, laying his hand gently on his shoulder, "_Thou hast won +the day, and much good may it do thee, but I must remember I have a +Wife and Children_." P. xxi. + +This place was afterwards dismantled by Mr. Shute's heir, and in a +few years became a ploughed field. The King gave Mr. Shute several +places; among which were the Deputy Lieutenancy of the Ordnance, +and the Mastership of St. Cross's Hospital, to the amount of four +thousand pounds _per annum_. P. xxv. + +These he gave up when the Civil War broke out; and retired to +Hamburgh, where he died a few years after the death of the King. P. +xxvii. + +William the Conqueror played _deep_; for, tradition says, that +Walter Fitzbourne, a Norman Knight, and great Favourite of the King, +playing at Chess on a Summer's evening, on the banks of the _Ouse_, +with the King, won all he played for. The King threw down the Board, +saying he had nothing more to play for. "Sir," said Sir Walter, +"here is land." "There is so," replied the King; "and if thou +beatest me this Game also, thine be all the Land on this side the +Bourne, or River, which thou canst see as thou sittest." He had the +good fortune to _win_; and the King, clapping him on the shoulder, +said, "Henceforth thou shalt no more be called _Fitzbourne_, but +_Ousebourne_."' Hence it is supposed came the name of _Osborne_. +Life of Corinna, p. xxviii. + + + + +Westminster. + + +Lord Coke, in his 3d Inst. (cap. 51.) speaking of the City of +Westminster, says, "It hath its name of 'the Monastery,' which +_Minster_ signifieth, and it is called _West_minster, in respect of +_East_minster, not far from the Tower of London. This Westminster, +Sebert, the first King of the East Saxons that was christened, +founded." It is added in a note in the margin, Segbert began his +Reign A. D. 603. + +Lord Coke, however excellent a Lawyer, I fear was but a bad +Antiquary; for the reverse rather seems to be the case, as it +will appear that _East_minster was so called in respect of +_West_minster. For in Stowe's Survey of London (edit. 1633), p. +497, he gives the following account of the Foundation of the Church +of Westminster:--"This Monasterie was founded and builded in the +year 605, by Sebert, King of the East Saxons, upon the perswasion +of Ethelbert, King of Kent, who, having embraced Christianity, and +being baptized by Melitus, Bishop of London, immediately (to shew +himself a Christian indede) built a Church to the honor of God and +St. Peter, on the West side of the City of London, in a place, which +(because it was overgrown with thornes, and environed with water) +the Saxons called 'Thornez,' or 'Thorney;' ... whereupon, partly +from the situation to the _West_, and partly from the Monasterie or +_Minster_, it began to take the name of _Westminster_:" and then he +goes on with the history of that Church. + +So far of Westminster. Of Eastminster Stowe gives the following +account, by which it will appear that the foundation of Eastminster +was subsequent to that of Westminster, by at least 700 years. "In +the year 1348," says he, "the 23d of Edward the Third, the first +great Pestilence in his time began, and increased so sore, that for +want of roome in Church-yards to bury the dead of the City and of +the Suburbs, one John Corey, Clerke, procured of Nicholas, Prior of +the Holy Trinity within Ealdgate, one toft of ground neere unto +East Smithfield, for the buriall of them that dyed; with condition, +that it might be called the Church-yard of the Holy Trinity: which +ground he caused, by the ayd of divers devout Citizens, to be +inclosed with a wall of stone; ... and the same was dedicated by +Ralfe Stratford, Bishop of London, where innumerable bodies of the +dead, were afterwards buried, and a Chapel built in the same place +to the honour of God; to the which King Edward setting his eye +(having before, in a tempest on the sea, and peril of drowning, made +a vow to build a Monastery to the honour of God, and _our Lady of +Grace_, if God would give him _grace_ to come safe to land), builded +there a Monasterie, causing it to be named _Eastminster_, placing an +Abbot and Monks of the Cistercian or White order." P. 117. + +In Stowe, p. 751, is a list of all the "Patrones of all the +Benefices in London," in which this Foundation seems to be twice +mentioned, first as the "Abbey of White Monks," and then as "Mary de +Grace, an Abbey of Monkes, by the Towre of London." + + + + +MEMORANDA + +RELATIVE TO THE + +Society of the Temple, + +LONDON; + +_Written in or about the Year 1760._ + + +The Societies of the Temple have no Charter; but the Fee was granted +by a Patent to the Professors and Students of the Law, to them and +their Successors for ever. + +The King is Visitor of the Temples; and orders have been sent down +from him so lately as Charles the Second's time, for the Regulation +of them, which were brought in great form by the Lord Chancellor and +twelve Judges, and signed by them. + +The _Discipline_ of these Societies was formerly, till within +these eighty years, very strict. The Students appeared, upon all +occasions, and in all places, in their proper habits; and for +neglecting to appear in such habit, or for want of decency in +it, they were punished by being put two years backward in their +standing. This habit was discontinued, because the Templars having +been guilty of riots in some parts of the town, being known by their +habits to be such, a reproach was thereby reflected on the Society, +for want of discipline. + +_Commons._--Till there was a relaxation of discipline, the Commons +were continued in the Vacation as well as in the Terms; and the +Members obliged to attend, upon severe penalties for neglect of +it. The Barristers, though they were called to their degree, were +not admitted to practise, but by special leave from the Judges, +till three years after their call, during which their attendance to +Commons, both in Term and Vacation, was not to be compounded for, or +dispensed with. + +The Law Societies were, at first, under one general regulation and +establishment, till they branched out, and divided, as it were, +into Colonies. The Societies of each Temple are very zealous in +contending for the Antiquity of their Society. + +_The Society of the Middle Temple_ must now be very rich; and it +consists in money, they having no real estate. I have been assured, +that the certain yearly expences of it, exclusive of repairs, +amounts to a considerable sum. + +The _Benchers_ are generally in number about twenty, though there +is no fixed number. They may be called to the Bench at eighteen or +twenty years standing. The Bench have power to call whom they think +proper of such standing to the Bench; which if they answer not, they +pay a Fine of Fifty Pounds. + +The Benchers eat at their own expence in this Society, having +nothing allowed but their Commons; which few, I believe none, of the +Benchers of the other Houses do. + +The _Readings_, which generally were upon some Statute, continued +about eight days, when there were Treats and Balls at the Reader's +expence; and there is an Order of the House, of no very old date, by +which the Reader was restrained from having above Eight Servants, +which shews, in some measure, the luxury and expence attending +them. They have now been discontinued upwards of seventy years +(the last Reader being Sir William Whitlocke, 1684); but there is +a Reader still appointed every year, and some small Treat, at the +expence of the Society, of Venison, &c.; and the Arms of the Reader +are put up in a Pannel in the Hall. + +Mr. Bohun, the Writer of several excellent Books in different +branches of the Law, having, when he was Reader at New Inn, put up a +question tending to Blasphemy, (I think it was, whether the Person +of our Saviour was God,) was _excommoned_ by the Society; that is, +he was denied the privilege of coming into the Hall, and at the same +time obliged to pay for full Commons. They judged expulsion too mild +a punishment. + +The _Old Hall_ stood on the South side of Pump Court, which, upon +building a new one, was converted into Sets of Chambers; and which, +by Order of Queen Elizabeth, were not to exceed eight in number. +This was soon after pulled down, and Chambers built in its stead. + +_Library._--Left by Will to the Society, by Astley, a Bencher of +it. It contains about Nine Thousand Volumes. Besides this, he left +a Set of Chambers, value three hundred pounds, for the maintenance +of a Librarian, who at first was a Barrister; but, not being thought +worth their acceptance, it is now in the Butler. + +_Present Hall._--Built by Plowden, who was seven years in perfecting +it. He was three years Treasurer successively; and after he quitted +the Treasurership, he still continued the direction of the Building. + +_The Temple Organ_ was made by _Smith_. The Societies, being +resolved to have a good Organ, employed one _Smith_ and one +_Harris_ to make each of them an Organ, value five hundred pounds; +and promised that they would give seven hundred pounds for that +which proved the best. This was accordingly done, and Smith's was +preferred and purchased. The other, made by Harris, was sold to +Christ-Church in Dublin; but, being afterwards exchanged for another +made by Byfield for four hundred pounds difference, it was sold by +Byfield to the Church at Woolwich[378]. + + [378] Mr. Snetzler. + +_Inns of Chancery_, like the Halls at Oxford. + +_New-Inn_ belongs to the Middle Temple; and at the expiration of a +long lease, the Fee Simple will be vested in us. + + + + +Simnel. + + +"_Simnel.--Siminellus_ from the Latin _Simila_, which signifies +the Finest Part of the Flour. Panis similageneus, Simnel Bread. It +is mentioned in 'Assisa Panis;' and is still in use, especially in +Lent. Bread made into a Simnel shall weigh two shillings less than +Wastell Bread." Stat. 51 Henry III. + +The Statute, intituled Assisa Panis et Cervisiae, made Anno 51 Hen. +III. Stat. I.; and Anno Dom. 1266. Cotton MS. Claudius, D. 2. + +... Panis vero de siminello ponderabit minus de Wastello de duobus +solidis, quia bis coctus est. + +For the Ordinance for the Assise and Weight of Bread in the City of +London, see Stowe's Survey, p. 740, Edit. 1633. + +It was sometime called _Simnellus_, as in the Annals of the Church +of Winchester, under the year 1042. "Rex Edwardus instituit, +et carta confirmavit, ut quoties ipse vel aliquis Successorum +suorum Regum Angliae diadema portaret Wintoniae vel Wigorniae vel +Westmonasterii; Praecentor loci recipiet de fisco ipsa die dimidiam +marcam, et conventus centum Sumnellos et unun modium vini." But, +indeed, the true reading is _Siminel_. + +The English Simnel was the purest White Bread, as in the Book +of Battle Abbey. "Panem Regiae Mensae aptam, qui _Simenel_ vulgo +vocatur[379]." + + [379] Cowell's Interpreter. See also Blount's Glossary, in voce. + +_Simula._--A Manchet, a White Loaf. Among the Customs of the Abbey +of Glastonbury: "In diebus solemnibus, cum Fratres fuerunt in +cappis, Medonem habuerunt in Justis, et Simulas super mensam, et +vinum ad caritatem, et tria generalia." Chartular. Abbat. Glaston. +MS. fol. 10. + +For the use of Saffron, now used for colouring the Crust of the +Simnel, see Shakespear's Winter's Tale; where the Clown (Act iv.) +says, "Then I must have Saffron to colour the Warden Pyes." + + + + +Origin of Thirteen Pence Halfpenny, + +AS + +HANGMAN'S WAGES; + + +_In a Letter to_ EDWARD KING, _Esq. President of the Society of +Antiquaries_. + +The vulgar notion, though it will not appear to be a vulgar error, +is, that Thirteen Pence Halfpenny is the fee of the Executioner in +the common line of business at Tyburn[380], and therefore is called +Hangman's Wages. The sum is singular, and certainly there is a +reason for its having obtained so odious an appellation, though it +may not be very obvious. + + [380] The Executions, on ordinary occasions, were removed from this + memorable place, and were performed in the street of the Old Bailey, + at the door of Newgate. This was first practised on the 9th of + December 1783. See the printed account. Every of these Executions, I + was told by Mr. Reed, 1785, is attended with an expence of upwards + of nine pounds. Twenty persons were hanged at once in February 1785. + +We find that anciently this Office was, in some parts of the +Kingdom, annexed to other Posts; for the Porter of the City of +Canterbury was the Executioner for the County of Kent, temporibus +Hen. II. and Hen. III. for which he had an allowance from the +Sheriff, who was re-imbursed from the Exchequer, of Twenty Shillings +_per annum_[381]. + + [381] Madox's History of the Exchequer, ii. p. 373. + +Though this is an Office in great and general disesteem, yet the +Sheriffs are much obliged to those who will undertake it, as +otherwise the unpleasant and painful duty must fall upon themselves. +They are the persons to whom the Law looks for its completion, +as they give a Receipt to the Gaoler for the Bodies of condemned +Criminals whom they are to punish, or cause to be punished, +according to their respective Sentences. The business is of such an +invidious nature, that, in the Country, Sheriffs have sometimes had +much difficulty to procure an Executioner, as, in the eyes of the +lower people, it carries with it a Stigma, apart from any shock that +it must give to Humanity and Compassion. I remember a very few years +ago, if the News-papers said true, the Sheriff of one of the Inland +Counties was very near being obliged to perform the unwelcome Office +himself. + +So that in fact the Hangman is the Sheriff's immediate Deputy +in criminal matters, though there is always, at present, an +Under-Sheriff for civil purposes. But, before I bring you to the +point in question, it will not be amiss to lead you gradually to +it, by inquiring into the nature and dignity of the Office in some +particulars, and into the Rank of the Officer, for we have all heard +of _Squire Ketch_. These will be found to be supportable matters, as +well as the Fee of Office, which is our ground-work. + +The Sheriff is, by being so styled in the King's Patent under the +Great Seal, an Esquire, which raises him to that Rank, unless he +has previously had the Title adventitiously. None were anciently +chosen to this Office, but such Gentlemen whose fortunes and +stations would warrant it; so, on the other hand, Merchants, +and other liberal branches of the lower order, were admitted +first into the rank of Gentlemen, by a grant of Arms, on proper +qualifications; from the Earl Marshal, and the Kings of Arms, +respectively, according to their Provinces. After a Negotiant has +become a Gentleman, courtesy will very soon advance that rank, and +give the party the title of Esquire; and so it has happened with +the worthy _Gentleman_ before us, for such I shall prove him once +with ceremony to have been created. This remarkable case happened +in the year 1616, and was as follows. Ralph Brooke, whose real name +was Brokesmouth, at that time York Herald, not content with being +mischievous, was the most turbulent and malicious man that ever wore +the King's Coat. After various malversations in Office, not to the +present purpose, he put a trick upon Sir William Segar, Garter King +of Arms, which had very nearly cost both of them their places. The +story is touched upon in Mr. Anstis's Register of the Order of the +Garter[382]; but is more fully and satisfactorily related in the +Life of Mr. Camden, prefixed to his "Britannia," to this effect. +Ralph Brooke employed a person to carry a Coat of Arms ready drawn +to Garter, and to pretend it belonged to one Gregory Brandon, a +Gentleman who had formerly lived in London, but then residing in +Spain, and to desire Garter to set his hand to it. To prevent +deliberation, the messenger was instructed to pretend that the +vessel, which was to carry this confirmation into Spain, when it had +received the Seal of the Office and Garter's Hand, was just ready to +sail[383]. This being done, and the Fees paid, Brooke carries it to +Thomas Earl of Arundel, then one of the Commissioners for executing +the Office of Earl Marshal; and, in order to vilify Garter, and to +represent him as a rapacious negligent Officer, assures his Lordship +that those were the Arms of Arragon, with a Canton for Brabant, and +that Gregory Brandon was a mean and inconsiderable person. This was +true enough; for he was the common Hangman for London and Middlesex. +Ralph Brooke afterwards confessed all these circumstances to the +Commissioners who represented the Earl Marshal; the consequence of +which was, that Garter was, by order of the King, when he heard +the case, committed to Prison for negligence, and the Herald for +treachery. Be this as we find it, yet was Gregory Brandon the +Hangman become a _Gentleman_, and, as the Bastard says in King John, +"could make any Joan a Gentlewoman." + + [382] Vol. ii. p. 399. + + [383] These Arms actually appear in Edmondson's Body of Heraldry, + annexed to the name of _Brandon_, _viz_. the Arms of Arragon with a + difference, and the Arms of Brabant in a Canton. + +Thus was this Gregory Brandon advanced, perhaps from the state of a +Convict, to the rank of a Gentleman; and though it was a personal +honour to himself, notwithstanding it was surreptitiously obtained +by the Herald, of which _Gregory Brandon, Gentleman_, was perhaps +ignorant, yet did it operate so much on his successors in office, +that afterwards it became transferred from the Family to the Officer +for the time being; and from Mr. Brandon's popularity, though not +of the most desirable kind, the mobility soon improved his rank, +and, with a jocular complaisance, gave him the title of _Esquire_, +which remains to this day. I have said that Mr. Brandon was perhaps +a Convict; for I know that at York the Hangman has usually been a +pardoned Criminal, whose case was deemed venial, and for which the +performance of this painful duty to fellow-prisoners was thought a +sufficient infliction. It seems too as if this Office had once, like +many other important Offices of State, been hereditary; but whether +Mr. Brandon had it by descent I cannot say, yet Shakspeare has this +passage in Coriolanus[384]: + +"_Menenius._--Marcius, in a cheap estimation, is worth all your +Predecessors, since Deucalion; though, peradventure, some of the +best of them were Hereditary Hangmen." + + [384] Act ii. sc. 1. + +This looks as if the Office of Executioner had run in some Family +for a generation or two, at the time when Shakspeare wrote; and that +it was a circumstance well understood, and would be well relished, +at least by the Galleries. This might indeed, with regard to time, +point at the ancestors of Mr. Brandon himself; for it was in the +Reign of King James I. that this person was, as we have seen, +brought within the pale of Gentility. Nay, more, we are told by Dr. +Grey, in his Notes on Shakspeare[385], that from this Gentleman, the +Hangmen, his Successors, bore for a considerable time his Christian +name of Gregory, though not his Arms, they being a personal honour, +till a greater man arose, _viz. Jack Ketch_, who entailed the +present official name on all who have hitherto followed him[386]. + + [385] Vol. ii. p. 163. + + [386] The Hangman was known by the name of _Gregory_ in the year + 1642, as we learn from the Mercurius Aulicus, p. 553. + +Whether the name of _Ketch_ be not the provincial pronunciation of +_Catch_ among the Cockneys, I have my doubts, though I have printed +authority to confront me; for that learned and laborious Compiler, +B. E. Gent. the Editor of the Canting Dictionary, says that _Jack +Kitch_, for so he spells it, was the real name of a Hangman, which +has become that of all his successors. When this great man lived, +for such we must suppose him to have been, and renowned for his +popularity or dexterity, Biographical History is silent. + +So much for this important Office itself; and we must now look +to the Emoluments which appertain to it, and assign a reason why +Thirteen Pence Halfpenny should be esteemed the standard Fee for +this definitive stroke of the law. + +Hogarth has given a fine Picture of the _sang-froid_ of an +Executioner in his Print of the London Apprentice; where the Mr. +Ketch for the time being is lolling upon the Gallows, and smoaking +his Pipe; waiting, with the utmost indifference, for the arrival of +the Cart and the Mob that close the melancholy Procession. But Use +becomes Nature in things at which even Nature herself revolts. + +Before we proceed to matters of a pecuniary nature, having said +so much upon the _Executioner_, permit me to step out of the way +for a moment, and add a word or two on the _Executione_, which will +explain a Yorkshire saying. It was for the most unsuspected crime +imaginable, that the truly unfortunate man who gave rise to the +adage suffered the Sentence of the Law at York. He was a Saddler +at Bawtry, and occasioned this saying, often applied among the +lower people to a man who quits his friends too early, and will not +stay to finish his bottle; "That he will be hanged for leaving his +liquor, like the Saddler of Bawtry." The case was this: There was +formerly, and indeed it has not long been suppressed, an Ale-house, +to this day called "_The Gallows House_," situate between the City +of York and their Tyburne; at which House the Cart used always to +stop; and there the Convict and the other parties were refreshed +with liquors; but the rash and precipitate Saddler, under Sentence, +and on his road to the fatal Tree, refused this little regale, and +hastened on to the Place of Execution--when, very soon after he was +turned-off, a Reprieve arrived; insomuch that, had he stopped, as +was usual, at the Gallows House, the time consumed there would have +been the means of saving his life; so that he was hanged, as truly +as unhappily, for leaving his liquor. + +The same compliment was anciently paid to Convicts, on their passage +to Tyburne, at St. Giles's Hospital; for we are told by Stowe[387], +that they were there presented with a Bowl of Ale, called "_St. +Giles's Bowl_;" "thereof to drink at their pleasure, as their last +refreshing in this life." This place (Tyburne) was the established +scene of Executions in common cases so long ago as the first year of +King Henry IV; Smithfield and St. Giles's Field being reserved for +persons of higher rank, and for crimes of uncommon magnitude; such +as treason and heresy: in the last of these, Sir John Oldcastle, +Lord Cobham, was burnt, or rather roasted, alive; having been +hanged up over the fire by a chain which went round his waist[388]. + + [387] History of London, vol. II. p. 74. + + [388] Rapin. See also Bale's Life and Trial of Sir John Oldcastle. + St. Giles's was then an independent Village, and is still called + St. Giles's in the Fields, to distinguish it from St. Giles's, + Cripplegate; being both in the same Diocese. + +The Execution of the Duke of Monmouth (in July 1685) was peculiarly +unsuccessful in the operation. + +The Duke said to the Executioner, "Here are Six Guineas for you: +pray do your business well; do not serve me as you did my Lord +Russell: I have heard you struck him three or four times. Here" (to +his Servant); "take these remaining Guineas, and give them to him if +he does his work well." + +_Executioner._--"I hope I shall." + +_Monmouth._--"If you strike me twice, I cannot promise you not to +stir. Pr'ythee let me feel the Axe." He felt the edge, and said, "I +fear it is not sharp enough." + +_Executioner._--"It is sharp enough, and heavy enough." + +The Executioner proceeded to do his office; but the Note says, "it +was under such distraction of mind, that he fell into the very error +which the Duke had so earnestly cautioned him to avoid; wounding him +so slightly, that he lifted up his head, and looked him in the face, +as if to upbraid him for making his death painful; but said nothing. +He then prostrated himself again, and received two other ineffectual +blows; upon which the Executioner threw down his Axe in a fit of +horror; crying out, "_he could not finish his work_." but, on being +brought to himself by the threats of the Sheriffs, took up the fatal +weapon again, and at two other strokes made a shift to separate the +Head from the Body." [Lord Somers's Tracts, vol. I. pp. 219, 220; +the Note taken from the Review of the Reigns of Charles and James, +p. 885.] + +As to the Fee itself, which has occasioned me to give you so +much trouble, I incline to think this seeming singular sum must +have been of Scottish extraction, though not used for the like +purpose; for, I presume, from the value of money there, a man +might formerly be hanged at a much cheaper rate, and that we have +it by transplantation. The Scottish Mark (not ideal or nominal +money, like our Mark) was a Silver Coin, in value Thirteen Pence +Halfpenny and Two Placks, or Two-Thirds of a Penny; which Plack is +likewise a Coin. This, their Mark, bears the same proportion to +their Pound, which is Twenty Pence, as our Mark does to our Pound, +or Twenty Shillings; being Two-Thirds of it. By these divisions +and sub-divisions of their Penny (for they have a still smaller +piece, called a Bodel or Half a Plack) they can reckon with the +greatest minuteness, and buy much less quantities of any article +than we can[389]. This Scottish Mark was, upon the Union of the +two Crowns in the person of King James I. made current in England +at the value of Thirteen Pence Half-penny (without regarding the +fraction), by Proclamation, in the first year of that King; where +it is said, that "the Coin of Silver, called the Mark Piece, shall +be from henceforth currant within the said Kingdom of England, at +the value of Thirteen Pence Halfpeny[390]." This, probably, was a +revolution in the current money in favour of the Officer of whom +we have been speaking, whose Fee before was perhaps no more than +a Shilling. There is, however, very good reason to conclude, from +the singularity of the sum, that the odious title of _Hangman's +Wages_ became at this time, or soon after, applicable to the sum of +_Thirteen Pence Halfpenny_. Though it was contingent, yet at that +time it was very considerable pay; when one Shilling _per diem_ was +a standing annual stipend to many respectable Officers of various +kinds. + + [389] Mr. Ray, in his Itinerary, gives the Fractional Parts of the + Scottish Penny. + + [390] The Proclamation may be seen in Strype's Annals, vol. IV. + p. 384; where the Mark-Piece is valued exactly at Thirteen Pence + Halfpenny. + +After having discovered the pay of an Office, one naturally inquires +for Perquisites and other Emoluments; for all posts, from the High +Chancellor to the Hangman, carry some; and which, in many cases, as +well as this, often exceed the established pay itself. Nothing can +well vary more than the Perquisites of this Office; for it is well +known that Jack Ketch has a _Post-obit_ interest in the Convict, +being entitled to his Cloaths, or to a composition for them; though, +on the other hand, they must very frequently be such Garments that, +as Shakspeare says, "a Hangman would bury with those who wore +them[391]." + + [391] Coriolanus, Act i. Sc. 8. + +This emolument is of no modern date; and has an affinity to other +Droits on very dissimilar occasions, which will be mentioned +presently. The Executioner's perquisite is at least as old as Henry +VIII.; for Sir Thomas More, on the morning of his Execution, put +on his best Gown, which was of Silk Camlet, sent him as a present, +while he was in the Tower, by a Citizen of Lucca with whom he +had been in correspondence; but the Lieutenant of the Tower was +of opinion that a worse Gown would be good enough for the person +who was to have it, meaning the Executioner, and prevailed upon +Sir Thomas to change it, which he did for one made of frize[392]. +Thus the antiquity of this obitual emolument, so well known in +Shakspeare's time, seems well established; and, as to its nature, +has a strong resemblance to a fee of a much longer standing, and +formerly received by Officers of very great respectability: for +anciently Garter King of Arms had specifically the Gown of the Party +on the creation of a Peer; and again, when Archbishops, Bishops, +Abbots, and Priors, did homage to the King, their upper garment was +the perquisite even of the Lord Chamberlain of the Household. The +fee in the latter case was always compounded for, though Garter's +was often formerly received in kind, inasmuch as the Statute which +gives this fee to the Lord Chamberlain, directs the composition, +because, as the words are, "it is more convenient that religious +men should fine for their upper garment, than to be stripped[393]." +The same delicate necessity does not operate in the Hangman's case; +and his fee extends much farther than either of them, he being +entitled to _all_ the sufferer's garments, having first rendered +them useless to the party. Besides this perquisite, there has always +been a pecuniary compliment, where it could possibly be afforded, +given by the Sufferer to the Executioner, to induce him to be speedy +and dexterous in the operation, which seems to be of still greater +antiquity; for Sir Thomas More tells us that St. Cyprian, Bishop of +Carthage, gave his Executioner thirty pieces of gold; and Sir Thomas +himself gave (according to his Historian, his Great Grandson), on +the like occasion, an angel of gold, being almost the last penny he +had left. These outward gifts may likewise be understood as tokens +of inward forgiveness. + + [392] More's Life of Sir Thomas More, p. 271. + + [393] Stat. 13 Edward I. + +Upon the whole, Sir, I conceive that what I have offered above, +though with much enlargement, is the meaning of the ignominious +term affixed to the sum of Thirteen Pence Halfpenny; and cannot but +commiserate those for whom it is to be paid. + + I am, Sir, + Your faithful humble Servant, + SAMUEL PEGGE. + + + + +CUSTOM + +OBSERVED BY THE + +LORD LIEUTENANTS OF IRELAND. + + +On the great road from London to West Chester, we find, at the +principal Inns, the Coats of Arms of several Lord Lieutenants of +Ireland, framed, and hung up in the best rooms. At the bottom of +these Armorial Pictures (as I may call them) is a full display of +all the Titles of the Party, together with the date of the year +when each Viceroyship commenced. I have often inquired the reason +of this custom, but never could procure a satisfactory answer. +I do not reprobate the idea of this relique of ancient dignity, +as these Heraldic Monuments were doubtless intended to operate +as public evidences of the passage of each Lord-Deputy to his +delegated Government. They now seem only to be preserved for the +gratification of the vanity of the capital Inn-keepers, by shewing +to Humble Travellers that such and such Lord-Lieutenants did them +the honour to stop at their houses; and yet I will not say, but that +for half-a-crown handsomely offered to his Excellency's Gentleman, +they might likewise become part of the furniture of every alehouse +in Dunstable. + +After fruitless inquiry, accident furnished me with the ground of +this custom, which now only serves to excite a little transitory +curiosity. Having occasion to look into Sir Dudley Digge's "Complete +Ambassador," published in 1654, I was obliged to the Editor for +a solution, who, in the Preface (signed A. H.), speaking of the +reserve of the English Ambassadors, in not making public their +Negotiations, has this observation:--"We have hardly any notion of +them but by their _Arms_, which are hung up in _Inns_ where they +passed." + +This paragraph at once accounts for the point before us, and +is sufficient, at the same time, to shew that the custom was +anciently, and even in the seventeenth century, common to every +Ambassador, though it now only survives with those who go in the +greater and more elevated line of Royal representation to Ireland. + + SAMUEL PEGGE. + +THE END. + + + + + _Of the Publishers of this Work may be had_ + + ANONYMIANA; + OR, + TEN CENTURIES OF OBSERVATIONS + ON VARIOUS AUTHORS AND SUBJECTS; + + (Compiled by the late very Learned and Reverend + DR. PEGGE); + + _With a copious Index.----8vo. Price 12s._ + + "Whether as an Antiquary, a classical, poetical, and historical + Critick, a Biographer, or Enquirer into the Beauties and + Niceties of Grammar and Languages, we find everywhere that + Dr. Pegge's remarks are not only striking and useful, but + original; and, in this last respect, we have little hesitation in + preferring the _Anonymiana_ to the greater part of the Works + of this description, which have been lately published, either at + home or abroad. There is scarcely a taste among the various + divisions of human liking, that will not find something appropriate + and gratifying. It would be impossible to withhold, in + these times of levity, just praise from a Work that so ably combines + 'light reading' with 'serious thinking.'" + + _Gent. Mag. 1809._ + + ANECDOTES + OF THE + ENGLISH LANGUAGE, + + chiefly regarding the Local Dialect of London and it's Environs; + whence it will appear, that the Natives of the Metropolis, and + its Vicinities, have not corrupted the Language of their Ancestors. + + By SAMUEL PEGGE, Esq. F.S.A. + Second Edition, enlarged and corrected. + + To which is added, A SUPPLEMENT to the PROVINCIAL + GLOSSARY of FRANCIS GROSE, Esq. + + 8vo. Price 12s. boards. + + *** The Provincial Glossary may be had separate, Price 3s. + + Printed at the VOTES Printing Office, King Street, Westminster, + _By Nichols, Son, and Bentley_. + + * * * * * + +Transcriber's note: + +Minor typographical errors have been corrected without note. +Irregularities and inconsistencies in the text have been retained as +printed. + +The illustrations have been moved so that they do not break up +paragraphs. + +Mismatched quotes are not fixed if it's not sufficiently clear where +the missing quote should be placed. + +The cover for the eBook version of this book was created by the +transcriber and is placed in the public domain. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Curialia Miscellanea, or Anecdotes of +Old Times; Regal, Noble, Gentilitial, and Miscellaneous, by Samuel Pegge + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CURIALIA MISCELLANEA *** + +***** This file should be named 44335.txt or 44335.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/4/4/3/3/44335/ + +Produced by StevenGibbs, Julia Neufeld and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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