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diff --git a/old/44175-h/44175-h.htm b/old/44175-h/44175-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9b66dd6 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/44175-h/44175-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,5761 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of Nautical Charts, by G. R. Putnam. + </title> + <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" /> + <style type="text/css"> + +body { + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + + h1,h2 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; +} + +h2 { + font-size: 110%; +} + +p { + margin-top: .51em; + text-align: justify; + text-indent: 1em; + margin-bottom: .49em; +} + +.likeh1 {font-size: 200%;text-align: center; text-indent: 0em;font-weight:bold;} +.booklist {margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0%; text-indent: -1em;} +.exeptlist {margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0%; text-indent: 0em; font-size: smaller;} + +hr { + width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: 33.5%; + margin-right: 33.5%; + clear: both; +} + +hr.chap { + width: 65%; + margin-left: 17.5%; + margin-right: 17.5%; +} + +ul.index { list-style-type: none; } + +table { + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; +} + + .tdr {text-align: right;} + +.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; + text-indent: 0em; +} /* page numbers */ + +@media handheld {.pagenum {display: none;}} + +.center {text-align: center; text-indent: 0em;} + +.right {text-align: right;} + +.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + +.gesperrt +{ + letter-spacing: 0.2em; + margin-right: -0.2em; +} + +em.gesperrt +{ + font-style: normal; +} + +/* fractions */ + +span.fraction +{ + display: inline-block; + font-size: 50%; + letter-spacing: 0.2em; + vertical-align: middle; +} +span.fraction span +{ + display: block; + text-align: center; + text-indent: 0.1em; +} +span.fraction :first-child +{ + border-bottom: thin solid #000; + text-indent: 0.1em; +} + +/* Images */ + +.caption { + font-weight: normal; + font-size: 0.7em; + font-family: sans-serif; + letter-spacing: 0.1em; + text-align: center; +} + +.figcenter { + margin: auto; + text-align: center; +} + +.largeimg {text-align: right; margin-right: 10%; font-size: .8em;} +@media handheld,print {.largeimg {display: none;}} + +/* Transcriber's notes */ +.transnote {background-color: #E6E6FA; + color: black; + font-size:smaller; + padding:0.5em; + margin-bottom:5em; + font-family:sans-serif, serif; } + + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Nautical Charts, by G. R. Putnam + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Nautical Charts + +Author: G. R. Putnam + +Release Date: November 13, 2013 [EBook #44175] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NAUTICAL CHARTS *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Peter Becker and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by The Internet Archive) + + + + + + +</pre> + + + + + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/frontis.jpg" width="600" height="369" alt="" /> +<p class="caption">SURVEYING STEAMER <i>FATHOMER</i> IN MANILA BAY. + +(<i>Frontispiece</i>) +</p> +</div> + + + + +<hr class="chap" /> + + + + +<h1>NAUTICAL CHARTS</h1> + +<p class="center"><br /><br /><br /><br />BY</p> + +<p class="center"><big><big>G. R. PUTNAM, M.S.</big></big></p> + +<p class="center"><small>MEMBER OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS<br /> +DIRECTOR OF COAST SURVEYS, PHILIPPINE<br /> +ISLANDS, 1900 TO 1906</small></p> + +<p class="center"><br /><br /><br /><br /><i>FIRST EDITION</i><br /> +<small>FIRST THOUSAND</small></p> + +<p class="center"><br /><br /><br /><br />NEW YORK<br /> +<big>JOHN WILEY & SONS</big><br /> +<span class="smcap">London</span>: CHAPMAN & HALL, <span class="smcap">Limited</span><br /> +1908 +</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ii" id="Page_ii">[Pg ii]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Copyright, 1908,<br /> +by</span><br /> +G. R. PUTNAM</p> + + +<p class="center"><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Stanhope Press</p> + +<p class="center"><small><em class="gesperrt">F. H. GILSON COMPANY<br /> +BOSTON, U.S.A.</em></small> +</p> + +<hr class="chap" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iii" id="Page_iii">[Pg iii]</a></span></p> + + + + +<h2><a name="PREFACE" id="PREFACE">PREFACE</a></h2> + + +<p>In preparing the material for a lecture on Charts for +Columbia University, the writer was impressed with the +fact that although nautical charts are mentioned or discussed +in many publications, there was not found any one +which covered the general subject of their origin, construction, +and use. In the countries of the world more +than a million copies of such charts are now issued +annually. A considerable portion of the human race is +interested directly or indirectly, whether as mariners +or passengers or shippers, in navigation upon the sea. +Aside from supplying a handbook for those who might +have a general interest in the subject, it was thought +that a discussion of charts might lead to further consideration +of the principles governing their construction.</p> + +<p>This paper has intentionally been made as non-technical +as seemed feasible in treating a somewhat +technical subject. The writer is indebted to the Coast +and Geodetic Survey for various illustrative material +from its archives, and to a number of authors for facts +or suggestions. A list is appended of books and papers +which have been freely consulted, bearing on this and +related subjects.</p> + +<p class="right"> +<big>G. R. P.</big></p> +<p><span class="smcap">Washington, D.C.</span>, <i>May 24, 1908</i>. +</p> + +<hr class="chap" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iv" id="Page_iv">[Pg iv-v]</a></span></p> + + + + +<h2><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS">CONTENTS</a></h2> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Contents"> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"><small>PAGE</small></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">List of Books or Papers bearing on Nautical Charts and related Subjects</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#Page_vii">vii</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Charts and Maps</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Collection of Information for Charts</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Preparation of Information for Charts</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_67">67</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Publication of Charts</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Correction of Charts</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Reading and Using Charts</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Use of Charts in Navigation</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_124">124</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Publications Supplementing Nautical Charts</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_154">154</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Index</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_161">161</a></td></tr> +</table></div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[Pg vi-vii]</a></span></p> + + + + +<h2><a name="LIST_OF_BOOKS_OR_PAPERS_BEARING_ON_NAUTICAL" id="LIST_OF_BOOKS_OR_PAPERS_BEARING_ON_NAUTICAL">LIST OF BOOKS OR PAPERS BEARING ON NAUTICAL +CHARTS AND RELATED SUBJECTS</a></h2> + + +<p class="booklist">Periplus, an Essay on the Early History of Charts, and Sailing +Directions. A. E. Nordenskiöld, Stockholm, 1897.</p> + +<p class="booklist">Maps, their Uses and Construction. G. James Morrison, London, +1902.</p> + +<p class="booklist">Charts and Chart Making. Lieut. John E. Pillsbury, U.S.N., in +<i>Proceedings U. S. Naval Institute, 1884</i>.</p> + +<p class="booklist">Principal Facts relating to the Earth's Magnetism. L. A. Bauer, +in U. S. Magnetic Declination Tables, Coast and Geodetic +Survey, 1903.</p> + +<p class="booklist">Marine Hydrographic Surveys of the Coasts of the World. G. W. +Littlehales, in Report of the Eighth International Geographic +Congress, 1904.</p> + +<p class="booklist">Smithsonian Geographical Tables. R. S. Woodward, Washington, +1906.</p> + +<p class="booklist">Admiralty Charts, Abridged list of. Published by J. D. Potter, +London, 1907.</p> + +<p class="booklist">Military Topography. Capt. C. B. Hagadorn, U.S.A., West Point, +1907.</p> + +<p class="booklist">Service Hydrographique de la Marine, Paris, 1900.</p> + +<p class="booklist">A Manual of Conventional Symbols in Use on Official Charts. +United States Hydrographic Office, Gustave Herrle, 1903.</p> + +<p class="booklist">Hydrographical Surveying. Admiral W. J. L. Wharton, London, +1898.</p> + +<p class="booklist">On the Correction of Charts, Light Lists, and Sailing Directions. +Published by J. D. Potter, London, 1904.</p> + +<p class="booklist">Notes Relative to the Use of Charts. D. B. Wainwright, Coast +and Geodetic Survey, 1900.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[Pg viii]</a></span></p> +<p class="booklist">The Law relating to Charts and Sailing Directions. H. Stuart +Moore, London, 1904.</p> + +<p class="booklist">Notes bearing on the Navigation of H. M. Ships. Hydrographic +Office, London, 1900.</p> + +<p class="booklist">The Relations of Harbors to Modern Shipping. W. H. Wheeler, +in <i>Engineering News</i>, September 6, 1906, New York.</p> + +<p class="booklist">Wrinkles in Practical Navigation. Capt. S. T. S. Lecky, London, +1899.</p> + +<p class="booklist">Navigation and Compass Deviations. Commander W. C. P. Muir, +U.S.N., Annapolis, 1906.</p> + +<p class="booklist">The Practice of Navigation. Henry Raper, London, 1898.</p> + +<p class="booklist">Lehrbuch der Navigation. Reichs-Marine-Amt, Berlin, 1906.</p> + +<p class="booklist"><i>The Nautical Magazine</i>, London.</p> + +<p class="booklist">Dangers and Ice in the North Atlantic Ocean. Bureau of Navigation, +U. S. Navy Department, 1868.</p> + +<p class="booklist">Reported Dangers in the North Pacific Ocean. U. S. Hydrographic +Office, 1871.</p> + +<p class="booklist">Pacific Islands, Vol. III, chapter on "Vigias." British Hydrographic +Office, London, 1900.</p> + +<p class="booklist">Harriman Alaska Expedition, Vol. II, Bogoslof, our Newest Volcano, +by C. Hart Merriam, New York, 1901.</p> + +<p class="booklist">Expedition to the Aleutian Islands, 1907. T. A. Jaggar, Jr., in +<i>The Technology Review</i>, 1907, Boston.</p> + +<p class="booklist">Recent Changes in Level in the Yakutat Bay Region, Alaska, by +R. S. Tarr and Lawrence Martin, in Bulletin of the American +Geological Society, 1906.</p> + +<p class="booklist">An Index to the Islands of the Pacific Ocean. W. T. Brigham, +Honolulu, 1900.</p> + +<p class="booklist">Geography, articles by C. R. Markham, A. R. Clarke, and H. R. +Mill in Encyclopædia Britannica.</p> + +<p class="booklist">Development in Dimensions of vessels, Elmer L. Corthell, +Tenth International Navigation Congress, 1905.</p> + +<hr class="chap" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p> + + + + +<p class="likeh1"><a name="NAUTICAL_CHARTS" id="NAUTICAL_CHARTS">NAUTICAL CHARTS</a></p> + + + +<h2><a name="CHARTS_AND_MAPS" id="CHARTS_AND_MAPS">CHARTS AND MAPS</a></h2> + + +<p><b>Need of maps.</b> Maps are useful and necessary for +many purposes. Only by means of a correct map +or globe can a clear idea of the geography of a region +be given. An attempt to convey the same information +by a written description would in comparison be both +cumbersome and obscure. Even by passing over an +extensive region a man unaided by instruments will +obtain only a rather crude notion of the relations, which +he could clearly see on a good map. The importance +among the human arts of the making of maps is indicated +by the references to them in very early historical +records, and by the skill in map drawing shown by +some of the primitive peoples of to-day. This skill +exists particularly among races whose mode of life +gives them a wide horizon, as for instance the Eskimos. +An interesting instance of this was the case of Joe, an +Eskimo guide, who, in 1898, before the surveys of the +Yukon delta were made, drew a map of the Yukon +mouths with much more complete information than any +previously available.</p> + +<p>Without attempting to enumerate in detail the special +uses for maps, in the broader sense they may be said +to be essential for commercial, engineering, military, +scientific, educational, and political purposes.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Early geography and map making.</b> The oldest map +known is a plan of gold mines in Nubia, drawn on a +papyrus. This is of the thirteenth century <small>B.C.</small>, and +was found in Egypt.</p> + +<p>In the earliest historic times men believed the earth +to be a flat surface of nearly circular outline, a natural +inference for those with limited outlook and communication. +Later the idea was introduced of the ocean as +a river bounding the earth disk. The spherical theory +of the earth was, however, early accepted by learned +men, and was demonstrated by Aristotle (384 to +322 <small>B.C.</small>), who used as proofs the earth's shadow on the +moon, and the change in the visibility of the stars in +traveling north or south. Crates constructed a terrestrial +globe in the second century <small>B.C.</small></p> + +<p>There is no Greek or Latin map extant of earlier +date than the time of Ptolemy, but there are references +showing that maps were in use. One of the first of +such passages in Greek literature is the interesting +comment of Herodotus written in the fifth century <small>B.C.</small>, +"but I laugh when I see many who already have drawn +the circuits of the earth, without any right understanding +thereof. Thus they draw Oceanus flowing round the +earth, which is circular, as though turned by a lathe, +and they make Asia equal to Europe."</p> + +<p>A map of the world was drawn by Anaximander, +560 <small>B.C.</small> A hundred years later Democritus drew a +map having an oblong shape, and taught that the width +of the world from east to west was one and a half times +its extent from north to south, a conclusion based on +his travels eastward as far as India. This theory, +which was for a time accepted, has left an enduring<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span> +mark in the words <i>longitude</i> and <i>latitude</i>, originally +signifying the length and the breadth of the earth.</p> + +<p>The first application of astronomy to geography was +made by Pytheas, who about 326 <small>B.C.</small> obtained the latitude +of Marseilles by an observation of the altitude of the +sun. Dicearchus in 310 <small>B.C.</small> determined the first parallel +of latitude by noting places where on the same day the +sun cast shadows of equal length from pillars of equal +height. Eratosthenes (276 to 196 <small>B.C.</small>) was the first +to compute the circumference of the earth from observations +of the altitude of the sun at Alexandria and at +Syene in Upper Egypt and an estimation of the distance +between these two places. Ptolemy, a Greek of Alexandria, +in the years from 127 to 151 <small>A.D.</small> wrote extensively +on geographic subjects, and collected into systematic +form all geographic knowledge then existing; he was +the greatest geographer of early history.</p> + +<p>In the ten centuries which followed, part of the early +advance in this science was obscured, and the theory +that the earth was a flat disk surrounded by the sea +again became prevalent. The voyages of discovery +of the middle ages, however, led to a rapid development +of geographic knowledge.</p> + +<p>The flattening of the spherical earth was not suspected +until in 1672 a clock regulated to beat seconds +at Paris, when taken to Cayenne near the equator was +found to lose two and one-half minutes a day. Newton +proved that this was due to the fact that the earth +is an oblate spheroid. In 1735 accurate measurements +were undertaken to determine the size and shape of +the earth. The equatorial diameter has been found +to be 7926.6 miles and the polar diameter 7899.6 miles,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> +the difference, or 27 statute miles, being the amount of +the flattening at the poles.</p> + +<p><b>The first sailing directions.</b> The early Greek and +Roman writers do not allude to charts or maps intended +especially for the use of seafarers. There are, however, +extant several peripli or descriptions of the coast. Some +of these appear certainly to have been intended for use +as nautical guides, corresponding to the modern sailing +directions. It is probable that they were explanatory +of or accompanied by coast charts, now lost. +They are of interest therefore as being probably the first +compilations for the guidance of seamen. One of the +earliest, written apparently in the fifth and fourth +centuries <small>B.C.</small>, is entitled "Scylax of Caryanda, his +circumnavigation of the sea of the inhabited part of +Europe and Asia and Libya." It contains a systematic +description of the coasts of the Mediterranean, Black +Sea, and part of the west coast of Africa. The following +are some extracts which indicate the character +of the work. It is to be noted that no bearings are +given, and that distances are usually stated by day's +sail: Africa is referred to as Libya.</p> + +<p>"Europe. I shall begin from the Pillars of Hercules +in Europe and continue to the Pillars of Hercules in +Libya, and as far as the land of the great Ethiopians. +The Pillars of Hercules are opposite each other, and are +distant from each other by one day's sail.... From +Thonis the voyage to Pharos, a desert island (good +harborage but no drinking water), is 150 stadia. In +Pharos are many harbors. But ships water at the +Marian mere, for it is drinkable.... From Chersonesus +is one day's sail; but from Naustathmus to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span> +the harbor of Cyrene, 100 stadia. But from the harbor +to Cyrene, 80 stadia; for Cyrene is inland. These +harbors are always fit for putting into. And there are +other refuges at little islands, and anchorages and many +beaches, in the district between.... After the isthmus +is Carthage, a city of the Phœnicians, and a harbor. +Sailing along from Hermæa it is half a day to Carthage. +There are islands off the Hermæan cape, Pontia island +and Cosyrus. From Hermæa to Cosyrus is a day's +sail. Beyond the Hermæan cape, towards the rising +sun, are three islands belonging to this shore, inhabited +by Carthaginians; the city and harbor of Melite, the +city of Gaulus, and Lampas; this has two or three +towers.... The sailing along Libya from the Canopic +mouth in Egypt to the Pillars of Hercules ... takes +74 days if one coast round the bays.... From the +cape of Hermæa extend great reefs, that is, from Libya +towards Europe, not rising above the sea; it washes +over them at times.... From Thymiateria one sails +to cape Soloes, which juts far into the sea. But all +this district of Libya is very famous and very sacred.... +This whole coasting from the Pillars of Hercules to +Cerne Island takes twelve days. The parts beyond the +isle of Cerne are no longer navigable because of shoals, +mud, and sea-weed. This sea-weed has the width of +a palm, and is sharp towards the points, so as to prick."</p> + +<p>That there were many other similar writings in the +following centuries is shown by the following quotation +from Marcianus, in a preface to sailing directions +written in the fifth century <small>A.D.</small>: "This I write after +having gone through many sailing directions, and spent +much time on their examination. For it behooves all<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> +who are men of education, to scrutinise such attempts +at learning in this subject, so as neither rashly to believe +the things that are said, nor incredulously to set their +private opinions against the careful decisions of others."</p> + +<p>The oldest extant sailing directions of the middle +ages bear date 1306 to 1320.</p> + +<p><b>Development of chart making.</b> The application of +the compass to nautical use in the twelfth century +<small>A.D.</small> had a marked effect in encouraging voyages of +exploration, and therefore indirectly on chart making. +The following, written toward the close of the twelfth +century, is the first known mention of the use of the +compass in Europe: "The sailors, moreover, as they sail +over the sea, when in cloudy weather they cannot longer +profit by the light of the sun, or when the world is +wrapped in the darkness of the shades of night, and +they are ignorant to what part of the horizon the prow +is directed, place the needle over the magnet, which +is whirled round in a circle, until, when the motion +ceases, the point of it (the needle) looks to the north." +The nautical compass of that time appears to have +consisted of a magnetized needle, floated in a vessel +of water by a cork or reed, and having no index +nor compass card. Peregrinus in 1269 made notable +improvements in the compass, including a pivot suspension +for the needle, a graduation, a lubber line, +and an azimuth bar for sighting on the sun or other +object.</p> + +<p>Nautical charts are known to have been in use since +the thirteenth century <small>A.D.</small>, but the earliest extant of +which the date can be fixed is Vesconte's loxodromic +chart of 1311.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span></p> + +<p>The loxodromic charts first appeared in Italy, and +were so called from the fact that they were crossed by +loxodromes (or rhumb lines) radiating from a number +of crossing points distributed regularly over the map. +Compass roses carefully drawn were later added at these +crossing points, the first appearing on a chart of 1375. +The earliest known mention of the variation of the +compass from true north was on the first voyage of +Columbus, who discovered this important fact in 1492, +and as a consequence his "seamen were terrified and +dismayed." Before that time it was assumed in Europe +that the compass pointed "true to the north pole." +The apparent failure to detect the variation earlier was +doubtless to some extent due to its small amount at +that time along the Mediterranean. The earlier charts +showed both lines and compass roses apparently +oriented with the true meridian, though there is some +evidence to indicate that they were actually oriented +with the magnetic meridian, the designer not recognizing +any difference. The variation of the compass was first +marked on a map in 1532 and on a printed chart in +1595, but the placing of magnetic compasses on charts +did not become customary until about fifty years ago. +These early charts were drawn on parchment, using +bright colors. They were copied by hand, one from +another, with gradual variations. They had no projections, +and the draftsmen evidently had no idea of +the sphericity of the earth. Islands and points were +usually exaggerated; shallows were indicated, but no +soundings; no information was given as to the interior +of the countries; a scale of distances was nearly always +provided.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span></p> + +<p>Charts were first printed about 1477, and are known +to have been engraved on copper by 1560.</p> + +<p>The maps of Ptolemy were ruled with degree lines, +but no chart was so provided until 1427; by 1500, +however, most charts were graduated. Before this +date it is not known on what projection the charts +were constructed. On the first graduated charts the +degree lines were equidistant parallel straight lines +cutting each other at right angles and thus dividing +the chart into equal squares or rectangles. These +were known as "plain charts." This square projection +had little to commend it save simplicity of construction, +as in higher latitudes it gave neither directions nor +distances correctly. The difficulties of its use in navigation +were early recognized, and nautical works contained +chapters on "sailing by the plain chart, and the +uncertainties thereof."</p> + +<p>The example of early chart making shown in <a href="#Fig2">Fig. 2</a> +is of great interest as being the earliest extant chart +which includes America. This chart was drawn on +ox-hide in 1500 by Juan de la Cosa, who accompanied +Columbus on his first voyage as master of his flagship, +and on his second voyage as cartographer. The chart, +of which only a portion is shown here, purports to +cover the entire world; it joins Asia and America as one +continent, the Pacific Ocean being then still unknown.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<a name="Fig2" id="Fig2"></a> +<img src="images/fig02.jpg" width="600" height="477" alt="" /> +<p class="caption">FIG. 2. CHART OF NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN, BY JUAN DE LA COSA, 1500. EARLIEST EXTANT CHART SHOWING AMERICA.</p> +<p class="largeimg"><a href="images/fig02_1500.jpg">Fig. 2 enlarged</a> (652 kB)</p> +</div> + +<p>Gerhard Krämer, a Flemish map-maker, better +known by his Latin name of Mercator, in 1569 published +his famous Universal Map. In this map the +meridians and parallels were still straight lines intersecting +at right angles, but the distances between the +parallels were increased with increasing latitude in +such proportion that a rhumb line, or line cutting the +meridians at a constant angle, would appear on the +map as a straight line. Mercator never explained +the construction of his chart, and as the above condition +was not accurately carried out, it is thought that the +chart was drawn by comparing a terrestrial globe +with a "plain chart." After examination of a mercator +chart in 1590, Edward Wright developed the correct +principles on which such a chart should be +constructed, and published in 1599 his treatise "The +Correction of Certain Errors in Navigation." It took +nearly a century to bring this chart into use, and even +in the middle of the eighteenth century nautical writers +complain that "some prefer the plain chart."</p> + +<p>The Arcano del Mare, 1646, was the first marine +atlas in which all the maps were drawn on the mercator +projection.</p> + +<p>In the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries +charts and sailing directions were often bound together +in large volumes. These usually had quaint titles, not +overburdened with modesty, of which the following is +an example: "The Lightning Columne, or Sea-Mirrour, +containing the Sea-Coasts of the Northern, Eastern, +and Western Navigation. Setting forth in divers +necessaire Sea-Cards, all the Ports, Rivers, Bayes, +Roads, Depths, and Sands. Very curiously placed on +its due Polus height furnished. With the Discoveries +of the chief Countries and on what Cours and Distance +they lay one from another. Never there to fore +so Clearly laid open, and here and there very diligently +bettered and augmented for the use of all Seamen. +As also the situation of the Northerly Countries, as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 9-10]</a></span> +Islands, the Strate Davids, the Isle of Jan Mayen, +Bears Island, Old Greenland, Spitsbergen and Nova +Zembla. Adorneth with many Sea-Cards and Discoveries. +Gathered out of the Experiences and practice +of divers Pilots and Lovers of the famous Art of +Navigation. Where unto is added a brief Instruction +of the Art of Navigation, together with New Tables +of the Sun's Declination, with a new Almanach. At +Amsterdam. Printed by Casparus Loots-Man, Bookseller +in the Loots-Man, upon the Water. Anno 1697. +With Previlege for fiftheen years."</p> + +<p>In 1633 a cartographer was appointed to the States-General +of Holland, and it was his duty to correct the +charts from the ships' logs. The Dutch at an early +date made important progress in publishing charts. +In 1720 there was established in Paris by order of the +king, a central chart office ("dépôt des cartes et plans, +journaux et mémoires concernant la navigation"), and +in 1737 the first charts were published by this office. +Detailed surveys of the coast of France were commenced +in 1816.</p> + +<p>In 1740 "the commissioners for the discovery of +longitude at sea" were authorized by Parliament to +expend money on the survey of the coasts of Great +Britain, this commission having been created in 1713. +Various rewards were offered by this commission, +including one of £10,000, for the discovery of a method +of determining the longitude within 60 miles, an interesting +side light on the uncertainties of navigation at +that time. Compensated timepieces, which have been +so important a factor in improving navigation, were +invented by Harrison about 1761.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/fig03.jpg" width="600" height="397" alt="" /> +<p class="caption">FIG. 3. LOXODROMIC CHART OF NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN, 1565. A PLAIN CHART WITH LATITUDE DEGREES OF EQUAL LENGTH.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 12-13]</a></span></p> + +<p>In 1795, by an Order in Council, a Hydrographical +Office was established in London, "to take charge and +custody of such plans and charts as then were, or should +thereafter be, deposited in the Admiralty, and to select +and compile such information as might appear to be +requisite for the purpose of improving navigation." +This office had at first one assistant and one draftsman. +Before that time many charts of a private or semiofficial +character had been published; the catalogue of +the East India Company in 1786 included 347 charts.</p> + +<p>In 1807 the Congress of the United States authorized +the President "to cause a survey to be taken of the +coasts of the United States, in which shall be designated +the islands and shoals, with the roads or places of +anchorage, within twenty leagues of any part of the +shores of the United States; and also the respective +courses and distances between the principal capes, or +headlands, together with such other matters as he may +deem proper for completing an accurate chart of every +part of the coasts within the extent aforesaid." This +law was the origin of the present United States Coast +and Geodetic Survey, now under the Department of +Commerce and Labor.</p> + +<p>In 1841 a systematic survey of the Great Lakes was +commenced; this is the Survey of the Northern and +Northwestern Lakes, briefly known as the Lake Survey, +conducted under the Corps of Engineers.</p> + +<p>In 1866 the United States Hydrographic Office was +established under the Navy Department "for the +improvement of the means for navigating safely the +vessels of the Navy, and of the mercantile marine, by +providing under the authority of the Secretary of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> +the Navy, accurate and cheap nautical charts, sailing +directions, navigators, and manuals of instructions for +the use of all vessels of the United States, and for the +benefit and use of navigation generally."</p> + +<p><b>Systematic surveying and chart making</b> date back +little more than a century, and most of the information +shown on modern charts has been gathered in that +time. At present all the principal maritime nations of +the world have made, or are extending, careful surveys +of their own coasts.</p> + +<p>Several of the countries have added valuable contributions +in the examination of other regions and oceanic +areas beyond their borders. The maritime and colonial +interests of Great Britain impelled that nation to carry +on extensive surveys along coasts whose inhabitants +were not prepared to do this work in the earlier days; +the British have made surveys along the coasts of Asia +and Africa and a part of South America, and the resulting +charts have been a very important and not sufficiently +known contribution to commercial intercourse +among the nations, as well as to geography.</p> + +<p>The Dutch, French, Spanish, and other European +governments have made nautical surveys in various +parts of the world, largely in connection with their own +colonies, and in recent years much useful work has +been done by vessels of the German government. The +United States has also beyond its own territory made +valuable additions to hydrographic knowledge in the +work of officers of the Navy in a number of oceanic +exploring expeditions, and surveys on the coasts of +Mexico and in the West Indies, and in the explorations +of Fish Commission vessels.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/fig04.png" width="600" height="482" alt="" /> +<p class="caption">FIG. 4. EARLY CHART OF NEW YORK HARBOR, 1737.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 16-17]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Extension of maritime surveys.</b> Of the total area of +the earth's surface, 51,886,000 square miles is land and +145,054,000 square miles is sea. The oceans thus +occupy nearly three-fourths of the whole surface, affording +highways open to the nations. To conduct international +commerce by water the ships of one country +must enter the ports of another. Thus both on the +open sea and in the harbors there is an interest, common +to seamen of all nationalities, in the advance of marine +surveys and in the publication of charts.</p> + +<p>To keep the coasts properly charted, as well as lighted +and buoyed, is an obligation devolving on modern +nations, not only for the benefit of their own commerce +but for that of other countries.</p> + +<p>As shown below, only a small part of the coast line +of the world is thoroughly surveyed. In the extensive +ocean areas which are dotted with islands or reefs, a large +amount of work is required for their sufficient charting, +although many doubtful areas have been cleared up in +recent years. Even the parts that are known to be of +depths so great as to be free from navigational dangers +should be sounded over sufficiently to develop the general +configuration of the ocean bottom.</p> + +<p>Through international understanding a thorough +exploration of all the water area of the globe and the +coasts may in time be effected, and the many doubtful +spots which still disfigure the charts may be either +eliminated or definitely located.</p> + +<p><b>Present state of progress of hydrographic surveys.</b> A +comparatively small proportion of the coasts of the +world can be considered as completely surveyed at the +present time, and even such regions require much<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> +additional revision. In the class of more thoroughly +surveyed coasts should be included the Atlantic and +most of the Pacific coast of the United States, Porto +Rico, nearly all the coasts of Europe, Algeria, and +portions of the coasts of Japan, the Philippine Islands, +and India.</p> + +<p>A large part of the world's coasts has been surveyed +incompletely, but sufficiently well to permit the publication +of navigational charts. This is the condition as +respects most of southeastern Alaska and some other +portions of the Alaskan coast, British Columbia, most +of Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, Brazil +and parts of Chile, the Hawaiian Islands, China, Malay +Peninsula, Siam, the Dutch East Indies, Australia, +New Zealand, Persia, Arabia, most of Africa, Iceland, +northern Scandinavia, and Finland.</p> + +<p>Another considerable portion of the coasts has not +been surveyed, but has been covered by explorations +which have been embodied in nautical charts of varied +degrees of incompleteness. In this class are the north +coast and considerable portions of the south and west +coasts of Alaska, the Aleutian Islands, Siberia, most of +the oceanic groups in the Pacific, the northern coasts +of Europe and North America, Greenland, the west +coast of South America, Venezuela, and Argentina.</p> + +<p>Only a very small proportion of the total length of +coasts is now entirely unexplored, and such portions +are confined to the polar regions.</p> + +<p><b>Chart publications of various nations.</b> There are +about eighteen nations publishing navigational charts, +and adding to the information on which charts are +based. Many of these nations republish to some extent<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> +the charts prepared by the others. Great Britain has +kept up a series of charts covering all parts of the world +and practically including in some form all information +published elsewhere. This series now (1908) includes +3725 different charts, of which the annual issue is +about 600,000 copies. France (1906) publishes 2948 +different charts.</p> + +<p>In the United States, charts are published by the +Coast and Geodetic Survey for the coasts and tidal +waters of the main country and the insular possessions, +by the Hydrographic Office for oceanic areas and foreign +coasts, and by the Lake Survey for the Great Lakes. +The total number of different charts issued by these +bureaus is about 2300, and the total annual issue is +about 225,000 copies.</p> + +<p><b>Systems in use on various charts.</b></p> + +<p><i>Longitude.</i> The first chart of New York, published +by the Coast Survey in 1844, was referred to the City +Hall of New York as the initial longitude, and some +years ago it was the prevailing custom for each nation +to use a local initial longitude. While this satisfied +local pride it led to much geographical and navigational +confusion. Happily the charts of all countries +are now referred to Greenwich, with the following +exceptions:</p> + +<p class="exeptlist"> +France refers to Paris, which is 2° 20´ 15´´ E. of Greenwich.<br /> +Spain refers to San Fernando, which is 6° 12´ 20´´ W. of Greenwich.<br /> +Portugal refers to Lisbon, which is 9° 08´ 24´´ W. of Greenwich.</p> + +<p><i>Units for depths.</i> The English fathom or foot is used +for depths on the charts of Great Britain, the United +States, and Japan. Russia uses the sajene of seven<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> +English feet. On the modern charts of practically all +the other countries the meter is used, though on older +charts various units are found.</p> + +<p>In the first group feet are ordinarily found only on +large scale or local charts of areas with moderate +depths, and the other charts are in fathoms, except +that on the earlier charts of the Coast and Geodetic +Survey feet were used on a sanded surface inside of the +three-fathom curve and fathoms on the white surface +outside of that curve. Heights are stated in feet on +the charts of the first group.</p> + +<p><i>Plane of reference.</i> As the depth of water varies +with the tide, it is necessary for charting purposes to +adopt some standard plane to which the soundings are +referred. Practically all countries have adopted for +this purpose a low stage of the tide, as this is obviously +on the side of safety; in most cases an extreme low +water is used, so that the actual depths will seldom, +owing to the tide, be less than those shown on the chart. +The definite reference planes used on the American +charts will be mentioned later.</p> + +<p>On nearly all charts heights are referred to mean high +water, doubtless owing to this being the visible limit of +the land at high tide. On topographic maps of the +interior, the heights are referred to mean sea level, +which plane is of course lower than the preceding by +one-half the range of tide.</p> + +<p><i>Symbols on charts.</i> Fair uniformity as to general +principles, with differences as to details in carrying +them out, exists on the various series of charts regarding +their general arrangement and the more important +symbols, such as in the shading of land to distinguish<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> +from water, the use of depth curves, the representation +of hills by shade or contour, the indication of shoals +and dangers, and of lighthouses and buoys.</p> + +<p><b>Desirability of uniformity in charts.</b> Ships engaged +in international commerce must enter foreign ports. +As the information is constantly changing and charts +are being corrected or improved, it is sometimes +desirable for the navigator to consult the local foreign +charts, and it may often be necessary for him to carry +in his chart room the charts of several different countries. +There are therefore important advantages in +international uniformity in chart publication.</p> + +<p>There should be a common initial longitude, and as +the longitude of Greenwich has been so extensively +adopted, it appears quite probable that its use may +some day become universal.</p> + +<p>A common unit for soundings and heights would be +very desirable, but the fact that a large group of nations +has united on the metric system, while a small group +with great commercial interests retains another system, +makes the attainment of uniformity difficult.</p> + +<p>Substantial agreement as to the use of symbols on +charts, particularly such as represent aids or dangers +to navigation, would be desirable and doubtless feasible.</p> + +<p><b>Privately published charts.</b> Many of the earlier charts +were prepared and published by private enterprise, and +such charts are still published, as, for instance, the so-called +"blue-back" charts printed in London. These +charts have usually differed from those published by +the various governments either in representing the main +features in a very bold manner with little detail or in +including a considerable area with many plans on a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> +single large sheet backed for permanency. An objection +to the latter is that the durability together with the +high price tends to keep an old chart in use long after +it is out of date. It would be financially difficult for +a private firm to give the service that a government does +in the matter of correcting the charts and issuing new +editions, and this is an important consideration in the +selection of charts.</p> + +<p><b>Purpose of charts.</b> The main purpose of charts is to +furnish graphical guides to aid in taking a vessel safely +from one port to another; they are maps for the use of +navigators. An experienced mariner may be able to +steer his vessel over a familiar course without charts, +but this does not make their publication less necessary. +Even such an expert pilot doubtless studied the charts +in the first place; the uncertainties of the sea and +the changes of information are such that his vessel's +equipment should include the latest charts, and safety +requires their examination. The passengers and the +merchants who intrust their lives or their goods to the +sea are largely dependent upon the correctness of +the charts.</p> + +<p>Besides their main purpose charts fill many other +needs, among which are; for preliminary planning of +harbor improvements and various engineering works, +for defensive works and other military uses, for the +fishing interests, and for general information as to the +coastal regions. Charts will furnish much of interest +and instruction to the traveler by sea and the dweller +near the coast, who will learn to read them. Passenger +steamers should more often for the interest of their +patrons display charts of the waters traversed. No<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> +written or verbal description can give as clear an idea +of geographical features and relations as a good map +or chart.</p> + +<p>As the charts are revised from time to time, a comparison +of editions at different dates furnishes a record +of the changes wrought by nature or man, and this is +especially useful in studying the action in many harbor +and river entrances, as well as for historical purposes.</p> + +<p><b>Requirements for charts.</b> As charts are maps of the +water areas, including the adjoining land, and intended +primarily for the use of mariners, they differ in important +respects from topographic maps or general maps, +even such as include the water areas. The main +requirements for charts are these; correct and complete +information, early publication of new data, clear and +intelligible representation of the information, convenient +arrangement as navigational instruments, and high +standard of publication.</p> + +<p>The special and sometimes difficult conditions under +which charts must be used on shipboard call for good +judgment throughout their preparation. Even the +paper on which they are printed is of importance, in +order that they may be sufficiently durable and suitable +for plotting.</p> + +<p><b>Information given on charts.</b> It is evident that it is +impossible to represent on a chart of any practicable +scale all the features that exist on the corresponding +area of the earth's surface. It is essential, therefore, +that a selection be made of the classes of facts that are +to be shown, as well as of the detail that is to be used for +each class. The practical utility of the chart depends +largely on the good judgment used in this selection. In<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> +the information shown, charts differ from maps principally +in representing by soundings and curves the +configuration of the bottom of the water area, and in +showing ordinarily the topographic features only in the +vicinity of the coast line.</p> + +<p>The convenience of mariners should govern in the selection +and arrangement of the information to be shown +on charts, though they may be made useful for other +purposes so long as this convenience is not lessened. +The needs and preferences of navigators alone, however, +differ so much that a reasonable chart must be +somewhat of a compromise between conflicting views. +For certain classes of navigation a boldly drawn chart +showing only the dangers and a few other soundings +and some landmarks might be useful. For other +maritime purposes a more detailed chart would be +valuable. The first, however, would fail to give facts +often demanded in the navigational use of the chart, +and the second if carried to an extreme would make a +chart difficult to use.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/fig05.png" width="600" height="374" alt="" /> +<p class="caption">FIG. 5. STATE OF ADVANCEMENT OF HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYS OF THE COASTS OF THE WORLD, 1904. + +<i>By G. W. Littlehales.</i> +</p> +</div> + +<p>Shoals and dangers are shown either by the least +depth or by rock or reef symbols. The characteristic +soundings are shown on the chart, with abbreviations +indicating the nature of the bottom. Depth curves +are drawn, joining together points of like depth, and +inclosing areas of less depth, on the same principle +that contours are used on land maps; usually also the +shoaler spots are made more prominent by sanding +or tinting the area within them. Lighthouses, buoys, +and other artificial aids to navigation are represented, +with descriptive abbreviations. The coast is shown +by a bold solid line for high water and a dotted line<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 25-29]</a></span> +for low water. The main topographic features are +represented for a moderate distance from the coast, +with such detail as is useful, depending on the scale of +the chart. Elevations are given in figures for prominent +summits, islands, and rocks; the general configuration +of hills and mountains is represented by contours +on large scale charts or by hachures or shading on +small scale charts. Rivers, streams, lakes, marshes, +towns, roads, prominent buildings, and other important +topographic features are shown by appropriate symbols. +It is important that objects which may be useful in +navigation as landmarks, whether natural or artificial, +be plainly shown and described, if necessary to their +identification, and that they should not be obscured +by details of lesser importance. On the larger scale +charts only, vegetation features, particularly areas +covered by trees, are represented by symbols. The +land area is usually clearly distinguished from the +water area by a tint or stipple. Latitude and longitude +are given by the projection lines and the subdivided +border, or sometimes on harbor plans by a note giving +the position of some one point. Brief information as +to the time and range of the tides is stated in a note. +Data regarding currents, whether due to tidal or other +causes, are given by current arrows placed on the chart, +or by explanatory notes. Compasses are for convenience +printed on the charts, and data given as to the +magnetic variation and its rate of change. On large +scale charts scales are provided for use in measuring +distances. Ranges and channel lines are given when +required. The ports are indicated where storm warning +signals are displayed. The areas of forbidden anchor<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span>ages +are shown, and when important, the positions of +submarine cables. The lines dividing the high seas +from inland waters are sometimes stated on United +States charts. Life saving stations are given, and time +balls are usually noted. Views of important features +are shown on some charts.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 371px;"> +<img src="images/fig06.jpg" width="371" height="600" alt="" /> +<p class="caption">FIG. 6. SYMBOLS USED ON CHARTS OF THE UNITED STATES COAST AND +GEODETIC SURVEY.</p> +</div> + +<p>The layman who looks at the printed chart probably +does not appreciate the amount or the variety of +information that must be gathered and sifted and put +in proper shape for a single chart.</p> + +<hr class="chap" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span></p> + + + + +<h2><a name="COLLECTION_OF_INFORMATION_FOR_CHARTS" id="COLLECTION_OF_INFORMATION_FOR_CHARTS">COLLECTION OF INFORMATION FOR CHARTS</a></h2> + + +<p><b>Need of thorough surveys.</b> As has been stated, a +good chart requires that a thorough and correct survey +be first made of the region to be charted. It is said +that men are very apt to accept as true anything they +see on a map. As to the nautical chart the mariner +is likely to be somewhat more critical, however, and +it is well that he is. The difficulty of charting an +invisible surface such as the bottom of the sea is great, +and the proportion of the navigable waters surveyed +in sufficient detail to be at all certain of the absence of +uncharted dangers is small.</p> + +<p>The planning of surveys in a new region, such, for +instance, as the Philippine Islands, presents many +interesting problems, on the solution of which the +effectiveness in chart results and the cost of the work +materially depend. Many local conditions must be +taken into account. The surveys are made on opposite +coasts according to the seasonal winds and rainfall. +In some parts fair-sized steamers are necessary; in +others launches and small boats can do the work +more economically. Shore parties with land transportation +are used for portions of the work where the +country permits. Natives are employed as far as +practicable for the classes of work they can do; the +Filipinos, for instance, make good sailors on the vessels +and excellent penmen in the office.</p> + +<p>The following is a brief outline of the steps of a com<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span>plete +survey for charting purposes, according to the present +practice of the United States Coast and Geodetic +Survey. These are given in their logical order, though +in actual work this order must often be departed from. +In this Survey the methods of control have been of a +high standard; that is, the main stations have been +accurately determined and permanently marked and +described, and this has proven an advantage in the +joining together of the original surveys and resurveys.</p> + +<p><b>Astronomical observations.</b> To locate on the surface +of the earth the area to be charted, astronomical +observations are required for the latitude and longitude +of one or more points. In the best practice the longitude +of a point is obtained by observing the transits +of stars to get the local time, and sending time signals +by telegraph to obtain the difference from the local +time of some other place whose longitude is known. +The latitude is observed by measuring the difference +of zenith distance of pairs of stars crossing the meridian +north and south of the zenith. The azimuth or true +direction of some line is also obtained from star +observations, usually by observations with a theodolite +on a circumpolar star. Much existing chart work +depends on positions determined by less accurate +methods, as, for instance, longitudes obtained by transporting +chronometers between the known station and +that to be determined, or by observations of moon culminations, +and latitudes obtained by direct observations +of the altitudes of stars with theodolite or sextant.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 369px;"> +<img src="images/fig07.jpg" width="369" height="600" alt="" /> +<p class="caption">FIG. 7. SYMBOLS USED ON CHARTS OF THE BRITISH HYDROGRAPHIC OFFICE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/fig08.jpg" width="600" height="411" alt="" /> +<p class="caption">FIG. 8. TRIANGULATION OF A BAY, SHOWING LOCATION OF SURVEY SIGNALS AND LANDMARKS.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Triangulation.</b> The main framework of the survey +consists of a series of triangles connecting prominently +located points which are permanently marked in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 33-39]</a></span> +ground and the location described so that they can be +found at a future time. At long intervals in the survey +base lines are laid out and carefully measured with steel +tape. Signals are erected over the points, including +those at the ends of the base line, and angles are then +measured at the various stations. From the measured +length of the base and the angles the lengths of the +sides of the triangles are computed, and from these +lengths and the latitude and longitude of one point the +latitudes and longitudes of all the other points are +obtained. When several astronomically determined +points are connected by such a triangulation a complication +arises from what is known as "deflection +of the plumb line," which is the angular amount by +which the actual sea-level surface of the earth departs +from the symmetrical figure of revolution, owing to the +variations in the density of the earth's outer layers. +The distance between two points as measured by triangulation +thus differs from the distance computed from +the astronomically determined positions. If this irregularity +were not taken care of by adopting mean positions, +the discrepancy in joining up different surveys would +in extreme cases amount to about half a mile.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/fig09.jpg" width="600" height="361" alt="" /> +<p class="caption">FIG. 9. TRIANGULATION STATION AND SIGNAL, ON ALASKA COAST.</p> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<a name="Fig10" id="Fig10"></a> +<img src="images/fig10.jpg" width="600" height="385" alt="" /> +<p class="caption">FIG. 10. MEASURING ANGLES WITH THEODOLITE AT TRIANGULATION +STATION ON ALASKA COAST.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Survey sheets</b> are next prepared, of suitable size and +scale. On each sheet a projection is laid down, that is, +the meridians and parallels are drawn, and all the points +determined in the triangulation are plotted in their true +relation. Usually separate sheets are prepared for the +topography or shore survey and for the hydrography +or survey of the water area.</p> + +<p><b>Topography.</b> The topographic survey of the shore +and as much of the adjacent area as is required is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> +usually made with a plane table, on which the map is +actually drawn in the field as the work progresses. +Points are located on the plane table sheet either by +direct reading of the distance on a stadia rod or by +intersections from two or more stations. On the plane +table sheet it is customary to locate the shore or high-water +line, the low-water line, off-lying rocks, streams, +rivers, roads, towns, lighthouses, and all prominent +features near the coast. Elevations are measured with +the plane table or obtained from the triangulation, and +are represented on the sheet both by figures and by +contours, which are lines joining together points of +the same elevation. For instance, a 100-foot contour +represents the line where a plane 100 feet above sea +level would cut the surface of the ground. It is particularly +important in this topographic work to locate +accurately objects which are good landmarks and likely +to be of use to the mariner. In some regions auxiliary +methods are used in filling in the topography, as, for +instance, along a difficult coast each feature of importance +may be located by sextant angles, or a traverse line +may be run along the shore by the transit and stadia +method.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/fig11.jpg" width="600" height="356" alt="" /> +<p class="caption">FIG. 11. TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY PARTY AT WORK WITH PLANE TABLE +ON THE PRIBILOF ISLANDS.</p> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/fig12.jpg" width="400" height="431" alt="" /> +<p class="caption">FIG. 12. SURVEY SIGNAL OF IRON PIPE ON THE +BAR OFF THE MOUTH OF THE YUKON RIVER.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>The hydrography,</b> or the survey of the water area, is +of prime importance for the chart, but in the order of +prosecution of the work it is convenient but not essential +that it come after sufficient points have been located +by the triangulation and topography. A hydrographic +sheet is prepared on which all the points are plotted +which will be useful. A system of sounding lines is +then run over the entire area to be surveyed, locating the +position of the sounding boat at intervals by sextant<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 41-49]</a></span> +angles on survey signals or by angles from the shore. +The ordinary method of sounding is to cast a lead from +a boat and read the depth when the lead touches bottom +and the line is vertical, and make note of the nature of +the bottom. There is a systematic spacing between the +casts of the lead and between the lines passed over by +the boat, depending on the depth of water and character +of the bottom. For soundings in deeper water various +forms of sounding machines are used, with weight +attached to a wire. For very great depths a small steel +wire is employed and the weight is detached and left +on the bottom. The deepest sounding thus far made, +5269 fathoms, or nearly six miles, was obtained by this +method in the Pacific Ocean near Guam.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/fig13.jpg" width="600" height="400" alt="" /> +<p class="caption">FIG. 13. HYDROGRAPHIC PARTY SOUNDING WITH LAUNCH IN BALTIMORE HARBOR.</p> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/fig14.jpg" width="600" height="416" alt="" /> +<p class="caption">FIG. 14. THE LUCAS AUTOMATIC SOUNDING MACHINE FOR DEPTHS TO 5000 +FATHOMS, WITH ENGINE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/fig15.jpg" width="600" height="359" alt="" /> +<p class="caption">FIG. 15. THE SIGSBEE SOUNDING MACHINE ON A SURVEYING VESSEL.</p> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/fig16.jpg" width="600" height="171" alt="" /> +<p class="caption">FIG. 16. LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF SURVEYING STEAMER <i>FATHOMER</i>, SHOWING GENERAL ARRANGEMENTS.</p> +<p class="largeimg"><a href="images/fig16_1500.png">Fig. 16 enlarged</a> (58 kB)</p> +</div> + +<p>The offshore soundings are made from a surveying +steamer; the inshore work is usually done by a launch +or small boat.</p> + +<p>So far as the navigational use of charts is concerned it +is important that the hydrography shall show the limiting +depths and the freedom from dangers, of channels, +entrances, harbors, and anchorages. It is also desirable +that the soundings shall be carried off shore at least as +far as the one-hundred-fathom curve, as with the modern +forms of navigational sounding machines it is possible +for vessels under way to obtain soundings to this depth, +and such soundings may be of value in identifying the +location of the vessel. For depths greater than one +hundred fathoms the soundings have less direct value +to navigation except as proving the absence of shoaler +areas, but soundings throughout the oceanic regions are +of great geographical interest as well as of direct practical +value in the laying of cables.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span></p> + +<p>It is obvious that the plan of mapping the sea bottom +by dropping a lead at intervals over its hidden surface +is far from an ideal one. The lead gives the depth +only at the point at which it touches the bottom, and +no information as to the space between the casts except +such as may be inferred from the relation of successive +soundings. In numerous cases, after what was considered +a very thorough survey of a region had been +made, at some later day a pinnacle rock or other danger +has been discovered. For instance, a very detailed +hydrographic survey of Buzzards Bay was made in +1895; the sounding lines were run at intervals of 50 +to 100 yards, and 91,000 soundings were made for a +single sheet. Within this area the cruiser <i>Brooklyn</i> +in 1902 touched a rock which was found to have 18 +feet over it. (<a href="#Fig17">Fig. 17.</a>) The least depth in the vicinity +developed in the original survey was 31 feet.</p> + +<p>For the satisfactory development of hydrographic +work some invention is much needed which as it +passes along the bottom will give a continuous depth +curve. Several devices have successfully accomplished +this in shoal water, but great credit awaits the inventor +who designs something of more general application.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<a name="Fig17" id="Fig17"></a> +<img src="images/fig17.png" width="600" height="446" alt="" /> +<p class="caption">FIG. 17. PORTION OF ORIGINAL HYDROGRAPHIC SHEET, BUZZARDS BAY, ON SCALE +1-10000, SHOWING AREA CLOSELY SOUNDED IN 1895, WHERE THE <i>BROOKLYN</i> +STRUCK IN 1902.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Tides and currents.</b> Information must be obtained +as to the movement of the water, both vertical and +horizontal. The rise and fall of the tide are obtained +by tide gauges, either automatic, which draw a continuous +tidal curve on a roll of paper, or simple tide +staffs, which must be read at intervals. The currents, +whether due to the tides or other movements, are +measured by noting the movement of partially sub<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 51-55]</a></span>merged +floats. Less accurate but useful information +as to currents is obtained from the logs of vessels.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/fig18.png" width="600" height="190" alt="" /> +<p class="caption">FIG. 18. DRAGGING FOR DANGERS WITH A LONG WIRE.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Dragging for dangers</b> has long been resorted to for +the investigation of isolated spots. A valuable and +successful means has been employed recently of making +sure that an area is free from shoals or rocks +having less than a certain depth. This is done by +dragging through the water a wire from 500 to 1400 +feet long, and suspended at the required depth, with +suitable buoys and weights, and kept taut by the angle +of pull. If, for instance, the wire is set at a depth of +30 feet it will indicate the presence of any obstruction +of less depth by catching on it and upsetting the buoys, +and such spots are at once marked and investigated. +Considerable work has been done with such drags in +the last few years on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts +and on the Great Lakes. This is of course a somewhat +tedious process and gives no information as to depths +greater than that for which the wire is set, but the +experience already had indicates its great value. It +will probably be found desirable in time to thus drag all +water areas important to navigation where the depth +is near the draft of vessels and the irregular nature of +the bottom gives indication of dangers. In extensive +dragging operations near Key West and in Jericho Bay, +Maine, a number of shoals have been picked up which +were not found in the original surveys.</p> + +<p>A remarkable instance of the value of the drag was +the recent discovery of a rock in Blue Hill Bay on the +coast of Maine. This rock has but 7 feet of water +over it, and is only 6 feet in diameter at the top. It is +surrounded by depths of 78 feet, from which it rises<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> +nearly perpendicularly. The original survey gave no +indication of a danger here, and its existence was not +suspected until it was discovered with the wire drag.</p> + +<p>Another method of dragging that has been employed +is by means of a pipe suspended beneath a ship's +bottom.</p> + +<p><b>Magnetic variation.</b> As the compass is a universal +navigational instrument, information as to the magnetic +variation is needed for the charts. The angle between +the direction of the magnetic needle and the true north +is measured at various points on both land and sea, +and at some stations these observations are repeated +after a number of years. From these results magnetic +maps are made, from which both the variation and +its annual change may be taken.</p> + +<p><b>Reports of dangers.</b> Aside from the more systematic +surveys as outlined above, much information has +been placed on the charts from other sources. On +the earlier charts and on those of more remote regions +at the present day much of the work has been sketched +rather than surveyed. Even in the better surveyed +portions reports come in as to dangers or other matters +not shown, and if of importance and the report appears +to be reliable these are sometimes at once put on the +chart pending further investigation, or in other cases +an examination is first made.</p> + +<p>Shoals, rocks, and even islands have in numerous +instances been shown on the charts which no one has +been able to find again, and many of them after +repeated searches have been removed. The same +island or danger has sometimes been charted in two +or more different positions as reported at various<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> +times. The treatment of such cases is one of the +serious and interesting problems of the chart maker. +It is generally less harmful to show a danger which +does not exist than to omit one which does exist. On +the other hand a non-existing danger shown on a chart +may be the cause of actual expense and loss of time +in compelling a vessel needlessly to go out of its +course.</p> + +<p>It is surprising to note with what lack of care and of +sufficient evidence reports of dangers at sea have sometimes +been made, and how incomplete are many of the +reports even when the existence of the danger is beyond +question. It is unfortunately true that some of these +reports are the result of effort to escape blame for accident +by throwing the fault on the chart. Many such +reports also result from various illusory appearances. +A large tree covered with weeds, an overturned iceberg +strewn with earth and stones, a floating ice-pan covered +with earth, the swollen carcass of a dead whale, a whale +with clinging barnacles and seaweed, reflections from +the clouds, marine animalculæ, vegetable growth, scum, +floating volcanic matter, and partially submerged wrecks +covered with barnacles, have been mistaken for islands, +shoals, or reefs. A school of jumping fish has given the +appearance of breakers or caused a sound like surf, and +tide rips have been mistaken for breakers. Raper very +properly calls attention to the obligation upon every +seaman of carefully investigating doubtful cases and +making reliable reports. "Of the dangers to which +navigation is exposed none is more formidable than a +reef or a shoal in the open sea; not only from the almost +certain fate of the ship and her crew that have the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> +misfortune to strike upon it, but also from the anxiety +with which the navigation of all vessels, within even a +long distance, must be conducted, on account of the +uncertainty to which their own reckonings are ever open. +No commander of a vessel, therefore, who might meet +unexpectedly with any such danger, could be excused, +except by urgent circumstances, from taking the necessary +steps both for ascertaining its true position, and for +giving a description as complete as a prudent regard to +his own safety allowed."</p> + +<p>As to the older doubtful dangers now shown on the +oceanic charts, it is estimated that the positions may be +considered as uncertain by 10 miles in latitude and +30 miles in longitude, and areas of this extent must be +searched to determine definitely the question of their +existence.</p> + +<p>The following are interesting or typical cases of +reported dangers:</p> + +<p>The master of an Italian bark in September, 1874, +reported sighting a large rock in latitude 40° N. and +longitude 62° 18´ W. Fortunately for the charts there +were two independent reports from other vessels in the +same month of sighting a partially submerged wreck +in this vicinity.</p> + +<p>The Spanish steamer <i>Carmen</i> was wrecked in 1891 +by running on a rock off the southwest coast of Leyte; +the rock was reported to lie one mile off shore, a dangerous +position for vessels using Canigao Channel. A +survey made in 1903 showed 58 feet of water in this +location, and that Carmen Rock on which the vessel +struck was really within one-fourth mile of the beach. +The rock had, however, for twelve years been shown on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> +the charts in a position which made it an obstruction +to navigation.</p> + +<p>The ship <i>Minerva</i> in 1834 was reported to have +struck a rock near the middle of the broad entrance to +Balayan Bay; the fact that this occurred at 2 <span class="smcap">A.M.</span> +indicated a very doubtful position, but it was stated +that an American ship had previously been wrecked on +the same rock. It consequently appeared as a danger +on the charts for seventy-one years, when a survey +showed no depth of less than 190 fathoms in this vicinity, +and it was removed from the charts.</p> + +<p>A British steamer was wrecked in San Bernardino +Strait in 1905; the master reported that he was in a +position where the chart showed 51 fathoms, and that +he was 1<span class="fraction"><span>1</span><span>2</span></span> miles distant from Calantas Rock, and on +these grounds the finding of the official inquiry was that +"no blame can be attached to the master, officers, or any +of the crew for the casualty." Very shortly after the +disaster, the surveying steamer <i>Pathfinder</i> definitely +located the wreck and made a survey of the vicinity. +The previous chart of Calantas Reef was found to be +fairly correct, and the stranding was determined to have +occurred well within this reef in a position where the +chart showed soundings of 3<span class="fraction"><span>3</span><span>4</span></span> to 4<span class="fraction"><span>3</span><span>4</span></span> fathoms, and +<span class="fraction"><span>1</span><span>2</span></span> mile from Calantas Rock, which rises 5 feet above +high water.</p> + +<p>A transport entering San Bernardino Strait a few +years ago ran on a rock and was damaged; the position +was reported as about two miles southeast of San +Bernardino Island and near the middle of the passage. +The rock was not put on the charts, as prompt investigation +showed 50 fathoms of water in this vicinity, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> +that in all probability the transport actually touched a +small reef making out from the island.</p> + +<p>The master of the brig <i>Helen</i> reported that his vessel +was wrecked on a reef lying six miles from Rockall. +When surveyed Helen Reef was found to be about +one-third this distance from Rockall.</p> + +<p>An island has been reported in eight different positions, +ranging in latitude from 30° 29´ to 30° 42´ N. +and in longitude from 139° 37´ to 140° 38´ E.</p> + +<p>There have been a number of reports of islands +in the area from latitude 40° 00´ to 40° 30´ N. and longitude +150° 30´ to 151° 00´ W. The master of the bark +<i>Washington</i> reported in 1867: "On my passage +from the Sandwich Islands to the northwest coast +of the United States, when in latitude 40° 00´ N., in a +dense fog, I perceived the sea to be discolored. Soundings +at first gave great depths, but diminished gradually +to 9 fathoms, when through the mist an island was +seen, along which I sailed 40 miles. It was covered +with birds, and the sea swarmed with seal and sea +elephants." A United States vessel searched in this +vicinity without seeing any indication of land, and +obtained soundings of 2600 fathoms. A British ship +in 1858 searched for fourteen days over this area without +finding anything. Searches were also made in 1860 +and 1867 without success, and the present charts +show no islands in this part of the Pacific.</p> + +<p>In a number of cases erroneous positions have been +due simply to blunders. Thus Lots Wife, first seen +by Captain Meares in 1788, was shown on his chart in +latitude 29° 50´ N., longitude 156° 00´ E., and stated +in his book to be in latitude 29° 50´ N. and longitude<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span> +142° 23´ E. Massachusetts Island by one report was +in longitude 177° 05´ E. and by another in 167° 05´ E. +The apparent blunder of 10° is now immaterial, as the +island has disappeared from the charts altogether. +The Knox Islands were placed by the Wilkes Exploring +Expedition in latitude 5° 59´ 15´´ N., longitude 172° 02´ +33´´ E. The old British charts showed islands of this +name also in latitude 5° 59´ N., longitude 172° 03´ W., +the longitude being doubtless transposed. In the case +of Starbuck Island, discovered south of the equator, the +latitude was apparently transposed, as on old charts +it was also shown in the position, latitude 5° 40´ N., +longitude 156° 55´ W.</p> + +<p>A pinnacle rock can sometimes be located only with +great difficulty even when known to exist. Rodger +Rock, on which the bark <i>Ellen</i> struck and was +damaged, lies in latitude 0° 41´ 15´´ N. and longitude +107° 31´ E. It has but three feet over it at low tide. The +British surveying ship <i>Rifleman</i> searched four days +before finding it, although the plotted tracks showed +that she and her boats had passed very close to it. +This indicates that great caution must be used in +removing a reported danger from the charts.</p> + +<p>The old charts of the Atlantic indicated a danger +30 to 45 miles to the southwest of Cape St. Vincent. +This danger was omitted from the charts about 1786 +owing to lack of confirmation. Later, in 1813 and 1821, +it was reported that vessels were lost or damaged by +striking this rock. Soundings of over a thousand +fathoms are now shown on the chart in this vicinity +and the rock no longer appears.</p> + +<p>A comparison of a Pacific Ocean chart of about<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> +forty years ago with one of the present time (<a href="#Fig19">Fig. 19</a>) +illustrates in a striking manner how many doubtful +dangers, or vigias, have gotten on the charts and how +after laborious search many of them have now been +removed. This condition was especially true of the +Pacific, owing to the numerous reports of an indefinite +nature from whaling ships, among whose captains +there was a saying "that they do not care where their +ship is, so long as there are plenty of whales in sight."</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<a name="Fig19" id="Fig19"></a> +<img src="images/fig19a.png" width="600" height="455" alt="" /> +</div> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/fig19b.png" width="600" height="460" alt="" /> +<p class="caption">FIG. 19. PORTION OF CHARTS OF 1869 AND 1903, OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN WEST OF +THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS, TO ILLUSTRATE THE REMOVAL OF DOUBTFUL DANGERS.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64-65]</a><br /></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/fig20.png" width="600" height="429" alt="" /> +<p class="caption">FIG. 20. PORTION OF CHART OF PONCE HARBOR, SCALE 1-20000, TO SHOW +SELECTION OF SOUNDINGS FROM ORIGINAL SURVEY GIVEN BELOW.</p> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/fig21.png" width="600" height="396" alt="" /> +<p class="caption">FIG. 21. HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEY OF SAME PORTION OF PONCE HARBOR, REDUCED +TO ONE-HALF SCALE OF ORIGINAL SHEET.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span></p> +<hr class="chap" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span></p> + + + + +<h2><a name="PREPARATION_OF_INFORMATION_FOR_CHARTS" id="PREPARATION_OF_INFORMATION_FOR_CHARTS">PREPARATION OF INFORMATION FOR CHARTS.</a></h2> + + +<p><b>Chart schemes.</b> Before commencing the preparation +of a chart it is necessary to arrange a definite scheme +for it, and the usefulness of the chart will depend +materially on this preliminary plan, in which must +be outlined its scale, size, limits, and features to be +represented. New charts have sometimes been prepared +simply to fit the surveys as they progressed or +to fill immediate or local requirements. It is, however, +desirable that general plans for series or groups of +charts be made, and with changing needs, information, +and conditions it is sometimes necessary that existing +schemes be modified.</p> + +<p><b>Compilation of information.</b> Considerable work must +usually be done to get the field records in shape for +the published chart. The soundings must be plotted +and the characteristic depths selected. Only a part of +the soundings that are made can be shown on the +original sheet and only a small part of these are used on +the final chart. A selection is made showing the least +soundings on shoals and bars, the channel depths, and +the characteristic soundings in anchorages and other +areas. The original surveys are generally made on a +considerably larger scale than that on which the chart +is published, in order that the soundings may be more +thoroughly plotted. The sheets must then be reduced +to the scale of publication, and this can conveniently be +done by means of photography or with a pantograph.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span></p> + +<p>The best judgment is required in selecting the +important features to be shown on the chart and +omitting the less important and not essential features +which might tend to obscure the others. In charts of +new regions where complete surveys are lacking, care +must be exercised in weighing, combining, and adjusting +information from various sources and which is, +perhaps, more or less conflicting.</p> + +<p><b>Projections.</b> The surface of the earth being curved, +there is no possible system of projection by which it can +be represented on a flat sheet of paper in an ideally +satisfactory way. Numerous methods of projecting the +earth's surface upon a plane have been proposed and +many of them are actually used for various purposes. +In general each projection has qualities which are +valuable for certain uses, and deficiencies which make +it less valuable in other ways. Only four of the different +projections need be mentioned here as of special +interest in chart construction.</p> + +<p><b>Mercator projection.</b> This is a rectangular projection +in which the meridians are straight lines spaced at equal +intervals and the parallels are straight lines so spaced +as to satisfy the condition that a rhumb line, or line on +the earth cutting successive meridians at the same angle, +shall appear on the developed projection as a straight +line preserving the same angle with respect to the +meridians.</p> + +<p>This projection may be considered as the unrolling +upon a plane of the surface of a cylinder tangent to the +earth along the equator, and upon which the various +features of the earth's surface have been projected in +such manner as to satisfy the above requirement.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span></p> + +<p>On this projection there is a constant distance between +the meridians, whereas on the earth they +actually converge toward the poles. The distance +between the parallels increases in passing toward the +poles, approximately in the proportion of the secant +of the latitude. For each small portion of the map +the relative proportions are maintained as on the +earth.</p> + +<p>Some characteristics of the mercator projection are +these: The meridians and parallels are all straight lines +and perpendicular to each other; there is no convergence +of the meridians; the minute of longitude is a constant +distance on the map; the minute of latitude increases in +length from the equator toward the poles but locally +retains its true proportion to the minute of longitude; +areas and distances increase in scale with the latitude +so that a given scale is strictly correct only for one +latitude; great circles and consequently lines of sight +are curved lines excepting the meridians and the equator; +rhumb lines or lines having a constant angle with the +meridians are straight, and for the same angle are +parallel in all parts of the chart. These qualities are +all rigid and the projection can therefore be used for all +areas, small or large, up to the extent of the earth's +surface, except that it cannot be extended to the poles, +as there the length of the minute of latitude would +become infinite.</p> + +<p>An interesting fact regarding a rhumb line oblique +to the meridians is that it is a spiral continually +approaching but never reaching the pole; this spiral +makes an infinite number of revolutions around the +pole, and yet it has a finite length for the reason that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> +the length of each revolution diminishes as the number +of revolutions increases.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/fig22.png" width="600" height="397" alt="" /> +<p class="caption">FIG. 22. MERCATOR PROJECTION OF NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN, SHOWING GREAT +CIRCLE ROUTES YOKOHAMA TO PUGET SOUND, AND YOKOHAMA TO HONOLULU +AND THENCE TO SAN FRANCISCO.</p> +</div> + +<p>The mercator projection has been extensively used +for nautical charts, for which it presents important +mechanical advantages, in that adjacent charts can be +joined on all their edges while still oriented with the +meridian; all charts are similar; the border may be +conveniently subdivided, giving a longitude scale applicable +to any part of the chart, but a latitude scale that +may be used in the same latitude only; courses are +laid down as straight lines and can be transferred with +parallel rulers from one part of the chart to another +without error. On a mercator chart an island in +latitude 60° would appear four times as large as an +island of the same actual area at the equator, but +this distortion of areas, while it gives erroneous impressions +on charts of great extent in latitude, does not seriously +affect the use of the chart for nautical purposes. +Areas may also be correctly measured on a mercator +map by taking each projection quadrilateral separately, +subdividing it if necessary, and using the published +tables of areas of quadrilaterals in different latitudes. +Although distance scales vary with the latitude, distances +can be taken from this chart with fair correctness +by the use of the latitude border scale for the middle +latitude, subdividing the total distance if there is much +range of latitude. The inability to take off the great +circle or shortest course directly from the mercator +chart is from a navigational point of view a defect, +but the most convenient solution for this appears to +be the supplementary use of a gnomonic chart as will +be described. The fact that lines of sight are not<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 71-73]</a></span> +straight lines on this projection is another defect, as +by the plotting of bearings and angles on approaching +the land the positions of vessels are located on the +chart; fortunately, however, the error due to this cause +usually falls within the other uncertainties involved in +locating a ship; if need be it would be practicable to +allow for this curvature. In the polar regions, however, +the faults of the mercator projection become so +much exaggerated that it is not used for navigational +purposes, but because of the absence of commercial +navigation there this is a minor matter in the general +question of chart projection. For the plotting of original +surveys the mercator projection is not suited and is +not used, for the reasons above mentioned.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/fig23.png" width="600" height="450" alt="" /> +<p class="caption">FIG. 23. POLYCONIC PROJECTION OF PORTION OF NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN.</p> +</div> + +<p>Tables of "meridional parts" are published which +give the distance in terms of minutes of longitude from +the equator to the various parallels; with these tables +a mercator projection may readily be constructed.</p> + +<p>Airy proposed a graphical method of sweeping the +arc of a great circle on to a mercator chart, and tables +are published for this purpose. The method is only +approximate and is limited in application, and the +supplementary use of a gnomonic chart would appear +to be preferable.</p> + +<p><b>Polyconic projection.</b> In plotting the original surveys +it is essential that a projection be used which will for the +area included on a survey sheet show the points in their +correct relation both as to direction and distance. +These conditions are substantially fulfilled by several +projections, of which the polyconic is used in the +United States. If a hollow cone were placed so that +it would either be tangent to the earth's surface along<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> +one of the parallels of latitude or cut it along two +parallels, and the points projected on to this cone, and +the cone then unrolled and laid out flat, the result +would be a conical projection, of which there are several +variations. If successive tangent cones be used and +each parallel of latitude be developed as the circumference +of the base of a right cone tangent to the spheroid +along that parallel, the result is the polyconic projection, +which has been used for field sheets and for the large +scale charts, as well as for the topographic maps of the +United States. This projection has valuable qualities +for moderate areas of the earth's surface, within which +the scale is approximately uniform, areas retain nearly +their true proportions, and great circles and consequently +all bearings and directions are approximately +straight lines. The parallels of latitude are arcs of +circles with radiuses increasing as we recede from the +pole; therefore they are not truly parallel and the length +of the degree of latitude increases either side from the +central meridian. The meridians converge toward the +poles and become slightly curved as we recede from +the central one; the longitude scale is everywhere correct, +but the latitude scale is strictly correct only on the +central meridian. The angles of intersection of parallels +and meridians are right angles or nearly so. The +polyconic projection is not used for very extensive areas +of the earth's surface, as for instance a hemisphere.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/fig24.png" width="600" height="406" alt="" /> +<p class="caption">FIG. 24. GNOMONIC CHART OF NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN, SHOWING GREAT CIRCLE +ROUTES YOKOHAMA TO PUGET SOUND, AND YOKOHAMA TO HONOLULU AND +THENCE TO SAN FRANCISCO.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Gnomonic projection.</b> In this projection the eye is +assumed to be at the center of the earth and the features +are projected upon a plane tangent to some point on +the earth's surface. It is practicable to use this projection +for oceanic areas, and it has the very important<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 75-79]</a></span> +quality that every straight line on it represents a great +circle of the earth. To obtain the great circle or +shortest course between two points it is therefore only +necessary to draw a straight line between the points +on a gnomonic chart. Because of the great distortion +near the edges this projection is not otherwise adapted +to navigational use, and it is employed only to mark +out the general course, and sufficient points are then +transferred to a mercator chart. The gnomonic chart +is therefore useful in supplementing the mercator chart, +supplying its deficiencies as to convenience in marking +out great circle courses. The great circle course can +be derived not only more easily and quickly from the +gnomonic chart than by computation, but the chart is +also to be preferred because the course marked out on +it will show at once if any obstruction, as an island or +danger, is met or too high a latitude is reached. A +modified or composite course can readily be laid out +on a gnomonic chart.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 596px;"> +<img src="images/fig25.png" width="596" height="600" alt="" /> +<p class="caption">FIG. 25. NORTH POLAR CHART ON ARBITRARY PROJECTION.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Arbitrary projection.</b> The few charts published of +the polar regions are sometimes on an arbitrary projection, +in which the meridians are straight lines radiating +from the pole and the parallels are equidistant +circles with the pole as center. The latitude scale is +uniform. At some distance from the pole the longitude +scale becomes very much distorted, but the projection +is a practicable and convenient one for the immediate +polar regions. Gnomonic and conical projections are +also used for the polar charts, differing little from the +foregoing for moderate areas.</p> + +<p><b>Scales.</b> Charts are published on a variety of scales +to suit different needs of navigation, and the usual<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span> +classification depends on scale. In addition to the +ocean charts covering a single ocean in either one or +several sheets and intended for navigation on the high +seas, there are for our Atlantic coast the following series:</p> + +<p>Sailing charts, scale about <span class="fraction"><span>1</span><span>1200000</span></span>, for general coastwise +navigation.</p> + +<p>General coast charts, scale <span class="fraction"><span>1</span><span>400000</span></span>, for local coastwise +navigation.</p> + +<p>Coast charts, scale <span class="fraction"><span>1</span><span>80000</span></span>, for approaching the coast +at any point and for inside passages.</p> + +<p>Harbor and channel charts, of various large scales +from <span class="fraction"><span>1</span><span>5000</span></span> to <span class="fraction"><span>1</span><span>60000</span></span>, for entering harbors and rivers and +passing through channels.</p> + +<p>The expression of scales by miles to the inch or inches +to the mile is the more familiar. The expression of +scale in the manner used by the Coast Survey and by +most of the European countries, by standard fractions +as <span class="fraction"><span>1</span><span>80000</span></span>, meaning that any distance on the chart is +<span class="fraction"><span>1</span><span>80000</span></span> of the actual distance on the earth, has some +advantages. For instance, the relation of these fractions +gives at a glance the relation of the scales of the +charts. Thus a <span class="fraction"><span>1</span><span>80000</span></span> chart is on a scale five times as +large as a <span class="fraction"><span>1</span><span>400000</span></span> chart.</p> + +<p>For the more important harbors charts have been +published on several different scales to meet various +needs. Thus New York Harbor is shown on charts of +scales of <span class="fraction"><span>1</span><span>10000</span></span>, <span class="fraction"><span>1</span><span>40000</span></span>, <span class="fraction"><span>1</span><span>80000</span></span>, <span class="fraction"><span>1</span><span>200000</span></span>, <span class="fraction"><span>1</span><span>400000</span></span> and +<span class="fraction"><span>1</span><span>1200000</span></span>, each of course including a different area.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 374px;"> +<img src="images/fig26.png" width="374" height="600" alt="" /> +<p class="caption">FIG. 26. NEW YORK HARBOR, PORTIONS OF CHARTS ON FOUR DIFFERENT SCALES.</p> +</div> + +<p>The selection of suitable publication scales is of +prime importance; a large scale permits of greater +clearness and of showing more detail, but on the other +hand restricts the area and the points that can be shown<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 81-83]</a></span> +on a single sheet, or else makes a chart of excessive +dimensions. In general in chart preparation the scale +should be restricted to the minimum that can be used +to fulfill the particular object and clearly represent +what is desired. A chart of very large scale is not +convenient for plotting, and a moving vessel may pass +quickly beyond it or into range of objects beyond the +limits of the chart.</p> + +<hr class="chap" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span></p> + + + + +<h2><a name="PUBLICATION_OF_CHARTS" id="PUBLICATION_OF_CHARTS">PUBLICATION OF CHARTS.</a></h2> + + +<p><b>Methods of publication.</b> An ideal process of publication +for nautical charts would include the following +features; rapidity in getting out new charts, facility +in reprinting and correcting existing charts, clearness +and sharpness of print, durability of paper and print, +and correctness of scale. It is difficult to fulfill all these +requirements by any method as yet developed. In the +Coast and Geodetic Survey several different processes +are in use at present; charts are engraved on copper +and printed directly from the copper plate, or they are +transferred from the copper plate to stone and printed +from the stone, or a finished drawing is made and +transferred to stone by photolithography and printed +from the stone, or an etching is made on copper from a +finished drawing and printed from a transfer to stone. +Charts in other countries are in large part printed from +engraved plates, excepting some preliminary charts by +lithography.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/fig27.jpg" width="600" height="425" alt="" /> +<p class="caption">FIG. 27. ENGRAVING A CHART ON A COPPER PLATE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/fig28.jpg" width="600" height="417" alt="" /> +<p class="caption">FIG. 28. ENGRAVING SOUNDINGS ON A COPPER PLATE WITH A MACHINE.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Copper plate engraving and printing</b> have long been +used in chart preparation. A drawing is prepared as +a guide for the engraver; this must be correct as to all +information to be shown but need not be a finished +drawing. A true projection is ruled upon a copper +plate. By photography a matrix is made from the +drawing and a wax impression taken from this matrix. +This is then laid down on the copper to fit the projection, +and the impression is chemically fixed on to the copper.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 85-89]</a></span> +The work thus marked out is engraved by hand or by +machine. A high degree of skill is required in the +accuracy and finish necessary for chart engraving. +Machines have been invented in recent years which can +be used for portions of the work on copper plates, as +for instance for cutting the sounding figures, the +bottom characteristics, the border and projection lines, +border divisions, compasses, line ruling, and stipple +ruling. Stamps and dies have been successfully used +for some symbols and notes, and roulettes for shading. +By means of these various machines, many of which are +American inventions, the process of chart publication +from plates has been materially facilitated.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/fig29.jpg" width="600" height="411" alt="" /> +<p class="caption">FIG. 29. ELECTROTYPING PLANT FOR ELECTROTYPING CHART PLATES.</p> +</div> + +<p>When the plate is completed an alto, or raised copy, +is made by depositing copper on to it in an electrotype +vat, and from this alto another basso or sunken copy is +made by the same process. This latter basso is used +in printing. A copper plate may be used for about +3000 impressions, after which it may become too much +worn for satisfactory chart printing. By printing from +a duplicate basso the original plate is preserved and +additional copies can be made when needed. The +use of the alto also greatly facilitates matters when a +considerable correction to the chart is required. All +the portions of the chart to be changed can be scraped +off the alto, and when a new basso is electrotyped from +this scraped alto all such areas will of course appear +as smooth copper, on which the new work can be +engraved. Numerous small corrections are called for +on charts, and on copper plates where these are to +replace old work the latter is removed either by hammering +up the back of the plate or by scraping its face.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span></p> + +<p>Printing directly from plates is a laborious process. +After the press bed has been carefully padded to take +up inequalities in the plate, the surface of the latter +is covered with ink and then carefully wiped off by +hand, leaving the ink only in the engraved lines. The +paper, first dampened, is laid on the plate, and passes +with it beneath the cylinder of the press under considerable +pressure. The prints are calendered by being +placed in a hydraulic press under 600 tons pressure. +The charts are beautifully clear and sharp, not equalled +by other methods of printing. Owing to the wetting +and drying of the paper, the finished print is, however, +quite appreciably smaller in scale than the plate, and +the shrinkage is greater in one direction than in the +other. The average day's work for one press and two +men is 75 prints. This is small compared with the +output practicable with lithographic presses. On the +other hand a plate can be prepared for printing more +readily than a lithographic stone. For small editions +the plate printing compares well in economy with +lithographic printing, and the plate can also be printed +on short notice. Because of changes in aids to navigation +and other corrections, it is usually desirable to +print at one time only a sufficient number of copies +of a chart to meet current demands, and not to carry +a large stock on hand.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/fig30.jpg" width="600" height="427" alt="" /> +<p class="caption">FIG. 30. PRINTING CHARTS FROM COPPER PLATES; FINAL CLEANING OF THE PLATE +BY HAND; PLATE PRESS ON THE LEFT.</p> +</div> + +<p>The copper plates, bassos, and altos make a very +convenient and enduring means of preserving the +chart ready for printing or for further correction. A +large number of plates can be placed in a small space, +and if properly cared for they may be stored indefinitely +without deterioration.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 91-93]</a></span></p> + +<p>With plate printing it is not practicable to print +more than one impression on the chart or to use more +than one color, and plate-printed charts are therefore +in black only.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/fig31.jpg" width="600" height="416" alt="" /> +<p class="caption">FIG. 31. LITHOGRAPHING PRESSES FOR PRINTING CHARTS; LITHOGRAPH STONE +ON TRANSFER PRESS.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Engraving on stone.</b> On the United States Lake +Survey the charts are first engraved on stone, and by +a special process the work is then transferred to small +copper plates, which are preserved. The final publication +is by lithography, transferring again from the +plates to stone.</p> + +<p><b>Photolithography</b> is a quick method of publishing +a chart. It would be practicable by this means to +reproduce the original survey sheets, but ordinarily +these are not suitable as to scale and legibility, and +it is necessary to make a new drawing, usually on +tracing vellum. This is photographed on to glass +plates, on the scale of the proposed chart. From these +glass negatives positive prints are made on sensitized +lithographic paper. These prints are fitted together +and then inked, taking the ink only where the lines +appear. This transfer print is then laid face down +on the lithographic stone and run through a press +under pressure, the stone absorbing the ink from the +paper. The stone is then treated so that the inked +portion remains slightly raised, and from this stone an +indefinite number of charts can be printed in a lithographic +press at the rate of 1000 an hour. The paper +is not moistened, and consequently there is little distortion +or change of scale in prints from stone. If desired +to shade the land or use another color for any other +purpose, additional impressions can be made on the +same charts from other stones. Because of the bulk<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span> +of the stones, work cannot ordinarily be retained on +them, but the chart is cleaned off and the stones +repeatedly used until worn thin. The original drawing +as well as the negatives is preserved, from which the +chart can again be published. For republication, the +process is, however, not entirely satisfactory; the +negatives are not always permanent, the work must +again be assembled and transferred to the stone, +changes or corrections are not very conveniently made +on either drawing or negative, and after repeated +changes the drawing becomes difficult to use in +photolithography. Whether the charts are actually +printed from copper or stone, there are decided advantages +therefore in the matter of correction work and +future editions in having the charts engraved on copper. +On the other hand, the advantages of the photolithographic +process are the ability to publish new drawings +promptly, to use more than one shade on a chart, to +obtain prints with little change of scale or distortion, +and to print large editions rapidly.</p> + +<p><b>Lithographic printing by transfer from engraved +plates.</b> An impression on transfer paper may be taken +from an engraved plate and this laid down on the stone +in a manner similar to that used in laying down the +prints from the glass negatives in photolithography. +Prints are then made from the stone the same as +in photolithography, but with superior results as to +clearness. This general process is extensively used +in both map and chart publishing in this country, as +it combines the advantages of the plate in preservation +of the chart record and facility of correction, and the +advantages of the lithographic printing in less distortion<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span> +of the printed chart, ability to print more than one shade, +and facility for large editions. As the transfer from +the plate can be readily made it is also better applicable +to small editions than is photolithography. It is, however, +not as convenient in the latter respect as plate +printing, and it does not give a resulting impression +equal in clearness or durability to the impression directly +from the plate.</p> + +<p><b>Etching on copper</b> for chart publication has been +recently developed in the Coast and Geodetic Survey. +A finished tracing is made, the surface of a smooth copper +plate is sensitized, and by exposure to the sun a +print is made on the sensitized surface. It is essential +to use an air-exhausted printing frame so as to get +good contact between the vellum and the plate. The +work is then etched into the copper and the plate +cleaned and touched up, after which it may be used the +same as a hand-engraved plate, either for transfer to +stone or direct plate printing. The expense and time +required in the etching process are much less than for +hand engraving. The process has been successfully used +for a number of harbor charts. The etching of course +will be of the same scale as the vellum at the time of +the print, and vellum varies somewhat in scale with +weather conditions and age. Unless overcome by the +substitution of some more invariable material in place +of vellum, this might be an obstacle to the use of the +process for general charts where a true scale on the +copper plate is desirable because of future work to be +done on the plate. It must also be taken into account +that the etching requires a finished tracing in ink, which +is not essential for the hand engraver; if, however,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span> +the chart is first published by photolithography, as is the +usual practice in the Coast and Geodetic Survey, the +same tracing is used for both processes.</p> + +<p><b>Distribution of charts.</b> Charts published by the +government are sold to the public at a small price, +estimated to cover the cost of paper and printing. The +charts may be obtained direct from the publishing +office or from the chart agents who are to be found in +all the principal seaports. Catalogues are published +from time to time giving complete lists of the current +charts and the main facts regarding them. Index maps +show graphically the area covered by each chart. The +notices to mariners contain announcement of new charts +or new editions published and of charts or editions +cancelled, as well as of all corrections.</p> + +<hr class="chap" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span></p> + + + + +<h2><a name="CORRECTION_OF_CHARTS" id="CORRECTION_OF_CHARTS">CORRECTION OF CHARTS.</a></h2> + + +<p><b>Need for revision.</b> The making of the survey and the +printing of the chart do not complete the problem of the +chart maker. Both nature and man are constantly +changing the facts the representation of which has been +attempted on the charts, and also the needs of man are +always varying. The original surveys are made to +meet the reasonable requirements of the time, but +breakwaters and jetties are built, and channels and +harbors dredged and otherwise improved, and cities +built, and new paths of commerce are opened which +bring vessels into waters previously thought of minor +importance.</p> + +<p>With the increase of commerce and speed of vessels +more direct routes are demanded for reasons of economy. +Inside routes not originally used are sometimes +developed for defensive reasons. The average draft of +the larger vessels has also increased remarkably since +the modern hydrographic surveys were commenced, +and surveys once made to insure safety for the deepest +vessels of that time are now not adequate. The average +loaded draft of the 20 largest steamships of the world +has increased as follows: 1848, 19 feet; 1873, 24 feet; +1898, 29 feet; 1903, 32 feet. The average length of +these vessels was 230 feet in 1848, 390 feet in 1873, +541 feet in 1898, and 640 feet in 1903. The number of +vessels drawing as much as 26<span class="fraction"><span>1</span><span>4</span></span> feet rose from 36 in +1902 to 185 in 1904. In 1906 there were 17 vessels<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span> +afloat, drawing 32 feet and upwards. There are now +two steamers on the Atlantic 790 feet long, 88 feet beam, +and 37<span class="fraction"><span>1</span><span>2</span></span> feet draft when fully loaded, and larger vessels +are already planned.</p> + +<p>Great natural agencies are also constantly at work +effecting changes in features shown on the charts. +The action of currents and waves is continually cutting +away or building the shore, particularly on sandy +coasts exposed to storms. When surveyed in 1849 +Fishing Point on the east coast of Maryland was but +a bend in the shore line. By 1887 it had built out +about two miles in a southerly direction, and in 1902 +about two-thirds of a mile further, curving to the westward. +Altogether in about half a century this tongue +of land has grown out nearly three miles.</p> + +<p>Rivers are bearing vast quantities of sediment and +depositing these near their mouths, pushing out the +coast line and filling in the bottom. The main mouths +of the Mississippi are advancing into the Gulf, but at +a comparatively slow rate. A break from the main +river at Cubit's Gap just above the head of the passes, +however, has done an enormous amount of land +making, filling in an area of about 50 square miles +between 1852 and 1905.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 449px;"> +<img src="images/fig32.png" width="449" height="600" alt="" /> +<p class="caption">FIG. 32. FISHING POINT, MARYLAND, FROM SURVEYS OF 1849 AND 1902, ILLUSTRATING +BUILDING OUT OF A POINT ON THE COAST.</p> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 387px;"> +<img src="images/fig33.png" width="387" height="600" alt="" /> +<p class="caption">FIG. 33. GROWTH OF LAND AT CUBITS GAP, MISSISSIPPI DELTA, FROM 1852 to 1905.</p> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/fig34.jpg" width="600" height="423" alt="" /> +<p class="caption">FIG. 34. COLUMBIA RIVER ENTRANCE, SHOWING MOVEMENT OF SAND ISLAND, +SURVEYS OF 1851, 1870 AND 1905.</p> +</div> + +<p>The mouth of the Columbia River in Oregon shows +an interesting example of the movement of an island. +The chart of 1851 shows the center of Sand Island +3<span class="fraction"><span>1</span><span>4</span></span> miles southeast of Cape Disappointment, the chart +of 1870 shows it 2<span class="fraction"><span>3</span><span>4</span></span> miles southeast, and the chart +of 1905 shows it 1<span class="fraction"><span>1</span><span>4</span></span> miles easterly. This island has +thus moved 2 miles northwesterly directly across the +middle of the river entrance, closing up the former<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 99-109]</a></span> +north channel. The southern point of the entrance, +Clatsop Spit, has built out about the same distance.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/fig35.png" width="600" height="584" alt="" /> +<p class="caption">FIG. 35. CHANGES IN HAULOVER BREAK, NANTUCKET ISLAND, 1890 TO 1903.</p> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/fig36.png" width="600" height="323" alt="" /> +<p class="caption">FIG. 36. MAPS OF BOGOSLOF ISLAND, 1895 AND 1907, SHOWING CHANGES DUE +TO VOLCANIC ACTION.</p> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 480px;"> +<img src="images/fig37.jpg" width="480" height="335" alt="" /> +<div style="text-align: right;"><i><small>Photo by U. S. R. C. Service.</small></i></div> +<p class="caption"> +FIG. 37. BOGOSLOF VOLCANO, BERING SEA.</p> +</div> + +<p>Volcanic action in well authenticated cases has +caused islands to rise or disappear. In the present +location of Bogoslof Island in Bering Sea the early +voyagers described a "sail rock." In this position in +1796 there arose a high island. In 1883 another island +appeared near it. In 1906 a high cone arose between +the two, and a continuous island was formed over +1<span class="fraction"><span>1</span><span>2</span></span> miles long and 500 feet high. The latest report +(September, 1907) was that this central peak had suddenly +collapsed and disappeared. Bogoslof is an active +volcano, and the main changes have been the result +of violent volcanic action. The history of this island +for over a century past forms a remarkable record of +violent transformations in the sea.</p> + +<p>Earthquakes sometimes cause sudden displacements, +horizontal or vertical, of sufficient amount to affect the +information shown on the charts. A careful investigation +of the effects of the earthquake in Yakutat Bay, +Alaska, in September, 1899, showed that the shore +was raised in some parts with a maximum uplift +of 47 feet and depressed in other parts, and that at +least two reefs and four islets were raised in the water +area where none appeared before. Undoubtedly there +were changes in the water depths, but definite information +is lacking because there had been no previous +hydrographic survey. The San Francisco earthquake +of 1906 caused little vertical displacement, but there +were horizontal changes of relative position as much +as 16 feet; so far as known this earthquake did not +affect the practical accuracy of the charts. Related<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span> +to earthquake phenomena are the gradual coast movements +of elevation or subsidence which are taking +place but at so slow a rate as not to sensibly affect the +charts in ordinary intervals of time.</p> + +<p>Another agency at work is the coral polyp on the +coral reefs; although the rate of growth appears to be +very slow, the resulting reefs and keys are an important +feature in tropical seas.</p> + +<p>Practically all of the land features shown on charts +are likewise subject to changes, the more rapid of +which are mainly due to the works of man.</p> + +<p>The changes of channels and of commercial needs +cause many alterations to be made from time to time +in the lights and buoys which are shown on the charts.</p> + +<p><b>Methods of correction.</b> The problem of keeping a +chart sufficiently up to date is one of much practical +importance and one which must be taken into account +in planning what should be shown on the chart in the +first place so as to bring it within the range of practicable +revision.</p> + +<p>Certain features are corrected at once on the charts +as soon as the information is received, such as dangers +reported, and changes in lights and buoys. Where +harbor works are in progress the periodic surveys made +in this country by the Corps of Engineers furnish data +which are applied promptly to the charts. Reported +dangers in channels and bars are investigated by special +surveys and the information is put on the charts. +Examinations are made from time to time for the +revision of the features along the coast line. Complete +resurveys have been made, at long intervals, of some +important portions of the coast where there has been<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span> +evidence of change, and these, when they become +available, are applied to the charts. All parts of the +coast where the exposed portions are not of very +permanent material will require resurveys at intervals, +depending on their importance and the rate of change.</p> + +<p>Notwithstanding the great progress made in hydrographic +surveys, a considerable number of rocks and +shoals dangerous to navigation and not previously +shown on the charts are reported, averaging nearly 400 +each year for the last six years, according to the British +reports. Of the 367 reported in 1906, 11 were discovered +by vessels striking them.</p> + +<p>Immediate information in the form of <i>Notices to +Mariners</i> is published, of the more important corrections +to charts which can be made by hand. These corrections +show what charts are affected, and give sufficient +data for plotting.</p> + +<p>In the case of extensive corrections or new surveys +a new edition of the chart is printed and all existing +copies of the previous edition are canceled.</p> + +<p>It is important that the user of the chart shall make +certain that he has the latest edition and that all corrections +from its date of issue have been applied from the +<i>Notices to Mariners</i>.</p> + +<p>It is unfortunately true that owing to failure to take +proper account of the notices, or to economy, old +editions or unconnected charts are sometimes used, and +in a number of cases the loss of vessels has been directly +due to this cause. Those responsible for the safe +navigation of vessels should insist that the latest editions +of charts are provided and that all charts to be used are +inspected and corrected to date.</p> + +<hr class="chap" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span></p> + + + + +<h2><a name="READING_AND_USING_CHARTS" id="READING_AND_USING_CHARTS">READING AND USING CHARTS.</a></h2> + + +<p><b>Reading charts.</b> A chart is a representation on paper +of hydrographic and topographic information by means +of various conventional methods and symbols. It is +evidently important for those making use of charts +to understand the system and conventions used, and +to be able to interpret readily the various parts of +the chart. The ability to read a chart must include +an understanding of all its features, such as scale, +projection, geographic position, directions, depths, +plane of reference, aids to navigation, tides, currents, +elevations, topography, and date of survey and +publication.</p> + +<p><b>Scale.</b> For American and British charts the scale is +usually expressed by the inches or fractions of an inch +to the minute or degree of latitude, or by the fractional +proportion of a distance on the map to the corresponding +distance on the earth. These fractions are sometimes +stated on the British charts, and nearly always +on those of the United States Coast Survey. The chart +catalogues give the scale in one or the other form. A +familiarity with the meaning of scales is of value in +selecting the most suitable chart, in judging of the +relative uses of charts, and in estimating distances. +Where the fractional scales are stated they furnish a +simple means of comparing charts, as, for instance, a +chart on <span class="fraction"><span>1</span><span>50000</span></span> scale will show all distances just twice +as long as a chart on <span class="fraction"><span>1</span><span>100000</span></span> scale.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span></p> + +<p>The following are scale equivalents:</p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Scale equivalents"> +<tr><td align="left">Scale</td><td align="center"><span class="fraction"><span>1</span><span>10000</span></span></td><td align="left">is equivalent to 7.30 inches</td><td align="left">to one nautical mile.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Scale</td><td align="center"><span class="fraction"><span>1</span><span>20000</span></span></td><td align="left">is equivalent to 3.65 inches</td><td align="left">to one nautical mile.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Scale</td><td align="center"><span class="fraction"><span>1</span><span>40000</span></span></td><td align="left">is equivalent to 1.82 inches</td><td align="left">to one nautical mile.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Scale</td><td align="center"><span class="fraction"><span>1</span><span>50000</span></span></td><td align="left">is equivalent to 1.46 inches</td><td align="left">to one nautical mile.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Scale</td><td align="center"><span class="fraction"><span>1</span><span>80000</span></span></td><td align="left"> is equivalent to 0.91 inch</td><td align="left">to one nautical mile.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Scale</td><td align="center"><span class="fraction"><span>1</span><span>100000</span></span></td><td align="left">is equivalent to 0.73 inch</td><td align="left">to one nautical mile.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Scale</td><td align="center"><span class="fraction"><span>1</span><span>200000</span></span></td><td align="left">is equivalent to 0.36 inch</td><td align="left">to one nautical mile.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Scale</td><td align="center"><span class="fraction"><span>1</span><span>400000</span></span></td><td align="left">is equivalent to 0.18 inch</td><td align="left">to one nautical mile.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Scale</td><td align="center"><span class="fraction"><span>1</span><span>1000000</span></span></td><td align="left">is equivalent to 0.07 inch</td><td align="left">to one nautical mile.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Scale</td><td align="center"><span class="fraction"><span>1</span><span>1200000</span></span></td><td align="left">is equivalent to 0.06 inch</td><td align="left">to one nautical mile.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>For use in measuring distances on large scale charts +the length of one or more nautical miles is usually +drawn on the chart, and sometimes scales are also given +in other units. On British charts the nautical mile +scale is divided into tenths (that is, cables of 100 fathoms +or 600 feet length); on the American charts into quarters +and eighths. Where the scale covers more than one +mile the fractional divisions are shown only for the left-hand +mile and the zero of the scale is placed between this +and the full mile scale, so that with dividers the full +miles and fraction may readily be taken off. The +nautical mile in the United States is taken to be the +length of a minute of arc of a great circle on a sphere +whose surface equals that of the earth; this definition +makes the nautical mile equal 6080.27 feet. Lecky +adopts 6080 feet as the nautical mile. The length of +the actual minute of latitude on the earth's surface +increases from 6046 feet at the equator to 6108 feet at +the poles, an increase of about one per cent. It is, +however, this somewhat variable unit of length which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span> +is ordinarily used in scaling distances on the sailing +charts.</p> + +<p>On small scale charts there is usually a border scale +entirely around the chart, conveniently subdivided; this +serves the double purpose of facilitating the plotting or +reading of positions by latitude and longitude and of +furnishing a scale of minutes of latitude for use in +measuring distances. On a mercator chart this scale of +course varies with the latitude and it must be referred +to in the mean latitude of the distance to be measured. +In general practice the minute of latitude is taken as +equal to the nautical mile.</p> + +<p><b>Projection.</b> On only a few charts is there a statement +of the projection used. Practically all general sailing +charts are on the mercator projection, which can be +readily recognized by the rectangular network of meridians +and parallels and the increase with latitude of the +distance between the parallels. On large scale local +and harbor charts the kind of projection used is not of +importance to navigation, as for such limited areas +the difference between projections would not affect the +use of the chart. On certain small scale charts of the +United States Coast Survey which are on the polyconic +projection this fact is stated on the chart, and can also +be readily recognized by the convergence of the meridians +and curvature of the parallels. Gnomonic charts +intended for taking off great circle courses are always +described in their titles and are also easily recognized +by the increased scale and distortion toward all the +borders. Charts of the polar regions are published +on several different projections, which are distinguished +from the mercator by their circular or curved parallels.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Geographic position.</b> For large scale and harbor +charts the latitude and longitude of some point marked +on the chart are sometimes stated on the face of the +chart. For others of these, however, and for smaller +scale and general charts, positions are obtained by +reference to the border scale. There is a latitude +scale down either side of the chart, and a longitude +scale across the top and bottom. These scales are +conveniently subdivided into degrees, minutes, or +fractions of a minute. The minute is divided into +tenths (6´´), sixths (10´´), quarters (15´´), or halves +(30´´) on various charts.</p> + +<p><b>Directions</b> are indicated on charts both by the projection +lines and by compass roses. Nearly all charts are +now oriented with the meridian, that is, north is the +top of the chart, and on a mercator chart the east and +west border lines are parallel with the meridians and +the north and south border lines with the parallels. +Formerly many charts were not so oriented. Some +of these are still in use and can readily be recognized +by the diagonal or inclined direction of the +projection lines with respect to the border of the chart. +Of course directions must not be referred to the border +lines of these diagonal charts, and scales along such +border lines must not be used. Directions with respect +to true north may always be referred to the projection +lines of the chart, but on a polyconic or polar chart +a direction must not be carried so far from any projection +line as to introduce error on account of convergence +of the meridians. Compass roses are placed on charts +to facilitate the taking off or laying down of directions, +though in some respects their use is less accurate and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span> +convenient than the use of protractors, referring to +the projection lines. The British charts and many of +those of the United States Coast Survey have only +magnetic compasses, with degrees outside and points +inside, the former graduated to 90°. These are engraved +on the chart with the magnetic variation for the date +of publication, or for a few years in advance, and give +the annual change in the variation. Because of expense +of engraving they can be changed on the charts only +at intervals of some years, and until this is done allowance +for the change in variation is to be made if +important. The German charts and those of the +United States Hydrographic Office now have a threefold +compass, the outer one degrees true, the middle +degrees magnetic and the inner points magnetic; the +degrees in both cases are graduated to 360°, reading +from north through east, south, and west; thus northwest +would be stated as 315° instead of N. 45° W. +Small scale charts covering extensive areas have no +magnetic compasses. They sometimes have true compasses, +and usually have the isogonic lines, or lines of +equal magnetic variation, marked on them, from which +the variation at any intermediate point can be estimated.</p> + +<p><b>Depths.</b> The unit used for depths is always stated +plainly on the chart, and it is important to note this +carefully, as the British, American, and Japanese charts +use fathoms for some charts and feet for others, and +most other countries use meters. Some of the earlier +charts of the United States coast have the depths inside +of the 18-foot curve in feet and outside of that curve in +fathoms.</p> + +<p>Depth curves are shown on charts in order to bring<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span> +clearly to the eye the different depth areas and the +limits for navigation of vessels of various drafts. The +shoaler areas are usually indicated by sanding the outer +limit or the entire area within the depth curve. For +the curves of greater depths various standard symbols +are used which vary slightly in the different series +but which may readily be recognized by the soundings +on either side of them. On the British charts the +1 and 3 fathom curves are usually indicated by sanding +the outer edge of the areas of these depths respectively; +beyond these the standard curves shown on these +charts are the 5, 10, 20, and 100 fathom curves. Similar +curves are used on the United States charts. The +German charts show the 2, 4, 6, 10, and 20 meter and +various deeper curves, and the French the 2, 5, 10, and +20 meter and deeper curves. On the United States +Lake Survey charts the areas included within the 6, 12, +and 18 foot curves are shaded with a blue tint, heavy +along the outer edge, which brings out strongly the +shoal areas.</p> + +<p>Depth curves if clearly shown are a great aid in interpreting +the hydrography and making plain the shoals +and passages. The system of curves should always be +understood when using a chart, and it may sometimes +aid the navigator to trace out with a pencil an additional +curve, if needed, beyond the draft of his vessel. The +abbreviations used for the bottom characteristics are +explained either on the chart or on the sheet of chart +symbols, and give information which is useful in +anchoring, and may be helpful in identifying a position +by soundings. When a sounding is made without the +lead reaching bottom, the depth obtained is sometimes<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span> +shown on the chart by a short line and zero above the +figure, indicating that at the depth stated, bottom was +not obtained (no bottom). There are a few important +symbols shown in the water area of charts. The +sunken rock symbol indicates a dangerous area, or a +danger having a moderate depth of water over it, or a +rock the least water over which is not known; ordinarily +on the United States charts the least depth will be stated +when known, and the symbol omitted. The rock +awash symbol indicates a rock awash at some stage of +the tide, unless more definitely stated. The position +of a wreck is indicated by a special symbol. P. D. +(position doubtful) and E. D. (existence doubtful) are +placed after soundings or rocks or other features which +depend on some doubtful report not yet verified.</p> + +<p>The following are the relations between depth units +found on various charts:</p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="relations between depth units"> +<tr><td align="left">1 meter</td><td align="left">= 3.281</td><td align="left">English feet =</td><td align="left">0.547 English fathoms.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 sajene (Russian)</td><td align="left">= 7</td><td align="left">English feet =</td><td align="left">1.167 English fathoms.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 braza (old Spanish)</td><td align="left">= 5.484</td><td align="left">English feet =</td><td align="left">0.914 English fathom.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1.829 meters</td><td align="left">= 6</td><td align="left">English feet =</td><td align="left">1.000 English fathom.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><b>Aids to navigation.</b> Each series of charts has a +definite system of representing the aids to navigation; +these are similar in principle but differ as to detail. The +characteristics of the lights, light-vessels, buoys, and +beacons are usually explained by abbreviations placed +by the side of each, and the entire system of representation +is given on the explanatory sheet for the charts. +Various methods of coloring lights and sectors and +buoys are in use on different charts. It is evidently of +importance that the user of the chart should readily<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span> +understand the significance of the navigational aids as +shown. For details regarding lights it is of course +desirable to refer to the light lists; for the coasts of the +United States detailed buoy lists are also published. +Range and channel lines when shown are represented +by distinctive symbols with bearings indicated. Danger +ranges for the avoidance of shoals are sometimes shown. +On the British charts bearings as stated on range and +channel lines are magnetic; the custom varies on other +charts and must be carefully noted in each case.</p> + +<p><b>Plane of reference.</b> The soundings given on the +chart express the depth of water when the tide is at the +height adopted for the plane of reference; this same +plane is used in the tide tables, which thus will indicate +the amount to be added to the soundings when the tide +is above the plane, or to be subtracted when it is below. +In order to be on the safe side the plane of reference +adopted is always some low stage of the tide, so that +there is usually more water than shown on the chart.</p> + +<p>On the British and German charts the soundings are +reduced to the mean low water of ordinary spring tides, +unless otherwise stated. On the charts of the Coast +and Geodetic Survey the following are the planes of +reference: for the Atlantic and Gulf coasts, the mean +of the low waters; for the Pacific coast, Alaska, and the +Philippines, the mean of the lower low waters, except +for Puget Sound and Wrangell Narrows, where planes +two and three feet lower respectively have been adopted. +According to the Tide Tables for 1908, at New York +(Sandy Hook) the tide will fall below the plane of +reference on 135 days during the year, but the extreme +low tide will be only one foot below the plane. At<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span> +Portland, Maine, in 1908, the extreme low water is 2.1 +feet below the plane, and at San Francisco 1.5 feet. Of +course when the tide is below the plane of reference the +amount must be subtracted from the depths shown on +the chart.</p> + +<p>Strong winds and unusual barometric pressure may +have a marked effect on the height of tide, so that it may +differ appreciably from the predicted height, which is of +course based on normal conditions. At Baltimore and +at Willets Point observation shows that a heavy wind +may reduce the tide four feet below the predicted heights.</p> + +<p><b>Tides.</b> Information regarding tides is given on all +large scale charts, and additional information and predictions +may be found in the Tide Tables. On the +charts of the United States coast there is a small tide +table giving for the high and low waters the time relations +to the moon's transit and the height relations to +the plane of reference. On the British charts there is +a brief statement as to the tides either at the port on +the chart or in the general notes; this ordinarily gives +the interval in hours and minutes between the moon's +meridian passage and the time of high water for the +periods of full and new moon, and also the amount in +feet that the spring and neap tides rise above the plane +of reference, and the range of the neap tide. The +following is an example of such a tide note: "H. W. F. +and C. Campbellton IV<sup>h</sup> 0<sup>m</sup>. Springs rise 10 feet, +Neaps 7 feet."</p> + +<p>At some important ports information as to the state +of the tide is given to vessels, either by means of signal +balls, or by automatic tidal indicators, as at the Narrows +in New York Harbor, where a large dial shows to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span> +passing vessels the height of the tide, and an arrow +indicates whether it is rising or falling.</p> + +<p>The tidal information becomes important and must +be considered in navigation or in anchoring in waters +where the available depth at low water approximates +the draft of the vessel. In the general use of coast +charts it is also important to observe the effect of the +stage of tide on the appearance of many features. +Rocks rising some feet above low water may be entirely +submerged at high water. In some areas the aspect +may be radically changed between high and low water +by the baring of extensive shoals or reefs.</p> + +<p><b>Currents.</b> Information, when available, as to currents +is given either by a note or by current arrows +placed on the chart at the position of observation. +Additional information as to certain regions is given +in the United States Tide Tables. Tidal currents, +flood and ebb, and currents not due to tidal action are +distinguished by symbols, and the velocity is given +in knots, and on some charts is indicated by the lengths +of the arrows.</p> + +<p>Complete and systematic current observations have +been made in comparatively few localities because of +the time and expense necessary to get the full information +as to the variations of the currents with the tides +and seasons. Ordinarily therefore the current arrows +shown on charts indicate only the average direction +and velocity, or possibly only the conditions existing +at the season when the survey was made. Oceanic +and coast currents are probably much less uniform +than might be inferred from the current streams +drawn on maps and charts. A more systematic<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span> +investigation of ocean currents is required to fulfill +the needs of navigation.</p> + +<p>The tidal currents seldom turn with the tides, and +there may be an interval of as much as three hours +between the time of high tide or low tide and slack +water. This leads to the apparent anomaly that in +cases the current may be running with its greatest +velocity at the time of high or low water, and may be +running into a channel for several hours after the tide +commences to fall. It is therefore, evidently, not safe +to draw inferences as to currents solely from the tidal +heights.</p> + +<p>There are passages where the tidal currents become of +the greatest importance to navigation, as, for instance, +in Seymour Narrows on the inside route to Alaska, +where the current velocity reaches 12 knots and the +interval of apparent slack water lasts but a few +minutes.</p> + +<p><b>Elevations.</b> The unit used for elevations is also +stated on the face of the chart, as also the plane to +which elevations are referred. On the United States +charts this is generally mean high water and on British +charts the high water of ordinary spring tides. Rocks +and islets usually have figures shown beside them, +either in brackets or underscored, which indicate the +height above high water. Rocks which are bare at +low water sometimes have a note "dries" or "bares" +so many feet, indicating their height above low tide, +although they are covered at high tide. The British +charts in some regions where there is a large range of +tide have underlined figures in the area between high +water and low water indicating the heights above low<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span> +water, or the depths of water over the bank at high +water, as explained in each case.</p> + +<p><b>Topography.</b> The land area on most charts is +distinguished from the water area by a stipple or tint; +on some charts the topographic features have, however, +been depended upon to bring out the land from the +water. The solid shore line is the high-water line, +and should be clear on the chart; the area between +high and low water is sanded or otherwise shaded on +all charts. The relief of the land is represented by +hill shading or by contour lines which are the successive +curves of elevation on the land. Topographic +symbols are used for some of the more important +features, such as cliffs, rocky ledges, buildings, bridges, +trees, roads, etc. It is important for the navigator +to understand the significance of the hill representation +and the symbols, as they will aid him in recognizing a +coast or island, and in identifying landmarks.</p> + +<p><b>Date of survey and publication.</b> There is usually an +authority note on each chart showing the source of +information or date of survey; if on a coast subject to +change, the latter is important. On the United States +Coast Survey charts the date of publication of the +edition is given, and on British and other charts the +date of both large and small corrections. The chart +catalogues give the dates of the last editions, or the +dates of extensive corrections, and this affords a means +of seeing whether the copy of the chart in use is the +latest edition available.</p> + +<hr class="chap" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span></p> + + + + +<h2><a name="USE_OF_CHARTS_IN_NAVIGATION" id="USE_OF_CHARTS_IN_NAVIGATION">USE OF CHARTS IN NAVIGATION.</a></h2> + + +<p><b>Chart working.</b> In crossing the open and deep portions +of the ocean, where the only data given may be +the projection lines and soundings far deeper than can +be reached with navigational sounding machines, the +chart is used to lay out in advance the general course +to be followed and to plot the positions of the vessel at +intervals either as determined by observations or, lacking +these, by dead reckoning. When necessary the +courses of the vessel are modified as the plotted positions +are found to fall one side or the other of the proposed +general track.</p> + +<p>The principal operations on a chart are plotting or +taking off positions by latitude and longitude, laying +down or taking off bearings, directions, and courses, +plotting or measuring distances, and laying down or +taking off angles.</p> + +<p>To plot a position by its latitude and longitude on +a mercator chart, set a parallel ruler on the adjacent +parallel and then move it to the required latitude as +shown by the border scale at either side; then with a +pair of dividers at the upper or lower longitude border +scale take the distance from the nearest meridian and +lay this distance off along the edge of the parallel ruler. +The latitude and longitude of a point are taken from the +chart by reversing this process, or with the dividers +only. A direction is laid down on the chart or read +from the chart preferably by using some form of pro<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span>tractor +and measuring the angle from the projection +lines. In this country it is more commonly done by +carrying the direction with a parallel ruler either from +or to a compass rose printed on the chart. Distances +are measured or laid down on a mercator chart by using +the latitude border scale for the middle latitude. On +polyconic and other larger scale charts distances are +measured from the scales printed on the chart. It +should be remarked that in general where special +accuracy is required distances should be computed and +not scaled from any chart, because of the error due to +the distortion of paper in printing.</p> + +<p>The use of protractors on charts in plotting by +angles in the three-point problem will be referred to +later.</p> + +<p>The course to be steered to allow for a set due to +current or wind may be obtained by a graphical solution +on the chart, though it will be preferable to do this on +other paper, using a larger scale. (<a href="#Fig38">Fig. 38.</a>) The direction +and velocity of the set and the course and speed of the +ship may be considered as two sides of a parallelogram of +forces, of which the diagonal is the distance and course +made good. To obtain the course to steer to reach a +given point with a given current and speed of vessel, +lay down the direction of the destination; from the +starting point lay off the direction of set and the amount +in one hour; from the extremity of this describe an arc +with radius equal to the speed of the vessel in one hour. +A line drawn from the extremity of the direction of +set to the point of intersection of the arc and the course +to be made good will give the direction of the course to +be steered, and the point of intersection will also be the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span> +estimated position of the vessel at the end of the hour's +run.</p> + +<p><b>Methods of locating a vessel.</b> The principal methods +used for locating the position of a vessel are by astronomical +observations, by dead reckoning, by compass +bearings, by ranges, by horizontal angles, by soundings, +by vertical angles, and by sound. The full discussion +of these methods pertains to navigation and pilotage, +and they will be only briefly referred to here as to their +graphical application to charts.</p> + +<p><b>Astronomical methods.</b> There are a number of +methods of obtaining the position of a vessel by astronomical +observations. When the position is computed +the chart enters into these only in the plotting of the +final result, so that with one exception these methods +will not be referred to further here.</p> + +<p>The elegant method discovered by an American seaman, +Captain Sumner, in 1843, is in part graphical, to +be worked out upon the chart. This method is based +on the obvious fact that at any instant there is a point +on the earth having the sun in its zenith and which is +the center of circles on the earth's surface along the +circumference of any one of which the sun's altitude is +the same at all points. A short portion of such a circle +may be considered as a straight line and can be determined +by locating one point and its direction, or two +points in it. This is known as a Sumner line. (<a href="#Fig39">Fig. 39.</a>)</p> + +<p>From an observation of the sun's altitude and azimuth +and an assumed latitude a position is computed +and plotted and a line drawn on the chart through this +position at right angles to the azimuth of the sun as +taken from the azimuth tables and laid off from a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 127-129]</a></span> +meridian. Another method is to compute positions with +two assumed latitudes and plot the two resulting positions +and draw a line through them. The vessel must +be somewhere on the resulting Sumner line. A good +determination may be obtained by the intersection of +two Sumner lines obtained from two observations of +the sun with sufficient interval so that there will be a +change of azimuth of as much as 30 degrees to give a fair +intersection. Allowance must be made for the movement +of the vessel between the two observations by +drawing a line parallel to the first and at a distance +equal to the distance made good. An excellent intersection +may be obtained by observation of the sun, and +before or after it of a star in the twilight at a different +azimuth.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<a name="Fig38" id="Fig38"></a> +<img src="images/fig38.png" width="400" height="354" alt="" /> +<p class="caption">COURSE TO ALLOW FOR SET, +GRAPHICAL SOLUTION<br /><br /> +FIG. 38.</p> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<a name="Fig39" id="Fig39"></a> +<img src="images/fig39.png" width="400" height="378" alt="" /> +<p class="caption">POSITION BY INTERSECTION +OF SUMNER LINES<br /><br /> + +FIG. 39.</p> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<a name="Fig40" id="Fig40"></a> +<img src="images/fig40.png" width="400" height="376" alt="" /> +<p class="caption">POSITION BY COMPASS BEARINGS<br /><br /> + +FIG. 40.</p> +</div> + +<p>Even a single Sumner line, however, furnishes valuable +information, as it may be combined with other +sources of information to obtain an approximation to +the position. The vessel must be somewhere on this +line, and this gives a good check on the position by dead +reckoning, or an intersection may be obtained with a +line or bearing of a distant land object, or a line of +soundings may be compared on the chart with the +Sumner line.</p> + +<p>If an observation is taken when the observed heavenly +body is bearing abeam, it is evident that the resulting +Sumner line will be the direction of the course of the +vessel, and this fact may be useful in shaping the course +when nearing the land or a danger.</p> + +<p><b>Dead reckoning.</b> When impossible to obtain the +position by any other means, it is computed or plotted +from the last determined position, using the courses<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span> +and distances run as shown by compass and log and +allowing for effect of current and wind. Because of +uncertainties in all these elements, positions so obtained +may be from five to twenty miles in error in a two-hundred-mile +run, depending of course to some extent +on the speed of the vessel.</p> + +<p><b>Compass bearings.</b> A compass bearing of a single +object, as a lighthouse or a tangent to a point of land, +laid down on the chart, shows that the vessel is somewhere +on that line, and when combined with other +information, as with a Sumner line or the course by dead +reckoning or the distance by a vertical angle, will give +a position whose correctness of course depends on the +accuracy of the data used. Bearings of two objects not +in the same direction give two lines on the chart whose +intersection is the position. This will be very weak +if the angle of intersection is acute, and will become +stronger as it approaches a right angle. A bearing of +a third object should be taken when practicable, as it +affords a valuable check in that the three lines should +intersect in the same point; if they do not do so when +plotted the error is either in the observations, or the +compass, or the plotting, or the chart. (<a href="#Fig40">Fig. 40</a>). All +compass bearings are of course dependent upon the +accuracy of the compass and the knowledge of its errors +due to the local magnetic effect of the ship, and also +upon the correctness with which the magnetic variation +from true north is known. Bearings of near objects +should therefore always be preferred, and those of distant +objects considered as giving only approximate positions. +An error of one degree in the bearing of an object +30 miles away will deflect the plotted line about one-half<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span> +mile. Because of the facility with which they may be +taken compass bearings are much used for inshore +navigation, but in point of reliability they are inferior +to some of the other methods.</p> + +<p>A single or "danger" bearing of an object is often +a valuable guide in avoiding a danger. For example, +a reef may lie to the westward of a line drawn South +10° East from a lighthouse; in approaching a vessel +will pass safely to the eastward of the reef if the lighthouse +is not allowed to bear any to the northward of +North 10° West. (<a href="#Fig41">Fig. 41.</a>)</p> + +<p>Two successive bearings of a single object, as, for +instance, a lighthouse, noting the distance run in the +interval, afford a convenient and much used means +of locating the position with respect to that object. +Such bearings are drawn on the chart in reversed +direction from the object. The distance run between +the bearings, as read by the log and corrected for +current if practicable, is scaled off with dividers and +the course of the vessel is set off with parallel ruler; +the latter is then moved across the two plotted directions +until the distance intercepted between them equals that +scaled with the dividers, and the edge of the ruler then +represents the track of the vessel. (<a href="#Fig42">Fig. 42.</a>) If the angle +from the bow, or from the course of the vessel, for the +second bearing is double that for the first bearing, the +distance from the object at the second bearing is equal +to that run by the vessel in the interval, and the use of +this simple relation is designated as "doubling the angle +on the bow." If the angles between the course and +the object are respectively 45° and 90° when the two +bearings are taken on an object on the shore, the dis<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span>tance +that the ship passes offshore when the object +is abeam is equal to the distance run between the two +bearings; this is a much used navigational device, +known as the "bow and beam bearing" or the "four-point +bearing." There is an advantage, however, +in using bearings at two and four points (or 22.5° +and 45°), as these give the probable distance that the +object will be passed before it is abeam.</p> + +<p><b>Ranges.</b> A valuable line of position is obtained by +noting when two well-situated objects are in range, +that is, one back of the other in the line of sight from +the vessel, as, for instance, a church spire appearing +behind a lighthouse or a rock in line with a prominent +point. Such ranges are of course entirely free from +compass errors, and should be noted whenever there is +favorable opportunity. The value of the range in plotting +will increase with the distance between the objects, +and if the two are close in proportion to the distance +to the vessel the direction will be weak owing to the +uncertainty in drawing a direction through close points. +Artificial ranges are often erected as aids to navigation, +usually to indicate the course to be followed in passing +through a channel. Ranges afford a valuable guide in +avoiding dangers, as for example an inspection of the +chart may show that if a certain lighthouse is kept in line +with or open from an islet a dangerous shoal will be given +a good berth; on coasts not well buoyed such danger +ranges are sometimes marked on the charts. (<a href="#Fig43">Fig. 43.</a>)</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 236px;"> +<a name="Fig41" id="Fig41"></a> +<img src="images/fig41.png" width="236" height="400" alt="" /> +<p class="caption">DANGER BEARING<br /> +<br /> +FIG. 41.</p> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 278px;"> +<a name="Fig42" id="Fig42"></a> +<img src="images/fig42.png" width="278" height="400" alt="" /> +<p class="caption">POSITION BY SUCCESSIVE BEARINGS +TWO AND FOUR POINT BEARINGS<br /> +<br /> +FIG. 42.</p> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 183px;"> +<a name="Fig43" id="Fig43"></a> +<img src="images/fig43.png" width="183" height="400" alt="" /> +<p class="caption">RANGE TO AVOID DANGER<br /> +<br /> +FIG. 43.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Horizontal sextant angles.</b> The location of a position +by the three-point problem, using sextant angles, +is much more exact than by bearings, but is less used +because not so well known and also because additional<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 133-135]</a></span> +instruments are required and the conditions are not +always favorable. It is so valuable a method, however, +that it should be used, when necessary, on every well-equipped +vessel. A single horizontal angle taken +with a sextant between objects, as two lighthouses, +defines the position of the vessel as somewhere on the +circumference of a circle passing through the two +objects and the vessel. A protractor laid on the +chart with two of its arms set at the observed angle +and passing through the two objects, will permit of +locating two or more points of this circle on the chart. +This furnishes a line of position which may be combined +with other information to locate the vessel. +With a compass bearing of one of the objects the +position may be plotted directly from the single angle. +Two sextant angles measured at the same instant +between three objects furnish one of the most accurate +means of locating the position of a vessel, this being +the same method that is ordinarily used in hydrographic +surveying, known as the three-point problem. (<a href="#Fig44">Fig. 44.</a>) +The two angles are conveniently set off on a three-arm +protractor, which is shifted on the chart until the three +arms touch the three points, when the position of the +center is plotted. A third angle to a fourth point +furnishes a valuable check in case of doubt. Two +angles may also be taken to four objects without any +common point, and in this case portions of the two +circles of position are plotted and their intersection +will be the ship's position.</p> + +<p>The value of this method depends largely on the +selection of favorably located objects, and it is quite +important that the principles of the three-point problem<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span> +be understood. If the ship is on or near the circumference +of a circle which passes through the three +objects the position will be very weak, and the same +is true if the distance between any two of the objects +is small as compared with the distance from them to +the vessel. A useful general rule is that the position +will be strong if the middle one of the three objects +is the nearest to the vessel, provided that no two of +the objects are close together in comparison with the +distance to the vessel.</p> + +<p>A single sextant angle furnishes a means of avoiding a +known danger by using what is known as the horizontal +"danger angle." (<a href="#Fig45">Fig. 45.</a>) Note two well-defined objects +on the coast either side of the danger to be avoided and +describe a circle through them and passing sufficiently +outside of the reef to give it a safe berth. With a protractor +on the chart note the angle between the objects +at any point on the outer part of this circle. If in +passing, the angle at the ship between the two objects +is not allowed to become greater than this "danger +angle" the danger will be given a sufficient berth. This +method as well as any use of sextant angles or bearings +depends of course on the accuracy of the chart, and +caution must be used where it is not certain that the +chart depends upon an accurate survey.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<a name="Fig44" id="Fig44"></a> +<img src="images/fig44.png" width="400" height="359" alt="" /> +<p class="caption">POSITION BY SEXTANT ANGLES +THREE POINT PROBLEM<br /> +<br /> +FIG. 44.</p> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 251px;"> +<a name="Fig45" id="Fig45"></a> +<img src="images/fig45.png" width="251" height="400" alt="" /> +<p class="caption">HORIZONTAL DANGER ANGLE<br /> +<br /> +FIG. 45.</p> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<a name="Fig46" id="Fig46"></a> +<img src="images/fig46a.png" width="400" height="60" alt="" /> +<p class="caption">DISTANCE BY VERTICAL ANGLE</p> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img src="images/fig46.png" width="320" height="297" alt="" /> +<p class="caption">VERTICAL DANGER ANGLE<br /> +<br /> +FIG. 46.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Soundings.</b> Even if objects cannot be seen, due to +distance or thick weather, the chart furnishes a valuable +aid when a vessel has approached within the limits +where it is practicable to obtain soundings. Modern +navigational sounding machines permit of obtaining +soundings to depths of nearly one hundred fathoms +without stopping the vessel. A rough check is at once<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 137-139]</a></span> +obtained by comparing such soundings with those +given on the chart for the position carried forward by +dead reckoning. If a number of soundings are taken +and plotted on a piece of tracing paper, spaced by the +log readings to the scale of the chart, and this tracing +paper is laid over the chart and shifted in the vicinity +of the probable position until the soundings best agree +with those on the chart, a valuable verification of position +may be obtained. This is particularly the case if +the area has been well surveyed, and the soundings +taken on the vessel are accurate, and the configuration +of the bottom has marked characteristics. For instance, +in approaching New York the crossing of the 30, 20, and +10 fathom curves will give a fair warning of the distance +off the Long Island and New Jersey coasts, and soundings +across such a feature as the submerged Hudson +gorge extending to the southeastward of Sandy Hook +will give a valuable indication of position. The taking +of soundings should be resorted to even in favorable +conditions, in approaching shoal water, as a check on +other means of locating the vessel. Many marine +disasters are attributed to failure to make sufficient use +of the lead, the simplest of navigational aids.</p> + +<p><b>Vertical angles.</b> The vertical angle of elevation of an +object whose height is known will give the distance, and +combined with a bearing or other information this permits +of locating a vessel where better means cannot be +used. Distance tables are published for this method. +(<a href="#Fig46">Fig. 46.</a>) The vertical angle is measured with a sextant +and must be the angle at the ship between the top of the +object and the sea level vertically beneath it; for a hill +or mountain, therefore, the eye of the observer should<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span> +be near the water. The object should not be so distant +that curvature becomes appreciable. The "vertical +danger angle" is a means of avoiding a known danger, +on a principle similar to that of the horizontal danger +angle; that is, the angle of elevation of a known object +is not permitted to become greater than a fixed amount +depending on the distance from the object to the danger +to be avoided.</p> + +<p><b>Positions by sound.</b> In thick weather sound affords +a valuable aid to the navigator. In narrow passages +noting the echo of the whistle from a cliff is a method +resorted to, as for instance in Puget Sound and along +the Alaska coast. Fog whistles and bell buoys are +maintained at many places. Submarine bells have +recently been introduced at a number of points along +the Atlantic coast, and vessels may be equipped to receive +these submarine signals transmitted through the water, +which indicate also the general direction from which +the sound comes.</p> + +<p><b>Need of vigilance.</b> Too great importance cannot be +attached to frequent verification of positions by the best +available means, particularly when approaching the +land. Neglect of this or overconfidence has caused +many disasters. A notable instance was the loss of one +of the largest Pacific steamers on the coast of Japan in +March, 1907. In the afternoon of a clear day this +vessel ran on to a well-known reef about a mile from a +lighthouse, resulting in the total loss of vessel and cargo +valued at three and a half million dollars. The captain +was so confident of his position and that he was giving +the reef a sufficient berth that he laid down no bearings +on the chart and took no soundings.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 475px;"> +<img src="images/fig47.jpg" width="475" height="600" alt="" /> +<p class="caption">FIG. 47. FIELD'S PROTRACTOR AND PARALLEL RULER IN USE ON A CHART, +PLOTTING BEARING OF A LIGHTHOUSE.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span><b>Instruments.</b> The principal instruments needed for +use with charts are; dividers for taking off distances and +latitudes and longitudes, parallel ruler for transferring +directions to or from a compass rose and for taking off +or plotting the latitude on a mercator chart, protractor of +180 degrees for reading the angle with the meridian of any +direction or for laying off on the chart any given angle with +the meridian, and three-arm or other full-circle protractor +for plotting a position by the three-point problem.</p> + +<p>Parallel rulers on the principle of Field's are strongly +recommended for chart work, as they combine in a +single instrument the advantages of a parallel ruler +and a 180-degree protractor. Any direction can be +read or laid off by simply moving the parallel ruler +to the nearest projection line, which is a process not +only more convenient than referring to the compass +rose printed on the chart but also more accurate +because of the longer radius. These instruments +can also be used the same as a plain parallel ruler. +Field's parallel rulers are made in two forms, one rolling +and the other sliding. The former is a single ruler +with edge graduated 90 degrees either way, and +mounted on rollers; it is the most rapid instrument +for reading or laying off a direction, but it requires +a smooth surface. The latter is an ordinary two-bar +parallel ruler with edge when closed graduated +90 degrees either way; it is a very serviceable instrument +and probably more to be depended upon for ordinary +use than the rolling form. Some form of combined +protractor and parallel ruler should be in every navigational +equipment, and it is unfortunate that these +instruments are not better known in this country.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span> +There are other forms of half-circle protractors which +are used on the same principle, that is, of bringing +the center on to a projection line and reading where +the line cuts the border graduation of the protractor. +Thus a semicircular protractor is used with a separate +straight edge, along which it is slid to the nearest +meridian; another form is the simple circular protractor +with a thread fastened at the center. All these +forms of protractors, it will be noted, are intended to +work from the true meridian, and they are usually +graduated in degrees only; the use of degrees instead +of points is becoming much more general in navigational +work, and reference to the true meridian is also more +common than formerly.</p> + +<p>The standard three-arm protractor, or station +pointer, as it is known to the English, should be a part +of every navigational outfit because of its value in +locating a position by the three-point problem. A +recent American invention, Court's three-arm protractor, +is an instrument made of celluloid for the +same purpose. It should not be considered as a +substitute for the standard metal instrument, but it +is a simple, cheap, and handy supplement to it, as it +may be readily used for small angles and short distances +where there are mechanical difficulties in working +with the metal three-arm protractor. Other protractors +can be used for the three-point problem, as, for +instance, Cust's protractor on celluloid, on which the +angles are drawn in pencil and erased, and the tracing-paper +protractor.</p> + +<p><b>Degree of reliance on charts.</b> The value of a chart +must not be judged alone from its general appearance,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 145-147]</a></span> +as skill in preparation and publication may give a +handsome appearance to an incomplete survey. On +the other hand a thorough survey might through poor +preparation result in a chart defective either in information +or in utility.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 475px;"> +<img src="images/fig48.jpg" width="475" height="600" alt="" /> +<p class="caption">FIG. 48. THREE-ARM PROTRACTOR IN USE ON A CHART, PLOTTING POSITION FROM +TWO ANGLES.</p> +</div> + +<p>The degree of completeness of the soundings, the +character of the region, and the date of the survey +should be taken into account in deciding as to the +amount of reliance to be placed on the chart. Areas +where the soundings are not distributed with fair +uniformity may be assumed not to have been completely +surveyed. Caution should be used in navigating on +charts where the survey is not complete, and even where +careful surveys exist care must be taken if the bottom +is of very irregular nature with lumps near the navigable +depth, as for instance on some of the coral +reef coasts. Isolated soundings shoaler than the surrounding +depths should be avoided, as there may be +less water than shown. In such a region, unless the +whole area is dragged, it is impossible to make it +entirely certain that all obstructions are charted.</p> + +<p>While an immense amount of faithful work has +been put into the preparation of many charts, the +user must constantly exercise his own judgment as to +the reliance to be placed on them. A coast is not +to be considered as clear unless it is shown to be; buoys +may get adrift and be in a different position or be +gone altogether; fog signals vary in distinctness owing +to atmospheric conditions; extreme or unusual tides +may fall below the plane of reference; owing to strong +winds the actual tide may differ from the predicted +tide. Errors sometimes creep in from various sources,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span> +such as those due to different reference longitudes +or the use of a corrected longitude for a portion of the +chart without changing other positions to which the +same correction is applicable; clerical and printing +errors may occur; there are sometimes omissions in +surveys; a feature may get plotted in two different +positions; tide rips are reported as breakers and +floating objects as rocks or islands, and thus many +dangers have gotten on the charts which cannot be +found again, and false reports are sometimes made to +shield some one from blame. Most of these classes +of errors and uncertainties, however, disappear in the +use of charts of a thoroughly surveyed coast.</p> + +<p><b>Use the latest editions of charts.</b> The latest edition +of a chart should always be used and should be corrected +for all notices since its issue. Carelessness or false +economy in not providing the largest scale or the latest +chart has been the cause of more than one marine +disaster.</p> + +<p>The British Board of Trade issue the following +official notice to shipowners and agents: "The attention +of the Board of Trade has frequently been called to +cases in which British vessels have been endangered or +wrecked through the masters' attempting to navigate +them by means of antiquated or otherwise defective +charts. The Board of Trade desires, therefore, to +direct the especial attention of shipowners and their +agents to the necessity of seeing that the charts taken or +sent on board their ships are corrected to the time of +sailing. Neglect to supply a ship with proper charts +will be brought prominently before the Court of Inquiry +in the event of a wreck occurring from that cause."</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span></p> + +<p>The following is a translation of a notice in the +preface to the catalogue of charts published by the +German government: "Owners and masters of vessels +are apprised that cases of marine accidents in which the +casualty was due to antiquated or erroneous charts, +have frequently been before the admiralty courts. In +consequence of this, the 'Instructions for the prevention +of accidents to steamers and sailing vessels,' issued by +the Seeberufsgenossenschaft have been amended by the +following additional paragraph: 'It is obligatory upon +every master, except when engaged in local coastwise +navigation, to keep the Notices to Mariners regularly, +and with the aid of them to carefully keep his charts +up to date.'"</p> + +<p>The British shipping laws provide that a ship may +not be sent to sea in such an unseaworthy state that the +life of any person is thereby endangered, and the House +of Lords has defined the term "seaworthy" to mean "in +a fit state as to repairs, equipment, and crew, and in all +other respects, to encounter the ordinary perils of the +voyage." Proper charts and sailing directions are a +necessary part of the equipment of a vessel, and the +courts have frequently inquired into this.</p> + +<p>The records of the British courts, however, show that +even in recent years many ships have been damaged +or lost owing directly or indirectly to failure to have +the latest information on board. The following are +instances from these records.</p> + +<p>In 1890 the steamer <i>Dunluce</i> was lost owing to the +use of an old edition of the Admiralty chart which +showed a depth of 4<span class="fraction"><span>1</span><span>2</span></span> fathoms on the Wikesgrund, +whereas the later chart showed much less water. In<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span> +this case the master had requested his ship chandler to +send him the latest chart.</p> + +<p>In 1891 the steamer <i>St. Donats</i> got ashore on a +patch which was not shown on the chart in use, which +was privately published in 1881; the danger was, however, +shown on the Admiralty chart corrected to 1889.</p> + +<p>Also in 1891 the steamer <i>Trent</i> was lost on the +Missipezza Rock in the Adriatic. The ship was navigated +by a private chart published in 1890 which did +not show this rock, and by sailing directions published +in 1866.</p> + +<p>The steamer <i>Aboraca</i>, stranded in the Gulf of +Bothnia in 1894, was being navigated by a chart corrected +to 1881 which did not show that the Storkallagrund +light-vessel had been moved eight miles.</p> + +<p>The steamer <i>Ravenspur</i> was lost on Bilbao Breakwater +owing to the use of a chart not up to date which +did not show the breakwater. In 1898 the steamer +<i>Cromarty</i> was lost in attempting to enter Ponta +Delgada harbor, and in 1901 the steamer "Dinnington" +was lost by steaming on to the new breakwater in +Portland harbor; both of these disasters were likewise +due to the use of old charts which did not show the +breakwaters. In these three cases the masters of the +vessels had authority to obtain the necessary charts at +the owners' expense.</p> + +<p>Not so, however, in the following case from the +finding of a British marine court in 1877: "The primary +cause of the ship's getting on shore was due to the +master's being guided in his navigation by an obsolete +Admiralty chart dated September 1, 1852, and corrected +to April, 1862, and on which no lights are shown<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span> +to exist either in ... or ... and to his not being +supplied with the latest sailing directions. The Court, +considering that the master was obliged to furnish +himself with chronometer, barometer, sextant, charts, +sailing directions, and everything necessary for the +navigation of his vessel out of his private resources, +which, under very favorable circumstances, might perhaps +reach £150 a year, find themselves unable in this +instance to pass a heavier censure upon him than that +he be severely reprimanded."</p> + +<p>The loss of the German steamer <i>Baker</i> on the coast +of Cuba on January 31, 1908, was declared by the +marine court at Hamburg to be due in part to the use +of an unofficial chart which did not show the latest +surveys on that coast.</p> + +<p><b>Use the largest scale charts.</b> The largest scale chart +available should be employed when entering channels, +bays, or harbors, as it gives information with more +clearness and detail, positions may be more accurately +plotted, and sometimes it is the first corrected for new +information.</p> + +<p>The records of the courts of inquiry also show +cases where vessels have been wrecked owing to the use +of charts of too small scale.</p> + +<p>In 1890 the steamer <i>Lady Ailsa</i> was lost on the +Plateau du Four. The only chart on board for this +locality was a general chart of the Bay of Biscay, +and the stranding was due to the master's mistaking +one buoy for another. The court found that the +chart, although a proper one for general use, was not +sufficient for the navigation of a vessel in such narrow +waters and on such a dangerous coast.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span></p> + +<p>The <i>Zenobia</i> was stranded on the San Thomé +Bank in 1891. On this vessel the owners were to +furnish the chronometers and the master the charts +and sailing directions. The master was, however, +apparently satisfied with only a general chart of the +South Atlantic for navigation on the coast of Brazil, +and had no sailing directions at all.</p> + +<p><b>The depth curves</b> on charts furnish a valuable guide, +and if the curves are lacking or broken in some parts +it is usually a sign that the information is incomplete. +The 100-fathom curve is a general warning of approach +to the coast. The 10-fathom curve on rocky coasts +should be considered as a danger curve, and caution +used after crossing it. The 5-fathom curve is the +most important for modern vessels of medium draft, +as it indicates for them the practical limit of navigation. +The 3, 2, and 1-fathom curves are a guide to +smaller vessels, but have less significance than formerly +because of the increase of draft of vessels.</p> + +<p><b>The shrinkage of paper</b>, especially in plate printing, +has been referred to. This introduces two possible +sources of error: first, the shrinkage being different +in the two directions, any scale printed on the chart +will be accurate only when used in a direction parallel +to itself; second, for the same reason, angles and +directions will be somewhat distorted. Fortunately +these errors are not serious in the ordinary navigational +use of a chart, but they should not be overlooked when +accurate plotting or measuring of distances is attempted +on a plate-printed chart.</p> + +<p>The actual shrinkage measured on charts printed +from plates varies from <span class="fraction"><span>1</span><span>3</span></span> inch to 1 inch in a length<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span> +of chart of 36 inches. On British and American plate +printed charts the shrinkage is usually from two to +nearly three times as much in one direction as it is in +the other.</p> + +<p><b>Care of charts.</b> In order that they may be properly +used charts should be filed flat and not rolled. They +should be systematically arranged so that the desired +chart can be instantly found. They should be cared +for and when in bad condition replaced by new copies. +They can be most conveniently filed in shallow drawers, +thus avoiding the placing of many charts in a single +drawer. The latter is a common fault; it not only +increases the labor of handling the charts but adds +to the liability of their injury.</p> + +<hr class="chap" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span></p> + + + + +<h2><a name="PUBLICATIONS_SUPPLEMENTING_NAUTICAL" id="PUBLICATIONS_SUPPLEMENTING_NAUTICAL">PUBLICATIONS SUPPLEMENTING NAUTICAL +CHARTS.</a></h2> + + +<p>There are several publications in book and in chart +form which are either necessary or convenient for use +in connection with nautical charts. These comprise +the coast pilots, notices to mariners, tide tables, light +and buoy lists, and various special charts.</p> + +<p><b>Coast pilots</b>, or sailing directions, are books giving +descriptions of the main features, as far as of interest +to seamen, of the coast and adjacent waters, with +directions for navigation. They contain much miscellaneous +information of value to the mariner, especially +the stranger. Although they contain additional facts +which cannot be shown on the charts, they are not at +all intended to supersede the latter; the mariner should +in general rely on the charts. The sailing directions +can be less readily corrected than the charts, and in all +cases where they differ the charts are to be taken as the +guide.</p> + +<p>The most extensive series of sailing directions is +that published by the British Admiralty, comprising +fifty-six volumes and including all the navigable regions +of the world. In the United States the Coast and +Geodetic Survey publishes ten volumes of coast pilots +for the Atlantic, Gulf, and Pacific coasts, Porto Rico, +and southeastern Alaska, and eight volumes of sailing +directions for Alaska and the Philippine Islands. +The United States Hydrographic Office publishes six<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span>teen +volumes of sailing directions for various parts of +the world.</p> + +<p><b>Notices to Mariners</b> are published at frequent intervals, +giving all important corrections, which should be +at once applied by hand to the charts, such as rocks +or shoals discovered and lights and buoys established +or moved. New charts, new editions, and canceled +charts are also announced.</p> + +<p>These notices should be carefully examined and the +necessary corrections made on all charts of the sets in +use on the vessel. A chart should be considered as a +growing rather than a finished instrument, and constant +watchfulness is required to see that it is kept up to +date. Neglect of this may cause shipwreck, as the following +instance shows. Report came to Manila in +1904 that there was a low sand islet lying off the very +poorly charted northeast coast of Samar; this information +was promptly published in the local Notice to +Mariners. About a month later a small steamer was +sent to land some native constabulary on that coast. +The captain failed to obtain or observe this notice, +and approached the coast before daylight on a course +which led directly across the sand islet. The vessel +was driven far up on the sand, where it still lies.</p> + +<p>In the United States, weekly Notices to Mariners +are published by the Department of Commerce and +Labor for the coasts under the jurisdiction of the +United States, and by the Navy Department for all +regions. These notices are distributed free and can +be obtained from chart agents and consular officers. +In Great Britain the notices are published at frequent +intervals by the Hydrographic Office, and practically<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span> +all countries issuing charts also issue such notices. +Information as to important changes in lights and +other announcements of navigational interest are also +sometimes printed in the marine columns of newspapers +and in nautical periodicals.</p> + +<p><b>Tide Tables.</b> Brief information as to the time and +height of the tide is usually for convenience given on +the face of the chart. More complete information is +published in the Tide Tables, with which every navigator +should be provided. "The Tide Tables for +United States and foreign ports," published annually +in advance by the United States Coast and Geodetic +Survey, give complete predictions of the time and +height of high and low water for each day of the year +for 70 of the principal ports of the world, and the tidal +differences from some principal port for 3000 subordinate +ports. The other leading nations also publish +annual tide tables; those of the British government +are entitled "Tide Tables for British and Irish ports, +and also the times of high water for the principal +places on the globe."</p> + +<p><b>Light and buoy lists.</b> Brief information as to all +artificial aids to navigation is shown on the charts. +Every vessel should also have on board the latest +official light and buoy lists, which give a more detailed +description than can be placed on the charts.</p> + +<p>Light and buoy lists for the coasts of the United States +are published annually by the Light-House Board. +The United States Hydrographic Office publishes a +"List of Lights of the World" (excepting the United +States), in three volumes.</p> + +<p>The British Hydrographic Office publishes eight<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span> +volumes of Lists of Lights, and these are corrected +annually.</p> + +<p><b>Chart catalogues</b> are published in connection with +all series of charts. They give the particulars and +price of each chart published, and are usually arranged +in geographical order, with both alphabetical and +numerical indexes, for convenience in finding charts +either by position, name, or number.</p> + +<p><b>Charts for special purposes.</b> There are various +special charts published for the benefit of mariners, +although not intended for direct use in plotting the +course of a vessel or in locating its position. Some +of the more important of these are mentioned below.</p> + +<p><b>Gnomonic charts</b> are intended solely for laying down +the great circle or shortest practicable courses between +points, for which purpose they are very convenient. +Their use has already been described. The United +States Hydrographic Office publishes six such charts, +for the North Atlantic, South Atlantic, Pacific, North +Pacific, South Pacific, and Indian Oceans.</p> + +<p><b>Current charts</b> are published by the British Hydrographic +Office for the various oceans; these usually +show the average ocean currents, but for the Atlantic +there are monthly and for the Pacific quarterly current +charts.</p> + +<p><b>Magnetic variation charts</b> are published by both the +United States and British governments. They show +on a mercator chart of the world the isogonic lines, +or lines along which the variation of the needle from +true north is the same. The lines are drawn for each +degree of variation. The annual change in the variation +is also indicated.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span></p> + +<p>Other magnetic charts are published showing the +lines of equal magnetic dip, horizontal magnetic force, +and vertical magnetic force.</p> + +<p><b>Meteorological ocean charts</b> are published by several +governments, including the United States, Great +Britain, and Germany, and give the average weather +conditions, winds, fogs, currents, ice, tracks of storms, +and other information. "Pilot charts" of the North +Atlantic and North Pacific Oceans are issued by the +United States Hydrographic Office about the first of +each month, and give "a forecast of the weather for the +ensuing and a review of that for the preceding month, +together with all obtainable information as to the most +available sailing and steam routes, dangers to navigation, +ice, fog, derelicts, etc., and any additional information +that may be received of value to navigation." Mariners +in all parts of the world have joined in contributing +the information which has been used in compiling +these pilot charts.</p> + +<p><b>Track charts</b> are published by the British and +United States governments. That of the latter is +entitled "Track and distance chart of the world, showing +the routes traversed by full-powered steamers +between the principal ports of the world, and the +corresponding distances."</p> + +<p><b>Telegraph charts</b> are published showing the "telegraphic +connections afforded by the submarine cables +and the principal overland telegraph lines."</p> + +<p><b>Index charts</b> are outline plans showing the area +covered by each chart of a series, and furnish a convenient +means of finding a chart of any desired region +or of selecting the most suitable chart for any purpose.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span> +These index charts are published either in sets, showing +all the charts of a series, or are bound into the chart +catalogues.</p> + +<p><b>Star charts</b> are included in navigational series, +and are conveniently arranged for use on shipboard +in identifying the brighter stars. The United States +Hydrographic Office publishes two, constellations of +the northern and of the southern hemispheres.</p> + +<p><b>Explanatory sheets</b> are published in connection +with various series of charts, giving explanations of +the symbols and abbreviations used and of other +important features. In the United States the Coast +and Geodetic Survey has issued a small pamphlet, +"Notes on the use of charts," which contains explanations +of its chart symbols, and the Hydrographic Office +has published "A manual of conventional symbols and +abbreviations in use on the official charts of the principal +maritime nations."</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span></p> +<hr class="chap" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span></p> + + + + +<h2><a name="INDEX" id="INDEX">INDEX</a></h2> + + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Index"> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"><small>PAGE</small></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Aids to navigation,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_118">118</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Arbitrary projection,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Astronomical observations,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_32">32</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Astronomical positions,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_126">126</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Bearings, position by,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_130">130</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Board of Trade notice,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_148">148</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Care of charts,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Catalogues of charts,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_157">157</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Changes in the coast,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Chart making, development of,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_6">6</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Chart publications of various nations,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Charts, earliest nautical,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_6">6</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Charts, loxodromic,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Charts, plain,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_8">8</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Chart schemes,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_67">67</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Chart working,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_124">124</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Coast and Geodetic Survey, United States,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_13">13</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Coast pilots,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_154">154</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Compass bearings,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_130">130</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Compass, nautical use of,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_6">6</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Compass, variation of,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Compilation of information,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_67">67</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Correction of charts, method of,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_110">110</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Cosa, Juan de la,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_8">8</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Current charts,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_157">157</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Currents,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Danger angle, horizontal,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_136">136</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Danger bearing,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_131">131</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Danger range,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_132">132</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Dangers, reports of,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Dates on charts,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_123">123</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Dead reckoning,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_129">129</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Depth curves,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Depths, unit for,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Depth units, relation of,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_118">118</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Directions on charts,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_115">115</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Distances, measured on chart,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_125">125</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Distribution of charts,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Doubling angle on bow,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_131">131</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Draft of vessels,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Dragging for dangers,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Earthquakes,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Electrotyping plates,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Elevations,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Engraving machines,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Engraving on copper,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Engraving on stone,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Eskimo map,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Etching on copper,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_95">95</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Explanatory sheets,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_159">159</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Flattening of the earth,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_3">3</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">France, establishment of chart office,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_10">10</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Geographic position on charts,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_115">115</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Geography, early,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_2">2</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Germany, contributions to hydrography,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_14">14</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Gnomonic charts,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Gnomonic projection,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_74">74</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Great Britain, contributions to geography,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_14">14</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Holland, development of chart making,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_10">10</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Hydrographic Office, British,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_13">13</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Hydrographic Office, United States,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_13">13</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span>Hydrography,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Index charts,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_158">158</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Information on charts,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Instruments used on charts,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_141">141</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Lake Survey, United States,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_13">13</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Largest scale chart,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_151">151</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Latest editions of charts,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_148">148</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Light and buoy lists,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_156">156</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Lithographic printing,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Locating a vessel,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_126">126</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Longitude, initial,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Longitude, uncertainties in,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_10">10</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Magnetic charts,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_157">157</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Magnetic variation,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Map, earliest,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_2">2</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Map making, development of,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_2">2</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Maps, need of,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Maritime surveys, extension of,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Mercator chart, history,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_8">8</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Mercator projection,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_68">68</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Meteorological charts (pilot charts),</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_158">158</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Navigation, use of charts in,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_124">124</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Notices to mariners,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Paper, shrinkage of,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_152">152</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Parallel rulers, Field's,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_141">141</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Photolithography,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Plane of reference,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Plotting positions,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_124">124</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Polyconic projection,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_73">73</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Printing, plate,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Privately published charts,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Progress of hydrographic surveys,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Projection, explanation of,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_114">114</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Projections,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Protractor, three-arm,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_144">144</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Ptolemy,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_3">3</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Publication of charts, methods,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Purpose of charts,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Ranges,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_132">132</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Reading charts,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Reliance on charts,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_144">144</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Reports of dangers, erroneous,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Requirements for charts,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Revision of charts, need of,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Rock, Brooklyn,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_50">50</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Sailing directions, early,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_4">4</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Sailing directions,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_154">154</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Scale equivalents,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_113">113</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Scales of charts,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Set, graphical allowance for,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_125">125</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Sextant angles,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_132">132</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Sheets for surveys,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_39">39</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Shrinkage of paper,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_152">152</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Sound, position by,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_140">140</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Sounding machines,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_49">49</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Soundings, position by,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_136">136</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Star charts,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_159">159</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Station pointer,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_144">144</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Steamer for surveying,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_49">49</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Sumner's method,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_126">126</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Supplementary publications,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_154">154</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Surveys on foreign coasts,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_14">14</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Surveys, need of thorough,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Symbols on charts,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Telegraph charts,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_158">158</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Three-point problem,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Tides,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Tide tables,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_156">156</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Topography,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_39">39</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Topography on charts,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_123">123</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Track charts,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_158">158</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Triangulation,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_32">32</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Uniformity in charts,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Use of charts in navigation,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_124">124</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Vertical angles,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_139">139</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Vigias, removal of,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Vigilance, need of,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_140">140</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Volcanic action,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Wrecks due to deficient charts,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></td></tr> +</table></div> + +<hr class="chap" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Catalogue_1" id="Catalogue_1">[1]</a></span></p> + + + + +<p class="center"> +<big><big><big>SHORT-TITLE CATALOGUE</big></big></big><br /> +OF THE<br /> +<big><big>PUBLICATIONS</big></big><br /> +OF<br /> +<big><big><big>JOHN WILEY & SONS,</big></big></big><br /> +<span class="smcap">New York.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap"><big>London: CHAPMAN & HALL, Limited.</big></span><br /> +<br /> +ARRANGED UNDER SUBJECTS.<br /> +</p> + + +<p>Descriptive circulars sent on application. Books marked with an asterisk (*) are sold +at <i>net</i> prices only. All books are bound in cloth unless otherwise stated.</p> + + +<p class="center"><big>AGRICULTURE.</big></p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="AGRICULTURE books"> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Armsby's Manual of Cattle-feeding.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"> $1 75</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Principles of Animal Nutrition.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Budd and Hansen's American Horticultural Manual:</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Part I. Propagation, Culture, and Improvement.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Part II. Systematic Pomology.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom"> 12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Elliott's Engineering for Land Drainage.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Practical Farm Drainage.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Graves's Forest Mensuration.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Green's Principles of American Forestry.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Grotenfelt's Principles of Modern Dairy Practice. (Woll.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Hanausek's Microscopy of Technical Products. (Winton.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Herrick's Denatured or Industrial Alcohol.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Maynard's Landscape Gardening as Applied to Home Decoration.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* McKay and Larsen's Principles and Practice of Butter-making.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Sanderson's Insects Injurious to Staple Crops.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Schwarz's Longleaf Pine in Virgin Forest.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Stockbridge's Rocks and Soils.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Winton's Microscopy of Vegetable Foods.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">7 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Woll's Handbook for Farmers and Dairymen.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">16mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p class="center"><big>ARCHITECTURE.</big></p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="ARCHITECTURE books"> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Baldwin's Steam Heating for Buildings.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"> 2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Bashore's Sanitation of a Country House.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Berg's Buildings and Structures of American Railroads.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4to,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Birkmire's Planning and Construction of American Theatres.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Architectural Iron and Steel.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Compound Rivetée Girders as Applied in Buildings.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Planning and Construction of High Office Buildings.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Skeleton Construction in Buildings.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Brigg's Modern American School Buildings.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Catalogue_2" id="Catalogue_2">[2]</a></span>Carpenter's Heating and Ventilating of Buildings.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Freitag's Architectural Engineering.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Fireproofing of Steel Buildings.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">French and Ives's Stereotomy.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Gerhard's Guide to Sanitary House-inspection.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">16mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Sanitation of Public Buildings.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Theatre Fires and Panics.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Greene's Structural Mechanics.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Holly's Carpenters' and Joiners' Handbook.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">18mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">75</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Johnson's Statics by Algebraic and Graphic Methods.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Kellaway's How to Lay Out Suburban Home Grounds.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Kidder's Architects' and Builders' Pocket-book. Rewritten Edition.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">16mo, mor.,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Merrill's Stones for Building and Decoration.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Non-metallic Minerals: Their Occurrence and Uses.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Monckton's Stair-building.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4to,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Patton's Practical Treatise on Foundations.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Peabody's Naval Architecture.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">7 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Rice's Concrete-block Manufacture.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Richey's Handbook for Superintendents of Construction.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">16mo, mor.,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">* Building Mechanics' Ready Reference Book:</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 4em;">* Carpenters' and Woodworkers' Edition.</span></td><td class="tdr">16mo, morocco,</td><td class="tdr">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 4em;">* Cementworkers and Plasterer's Edition. (In Press.)</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 4em;">* Stone- and Brick-mason's Edition.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo, mor.,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Sabin's Industrial and Artistic Technology of Paints and Varnish.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Siebert and Biggin's Modern Stone-cutting and Masonry.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Snow's Principal Species of Wood.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Sondericker's Graphic Statics with Applications to Trusses, Beams, and Arches.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Towne's Locks and Builders' Hardware.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">18mo, morocco,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Turneaure and Maurer's Principles of Reinforced Concrete Construction.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Wait's Engineering and Architectural Jurisprudence.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">6 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Sheep,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">6 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Law of Operations Preliminary to Construction in Engineering and Architecture.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Sheep,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Law of Contracts.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Wilson's Air Conditioning, (In Press.)</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Wood's Rustless Coatings: Corrosion and Electrolysis of Iron and Steel.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Worcester and Atkinson's Small Hospitals, Establishment and Maintenance, Suggestions for Hospital Architecture with Plans for a Small Hospital.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">The World's Columbian Exposition of 1893.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Large 4to,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p class="center"><big>ARMY AND NAVY.</big></p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="ARMY AND NAVY books"> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Bernadou's Smokeless Powder, Nitro-cellulose, and the Theory of the Cellulose Molecule.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"> 2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Chase's Screw Propellers and Marine Propulsion.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Cloke's Gunner's Examiner.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Craig's Azimuth.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4to,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Crehore and Squier's Polarizing Photo-chronograph.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Davis's Elements of Law.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Treatise on the Military Law of United States.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">7 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Sheep,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">7 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">De Brack's Cavalry Outposts Duties. (Carr.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">24mo, morocco,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Dietz's Soldier's First Aid Handbook.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">16mo, morocco,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Dudley's Military Law and the Procedure of Courts-martial.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Large 12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Catalogue_3" id="Catalogue_3">[3]</a></span>Durand's Resistance and Propulsion of Ships.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Dyer's Handbook of Light Artillery.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Eissler's Modern High Explosives.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Fiebeger's Text-book on Field Fortification.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Small 8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Hamilton's The Gunner's Catechism.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">18mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Hoff's Elementary Naval Tactics.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Ingalls's Handbook of Problems in Direct Fire.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Lissak's Ordnance and Gunnery.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">6 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Lyons's Treatise on Electromagnetic Phenomena. Vols. I. and II.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo, each,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">6 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Mahan's Permanent Fortifications. (Mercur.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo, half morocco,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">7 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Manual for Courts-martial.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">16mo, morocco,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Mercur's Attack of Fortified Places.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Elements of the Art of War.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Metcalfe's Cost of Manufactures—And the Administration of Workshops.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Ordnance and Gunnery. 2 vols.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Murray's Infantry Drill Regulations.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">18mo, paper,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">10</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Nixon's Adjutants' Manual.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">24mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Peabody's Naval Architecture.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">7 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Phelps's Practical Marine Surveying.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Powell's Army Officer's Examiner.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Sharpe's Art of Subsisting Armies in War.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">18mo, morocco,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Tupes and Poole's Manual of Bayonet Exercises and Musketry Fencing.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">24mo, leather,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Weaver's Military Explosives.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Wheeler's Siege Operations and Military Mining.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Winthrop's Abridgment of Military Law.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Woodhull's Notes on Military Hygiene.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">16mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Young's Simple Elements of Navigation.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">16mo, morocco,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p class="center"><big>ASSAYING.</big></p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="ASSAYING books"> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Fletcher's Practical Instructions in Quantitative Assaying with the Blowpipe.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo, morocco,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"> 1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Furman's Manual of Practical Assaying.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Lodge's Notes on Assaying and Metallurgical Laboratory Experiments.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Low's Technical Methods of Ore Analysis.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Miller's Manual of Assaying.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Cyanide Process.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Minet's Production of Aluminum and its Industrial Use. (Waldo.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">O'Driscoll's Notes on the Treatment of Gold Ores.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Ricketts and Miller's Notes on Assaying.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Robine and Lenglen's Cyanide Industry. (Le Clerc.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Ulke's Modern Electrolytic Copper Refining.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Wilson's Cyanide Processes.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Chlorination Process.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p class="center"><big>ASTRONOMY.</big></p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="ASTRONOMY books"> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Comstock's Field Astronomy for Engineers.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"> 2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Craig's Azimuth.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4to,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Crandall's Text-book on Geodesy and Least Squares.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Doolittle's Treatise on Practical Astronomy.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Gore's Elements of Geodesy.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Hayford's Text-book of Geodetic Astronomy.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Merriman's Elements of Precise Surveying and Geodesy.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Michie and Harlow's Practical Astronomy.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* White's Elements of Theoretical and Descriptive Astronomy.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Catalogue_4" id="Catalogue_4">[4]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><big>BOTANY.</big></p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="BOTANY books"> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Davenport's Statistical Methods, with Special Reference to Biological Variation.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">16mo, morocco,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"> 1 25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Thomé and Bennett's Structural and Physiological Botany.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">16mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Westermaier's Compendium of General Botany. (Schneider.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p class="center"><big>CHEMISTRY.</big></p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="CHEMISTRY books"> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Abegg's Theory of Electrolytic Dissociation. (Von Ende.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"> 1 25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Adriance's Laboratory Calculations and Specific Gravity Tables.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Alexeyeff's General Principles of Organic Synthesis. (Matthews.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Allen's Tables for Iron Analysis.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Arnold's Compendium of Chemistry. (Mandel.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Small 8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Austen's Notes for Chemical Students.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Beard's Mine Gases and Explosions. (In Press.)</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Bernadou's Smokeless Powder.—Nitro-cellulose, and Theory of the Cellulose Molecule.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Bolduan's Immune Sera.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Browning's Introduction to the Rarer Elements.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Brush and Penfield's Manual of Determinative Mineralogy.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Claassen's Beet-sugar Manufacture. (Hall and Rolfe.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Classen's Quantitative Chemical Analysis by Electrolysis. (Boltwood.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Cohn's Indicators and Test-papers.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Tests and Reagents.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Crafts's Short Course in Qualitative Chemical Analysis. (Schaeffer.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Danneel's Electrochemistry. (Merriam.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Dolezalek's Theory of the Lead Accumulator (Storage Battery). (Von Ende.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Drechsel's Chemical Reactions. (Merrill.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Duhem's Thermodynamics and Chemistry. (Burgess.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Eissler's Modern High Explosives.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Effront's Enzymes and their Applications. (Prescott.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Erdmann's Introduction to Chemical Preparations. (Dunlap.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Fischer's Physiology of Alimentation.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Large 12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Fletcher's Practical Instructions in Quantitative Assaying with the Blowpipe.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo, morocco,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Fowler's Sewage Works Analyses.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Fresenius's Manual of Qualitative Chemical Analysis. (Wells.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Manual of Qualitative Chemical Analysis. Part I. Descriptive. (Wells.)</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Quantitative Chemical Analysis. (Cohn.) 2 vols.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"> 12 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Fuertes's Water and Public Health.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Furman's Manual of Practical Assaying.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Getman's Exercises in Physical Chemistry.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Gill's Gas and Fuel Analysis for Engineers.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Gooch and Browning's Outlines of Qualitative Chemical Analysis.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Small 8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Grotenfelt's Principles of Modern Dairy Practice. (Woll.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Groth's Introduction to Chemical Crystallography. (Marshall.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Hammarsten's Text-book of Physiological Chemistry. (Mandel.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Hanausek's Microscopy of Technical Products. (Winton.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Haskin's and MacLeod's Organic Chemistry.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Helm's Principles of Mathematical Chemistry. (Morgan.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Hering's Ready Reference Tables (Conversion Factors.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">16mo, morocco,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Herrick's Denatured or Industrial Alcohol.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Hind's Inorganic Chemistry.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Laboratory Manual for Students.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Holleman's Text-book of Inorganic Chemistry. (Cooper.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Text-book of Organic Chemistry. (Walker and Mott.)</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Laboratory Manual of Organic Chemistry. (Walker.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Catalogue_5" id="Catalogue_5">[5]</a></span>Holley and Ladd's Analysis of Mixed Paints, Color Pigments, and Varnishes. (In Press.)</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Hopkins's Oil-chemists' Handbook.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Iddings's Rock Minerals.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Jackson's Directions for Laboratory Work in Physiological Chemistry.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Johannsen's Key for the Determination of Rock-forming Minerals in Thin Sections. (In Press.)</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Keep's Cast Iron.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Ladd's Manual of Quantitative Chemical Analysis.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Landauer's Spectrum Analysis. (Tingle.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Langworthy and Austen. The Occurrence of Aluminium in Vegetable Products, Animal Products, and Natural Waters.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Lassar-Cohn's Application of Some General Reactions to Investigations in Organic Chemistry. (Tingle.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Leach's The Inspection and Analysis of Food with Special Reference to State Control.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">7 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Löb's Electrochemistry of Organic Compounds. (Lorenz.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Lodge's Notes on Assaying and Metallurgical Laboratory Experiments.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Low's Technical Method of Ore Analysis.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Lunge's Techno-chemical Analysis. (Cohn.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* McKay and Larsen's Principles and Practice of Butter-making.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Maire's Modern Pigments and their Vehicles. (In Press.)</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Mandel's Handbook for Bio-chemical Laboratory.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Martin's Laboratory Guide to Qualitative Analysis with the Blowpipe.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">60</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Mason's Water-supply. (Considered Principally from a Sanitary Standpoint.) 3d Edition, Rewritten.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Examination of Water. (Chemical and Bacteriological.)</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Matthews's The Textile Fibres. 2d Edition, Rewritten.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Meyer's Determination of Radicles in Carbon Compounds. (Tingle.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Miller's Manual of Assaying.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Cyanide Process.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Minet's Production of Aluminum and its Industrial Use. (Waldo.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Mixter's Elementary Text-book of Chemistry.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Morgan's An Outline of the Theory of Solutions and its Results.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Elements of Physical Chemistry.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Physical Chemistry for Electrical Engineers.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Morse's Calculations used in Cane-sugar Factories.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">16mo, morocco,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Muir's History of Chemical Theories and Laws.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Mulliken's General Method for the Identification of Pure Organic Compounds. Vol. I.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Large 8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">O'Driscoll's Notes on the Treatment of Gold Ores.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Ostwald's Conversations on Chemistry. Part One. (Ramsey.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="visibility:hidden;">Ostw</span>"<span style="visibility:hidden;">ld's Convers</span>"<span style="visibility:hidden;">tions o</span>"<span style="visibility:hidden;"> Chem</span>"<span style="visibility:hidden;">istry. </span> Part Two. (Turnbull.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Palmer's Practical Test Book of Chemistry.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Pauli's Physical Chemistry in the Service of Medicine. (Fischer.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Penfield's Notes on Determinative Mineralogy and Record of Mineral Tests.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo, paper,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Pictet's The Alkaloids and their Chemical Constitution. (Biddle.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Pinner's Introduction to Organic Chemistry. (Austen.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Poole's Calorific Power of Fuels.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Prescott and Winslow's Elements of Water Bacteriology, with Special Reference to Sanitary Water Analysis.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Reisig's Guide to Piece-dyeing.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">25 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Richards and Woodman's Air, Water, and Food from a Sanitary Standpoint.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Ricketts and Miller's Notes on Assaying.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Rideal's Sewage and the Bacterial Purification of Sewage.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Disinfection and the Preservation of Food.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Riggs's Elementary Manual for the Chemical Laboratory.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Robine and Lenglen's Cyanide Industry. (Le Clerc.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Catalogue_6" id="Catalogue_6">[6]</a></span>Ruddiman's Incompatibilities in Prescriptions.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Whys in Pharmacy.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Sabin's Industrial and Artistic Technology of Paints and Varnish.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Salkowski's Physiological and Pathological Chemistry. (Orndorff.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Schimpf's Text-book of Volumetric Analysis.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Essentials of Volumetric Analysis.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Qualitative Chemical Analysis.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Smith's Lecture Notes on Chemistry for Dental Students.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Spencer's Handbook for Chemists of Beet-sugar Houses.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">16mo, morocco,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Handbook for Cane Sugar Manufacturers.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">16mo, morocco,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Stockbridge's Rocks and Soils.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Tillman's Elementary Lessons in Heat.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Descriptive General Chemistry.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Treadwell's Qualitative Analysis. (Hall.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Quantitative Analysis. (Hall.)</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Turneaure and Russell's Public Water-supplies.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Van Deventer's Physical Chemistry for Beginners. (Boltwood.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Walke's Lectures on Explosives.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Ware's Beet-sugar Manufacture and Refining. Vol. I.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Small 8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="visibility:hidden;">Wa</span>"<span style="visibility:hidden;">e's Beet</span>"<span style="visibility:hidden;">sugar Manua</span>"<span style="visibility:hidden;">cture a</span>"<span style="visibility:hidden;">d Refn</span>"<span style="visibility:hidden;">ing. </span>Vol. II.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Small 8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Washington's Manual of the Chemical Analysis of Rocks.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Weaver's Military Explosives.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Wehrenfennig's Analysis and Softening of Boiler Feed-Water.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Wells's Laboratory Guide in Qualitative Chemical Analysis.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Short Course in Inorganic Qualitative Chemical Analysis for Engineering Students.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Text-book of Chemical Arithmetic.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Whipple's Microscopy of Drinking-water.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Wilson's Cyanide Processes.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Chlorination Process.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Winton's Microscopy of Vegetable Foods.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">7 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Wulling's Elementary Course in Inorganic, Pharmaceutical, and Medical Chemistry.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p class="center"><big>CIVIL ENGINEERING.</big></p> + + +<p class="center">BRIDGES AND ROOFS. HYDRAULICS. MATERIALS OF ENGINEERING. +RAILWAY ENGINEERING.</p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="CIVIL ENGINEERING books"> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Baker's Engineers' Surveying Instruments.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"> 3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Bixby's Graphical Computing Table.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Paper 19<span class="fraction"><span>1</span><span>2</span></span> × 24<span class="fraction"><span>1</span><span>4</span></span> inches,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Breed and Hosmer's Principles and Practice of Surveying.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Burr's Ancient and Modern Engineering and the Isthmian Canal.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Comstock's Field Astronomy for Engineers.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Corthell's Allowable Pressures on Deep Foundations.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Crandall's Text-book on Geodesy and Least Squares.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Davis's Elevation and Stadia Tables.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Elliott's Engineering for Land Drainage.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Practical Farm Drainage.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Fiebeger's Treatise on Civil Engineering.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Flemer's Phototopographic Methods and Instruments.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Folwell's Sewerage. (Designing and Maintenance.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Freitag's Architectural Engineering. 2d Edition, Rewritten.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">French and Ives's Stereotomy.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Goodhue's Municipal Improvements.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Gore's Elements of Geodesy.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Hauch and Rice's Tables of Quantities for Preliminary Estimates.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Hayford's Text-book of Geodetic Astronomy.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Catalogue_7" id="Catalogue_7">[7]</a></span>Hering's Ready Reference Tables (Conversion Factors).</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">16mo, morocco,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Howe's Retaining Walls for Earth.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Hoyt and Grover's River Discharge.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Ives's Adjustments of the Engineer's Transit and Level.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">16mo, Bds.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Ives and Hilts's Problems in Surveying.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">16mo, morocco,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Johnson's (J. B.) Theory and Practice of Surveying.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Small 8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Johnson's (L. J.) Statics by Algebraic and Graphic Methods.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Laplace's Philosophical Essay on Probabilities. (Truscott and Emory.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Mahan's Treatise on Civil Engineering. (1873.) (Wood.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Descriptive Geometry.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Merriman's Elements of Precise Surveying and Geodesy.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Merriman and Brooks's Handbook for Surveyors.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">16mo, morocco,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Nugent's Plane Surveying.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Ogden's Sewer Design.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Parsons's Disposal of Municipal Refuse.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Patton's Treatise on Civil Engineering.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo half leather,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">7 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Reed's Topographical Drawing and Sketching.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4to,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Rideal's Sewage and the Bacterial Purification of Sewage.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Riemer's Shaft-sinking under Difficult Conditions. (Corning and Peele.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Siebert and Biggin's Modern Stone-cutting and Masonry.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Smith's Manual of Topographical Drawing. (McMillan.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Sondericker's Graphic Statics, with Applications to Trusses, Beams, and Arches.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Taylor and Thompson's Treatise on Concrete, Plain and Reinforced.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Tracy's Plane Surveying.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">16mo, morocco,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Trautwine's Civil Engineer's Pocket-book.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">16mo, morocco,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Venable's Garbage Crematories in America.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Wait's Engineering and Architectural Jurisprudence.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">6 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Sheep,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">6 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Law of Operations Preliminary to Construction in Engineering and Architecture.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Sheep,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Law of Contracts.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Warren's Stereotomy—Problems in Stone-cutting.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Webb's Problems in the Use and Adjustment of Engineering Instruments.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">16mo, morocco,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Wilson's Topographic Surveying.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 50</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p class="center"><big>BRIDGES AND ROOFS.</big></p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="BRIDGES AND ROOFS books"> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Boller's Practical Treatise on the Construction of Iron Highway Bridges.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Burr and Falk's Influence Lines for Bridge and Roof Computations.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Design and Construction of Metallic Bridges.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Du Bois's Mechanics of Engineering. Vol. II.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Small 4to,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"> 10 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Foster's Treatise on Wooden Trestle Bridges.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4to,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Fowler's Ordinary Foundations.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Greene's Roof Trusses.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Bridge Trusses.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Arches in Wood, Iron, and Stone.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Grimm's Secondary Stresses in Bridge Trusses. (In Press.)</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Howe's Treatise on Arches.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Design of Simple Roof-trusses in Wood and Steel.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Symmetrical Masonry Arches.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Johnson, Bryan, and Turneaure's Theory and Practice in the Designing of Modern Framed Structures.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Small 4to,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">10 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Merriman and Jacoby's Text-book on Roofs and Bridges:</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Part I. Stresses in Simple Trusses.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Part II. Graphic Statics.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Part III. Bridge Design.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Part IV. Higher Structures.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Catalogue_8" id="Catalogue_8">[8]</a></span>Morison's Memphis Bridge.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4to,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">10 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Waddell's De Pontibus, a Pocket-book for Bridge Engineers.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">16mo, morocco,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Specifications for Steel Bridges.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Wright's Designing of Draw-spans. Two parts in one volume.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 50</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p class="center"><big>HYDRAULICS.</big></p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="HYDRAULICS books"> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Barnes's Ice Formation.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"> 3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Bazin's Experiments upon the Contraction of the Liquid Vein Issuing from an Orifice. (Trautwine.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Bovey's Treatise on Hydraulics.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Church's Mechanics of Engineering.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">6 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Diagrams of Mean Velocity of Water in Open Channels.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">paper,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Hydraulic Motors.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Coffin's Graphical Solution of Hydraulic Problems.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">16mo, morocco,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Flather's Dynamometers, and the Measurement of Power.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Folwell's Water-supply Engineering.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Frizell's Water-power.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Fuertes's Water and Public Health.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Water-filtration Works.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Ganguillet and Kutter's General Formula for the Uniform Flow of Water in Rivers and Other Channels. (Hering and Trautwine.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Hazen's Clean Water and How to Get It.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Large 12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Filtration of Public Water-supply.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Hazlehurst's Towers and Tanks for Water-works.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Herschel's 115 Experiments on the Carrying Capacity of Large, Riveted, Metal Conduits.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Hubbard and Kiersted's Water-works Management and Maintenance.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Mason's Water-supply. (Considered Principally from a Sanitary Standpoint.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Merriman's Treatise on Hydraulics.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Michie's Elements of Analytical Mechanics.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Schuyler's Reservoirs for Irrigation, Water-power, and Domestic Water-supply</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Large 8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Thomas and Watt's Improvement of Rivers.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4to,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">6 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Turneaure and Russell's Public Water-supplies.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Wegmann's Design and Construction of Dams. 5th Edition, enlarged.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4to,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">6 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Water-supply of the City of New York from 1658 to 1895.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4to,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"> 10 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Whipple's Value of Pure Water.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Large 12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Williams and Hazen's Hydraulic Tables.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Wilson's Irrigation Engineering.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Small 8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Wolff's Windmill as a Prime Mover.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Wood's Turbines.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Elements of Analytical Mechanics.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p class="center"><big>MATERIALS OF ENGINEERING.</big></p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="MATERIALS OF ENGINEERING books"> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Baker's Treatise on Masonry Construction.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"> 5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Roads and Pavements.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Black's United States Public Works.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Oblong 4to,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Bovey's Strength of Materials and Theory of Structures.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">7 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Burr's Elasticity and Resistance of the Materials of Engineering.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">7 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Byrne's Highway Construction.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Inspection of the Materials and Workmanship Employed in Construction.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">16mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Church's Mechanics of Engineering.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">6 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Du Bois's Mechanics of Engineering. Vol. I.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Small 4to,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">7 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Eckel's Cements, Limes, and Plasters.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">6 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Catalogue_9" id="Catalogue_9">[9]</a></span>Johnson's Materials of Construction.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Large 8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">6 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Fowler's Ordinary Foundations.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Graves's Forest Mensuration.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Greene's Structural Mechanics.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Keep's Cast Iron.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Lanza's Applied Mechanics.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">7 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Martens's Handbook on Testing Materials. (Henning.) 2 vols.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">7 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Maurer's Technical Mechanics.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Merrill's Stones for Building and Decoration.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Merriman's Mechanics of Materials.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Strength of Materials.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Metcalf's Steel. A Manual for Steel-users.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Patron's Practical Treatise on Foundations.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Richardson's Modern Asphalt Pavements.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Richey's Handbook for Superintendents of Construction.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">16mo, mor.,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Ries's Clays; Their Occurrence, Properties, and Uses.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Rockwell's Roads and Pavements in France.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Sabin's Industrial and Artistic Technology of Paints and Varnish.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Schwarz's Longleaf Pine in Virgin Forest.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Smith's Materials of Machines.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Snow's Principal Species of Wood.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Spalding's Hydraulic Cement.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Text-book on Roads and Pavements.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Taylor and Thompson's Treatise on Concrete, Plain and Reinforced.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Thurston's Materials of Engineering. 3 Parts.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Part I. Non-metallic Materials of Engineering and Metallurgy.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Part II. Iron and Steel.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Part III. A Treatise on Brasses, Bronzes, and Other Alloys and their Constituents.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Tillson's Street Pavements and Paving Materials.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Turneaure and Maurer's Principles of Reinforced Concrete</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 3em;">Construction.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Waddell's De Pontibus. (A Pocket-book for Bridge Engineers.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">16mo, mor.,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Specifications for Steel Bridges.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Wood's (De V.) Treatise on the Resistance of Materials, and an Appendix on the Preservation of Timber.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Wood's (De V.) Elements of Analytical Mechanics.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Wood's (M. P.) Rustless Coatings: Corrosion and Electrolysis of Iron and Steel.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p class="center"><big>RAILWAY ENGINEERING.</big></p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="RAILWAY ENGINEERING books"> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Andrew's Handbook for Street Railway Engineers.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3x5 inches, morocco,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"> 1 25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Berg's Buildings and Structures of American Railroads.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4to,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Brook's Handbook of Street Railroad Location.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">16mo, morocco,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Butt's Civil Engineer's Field-book.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">16mo, morocco,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Crandall's Transition Curve.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">16mo, morocco,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Railway and Other Earthwork Tables.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Crookett's Methods for Earthwork Computations. (In Press)</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Dawson's "Engineering" and Electric Traction Pocket-book.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">16mo, morocco,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Dredge's History of the Pennsylvania Railroad: (1879).</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Paper,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Fisher's Table of Cubic Yards.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Cardboard,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Godwin's Railroad Engineers' Field-book and Explorers' Guide.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">16mo, mor.,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Hudson's Tables for Calculating the Cubic Contents of Excavations and Embankments.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Molitor and Beard's Manual for Resident Engineers.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">16mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Nagle's Field Manual for Railroad Engineers.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">16mo, morocco,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Philbrick's Field Manual for Engineers.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">16mo, morocco,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Raymond's Elements of Railroad Engineering. (In Press.)</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Catalogue_10" id="Catalogue_10">[10]</a></span>Searles's Field Engineering.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">16mo, morocco,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Railroad Spiral.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">16mo, morocco,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Taylor's Prismoidal Formulæ and Earthwork.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Trautwine's Method of Calculating the Cube Contents of Excavations and Embankments by the Aid of Diagrams.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">The Field Practice of Laying Out Circular Curves for Railroads.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo, morocco,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Cross-section Sheet.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Paper,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Webb's Railroad Construction.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">16mo, morocco,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Economics of Railroad Construction.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Large 12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Wellington's Economic Theory of the Location of Railways.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Small 8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p class="center"><big>DRAWING.</big></p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="DRAWING books"> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Barr's Kinematics of Machinery.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"> 2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Bartlett's Mechanical Drawing.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">*<span style="visibility:hidden;"> Bart</span>"<span style="visibility:hidden;">ett's Mecha</span>"<span style="visibility:hidden;">ical Draw</span>"<span style="visibility:hidden;">ing. </span>Abridged Ed.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Coolidge's Manual of Drawing.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo, paper,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Coolidge and Freeman's Elements of General Drafting for Mechanical Engineers.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Oblong 4to,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Durley's Kinematics of Machines.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Emch's Introduction to Projective Geometry and its Applications.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Hill's Text-book on Shades and Shadows, and Perspective.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Jamison's Elements of Mechanical Drawing.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Advanced Mechanical Drawing.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Jones's Machine Design:</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Part I. Kinematics of Machinery.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Part II. Form, Strength, and Proportions of Parts.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">MacCord's Elements of Descriptive Geometry.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Kinematics; or, Practical Mechanism.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Mechanical Drawing.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4to,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Velocity Diagrams.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">MacLeod's Descriptive Geometry.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Small 8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Mahan's Descriptive Geometry and Stone-cutting.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Industrial Drawing. (Thompson.)</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Moyer's Descriptive Geometry.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Reed's Topographical Drawing and Sketching.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4to,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Reid's Course in Mechanical Drawing.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Text-book of Mechanical Drawing and Elementary Machine Design.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Robinson's Principles of Mechanism.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Schwamb and Merrill's Elements of Mechanism.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Smith's (R. S.) Manual of Topographical Drawing. (McMillan.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Smith (A. W.) and Marx's Machine Design.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Titsworth's Elements of Mechanical Drawing.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Oblong 8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Warren's Elements of Plane and Solid Free-hand Geometrical Drawing.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Drafting Instruments and Operations.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Manual of Elementary Projection Drawing.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Manual of Elementary Problems in the Linear Perspective of Form and Shadow.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Plane Problems in Elementary Geometry.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Elements of Descriptive Geometry, Shadows, and Perspective.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">General Problems of Shades and Shadows.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Elements of Machine Construction and Drawing.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">7 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Problems, Theorems, and Examples in Descriptive Geometry.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Weisbach's Kinematics and Power of Transmission. (Herrmann and Klein.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Whelpley's Practical Instruction in the Art of Letter Engraving.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Wilson's (H. M.) Topographic Surveying.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Catalogue_11" id="Catalogue_11">[11]</a></span>Wilson's (V. T.) Free-hand Perspective.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Wilson's (V. T.) Free-hand Lettering.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Woolf's Elementary Course in Descriptive Geometry.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Large 8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p class="center"><big>ELECTRICITY AND PHYSICS.</big></p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="ELECTRICITY AND PHYSICS books"> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Abegg's Theory of Electrolytic Dissociation. (Von Ende.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Anthony and Brackett's Text-book of Physics. (Magie.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Small 8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Anthony's Lecture-notes on the Theory of Electrical Measurements.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Benjamin's History of Electricity.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Voltaic Cell.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Betts's Lead Refining and Electrolysis. (In Press.)</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Classen's Quantitative Chemical Analysis by Electrolysis. (Boltwood.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Collins's Manual of Wireless Telegraphy.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Morocco,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Crehore and Squier's Polarizing Photo-chronograph.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Danneel's Electrochemistry. (Merriam.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Dawson's "Engineering" and Electric Traction Pocket-book.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">16mo, morocco,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Dolezalek's Theory of the Lead Accumulator (Storage Battery). (Von Ende.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Duhem's Thermodynamics and Chemistry. (Burgess.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Flather's Dynamometers, and the Measurement of Power.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Gilbert's De Magnete. (Mottelay.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Hanchett's Alternating Currents Explained.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Hering's Ready Reference Tables (Conversion Factors).</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">16mo, morocco,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Hobart and Ellis's High-speed Dynamo Electric Machinery. (In Press.)</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Holman's Precision of Measurements.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Telescopic Mirror-scale Method, Adjustments, and Tests.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Large 8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">75</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Karapetoff's Experimental Electrical Engineering. (In Press.)</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Kinzbrunner's Testing of Continuous-current Machines.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Landauer's Spectrum Analysis. (Tingle.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Le Chatelier's High-temperature Measurements. (Boudouard—Burgess.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Löb's Electrochemistry of Organic Compounds. (Lorenz.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Lyons's Treatise on Electromagnetic Phenomena. Vols. I. and II.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo, each,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">6 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Michie's Elements of Wave Motion Relating to Sound and Light.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Niaudet's Elementary Treatise on Electric Batteries. (Fishback.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Norris's Introduction to the Study of Electrical Engineering. (In Press.)</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Parshall and Hobart's Electric Machine Design.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4to, half morocco,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"> 12 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Reagan's Locomotives: Simple, Compound, and Electric. New Edition.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Large 12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Rosenberg's Electrical Engineering. (Haldane Gee—Kinzbrunner.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Ryan, Norris, and Hoxie's Electrical Machinery. Vol. I.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Thurston's Stationary Steam-engines.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Tillman's Elementary Lessons in Heat.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Tory and Pitcher's Manual of Laboratory Physics.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Small 8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Ulke's Modern Electrolytic Copper Refining.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p class="center"><big>LAW.</big></p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="LAW books"> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Davis's Elements of Law.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"> 2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Treatise on the Military Law of United States.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">7 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">*</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Sheep,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">7 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Dudley's Military Law and the Procedure of Courts-martial.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Large 12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Manual for Courts-martial.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">16mo, morocco,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Wait's Engineering and Architectural Jurisprudence.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">6 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Sheep,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">6 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Law of Operations Preliminary to Construction in Engineering and Architecture.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Sheep,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Law of Contracts.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Winthrop's Abridgment of Military Law.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Catalogue_12" id="Catalogue_12">[12]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><big>MANUFACTURES.</big></p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="MANUFACTURES books"> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Bernadou's Smokeless Powder—Nitro-cellulose and Theory of the Cellulose Molecule.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"> 2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Bolland's Iron Founder.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">"The Iron Founder," Supplement.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Encyclopedia of Founding and Dictionary of Foundry Terms Used in the Practice of Moulding.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Claassen's Beet-sugar Manufacture. (Hall and Rolfe.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Eckel's Cements, Limes, and Plasters.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">6 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Eissler's Modern High Explosives.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Effront's Enzymes and their Applications. (Prescott.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Fitzgerald's Boston Machinist.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Ford's Boiler Making for Boiler Makers.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">18mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Herrick's Denatured or Industrial Alcohol.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Holley and Ladd's Analysis of Mixed Paints, Color Pigments, and Varnishes. (In Press.)</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Hopkins's Oil-chemists' Handbook.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Keep's Cast Iron.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Leach's The Inspection and Analysis of Food with Special Reference to State Control.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Large 8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">7 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* McKay and Larsen's Principles and Practice of Butter-making.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Maire's Modern Pigments and their Vehicles. (In Press.)</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Matthews's The Textile Fibres. 2d Edition, Rewritten.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Metcalf's Steel. A Manual for Steel-users.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Metcalfe's Cost of Manufactures—And the Administration of Workshops.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Meyer's Modern Locomotive Construction.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4to,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">10 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Morse's Calculations used in Cane-sugar Factories.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">16mo, morocco,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Reisig's Guide to Piece-dyeing.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"> 25 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Rice's Concrete-block Manufacture.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Sabin's Industrial and Artistic Technology of Paints and Varnish.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Smith's Press-working of Metals.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Spalding's Hydraulic Cement.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Spencer's Handbook for Chemists of Beet-sugar Houses.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">16mo, morocco,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Handbook for Cane Sugar Manufacturers.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">16mo, morocco,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Taylor and Thompson's Treatise on Concrete, Plain and Reinforced.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Thurston's Manual of Steam-boilers, their Designs, Construction and Operation.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Ware's Beet-sugar Manufacture and Refining. Vol. I.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Small 8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="visibility:hidden;">Wa</span>"<span style="visibility:hidden;">e's Beet</span>"<span style="visibility:hidden;">sugar Manu</span>"<span style="visibility:hidden;">acture a</span>"<span style="visibility:hidden;">d Refin</span>"<span style="visibility:hidden;">ng. </span>Vol. II.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Weaver's Military Explosives.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">West's American Foundry Practice.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Moulder's Text-book.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Wolff's Windmill as a Prime Mover.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Wood's Rustless Coatings: Corrosion and Electrolysis of Iron and Steel.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p class="center"><big>MATHEMATICS.</big></p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="MATHEMATICS books"> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Baker's Elliptic Functions.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"> 1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Briggs's Elements of Plane Analytic Geometry.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Buchanan's Plane and Spherical Trigonometry. (In Press.)</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Compton's Manual of Logarithmic Computations.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Davis's Introduction to the Logic of Algebra.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Dickson's College Algebra.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Large 12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Introduction to the Theory of Algebraic Equations.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Large 12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Emch's Introduction to Projective Geometry and its Applications.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Halsted's Elements of Geometry.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 75</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Elementary Synthetic Geometry.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Rational Geometry.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Catalogue_13" id="Catalogue_13">[13]</a></span>* Johnson's (J. B.) Three-place Logarithmic Tables: Vest-pocket size paper,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"> </td><td align="right" valign="bottom">15</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">100 copies for</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Mounted on heavy cardboard, 8 × 10 inches,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">10 copies for</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Johnson's (W. W.) Elementary Treatise on Differential Calculus.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Small 8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Elementary Treatise on the Integral Calculus.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Small 8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Johnson's (W. W.) Curve Tracing in Cartesian Co-ordinates.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Johnson's (W. W.) Treatise on Ordinary and Partial Differential Equations.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Small 8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Johnson's Treatise on the Integral Calculus.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Small 8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Johnson's (W. W.) Theory of Errors and the Method of Least Squares.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Johnson's (W. W.) Theoretical Mechanics.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Laplace's Philosophical Essay on Probabilities. (Truscott and Emory.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Ludlow and Bass. Elements of Trigonometry and Logarithmic and Other Tables.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Trigonometry and Tables published separately.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Each,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Ludlow's Logarithmic and Trigonometric Tables.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Manning's Irrational Numbers and their Representation by Sequences and Series</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Mathematical Monographs. Edited by Mansfield Merriman and Robert S. Woodward.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Octavo, each</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<blockquote> + +<p>No. 1. History of Modern Mathematics, by David Eugene Smith. +No. 2. Synthetic Projective Geometry, by George Bruce Halsted. +No. 3. Determinants, by Laenas Gifford Weld. No. 4. Hyperbolic +Functions, by James McMahon. No. 5. Harmonic Functions, +by William E. Byerly. No. 6. Grassmann's Space Analysis, +by Edward W. Hyde. No. 7. Probability and Theory of Errors, +by Robert S. Woodward. No. 8. Vector Analysis and Quaternions, +by Alexander Macfarlane. No. 9. Differential Equations, by +William Woolsey Johnson. No. 10. The Solution of Equations, +by Mansfield Merriman. No. 11. Functions of a Complex Variable, +by Thomas S. Fiske.</p></blockquote> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="MATHEMATICS books (continued)"> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Maurer's Technical Mechanics.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"> 4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Merriman's Method of Least Squares.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Rice and Johnson's Elementary Treatise on the Differential Calculus.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Sm. 8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Differential and Integral Calculus. 2 vols. in one.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Small 8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Veblen and Lennes's Introduction to the Real Infinitesimal Analysis of One Variable.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Wood's Elements of Co-ordinate Geometry.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Trigonometry: Analytical, Plane, and Spherical.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p class="center"><big>MECHANICAL ENGINEERING.</big></p> + +<p class="center">MATERIALS OF ENGINEERING, STEAM-ENGINES AND BOILERS.</p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="MATERIALS OF ENGINEERING, STEAM-ENGINES AND BOILERS books"> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Bacon's Forge Practice.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"> 1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Baldwin's Steam Heating for Buildings.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Barr's Kinematics of Machinery.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Bartlett's Mechanical Drawing.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">*<span style="visibility:hidden;"> Bart</span>"<span style="visibility:hidden;">ett's Mech</span>"<span style="visibility:hidden;">ancal Dra</span>"<span style="visibility:hidden;">wng. </span>Abridged Ed.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Benjamin's Wrinkles and Recipes.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Carpenter's Experimental Engineering.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">6 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Heating and Ventilating Buildings.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Clerk's Gas and Oil Engine.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Small 8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Coolidge's Manual of Drawing.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo, paper,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Coolidge and Freeman's Elements of General Drafting for Mechanical Engineers.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Oblong 4to,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Cromwell's Treatise on Toothed Gearing.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Treatise on Belts and Pulleys.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Catalogue_14" id="Catalogue_14">[14]</a></span>Durley's Kinematics of Machines.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Flather's Dynamometers and the Measurement of Power.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Rope Driving.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Gill's Gas and Fuel Analysis for Engineers.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Hall's Car Lubrication.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Hering's Ready Reference Tables (Conversion Factors).</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">16mo, morocco,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Hutton's The Gas Engine.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Jamison's Mechanical Drawing.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Jones's Machine Design:</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Part I. Kinematics of Machinery.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Part II. Form, Strength, and Proportions of Parts.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Kent's Mechanical Engineers' Pocket-book.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">16mo, morocco,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Kerr's Power and Power Transmission.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Leonard's Machine Shop, Tools, and Methods.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Lorenz's Modern Refrigerating Machinery. (Pope, Haven, and Dean.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">MacCord's Kinematics; or, Practical Mechanism.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Mechanical Drawing.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4to,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Velocity Diagrams.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">MacFarland's Standard Reduction Factors for Gases.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Mahan's Industrial Drawing. (Thompson.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Poole's Calorific Power of Fuels.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Reid's Course in Mechanical Drawing.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Text-book of Mechanical Drawing and Elementary Machine Design.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Richards's Compressed Air.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Robinson's Principles of Mechanism.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Schwamb and Merrill's Elements of Mechanism.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Smith's (O.) Press-working of Metals.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Smith (A. W.) and Marx's Machine Design.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Thurston's Treatise on Friction and Lost Work in Machinery and Mill Work.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Animal as a Machine and Prime Motor, and the Laws of Energetics.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Tillson's Complete Automobile Instructor.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">16mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Morocco,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Warren's Elements of Machine Construction and Drawing.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">7 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Weisbach's Kinematics and the Power of Transmission. (Herrmann—Klein.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Machinery of Transmission and Governors. (Herrmann—Klein.)</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Wolff's Windmill as a Prime Mover.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Wood's Turbines.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p class="center"><big>MATERIALS OF ENGINEERING.</big></p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="MATERIALS OF ENGINEERING books"> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Bovey's Strength of Materials and Theory of Structures.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"> 7 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Burr's Elasticity and Resistance of the Materials of Engineering. 6th Edition. Reset.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">7 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Church's Mechanics of Engineering.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">6 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Greene's Structural Mechanics.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Johnson's Materials of Construction.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">6 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Keep's Cast Iron.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Lanza's Applied Mechanics.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">7 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Martens's Handbook on Testing Materials. (Henning.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">7 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Maurer's Technical Mechanics.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Merriman's Mechanics of Materials.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Strength of Materials</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Metcalf's Steel. A Manual for Steel-users.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Sabin's Industrial and Artistic Technology of Paints and Varnish.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Smith's Materials of Machines.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Thurston's Materials of Engineering.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 vols., 8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Part II. Iron and Steel.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Part III. A Treatise on Brasses, Bronzes, and Other Alloys and their Constituents.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Catalogue_15" id="Catalogue_15">[15]</a></span>Wood's (De V.) Treatise on the Resistance of Materials and an Appendix on the Preservation of Timber.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Elements of Analytical Mechanics.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Wood's (M. P.) Rustless Coatings: Corrosion and Electrolysis of Iron and Steel.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p class="center"><big>STEAM-ENGINES AND BOILERS.</big></p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="STEAM-ENGINES AND BOILERS books"> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Berry's Temperature-entropy Diagram.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Carnot's Reflections on the Motive Power of Heat. (Thurston.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Creighton's Steam-engine and other Heat-motors.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Dawson's "Engineering" and Electric Traction Pocket-book.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">16mo, mor.,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Ford's Boiler Making for Boiler Makers.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">18mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Goss's Locomotive Sparks.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Locomotive Performance.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Hemenway's Indicator Practice and Steam-engine Economy.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Hutton's Mechanical Engineering of Power Plants.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Heat and Heat-engines.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Kent's Steam boiler Economy.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Kneass's Practice and Theory of the Injector.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">MacCord's Slide-valves.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Meyer's Modern Locomotive Construction.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4to,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">10 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Peabody's Manual of the Steam-engine Indicator.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Tables of the Properties of Saturated Steam and Other Vapors.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Thermodynamics of the Steam-engine and Other Heat-engines.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Valve-gears for Steam-engines.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Peabody and Miller's Steam-boilers.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Pray's Twenty Years with the Indicator.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Large 8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Pupin's Thermodynamics of Reversible Cycles in Gases and Saturated Vapors. (Osterberg.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Reagan's Locomotives: Simple, Compound, and Electric. New Edition.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Large 12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Sinclair's Locomotive Engine Running and Management.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Smart's Handbook of Engineering Laboratory Practice.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Snow's Steam-boiler Practice.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Spangler's Valve-gears.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Notes on Thermodynamics.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Spangler, Greene, and Marshall's Elements of Steam-engineering.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Thomas's Steam-turbines.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Thurston's Handy Tables.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Manual of the Steam-engine.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 vols., 8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"> 10 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Part I. History, Structure, and Theory.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">6 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Part II. Design, Construction, and Operation.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">6 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Handbook of Engine and Boiler Trials, and the Use of the Indicator and the Prony Brake.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Stationary Steam-engines.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Steam-boiler Explosions in Theory and in Practice.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Manual of Steam-boilers, their Designs, Construction, and Operation.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Wehrenfennig's Analysis and Softening of Boiler Feed-water. (Patterson.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Weisbach's Heat, Steam, and Steam-engines. (Du Bois.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Whitham's Steam-engine Design.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Wood's Thermodynamics, Heat Motors, and Refrigerating Machines.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p class="center"><big>MECHANICS AND MACHINERY.</big></p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="MECHANICS AND MACHINERY books"> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Barr's Kinematics of Machinery.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Bovey's Strength of Materials and Theory of Structures.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">7 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Chase's The Art of Pattern-making.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Catalogue_16" id="Catalogue_16">[16]</a></span>Church's Mechanics of Engineering.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">6 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Notes and Examples in Mechanics.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Compton's First Lessons in Metal-working.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Compton and De Groodt's The Speed Lathe.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Cromwell's Treatise on Toothed Gearing.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Treatise on Belts and Pulleys.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Dana's Text-book of Elementary Mechanics for Colleges and Schools.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Dingey's Machinery Pattern Making.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Dredge's Record of the Transportation Exhibits Building of the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4to, half morocco,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Du Bois's Elementary Principles of Mechanics:</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Vol. I. Kinematics.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Vol. II. Statics.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Mechanics of Engineering. Vol. I.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Small 4to,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">7 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">Mechanics of Engineering.</span> Vol. II.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Small 4to,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"> 10 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Durley's Kinematics of Machines.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Fitzgerald's Boston Machinist.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">16mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Flather's Dynamometers, and the Measurement of Power.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Rope Driving.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Goss's Locomotive Sparks.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Locomotive Performance.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Greene's Structural Mechanics.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Hall's Car Lubrication.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Hobart and Ellis's High-speed Dynamo Electric Machinery. (In Press.)</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Holly's Art of Saw Filing.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">18mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">75</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">James's Kinematics of a Point and the Rational Mechanics of a Particle.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Small 8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Johnson's (W. W.) Theoretical Mechanics.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Johnson's (L. J.) Statics by Graphic and Algebraic Methods.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Jones's Machine Design:</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Part I. Kinematics of Machinery.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Part II. Form, Strength, and Proportions of Parts.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Kerr's Power and Power Transmission.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Lanza's Applied Mechanics.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">7 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Leonard's Machine Shop, Tools, and Methods.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Lorenz's Modern Refrigerating Machinery. (Pope, Haven, and Dean.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">MacCord's Kinematics; or, Practical Mechanism.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Velocity Diagrams.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Martin's Text Book on Mechanics, Vol. 1, Statics.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* <span style="visibility:hidden">Martin's Text Book on Mechanics,</span> Vol. 2, Kinematics and Kinetics.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Maurer's Technical Mechanics.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Merriman's Mechanics of Materials.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Elements of Mechanics.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Michie's Elements of Analytical Mechanics.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Parshall and Hobart's Electric Machine Design.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4to, half morocco,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Reagan's Locomotives: Simple, Compound, and Electric. New Edition.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Large 12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Reid's Course in Mechanical Drawing.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Text-book of Mechanical Drawing and Elementary Machine Design.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Richards's Compressed Air.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Robinson's Principles of Mechanism.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Ryan, Norris, and Hoxie's Electrical Machinery. Vol. I.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Sanborn's Mechanics: Problems.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Large 12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Schwamb and Merrill's Elements of Mechanism.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Sinclair's Locomotive-engine Running and Management.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Smith's (O.) Press-working of Metals.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Smith's (A. W.) Materials of Machines.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Smith (A. W.) and Marx's Machine Design.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Sorel's Carbureting and Combustion of Alcohol Engines. (Woodward and Preston.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Large 8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Catalogue_17" id="Catalogue_17">[17]</a></span>Spangler, Greene, and Marshall's Elements of Steam-engineering.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Thurston's Treatise on Friction and Lost Work in Machinery and Mill Work.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Animal as a Machine and Prime Motor, and the Laws of Energetics.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Tillson's Complete Automobile Instructor.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">16mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Morocco,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Warren's Elements of Machine Construction and Drawing.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">7 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Weisbach's Kinematics and Power of Transmission. (Herrmann—Klein.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Machinery of Transmission and Governors. (Herrmann—Klein.)</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Wood's Elements of Analytical Mechanics.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Principles of Elementary Mechanics.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Turbines.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">The World's Columbian Exposition of 1893.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4to,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p class="center"><big>MEDICAL.</big></p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="MEDICAL books"> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Bolduan's Immune Sera.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"> 1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">De Fursac's Manual of Psychiatry. (Rosanoff and Collins.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Large 12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Ehrlich's Collected Studies on Immunity. (Bolduan.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">6 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Fischer's Physiology of Alimentation.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Large 12mo, cloth,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Hammarsten's Text-book on Physiological Chemistry. (Mandel.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Lassar-Cohn's Practical Urinary Analysis. (Lorenz.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Pauli's Physical Chemistry in the Service of Medicine. (Fischer.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Pozzi-Escot's The Toxins and Venoms and their Antibodies. (Cohn.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Rostoski's Serum Diagnosis. (Bolduan.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Salkowski's Physiological and Pathological Chemistry. (Orndorff.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Satterlee's Outlines of Human Embryology.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Steel's Treatise on the Diseases of the Dog.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Von Behring's Suppression of Tuberculosis. (Bolduan.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Woodhull's Notes on Military Hygiene.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">16mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">* Personal Hygiene.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Wulling's An Elementary Course in Inorganic Pharmaceutical and Medical Chemistry.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p class="center"><big>METALLURGY.</big></p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="METALLURGY books"> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Betts's Lead Refining by Electrolysis. (In Press.)</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Egleston's Metallurgy of Silver, Gold, and Mercury.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Vol. I. Silver.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"> 7 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Vol. II. Gold and Mercury.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">7 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Goesel's Minerals and Metals: A Reference Book.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">16mo, mor.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Iles's Lead-smelting.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Keep's Cast Iron.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Kunhardt's Practice of Ore Dressing in Europe.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Le Chatelier's High-temperature Measurements. (Boudouard—Burgess.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Metcalf's Steel. A Manual for Steel-users.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Miller's Cyanide Process.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Minet's Production of Aluminum and its Industrial Use. (Waldo.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Robine and Lenglen's Cyanide Industry. (Le Clerc.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Smith's Materials of Machines.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Thurston's Materials of Engineering. In Three Parts.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Part II. Iron and Steel.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Part III. A Treatise on Brasses, Bronzes, and Other Alloys and their Constituents.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Ulke's Modern Electrolytic Copper Refining.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p class="center"><big>MINERALOGY.</big></p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="MINERALOGY books"> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Barringer's Description of Minerals of Commercial Value.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Oblong, morocco,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Boyd's Resources of Southwest Virginia.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Catalogue_18" id="Catalogue_18">[18]</a></span>Boyd's Map of Southwest Virginia.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Pocket-book form.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Browning's Introduction to the Rarer Elements.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Brush's Manual of Determinative Mineralogy. (Penfield.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Chester's Catalogue of Minerals.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo, paper,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Cloth,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Dictionary of the Names of Minerals.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Dana's System of Mineralogy.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Large 8vo, half leather,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"> 12 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">First Appendix to Dana's New "System of Mineralogy."</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Large 8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Text-book of Mineralogy.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Minerals and How to Study Them.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Catalogue of American Localities of Minerals.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Large 8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Manual of Mineralogy and Petrography.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Douglas's Untechnical Addresses on Technical Subjects.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Eakle's Mineral Tables.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Egleston's Catalogue of Minerals and Synonyms.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Goesel's Minerals and Metals: A Reference Book.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">16mo, mor.,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Groth's Introduction to Chemical Crystallography (Marshall.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Iddings's Rock Minerals.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Johannsen's Key for the Determination of Rock-forming Minerals in Thin Sections. (In Press.)</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Martin's Laboratory Guide to Qualitative Analysis with the Blowpipe.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">60</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Merrill's Non-metallic Minerals. Their Occurrence and Uses.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Stones for Building and Decoration.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Penfield's Notes on Determinative Mineralogy and Record of Mineral Tests.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo, paper,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Tables of Minerals.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Richards's Synopsis of Mineral Characters</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo, morocco,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Ries's Clays. Their Occurrence, Properties, and Uses.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Rosenbusch's Microscopical Physiography of the Rock-making Minerals. (Iddings.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Tillman's Text-book of Important Minerals and Rocks.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p class="center"><big>MINING.</big></p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="MINING books"> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Beard's Mine Gases and Explosions. (In Press.)</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Boyd's Resources of Southwest Virginia.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"> 3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Map of Southwest Virginia.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Pocket-book form,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Douglas's Untechnical Addresses on Technical Subjects.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Eissler's Modern High Explosives.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Goesel's Minerals and Metals; A Reference Book.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">16mo, mor.,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Goodyear's Coal-mines of the Western Coast of the United States.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Ihlseng's Manual of Mining.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Iles's Lead-smelting.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Kunhardt's Practice of Ore Dressing in Europe.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Miller's Cyanide Process.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">O'Driscoll's Notes on the Treatment of Gold Ores.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Robine and Lenglen's Cyanide Industry. (Le Clerc.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Weaver's Military Explosives.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Wilson's Cyanide Processes.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Chlorination Process.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Hydraulic and Placer Mining. 2d edition, rewritten.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Treatise on Practical and Theoretical Mine Ventilation.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 25</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p class="center"><big>SANITARY SCIENCE.</big></p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="SANITARY SCIENCE books"> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Bashore's Sanitation of a Country House.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"> 1 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Outlines of Practical Sanitation.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Folwell's Sewerage. (Designing, Construction, and Maintenance.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Water-supply Engineering.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Catalogue_19" id="Catalogue_19">[19]</a></span>Fowler's Sewage Works Analyses.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Fuertes's Water and Public Health.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Water-filtration Works.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Gerhard's Guide to Sanitary House-inspection.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">16mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Sanitation of Public Buildings.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Hazen's Filtration of Public Water-supplies.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Leach's The Inspection and Analysis of Food with Special Reference to State Control.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">7 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Mason's Water-supply. (Considered principally from a Sanitary Standpoint)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Examination of Water. (Chemical and Bacteriological.)</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Merriman's Elements of Sanitary Engineering.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Ogden's Sewer Design.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Prescott and Winslow's Elements of Water Bacteriology, with Special Reference to Sanitary Water Analysis.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Price's Handbook on Sanitation.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Richards's Cost of Food. A Study in Dietaries.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Cost of Living as Modified by Sanitary Science.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Cost of Shelter.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Richards and Woodman's Air. Water, and Food from a Sanitary Standpoint.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Richards and Williams's The Dietary Computer.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Rideal's Sewage and Bacterial Purification of Sewage.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Disinfection and the Preservation of Food.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Turneaure and Russell's Public Water-supplies.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Von Behring's Suppression of Tuberculosis. (Bolduan.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Whipple's Microscopy of Drinking-water.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Wilson's Air Conditioning. (In Press.)</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Winton's Microscopy of Vegetable Foods.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">7 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Woodhull's Notes on Military Hygiene.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">16mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">* Personal Hygiene.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p class="center"><big>MISCELLANEOUS.</big></p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="MISCELLANEOUS books"> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Association of State and National Food and Dairy Departments (Interstate Pure Food Commission):</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 4em;">Tenth Annual Convention Held at Hartford, July 17-20, 1906.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"> 3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 4em;">Eleventh Annual Convention, Held at Jamestown Tri-Centennial Exposition, July 16-19, 1907. (In Press.)</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Emmons's Geological Guide-book of the Rocky Mountain Excursion of the International Congress of Geologists.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Large 8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Ferrel's Popular Treatise on the Winds.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Gannett's Statistical Abstract of the World.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">24mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">75</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Gerhard's The Modern Bath and Bath-houses. (In Press.)</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Haines's American Railway Management.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Ricketts's History of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1824-1894.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Small 8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">3 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Rotherham's Emphasized New Testament.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Large 8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Standage's Decorative Treatment of Wood, Glass, Metal, etc. (In Press.)</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">The World's Columbian Exposition of 1893.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4to,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Winslow's Elements of Applied Microscopy.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">1 50</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p class="center"><big>HEBREW AND CHALDEE TEXT-BOOKS.</big></p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="HEBREW AND CHALDEE TEXT-BOOKS."> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Green's Elementary Hebrew Grammar.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">12mo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"> 1 25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Hebrew Chrestomathy.</span></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Gesenius's Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures. (Tregelles.)</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">Small 4to, half morocco,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">5 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">Letteris's Hebrew Bible.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">8vo,</td><td align="right" valign="bottom">2 25</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<hr class="chap" /> + + +<div class='transnote'><h2>Transcriber's Notes:</h2> +The following inconsistencies were kept: +<ul class="index"> +<li>Aluminum -- Aluminium</li> +<li>canceled -- cancelled</li> +<li>Cubit's Gap -- CUBITS GAP</li> +<li>Encyclopædia -- Encyclopedia</li> +<li>Feed-water -- Feed-Water</li> +<li>Light-House -- lighthouse</li> +<li>sea-weed -- seaweed</li> +</ul> +Punctuation has been corrected without explicit notice. +The following changes have been made (c. = catalogue page): +<ul class="index"> +<li>p. vii "Nordenskiold" changed to "Nordenskiöld"</li> +<li>p. 9 "alsoo" changed to "also".</li> +<li>p. 114 "United States Court Survey" changed to "United States Coast Survey".</li> +<li>p. 132 "22°.5" changed to "22.5°".</li> +<li>c. 1 "Riveteé" changed to "Rivetée".</li> +<li>c. 3 "Metcalf's" changed to "Metcalfe's".</li> +<li>c. 5 "Matthew's" changed to "Matthews's".</li> +<li>c. 10 "Hermann" changed to "Herrmann".</li> +<li>c. 12 "Maunal" changed to "Manual".</li> +<li>c. 14 "Richard's" changed to "Richards's".</li> +<li>c. 15 "Wehrenfenning's" changed to "Wehrenfennig's".</li> +<li>c. 18 "Virignia" changed to "Virginia".</li> + +</ul> + +</div> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Nautical Charts, by G. 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