diff options
Diffstat (limited to '43998.txt')
| -rw-r--r-- | 43998.txt | 2175 |
1 files changed, 0 insertions, 2175 deletions
diff --git a/43998.txt b/43998.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 0b35488..0000000 --- a/43998.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2175 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Airedale, by Williams Haynes - - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - - - - -Title: The Airedale - - -Author: Williams Haynes - - - -Release Date: October 22, 2013 [eBook #43998] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII) - - -***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE AIREDALE*** - - -E-text prepared by the Online Distributed Proofreading Team -(http://www.pgdp.net) from page images generously made available by -Internet Archive (https://archive.org) - - - -Note: Images of the original pages are available through - Internet Archive. See - https://archive.org/details/airedale00haynrich - - -Transcriber's note: - - Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_). - - - - - -THE AIREDALE - -by - -WILLIAMS HAYNES - -Author of "Beagles and Beagling," "Toy Dogs," etc. - - - - - - - -Outing Handbooks - -New York -Outing Publishing Company -MCMXI - -Copyright, 1911, by -Outing Publishing Company. - -Entered at Stationer's Hall, London, England. -All rights reserved - - - - -CONTENTS - - CHAPTER PAGE - - I. THE BIGGEST AND BEST TERRIER 9 - - II. THE AIREDALE'S HISTORY 21 - - III. THE CARE OF A TERRIER 35 - - IV. BREEDING TERRIERS 49 - - V. DOG SHOWS AND SHOWING 65 - - VI. THE USEFUL AIREDALE 79 - - VII. COMMON AILMENTS 91 - - - - -CHAPTER I - -THE BIGGEST AND BEST TERRIER - - -It was in the Merchants' Hotel, Manchester--a famous gathering place -for the dog fanciers of the English Midlands, the most thickly dog -populated district in the whole world--that one autumn evening I heard -the best definition of an Airedale that I ever knew. A party of us, -fresh from some bench show, were seated round a table waiting for -dinner, and naturally we were talking dog, telling dog stories, -anecdotes, and jokes. I gave the American definition of a dachshund; -"half a dog high and a dog and a half long," and Theodore Marples, -editor of _Our Dogs_, turning to a quiet little man, noted as a wild -fanatic on the subject of Airedales, asked him his definition of his -favorite breed. Quick as a spark he answered, "The biggest and best -terrier!" - -There are thousands of people, all sorts of people from bankers to -beggars, scattered all over this earth from Dawson City to Capetown, -from Moscow to Manila, who will echo the statement that the Airedale is -indeed the biggest and the best of all the terriers. Moreover, their -votes would not be bribed by mere sentiment, but based upon good, sound -reasons, for it is certain that he is the biggest, and he is "best" at -doing more things than any other dog in the stud book. - -An Airedale will drive sheep or cattle; he will help drag a sled; he -will tend the baby; he will hunt anything from a bear to a field mouse. -He can run like a wolf and will take to water like an otter. He does -not "butt in" looking for trouble with each dog that he passes on the -street, but once he is "in" he will stick, for he is game as a pebble. -He is kind, obedient, thoroughly trustworthy as a companion for -children, or a watchman for your property. He has the disposition of a -lamb combined with the courage of a lion. He is certainly the most -all-round dog that there is and, unlike many Jacks-of-all-trades, he is -apparently quite able to master all tasks a dog is called upon to -perform. - -Over and above his talents and his character, the Airedale has a -constitution made of steel and stone. He is equally at home in the snow -wastes of the Arctic Circle and on the alkali deserts of Arizona. The -dry, bracing air of Colorado and the fever-soaked atmosphere of -Florida's Everglades both seem to agree with him perfectly. A sick -Airedale is just about as common as a dodo. - -"The biggest and best terrier" indeed fits him to a T, but it does not -convey any very definite idea as to what he should look like. Even his -most enthusiastic admirers never claimed beauty for the Airedale. He is -not pretty, unless we acknowledge that "handsome is that handsome -does," and can see the beauty of perfect symmetry under wiry coat and -odd coloring. - -A good Airedale is about as big as a pointer; somewhere in the -neighborhood of forty-five pounds, a little more for a dog and a little -less for a bitch. His head should be long; the skull flat and broad; -the cheeks smooth; the muzzle strong with tight lips over big, white, -even teeth. His eyes should be small, dark, and full of fire and his -ears little, carried high, and shaped like a V, for nothing can so -detract from the correct terrier expression as large, light eyes and -houndy ears. His front legs ought to be a pair of gun barrels, straight -and strong and about the same thickness all the way down. His shoulders -are like those of a race horse, long and sloping; while his pads should -be firm and hard, not those loose, sprawly feet sometimes seen. - -The only kind of a back for him to have is short, and his ribs must -be well sprung. A long backed dog lacks staying qualities, and a -slab-sided one has not the room for lungs. His chest should be deep, -but narrow, and he should be slightly cut up in the loin--not the -wasp-like waist of a greyhound,--but no better is a body like a -stovepipe. His hindquarters should be strong, with the hocks quite near -the ground. The Airedale that does not carry a gay tail is a delight to -no eye. - -Last, but not least, comes the coat. In color this should be a deep, -rich tan on the head, face, chest, legs, and under parts, while over -the back is a saddle of black or iron-grey. Personally, I like the -black more than the grizzle, for it makes a prettier contrast with the -tan, but "a good horse cannot be a bad color." The Airedale's coat is -(or rather should be) double. The overcoat is of hair like wire, stiff -and hard, about an inch long all over the dog, except on the skull -where it is shorter. Under this jacket of wire, there ought to be a -vest of soft, woolly hair. - -If you can collect in your mind's eye all the above details of -description you should see a big, strong, compact, businesslike dog, -full of the proverbial up-and-ever-coming spirit that inspires all -terriers. His every movement shows strength, yet he always moves in -that effort-economizing way which is the very personification of grace. -When running he sweeps along with the free open stride of a galloping -thoroughbred, with his head often carried low, but his tail always -high. - -Very often the man wanting a dog for hunting, for a guard, for a pal -turns up his nose at all the finely enumerated details in which the -standard describes the fanciers' ideal of Airedale perfection. He is -wrong, for, as the advertisements say, "There's a reason." Take the -double coat for example. The Airedale was originally bred to be a water -dog. The wiry coat sheds water like a duck's back, and the undercoat -keeps him warm in all weather. With the kind of a jacket for which the -standard calls an Airedale can swim the river, scramble out, shake -himself, roll over, and be dry. Moreover, such a coat is a perfect -armor against all kinds of thorns, claws, and teeth. The long, clean -head with its strong muzzle means a jaw with plenty of room for big, -strong teeth and muscles to shut those teeth as quickly and as surely -as a spring trap. - -Of course, not one Airedale in a thousand comes within seventy-five -per cent. of being all that the standard describes. The average, -however, is high in America; much higher here than anywhere else in -the world, except England, and our best can even hold their own with -the champions from the land of the breed's creation. Americans who -have been interested in the dog have been blessed with enough of this -world's goods to buy what they want, and almost without exception, they -have been inspired with the best fancier ideal, that of breeding their -own winners. - -This has given us a breeding stock second only in numbers to that of -Great Britain in the hands of men who could and would use the material -to the best advantage. Accordingly, the American-bred Airedale is noted -the world over as a show dog, and in no other country has the breed's -sporting possibilities been so fully tested as here in the United -States. - -By birth and breeding the Airedale is a sporting terrier. A dog bred -originally to do the work of a vermin destroyer, he has taken naturally -to all kinds of game. In the Rockies, he is used on bear, and he has -won a name as a dog of exceptional brains, unfailing courage, and -remarkable stamina at work from which no fool, coward, or weakling -comes home to supper. On the farms of New England, he is cherished as -an exterminator of wood-chucks, moles, rats, and vermin of this class. -He hunts all the way down the scale from the giant "silver tip" to the -mouse in the pantry--mountain lions, wolves, panthers, lynx, wild cats, -foxes, coons, skunks, rabbits, mink, what not, each and all he hunts -with equal gusto and success. Is it any wonder that though the Airedale -is only a little over half a century old his fame has spread from pole -to pole? - -The Airedale is a dog that no one can know well without becoming his -friend, but all his friends do not know him well. For this reason, and -because so much depends upon one's first dog, it seems particularly -necessary to give some advice to intending Airedale purchasers, whom we -may divide into dog owners and kennel owners. By a dog owner I mean one -who wants an Airedale or two as a companion, guard, and all-round dog. -Kennel owners are those who intend keeping, breeding, and showing or -hunting several dogs. - -The dog owner does not as a rule think it worth while to post himself -on the history and points of the breed. He has heard the praises sung -of "the biggest and best terrier," and has decided that he is the dog -he wants. If that is all he wants let him get some friend to give him -an Airedale puppy or let him buy one as cheaply as he can, but he is -going to lose half the pleasure of owning a good dog of a good breed. -Merrinac, the best known _maitre d'armes_ in France, once said to a -party of American fencers that it was the romance of the sword that -made fencing so fascinating to its devotees, and there is romance in -the history of the Airedale that weaves its charm round an Airedale -owner. Whatever we know well is interesting and wonderful, and a -knowledge of the Airedale's past and his points, which is an absolute -necessity to the kennel owner, adds one hundred per cent. to the dog -owner's pleasure. - -The wise dog owner then will learn all he can about his breed. "Book -larnin'" is good, but better still are talks with all sorts and -conditions of Airedale owners and a visit to an Airedale kennel or the -ringside at a dog show when the breed is being judged. No men ride -their hobbies harder than dog fanciers, and all will talk and from all -can something be learned. - -When one has learned something about Airedales let him then buy his -dog. It is best to buy a dog about six months old--old enough to be -over puppy ills and not too old to learn new tricks. A puppy of that -age, over distemper and house broken, is as satisfactory as it is -possible for a pup to be. Bringing up a terrier puppy is hard on one's -shoes, the ladies' hats, and everyone's disposition, but it is much -more satisfactory to train him yourself in the ways you would have him -go. - -In picking out a puppy select the bright little chap to whom you are -naturally attracted--I am advising the "dog owner" who knows the breed -well enough not to be interested in any litter not of orthodox -breeding. Only in case of doubt need you pay attention to show points. -If it comes to a question of that pick the dark eye, small ear, long -head, short back, straight legs. Do not worry about size or color or -coat, nor must a novice expect to be able to "pick the winner" of a -litter. Go to a reputable breeder and pay as much as you can afford. -You can take his advice, for all dog breeders are not crooks and -grafters, but like any other kind of a business transaction knowledge -is very valuable to the purchaser. - -May I plead the case of the bitch as a companion? Nine out of ten want -a dog, but a bitch has many advantages. She is usually more clever, a -great deal more affectionate and faithful, much less given to roaming -from home, and should one ever want to raise some puppies she may prove -a valuable investment. - -The kennel owner, turning now to him, will, I take it for granted, read -all he can lay his hands on that treats of the Airedale, go to shows, -visit kennels, and talk, think, and dream Airedale. If he is to have a -small kennel I advise his buying one or two good young bitches. Puppies -are a chance and old bitches, however famous, are poor breeding stock. -Buy young winning bitches, proved mothers and of desirable blood lines -and you will have the best possible start along the road of kennel -success. It is as rocky a thoroughfare as the proverbial one to Dublin, -full of all sorts of disappointments and maybe even losses, but its -pleasures and its gains are sure to come to the man who follows it in -the right spirit. - -The large kennel owner is either going into it for pleasure, where he -will have a check book to help him, or for a business. In the former -case he will probably leave much on the shoulders of his kennel -manager, and I am writing on Airedales not the servant problem. If he -is going to make a business of raising Airedales that is his business, -not the author's. - -To all Airedale buyers let me again say that it pays to know all you -can about the breed and to buy the best you can afford. The "biggest -and best terrier" has been tried by so many different people in all -parts of the world and has won such unanimous praise that his admirers -can recommend him to anyone, anywhere, for anything. - - - - -CHAPTER II - -THE AIREDALE'S HISTORY - - -The Airedale is a product of the middle of the nineteenth century and -was manufactured in Yorkshire. The streams that tumble down the deep -vales of that Midland county are the homes of hundreds of crafty, -hardbitten otters; there are thieving foxes and very game, but very -rascally badgers in snug dens in the hills; many a swift English hare -lives in the broad game preserves. The hardy Yorkshireman of 1850--his -sons and grandsons to-day are real "chips of the old block"--loved -nothing so much as a hunt after the vermin, with possibly a rat killing -contest with "a couple o' bob" at stake of a Saturday night, and -sometimes, on moonless nights, when game keepers were asleep, a little -trip after the filling for a rabbit pie. Now, you cannot do these -things without a dog that is brainy, game, obedient, and as much at -home in water as on dry land; so they just naturally set to work to -make themselves such a dog. - -All this we know positively, but when it comes to saying anything -definite about how they made that dog, which we now call the Airedale, -you begin to deal in traditions as conflicting as theories on the -Martian canals and speculations as vague as old wives' tales. Taking -all the yarns and guesses and boiling them down to an average, we find -that the Airedale, so most people think, was originally a cross between -a tan-grizzle terrier, now extinct or absorbed in other breeds, but -once common in the Midlands, and the otterhound, a big, wire-coated -water dog of the bloodhound type, that comes in all colors of Joseph's -famous coat, but mainly white with black and tannish markings. To this -cross were added dashes of bull terrier, which breed was, at that time, -just coming to the fore with its deserved reputation for grit, and -Bedlington terrier, a light-weight, top-knotted dog from the North of -England. - -Probably there were sprinkles of the blood of the collie and of all -terriers found at the time between the Midlands and the Scottish -Borderland. All these (fox, Manchester, Welsh, Old English, and Dandy -Dinmont) were then more or less indefinite as to type and uncertain -as to breeding, which helps materially in making confusion worse -confounded. Just how and why this strange, indefinite mixture should -have resulted in the Airedale no one can say. The otterhound donated -the size and the love of the water, and all the terrier blood made him -a terrier in spite of his size. From the very beginning the breed had -the advantage of having an object. The Yorkshireman wanted a big, -strong, dead game, water-loving terrier. That furnished a standard to -breed to, and they got what they wanted. - -When the fame of this dog first spread from the valleys of his -birthplace, he was pretty well established as to type, and once taken -up by the dog showing fancy and a standard drawn up the type was soon -firmly fixed. Since his first introduction to the world he has changed, -becoming somewhat larger. The seers and wise men of English dogdom -raised a great hullaballoo when this giant among terriers appeared, -saying that no dog over twenty pounds could be a terrier because a -terrier must go to earth. The dog, however, was mainly terrier in blood -and so very certainly terrier in characteristics that he was classed -with the family. Maybe it is out of respect to the authorities of the -early days of the dog fancy that we have gradually dropped the terrier -in his name, and though it is a part of his official title, still the -dog is universally spoken of as the Airedale. - -This, however, was not his original name, for in early days he was -called the "waterside terrier," and his official debut at the English -dog shows was in classes for "broken-haired working terriers." Both -titles were felt to be too indefinite, and "Stonehenge," the sporting -authority, suggested "Bingley terrier," from the town in the heart of -the district where the breed originated. Local jealousies prevented any -one town giving its name to the breed, and there was quite a war waged -till some unrecorded genius suggested that, as the birthplace of the -breed had been in the valleys of the Aire River and its little -tributaries, Airedale was the best name. So Airedale he became, having -an official christening at the Otley show in the late seventies. - -Besides adding some ten pounds to his weight and getting a distinctive -and pleasing name, the Airedale has changed in other ways since he took -his light from under the bushel basket. His head has lengthened, -following the tendency of all terrier breeds. His shoulders, legs, and -feet are worlds better now than they were years ago, but coats have -suffered. The wire jacket has improved, but the woolly undervest has -been sacrificed, though now more and more attention is being paid to -this by breeders and judges. - -The honor of having brought the first Airedale to America is generally -ascribed to Mr. C. H. Mason, who is better known to this generation of -fanciers as a cocker spaniel owner and editor of _Man's Best Friend_. -He was originally a Yorkshire man, who had known and loved the breed -since his youth. He imported Bruce, a fairish dog, blind in one eye, -but useful in stud, where he sired Ch. Brush. Bruce is merely a -sentiment with Americans, for all he has left is a reputation for bad -temper and a yarn about having been sold for a few dollars at a horse -auction in New York in 1885. - -The breed first "took on" in New York, but Philadelphia has long been -its stronghold. The Quaker City, boasting such fanciers as Clement -Newbold, William Barclay, Russel H. Johnson, W. H. Whittem, Daniel -Buckley, and Dr. Henry Jarrett, has away and beyond passed other cities -in the number and quality of its Airedales. In early days the New York -fancy was represented by Mr. J. L. Lorillard, the purchaser of Clonmel -Marvel, whose importation boomed the breed's stock in this country; -Messrs. De Witt Cochrane, Foxhall Keene, and C. O'Donnel, all of whom -have not been so active lately. Later Theodore Offerman, James H. -Brookfield, James Watson, and John Gough entered the game, and they -figure to-day as owners of winners. - -This is a short sketch of how the breed originated and how they came to -America, but real "history is men, not events," or rather dogs, not -events. It is interesting, but more important is a knowledge of the -dogs of the past. In limited space, one can only say a word or two -about the most famous of the breed's celebrities, so I must be pardoned -if some reader is disappointed in not finding mention of some dog in -which he is particularly interested. Almost each year has seen its good -dogs, but we can only touch those which time has declared to be truly -great. - -The sigh for "the good old days" is common in all things, and we often -hear it from dog fanciers. It is good food for talk, but that is all, -for the old-timers of any breed could not win in the ring against the -cracks of to-day. Among the very early Airedale winners were: Tanner, -Young Tanner, Rustic Twig, Rustic Kitty, Rustic Lad, Newbold Fritz, -Vixen, and Venom, none of whom would be one, two, three in a good show -to-day. Clip and Ch. Cholmondeley Briar were the two first really good -dogs. Clip was a sound, honest dog who showed real modern type, and -gave black, real terrier eyes to his pups; while Briar was the first -real show hero, having gone undefeated till he met Clonmel Marvel. - -Clonmel Marvel, one of the really great dogs of the world, was bred -by a novice, a Mr. F. C. Brown, who mated his Cholmondeley Mona to -Clipper, a good dog, but no wonder. There were nine in the litter, -and Mr. Brown showed Marvel, whom he called Warfield Victor, in a -L3 Selling Class, where he was placed second, being sadly out of -condition. "Jack" Holgate saw the rough diamond, bought it, and resold -it to Messrs. Mills and Buckley, the famous Clonmel firm. Marvel beat -all of his time--dogs and bitches--and won eighteen championships. -Eventually he came to America, along with Ch. Clonmel Sensation and -Clonmel Veracity. He was by far the best Airedale seen up to his time, -a dog hard to fault, even in "the light of modern criticism." He proved -as wonderful a sire as he was a show crack, and much of real terrier -style in the breed to-day is due to him. - -A contemporary of Marvel's was Ch. Dumbarton Lass, who also came to -this side of the Atlantic to the kennels of Mr. Joseph Laurin, in -Montreal. She was bred by Capt. Baird Smith, who benched her at -Woolwich in poor condition. Mr. A. E. Jennings, whose kennels were then -paramount, bought her and showed her for three years, when she went to -Mr. Stuart Noble and was later bought by the Canadian fancier. She -proved a gold mine as a brood bitch and was personally hard to -fault--barring her coat. - -But the most wonderful brood bitch of the breed, one whose name should -be written in gold in the Airedale Hall of Fame, was not a great show -winner. She was Bath Lady. Her first big winning puppy was Briarwood, -who came out in London in 1896. Briarwood was by Hyndman Briar, by -Willow Nut, and like all Bath Lady stock proved his value in the -breeding kennels. His most famous get was the beautiful bitch of Ch. -Broadlands Bashful. We can only mention two others of Bath Lady's -offspring, but those fanciers who have dogs in whose pedigrees she -appears can congratulate themselves. To Ch. Clonmel Marvel she produced -Ch. Clonmel Kitty, a really good one all over, and to Master Briar she -had Walton Victory, even better--except in skull--than Kitty. - -During the nineties the Tone Kennels with Ch. Tone Jerry, whose forte -was his wonderful coat and color, and Ch. Tone Crack, excelling in -bone, coat, and body, but broad across the skull, had a big say in the -prize-lists. In 1896 Studholme Sherry came out and was hailed as a -flyer, but he did not last, though in his day he was a beautiful -terrier. - -Ch. Clonmel Monarch, who has done so much for Philadelphia's Airedale -supremacy as a sire and as a show dog came as near the ideal Airedale -as we find, made his debut about this time in Leicester and ran -second to Ch. Rock Salt. Monarch was undeveloped, but six months -later at Alexandra Palace he came to his own and after that his show -record in England was an unbroken string of firsts. He was a grand -terrier--almost faultless--his coat waved a bit and his critics used to -say he was "so fine he was bitchy." Just to mention some of his pups -shows what he was at stud: Ch. Broadlands, Royal Descendant, Ch. Tone -Regent, Ch. Clonmel Bed Rock, Claverhouse Enchantress, Clonmel -Coronation, and Strathallan Solace. Ch. Rock Salt, mentioned as the -conqueror of Monarch, was a good one whom Americans know best through -Ch. The New King, his son, who has done so well for the New England -fancier, Mr. Arthur Merritt. - -Ch. Tone Masterpiece--known here as Ch. York Masterpiece, for Mr. -Offerman gave him his own kennel's prefix--was a dog of ups and downs, -but he was an honest champion, who just missed being great. His son -(bred in England) Floriform was another good dog who did things in New -York in the early years of the new century where he was owned by Mr. -Offerman and later by Mr. Brookfield. Floriform was the sire of Ch. -Engaflora, the first great American bitch. - -In 1902 two good but unfortunate sons of Clonmel Monarch came out, Ch. -Legrams Prince--a real flyer--and Bandolero, who never got his just -deserts at the shows. Rheumatism spoiled Prince's shoulders for the -show ring and his ill-starred half brother died of wasp stings. A -contemporary of these dogs was Ch. Wombwell Rattler, a rattling good -one with a softish coat who sired Mr. Offerman's well known crack Ch. -York the Conqueror. In the same year (1902) Ch. Delph Girl, wonderful -color and coat, good head and expression, but too fine, and Ch. -Dumbarton Sceptre, the best bitch of the time, both made their debut -and eventually came to the United States. The dam of Sceptre, -Claverhouse Enchantress (by Clonmel Monarch out of Clonmel Winifreda), -needs special mention. She won a number of prizes, but soon passed into -the hands of a novice, Mrs. Cuthell, and as a mother and grand-mother -of champions made a place for herself second only to Bath Lady. -Dumbarton Sceptre and Claverhouse Sorcerer--the former a real flyer, -the other a dog above the average--were in her first litter. Her -second, by Ch. Master Briar, resulted in the great Ch. Mistress Royal, -probably the best show bitch produced. Enchantress was next bred to her -own son Solace, mentioned above, but died of poison before whelping. - -Ch. Clonmel Bed Rock, whom Mr. Foxhall Keene later imported, came out -about this time. He was a good, sound terrier, full of fire, sound as a -bell, with wonderful legs and feet and won lots of honors here and in -England. Ch. Broadland's Royal Descendant was a rival of Bed Rock and a -very classy dog with exceptional coat, real terrier fire, a good head, -but not very beautiful ears. - -After these dogs came Ch. Master Royal, which brings us down to the -dogs of to-day--if not the present generation and it is out of place to -say aught of dogs which one can see and judge in flesh and blood. - -The show cracks have so very often proved so valuable in the breeding -kennels that the two terms--great sire and show crack--may seem -synonyms. They are not. Nevertheless there is a close chain that binds -the whole of a breed of dogs to the show ring, for the show ring -winners are the dogs most often sought for breeding purposes and so the -styles of the main bench authorities are forcibly, if unwittingly, -thrust on the race. The Airedale, however, has always been known and -appreciated as a sporting terrier. His owners have fortunately never -lost sight of the reason he was manufactured, and they remember that -to-day he is intended to be a rough-and-ready dog, willing and able to -do all terrier work just a little better than the other members of the -family, and because of his greater weight enabled to do things his -smaller cousins could not even attempt. His great usefulness has kept -him from being wholly at the mercy of the faddists of the dog shows, -who have given him all the great advantages of their skill in -scientific breeding and all the advertising of public exhibition -without turning him into a freak. - - - - -CHAPTER III - -THE CARE OF A TERRIER - - -One of the most noted veterinarians in New York once said to me that, -if it were not for too much or too little attention, he doubted if he -should ever be called upon to treat a dog. He explained his meaning by -adding that the toy dogs are generally killed by kindness and most -terriers die of neglect. If this is true, and this doctor has a canine -practice that keeps him busy from morning till night, there must be -something radically wrong with the care of most dogs. - -The terriers--for the evils of a candy diet and a life spent on silken -pillows do not need to be even mentioned here--the terriers can, it is -perfectly true, get along with less attention than most breeds of dogs, -for they all have wonderful constitutions. Does that, however, give the -terrier owner a free right and license to neglect his dogs? - -It is almost a joke to keep such a naturally healthy dog as a terrier -in the pink of condition. All he needs is dry, clean kennels, with -decent bedding; good, nourishing food at regular hours; all the fresh -water he wants to drink; plenty of exercise, and a little grooming. -Given these few things and a terrier will be "disgustingly well," full -of high spirits, and happy as a clam at high tide. It is really so easy -to keep a terrier "fit," and it means so much to the dog and his owner, -whether he be a dog owner for pleasure or profit, that it is nothing -less than criminal not to do so. - -Kennels, bedding, food and feeding, water, exercise, and -grooming--these are the things which given proper attention mean a -healthy and happy dog. Let us take them up, one at a time, for it is as -often ignorance as thoughtlessness that causes the trouble. - -The question as to the kind of a kennel is bound to have a variety of -different answers according to whether one lives in the city or the -country, in the North or the South, and whether one is to keep one dog -or fifty. There are, however, certain fundamental considerations that -apply to any home for dogs. - -In the first place, all terriers, especially those wearing those -wonderful, double, weather-proof garments we call "wire coats," are -best off living the simple life out of doors. This is true in any -climate. I used to have all sorts of troubles with the skins and coats -of my wire terriers till I just turned them out, providing them with -dry, draft-proof, but unheated shelters in which to sleep and where -they could escape very bad weather. - -My own experience has proved to me that wire coated terriers are worlds -better off for being out every day and night in the year. Even in the -severest weather they do not need artificial heat, if they have a -perfectly dry, draftless, well bedded place to sleep in and to serve as -a shelter on very wet, stormy days. A decent kennel for any dog from a -St. Bernard to a Pomeranian is dry and draft-proof, and so the terrier -owner can eliminate the question of artificial heating. - -The man who lives in the city should try to keep his dog out in the -yard as much as possible, and, if at all feasible, let him sleep there. -Dogs have an inborn instinct to "bay the moon" and terriers are -supposed to be great talkers. Moreover, city backyards, since the days -when town residences were hollow stone piles lined with hides to keep -the wind out, have always been a favorite _rendezvous_ for Thomas -Catt, Esq., and Mistress Tabby, meetings just as hard on the nerves of -a self respecting terrier as they are on those of his sleepy master. -The trouble is that, while master becomes a public benefactor by -hurling his shaving mug out the window, the efforts of his dog to drive -away the disturbers are regarded by the unsympathetic neighbors as -quite as bad as the feline serenades and battle cries. No dog will bark -at night if he is in a dark, quiet place, and the terrier in the -backyard will sleep like a baby if he is shut up in a box covered with -burlap. - -The ideal terrier kennel is an oil barrel. These cannot always be -obtained, but any barrel or keg intended to hold liquids, and so made -water tight, will answer. A hole, just large enough to let the dog in -and out, should be cut in one end. Then the inside may be painted with -kerosene and a lighted paper dropped in. This cleans the barrel and -destroys any insects, and is an excellent thing to do every month or -so. - -The barrel ought to be painted inside and out, and to keep it from -rotting on the bottom must be mounted on blocks so that it just clears -the ground. Rain can be kept out of the door either by tacking a -curtain of sacking over it (a dog soon learns to go through this and it -can be hung up in good weather) or by making a roof of V shaped -planking, which sets over the barrel, projecting in front like the -eaves of a barn. Two small terriers or one Airedale can live easily in -these keg kennels in summer, with an extra dog added, for warmth's -sake, in cold weather. - -Another kennel that is fine for terriers is one I adapted from the -suggestions of a chicken owner, who used a similar box as a coop for -hens with young chicks. It is a box that can be taken all apart. The -floor is a raised platform against which the sides fit closely, being -fastened together with hooks. The roof slants backward and is held in -place by thin strips that fit just inside the walls. - -This is fine for summer, but must be very carefully made to be tight -enough for cold weather. Its flat floor makes it admirable for a bitch -with puppies and it has the great advantage of enabling you to leave -off any side you wish. Naturally, they are very easy to clean. They can -be made any size or shape you wish and cost from five dollars up. - -For the man who is going into a large kennel little can be said that -will be broadly useful. One wants to build a model kennel of hard wood -and concrete, while the next has an old chicken house to adapt to doggy -uses; naturally requirements and conditions are very different. - -The first thing that any kennel builder wants to see to is that he has -good natural drainage and that his runs are on quickly drying ground, -gravel rather than clay. Southern exposures are the favorites, and it -is better to have two or three smaller buildings rather than to house -all the dogs in one. In this way there is opportunity to give each -building a rest once in a while, and this should be done in the case of -the individual runs and pens, if not for the whole building. - -Good hard wood, varnished and kept clean and well drained, is the most -popular floor for kennels. Concrete is cold in winter, asphalt is far -from desirable in summer, and both are hard on a dog's feet. Dirt, -gravel, and ashes are very hard to clean. Cork is expensive and rots -out with amazing speed. - -The sleeping benches ought to be about two feet off the floor and -so arranged that they can be taken down, cleaned, and set out in -the sun to dry. Plenty of elbow grease, backed up with a good strong -disinfectant and fresh air and sunlight, these are the secrets of a -successful kennel. Cleanliness means that disease and parasites will be -unknown. - -Wheat or rye straw or wood shavings make the best bedding. The straw -costs more than hay, but it is ten times as cleanly, lasts twice as -long, and is much better for a dog's skin. Very often shavings will be -given away for the carting of them, and they make a fine summer -bedding, though they are not very warm for winter. Shavings, especially -pine shavings, make a very poor home for fleas. Excelsior is not -popular. It has a distressing habit of wadding up in hard bunches in -corners, absorbs moisture, and does not dry out easily. Moss and sea -weed and such beddings are dirty and hard to handle. - -Food is an important item in the care of the dog. Table scraps make, in -my opinion, the ideal food for a dog. In this the house pet has the -advantage over his friend of the kennels, for he gets a wide variety of -well cooked and nourishing food, and variety, cooking, and nourishment -are the foundation of good feeding. - -Dog biscuits, which are so cheap and easy to handle, are excellent in -their way, but one should resist the temptation to feed them all the -time. You would not like to live on beefsteak three times a day, week -in and week out. Dry bread can be bought by the barrel from most bakers -and is at once inexpensive and nourishing. Shredded wheat and cracker -scraps can also be gotten and are useful for a change. All of these -should be fed soaked in some soup. - -In the winter I have found corn meal very acceptable, but the moment -hot weather comes along its use should be discontinued, or skin -troubles will surely result. It can either be made in a mush with milk -or water, or baked into corn bread cakes. - -I use a homemade dog biscuit from corn meal and meat in the following -way. The meat stock is boiled over night in a kettle and the unstrained -soup is used instead of water with the meal in making dough, which is -put in pans of two or three inches in thickness and baked in a slow -oven till hard all the way through. This will take a day. These cakes -are rich and should not be fed too often, but they can be kept a month, -and I never saw a terrier that did not relish them. In summer, fish -boiled twenty-four hours, till the bones are all soft, makes a nice -change from the meat soups of the winter. - -There are many who might be called canine vegetarians, but experimenting -has convinced me that meat is the best and most natural food for the -dog. Sirloin does cost a lot of money these days, but hearts, lungs, -heads, odds and ends of ribs, and shank bones do not cost so much, and -you can always make arrangements with a butcher to save you these. -Under no circumstances feed meat that is decayed. It does not have to -be as fresh as you demand for your own table, if you take care to cook -it thoroughly, but meat that is mouldy or rotting is poison, not food. - -Most kennels feed twice a day,--a light lunch in the morning and the -regular day's feed in the evening. The morning bite can be bread or -biscuits with a little soup over them. The evening meal ought to be all -that the dog will comfortably eat without stuffing. If any food is left -in the dishes it should be cleaned away before night, and a dog who is -"off his feed" should have attention. - -Dogs vary as much as people in the amount they will eat. One gobbler -is always thin, while a dainty eater will put on more flesh than -necessary. It is the height of foolishness to pamper a dog's taste and -make him an epicure, but neither is it wise to treat them all just -alike. - -Exercise naturally follows feeding in our consideration of the health -of the dog. Exercise, and plenty of it, is the best tonic, it keeps the -muscles hard and the stomach in shape; it prevents fatness, and is just -play for a dog. - -There is, however, exercise and exercise. To walk a dog along on a lead -is exercise, but three minutes' free running is worth half an hour of -"taking the dog out for a walk" after the manner of the young lady who -lives in the city. Each kennel should have an exercising yard, a lot as -big as possible, where the dogs can be turned out for a romp. One wants -to be a little careful about leaving a lot of dogs turned out together, -for their likes and dislikes are as strong as our own. - -I remember with sorrow an experience of this kind. A recently purchased -dog was added to a run full of home bred youngsters, and because he was -older and bigger he played the bully till one bright morning three of -his victims combined forces and gave him a lesson in manners. It was a -lesson for his owner too, for the dog's ear was so chewed that he was -ruined for showing. - -The last item in the care of the dog is grooming, but it is at least as -important as any of the others we have taken up. Most dogs are washed -too often and not brushed often enough. Washing once in two weeks in -summer and once a month in winter is all that is needed to keep a -terrier clean, but he should be brushed daily. - -In washing a dog start at the head with a good disinfectant soap and -work backwards and downwards, for fleas make for the head when -threatened with drowning and only in this way can these pests be gotten -rid of. It is well to let the soap stay in the coat a few minutes, but -it must be all washed out very carefully before drying the dog. - -The daily grooming should consist first of a combing with a fairly fine -comb to clean out matted dirt and hair. This should be followed by a -sharp brushing with what is called in stable a dandy brush. The -finishing touches will be a rub down with a hound glove, such as is -sold in the kennel supply stores. Such treatment will keep a terrier in -almost perfect show form all the time and the stimulation of the skin -will be found to act as a regular tonic. - -Housed in clean, draftless kennels; given good food with lots of -exercise, and with some little attention bestowed on his toilet, a -terrier is sure to be healthy and happy. Prevention is proverbially -better than cure, and the little work of keeping a terrier well is -nothing compared to the care of a sick dog. Dogs do not make very -pleasant patients, and there is the added difficulty in finding out -just what really ails them, for even the most intelligent of our -animals cannot tell us where his aches are and how a dose of certain -medicine affects him. - - - - -CHAPTER IV - -BREEDING TERRIERS - - -The principles upon which Darwin based his theory of evolution--which -are now accepted by scientists the world over as biological laws--are -the very same as those under which the dog breeder works. Modern animal -breeding is evolution in which man plays Dame Nature's part. - -Breeding is, however, far from being an exact science, though it is -continually becoming more and more scientific in its methods. We cannot -sit down, a pencil in our fingers and paper before us, and with the aid -of the stud book and a set of mathematical formulas figure out a dog -that will surely be a champion. We can, however, with a knowledge of -the scientific data that biologists have collected in their research -work supplementing the lore and traditions of the kennels, come nearer -and nearer to the breeder's ideal of "a champion in every litter." - -It is quite obvious that with such plastic materials to work with we -can never hope to have a perfectly uniform product, but who would have -it so? Dog breeding is now more uncertain than roulette, twice as -fascinating as the stock market, as interestingly exciting as auction -bridge. Make it a matter of mathematically exact rules working out as -invariably and regularly as a machine, and the charm has vanished. - -The three principles of Darwin's idea of how and why evolution acts, -are heredity, variation, and selection. The law of heredity says that -like will produce like; that two Airedales will have Airedale puppies; -two Scotties will have Scotties; two Irish terriers will have Irish -terriers. The law of variation says that no two dogs, even if they be -of the same litter, will ever be exactly alike even in the smallest -details. No two St. Bernards were ever alike, nor were the smallest -teeth of the two smallest Pomeranians ever identical. There is ample -evidence to show that the chemical composition of the muscles, bones, -and blood of different animals of the same species are different, and -even vary considerably in one individual at different times. The law of -selection is the law of the struggle for existence, the survival of the -fittest. The three laws together make up the theory of evolution by -means of natural selection. - -What man does in breeding is the making and improving of species by -artificial selection. He takes advantage of the law of heredity to -establish breeds. If like always exactly reproduced like, however, -that is as far as he could ever get, but because there is infinite -variation, the offspring differ from their parents. By selecting those -that come nearest his ideal, the breeder does just the same as Dame -Nature when she kills off the unfit. - -Since earliest times, man, more or less without thought or any -knowledge of the whys and wherefores, has been carrying on scientific -breeding in an unscientific way. Ever since he has kept domestic -animals, his selection, formerly more or less unconscious, has been -exerting its powerful force. For generations, the dog fanciers have -been doing this: picking out the dogs and bitches most to their liking -and mating them. The result is that while all breeds of dogs are -closely enough related to inter-breed, still some are of comparative -age and most breed wonderfully true to type. - -Until quite recently, the dog breeders have been following the old, -unscientific method, with some additional effort to correct faulty -points in their dogs. That is, they have picked out individuals for -breeding stock that came as near as possible to their ideals, and if -the prospective mother was bad in head they selected a stud dog strong -in this point; while a very good coated matron might be mated to a poor -coated dog provided he possessed marked excellencies in other -directions. - -Unfortunately, but very scant attention was paid to the dams. This was -largely from economical considerations, which led them to believing, or -thinking they did merely because they wanted to, that "any old bitch -with a pedigree was good enough to breed from." To bolster up their -economy, they said that the pups inherited their looks from their sire -and their dispositions from their dam. - -Two changes have taken place in the past decade. Breeders now know that -physically as well as mentally the dam is quite as important as the -sire. Moreover, they have learned that individual characteristics, -however marked they may appear to be, do not have the force of family -traits. In other words, a short, thick headed bitch bred to the longest -headed dog alive would have short headed pups, if that dog had short -headed parents and grandparents. These two fundamental bits of -knowledge, learned originally from the biologists, have had a big -effect on breeding operations. - -A logical outgrowth of the importance that has been placed on family, -with the naturally lessened emphasis on the individual, has been an -increased number of the devotees of line rather than in-breeding. -In-breeding is beyond all doubt the strongest weapon the dog breeder -has, but it is a boomerang that is very apt to come back and knock its -thrower in the head. In-breeding is the breeding together of the blood -of one dog--mother to son, or brother to sister. Line-breeding is the -breeding together of dogs of the same general strain, comparable to -second or third cousins among people. - -These breeding experiments fix the good and bad points of a dog or a -strain very strongly. Carried to an extreme, they result in bad -constitutions, lack of gameness, and in extreme cases, in actual -deformity. Such breeding demands that only the strongest and youngest -dogs be mated. - -In selecting a sire, one should pick out a dog of recognized breeding, -whose ancestors were dogs of the type you desire. A winner and a son of -winners has better chances of being a sire of winners than an unknown -dog of doubtful family, but it is not always wise to rush to the latest -champion. A popular bench hero is apt to be over-worked at stud. If -your bitch is very young send her to an older dog and vice versa. Best -results are not obtained if the dogs are over eight years old--that is -a very good age limit at which to retire them from active service. A -bitch may be bred at her first "heat," if she is not too young and is -strong and healthy. - -Most people know that a bitch comes in season, or is "in heat," fairly -regularly at six months intervals, and that this is the only time when -she will have any sexual connections with a dog. The terriers generally -come into their first heat when eight or nine months old and are -remarkable for the regularity of their periods. The first sign is a -swelling of the external parts and bleeding. After a week or ten days -the bleeding is followed by a thickish, white discharge. This is the -time to breed her. - -One service is all that is necessary--the old timers to the contrary -notwithstanding. Two services were formerly given, but this is no -longer done by the best breeders. The time of gestation is only -sixty-three days, and the second service, two days after the first, has -been suspected of destroying the effect of the former. Statistics show -that there are fewer misses and just as many puppies when there is but -one service, as when there are two. - -The single service is obviously a great saving of the energies of the -stud dog, who, if he be popular, has to make heavy demands on his -vitality. One who places a dog at public stud assumes certain -responsibilities,--the keeping of his dog in perfect health and -attending most carefully to visiting matrons. The stud dog should have -lots of exercise, all the water he wants, and an abundance of good -food. Raw lean meat, chopped fine or run through a mechanical grinder, -makes a fine supplementary diet, and raw eggs and a little sherry can -be added to this if he becomes at all run down. - -Visiting bitches must be guarded against all possible chance of a -misalliance. If practical, they should be kept far off from the other -kennel inmates, for quiet is something to be greatly desired for them. -When they arrive, they should be given a run and drink, but do not -feed them till they have quieted down a little from the excitement of -the trip. The Golden Rule covers the care of these visitors like a -blanket--just treat them as you would have a bitch of your own treated -under the same circumstances. - -When a bitch has returned to her home kennels, she should take the rest -cure a day or so. After that for a month or six weeks she need be -treated no differently from any of her kennel mates, save to see that -she has plenty to eat and that her stomach and bowels are in perfect -order. - -When she begins to show signs of heavy whelp take her away from the -others, and while her exercise wants to be kept up by long walks she -should not be allowed to run or romp, or she may miscarry. Her box -should be fixed a few days before the pups are to be born. Let it be -large enough for her to stretch out in, but not big enough to give her -room in which to move about, or she may kill or injure the pups by -treading on them. - -Once in a while one has a bitch who neglects her pups disgracefully, -but the usual thing, in terriers at least, is over attention to the -sacrifice of her own condition. A few bitches eat their newborn pups. -Fear is the motive, but once done they seem to get the habit. Feeding -quantities of raw meat just before they are to whelp is the best, but -not a sure cure. Bad mothers, ones who walk on their babies, neglect -them, or turn cannibal, are very rare among the terriers. - -To return to the box: it should, as I have said, be just large enough -to be comfortable. The best bedding for the whelping time is a bit of -old carpet, to be substituted for straw when the family has safely -arrived. A little shelf, about three inches from the bottom and two -inches wide, tacked round the box will prove to be good puppy life -insurance, for it keeps them from being pressed to death against the -sides of the nest. - -Terriers whelp better if left to themselves. It is the rarest thing -for them to have any trouble, and if one will just keep a weather eye -open to see that things are really going well, they will continue to -go well without interference. The pups should be born inside two hour -intervals, and if this limit be passed the mother needs attention. The -drugs used, however, are so strong and so poisonous and an operation is -so delicate that it is invariably better to call in the veterinarian's -skilled aid. - -After the puppies are all born the mother should be given a bowl of -thin oatmeal gruel and left to herself. She will ordinarily clean up -the nest herself, eating the after-births and licking the puppies -clean. I have found that after she has cleaned a pup, which she does as -soon as it is born, it is advisable to take it from her, wrap it in -flannel to keep it warm and dry, and to wash off the navel cord with -some mild disinfectant such as listerine, or a very dilute solution of -bichloride of mercury or carbolic acid. Cold is fatal to very young -puppies, and the navel cord is the source of a germ infection that -kills many in the nest. - -The dam, while nursing her family, must have an abundance of -food--plenty of soups, gruels, meats, and milk, but not many -vegetables, for they are full of water and waste. She needs more -concentrated nourishment. When you think that you can fairly "see -puppies grow," you can appreciate how great a drain there is on the -mother. Because of this, it is never advisable to let a terrier attempt -to raise more than five at the outside, and four is really better than -five. If a foster cannot be obtained--very often the local pound will -have a healthy mongrel which they will let you have for the license -fee--it is kindness and economy to kill off the puppies in excess of -four or five. - -What ones to destroy is a delicate question. It is usually safe to -discard the last one born, who is so often the runt of the family that -he is known to kennel men and veterinarians as the "wreckling." It -takes a very experienced eye to tell much about the points of a new -born puppy, but two salient features to be remembered are that not once -in a hundred times will a light eye get darker and any tendency to big -ears is comparatively easy to spot and invariably gets worse. A good -safe rule in terrier puppies is to save the ones with the longest, -flattest heads, the heaviest, straightest fore legs, dark eyes, small -ears, short bodies, taking these points in the order named, but -discarding any pup who is glaringly off in any of these details. - -The mother will wean the pups herself when they begin to grow their -teeth, and it is best to leave this to nature. When their eyes are -opened they should be taught to drink for themselves by sticking their -noses in a saucer of sweetened milk. About the time they are fully -weaned they should be treated for worms. After this first worming, they -should have similar treatment every six weeks till they are six months -old, and twice more after that before they are out of the puppy class. -All dogs should be treated for worms twice a year as long as they live. - -It is the style, or custom, or what you will, to cut the tails of -Airedales, Irish, Welsh, and fox terrier puppies. This ought to be done -when they are three or four days old. Three vertebrae are left, that -is, the tail is cut at the third "knuckle," not counting the first one -at the root of the tail. Rumor says that the operation is done with the -kennelman's or groom's teeth, but in reality a dull pair of scissors is -the usual and best instrument. The skin should be pulled back toward -the body, so that there will be a little extra to cover the end, and -not leave it bare of hair. - -Growing pups need three things--food, room, and sunlight. When first -weaned, they should be fed milk, gruels, and soups five times a day and -the number of meals gradually lessened and the amount of solid food -gradually increased till at a year old they are fed the same as their -older kennel companions. The more room puppies have, the better they -are. This is probably the reason that puppies farmed out always do so -much better than those kennel raised. They may get all sorts of food -and they certainly do not get the attention given the ones in the -kennels, but a farm raised youngster is always healthier, bigger, and -stronger. - -Sunlight acts on puppies as it does on growing plants. Winter pups are -proverbially more troublesome than those born in the spring. Most -fanciers, therefore, see to it that their brood bitches whelp only in -the spring. One litter a year is enough to ask of any terrier. - -In conclusion, a word to the small kennel owner. He is apt to think -things are unfairly distributed and that he has not the chance either -in the show ring, the field, or the breeding kennel that the large -owner has. In the latter two, and especially in the breeding kennel, he -really has an advantage. It is well known that the greatest number of -good dogs are bred by owners of from one to five bitches, for they -study their needs more carefully and can give the puppies better -attention. Let the small breeder but study his breed; know its past -great dogs; understand the meaning of pedigrees; mate his bitches -according to his knowledge; rear his puppies carefully, and he will -find that he will turn out better home breds than ever come from the -big kennels. - - - - -CHAPTER V - -DOG SHOWS AND SHOWING - - -The Britisher's inborn love of sport, dogs, and breeding invented the -dog show, but not so very long ago, for even in England bench shows, as -a recognized institution, are only a little over half a century old. -Their fame and popularity have, however, circled the globe. - -The English fancier can truly boast that there are more thoroughbred -dogs to the mile in Great Britain than to fifty miles in any other -country, and one is not surprised to find that there are more bench -shows held there in a week than in a month in the United States. We, on -this side of the ocean, are their nearest rival, for while European -countries have taken up the dog and his showing, still they are as much -behind us as we are behind "the tight little isle." - -Continental fanciers have a great deal to learn about dogs, and from -their very dispositions it is doubtful if, with the possible exception -of the serious, hard-working, painstaking Germans, they will ever -become truly doggy. In the first place, they count their pennies very -carefully when buying a dog; and in the second place, they are not -really fanciers at heart, but have merely taken up dogs as a -fashionable whim. - -The first American shows were run in a haphazard, friendly, -go-as-you-please way, but it very soon became evident that some -governing body was as much a necessity in dogdom as on the race track, -in college athletics, or among yachtsmen. Accordingly, the American -Kennel Club grew up naturally to fill this place. In form the A.K.C., -as it is called, is a congress. Its members are not individuals, but -clubs, which are represented by regularly elected delegates at the -meetings of the parent organization. These clubs are of two types, the -local clubs, composed of the fanciers of a certain city or district, -and the specialty clubs, whose members are the fanciers the country -over devoted to one particular breed. - -The local clubs, like the Westminster Kennel Club of New York City or -the Philadelphia Dog Show Association, are organized primarily for the -giving of bench shows. The specialty clubs, of which the Scottish -Terrier Club of America and the Airedale Terrier Club of New England -are examples, are devoted primarily to fostering the interests of their -breed, which they do by offering special prizes, seeing that competent -judges officiate, and even by holding shows where only dogs of their -breed are exhibited. - -All shows, whether given by local or specialty associations, are held -under A.K.C. rules, and the regulation of these shows is the main work -done at the club's offices at 1 Liberty Street, New York. The A.K.C., -however, does more than this. It publishes the dog Stud Book, a volume -annually, and also a semi-monthly, official journal, the _A.K.C. -Gazette_. Moreover, the club is judicial as well as legislative and -executive in its functions, and tries the offenders of the kennel -world. Last, but not least, it has jurisdiction over field trials, both -for bird dogs and hounds. - -The A.K.C. recognizes seventy-seven distinct breeds as thoroughbred -dogs--not counting several subdivision of breeds into varieties based -on coats or colors. Any dog of any of these recognized breeds may be -entered in the Stud Book, provided it has three generations of known, -pure-blood pedigree. The registration fee is one dollar and includes -the assigning of an official number to the dog, entry in the Stud Book -for that year, a certificate of his registration, and the right, -throughout the life of the dog, to show him, regardless of ownership, -at any A.K.C. show. Unregistered dogs have to be "listed" for each -show they attend, and a fee of twenty-five cents is always charged. - -The usual classes at a bench show are the puppy, novice, limit, open, -and winners', and in the more popular breeds these are divided by sex. -The puppy class is for any dog between the ages of six months and one -year, but, of course, none can be entered whose date of birth, sire, -dam, place of birth, and breeder are unknown. The novice class is for -dogs bred in the United States who have never won a first prize, wins -in the puppy class being excepted. The limit class is for dogs who have -not won six first prizes in that class, but dogs who have won their -championship are barred. Any dog, who is over six months of age, may be -shown in the open class. - -If three of the above classes are given at a show, a winners' class is -added. There is no entry fee for this class, but in it the winners of -the other classes meet and are judged. At different shows various other -classes are sometimes given, as a junior class for dogs between six and -eighteen months, a class for champions, and many divisions are made -according to weight and color in different breeds. - -It is by wins in the winners' class that a dog secures the right to -prefix to his name the honorable and much-coveted title of "Champion." -To win this, the dog must get fifteen points. Every win in the winners' -class counts a certain number of points according to the number of dogs -actually on the bench at the show: 1000 dogs or over, five points; 750 -dogs or over, four points; 500 dogs or over, three points; 250 dogs or -over, two points; under 250 dogs, one point. Specialty shows devoted to -one breed count five points. Fifteen of these points, provided three of -them have been won at one show and at least three different judges have -awarded the dog first in the winners' class, make a dog a champion. The -A.K.C. gives a championship certificate to the owner, who can also -buy a championship medal for three dollars, if his dog is registered. - -Novices are cautioned to read most carefully the rules published in -the premium lists of all A.K.C. dog shows before they fill out their -entry blanks and to exercise great care in doing this, for mistakes are -on their own heads. Their dog may be disqualified and his wins canceled -should they fail to fill in the necessary particulars correctly. In -case of any attempt at fraud, they will be themselves disqualified, -which is a doggy ex-communication. Disqualified persons are not only -barred from judging, showing, or registering, but dogs owned or bred by -them during their term of disqualification cannot be shown or -registered. - -No dog that is lame (except temporarily), blind, castrated, spayed, -deaf, dyed, or in any way "faked" can be shown, and all entries are -examined by a registered veterinarian when they first come to the show. -They must be passed by him, as sound and free from contagious disease, -before they will be accepted. Every dog must be the _bona fide_ -property of the exhibitor. These, and the other rules, are simple, -founded on common justice and reason, and easy to understand. They are -all such that intent to deceive can be the only reason for their -neglect or misunderstanding. - -To show a dog at his best, in the very pink of perfect condition, is -the only way to insure that he will be placed by the judge where he -deserves. Many a dog, really better than his rival in the ring, has -gone down because of condition, and defeat is not only unpleasant, -but also a great handicap to a show dog. Perfect health, no fat, -well-developed muscles--these are the foundation of a terrier's -"fitness." - -A little change in diet or exercise is the best and the easiest way to -accomplish this physical perfection. Tonics and pills and powders, -conditioners, as they are called, are not all they are cracked up to -be. It is like doping a race-horse or a pugilist. It works for a time, -but the end is inevitable and always the same. - -A terrier is easy to get "fit," and the only thing that may cause the -exhibitor loss of sleep is the condition of the wire coat. Wire coats -are--there is no use fishing about for any excuse--wire coats are a -bother. A great, big three-quarters of the trouble is overcome, -however, if the dog has been carefully and regularly groomed. Such a -dog does not need much trimming,--mainly a little cleaning up about the -head and legs. On the other hand, one who has been neglected needs the -services of a skilled canine tonsorial artist to put him down before -the judge with a coat that meets the requirements of the ring. - -The A.K.C. lets one pluck and pull with his fingers, and brush and -comb away as much as he wishes, but the use of knives, razors, -scissors, or clippers is strictly tabooed. It is too bad that the -trimming of wire terriers is carried so far as is the style to-day, -for, even if legalized by the A.K.C, it so alters a dog and so -improves a bad coat that it savors pretty strongly of faking. There -is, however, little chance of there being any immediate reform, and -to show successfully one must obey the dictates of Mistress Fashion. - -A dog in perfect condition, with his coat trimmed in the approved -style, may yet fail to get his deserts in the show ring, if not -properly handled. The professional handlers are past masters at the art -of making a dog appear at his very best in the ring, and a great deal -of their success is due to this skill. The cry of the partiality of -judges to professionally shown dogs has been often heard, but it is not -so serious to one who will watch a class actually being shown on the -sawdust. The humorousness of the man who can realize the better showing -of the dogs handled by the paid professionals in every ring but his own -appeals to a close and impartial observer. - -The novice cannot do better than to steal a leaf out of the book of the -professional handlers, and by a careful study of their methods, learn -to show his own dogs so that they will always be at their best, making -their strongest points apparent and hiding their weaknesses, and -religiously seeing to it that he catches the judicial eye. - -It is well to take a puppy destined for a show career and to teach him -to show. It is just as easy to teach him to stand firm on his pins, all -alert, full of fire, yet not bobbing about like a jumping-jack, as it -is to have him sit up and beg or to "play dead." To a "public dog" it -is an innately more useful accomplishment. - -A little bit of boiled liver, the sweetest tit-bit on a dog's menu, is -an excellent thing to carry into the ring with you, but it is a grave -mistake to be forever teasing and nagging at your entry. Leave him -alone as much as possible. Do not wear out his spirits and your own -patience, but just see that he is kept awake, standing firm so as to -show his front to advantage, and so placed that the judge looks at him -from the most advantageous position. If he has a poor colored eye, keep -his tail pointed at the source of the light; if his back is plenty -long, do not let the judge see more of his profile than possible, and -so on, with different rules for each dog in the world. - -Bad manners in the ring are the poorest of poor sportsmanship. Never -try to hide another's dog and do not let your dog pick at or worry -another entry. The terriers are all inclined to "start things" in the -ring anyway, and each exhibitor ought to do his best to prevent the -ring from becoming a whirling, barking, tugging bedlam. No judge can do -his best under such disconcerting, if exciting, conditions, and he has -a hard enough time at best, so exhibitors ought to help him as much as -they are able. - -Very, very seldom does one meet an exhibitor who will come out frankly -and say that he was beaten fairly, even if he has shown a regular -"rotter" against an "out-and-outer." It does not cost one single, red -cent to congratulate the owner of the dog who has beaten yours. If he -has done so fairly, it is but the decent thing to do, and if you think -your dog is the better, why you have the consolation of knowing that -there is going to be another show where another judge will hand out the -ribbons probably the very next week. It is also a mighty nice thing to -find a good point or two to mention in the dogs that have been placed -behind yours, assuming, of course, that you have not had the fate of -being "given the gate." - -These little courtesies of the ring are often sadly lacking at our -American shows. Fanciers have a world of things in common and, instead -of bitterest rivals, they should be the best of friends. Friendly -rivalry adds ninety per cent. to the pleasures of being a fancier, and -in this a man gets just about what he gives. - -In sending a dog to a show, even if the distance be but a mile or two -and you are going along, too, it is best to crate him. It costs a -little more, but many an unboxed dog has been lost or injured, and the -railroads assume absolutely no responsibility in these cases. The -express companies do charge a very high rate (one and a half times that -charged for merchandise) for very poor service, but they are at least -legally responsible for dogs committed to their charge. In England, -wicker hampers are very popular for shipping dogs, but here, while -lightness is to be sought, they are hardly strong enough to withstand -the gentle care of our "baggage heavers." - -The shows provide bedding, food, and water, but the fancier supplies -his own chains and leads. To fasten a dog on the exhibition bench, -bench chains, as they are called, are used. These are either nickel or -brass finish, with snaps at both ends, and by means of them a dog can -be so fastened that he can move about comfortably and yet not hang -himself by getting over the front or get into trouble with his -neighbors beyond the partitions. - -In the show ring, however, these chains would be too heavy, and it is -the custom to show terriers on long leather leads. There are two styles -in vogue. One is a regular lead fastened with a snap to an ordinary -collar, which should be a half inch strap of plain leather. The other -is the slip collar, or a long lead with a loop at one or both ends. The -loop is slipped over the dog's head and fastened by a sliding clasp. -All leads and collars for terriers should be light and plain. Fancy, -studded, bebelled, and beribboned collars look about as well on a -terrier as diamonds on a bellboy. - -The showing of dogs is rapidly becoming one of our most popular sports. -The number of shows increases wonderfully each year, and every season -the entries become more and more numerous. Daily, there are recruits -enlisting in the army of dog fanciers. There is no denying the potency -of the charm woven by the dog show. The confirmed fancier fairly loves -the barking roar of the benched dogs; that peculiarly distinctive -smell--a strange mixture of dog, disinfectant, and sawdust; the -excitement of the ring; the doggy parties at lunches, dinners, and at -night after the show is over. It is all different from anything else in -the world of sport, this charm of the bench show, and it is sure to -hold in a fast grip any dog lover who falls under its sway. - - - - -CHAPTER VI - -THE USEFUL AIREDALE - - -Had there never been a specific need for just such a dog as the -Airedale, he would never have existed. He was "manufactured" to meet a -distinct want: the need for a big, strong dog, game to the bottom and -with a liking for water, who would serve the all-round purpose of pal, -guard, poacher, and vermin destroyer. Had the Airedale not filled this -bill, he would never have persisted. He would have died out -ignominiously, without even winning a local fame. - -The Airedale, however, is not only all that his Yorkshire "manufacturers" -longed for, but he has shown himself much more. Wider acquaintance with -the world has placed him under many different conditions, and he has -not very often been weighed and found wanting. He has made his home in -all countries from Alaska to India. He has been used for all sorts of -game from the grizzly to mice; he has done police duty in France, -Germany, and America; he has drawn sleds in the Arctic and driven sheep -in Australia--all these things and many others he has done, and in the -doing of them he has won a reputation for intelligence, docility, and -affectionate disposition that few less talented dogs do not envy. As a -writer in the _Belgian Breeder_, the Brussels journal devoted to -horses, dogs, and livestock, has said, he is indeed "_le chien le plus -utile_," which is freely Americanized by the doggy epigram that "an -Airedale will do anything any other dog can do and then lick the other -dog." - -The Airedale is indeed ideally useful, and he is also usefully ideal, -for he has size and strength; nobody ever questioned his courage; he is -blessed with exceptional brains; and he is obedient, faithful, and -affectionate. What more can man ask of a dog? By inheritance he is a -thorough sportsman and by instinct a perfect gentleman. - -Training, education, and specialization are all familiar terms these -days. It is acknowledged that the skilled dwarf is more powerful than -the ignorant giant: that the efficiency of the genius is increased many -times by proper schooling. So it is with dogs. By nature and by the art -of breeding the Airedale has been endowed with gifts fitting him to do -whatever a dog may be called upon to do, but proper training will -enable him to do it more easily and better. - -With a dog of so many talents it is somewhat difficult to decide just -the best way in which to take up the different branches of his -education, but let us divide his training upon the basis of the -Airedale in town and in the country. - -I suppose that it is useless to say, for dogs will always be kept in -the cities as companions, that a Harlem flat is just about the worst -place in the world for an Airedale. Any terrier just cries for room. -He is lively as a cricket and as full of spirits as a nut is of -kernel--both excellent qualities in any dog outside a flat. The city at -best is no place for any dog; no place for terriers of all dogs, and of -all terriers, the Airedale! Yet hundreds of dogs live in town, and they -serve their purpose. Also, they have a great deal to learn. - -House-breaking is the first lesson that has to be taught the city dog. -Usually it saves time and money to see that the dog you buy is already -so trained, but this cannot always be done. It is a risky business to -guarantee a dog house-broken and too much faith must not be placed in -any such promises. It often happens that while a dog will always behave -perfectly in one house he may have to be trained all over again when -introduced into another. This is mainly true of puppies, so you need -not consider yourself basely deceived if, in this particular, a -youngster does not live strictly up to the word of his seller. - -If your dog arrives in a crate, he should be given a run the very first -thing after unpacking. The safest way is to bring him into the house on -a lead and to keep him tied up short in some convenient place for a -couple of days, taking him out regularly at fixed hours. He will soon -get into these habits. Should he offend, he ought to be punished at the -scene of his crime, taking care that he is aware of his offense and -tied up again. A very few days of this treatment will house-break any -dog who is old enough to understand what you are driving at. Trying to -house-break a very young puppy is cruelty pure and simple. - -In punishing a dog, do not beat him about the ears and never use either -a fine whip, or a stick. It has happened twice in my knowledge that a -dog has had his hearing seriously damaged by a rupturing of the ear -drums caused by blows on the head. A whip will cut the skin of a dog -and a stick may break a bone. A smart slap under the jaw, accompanied -by a word-scolding in a severe tone and uncompromising manner, is a -thousand times better. In extreme cases a strap may be used, but always -remember that the object is not to flog the dog into cowardly and -broken submission, but merely to impress upon him that he is not doing -as you wish. - -In all cases it is best to punish a dog "red handed," but in no case -should you punish him "red headed." Unless the dog knows for what he -is being punished, you are like Xerxes whipping the Hellespont for -wrecking his ships, except that a dog has more feelings than the sea. -The best way to be sure that the dog knows is to catch him in the very -act. This has the disadvantage, however, of making it likely that you -will be in a temper. - -No dog should ever be punished when you have not got perfect control -over yourself. The patience of Job was never tried by a healthy, -terrier puppy, or it might have reached its limit. A spoiled rug, the -flower-beds wrecked, a new hat chewed up, slippers and rubbers all over -the house, religious disobedience, all these things do cultivate a -temper, but temper and dog-training do not live together successfully. - -In training a dog be sure that he knows exactly what you want him to -do, and then be sure that he always does it. Make obedience a habit. In -time, it will come as natural to him as breathing. When you say "Come -here," see that he comes, and let him understand that "Lie down" means -just that and nothing more. It is very useful to have a dog that lives -in the house "stay put" when placed in a chair or a corner, and this -should be part of his education. It is very bad dog manners to jump up -on visitors. Even to those who love dogs it is often disagreeably -bothersome. It is bad enough in a toy dog, but in an Airedale it is -worse in the ratio of five pounds to fifty. - -I am not personally in favor of teaching a dog tricks. A trick dog soon -learns to "love the limelight," and will be continually begging to be -allowed to show off. Besides, I have an inborn dislike to seeing a dog -doing stunts, and I know the feeling is shared by others who are fond -of a good dog. It seems a silly thing to see a big, strong terrier -begging or walking on his hind legs. It may be very clever for poodles -and pugs, but with a man's dog--and the terriers are all "man's -dogs"--it always calls to my mind a painting in the Louvre in which -Hercules is depicted sitting at the feet of Venus industriously winding -up a ball of yarn. However, tastes differ, and these tricks are all -easy to teach a bright pupil, who has already learned the lesson of -minding. - -When the city dog goes out for a walk his training gets its real test. -What a lovely spectacle it is to see a dog owner rushing and yelling -after a dog who runs about paying no more attention to him than to the -clouds overhead. It is a sight that has but one equal, that of a -portly, pompous gentleman chasing his own hat. Even if a dog is -perfectly trained indoors, he may break loose when first taken out on -the street, but he can easily be made to understand that master is to -be boss on the street as well as in the house. One of the best habits a -city dog can have is that of keeping close to his owner's heels -crossing streets. A dog is perfectly well able to cross a crowded -street, but in busy thoroughfares a dog and his master are apt to get -separated, and all may not be so fortunate as the Washington physician -who had his champion Airedale returned with a note which read: - -"Dere Doc--Here is your Yeller Dog. Will you Please give me 15 cents I -hate to ask so much but i had to fead him 2 days." - -The Airedale who lives in the country is more fortunate than his -brother in town. His preliminary education is just the same, but he -gets a college course in hunting, and maybe a little post-graduate work -in cattle driving. All that has been said about house-breaking and -teaching to mind applies with equal force to the country dog. If there -are not so many interested spectators to make it embarrassing it is -just as provoking to have a runaway dog in the meadows and pastures as -in the streets and avenues. A single motor at sixty or seventy miles an -hour on the turnpike is harder for a dog to dodge than the whole flood -of traffic that streams up and down the city thoroughfares. So, city or -country, teach your dog to mind. - -An Airedale will take as naturally to rats, woodchucks, and such vermin -as a lot of little yellow ducklings will to the mill pond. But to make -assurance doubly sure, it is best to introduce him to mice or small -rats when he is four or five months old, then leading on and on till -you can end with the biggest game found in America. This is the way -terriers are broken in England. It has been found that if a terrier is -jumped bang at Mr. Woodchuck, for example, he may be spoiled by biting -off more than he can chew the first time. - -In the Rockies, where Airedales are used on grizzly and mountain lion, -the dogs hunt in packs, and the old dogs train the youngsters. Example -and experience make an excellent pair of tutors, and the work is such -that unless the lessons are grasped pretty quickly, there will be a -dead dog. - -The gradual system of breaking applies to water. The veins of the -Airedale are filled with the blood of the otter-hound, and from this -ancestor he has inherited a love for the water. Practically all -Airedales will swim naturally without any training at all, but once in -a while there comes along one who does not take to water. He should be -coaxed in, not taken by the scruff of the neck and pitched overboard. -Methods like that are not generally successful when dogs are concerned. - -In hunting and swimming the Airedale is but following the strongest -instincts that he has. All one has to do is to curb and direct these -instincts. Experience will do the rest, for the dog has brains and is -very quick to learn, and the teacher is proverbially a good one. In -driving cattle and sheep, however, the dog is going into a new trade, -as it were, and not one to which he was born. He proves his versatility -by the quickness with which he can learn to be an excellent drover. The -easiest way is to take him out with a dog experienced in this work. If -this cannot be done, one will have to train him himself, and this is -not so difficult as it sounds, but it is best to make sure that the dog -has carefully learned that minding trick above mentioned before -undertaking this. - -Almost any and all dogs are watch-dogs, but the Airedale, because of -his size and intelligence, is a particularly good one. It is not the -wisest policy to chain up a dog at night, for he will be much more apt -to sound false alarms, and in any case of real need he is powerless to -give active defense of himself or his friends. The watch-dog ought not -to have his big, heavy meal at night, or he will go to sleep and snore -peacefully till cock crow, while if fed but lightly, he will rest in a -series of cat naps, if a dog can do that. - -The Airedale is more practically useful than any other breed of dog. He -can do more things better than any other variety. It is this eminent -utility of his that has been one of the greatest factors in his -success, but he would never have become so widely popular with men, -women, and children of all classes had it not been that behind his -usefulness there is sterling character and good disposition. - - - - -CHAPTER VII - -COMMON AILMENTS - - -The terrier owner is a "lucky devil," for his dogs do not, as a rule, -spend a great deal of time in the hospital. All members of the terrier -family, from the giant of the race, the Airedale, way down to little -Scottie, owe a big debt to nature for having blessed them with -remarkably robust constitutions. They do not catch cold from every -draft; they throw off the various contagious diseases; even when really -sick, they make wonderfully rapid recoveries. - -All dog flesh, however, is heir to certain diseases, and even the most -healthy and strong are not exceptions to this rule. Many of the books -on doggy subjects are so deep and technical that the poor novice who -has waded through their sonorous and involved phrases is really more at -sea about how to treat his sick dog than before he took them from the -shelf. Other books on dogs, especially the popular ones, are so brief -in their descriptions that no amount of study of them can teach much. -It is my object to steer between these two extremes and to tell -something of the common ailments, so all may understand their causes, -symptoms, and treatments. - -Two good rules for the amateur veterinarian to learn at the very outset -are: In case of any doubt, or if the case is at all serious, time, -money, and maybe the dog's life will be saved by calling at once upon a -registered D.V.S.; and nine times out of ten a dog's ailments are the -same, with the same symptoms and results, as among humans. A dog, -therefore, can receive the same treatment as people, for the same -medicines act upon him as upon yourself. In the case of the terriers, -the dose is one-fourth of that for an adult human. To use more -commonsense than medicine is another good rule to use, for nursing and -a little attention to diet often effect a cure without any drugs at -all. - -Remembering that the same treatment that you would give yourself cures -your dogs makes it unnecessary to go into such ailments as cuts, burns, -colds, stomach disorders, and poisons. There are, however, some -distinctively canine ailments. For convenience let us take these up -alphabetically. - -_Canker of the ear_ is not by any means so common in terriers as in the -long-eared breeds, but it sometimes affects dogs who go a great deal in -the water, though it may be caused by any foreign substance getting -into the ear. There are two forms--the external and the internal. The -external shows itself by sores on the ear flaps, which are most painful -and cause the dog to scratch and paw at his ear. The sores ought to be -cleaned thoroughly with hot water and dressed with zinc ointment daily. -In bad cases the head may be bandaged to prevent aggravation of the -ulcers by scratching. - -The internal form is harder to cure. Its symptoms are hot, inflamed -ears, pain, pawing, and rubbing the head against the floor or walls. -The interior of the ear should be douched out with warm water and -boracic acid or witch hazel, and then syringed with a solution of one -part of spirits of wine and twenty parts of water. Afterwards the ear -should be carefully dried out with cotton on the end of a pencil--care -must be taken not to injure the interior of the ear--and finally dusted -with boracic acid. - -_Chorea_, or, as it is sometimes called, St. Vitus's Dance, is -generally a legacy of distemper. It is a peculiar nervous twitching, -generally affecting the forelegs and shoulders. It is almost incurable, -but good food, exercise, and a tonic may work wonders. - -_Cramps_ in the hindquarters may sometimes attack a dog who goes a -great deal into the water and they are not unknown as a result of cold -and damp kennels or great exposure to cold. The symptoms are a more or -less complete paralysis of the hindlegs, accompanied by great pain. The -dog should be given a hot bath and the affected parts, after a careful -drying, should be rubbed well with chloroform liniment. - -_Diarrhoea_, which may be caused by food or worms, can usually be -stopped by a mild purge of half castor oil and half syrup of buckthorn, -which may be followed by a dose of prepared chalk. Boiled rice is an -excellent food for dogs suffering from disordered bowels. - -_Distemper_ is the bane of the dog owner's existence. It is a highly -contagious disease generally attacking puppies, and is comparable to -scarlet fever in that one attack successfully gone through usually -means immunity. It was formerly thought that distemper could arise -spontaneously from improper feeding or unsanitary kenneling, but the -germ of the disease has been isolated, and while poor food and dirty -kennels increase the chances of the disease by lowering the dog's -resistance, they are not in themselves causes. - -The distemper germ is possessed of remarkable vitality and may be -transferred either directly from dog to dog or through the medium of -crates, bedding, clothing, and even the air. Shows are a source of -spreading the disease, though there is much less danger of this now -than formerly for the veterinary inspection and proper disinfecting -methods have improved conditions wonderfully. A bitch from an infected -kennel may give distemper to the inmates of the kennels she visits for -breeding purposes. Plenty of soap and water, disinfectant, and elbow -grease make a distemper prevention that is much better than any cure. - -The discovery of the distemper germ has naturally resulted in the -making of an anti-toxin, by attenuating the virus till a weakened -form is obtained. Using this to inoculate a well dog, a mild form -of the disease attacks him, but this "vaccination" has not proved -unqualifiedly successful, especially when used by amateurs. - -The commonest form of distemper is catarrhal, with symptoms much like -those of an ordinary cold, lack of appetite, fever, disordered bowels, -vomiting, staring coat, rapid loss of flesh, and discharges from the -nose and eyes. The distemper germ, however, may attack other organs -than the nose and eyes. The lungs and bronchial tubes and the stomach -and intestines are also seats of the trouble. These forms are harder to -diagnose and harder to cure. The presence of dysentery and sometimes of -jaundice are indications that the digestive tract is involved. - -I know of no sure cure for distemper, and I never knew a dog owner -who did, though, to be sure, they all have their favorite remedies. -There are no end of patent specifics on the market, and some of these -are very good, but the best thing for a tyro to do is to call a -veterinarian. Leave the doctoring to him, at least till you have had -the experience gained by a couple of good cases of distemper in your -kennels. There will be plenty for you to do without bother about -prescribing. - -The dog with distemper must be isolated, and you must take the -precautions that you would if there were smallpox in the neighborhood. -Wash with disinfectants, burn sulphur candles, scrupulously destroy all -bedding--use all the knowledge of antiseptic disinfecting that you -have. - -As for the patient, you will find that nursing is just as important as -medicine--in fact, the more I have to do with the disease, the less -medicine I administer and the more care I give to nursing. Keep up the -dog's strength with almost any sick room food that he will eat. Raw -meat, eggs, gruels, soups, milk, all these are good, and the dog should -be fed often. The discharges from the nose and eyes should be wiped -away regularly. - -If the nose becomes very badly stopped up, so that breathing is -difficult, the dog's head may be held over a pail of hot water in which -a little turpentine has been dropped and he made to inhale the fumes. -If the throat and bronchial tubes are affected, give a little cough -syrup--any one will do, but be careful not to give enough to upset the -stomach. See that the dog has plenty of water to drink and keep him out -of all drafts, though the room must be well ventilated. - -_Fits_ seem to be a part of the life of most puppies. They are not -dangerous and usually pass off without bad effects. But fits are a -symptom, and the cause should be removed. They may be caused by worms, -stomach troubles, or heat. Keep the dog quiet and give him a dose of -castor oil and buckthorn. - -_Insects_ of several kinds take pleasure in seeing to it that neither -the dog or his owner gets lazy. The commonest and the easiest to get -rid of are fleas, but they are dangerous as being the cause of -tapeworm, for the tapeworm of the dog spends part of his life (in the -larva form) in the fleas. There are any number of good flea soaps on -the market and a dozen good flea powders, so little need be said about -ridding the dog of these pests. - -Lice are harder to get rid of, but the dog can be freed of them in the -same way as of fleas. Care should be taken to get rid of as many of the -lice eggs, little black specks that stick to the hair, as possible. -Ticks are the least common, but because of their habit of burrowing -into the skin cannot be washed out. The best way is to give the dog a -good rubbing in a dressing composed of olive and kerosene oils, equal -parts of each, followed by a bath. - -_Kennel Lameness_, or rheumatism, affects a dog similarly to human -beings, there being a soreness of certain parts--usually the -foreshoulders or back--and pain, with even swelling of the joints. The -dog should be kept in a light, dry, well-ventilated place, his bowels -kept open, and the food given light, but nourishing. A little sodium -bicarbonate or sodium salicylate added to his drinking water will be -found to be beneficial, and hot baths and rubbings with liniments eases -the pain considerably. - -_Skin diseases_ are among the common troubles of the dog owner, for -there are three varieties. The wire terriers seem to suffer a good deal -from eczema,--this is especially true of Scotties,--and their owner is -sure to know it before he has been in the game very long. It is a skin -disease, noncontagious, arising from the blood and showing itself in -red eruptions which burst, oozing their contents and forming scabs. The -hair comes off, and by scratching the dog aggravates the condition. - -High feeding and too little exercise are the usual cause of the -trouble, and the root of the matter must be gotten at before a cure can -be effected. A good purge should be given and the dog put on a light, -simple diet. The sores should be washed clean and then treated with a -wash of four parts of sugar of lead and one part of zinc sulphate in -water. Fowler's Solution is also given sometimes, but this is a poison -and ought not to be administered save on a veterinarian's advice. - -There are two forms of mange--sarcoptic and follicular, both highly -infectious, and the latter so hard to cure that many dog owners would -almost rather kill a dog than go through the siege with the constant -danger of inoculating other dogs. The sarcoptic form is more on the -surface and attacks dogs under the legs, which become red and inflamed, -little reddish pimples forming, which break and form dark red scabs. -The follicular mange usually starts on the back near the tail or over -the collar. The hair falls out, red scabs form and there is a peculiar -odor. It is difficult to tell just which form one is dealing with after -the case has gone far, but at the outset it is comparatively easy. - -Both of these manges are caused by parasites which live in the skin. -The microscope reveals these, and this is the only way that one, at the -outset, can be sure he is dealing with mange and not eczema. The dog -should be thoroughly cleaned and then dressed with the following -ointment: creosote 1/2 oz.; oil of cade 1 oz.; zinc ointment and -lanoline each 3 ozs.; and sulphur 1/2 oz. This is not a pretty or a -nice mixture, but it has done the work more than once for me. The main -thing with mange is cleanliness and keeping everlastingly at it. -Skipping a day in the treatment will add a week to the cure. Sarcoptic -mange caught in time can be cured in two weeks. Follicular mange may -take three months, or even longer, to be cured completely. - -_Worms_ are almost sure to be found in all dogs not regularly treated -for them, and they are the cause of a good deal of trouble. Puppies are -favorite victims for these internal parasites and youngsters who serve -as hosts for these undesirable visitors never do well. Worms come from -fleas, sheep and cattle stomachs and intestines, and sheep heads. Three -varieties are common--the round, thread, and the tape, the last the -most dangerous. - -Puppies should be given a good vermifuge when weaned and the treatment -should be kept up all through the dog's life. Emaciation, vomiting, -bloating of the stomach, bad breath, and dragging the rectum along the -ground after stool are the usual evidences of worms, but the wise dog -owner does not wait for such signs. There are several good vermifuges -on the market, usually containing santonin, male fern, or acerca nut, -but naturally I do not feel that this is the place to mention them by -name. Almost any of them will do the work if the manufacturer's -directions are followed. - -In conclusion, a word or two about giving medicines. The best way to -hold a terrier is to sit in a low chair and place him so that his body -is under you and his shoulders between your knees. To give a pill you -do not need help for so small a dog, but by putting your left hand over -his mouth and pressing you force him to open his mouth by forcing his -lips against his teeth. Lift up his head and put the pill as far back -as you can on his tongue and hold his mouth closed till he has -swallowed. - -With liquids you will need an assistant to pour the medicine into the -natural funnel you make of the dog's mouth by pulling his lips on one -side out. In this you do not open the mouth but merely hold up the -head. The medicine should be poured slowly between the teeth and lips -and the mouth held closed till swallowed. - -Let me again impress the importance of remembering the similarity of -canine and human ills. It is also well to bear in mind that careful -nursing is usually very much better than dosing, especially when the -dosing is done by one who is not perfectly sure just what he is doing -and why he is doing it. - - - - - * * * * * * - - - - -Transcriber's note: - -Minor typographical errors have been corrected without note. - -Irregularities and inconsistencies in the text have been retained -as printed. - - - -***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE AIREDALE*** - - -******* This file should be named 43998.txt or 43998.zip ******* - - -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: -http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/4/3/9/9/43998 - - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, -set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to -copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to -protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project -Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you -charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you -do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the -rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose -such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and -research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do -practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is -subject to the trademark license, especially commercial -redistribution. - - - -*** START: FULL LICENSE *** - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project -Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at - www.gutenberg.org/license. - - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy -all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. -If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the -terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or -entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement -and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" -or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the -collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an -individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are -located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from -copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative -works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg -are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project -Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by -freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of -this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with -the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by -keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project -Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in -a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check -the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement -before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or -creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project -Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning -the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United -States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate -access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently -whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, -copied or distributed: - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived -from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is -posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied -and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees -or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work -with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the -work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 -through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the -Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or -1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional -terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked -to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the -permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any -word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or -distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than -"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version -posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), -you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a -copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon -request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other -form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided -that - -- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is - owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he - has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the - Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments - must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you - prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax - returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and - sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the - address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to - the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." - -- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or - destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium - and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of - Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any - money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days - of receipt of the work. - -- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set -forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from -both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael -Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the -Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm -collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain -"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or -corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual -property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a -computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by -your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with -your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with -the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a -refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity -providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to -receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy -is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further -opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER -WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO -WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. -If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the -law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be -interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by -the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any -provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance -with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, -promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, -harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, -that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do -or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm -work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any -Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. - - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers -including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists -because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from -people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. -To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation -and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 -and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org - - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive -Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent -permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. -Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered -throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at 809 -North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email -contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the -Foundation's web site and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact - -For additional contact information: - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To -SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any -particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. -To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate - - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm -concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared -with anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project -Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. -unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily -keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: - - www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. |