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-The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Airedale, by Williams Haynes
-
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
-almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
-re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
-with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
-
-
-
-
-
-Title: The Airedale
-
-
-Author: Williams Haynes
-
-
-
-Release Date: October 22, 2013  [eBook #43998]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
-
-
-***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE AIREDALE***
-
-
-E-text prepared by the Online Distributed Proofreading Team
-(http://www.pgdp.net) from page images generously made available by
-Internet Archive (https://archive.org)
-
-
-
-Note: Images of the original pages are available through
-      Internet Archive. See
-      https://archive.org/details/airedale00haynrich
-
-
-Transcriber's note:
-
-      Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_).
-
-
-
-
-
-THE AIREDALE
-
-by
-
-WILLIAMS HAYNES
-
-Author of "Beagles and Beagling," "Toy Dogs," etc.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-Outing Handbooks
-
-New York
-Outing Publishing Company
-MCMXI
-
-Copyright, 1911, by
-Outing Publishing Company.
-
-Entered at Stationer's Hall, London, England.
-All rights reserved
-
-
-
-
-CONTENTS
-
-   CHAPTER                                                    PAGE
-
-     I. THE BIGGEST AND BEST TERRIER                             9
-
-    II. THE AIREDALE'S HISTORY                                  21
-
-   III. THE CARE OF A TERRIER                                   35
-
-    IV. BREEDING TERRIERS                                       49
-
-     V. DOG SHOWS AND SHOWING                                   65
-
-    VI. THE USEFUL AIREDALE                                     79
-
-   VII. COMMON AILMENTS                                         91
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER I
-
-THE BIGGEST AND BEST TERRIER
-
-
-It was in the Merchants' Hotel, Manchester--a famous gathering place
-for the dog fanciers of the English Midlands, the most thickly dog
-populated district in the whole world--that one autumn evening I heard
-the best definition of an Airedale that I ever knew. A party of us,
-fresh from some bench show, were seated round a table waiting for
-dinner, and naturally we were talking dog, telling dog stories,
-anecdotes, and jokes. I gave the American definition of a dachshund;
-"half a dog high and a dog and a half long," and Theodore Marples,
-editor of _Our Dogs_, turning to a quiet little man, noted as a wild
-fanatic on the subject of Airedales, asked him his definition of his
-favorite breed. Quick as a spark he answered, "The biggest and best
-terrier!"
-
-There are thousands of people, all sorts of people from bankers to
-beggars, scattered all over this earth from Dawson City to Capetown,
-from Moscow to Manila, who will echo the statement that the Airedale is
-indeed the biggest and the best of all the terriers. Moreover, their
-votes would not be bribed by mere sentiment, but based upon good, sound
-reasons, for it is certain that he is the biggest, and he is "best" at
-doing more things than any other dog in the stud book.
-
-An Airedale will drive sheep or cattle; he will help drag a sled; he
-will tend the baby; he will hunt anything from a bear to a field mouse.
-He can run like a wolf and will take to water like an otter. He does
-not "butt in" looking for trouble with each dog that he passes on the
-street, but once he is "in" he will stick, for he is game as a pebble.
-He is kind, obedient, thoroughly trustworthy as a companion for
-children, or a watchman for your property. He has the disposition of a
-lamb combined with the courage of a lion. He is certainly the most
-all-round dog that there is and, unlike many Jacks-of-all-trades, he is
-apparently quite able to master all tasks a dog is called upon to
-perform.
-
-Over and above his talents and his character, the Airedale has a
-constitution made of steel and stone. He is equally at home in the snow
-wastes of the Arctic Circle and on the alkali deserts of Arizona. The
-dry, bracing air of Colorado and the fever-soaked atmosphere of
-Florida's Everglades both seem to agree with him perfectly. A sick
-Airedale is just about as common as a dodo.
-
-"The biggest and best terrier" indeed fits him to a T, but it does not
-convey any very definite idea as to what he should look like. Even his
-most enthusiastic admirers never claimed beauty for the Airedale. He is
-not pretty, unless we acknowledge that "handsome is that handsome
-does," and can see the beauty of perfect symmetry under wiry coat and
-odd coloring.
-
-A good Airedale is about as big as a pointer; somewhere in the
-neighborhood of forty-five pounds, a little more for a dog and a little
-less for a bitch. His head should be long; the skull flat and broad;
-the cheeks smooth; the muzzle strong with tight lips over big, white,
-even teeth. His eyes should be small, dark, and full of fire and his
-ears little, carried high, and shaped like a V, for nothing can so
-detract from the correct terrier expression as large, light eyes and
-houndy ears. His front legs ought to be a pair of gun barrels, straight
-and strong and about the same thickness all the way down. His shoulders
-are like those of a race horse, long and sloping; while his pads should
-be firm and hard, not those loose, sprawly feet sometimes seen.
-
-The only kind of a back for him to have is short, and his ribs must
-be well sprung. A long backed dog lacks staying qualities, and a
-slab-sided one has not the room for lungs. His chest should be deep,
-but narrow, and he should be slightly cut up in the loin--not the
-wasp-like waist of a greyhound,--but no better is a body like a
-stovepipe. His hindquarters should be strong, with the hocks quite near
-the ground. The Airedale that does not carry a gay tail is a delight to
-no eye.
-
-Last, but not least, comes the coat. In color this should be a deep,
-rich tan on the head, face, chest, legs, and under parts, while over
-the back is a saddle of black or iron-grey. Personally, I like the
-black more than the grizzle, for it makes a prettier contrast with the
-tan, but "a good horse cannot be a bad color." The Airedale's coat is
-(or rather should be) double. The overcoat is of hair like wire, stiff
-and hard, about an inch long all over the dog, except on the skull
-where it is shorter. Under this jacket of wire, there ought to be a
-vest of soft, woolly hair.
-
-If you can collect in your mind's eye all the above details of
-description you should see a big, strong, compact, businesslike dog,
-full of the proverbial up-and-ever-coming spirit that inspires all
-terriers. His every movement shows strength, yet he always moves in
-that effort-economizing way which is the very personification of grace.
-When running he sweeps along with the free open stride of a galloping
-thoroughbred, with his head often carried low, but his tail always
-high.
-
-Very often the man wanting a dog for hunting, for a guard, for a pal
-turns up his nose at all the finely enumerated details in which the
-standard describes the fanciers' ideal of Airedale perfection. He is
-wrong, for, as the advertisements say, "There's a reason." Take the
-double coat for example. The Airedale was originally bred to be a water
-dog. The wiry coat sheds water like a duck's back, and the undercoat
-keeps him warm in all weather. With the kind of a jacket for which the
-standard calls an Airedale can swim the river, scramble out, shake
-himself, roll over, and be dry. Moreover, such a coat is a perfect
-armor against all kinds of thorns, claws, and teeth. The long, clean
-head with its strong muzzle means a jaw with plenty of room for big,
-strong teeth and muscles to shut those teeth as quickly and as surely
-as a spring trap.
-
-Of course, not one Airedale in a thousand comes within seventy-five
-per cent. of being all that the standard describes. The average,
-however, is high in America; much higher here than anywhere else in
-the world, except England, and our best can even hold their own with
-the champions from the land of the breed's creation. Americans who
-have been interested in the dog have been blessed with enough of this
-world's goods to buy what they want, and almost without exception, they
-have been inspired with the best fancier ideal, that of breeding their
-own winners.
-
-This has given us a breeding stock second only in numbers to that of
-Great Britain in the hands of men who could and would use the material
-to the best advantage. Accordingly, the American-bred Airedale is noted
-the world over as a show dog, and in no other country has the breed's
-sporting possibilities been so fully tested as here in the United
-States.
-
-By birth and breeding the Airedale is a sporting terrier. A dog bred
-originally to do the work of a vermin destroyer, he has taken naturally
-to all kinds of game. In the Rockies, he is used on bear, and he has
-won a name as a dog of exceptional brains, unfailing courage, and
-remarkable stamina at work from which no fool, coward, or weakling
-comes home to supper. On the farms of New England, he is cherished as
-an exterminator of wood-chucks, moles, rats, and vermin of this class.
-He hunts all the way down the scale from the giant "silver tip" to the
-mouse in the pantry--mountain lions, wolves, panthers, lynx, wild cats,
-foxes, coons, skunks, rabbits, mink, what not, each and all he hunts
-with equal gusto and success. Is it any wonder that though the Airedale
-is only a little over half a century old his fame has spread from pole
-to pole?
-
-The Airedale is a dog that no one can know well without becoming his
-friend, but all his friends do not know him well. For this reason, and
-because so much depends upon one's first dog, it seems particularly
-necessary to give some advice to intending Airedale purchasers, whom we
-may divide into dog owners and kennel owners. By a dog owner I mean one
-who wants an Airedale or two as a companion, guard, and all-round dog.
-Kennel owners are those who intend keeping, breeding, and showing or
-hunting several dogs.
-
-The dog owner does not as a rule think it worth while to post himself
-on the history and points of the breed. He has heard the praises sung
-of "the biggest and best terrier," and has decided that he is the dog
-he wants. If that is all he wants let him get some friend to give him
-an Airedale puppy or let him buy one as cheaply as he can, but he is
-going to lose half the pleasure of owning a good dog of a good breed.
-Merrinac, the best known _maitre d'armes_ in France, once said to a
-party of American fencers that it was the romance of the sword that
-made fencing so fascinating to its devotees, and there is romance in
-the history of the Airedale that weaves its charm round an Airedale
-owner. Whatever we know well is interesting and wonderful, and a
-knowledge of the Airedale's past and his points, which is an absolute
-necessity to the kennel owner, adds one hundred per cent. to the dog
-owner's pleasure.
-
-The wise dog owner then will learn all he can about his breed. "Book
-larnin'" is good, but better still are talks with all sorts and
-conditions of Airedale owners and a visit to an Airedale kennel or the
-ringside at a dog show when the breed is being judged. No men ride
-their hobbies harder than dog fanciers, and all will talk and from all
-can something be learned.
-
-When one has learned something about Airedales let him then buy his
-dog. It is best to buy a dog about six months old--old enough to be
-over puppy ills and not too old to learn new tricks. A puppy of that
-age, over distemper and house broken, is as satisfactory as it is
-possible for a pup to be. Bringing up a terrier puppy is hard on one's
-shoes, the ladies' hats, and everyone's disposition, but it is much
-more satisfactory to train him yourself in the ways you would have him
-go.
-
-In picking out a puppy select the bright little chap to whom you are
-naturally attracted--I am advising the "dog owner" who knows the breed
-well enough not to be interested in any litter not of orthodox
-breeding. Only in case of doubt need you pay attention to show points.
-If it comes to a question of that pick the dark eye, small ear, long
-head, short back, straight legs. Do not worry about size or color or
-coat, nor must a novice expect to be able to "pick the winner" of a
-litter. Go to a reputable breeder and pay as much as you can afford.
-You can take his advice, for all dog breeders are not crooks and
-grafters, but like any other kind of a business transaction knowledge
-is very valuable to the purchaser.
-
-May I plead the case of the bitch as a companion? Nine out of ten want
-a dog, but a bitch has many advantages. She is usually more clever, a
-great deal more affectionate and faithful, much less given to roaming
-from home, and should one ever want to raise some puppies she may prove
-a valuable investment.
-
-The kennel owner, turning now to him, will, I take it for granted, read
-all he can lay his hands on that treats of the Airedale, go to shows,
-visit kennels, and talk, think, and dream Airedale. If he is to have a
-small kennel I advise his buying one or two good young bitches. Puppies
-are a chance and old bitches, however famous, are poor breeding stock.
-Buy young winning bitches, proved mothers and of desirable blood lines
-and you will have the best possible start along the road of kennel
-success. It is as rocky a thoroughfare as the proverbial one to Dublin,
-full of all sorts of disappointments and maybe even losses, but its
-pleasures and its gains are sure to come to the man who follows it in
-the right spirit.
-
-The large kennel owner is either going into it for pleasure, where he
-will have a check book to help him, or for a business. In the former
-case he will probably leave much on the shoulders of his kennel
-manager, and I am writing on Airedales not the servant problem. If he
-is going to make a business of raising Airedales that is his business,
-not the author's.
-
-To all Airedale buyers let me again say that it pays to know all you
-can about the breed and to buy the best you can afford. The "biggest
-and best terrier" has been tried by so many different people in all
-parts of the world and has won such unanimous praise that his admirers
-can recommend him to anyone, anywhere, for anything.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER II
-
-THE AIREDALE'S HISTORY
-
-
-The Airedale is a product of the middle of the nineteenth century and
-was manufactured in Yorkshire. The streams that tumble down the deep
-vales of that Midland county are the homes of hundreds of crafty,
-hardbitten otters; there are thieving foxes and very game, but very
-rascally badgers in snug dens in the hills; many a swift English hare
-lives in the broad game preserves. The hardy Yorkshireman of 1850--his
-sons and grandsons to-day are real "chips of the old block"--loved
-nothing so much as a hunt after the vermin, with possibly a rat killing
-contest with "a couple o' bob" at stake of a Saturday night, and
-sometimes, on moonless nights, when game keepers were asleep, a little
-trip after the filling for a rabbit pie. Now, you cannot do these
-things without a dog that is brainy, game, obedient, and as much at
-home in water as on dry land; so they just naturally set to work to
-make themselves such a dog.
-
-All this we know positively, but when it comes to saying anything
-definite about how they made that dog, which we now call the Airedale,
-you begin to deal in traditions as conflicting as theories on the
-Martian canals and speculations as vague as old wives' tales. Taking
-all the yarns and guesses and boiling them down to an average, we find
-that the Airedale, so most people think, was originally a cross between
-a tan-grizzle terrier, now extinct or absorbed in other breeds, but
-once common in the Midlands, and the otterhound, a big, wire-coated
-water dog of the bloodhound type, that comes in all colors of Joseph's
-famous coat, but mainly white with black and tannish markings. To this
-cross were added dashes of bull terrier, which breed was, at that time,
-just coming to the fore with its deserved reputation for grit, and
-Bedlington terrier, a light-weight, top-knotted dog from the North of
-England.
-
-Probably there were sprinkles of the blood of the collie and of all
-terriers found at the time between the Midlands and the Scottish
-Borderland. All these (fox, Manchester, Welsh, Old English, and Dandy
-Dinmont) were then more or less indefinite as to type and uncertain
-as to breeding, which helps materially in making confusion worse
-confounded. Just how and why this strange, indefinite mixture should
-have resulted in the Airedale no one can say. The otterhound donated
-the size and the love of the water, and all the terrier blood made him
-a terrier in spite of his size. From the very beginning the breed had
-the advantage of having an object. The Yorkshireman wanted a big,
-strong, dead game, water-loving terrier. That furnished a standard to
-breed to, and they got what they wanted.
-
-When the fame of this dog first spread from the valleys of his
-birthplace, he was pretty well established as to type, and once taken
-up by the dog showing fancy and a standard drawn up the type was soon
-firmly fixed. Since his first introduction to the world he has changed,
-becoming somewhat larger. The seers and wise men of English dogdom
-raised a great hullaballoo when this giant among terriers appeared,
-saying that no dog over twenty pounds could be a terrier because a
-terrier must go to earth. The dog, however, was mainly terrier in blood
-and so very certainly terrier in characteristics that he was classed
-with the family. Maybe it is out of respect to the authorities of the
-early days of the dog fancy that we have gradually dropped the terrier
-in his name, and though it is a part of his official title, still the
-dog is universally spoken of as the Airedale.
-
-This, however, was not his original name, for in early days he was
-called the "waterside terrier," and his official debut at the English
-dog shows was in classes for "broken-haired working terriers." Both
-titles were felt to be too indefinite, and "Stonehenge," the sporting
-authority, suggested "Bingley terrier," from the town in the heart of
-the district where the breed originated. Local jealousies prevented any
-one town giving its name to the breed, and there was quite a war waged
-till some unrecorded genius suggested that, as the birthplace of the
-breed had been in the valleys of the Aire River and its little
-tributaries, Airedale was the best name. So Airedale he became, having
-an official christening at the Otley show in the late seventies.
-
-Besides adding some ten pounds to his weight and getting a distinctive
-and pleasing name, the Airedale has changed in other ways since he took
-his light from under the bushel basket. His head has lengthened,
-following the tendency of all terrier breeds. His shoulders, legs, and
-feet are worlds better now than they were years ago, but coats have
-suffered. The wire jacket has improved, but the woolly undervest has
-been sacrificed, though now more and more attention is being paid to
-this by breeders and judges.
-
-The honor of having brought the first Airedale to America is generally
-ascribed to Mr. C. H. Mason, who is better known to this generation of
-fanciers as a cocker spaniel owner and editor of _Man's Best Friend_.
-He was originally a Yorkshire man, who had known and loved the breed
-since his youth. He imported Bruce, a fairish dog, blind in one eye,
-but useful in stud, where he sired Ch. Brush. Bruce is merely a
-sentiment with Americans, for all he has left is a reputation for bad
-temper and a yarn about having been sold for a few dollars at a horse
-auction in New York in 1885.
-
-The breed first "took on" in New York, but Philadelphia has long been
-its stronghold. The Quaker City, boasting such fanciers as Clement
-Newbold, William Barclay, Russel H. Johnson, W. H. Whittem, Daniel
-Buckley, and Dr. Henry Jarrett, has away and beyond passed other cities
-in the number and quality of its Airedales. In early days the New York
-fancy was represented by Mr. J. L. Lorillard, the purchaser of Clonmel
-Marvel, whose importation boomed the breed's stock in this country;
-Messrs. De Witt Cochrane, Foxhall Keene, and C. O'Donnel, all of whom
-have not been so active lately. Later Theodore Offerman, James H.
-Brookfield, James Watson, and John Gough entered the game, and they
-figure to-day as owners of winners.
-
-This is a short sketch of how the breed originated and how they came to
-America, but real "history is men, not events," or rather dogs, not
-events. It is interesting, but more important is a knowledge of the
-dogs of the past. In limited space, one can only say a word or two
-about the most famous of the breed's celebrities, so I must be pardoned
-if some reader is disappointed in not finding mention of some dog in
-which he is particularly interested. Almost each year has seen its good
-dogs, but we can only touch those which time has declared to be truly
-great.
-
-The sigh for "the good old days" is common in all things, and we often
-hear it from dog fanciers. It is good food for talk, but that is all,
-for the old-timers of any breed could not win in the ring against the
-cracks of to-day. Among the very early Airedale winners were: Tanner,
-Young Tanner, Rustic Twig, Rustic Kitty, Rustic Lad, Newbold Fritz,
-Vixen, and Venom, none of whom would be one, two, three in a good show
-to-day. Clip and Ch. Cholmondeley Briar were the two first really good
-dogs. Clip was a sound, honest dog who showed real modern type, and
-gave black, real terrier eyes to his pups; while Briar was the first
-real show hero, having gone undefeated till he met Clonmel Marvel.
-
-Clonmel Marvel, one of the really great dogs of the world, was bred
-by a novice, a Mr. F. C. Brown, who mated his Cholmondeley Mona to
-Clipper, a good dog, but no wonder. There were nine in the litter,
-and Mr. Brown showed Marvel, whom he called Warfield Victor, in a
-L3 Selling Class, where he was placed second, being sadly out of
-condition. "Jack" Holgate saw the rough diamond, bought it, and resold
-it to Messrs. Mills and Buckley, the famous Clonmel firm. Marvel beat
-all of his time--dogs and bitches--and won eighteen championships.
-Eventually he came to America, along with Ch. Clonmel Sensation and
-Clonmel Veracity. He was by far the best Airedale seen up to his time,
-a dog hard to fault, even in "the light of modern criticism." He proved
-as wonderful a sire as he was a show crack, and much of real terrier
-style in the breed to-day is due to him.
-
-A contemporary of Marvel's was Ch. Dumbarton Lass, who also came to
-this side of the Atlantic to the kennels of Mr. Joseph Laurin, in
-Montreal. She was bred by Capt. Baird Smith, who benched her at
-Woolwich in poor condition. Mr. A. E. Jennings, whose kennels were then
-paramount, bought her and showed her for three years, when she went to
-Mr. Stuart Noble and was later bought by the Canadian fancier. She
-proved a gold mine as a brood bitch and was personally hard to
-fault--barring her coat.
-
-But the most wonderful brood bitch of the breed, one whose name should
-be written in gold in the Airedale Hall of Fame, was not a great show
-winner. She was Bath Lady. Her first big winning puppy was Briarwood,
-who came out in London in 1896. Briarwood was by Hyndman Briar, by
-Willow Nut, and like all Bath Lady stock proved his value in the
-breeding kennels. His most famous get was the beautiful bitch of Ch.
-Broadlands Bashful. We can only mention two others of Bath Lady's
-offspring, but those fanciers who have dogs in whose pedigrees she
-appears can congratulate themselves. To Ch. Clonmel Marvel she produced
-Ch. Clonmel Kitty, a really good one all over, and to Master Briar she
-had Walton Victory, even better--except in skull--than Kitty.
-
-During the nineties the Tone Kennels with Ch. Tone Jerry, whose forte
-was his wonderful coat and color, and Ch. Tone Crack, excelling in
-bone, coat, and body, but broad across the skull, had a big say in the
-prize-lists. In 1896 Studholme Sherry came out and was hailed as a
-flyer, but he did not last, though in his day he was a beautiful
-terrier.
-
-Ch. Clonmel Monarch, who has done so much for Philadelphia's Airedale
-supremacy as a sire and as a show dog came as near the ideal Airedale
-as we find, made his debut about this time in Leicester and ran
-second to Ch. Rock Salt. Monarch was undeveloped, but six months
-later at Alexandra Palace he came to his own and after that his show
-record in England was an unbroken string of firsts. He was a grand
-terrier--almost faultless--his coat waved a bit and his critics used to
-say he was "so fine he was bitchy." Just to mention some of his pups
-shows what he was at stud: Ch. Broadlands, Royal Descendant, Ch. Tone
-Regent, Ch. Clonmel Bed Rock, Claverhouse Enchantress, Clonmel
-Coronation, and Strathallan Solace. Ch. Rock Salt, mentioned as the
-conqueror of Monarch, was a good one whom Americans know best through
-Ch. The New King, his son, who has done so well for the New England
-fancier, Mr. Arthur Merritt.
-
-Ch. Tone Masterpiece--known here as Ch. York Masterpiece, for Mr.
-Offerman gave him his own kennel's prefix--was a dog of ups and downs,
-but he was an honest champion, who just missed being great. His son
-(bred in England) Floriform was another good dog who did things in New
-York in the early years of the new century where he was owned by Mr.
-Offerman and later by Mr. Brookfield. Floriform was the sire of Ch.
-Engaflora, the first great American bitch.
-
-In 1902 two good but unfortunate sons of Clonmel Monarch came out, Ch.
-Legrams Prince--a real flyer--and Bandolero, who never got his just
-deserts at the shows. Rheumatism spoiled Prince's shoulders for the
-show ring and his ill-starred half brother died of wasp stings. A
-contemporary of these dogs was Ch. Wombwell Rattler, a rattling good
-one with a softish coat who sired Mr. Offerman's well known crack Ch.
-York the Conqueror. In the same year (1902) Ch. Delph Girl, wonderful
-color and coat, good head and expression, but too fine, and Ch.
-Dumbarton Sceptre, the best bitch of the time, both made their debut
-and eventually came to the United States. The dam of Sceptre,
-Claverhouse Enchantress (by Clonmel Monarch out of Clonmel Winifreda),
-needs special mention. She won a number of prizes, but soon passed into
-the hands of a novice, Mrs. Cuthell, and as a mother and grand-mother
-of champions made a place for herself second only to Bath Lady.
-Dumbarton Sceptre and Claverhouse Sorcerer--the former a real flyer,
-the other a dog above the average--were in her first litter. Her
-second, by Ch. Master Briar, resulted in the great Ch. Mistress Royal,
-probably the best show bitch produced. Enchantress was next bred to her
-own son Solace, mentioned above, but died of poison before whelping.
-
-Ch. Clonmel Bed Rock, whom Mr. Foxhall Keene later imported, came out
-about this time. He was a good, sound terrier, full of fire, sound as a
-bell, with wonderful legs and feet and won lots of honors here and in
-England. Ch. Broadland's Royal Descendant was a rival of Bed Rock and a
-very classy dog with exceptional coat, real terrier fire, a good head,
-but not very beautiful ears.
-
-After these dogs came Ch. Master Royal, which brings us down to the
-dogs of to-day--if not the present generation and it is out of place to
-say aught of dogs which one can see and judge in flesh and blood.
-
-The show cracks have so very often proved so valuable in the breeding
-kennels that the two terms--great sire and show crack--may seem
-synonyms. They are not. Nevertheless there is a close chain that binds
-the whole of a breed of dogs to the show ring, for the show ring
-winners are the dogs most often sought for breeding purposes and so the
-styles of the main bench authorities are forcibly, if unwittingly,
-thrust on the race. The Airedale, however, has always been known and
-appreciated as a sporting terrier. His owners have fortunately never
-lost sight of the reason he was manufactured, and they remember that
-to-day he is intended to be a rough-and-ready dog, willing and able to
-do all terrier work just a little better than the other members of the
-family, and because of his greater weight enabled to do things his
-smaller cousins could not even attempt. His great usefulness has kept
-him from being wholly at the mercy of the faddists of the dog shows,
-who have given him all the great advantages of their skill in
-scientific breeding and all the advertising of public exhibition
-without turning him into a freak.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER III
-
-THE CARE OF A TERRIER
-
-
-One of the most noted veterinarians in New York once said to me that,
-if it were not for too much or too little attention, he doubted if he
-should ever be called upon to treat a dog. He explained his meaning by
-adding that the toy dogs are generally killed by kindness and most
-terriers die of neglect. If this is true, and this doctor has a canine
-practice that keeps him busy from morning till night, there must be
-something radically wrong with the care of most dogs.
-
-The terriers--for the evils of a candy diet and a life spent on silken
-pillows do not need to be even mentioned here--the terriers can, it is
-perfectly true, get along with less attention than most breeds of dogs,
-for they all have wonderful constitutions. Does that, however, give the
-terrier owner a free right and license to neglect his dogs?
-
-It is almost a joke to keep such a naturally healthy dog as a terrier
-in the pink of condition. All he needs is dry, clean kennels, with
-decent bedding; good, nourishing food at regular hours; all the fresh
-water he wants to drink; plenty of exercise, and a little grooming.
-Given these few things and a terrier will be "disgustingly well," full
-of high spirits, and happy as a clam at high tide. It is really so easy
-to keep a terrier "fit," and it means so much to the dog and his owner,
-whether he be a dog owner for pleasure or profit, that it is nothing
-less than criminal not to do so.
-
-Kennels, bedding, food and feeding, water, exercise, and
-grooming--these are the things which given proper attention mean a
-healthy and happy dog. Let us take them up, one at a time, for it is as
-often ignorance as thoughtlessness that causes the trouble.
-
-The question as to the kind of a kennel is bound to have a variety of
-different answers according to whether one lives in the city or the
-country, in the North or the South, and whether one is to keep one dog
-or fifty. There are, however, certain fundamental considerations that
-apply to any home for dogs.
-
-In the first place, all terriers, especially those wearing those
-wonderful, double, weather-proof garments we call "wire coats," are
-best off living the simple life out of doors. This is true in any
-climate. I used to have all sorts of troubles with the skins and coats
-of my wire terriers till I just turned them out, providing them with
-dry, draft-proof, but unheated shelters in which to sleep and where
-they could escape very bad weather.
-
-My own experience has proved to me that wire coated terriers are worlds
-better off for being out every day and night in the year. Even in the
-severest weather they do not need artificial heat, if they have a
-perfectly dry, draftless, well bedded place to sleep in and to serve as
-a shelter on very wet, stormy days. A decent kennel for any dog from a
-St. Bernard to a Pomeranian is dry and draft-proof, and so the terrier
-owner can eliminate the question of artificial heating.
-
-The man who lives in the city should try to keep his dog out in the
-yard as much as possible, and, if at all feasible, let him sleep there.
-Dogs have an inborn instinct to "bay the moon" and terriers are
-supposed to be great talkers. Moreover, city backyards, since the days
-when town residences were hollow stone piles lined with hides to keep
-the wind out, have always been a favorite _rendezvous_ for Thomas
-Catt, Esq., and Mistress Tabby, meetings just as hard on the nerves of
-a self respecting terrier as they are on those of his sleepy master.
-The trouble is that, while master becomes a public benefactor by
-hurling his shaving mug out the window, the efforts of his dog to drive
-away the disturbers are regarded by the unsympathetic neighbors as
-quite as bad as the feline serenades and battle cries. No dog will bark
-at night if he is in a dark, quiet place, and the terrier in the
-backyard will sleep like a baby if he is shut up in a box covered with
-burlap.
-
-The ideal terrier kennel is an oil barrel. These cannot always be
-obtained, but any barrel or keg intended to hold liquids, and so made
-water tight, will answer. A hole, just large enough to let the dog in
-and out, should be cut in one end. Then the inside may be painted with
-kerosene and a lighted paper dropped in. This cleans the barrel and
-destroys any insects, and is an excellent thing to do every month or
-so.
-
-The barrel ought to be painted inside and out, and to keep it from
-rotting on the bottom must be mounted on blocks so that it just clears
-the ground. Rain can be kept out of the door either by tacking a
-curtain of sacking over it (a dog soon learns to go through this and it
-can be hung up in good weather) or by making a roof of V shaped
-planking, which sets over the barrel, projecting in front like the
-eaves of a barn. Two small terriers or one Airedale can live easily in
-these keg kennels in summer, with an extra dog added, for warmth's
-sake, in cold weather.
-
-Another kennel that is fine for terriers is one I adapted from the
-suggestions of a chicken owner, who used a similar box as a coop for
-hens with young chicks. It is a box that can be taken all apart. The
-floor is a raised platform against which the sides fit closely, being
-fastened together with hooks. The roof slants backward and is held in
-place by thin strips that fit just inside the walls.
-
-This is fine for summer, but must be very carefully made to be tight
-enough for cold weather. Its flat floor makes it admirable for a bitch
-with puppies and it has the great advantage of enabling you to leave
-off any side you wish. Naturally, they are very easy to clean. They can
-be made any size or shape you wish and cost from five dollars up.
-
-For the man who is going into a large kennel little can be said that
-will be broadly useful. One wants to build a model kennel of hard wood
-and concrete, while the next has an old chicken house to adapt to doggy
-uses; naturally requirements and conditions are very different.
-
-The first thing that any kennel builder wants to see to is that he has
-good natural drainage and that his runs are on quickly drying ground,
-gravel rather than clay. Southern exposures are the favorites, and it
-is better to have two or three smaller buildings rather than to house
-all the dogs in one. In this way there is opportunity to give each
-building a rest once in a while, and this should be done in the case of
-the individual runs and pens, if not for the whole building.
-
-Good hard wood, varnished and kept clean and well drained, is the most
-popular floor for kennels. Concrete is cold in winter, asphalt is far
-from desirable in summer, and both are hard on a dog's feet. Dirt,
-gravel, and ashes are very hard to clean. Cork is expensive and rots
-out with amazing speed.
-
-The sleeping benches ought to be about two feet off the floor and
-so arranged that they can be taken down, cleaned, and set out in
-the sun to dry. Plenty of elbow grease, backed up with a good strong
-disinfectant and fresh air and sunlight, these are the secrets of a
-successful kennel. Cleanliness means that disease and parasites will be
-unknown.
-
-Wheat or rye straw or wood shavings make the best bedding. The straw
-costs more than hay, but it is ten times as cleanly, lasts twice as
-long, and is much better for a dog's skin. Very often shavings will be
-given away for the carting of them, and they make a fine summer
-bedding, though they are not very warm for winter. Shavings, especially
-pine shavings, make a very poor home for fleas. Excelsior is not
-popular. It has a distressing habit of wadding up in hard bunches in
-corners, absorbs moisture, and does not dry out easily. Moss and sea
-weed and such beddings are dirty and hard to handle.
-
-Food is an important item in the care of the dog. Table scraps make, in
-my opinion, the ideal food for a dog. In this the house pet has the
-advantage over his friend of the kennels, for he gets a wide variety of
-well cooked and nourishing food, and variety, cooking, and nourishment
-are the foundation of good feeding.
-
-Dog biscuits, which are so cheap and easy to handle, are excellent in
-their way, but one should resist the temptation to feed them all the
-time. You would not like to live on beefsteak three times a day, week
-in and week out. Dry bread can be bought by the barrel from most bakers
-and is at once inexpensive and nourishing. Shredded wheat and cracker
-scraps can also be gotten and are useful for a change. All of these
-should be fed soaked in some soup.
-
-In the winter I have found corn meal very acceptable, but the moment
-hot weather comes along its use should be discontinued, or skin
-troubles will surely result. It can either be made in a mush with milk
-or water, or baked into corn bread cakes.
-
-I use a homemade dog biscuit from corn meal and meat in the following
-way. The meat stock is boiled over night in a kettle and the unstrained
-soup is used instead of water with the meal in making dough, which is
-put in pans of two or three inches in thickness and baked in a slow
-oven till hard all the way through. This will take a day. These cakes
-are rich and should not be fed too often, but they can be kept a month,
-and I never saw a terrier that did not relish them. In summer, fish
-boiled twenty-four hours, till the bones are all soft, makes a nice
-change from the meat soups of the winter.
-
-There are many who might be called canine vegetarians, but experimenting
-has convinced me that meat is the best and most natural food for the
-dog. Sirloin does cost a lot of money these days, but hearts, lungs,
-heads, odds and ends of ribs, and shank bones do not cost so much, and
-you can always make arrangements with a butcher to save you these.
-Under no circumstances feed meat that is decayed. It does not have to
-be as fresh as you demand for your own table, if you take care to cook
-it thoroughly, but meat that is mouldy or rotting is poison, not food.
-
-Most kennels feed twice a day,--a light lunch in the morning and the
-regular day's feed in the evening. The morning bite can be bread or
-biscuits with a little soup over them. The evening meal ought to be all
-that the dog will comfortably eat without stuffing. If any food is left
-in the dishes it should be cleaned away before night, and a dog who is
-"off his feed" should have attention.
-
-Dogs vary as much as people in the amount they will eat. One gobbler
-is always thin, while a dainty eater will put on more flesh than
-necessary. It is the height of foolishness to pamper a dog's taste and
-make him an epicure, but neither is it wise to treat them all just
-alike.
-
-Exercise naturally follows feeding in our consideration of the health
-of the dog. Exercise, and plenty of it, is the best tonic, it keeps the
-muscles hard and the stomach in shape; it prevents fatness, and is just
-play for a dog.
-
-There is, however, exercise and exercise. To walk a dog along on a lead
-is exercise, but three minutes' free running is worth half an hour of
-"taking the dog out for a walk" after the manner of the young lady who
-lives in the city. Each kennel should have an exercising yard, a lot as
-big as possible, where the dogs can be turned out for a romp. One wants
-to be a little careful about leaving a lot of dogs turned out together,
-for their likes and dislikes are as strong as our own.
-
-I remember with sorrow an experience of this kind. A recently purchased
-dog was added to a run full of home bred youngsters, and because he was
-older and bigger he played the bully till one bright morning three of
-his victims combined forces and gave him a lesson in manners. It was a
-lesson for his owner too, for the dog's ear was so chewed that he was
-ruined for showing.
-
-The last item in the care of the dog is grooming, but it is at least as
-important as any of the others we have taken up. Most dogs are washed
-too often and not brushed often enough. Washing once in two weeks in
-summer and once a month in winter is all that is needed to keep a
-terrier clean, but he should be brushed daily.
-
-In washing a dog start at the head with a good disinfectant soap and
-work backwards and downwards, for fleas make for the head when
-threatened with drowning and only in this way can these pests be gotten
-rid of. It is well to let the soap stay in the coat a few minutes, but
-it must be all washed out very carefully before drying the dog.
-
-The daily grooming should consist first of a combing with a fairly fine
-comb to clean out matted dirt and hair. This should be followed by a
-sharp brushing with what is called in stable a dandy brush. The
-finishing touches will be a rub down with a hound glove, such as is
-sold in the kennel supply stores. Such treatment will keep a terrier in
-almost perfect show form all the time and the stimulation of the skin
-will be found to act as a regular tonic.
-
-Housed in clean, draftless kennels; given good food with lots of
-exercise, and with some little attention bestowed on his toilet, a
-terrier is sure to be healthy and happy. Prevention is proverbially
-better than cure, and the little work of keeping a terrier well is
-nothing compared to the care of a sick dog. Dogs do not make very
-pleasant patients, and there is the added difficulty in finding out
-just what really ails them, for even the most intelligent of our
-animals cannot tell us where his aches are and how a dose of certain
-medicine affects him.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER IV
-
-BREEDING TERRIERS
-
-
-The principles upon which Darwin based his theory of evolution--which
-are now accepted by scientists the world over as biological laws--are
-the very same as those under which the dog breeder works. Modern animal
-breeding is evolution in which man plays Dame Nature's part.
-
-Breeding is, however, far from being an exact science, though it is
-continually becoming more and more scientific in its methods. We cannot
-sit down, a pencil in our fingers and paper before us, and with the aid
-of the stud book and a set of mathematical formulas figure out a dog
-that will surely be a champion. We can, however, with a knowledge of
-the scientific data that biologists have collected in their research
-work supplementing the lore and traditions of the kennels, come nearer
-and nearer to the breeder's ideal of "a champion in every litter."
-
-It is quite obvious that with such plastic materials to work with we
-can never hope to have a perfectly uniform product, but who would have
-it so? Dog breeding is now more uncertain than roulette, twice as
-fascinating as the stock market, as interestingly exciting as auction
-bridge. Make it a matter of mathematically exact rules working out as
-invariably and regularly as a machine, and the charm has vanished.
-
-The three principles of Darwin's idea of how and why evolution acts,
-are heredity, variation, and selection. The law of heredity says that
-like will produce like; that two Airedales will have Airedale puppies;
-two Scotties will have Scotties; two Irish terriers will have Irish
-terriers. The law of variation says that no two dogs, even if they be
-of the same litter, will ever be exactly alike even in the smallest
-details. No two St. Bernards were ever alike, nor were the smallest
-teeth of the two smallest Pomeranians ever identical. There is ample
-evidence to show that the chemical composition of the muscles, bones,
-and blood of different animals of the same species are different, and
-even vary considerably in one individual at different times. The law of
-selection is the law of the struggle for existence, the survival of the
-fittest. The three laws together make up the theory of evolution by
-means of natural selection.
-
-What man does in breeding is the making and improving of species by
-artificial selection. He takes advantage of the law of heredity to
-establish breeds. If like always exactly reproduced like, however,
-that is as far as he could ever get, but because there is infinite
-variation, the offspring differ from their parents. By selecting those
-that come nearest his ideal, the breeder does just the same as Dame
-Nature when she kills off the unfit.
-
-Since earliest times, man, more or less without thought or any
-knowledge of the whys and wherefores, has been carrying on scientific
-breeding in an unscientific way. Ever since he has kept domestic
-animals, his selection, formerly more or less unconscious, has been
-exerting its powerful force. For generations, the dog fanciers have
-been doing this: picking out the dogs and bitches most to their liking
-and mating them. The result is that while all breeds of dogs are
-closely enough related to inter-breed, still some are of comparative
-age and most breed wonderfully true to type.
-
-Until quite recently, the dog breeders have been following the old,
-unscientific method, with some additional effort to correct faulty
-points in their dogs. That is, they have picked out individuals for
-breeding stock that came as near as possible to their ideals, and if
-the prospective mother was bad in head they selected a stud dog strong
-in this point; while a very good coated matron might be mated to a poor
-coated dog provided he possessed marked excellencies in other
-directions.
-
-Unfortunately, but very scant attention was paid to the dams. This was
-largely from economical considerations, which led them to believing, or
-thinking they did merely because they wanted to, that "any old bitch
-with a pedigree was good enough to breed from." To bolster up their
-economy, they said that the pups inherited their looks from their sire
-and their dispositions from their dam.
-
-Two changes have taken place in the past decade. Breeders now know that
-physically as well as mentally the dam is quite as important as the
-sire. Moreover, they have learned that individual characteristics,
-however marked they may appear to be, do not have the force of family
-traits. In other words, a short, thick headed bitch bred to the longest
-headed dog alive would have short headed pups, if that dog had short
-headed parents and grandparents. These two fundamental bits of
-knowledge, learned originally from the biologists, have had a big
-effect on breeding operations.
-
-A logical outgrowth of the importance that has been placed on family,
-with the naturally lessened emphasis on the individual, has been an
-increased number of the devotees of line rather than in-breeding.
-In-breeding is beyond all doubt the strongest weapon the dog breeder
-has, but it is a boomerang that is very apt to come back and knock its
-thrower in the head. In-breeding is the breeding together of the blood
-of one dog--mother to son, or brother to sister. Line-breeding is the
-breeding together of dogs of the same general strain, comparable to
-second or third cousins among people.
-
-These breeding experiments fix the good and bad points of a dog or a
-strain very strongly. Carried to an extreme, they result in bad
-constitutions, lack of gameness, and in extreme cases, in actual
-deformity. Such breeding demands that only the strongest and youngest
-dogs be mated.
-
-In selecting a sire, one should pick out a dog of recognized breeding,
-whose ancestors were dogs of the type you desire. A winner and a son of
-winners has better chances of being a sire of winners than an unknown
-dog of doubtful family, but it is not always wise to rush to the latest
-champion. A popular bench hero is apt to be over-worked at stud. If
-your bitch is very young send her to an older dog and vice versa. Best
-results are not obtained if the dogs are over eight years old--that is
-a very good age limit at which to retire them from active service. A
-bitch may be bred at her first "heat," if she is not too young and is
-strong and healthy.
-
-Most people know that a bitch comes in season, or is "in heat," fairly
-regularly at six months intervals, and that this is the only time when
-she will have any sexual connections with a dog. The terriers generally
-come into their first heat when eight or nine months old and are
-remarkable for the regularity of their periods. The first sign is a
-swelling of the external parts and bleeding. After a week or ten days
-the bleeding is followed by a thickish, white discharge. This is the
-time to breed her.
-
-One service is all that is necessary--the old timers to the contrary
-notwithstanding. Two services were formerly given, but this is no
-longer done by the best breeders. The time of gestation is only
-sixty-three days, and the second service, two days after the first, has
-been suspected of destroying the effect of the former. Statistics show
-that there are fewer misses and just as many puppies when there is but
-one service, as when there are two.
-
-The single service is obviously a great saving of the energies of the
-stud dog, who, if he be popular, has to make heavy demands on his
-vitality. One who places a dog at public stud assumes certain
-responsibilities,--the keeping of his dog in perfect health and
-attending most carefully to visiting matrons. The stud dog should have
-lots of exercise, all the water he wants, and an abundance of good
-food. Raw lean meat, chopped fine or run through a mechanical grinder,
-makes a fine supplementary diet, and raw eggs and a little sherry can
-be added to this if he becomes at all run down.
-
-Visiting bitches must be guarded against all possible chance of a
-misalliance. If practical, they should be kept far off from the other
-kennel inmates, for quiet is something to be greatly desired for them.
-When they arrive, they should be given a run and drink, but do not
-feed them till they have quieted down a little from the excitement of
-the trip. The Golden Rule covers the care of these visitors like a
-blanket--just treat them as you would have a bitch of your own treated
-under the same circumstances.
-
-When a bitch has returned to her home kennels, she should take the rest
-cure a day or so. After that for a month or six weeks she need be
-treated no differently from any of her kennel mates, save to see that
-she has plenty to eat and that her stomach and bowels are in perfect
-order.
-
-When she begins to show signs of heavy whelp take her away from the
-others, and while her exercise wants to be kept up by long walks she
-should not be allowed to run or romp, or she may miscarry. Her box
-should be fixed a few days before the pups are to be born. Let it be
-large enough for her to stretch out in, but not big enough to give her
-room in which to move about, or she may kill or injure the pups by
-treading on them.
-
-Once in a while one has a bitch who neglects her pups disgracefully,
-but the usual thing, in terriers at least, is over attention to the
-sacrifice of her own condition. A few bitches eat their newborn pups.
-Fear is the motive, but once done they seem to get the habit. Feeding
-quantities of raw meat just before they are to whelp is the best, but
-not a sure cure. Bad mothers, ones who walk on their babies, neglect
-them, or turn cannibal, are very rare among the terriers.
-
-To return to the box: it should, as I have said, be just large enough
-to be comfortable. The best bedding for the whelping time is a bit of
-old carpet, to be substituted for straw when the family has safely
-arrived. A little shelf, about three inches from the bottom and two
-inches wide, tacked round the box will prove to be good puppy life
-insurance, for it keeps them from being pressed to death against the
-sides of the nest.
-
-Terriers whelp better if left to themselves. It is the rarest thing
-for them to have any trouble, and if one will just keep a weather eye
-open to see that things are really going well, they will continue to
-go well without interference. The pups should be born inside two hour
-intervals, and if this limit be passed the mother needs attention. The
-drugs used, however, are so strong and so poisonous and an operation is
-so delicate that it is invariably better to call in the veterinarian's
-skilled aid.
-
-After the puppies are all born the mother should be given a bowl of
-thin oatmeal gruel and left to herself. She will ordinarily clean up
-the nest herself, eating the after-births and licking the puppies
-clean. I have found that after she has cleaned a pup, which she does as
-soon as it is born, it is advisable to take it from her, wrap it in
-flannel to keep it warm and dry, and to wash off the navel cord with
-some mild disinfectant such as listerine, or a very dilute solution of
-bichloride of mercury or carbolic acid. Cold is fatal to very young
-puppies, and the navel cord is the source of a germ infection that
-kills many in the nest.
-
-The dam, while nursing her family, must have an abundance of
-food--plenty of soups, gruels, meats, and milk, but not many
-vegetables, for they are full of water and waste. She needs more
-concentrated nourishment. When you think that you can fairly "see
-puppies grow," you can appreciate how great a drain there is on the
-mother. Because of this, it is never advisable to let a terrier attempt
-to raise more than five at the outside, and four is really better than
-five. If a foster cannot be obtained--very often the local pound will
-have a healthy mongrel which they will let you have for the license
-fee--it is kindness and economy to kill off the puppies in excess of
-four or five.
-
-What ones to destroy is a delicate question. It is usually safe to
-discard the last one born, who is so often the runt of the family that
-he is known to kennel men and veterinarians as the "wreckling." It
-takes a very experienced eye to tell much about the points of a new
-born puppy, but two salient features to be remembered are that not once
-in a hundred times will a light eye get darker and any tendency to big
-ears is comparatively easy to spot and invariably gets worse. A good
-safe rule in terrier puppies is to save the ones with the longest,
-flattest heads, the heaviest, straightest fore legs, dark eyes, small
-ears, short bodies, taking these points in the order named, but
-discarding any pup who is glaringly off in any of these details.
-
-The mother will wean the pups herself when they begin to grow their
-teeth, and it is best to leave this to nature. When their eyes are
-opened they should be taught to drink for themselves by sticking their
-noses in a saucer of sweetened milk. About the time they are fully
-weaned they should be treated for worms. After this first worming, they
-should have similar treatment every six weeks till they are six months
-old, and twice more after that before they are out of the puppy class.
-All dogs should be treated for worms twice a year as long as they live.
-
-It is the style, or custom, or what you will, to cut the tails of
-Airedales, Irish, Welsh, and fox terrier puppies. This ought to be done
-when they are three or four days old. Three vertebrae are left, that
-is, the tail is cut at the third "knuckle," not counting the first one
-at the root of the tail. Rumor says that the operation is done with the
-kennelman's or groom's teeth, but in reality a dull pair of scissors is
-the usual and best instrument. The skin should be pulled back toward
-the body, so that there will be a little extra to cover the end, and
-not leave it bare of hair.
-
-Growing pups need three things--food, room, and sunlight. When first
-weaned, they should be fed milk, gruels, and soups five times a day and
-the number of meals gradually lessened and the amount of solid food
-gradually increased till at a year old they are fed the same as their
-older kennel companions. The more room puppies have, the better they
-are. This is probably the reason that puppies farmed out always do so
-much better than those kennel raised. They may get all sorts of food
-and they certainly do not get the attention given the ones in the
-kennels, but a farm raised youngster is always healthier, bigger, and
-stronger.
-
-Sunlight acts on puppies as it does on growing plants. Winter pups are
-proverbially more troublesome than those born in the spring. Most
-fanciers, therefore, see to it that their brood bitches whelp only in
-the spring. One litter a year is enough to ask of any terrier.
-
-In conclusion, a word to the small kennel owner. He is apt to think
-things are unfairly distributed and that he has not the chance either
-in the show ring, the field, or the breeding kennel that the large
-owner has. In the latter two, and especially in the breeding kennel, he
-really has an advantage. It is well known that the greatest number of
-good dogs are bred by owners of from one to five bitches, for they
-study their needs more carefully and can give the puppies better
-attention. Let the small breeder but study his breed; know its past
-great dogs; understand the meaning of pedigrees; mate his bitches
-according to his knowledge; rear his puppies carefully, and he will
-find that he will turn out better home breds than ever come from the
-big kennels.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER V
-
-DOG SHOWS AND SHOWING
-
-
-The Britisher's inborn love of sport, dogs, and breeding invented the
-dog show, but not so very long ago, for even in England bench shows, as
-a recognized institution, are only a little over half a century old.
-Their fame and popularity have, however, circled the globe.
-
-The English fancier can truly boast that there are more thoroughbred
-dogs to the mile in Great Britain than to fifty miles in any other
-country, and one is not surprised to find that there are more bench
-shows held there in a week than in a month in the United States. We, on
-this side of the ocean, are their nearest rival, for while European
-countries have taken up the dog and his showing, still they are as much
-behind us as we are behind "the tight little isle."
-
-Continental fanciers have a great deal to learn about dogs, and from
-their very dispositions it is doubtful if, with the possible exception
-of the serious, hard-working, painstaking Germans, they will ever
-become truly doggy. In the first place, they count their pennies very
-carefully when buying a dog; and in the second place, they are not
-really fanciers at heart, but have merely taken up dogs as a
-fashionable whim.
-
-The first American shows were run in a haphazard, friendly,
-go-as-you-please way, but it very soon became evident that some
-governing body was as much a necessity in dogdom as on the race track,
-in college athletics, or among yachtsmen. Accordingly, the American
-Kennel Club grew up naturally to fill this place. In form the A.K.C.,
-as it is called, is a congress. Its members are not individuals, but
-clubs, which are represented by regularly elected delegates at the
-meetings of the parent organization. These clubs are of two types, the
-local clubs, composed of the fanciers of a certain city or district,
-and the specialty clubs, whose members are the fanciers the country
-over devoted to one particular breed.
-
-The local clubs, like the Westminster Kennel Club of New York City or
-the Philadelphia Dog Show Association, are organized primarily for the
-giving of bench shows. The specialty clubs, of which the Scottish
-Terrier Club of America and the Airedale Terrier Club of New England
-are examples, are devoted primarily to fostering the interests of their
-breed, which they do by offering special prizes, seeing that competent
-judges officiate, and even by holding shows where only dogs of their
-breed are exhibited.
-
-All shows, whether given by local or specialty associations, are held
-under A.K.C. rules, and the regulation of these shows is the main work
-done at the club's offices at 1 Liberty Street, New York. The A.K.C.,
-however, does more than this. It publishes the dog Stud Book, a volume
-annually, and also a semi-monthly, official journal, the _A.K.C.
-Gazette_. Moreover, the club is judicial as well as legislative and
-executive in its functions, and tries the offenders of the kennel
-world. Last, but not least, it has jurisdiction over field trials, both
-for bird dogs and hounds.
-
-The A.K.C. recognizes seventy-seven distinct breeds as thoroughbred
-dogs--not counting several subdivision of breeds into varieties based
-on coats or colors. Any dog of any of these recognized breeds may be
-entered in the Stud Book, provided it has three generations of known,
-pure-blood pedigree. The registration fee is one dollar and includes
-the assigning of an official number to the dog, entry in the Stud Book
-for that year, a certificate of his registration, and the right,
-throughout the life of the dog, to show him, regardless of ownership,
-at any A.K.C. show. Unregistered dogs have to be "listed" for each
-show they attend, and a fee of twenty-five cents is always charged.
-
-The usual classes at a bench show are the puppy, novice, limit, open,
-and winners', and in the more popular breeds these are divided by sex.
-The puppy class is for any dog between the ages of six months and one
-year, but, of course, none can be entered whose date of birth, sire,
-dam, place of birth, and breeder are unknown. The novice class is for
-dogs bred in the United States who have never won a first prize, wins
-in the puppy class being excepted. The limit class is for dogs who have
-not won six first prizes in that class, but dogs who have won their
-championship are barred. Any dog, who is over six months of age, may be
-shown in the open class.
-
-If three of the above classes are given at a show, a winners' class is
-added. There is no entry fee for this class, but in it the winners of
-the other classes meet and are judged. At different shows various other
-classes are sometimes given, as a junior class for dogs between six and
-eighteen months, a class for champions, and many divisions are made
-according to weight and color in different breeds.
-
-It is by wins in the winners' class that a dog secures the right to
-prefix to his name the honorable and much-coveted title of "Champion."
-To win this, the dog must get fifteen points. Every win in the winners'
-class counts a certain number of points according to the number of dogs
-actually on the bench at the show: 1000 dogs or over, five points; 750
-dogs or over, four points; 500 dogs or over, three points; 250 dogs or
-over, two points; under 250 dogs, one point. Specialty shows devoted to
-one breed count five points. Fifteen of these points, provided three of
-them have been won at one show and at least three different judges have
-awarded the dog first in the winners' class, make a dog a champion. The
-A.K.C. gives a championship certificate to the owner, who can also
-buy a championship medal for three dollars, if his dog is registered.
-
-Novices are cautioned to read most carefully the rules published in
-the premium lists of all A.K.C. dog shows before they fill out their
-entry blanks and to exercise great care in doing this, for mistakes are
-on their own heads. Their dog may be disqualified and his wins canceled
-should they fail to fill in the necessary particulars correctly. In
-case of any attempt at fraud, they will be themselves disqualified,
-which is a doggy ex-communication. Disqualified persons are not only
-barred from judging, showing, or registering, but dogs owned or bred by
-them during their term of disqualification cannot be shown or
-registered.
-
-No dog that is lame (except temporarily), blind, castrated, spayed,
-deaf, dyed, or in any way "faked" can be shown, and all entries are
-examined by a registered veterinarian when they first come to the show.
-They must be passed by him, as sound and free from contagious disease,
-before they will be accepted. Every dog must be the _bona fide_
-property of the exhibitor. These, and the other rules, are simple,
-founded on common justice and reason, and easy to understand. They are
-all such that intent to deceive can be the only reason for their
-neglect or misunderstanding.
-
-To show a dog at his best, in the very pink of perfect condition, is
-the only way to insure that he will be placed by the judge where he
-deserves. Many a dog, really better than his rival in the ring, has
-gone down because of condition, and defeat is not only unpleasant,
-but also a great handicap to a show dog. Perfect health, no fat,
-well-developed muscles--these are the foundation of a terrier's
-"fitness."
-
-A little change in diet or exercise is the best and the easiest way to
-accomplish this physical perfection. Tonics and pills and powders,
-conditioners, as they are called, are not all they are cracked up to
-be. It is like doping a race-horse or a pugilist. It works for a time,
-but the end is inevitable and always the same.
-
-A terrier is easy to get "fit," and the only thing that may cause the
-exhibitor loss of sleep is the condition of the wire coat. Wire coats
-are--there is no use fishing about for any excuse--wire coats are a
-bother. A great, big three-quarters of the trouble is overcome,
-however, if the dog has been carefully and regularly groomed. Such a
-dog does not need much trimming,--mainly a little cleaning up about the
-head and legs. On the other hand, one who has been neglected needs the
-services of a skilled canine tonsorial artist to put him down before
-the judge with a coat that meets the requirements of the ring.
-
-The A.K.C. lets one pluck and pull with his fingers, and brush and
-comb away as much as he wishes, but the use of knives, razors,
-scissors, or clippers is strictly tabooed. It is too bad that the
-trimming of wire terriers is carried so far as is the style to-day,
-for, even if legalized by the A.K.C, it so alters a dog and so
-improves a bad coat that it savors pretty strongly of faking. There
-is, however, little chance of there being any immediate reform, and
-to show successfully one must obey the dictates of Mistress Fashion.
-
-A dog in perfect condition, with his coat trimmed in the approved
-style, may yet fail to get his deserts in the show ring, if not
-properly handled. The professional handlers are past masters at the art
-of making a dog appear at his very best in the ring, and a great deal
-of their success is due to this skill. The cry of the partiality of
-judges to professionally shown dogs has been often heard, but it is not
-so serious to one who will watch a class actually being shown on the
-sawdust. The humorousness of the man who can realize the better showing
-of the dogs handled by the paid professionals in every ring but his own
-appeals to a close and impartial observer.
-
-The novice cannot do better than to steal a leaf out of the book of the
-professional handlers, and by a careful study of their methods, learn
-to show his own dogs so that they will always be at their best, making
-their strongest points apparent and hiding their weaknesses, and
-religiously seeing to it that he catches the judicial eye.
-
-It is well to take a puppy destined for a show career and to teach him
-to show. It is just as easy to teach him to stand firm on his pins, all
-alert, full of fire, yet not bobbing about like a jumping-jack, as it
-is to have him sit up and beg or to "play dead." To a "public dog" it
-is an innately more useful accomplishment.
-
-A little bit of boiled liver, the sweetest tit-bit on a dog's menu, is
-an excellent thing to carry into the ring with you, but it is a grave
-mistake to be forever teasing and nagging at your entry. Leave him
-alone as much as possible. Do not wear out his spirits and your own
-patience, but just see that he is kept awake, standing firm so as to
-show his front to advantage, and so placed that the judge looks at him
-from the most advantageous position. If he has a poor colored eye, keep
-his tail pointed at the source of the light; if his back is plenty
-long, do not let the judge see more of his profile than possible, and
-so on, with different rules for each dog in the world.
-
-Bad manners in the ring are the poorest of poor sportsmanship. Never
-try to hide another's dog and do not let your dog pick at or worry
-another entry. The terriers are all inclined to "start things" in the
-ring anyway, and each exhibitor ought to do his best to prevent the
-ring from becoming a whirling, barking, tugging bedlam. No judge can do
-his best under such disconcerting, if exciting, conditions, and he has
-a hard enough time at best, so exhibitors ought to help him as much as
-they are able.
-
-Very, very seldom does one meet an exhibitor who will come out frankly
-and say that he was beaten fairly, even if he has shown a regular
-"rotter" against an "out-and-outer." It does not cost one single, red
-cent to congratulate the owner of the dog who has beaten yours. If he
-has done so fairly, it is but the decent thing to do, and if you think
-your dog is the better, why you have the consolation of knowing that
-there is going to be another show where another judge will hand out the
-ribbons probably the very next week. It is also a mighty nice thing to
-find a good point or two to mention in the dogs that have been placed
-behind yours, assuming, of course, that you have not had the fate of
-being "given the gate."
-
-These little courtesies of the ring are often sadly lacking at our
-American shows. Fanciers have a world of things in common and, instead
-of bitterest rivals, they should be the best of friends. Friendly
-rivalry adds ninety per cent. to the pleasures of being a fancier, and
-in this a man gets just about what he gives.
-
-In sending a dog to a show, even if the distance be but a mile or two
-and you are going along, too, it is best to crate him. It costs a
-little more, but many an unboxed dog has been lost or injured, and the
-railroads assume absolutely no responsibility in these cases. The
-express companies do charge a very high rate (one and a half times that
-charged for merchandise) for very poor service, but they are at least
-legally responsible for dogs committed to their charge. In England,
-wicker hampers are very popular for shipping dogs, but here, while
-lightness is to be sought, they are hardly strong enough to withstand
-the gentle care of our "baggage heavers."
-
-The shows provide bedding, food, and water, but the fancier supplies
-his own chains and leads. To fasten a dog on the exhibition bench,
-bench chains, as they are called, are used. These are either nickel or
-brass finish, with snaps at both ends, and by means of them a dog can
-be so fastened that he can move about comfortably and yet not hang
-himself by getting over the front or get into trouble with his
-neighbors beyond the partitions.
-
-In the show ring, however, these chains would be too heavy, and it is
-the custom to show terriers on long leather leads. There are two styles
-in vogue. One is a regular lead fastened with a snap to an ordinary
-collar, which should be a half inch strap of plain leather. The other
-is the slip collar, or a long lead with a loop at one or both ends. The
-loop is slipped over the dog's head and fastened by a sliding clasp.
-All leads and collars for terriers should be light and plain. Fancy,
-studded, bebelled, and beribboned collars look about as well on a
-terrier as diamonds on a bellboy.
-
-The showing of dogs is rapidly becoming one of our most popular sports.
-The number of shows increases wonderfully each year, and every season
-the entries become more and more numerous. Daily, there are recruits
-enlisting in the army of dog fanciers. There is no denying the potency
-of the charm woven by the dog show. The confirmed fancier fairly loves
-the barking roar of the benched dogs; that peculiarly distinctive
-smell--a strange mixture of dog, disinfectant, and sawdust; the
-excitement of the ring; the doggy parties at lunches, dinners, and at
-night after the show is over. It is all different from anything else in
-the world of sport, this charm of the bench show, and it is sure to
-hold in a fast grip any dog lover who falls under its sway.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER VI
-
-THE USEFUL AIREDALE
-
-
-Had there never been a specific need for just such a dog as the
-Airedale, he would never have existed. He was "manufactured" to meet a
-distinct want: the need for a big, strong dog, game to the bottom and
-with a liking for water, who would serve the all-round purpose of pal,
-guard, poacher, and vermin destroyer. Had the Airedale not filled this
-bill, he would never have persisted. He would have died out
-ignominiously, without even winning a local fame.
-
-The Airedale, however, is not only all that his Yorkshire "manufacturers"
-longed for, but he has shown himself much more. Wider acquaintance with
-the world has placed him under many different conditions, and he has
-not very often been weighed and found wanting. He has made his home in
-all countries from Alaska to India. He has been used for all sorts of
-game from the grizzly to mice; he has done police duty in France,
-Germany, and America; he has drawn sleds in the Arctic and driven sheep
-in Australia--all these things and many others he has done, and in the
-doing of them he has won a reputation for intelligence, docility, and
-affectionate disposition that few less talented dogs do not envy. As a
-writer in the _Belgian Breeder_, the Brussels journal devoted to
-horses, dogs, and livestock, has said, he is indeed "_le chien le plus
-utile_," which is freely Americanized by the doggy epigram that "an
-Airedale will do anything any other dog can do and then lick the other
-dog."
-
-The Airedale is indeed ideally useful, and he is also usefully ideal,
-for he has size and strength; nobody ever questioned his courage; he is
-blessed with exceptional brains; and he is obedient, faithful, and
-affectionate. What more can man ask of a dog? By inheritance he is a
-thorough sportsman and by instinct a perfect gentleman.
-
-Training, education, and specialization are all familiar terms these
-days. It is acknowledged that the skilled dwarf is more powerful than
-the ignorant giant: that the efficiency of the genius is increased many
-times by proper schooling. So it is with dogs. By nature and by the art
-of breeding the Airedale has been endowed with gifts fitting him to do
-whatever a dog may be called upon to do, but proper training will
-enable him to do it more easily and better.
-
-With a dog of so many talents it is somewhat difficult to decide just
-the best way in which to take up the different branches of his
-education, but let us divide his training upon the basis of the
-Airedale in town and in the country.
-
-I suppose that it is useless to say, for dogs will always be kept in
-the cities as companions, that a Harlem flat is just about the worst
-place in the world for an Airedale. Any terrier just cries for room.
-He is lively as a cricket and as full of spirits as a nut is of
-kernel--both excellent qualities in any dog outside a flat. The city at
-best is no place for any dog; no place for terriers of all dogs, and of
-all terriers, the Airedale! Yet hundreds of dogs live in town, and they
-serve their purpose. Also, they have a great deal to learn.
-
-House-breaking is the first lesson that has to be taught the city dog.
-Usually it saves time and money to see that the dog you buy is already
-so trained, but this cannot always be done. It is a risky business to
-guarantee a dog house-broken and too much faith must not be placed in
-any such promises. It often happens that while a dog will always behave
-perfectly in one house he may have to be trained all over again when
-introduced into another. This is mainly true of puppies, so you need
-not consider yourself basely deceived if, in this particular, a
-youngster does not live strictly up to the word of his seller.
-
-If your dog arrives in a crate, he should be given a run the very first
-thing after unpacking. The safest way is to bring him into the house on
-a lead and to keep him tied up short in some convenient place for a
-couple of days, taking him out regularly at fixed hours. He will soon
-get into these habits. Should he offend, he ought to be punished at the
-scene of his crime, taking care that he is aware of his offense and
-tied up again. A very few days of this treatment will house-break any
-dog who is old enough to understand what you are driving at. Trying to
-house-break a very young puppy is cruelty pure and simple.
-
-In punishing a dog, do not beat him about the ears and never use either
-a fine whip, or a stick. It has happened twice in my knowledge that a
-dog has had his hearing seriously damaged by a rupturing of the ear
-drums caused by blows on the head. A whip will cut the skin of a dog
-and a stick may break a bone. A smart slap under the jaw, accompanied
-by a word-scolding in a severe tone and uncompromising manner, is a
-thousand times better. In extreme cases a strap may be used, but always
-remember that the object is not to flog the dog into cowardly and
-broken submission, but merely to impress upon him that he is not doing
-as you wish.
-
-In all cases it is best to punish a dog "red handed," but in no case
-should you punish him "red headed." Unless the dog knows for what he
-is being punished, you are like Xerxes whipping the Hellespont for
-wrecking his ships, except that a dog has more feelings than the sea.
-The best way to be sure that the dog knows is to catch him in the very
-act. This has the disadvantage, however, of making it likely that you
-will be in a temper.
-
-No dog should ever be punished when you have not got perfect control
-over yourself. The patience of Job was never tried by a healthy,
-terrier puppy, or it might have reached its limit. A spoiled rug, the
-flower-beds wrecked, a new hat chewed up, slippers and rubbers all over
-the house, religious disobedience, all these things do cultivate a
-temper, but temper and dog-training do not live together successfully.
-
-In training a dog be sure that he knows exactly what you want him to
-do, and then be sure that he always does it. Make obedience a habit. In
-time, it will come as natural to him as breathing. When you say "Come
-here," see that he comes, and let him understand that "Lie down" means
-just that and nothing more. It is very useful to have a dog that lives
-in the house "stay put" when placed in a chair or a corner, and this
-should be part of his education. It is very bad dog manners to jump up
-on visitors. Even to those who love dogs it is often disagreeably
-bothersome. It is bad enough in a toy dog, but in an Airedale it is
-worse in the ratio of five pounds to fifty.
-
-I am not personally in favor of teaching a dog tricks. A trick dog soon
-learns to "love the limelight," and will be continually begging to be
-allowed to show off. Besides, I have an inborn dislike to seeing a dog
-doing stunts, and I know the feeling is shared by others who are fond
-of a good dog. It seems a silly thing to see a big, strong terrier
-begging or walking on his hind legs. It may be very clever for poodles
-and pugs, but with a man's dog--and the terriers are all "man's
-dogs"--it always calls to my mind a painting in the Louvre in which
-Hercules is depicted sitting at the feet of Venus industriously winding
-up a ball of yarn. However, tastes differ, and these tricks are all
-easy to teach a bright pupil, who has already learned the lesson of
-minding.
-
-When the city dog goes out for a walk his training gets its real test.
-What a lovely spectacle it is to see a dog owner rushing and yelling
-after a dog who runs about paying no more attention to him than to the
-clouds overhead. It is a sight that has but one equal, that of a
-portly, pompous gentleman chasing his own hat. Even if a dog is
-perfectly trained indoors, he may break loose when first taken out on
-the street, but he can easily be made to understand that master is to
-be boss on the street as well as in the house. One of the best habits a
-city dog can have is that of keeping close to his owner's heels
-crossing streets. A dog is perfectly well able to cross a crowded
-street, but in busy thoroughfares a dog and his master are apt to get
-separated, and all may not be so fortunate as the Washington physician
-who had his champion Airedale returned with a note which read:
-
-"Dere Doc--Here is your Yeller Dog. Will you Please give me 15 cents I
-hate to ask so much but i had to fead him 2 days."
-
-The Airedale who lives in the country is more fortunate than his
-brother in town. His preliminary education is just the same, but he
-gets a college course in hunting, and maybe a little post-graduate work
-in cattle driving. All that has been said about house-breaking and
-teaching to mind applies with equal force to the country dog. If there
-are not so many interested spectators to make it embarrassing it is
-just as provoking to have a runaway dog in the meadows and pastures as
-in the streets and avenues. A single motor at sixty or seventy miles an
-hour on the turnpike is harder for a dog to dodge than the whole flood
-of traffic that streams up and down the city thoroughfares. So, city or
-country, teach your dog to mind.
-
-An Airedale will take as naturally to rats, woodchucks, and such vermin
-as a lot of little yellow ducklings will to the mill pond. But to make
-assurance doubly sure, it is best to introduce him to mice or small
-rats when he is four or five months old, then leading on and on till
-you can end with the biggest game found in America. This is the way
-terriers are broken in England. It has been found that if a terrier is
-jumped bang at Mr. Woodchuck, for example, he may be spoiled by biting
-off more than he can chew the first time.
-
-In the Rockies, where Airedales are used on grizzly and mountain lion,
-the dogs hunt in packs, and the old dogs train the youngsters. Example
-and experience make an excellent pair of tutors, and the work is such
-that unless the lessons are grasped pretty quickly, there will be a
-dead dog.
-
-The gradual system of breaking applies to water. The veins of the
-Airedale are filled with the blood of the otter-hound, and from this
-ancestor he has inherited a love for the water. Practically all
-Airedales will swim naturally without any training at all, but once in
-a while there comes along one who does not take to water. He should be
-coaxed in, not taken by the scruff of the neck and pitched overboard.
-Methods like that are not generally successful when dogs are concerned.
-
-In hunting and swimming the Airedale is but following the strongest
-instincts that he has. All one has to do is to curb and direct these
-instincts. Experience will do the rest, for the dog has brains and is
-very quick to learn, and the teacher is proverbially a good one. In
-driving cattle and sheep, however, the dog is going into a new trade,
-as it were, and not one to which he was born. He proves his versatility
-by the quickness with which he can learn to be an excellent drover. The
-easiest way is to take him out with a dog experienced in this work. If
-this cannot be done, one will have to train him himself, and this is
-not so difficult as it sounds, but it is best to make sure that the dog
-has carefully learned that minding trick above mentioned before
-undertaking this.
-
-Almost any and all dogs are watch-dogs, but the Airedale, because of
-his size and intelligence, is a particularly good one. It is not the
-wisest policy to chain up a dog at night, for he will be much more apt
-to sound false alarms, and in any case of real need he is powerless to
-give active defense of himself or his friends. The watch-dog ought not
-to have his big, heavy meal at night, or he will go to sleep and snore
-peacefully till cock crow, while if fed but lightly, he will rest in a
-series of cat naps, if a dog can do that.
-
-The Airedale is more practically useful than any other breed of dog. He
-can do more things better than any other variety. It is this eminent
-utility of his that has been one of the greatest factors in his
-success, but he would never have become so widely popular with men,
-women, and children of all classes had it not been that behind his
-usefulness there is sterling character and good disposition.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER VII
-
-COMMON AILMENTS
-
-
-The terrier owner is a "lucky devil," for his dogs do not, as a rule,
-spend a great deal of time in the hospital. All members of the terrier
-family, from the giant of the race, the Airedale, way down to little
-Scottie, owe a big debt to nature for having blessed them with
-remarkably robust constitutions. They do not catch cold from every
-draft; they throw off the various contagious diseases; even when really
-sick, they make wonderfully rapid recoveries.
-
-All dog flesh, however, is heir to certain diseases, and even the most
-healthy and strong are not exceptions to this rule. Many of the books
-on doggy subjects are so deep and technical that the poor novice who
-has waded through their sonorous and involved phrases is really more at
-sea about how to treat his sick dog than before he took them from the
-shelf. Other books on dogs, especially the popular ones, are so brief
-in their descriptions that no amount of study of them can teach much.
-It is my object to steer between these two extremes and to tell
-something of the common ailments, so all may understand their causes,
-symptoms, and treatments.
-
-Two good rules for the amateur veterinarian to learn at the very outset
-are: In case of any doubt, or if the case is at all serious, time,
-money, and maybe the dog's life will be saved by calling at once upon a
-registered D.V.S.; and nine times out of ten a dog's ailments are the
-same, with the same symptoms and results, as among humans. A dog,
-therefore, can receive the same treatment as people, for the same
-medicines act upon him as upon yourself. In the case of the terriers,
-the dose is one-fourth of that for an adult human. To use more
-commonsense than medicine is another good rule to use, for nursing and
-a little attention to diet often effect a cure without any drugs at
-all.
-
-Remembering that the same treatment that you would give yourself cures
-your dogs makes it unnecessary to go into such ailments as cuts, burns,
-colds, stomach disorders, and poisons. There are, however, some
-distinctively canine ailments. For convenience let us take these up
-alphabetically.
-
-_Canker of the ear_ is not by any means so common in terriers as in the
-long-eared breeds, but it sometimes affects dogs who go a great deal in
-the water, though it may be caused by any foreign substance getting
-into the ear. There are two forms--the external and the internal. The
-external shows itself by sores on the ear flaps, which are most painful
-and cause the dog to scratch and paw at his ear. The sores ought to be
-cleaned thoroughly with hot water and dressed with zinc ointment daily.
-In bad cases the head may be bandaged to prevent aggravation of the
-ulcers by scratching.
-
-The internal form is harder to cure. Its symptoms are hot, inflamed
-ears, pain, pawing, and rubbing the head against the floor or walls.
-The interior of the ear should be douched out with warm water and
-boracic acid or witch hazel, and then syringed with a solution of one
-part of spirits of wine and twenty parts of water. Afterwards the ear
-should be carefully dried out with cotton on the end of a pencil--care
-must be taken not to injure the interior of the ear--and finally dusted
-with boracic acid.
-
-_Chorea_, or, as it is sometimes called, St. Vitus's Dance, is
-generally a legacy of distemper. It is a peculiar nervous twitching,
-generally affecting the forelegs and shoulders. It is almost incurable,
-but good food, exercise, and a tonic may work wonders.
-
-_Cramps_ in the hindquarters may sometimes attack a dog who goes a
-great deal into the water and they are not unknown as a result of cold
-and damp kennels or great exposure to cold. The symptoms are a more or
-less complete paralysis of the hindlegs, accompanied by great pain. The
-dog should be given a hot bath and the affected parts, after a careful
-drying, should be rubbed well with chloroform liniment.
-
-_Diarrhoea_, which may be caused by food or worms, can usually be
-stopped by a mild purge of half castor oil and half syrup of buckthorn,
-which may be followed by a dose of prepared chalk. Boiled rice is an
-excellent food for dogs suffering from disordered bowels.
-
-_Distemper_ is the bane of the dog owner's existence. It is a highly
-contagious disease generally attacking puppies, and is comparable to
-scarlet fever in that one attack successfully gone through usually
-means immunity. It was formerly thought that distemper could arise
-spontaneously from improper feeding or unsanitary kenneling, but the
-germ of the disease has been isolated, and while poor food and dirty
-kennels increase the chances of the disease by lowering the dog's
-resistance, they are not in themselves causes.
-
-The distemper germ is possessed of remarkable vitality and may be
-transferred either directly from dog to dog or through the medium of
-crates, bedding, clothing, and even the air. Shows are a source of
-spreading the disease, though there is much less danger of this now
-than formerly for the veterinary inspection and proper disinfecting
-methods have improved conditions wonderfully. A bitch from an infected
-kennel may give distemper to the inmates of the kennels she visits for
-breeding purposes. Plenty of soap and water, disinfectant, and elbow
-grease make a distemper prevention that is much better than any cure.
-
-The discovery of the distemper germ has naturally resulted in the
-making of an anti-toxin, by attenuating the virus till a weakened
-form is obtained. Using this to inoculate a well dog, a mild form
-of the disease attacks him, but this "vaccination" has not proved
-unqualifiedly successful, especially when used by amateurs.
-
-The commonest form of distemper is catarrhal, with symptoms much like
-those of an ordinary cold, lack of appetite, fever, disordered bowels,
-vomiting, staring coat, rapid loss of flesh, and discharges from the
-nose and eyes. The distemper germ, however, may attack other organs
-than the nose and eyes. The lungs and bronchial tubes and the stomach
-and intestines are also seats of the trouble. These forms are harder to
-diagnose and harder to cure. The presence of dysentery and sometimes of
-jaundice are indications that the digestive tract is involved.
-
-I know of no sure cure for distemper, and I never knew a dog owner
-who did, though, to be sure, they all have their favorite remedies.
-There are no end of patent specifics on the market, and some of these
-are very good, but the best thing for a tyro to do is to call a
-veterinarian. Leave the doctoring to him, at least till you have had
-the experience gained by a couple of good cases of distemper in your
-kennels. There will be plenty for you to do without bother about
-prescribing.
-
-The dog with distemper must be isolated, and you must take the
-precautions that you would if there were smallpox in the neighborhood.
-Wash with disinfectants, burn sulphur candles, scrupulously destroy all
-bedding--use all the knowledge of antiseptic disinfecting that you
-have.
-
-As for the patient, you will find that nursing is just as important as
-medicine--in fact, the more I have to do with the disease, the less
-medicine I administer and the more care I give to nursing. Keep up the
-dog's strength with almost any sick room food that he will eat. Raw
-meat, eggs, gruels, soups, milk, all these are good, and the dog should
-be fed often. The discharges from the nose and eyes should be wiped
-away regularly.
-
-If the nose becomes very badly stopped up, so that breathing is
-difficult, the dog's head may be held over a pail of hot water in which
-a little turpentine has been dropped and he made to inhale the fumes.
-If the throat and bronchial tubes are affected, give a little cough
-syrup--any one will do, but be careful not to give enough to upset the
-stomach. See that the dog has plenty of water to drink and keep him out
-of all drafts, though the room must be well ventilated.
-
-_Fits_ seem to be a part of the life of most puppies. They are not
-dangerous and usually pass off without bad effects. But fits are a
-symptom, and the cause should be removed. They may be caused by worms,
-stomach troubles, or heat. Keep the dog quiet and give him a dose of
-castor oil and buckthorn.
-
-_Insects_ of several kinds take pleasure in seeing to it that neither
-the dog or his owner gets lazy. The commonest and the easiest to get
-rid of are fleas, but they are dangerous as being the cause of
-tapeworm, for the tapeworm of the dog spends part of his life (in the
-larva form) in the fleas. There are any number of good flea soaps on
-the market and a dozen good flea powders, so little need be said about
-ridding the dog of these pests.
-
-Lice are harder to get rid of, but the dog can be freed of them in the
-same way as of fleas. Care should be taken to get rid of as many of the
-lice eggs, little black specks that stick to the hair, as possible.
-Ticks are the least common, but because of their habit of burrowing
-into the skin cannot be washed out. The best way is to give the dog a
-good rubbing in a dressing composed of olive and kerosene oils, equal
-parts of each, followed by a bath.
-
-_Kennel Lameness_, or rheumatism, affects a dog similarly to human
-beings, there being a soreness of certain parts--usually the
-foreshoulders or back--and pain, with even swelling of the joints. The
-dog should be kept in a light, dry, well-ventilated place, his bowels
-kept open, and the food given light, but nourishing. A little sodium
-bicarbonate or sodium salicylate added to his drinking water will be
-found to be beneficial, and hot baths and rubbings with liniments eases
-the pain considerably.
-
-_Skin diseases_ are among the common troubles of the dog owner, for
-there are three varieties. The wire terriers seem to suffer a good deal
-from eczema,--this is especially true of Scotties,--and their owner is
-sure to know it before he has been in the game very long. It is a skin
-disease, noncontagious, arising from the blood and showing itself in
-red eruptions which burst, oozing their contents and forming scabs. The
-hair comes off, and by scratching the dog aggravates the condition.
-
-High feeding and too little exercise are the usual cause of the
-trouble, and the root of the matter must be gotten at before a cure can
-be effected. A good purge should be given and the dog put on a light,
-simple diet. The sores should be washed clean and then treated with a
-wash of four parts of sugar of lead and one part of zinc sulphate in
-water. Fowler's Solution is also given sometimes, but this is a poison
-and ought not to be administered save on a veterinarian's advice.
-
-There are two forms of mange--sarcoptic and follicular, both highly
-infectious, and the latter so hard to cure that many dog owners would
-almost rather kill a dog than go through the siege with the constant
-danger of inoculating other dogs. The sarcoptic form is more on the
-surface and attacks dogs under the legs, which become red and inflamed,
-little reddish pimples forming, which break and form dark red scabs.
-The follicular mange usually starts on the back near the tail or over
-the collar. The hair falls out, red scabs form and there is a peculiar
-odor. It is difficult to tell just which form one is dealing with after
-the case has gone far, but at the outset it is comparatively easy.
-
-Both of these manges are caused by parasites which live in the skin.
-The microscope reveals these, and this is the only way that one, at the
-outset, can be sure he is dealing with mange and not eczema. The dog
-should be thoroughly cleaned and then dressed with the following
-ointment: creosote 1/2 oz.; oil of cade 1 oz.; zinc ointment and
-lanoline each 3 ozs.; and sulphur 1/2 oz. This is not a pretty or a
-nice mixture, but it has done the work more than once for me. The main
-thing with mange is cleanliness and keeping everlastingly at it.
-Skipping a day in the treatment will add a week to the cure. Sarcoptic
-mange caught in time can be cured in two weeks. Follicular mange may
-take three months, or even longer, to be cured completely.
-
-_Worms_ are almost sure to be found in all dogs not regularly treated
-for them, and they are the cause of a good deal of trouble. Puppies are
-favorite victims for these internal parasites and youngsters who serve
-as hosts for these undesirable visitors never do well. Worms come from
-fleas, sheep and cattle stomachs and intestines, and sheep heads. Three
-varieties are common--the round, thread, and the tape, the last the
-most dangerous.
-
-Puppies should be given a good vermifuge when weaned and the treatment
-should be kept up all through the dog's life. Emaciation, vomiting,
-bloating of the stomach, bad breath, and dragging the rectum along the
-ground after stool are the usual evidences of worms, but the wise dog
-owner does not wait for such signs. There are several good vermifuges
-on the market, usually containing santonin, male fern, or acerca nut,
-but naturally I do not feel that this is the place to mention them by
-name. Almost any of them will do the work if the manufacturer's
-directions are followed.
-
-In conclusion, a word or two about giving medicines. The best way to
-hold a terrier is to sit in a low chair and place him so that his body
-is under you and his shoulders between your knees. To give a pill you
-do not need help for so small a dog, but by putting your left hand over
-his mouth and pressing you force him to open his mouth by forcing his
-lips against his teeth. Lift up his head and put the pill as far back
-as you can on his tongue and hold his mouth closed till he has
-swallowed.
-
-With liquids you will need an assistant to pour the medicine into the
-natural funnel you make of the dog's mouth by pulling his lips on one
-side out. In this you do not open the mouth but merely hold up the
-head. The medicine should be poured slowly between the teeth and lips
-and the mouth held closed till swallowed.
-
-Let me again impress the importance of remembering the similarity of
-canine and human ills. It is also well to bear in mind that careful
-nursing is usually very much better than dosing, especially when the
-dosing is done by one who is not perfectly sure just what he is doing
-and why he is doing it.
-
-
-
-
-      *      *      *      *      *      *
-
-
-
-
-Transcriber's note:
-
-Minor typographical errors have been corrected without note.
-
-Irregularities and inconsistencies in the text have been retained
-as printed.
-
-
-
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