diff options
| author | nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> | 2025-03-07 13:37:39 -0800 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> | 2025-03-07 13:37:39 -0800 |
| commit | 0987b3bbdf89f9e25249580807355fa5c116d1b0 (patch) | |
| tree | 9d0330282ffd1b87b1145e83d246f11b9f5ab26c | |
| parent | 824de3578f10fc4db868c4cbc19d1ccf63db00e1 (diff) | |
| -rw-r--r-- | 43928-0.txt (renamed from 43928.txt) | 614 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 43928-8.txt | 4099 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 43928-8.zip | bin | 50075 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 43928-h.zip | bin | 4069768 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 43928-h/43928-h.htm | 641 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 43928.zip | bin | 50001 -> 0 bytes |
6 files changed, 221 insertions, 5133 deletions
@@ -1,38 +1,4 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The British Woodlice, by -Wilfred Mark Webb and Charles Sillem - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: The British Woodlice - Being a Monograph of the Terrestrial Isopod Crustacea - Occurring in the British Islands - -Author: Wilfred Mark Webb - Charles Sillem - -Release Date: November 1, 2013 [EBook #43928] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ASCII - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BRITISH WOODLICE *** - - - - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Quentin Campbell and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 43928 *** Transcriber's Note: Italic text is denoted by _underscores_ and bold text by =equal signs=. @@ -130,13 +96,13 @@ CONTENTS. Classification 17 Scheme of classification and synopsis of generic characters 18 British Species 19 - Section--Ligiae 19 - Family--Ligiidae 19 + Section--Ligiæ 19 + Family--Ligiidæ 19 Genus--Ligia Fabricius 19 - _Ligia oceanica_ Linze 19 + _Ligia oceanica_ Linzé 19 Genus--Ligidium Brandt 21 _Ligidium hypnorum_ Cuvier 21 - Family--Trichoniscidae 22 + Family--Trichoniscidæ 22 Genus--Trichoniscus Brandt 22 _Trichoniscus pusillus_ Brandt 22 _Trichoniscus vividus_ Koch 23 @@ -146,9 +112,9 @@ CONTENTS. Genus--Haplophthalmus Schobl 26 _Haplophthalmus mengii_ Zaddach 26 _Haplophthalmus danicus_ Budde-Lund 27 - Family--Oniscidae 27 - Genus--Oniscus Linne 27 - _Oniscus asellus_ Linne 27 + Family--Oniscidæ 27 + Genus--Oniscus Linné 27 + _Oniscus asellus_ Linné 27 Genus--Philoscia Latreille 29 _Philoscia muscorum_ Scopoli 29 _Philoscia couchii_ Kinahan 30 @@ -166,7 +132,7 @@ CONTENTS. _Metoponorthus cingendus_ Kinahan 38 Genus--Cylisticus Schnitzler 38 _Cylisticus convexus_ De Geer 39 - Family--Armadillidiidae 40 + Family--Armadillidiidæ 40 Genus--Armadillidium Brandt 40 _Armadillidium nasatum_ Budde-Lund 40 _Armadillidium vulgare_ Latreille 41 @@ -314,7 +280,7 @@ known as the Isopoda. =Geological history.=--The known history of the order is a long one, for remains occur in the Old Red Sandstone (Devonian) of Herefordshire, and in the Coal Measures. (79)[2]. A form which has been named -_Archaeoniscus brodiei_, and is said to be referable to the recent +_Archæoniscus brodiei_, and is said to be referable to the recent family Aegidae which is found in some numbers in the Purbeck Beds (Upper Jurassic), of this country (47). Fossil Isopods have also been recorded from the Oolite and from the Oligocene (Isle of Wight). @@ -432,7 +398,7 @@ have a somewhat striking appearance, being yellow tubes spirally coiled, and they end blindly. From the stomach the intestine runs to the hinder end of the body and passes under the heart. -=Circulatory system.=--The blood being aerated in the abdominal +=Circulatory system.=--The blood being aërated in the abdominal appendages, we find that the heart is situated towards the hinder end of the body (fig. 18). Three main arteries supply the thorax and head, while the blood is brought from the gills to the heart. @@ -770,7 +736,7 @@ a shrivelled up old dame. _Oniscus asellus_ was sometimes called straightway into tubes or bottles half filled with 30 per cent. methylated spirit.[3] Woodlice dropped into this weak spirit become gradually narcotised and die, and they remain limp enough for purposes -of examination or to allow, of their legs and antennae being set out +of examination or to allow, of their legs and antennæ being set out during the process of mounting. Specimens to be kept permanently should be placed in 70 per cent. alcohol. For storage purposes the specimens of each species from a given locality should be put together into a @@ -796,18 +762,18 @@ another strip of any colour that may be preferred. =Classification.=--The various genera of woodlice are connected together so closely, by intermediate forms, that their division into families is, to a very great extent, arbitrary. Bate and Westwood -described but a single family Oniscidae (I), though they distinguished -two sub-families:--Ligiinae, which included the forms with many joints -to the flagellum of the antenna, and Oniscinae, which contained the rest. +described but a single family Oniscidæ (I), though they distinguished +two sub-families:--Ligiinæ, which included the forms with many joints +to the flagellum of the antenna, and Oniscinæ, which contained the rest. Since then the pill-woodlice have been thought by some to be sufficiently different from the other genera to warrant their -separation, and three families namely, Ligiidae, Oniscidae, and -Armadillidae have been recognized, as for instance by Dr. Scharff (63). +separation, and three families namely, Ligiidæ, Oniscidæ, and +Armadillidæ have been recognized, as for instance by Dr. Scharff (63). -A fourth family--Trichoniscidae--has been added by Professor G. O. Sars, +A fourth family--Trichoniscidæ--has been added by Professor G. O. Sars, who in his _Crustacea of Norway_ (59) alludes to the division of the -tribe into the sections Ligiae and Onisci and has adopted the following +tribe into the sections Ligiæ and Onisci and has adopted the following classification:-- _Order_--=ISOPODA.= @@ -818,12 +784,12 @@ _Tribe_--ONISCOIDA. _Ligia._ _Ligidium._ - _Family II._--TRICHONISCIDAE. + _Family II._--TRICHONISCIDÆ. _Trichoniscus._ _Trichoniscoides._ _Haplophthalmus._ - _Family III._--ONISCIDAE. + _Family III._--ONISCIDÆ. _Oniscus._ _Philoscia._ _Platyarthrus._ @@ -831,7 +797,7 @@ _Tribe_--ONISCOIDA. _Metoponorthus._ _Cylisticus._ - _Family IV._--ARMADILLIDIIAE. + _Family IV._--ARMADILLIDIIÆ. _Armadillidium._ All the genera described by Professor Sars are represented in the @@ -851,7 +817,7 @@ _Order_--=ISOPODA.= _Tribe_--ONISCOIDA. -_Section I._--=LIGIAE.= +_Section I._--=LIGIÆ.= _The Two Divisions of the Tail Appendages alike in Shape._ @@ -865,7 +831,7 @@ _Section I._--=LIGIAE.= (B.)--Flagellum with less than 10 joints; head with small lateral lobes, tail appendages - partly covered TRICHONISCIDAE. + partly covered TRICHONISCIDÆ. (3.)--Abdomen narrow; eyes compound; flagellum usually with more than 3 joints _Trichoniscus._ @@ -882,7 +848,7 @@ _Section II._--=ONISCI.= _The Outer Divisions of the Tail Appendages Broader than the Inner._ (A.)--Tail appendages projecting when the animal - is walking ONISCIDAE. + is walking ONISCIDÆ. (a.)--Unable to roll up into a complete ball. (6.)--Flagellum with 3 joints; abdomen broad; head, with lateral lobes _Oniscus._ @@ -903,7 +869,7 @@ _Section II._--=ONISCI.= into a ball _Cylisticus._ (B.)--Tail appendages not projecting when the - animal walking ARMADILLIDIIDAE. + animal walking ARMADILLIDIIDÆ. (12.)--Flagellum with 2 joints; antennae hidden or carried at the sides of the head when the animal is @@ -935,11 +901,11 @@ _Order_--=ISOPODA.= _Tribe--ONISCOIDA._ -_Section_--=LIGIAE.= +_Section_--=LIGIÆ.= THE TWO DIVISIONS OF THE TAIL APPENDAGES ALIKE IN SHAPE. -_Family_--LIGIIDAE. +_Family_--LIGIIDÆ. =Flagellum with ten or more joints; tail appendages wholly visible; head without lateral lobes.= @@ -949,15 +915,15 @@ _Genus_--=LIGIA= Fabricius, 1798 (27), p. 301. _Abdomen broad; body large; habitat, the sea-shore._ The genus _Ligia_ agrees with _Ligidium_ alone, in that the flagellum -of the larger antennae has more than ten joints. In both genera, there +of the larger antennæ has more than ten joints. In both genera, there are no lateral lobes to the head, and the tail appendages are wholly visible from the upper surface of the body. The latter in _Ligia_ is, however, very many times bigger than in _Ligidium_ and shows no abrupt decrease in the width of its segments when the abdomen is reached. -=Ligia oceanica= Linne (The Quay-louse). PLATE I. +=Ligia oceanica= Linné (The Quay-louse). PLATE I. - 1767 _Oniscus oceanicus_ Linne (43), p. 1061. + 1767 _Oniscus oceanicus_ Linné (43), p. 1061. 1793 _Cymothoa oceanica_ Fabricius (26), p. 509. 1815 _Ligia scopulorum_ Leach (38), p. 374. 1868 _Ligia oceanica_ Bate and Westwood (1), p. 444. @@ -966,7 +932,7 @@ decrease in the width of its segments when the abdomen is reached. There is but one British species of _Ligia_, and this, the largest member of the whole tribe to be met with in these Islands, usually attains a length of two centimetres, while adult males may be nearly -half as long again. It is the _Oniscus oceanicus_ of Linnaeus and lives +half as long again. It is the _Oniscus oceanicus_ of Linnæus and lives on the sea shore, where it may be found at low tide beneath stones and rubbish in the crevices of timber. _Ligia_ forms a connecting link between the woodlice proper and the many Isopods which actually live in @@ -986,7 +952,7 @@ ANTENNA OF _Ligia oceanica_.] It is worthy of mention that Mr. Webb, when in charge of the Marine Biological Station at Brightlingsea, examined a very large male -specimen of _Ligia oceanica_, in which the maxillae were duplicated and +specimen of _Ligia oceanica_, in which the maxillæ were duplicated and consisted of four pairs instead of two. _BRITISH LOCALITIES:--_ @@ -1068,7 +1034,7 @@ _FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_ _Europe_: France; (25): Sweden; Denmark; Germany; (59): Turkey; (8). -_Family_--TRICHONISCIDAE. +_Family_--TRICHONISCIDÆ. =Flagellum with less than ten joints; head with lateral lobes; tail appendages partly hidden.= @@ -1092,7 +1058,7 @@ from all others. 1833 _Trichoniscus pusillus_ Brandt (3), p. 174, pl. IV., fig. 9. 1838 _Itea riparia_ Koch (34), part 22, pl. XVII. - 1844 _Itea laevis_ Zaddach (77), p. 16. + 1844 _Itea lævis_ Zaddach (77), p. 16. 1857 _Philougria celer_ Kinahan (32), p. 281, pl. XXII., figs. 1-4. 1858 _Philougria riparia_ Kinahan (33), pp. 191 and 198, pl. XXIII., fig. 1. @@ -1112,7 +1078,7 @@ alcohol) is another means of distinguishing it from the species under consideration. Professor Sars in his _Crustacea of Norway_ (p. 162) describes from -Christiania, under the name of _Trichoniscus pygmaeus_, a still smaller +Christiania, under the name of _Trichoniscus pygmæus_, a still smaller species. As this may possibly be discovered in this country a brief comparison between it and _Trichoniscus pusillus_ may be of value. The former reaches a length of but two millimetres; it is "whitish, @@ -1169,7 +1135,7 @@ the flagellum. These vary from five to seven in _Trichoniscus vividus_ while in the other, as already pointed out, there are not more than four. The body is practically speaking smooth for it bears only very small tubercles, widely separated. In _Trichoniscus vividus_ the -antennae lack the bristles which characterise those of the other species +antennæ lack the bristles which characterise those of the other species in the genus. The species under consideration was discovered by Dr. Kinahan in March, 1858, at Portlaw, Co. Waterford and is active even amongst the snow. @@ -1202,9 +1168,9 @@ the body are large tubercles, each of which under strong magnification will be found to end in a tiny hair. It is distinguished from _Trichoniscus pusillus_ by the larger size of its body, which is also comparatively broader, and from _Trichoniscus vividus_ by the -four joints of the flagellum of its antennae which latter have strong +four joints of the flagellum of its antennæ which latter have strong bristles upon them. In the former species there are five or more joints -to the flagellum and the antennae, though hairy, lack the bristles. +to the flagellum and the antennæ, though hairy, lack the bristles. _Trichoniscus roseus_ is to be looked for in old gardens. [Illustration: FIG. 39.--FLAGELLUM AND LAST PEDUNCULAR JOINT OF THE @@ -1268,7 +1234,7 @@ _Trichoniscoides albidus_. Moreover, not one of the three shows the serrations on the side plates which characterise the species under consideration. _Platyarthrus hoffmannseggii_ is small and white and the edges of its side plates are toothed, but it is oval in shape, -possesses no eyes, and its stout antennae have but a single joint to the +possesses no eyes, and its stout antennæ have but a single joint to the flagellum instead of four. On the Continent this species has been found in rich soil. @@ -1279,10 +1245,10 @@ _BRITISH LOCALITIES:--_ _FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_ - _Europe_: France; Wimereux and Lyons, Foret (25): Norway; + _Europe_: France; Wimereux and Lyons, Forêt (25): Norway; Denmark; (59). -_Genus_--=HAPLOPHTHALMUS= Schoebl, 1850 (66), p. 449. +_Genus_--=HAPLOPHTHALMUS= Schöbl, 1850 (66), p. 449. _Abdomen broad (comparatively); eyes simple; flagellum with three joints; back with longitudinal ridges._ @@ -1296,7 +1262,7 @@ the side plates of the body are well separated. =Haplophthalmus mengii= Zaddach. PLATE VII. 1844 _Itea mengii_ Zaddach (77), p. 16. - 1860 _Haplophthalmus elegans_ Schoebl (66), p. 449. + 1860 _Haplophthalmus elegans_ Schöbl (66), p. 449. 1885 _Haplophthalmus mengii_ Budde-Lund (8), p. 250. 1898 _Haplophthalmus mengii_ Sars (59), p. 167, pl. LXXIV., fig. 1. @@ -1329,7 +1295,7 @@ _FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_ =Haplophthalmus danicus= Budde-Lund. PLATE VIII. 1870 _Haplophthalmus elegans_ Budde-Lund (6), p. 228 - (not _Haplophthalmus elegans_ Schoebl). + (not _Haplophthalmus elegans_ Schöbl). 1879 _Haplophthalmus danicus_ Budde-Lund (7), p. 9. 1881 _Haplophthalmus mengii_ Weber (76), p. 192, pl. V., figs. 7-9 (not _Itea mengii_ Zaddach). @@ -1363,22 +1329,22 @@ _Section_--=ONISCI.= THE OUTER DIVISIONS OF THE TAIL APPENDAGES BROADER THAN THE INNER ONES. -_Family_-ONISCIDAE. +_Family_-ONISCIDÆ. =Tail appendages projecting when the animal is walking.= (1.) Unable to roll up into a complete ball. -_Genus_-=ONISCUS= Linne 1746 (41), p. 360. +_Genus_-=ONISCUS= Linné 1746 (41), p. 360. _Flagellum, with three joints; abdomen broad; head with lateral lobes._ The characters given above taken in conjunction with the size of the animals will serve to distinguish the members of this genus. -=Oniscus asellus= Linne (The "Common Slater.") PLATE IX. +=Oniscus asellus= Linné (The "Common Slater.") PLATE IX. - 1761 _Oniscus asellus_ Linne (41), p. 500, No. 2058. + 1761 _Oniscus asellus_ Linné (41), p. 500, No. 2058. 1792 _Oniscus murarius_ Cuvier (9), p. 22, pl. XXVI. 1838 _Oniscus fossor_ Koch (34), part 22, pl. XXII. 1868 _Oniscus asellus_ Bate and Westwood (1), p. 468. @@ -1397,7 +1363,7 @@ has but two joints and has, besides, a prominent lobe projecting from the middle of the head, which is not seen in _Oniscus_. _Philoscia_, although it has three joints to the flagellum, has a narrow abdomen and lacks entirely the lateral lobes which are a feature of the other -genera of Oniscidae. +genera of Oniscidæ. _Oniscus fossor_ of Koch (34) was recognized by Kinahan and by Bate and Westwood as a species. Dr. Scharff submitted specimens to Professor @@ -1497,7 +1463,7 @@ _FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_ _Philoscia couchii_ is an inhabitant of the sea-side; it is smaller than the last species, its colour to the naked eye is a uniform -lead-grey, and its antennae are very large (compared with its size) and +lead-grey, and its antennæ are very large (compared with its size) and hairy. This species was discovered by Professor Kinahan when in the company of @@ -1527,21 +1493,21 @@ ANTENNA OF _Philoscia couchii_.] _Genus_--=PLATYARTHRUS= Brandt, 1833 (3), p. 174. -[_Typhloniscus_ Schoebl (66), p. 279.] +[_Typhloniscus_ Schöbl (66), p. 279.] _Flagellum with one joint; eyes wanting; abdomen broad; habitat, ants' nests._ The broad body, which is much flattened, and the very thick -antennae distinguish _Platyarthrus_ from the other small woodlice -(Trichoniscidae). +antennæ distinguish _Platyarthrus_ from the other small woodlice +(Trichoniscidæ). =Platyarthrus hoffmannseggii= Brandt. PLATE XII. 1833 _Platyarthrus hoffmannseggii_ Brandt (3), p. 174, pl. IV., fig. 10. 1844 _Itea crassicornis_ Koch (34), part 36, pl. V. - 1860 _Typhloniscus steinii_ Schoebl (66), p. 282. + 1860 _Typhloniscus steinii_ Schöbl (66), p. 282. 1868 _Platyarthrus hoffmannseggii_ Bate and Westwood (1), p. 464. 1898 _Platyarthrus hoffmannseggii_ Sars (59), p. 175, pl. LXXVI., fig. 2. @@ -1582,14 +1548,14 @@ _FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_ * * * * * NOTE.--In the genera which follow, air-tubes or air-cavities - (tracheae) are present in the outer plates of the abdominal + (tracheæ) are present in the outer plates of the abdominal appendages, 1 and 2, or 1 to 5. The appendages in question have in consequence a milk-white appearance in the living animal owing to the fact that the enclosed air reflects white light. - Considerable interest attaches to the study of these tracheae, + Considerable interest attaches to the study of these tracheæ, which have the same function as those of insects, but which have been independently developed. To emphasise the latter fact the - structures are often termed "pseudotracheae." + structures are often termed "pseudotracheæ." _Genus_--=PORCELLIO= Latreille, 1804 (37), p. 45. @@ -1614,7 +1580,7 @@ _Porcellio_. 1840 _Porcellio brandtii_ Milne-Edwards (46), p. 168. 1840 _Porcellio dubius_ Koch (34), part 34, pl. VIII. 1847 _Porcellio asper_ Koch (35), p. 207, pl. VIII., fig. 98. - 1857 _Porcellio montezumae_ Saussure (60), p. 207. + 1857 _Porcellio montezumæ_ Saussure (60), p. 207. 1865 _Porcellio paulensis_ Heller (31), p. 136, p. XII., fig. 5. 1868 _Porcellio scaber_ Bate and Westwood (1), p. 475. 1876 _Porcellio graniger_ Miers (44), p. 223. @@ -1801,13 +1767,13 @@ ANTENNA OF _Porcellio rathkei_.] 1833 _Porcellio musculus_ Brandt (3), p. 180. 1833 _Porcellio cinerascens_ Brandt (3), p. 178. 1833 _Porcellio dubius_ Brandt (3), p. 178. - 1837 _Porcellio poeyi_ Guerin (30), p. 6. + 1837 _Porcellio poeyi_ Guérin (30), p. 6. 1844 _Porcellio urbicus_ Koch (34), part 36, pl. IV. 1847 _Porcellio flavipes_ Koch (35), p. 206, pl. VIII., fig. 97. 1853 _Cylisticus laevis_ Schnitzler (65), p. 25. 1857 _Porcellio cubensis_ Saussure (60), p. 307. 1857 _Porcellio sumichtasli_ Saussure (60), p. 307. - 1857 _Porcellio cotillae_ Saussure (60), p. 307. + 1857 _Porcellio cotillæ_ Saussure (60), p. 307. 1857 _Porcellio aztecus_ Saussure (60), p. 307. 1857 _Porcellio mexicanus_ Saussure (60), p. 307. @@ -1893,7 +1859,7 @@ _Flagellum, with two joints; abdomen, narrow; frontal lobe not developed._ The hinder legs of _Metoponorthus_ are proportionately longer than in -any other Oniscidae save _Philoscia_. Both genera have a narrow abdomen, +any other Oniscidæ save _Philoscia_. Both genera have a narrow abdomen, but _Philoscia_ has an extra joint to the flagellum, and shows no sign of lateral lobes to the head. @@ -1910,7 +1876,7 @@ of lateral lobes to the head. Undamaged specimens of _Metoponorthus pruinosus_ are of a beautiful bluish-grey colour, owing to a "bloom" which is easily brushed off, -revealing a dark reddish-brown tint beneath it. The antennae are long +revealing a dark reddish-brown tint beneath it. The antennæ are long and have white markings upon them. Air-tubes occur in the first two abdominal appendages. @@ -2038,7 +2004,7 @@ _FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_ _North America_; (59). -_Family_--ARMADILLIDIIDAE. +_Family_--ARMADILLIDIIDÆ. =Tail appendages not projecting when the animal is walking.= @@ -2053,7 +2019,7 @@ other Woodlice. Excepting _Cylisticus_ (which has long pointed tail appendages) no other British forms have the power of rolling themselves up into a complete ball. The very arched body is characteristic of _Armadillidium_, and so is the groove into which the basal joints of -the antennae fit when the creatures curl up. +the antennæ fit when the creatures curl up. The first two abdominal appendages only are provided with air-tubes. @@ -2082,7 +2048,7 @@ It will be noticed that the slope from thorax to telson is more gentle than in the common species, _Armadillidium vulgare_, and the first thoracic segment is not so greatly developed. Consequently the species which we are considering does not produce a perfect sphere, and the -antennae are not hidden when it rolls up. It is interesting to compare +antennæ are not hidden when it rolls up. It is interesting to compare this species with _Cylisticus convexus_. The surface of the body is smooth, and its colour is a delicate brownish grey with more or less distinct rows of darker markings. @@ -2124,7 +2090,7 @@ about as long as it is broad at the base. The outer divisions of the tail appendages are considerably broader than they are long. The species can roll itself up into a very perfect sphere, and when -it assumes this form its antennae are hidden beneath the much expanded +it assumes this form its antennæ are hidden beneath the much expanded lateral plates of the first thoracic segment. [Illustration: FIG. 57.--FLAGELLUM AND LAST PEDUNCULAR JOINT OF THE @@ -2176,7 +2142,7 @@ _FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_ fig. 4. The smallest British species is _Armadillidium pulchellum_. The frontal -lobe projects so as to make the head somewhat triangular. The antennae +lobe projects so as to make the head somewhat triangular. The antennæ are very short and the distal joint of the flagellum is three times the length of the other, while the two together are not as long as the last peduncular joint. @@ -2210,7 +2176,7 @@ _FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_ 1892 _Armadillidium depressum_ Dollfus (14), p. 17-18. The frontal lobe in _Armadillidium depressum_ is very prominent and -much recurved. The antennae are fairly long and while the two joints +much recurved. The antennæ are fairly long and while the two joints of the flagellum are nearly equal they are together not so long as the last peduncular joint. @@ -2360,7 +2326,7 @@ Explanation of the initials given in the text:-- Sessile-eyed Crustacea_, London, 1868. (2) BOSC, L. A. G.: _Manuel de l'histoire Naturelle des - Crustaces_, Vol. II. Paris, 1830. + Crustacés_, Vol. II. Paris, 1830. (3) BRANDT, J. F.: "Conspectus Monographiae Crustaceorum Oniscodorum Latreillei," _Bull. Soc. Nat., Moscow._ Vol. VI. @@ -2369,7 +2335,7 @@ Explanation of the initials given in the text:-- (4) BRANDT, J. F., and RATZEBURG, J. T. C.: _Medizinische Zoologie._ Vol. II., Berlin, 1830-1834. - (5) BRUNTZ, L.: "Contribution a l'Etude de l'Excretion chez les + (5) BRUNTZ, L.: "Contribution à l'Etude de l'Excretion chez les Arthropodes." _Archives de Biologie._ Vol. XXII. (Nov., 1903), pp. 215-422, pls. I.-VIII. @@ -2385,13 +2351,13 @@ Explanation of the initials given in the text:-- (9) CUVIER, G.: "Memoires sur les Cloportes terrestres." _Journ. d'hist. nat._ Vol. II. 1792. - (10) DE GEER, C.: _Memoires pour servir a l'histoire des + (10) DE GEER, C.: _Memoires pour servir à l'histoire des insectes._ Vol. VII., Stockholm, 1778. - (11) DESMAREST, A.G.: _Considerations generales sur la classe des - Crustaces._ Paris, 1825. + (11) DESMAREST, A.G.: _Considérations générales sur la classe des + Crustacés._ Paris, 1825. - (12) DOLLFUS, A.: "Catalogue raisonne des Isopodes terrestres de + (12) DOLLFUS, A.: "Catalogue raisonné des Isopodes terrestres de l'Espagne." _Ann. Soc. Espan. Hist. Nat._ Vol. XXI. (1892), pp. 161-190. @@ -2403,7 +2369,7 @@ Explanation of the initials given in the text:-- (14) DOLLFUS, A.: "Le Genre Armadillidium." _Feu. des Jeunes Naturalistes_, Ser. 3. May 1892. - (15) DOLLFUS, A.: "Catalogue raisonne des Isopodes terrestres de + (15) DOLLFUS, A.: "Catalogue raisonné des Isopodes terrestres de l'Espagne." Premier supplement, _Ann. Soc. Espan. Hist. Nat._ Vol. XXII. (1893), pp. 47-51. @@ -2419,7 +2385,7 @@ Explanation of the initials given in the text:-- Cap. Blanc a Tripoli." _Mem. Soc. Zool. Trans._ Vol. IX. (1896), pp. 523-553. - (19) DOLLFUS, A.: _Crustaces Isopodes de la Sicile._ 1896. + (19) DOLLFUS, A.: _Crustacés Isopodes de la Sicile._ 1896. (20) DOLLFUS, A.: "On West Indian Isopod Crustaceans." _Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond._ 1896, pp. 388-400. @@ -2431,14 +2397,14 @@ Explanation of the initials given in the text:-- (22) DOLLFUS, A.: "Land Isopods der Balkan region." _Wissenschaft Mittheilung aus Bosnien und der Hercegovina._ Vol. IV. (1896). - (23) DOLLFUS, A.: "Les Crustaces Isopodes Terrestres a grande + (23) DOLLFUS, A.: "Les Crustacés Isopodes Terrestres à grande dispersion," _Feu des Jeun. Natural._ Ser. 3 (Oct. 1897). (24) DOLLFUS, A.: "Sur la Distribution Geographique des Isopodes - Terrestres dans l'Afrique Septentrional du Senegal a Obock." + Terrestres dans l'Afrique Septentrional du Senegal à Obock." _Proc. Inter. Congres. Zool._ Cambridge, 1898, pp. 249-259. - (25) DOLLFUS, A.: "Catalogue des Crustaces Isopodes Terrestres de + (25) DOLLFUS, A.: "Catalogue des Crustacés Isopodes Terrestres de France." _Feu. des Jeun. Natural._ Ser. 3 (October 1899). (26) FABRICIUS, J.C.: _Entomologia systematica._ Vol. II., @@ -2465,8 +2431,8 @@ Explanation of the initials given in the text:-- Arachniden._ Regensburg, 1835-1844. Koch's descriptions and figures were published in _Deutschlands - Crustaceen_ and appeared also in Panzer's _Faunae Insectorum - Germanicae_ continued by Herrich-Schaeffer (which see). The + Crustaceen_ and appeared also in Panzer's _Faunæ Insectorum + Germanicæ_ continued by Herrich-Schäffer (which see). The number of the parts of the latter which correspond to those of the former are placed in square brackets after them in the list here given. Part 6 (1836) [139]; Part 22 (1838) [162]; @@ -2483,27 +2449,27 @@ Explanation of the initials given in the text:-- Arachniden._ Regensburg, 1847. (36) LAMARCK, J. B.: _Histoire naturelle des animaux sans - vertebres._ Vol. V., 1818. + vertébres._ Vol. V., 1818. - (37) LATREILLE, P. A.: _Histoire Naturelle des Crustaces et des + (37) LATREILLE, P. A.: _Histoire Naturelle des Crustacés et des Insectes._ Vol. VII., Paris, 1804. (38) LEACH, W. E.: "Tabular view of the external characters of - four classes of animals, which Linne arranged under Insectes." + four classes of animals, which Linné arranged under Insectes." _Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond._ Vol. XI., 1815. - (39) LEREBOULLET, A.: "Memoire sur les Crustaces de la famille des + (39) LEREBOULLET, A.: "Memoire sur les Crustacés de la famille des Cloportides qui habitent les environs de Strasbourg." _Mem. Soc. Mus. Hist. Nat. Strasbourg._ Vol. IV., 1853, pp. 130, pl. X. (40) LEUCKART, R.: _Verzeichnisz der zur Fauna Helgolands - gehoerenden wirbellosen Seethiere._ Braunsweig, 1847. + gehörenden wirbellosen Seethiere._ Braunsweig, 1847. - (41) LINNE, C.: _Fauna Suecica._ First edition, Holmiae, 1746. + (41) LINNÉ, C.: _Fauna Suecica._ First edition, Holmiæ, 1746. - (42) LINNE, C.: _Fauna Suecica._ Second edition, Holmiae, 1761. + (42) LINNÉ, C.: _Fauna Suecica._ Second edition, Holmiæ, 1761. - (43) LINNE, C.: _Systema Naturae_, ed. 12, 1767. + (43) LINNÉ, C.: _Systema Naturae_, ed. 12, 1767. (44) MIERS, E. J.: "Catalogue of New Zealand Crustacea." _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 4._, Vol. XVII., 1876. @@ -2512,10 +2478,10 @@ Explanation of the initials given in the text:-- Isopoda), chiefly from South America." _Proc. Zool. Soc._, 1877, p. 653-678. - (46) MILNE-EDWARDS, H.: _Histoire naturelle des Crustaces._ Vol. + (46) MILNE-EDWARDS, H.: _Histoire naturelle des Crustacés._ Vol. III. Paris, 1840. - (47) NICHOLSON and LYDDEKER: _Manual of Palaeontology_, 1889, Vol. + (47) NICHOLSON and LYDDEKER: _Manual of Palæontology_, 1889, Vol. II., p. 559. (48) NORMAN, A. M.: "Note on the discovery of _Ligidium agile_, @@ -2532,11 +2498,11 @@ Explanation of the initials given in the text:-- Supplement _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (Ser. 7)_, Vol. XIV. (1904), pp. 449-450. - (51) PANZER, G. W. F.: _Faunae Insectorum Germanicae initia, oder + (51) PANZER, G. W. F.: _Faunæ Insectorum Germanicæ initia, oder Deutschlands Insecten._ Parts 1-110, Nurnberg, 1793-1813. (See Koch.) - (52) PANZER, G. W. F.: Continuation by Herrich-Schaeffer, Parts + (52) PANZER, G. W. F.: Continuation by Herrich-Schäffer, Parts 111-190, 1829-1844. (See Koch.) (53) PARFITT, E.: "The Fauna of Devon." Sessile-Eyed Crustacea. @@ -2546,23 +2512,23 @@ Explanation of the initials given in the text:-- he is quoted in Panzer's _Deutschlands Insecten_ (51), which see. - (55) PLATEAU, F.: "Crustaces Isopodes Terrestres." _Bull. Acad. + (55) PLATEAU, F.: "Crustacés Isopodes Terrestres." _Bull. Acad. Roy. de Belgique, Ser. 2._, Vol. XXIX., No. 2 (1870), p. 112. - (56) RISSO, A.: _Histoire Naturelle des Crustaces des environs de + (56) RISSO, A.: _Histoire Naturelle des Crustacés des environs de Nice._ Paris, 1816. (57) ROBERTSON, D.: "Catalogue of the Amphipoda and Isopoda of the Firth of Clyde." _Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glasgow_, Vol. II. (1888), pp. 9-99. - (58) ROULE, LOUIS: "Etudes sur le Development de Crustaces." _Ann. + (58) ROULE, LOUIS: "Etudes sur le Development de Crustacés." _Ann. Sci. Nat._, Vol. XVIII. (1895), pp. 1-156, pls. I.-X. (59) SARS, G. O.: _An account of the Crustacea of Norway._ Vol. II., 1896-1899. - (60) SAUSSURE, H. de: "Diagnoses de quelques crustaces nouveaux + (60) SAUSSURE, H. de: "Diagnoses de quelques crustacés nouveaux des Antilles et du Mexique." _Rev. et Mag. de Zool. (Ser. 2)_, Vol. IX. (1857), pp. 304-308. @@ -2585,7 +2551,7 @@ Explanation of the initials given in the text:-- Crustacea Isopoda." _Sitzungsberichte der math. naturw. Acad. Wiss. Wien._ Vol. XL. (1860), pp. 279-330. - (67) SCOPOLI, J. A.: _Entomologia Carniolica._ Vindibonae, 1763. + (67) SCOPOLI, J. A.: _Entomologia Carniolica._ Vindibonæ, 1763. (68) SCOTT, T.: "The Land and Freshwater Crustacea of the District around Edinburgh." _Proc. R. Phys. S. Edin._, Vol. XI. @@ -2596,7 +2562,7 @@ Explanation of the initials given in the text:-- (69) SILL, VICTOR: "Beitrag zur Kentniss der Crustaceen, Arachniden and Myriapoden Siebenburgens." _Verhandl. u. - Mittheil. des Siebenburghischen Ver. fuer Naturwiss. zu + Mittheil. des Siebenburghischen Ver. für Naturwiss. zu Hermannstadt_, Vol. XII. (1861), p. 1-11. (70) STEBBING, T. R. R.: "On a Crustacean of the Genus Zia." _Ann. @@ -2611,7 +2577,7 @@ Explanation of the initials given in the text:-- (72) VEJDOVSKYF: "Zur Morphologie der Antennen und Schalendruse der Crustaceen." _Zeit. Wiss. Zool._, Vol. LXIX., p. 378. - (73) VERHOEF, K. W.: "Ueber Palaearktische Isopoden." _Zool. Anz._, + (73) VERHOEF, K. W.: "Ueber Palæarktische Isopoden." _Zool. Anz._, Vol. XXIV. (74) WEBB, WILFRED MARK: "The occurrence in Essex of a species @@ -2634,7 +2600,7 @@ Explanation of the initials given in the text:-- known, but he is quoted in Panzer's _Deutschlands Insecten_ (51), which see. - (79) ZITTEL, K. A. von: _Textbook of Palaeontology_. English + (79) ZITTEL, K. A. von: _Textbook of Palæontology_. English Translation 1900, p. 668. @@ -2673,7 +2639,7 @@ INDEX. _Archaeoniscus brodiei_, 2 - Armadillidae, 17 + Armadillidæ, 17 " characters of, 18, 40 @@ -3359,7 +3325,7 @@ INDEX. Tracheae, 6, 31 - Trichoniscidae, characters of, 18, 22 + Trichoniscidæ, characters of, 18, 22 _Trichoniscoides_, 21, 22, 26 @@ -3448,7 +3414,7 @@ LIST OF PLATES. PLATE - _Ligia oceanica_ Linne I. + _Ligia oceanica_ Linné I. _Ligidium hypnorum_ Cuvier II. @@ -3464,7 +3430,7 @@ LIST OF PLATES. _Haplophthalmus danicus_ Budde-Lund VIII. - _Oniscus asellus_ Linne IX. + _Oniscus asellus_ Linné IX. _Philoscia muscorum_ Scopoli X. @@ -3500,7 +3466,7 @@ LIST OF PLATES. [Illustration: _PLATE I._ -LIGIA OCEANICA Linne. THE QUAY-LOUSE. +LIGIA OCEANICA Linné. THE QUAY-LOUSE. _Length, two to three centimetres._ @@ -3564,7 +3530,7 @@ Charles Sillem, del. ad nat. F. W. Reader, sculpt.] [Illustration: _PLATE IX._ -ONISCUS ASELLUS Linne (The common slater). +ONISCUS ASELLUS Linné (The common slater). _Length, sixteen millimetres._ @@ -3707,14 +3673,14 @@ Transcriber's Notes Obvious typographical errors have been corrected. Inconsistent accents, punctuation, and hyphenation are as in the original text. -The "ae" ligature is used interchangeably with "ae" throughout. +The "æ" ligature is used interchangeably with "ae" throughout. Some taxonomic names may have changed since 1906. The following misprints and misspellings have been noted or corrected: CONTENTS:- -Page vii: "Family--Ligidae " changed to "Family--Ligiidae". +Page vii: "Family--Ligidæ " changed to "Family--Ligiidæ". Page vii: "Haplopthalmus mengii" changed to "Haplophthalmus mengii". Page viii: "Armydillidium vulgare" changed to "Armadillidium vulgare". @@ -3735,365 +3701,7 @@ Page 51: "Ligidae, characters of" changed to "Ligiidae, characters of". -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The British Woodlice, by +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The British Woodlice, by Wilfred Mark Webb and Charles Sillem -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BRITISH WOODLICE *** - -***** This file should be named 43928.txt or 43928.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/3/9/2/43928/ - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Quentin Campbell and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, -set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to -copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to -protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project -Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you -charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you -do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the -rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose -such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and -research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do -practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is -subject to the trademark license, especially commercial -redistribution. - - - -*** START: FULL LICENSE *** - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project -Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at - www.gutenberg.org/license. - - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy -all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. -If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the -terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or -entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement -and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" -or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the -collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an -individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are -located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from -copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative -works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg -are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project -Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by -freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of -this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with -the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by -keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project -Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in -a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check -the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement -before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or -creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project -Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning -the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United -States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate -access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently -whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, -copied or distributed: - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived -from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is -posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied -and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees -or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work -with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the -work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 -through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the -Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or -1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional -terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked -to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the -permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any -word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or -distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than -"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version -posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), -you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a -copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon -request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other -form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided -that - -- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is - owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he - has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the - Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments - must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you - prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax - returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and - sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the - address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to - the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." - -- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or - destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium - and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of - Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any - money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days - of receipt of the work. - -- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set -forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from -both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael -Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the -Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm -collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain -"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or -corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual -property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a -computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by -your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with -your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with -the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a -refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity -providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to -receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy -is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further -opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER -WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO -WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. -If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the -law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be -interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by -the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any -provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance -with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, -promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, -harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, -that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do -or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm -work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any -Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. - - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers -including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists -because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from -people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. -To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation -and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 -and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org - - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive -Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent -permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. -Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered -throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at 809 -North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email -contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the -Foundation's web site and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact - -For additional contact information: - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To -SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any -particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. -To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate - - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm -concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared -with anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project -Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. -unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily -keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: - - www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. - +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 43928 *** diff --git a/43928-8.txt b/43928-8.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 80d8f02..0000000 --- a/43928-8.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,4099 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The British Woodlice, by -Wilfred Mark Webb and Charles Sillem - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: The British Woodlice - Being a Monograph of the Terrestrial Isopod Crustacea - Occurring in the British Islands - -Author: Wilfred Mark Webb - Charles Sillem - -Release Date: November 1, 2013 [EBook #43928] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BRITISH WOODLICE *** - - - - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Quentin Campbell and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - -Transcriber's Note: Italic text is denoted by _underscores_ and bold -text by =equal signs=. - - - - -THE BRITISH WOODLICE. - - - - -This monograph first appeared in the "Essex Naturalist" (Volume XIV., -1905-6) and has been republished by special arrangement with the -Council of the Essex Field Club. - - - - -THE BRITISH WOODLICE. - -BEING - -A MONOGRAPH OF THE TERRESTRIAL ISOPOD CRUSTACEA - -OCCURRING IN THE BRITISH ISLANDS. - -BY - -WILFRED MARK WEBB, F.L.S., - -_Lecturer on Biology and Nature Study to the Surrey County Council, -Honorary Secretary of the Selborne Society, Sometime, Senior Assistant -Lecturer on Biology to the Essex County Council, and Editor of the -Journal of Malacology, Joint Author of_ "Eton Nature Study and -Observational Lessons." - -AND - -CHARLES SILLEM. - -WITH TWENTY-FIVE PLATES AND FIFTY-NINE FIGURES IN THE TEXT. - - LONDON: - DUCKWORTH & CO., - 3, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN. - 1906. - - - - -PREFACE. - - -In Professor Sars' "Crustacea of Norway," quite a number of the British -species of woodlice are figured in detail and described in English, but -few copies of this fine work are to be met with in our country. The -Rev. Canon Norman has from time to time published notes on the British -species in "The Annals and Magazine of Natural History;" these are, -however, scattered, and contain but few figures, while other literature -that exists is out of date. Under these circumstances, we have thought -that the following account and figures of all the British species would -be useful to those anxious to work at the woodlice, and might also -encourage others to pay attention to the distribution and habits of the -interesting tribe to which they belong. - -The writers would welcome any corrections or additions in view of a -second edition. - - W.M.W. - C.S. - -ODSTOCK, HANWELL, _December, 1905_. - - - - -CONTENTS. - - - PAGE - - Introduction 1 - Geological history 1 - External structure and appendages 2 - Alimentary canal 6 - Circulatory system 7 - Excretory system 7 - Nervous system 8 - Reproductive organs 8 - Development 9 - Habits and Economic considerations 12 - Local names 15 - Methods of collections and preservation 16 - Classification 17 - Scheme of classification and synopsis of generic characters 18 - British Species 19 - Section--Ligiæ 19 - Family--Ligiidæ 19 - Genus--Ligia Fabricius 19 - _Ligia oceanica_ Linzé 19 - Genus--Ligidium Brandt 21 - _Ligidium hypnorum_ Cuvier 21 - Family--Trichoniscidæ 22 - Genus--Trichoniscus Brandt 22 - _Trichoniscus pusillus_ Brandt 22 - _Trichoniscus vividus_ Koch 23 - _Trichoniscus roseus_ Koch 24 - Genus--Trichoniscoides, Sars 25 - _Trichoniscoides albidus_ Budde-Lund 25 - Genus--Haplophthalmus Schobl 26 - _Haplophthalmus mengii_ Zaddach 26 - _Haplophthalmus danicus_ Budde-Lund 27 - Family--Oniscidæ 27 - Genus--Oniscus Linné 27 - _Oniscus asellus_ Linné 27 - Genus--Philoscia Latreille 29 - _Philoscia muscorum_ Scopoli 29 - _Philoscia couchii_ Kinahan 30 - Genus--Platyarthrus Brandt 30 - _Platyarthrus hoffmannseggii_ Brandt 30 - Genus--Porcellio Latreille 32 - _Porcellio scaber_ Latreille 32 - _Porcellio pictus_ Brandt and Ratzeburg 33 - _Porcellio dilatatus_ Brandt 33 - _Porcellio rathkei_ Brandt 34 - _Porcellio laevis_ Latreille 35 - _Porcellio ratzeburgii_ Brandt 36 - Genus--Metoponorthus Budde-Lund 37 - _Metoponorthus pruinosus_ Brandt 37 - _Metoponorthus cingendus_ Kinahan 38 - Genus--Cylisticus Schnitzler 38 - _Cylisticus convexus_ De Geer 39 - Family--Armadillidiidæ 40 - Genus--Armadillidium Brandt 40 - _Armadillidium nasatum_ Budde-Lund 40 - _Armadillidium vulgare_ Latreille 41 - _Armadillidium pulchellum_ Zencker 42 - _Armadillidium depressum_ Brandt 43 - Distribution of species 43 - Conclusion 43 - Bibliography 49 - - - - -LIST OF FIGURES. - - -PLATES I.-XXV. with a List, will be found at the end of the Book. - - -FIGURE. PAGE. - - 1. Parts of the body (_Oniscus asellus_) 2 - 2. The first antenna (_Oniscus asellus_) 2 - 3. The second antenna (_Oniscus asellus_) 3 - 4. The underside of the head (_Oniscus asellus_) 3 - 5. The mandibles (_Oniscus asellus_) 4 - 6. The first maxillae (_Oniscus asellus_) 4 - 7. The second maxillae (_Oniscus asellus_) 4 - 8. The fused maxillipeds (_Oniscus asellus_) 4 - 9. The "upper lip" (_Oniscus asellus_) 5 - 10. The "lower lip" (_Oniscus asellus_) 5 - 11. A typical thoracic segment (_Oniscus asellus_) 5 - 12. The fifth thoracic segment of a female - (_Oniscus asellus_) 5 - 13. The underside of the abdomen of a female - (_Oniscus asellus_) 6 - 14. A typical abdominal appendage - (_Oniscus asellus_) 6 - 15. The first abdominal appendage of the male - (_Oniscus asellus_) 6 - 16. The second abdominal appendage of the male - (_Oniscus asellus_) 6 - 17. The alimentary canal (_Oniscus asellus_) 7 - 18. The circulatory system (_Oniscus asellus_) 7 - 19. The nervous system (_Oniscus asellus_) 8 - 20. Female reproductory organs (_Oniscus asellus_) 8 - 21. The male reproductory organs (_Oniscus asellus_) 9 - 22. The fertilized egg (_Porcellio scaber_) after Roule 10 - 23. The fertilized egg seen in section - (_Porcellio scaber_) after Roule 10 - 24 to 31. The development of a woodlouse - (_Porcellio scaber_) after Roule 10 - 32. Embryo of the woodlouse showing the three divisions of the - intestine separately developed (_Porcellio scaber_) - after Roule 11 - 33. Embryo of the woodlouse showing traces of the segments - (_Porcellio scaber_) after Roule 11 - 34. An embryo woodlouse ready to be hatched - (_Porcellio scaber_) after Roule 11 - 35. Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of - _Ligia oceanica_ 12 - 36. Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of - _Ligidium hypnorum_ 13 - 37. Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of - _Trichoniscus pusillus_ 23 - 38. Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of - _Trichoniscus vividus_ 24 - 39. Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of - _Trichoniscus roseus_ 24 - 40. Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of - _Trischoniscoides albidus_ 25 - 41. Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of - _Haplophthalmus mengii_ 26 - 42. Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of - _Haplophthalmus danicus_ 27 - 43. Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of - _Oniscus asellus_ 28 - 44. Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of - _Philoscia muscorum_ 29 - 45. Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of - _Philoscia couchii_ 30 - 46. Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of - _Platyarthrus hoffmannseggii_ 31 - 47. Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of - _Porcellio scaber_ 32 - 48. Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of - _Porcellio pictus_ 33 - 49. Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of - _Porcellio dilatatus_ 34 - 50. Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of - _Porcellio rathkei_ 35 - 51. Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of - _Porcellio laevis_ 35 - 52. Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of - _Porcellio ratzeburgii_ 36 - 53. Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of - _Metoponorthus pruinosus_ 37 - 54. Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of - _Metoponorthus cingendus_ 38 - 55. Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of - _Cylisticus convexus_ 39 - 56. Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of - _Armadillidium nasatum_ 40 - 57. Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of - _Armadillidium vulgare_ 41 - 58. Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of - _Armadillidium pulchellum_ 42 - 59. Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of - _Armadillidium depressum_ 43 - - - - -THE BRITISH WOODLICE. - - -=Introduction.=--Having finished a somewhat exhaustive list of the land -and fresh-water molluscs of Essex,[1] one of the present writers felt -that if he were to make any further contributions of importance to a -knowledge of the fauna of that interesting county, he must turn his -attention to some other group of animals. It seemed most fitting that -some creatures should be chosen which are commonly met with during the -search for molluscs. Centipedes, millepedes, and woodlice fulfilled -these conditions, and all were collected, but as only seventeen -species of woodlice had at the time been found in England, it was -deemed advisable to study these in detail to begin with. The present -contribution is the result of the undertaking, and we have thought that -a general consideration of the British Woodlice, with careful drawings -from nature of all the species now known from this country, ought to -lead to a more general study of these interesting creatures and their -habits. - -=Position in the scheme of classification.=--The Woodlice belong to -an immense group of invertebrate animals known as the Arthropoda, the -bodies of which are segmented and provided with jointed appendages for -purposes of walking, swimming, and feeding. Of this group, two large -divisions are recognized. The first contains the forms which breathe -by means of air-tubes, such as the Insects; and the second has been -constituted for Crustacea, which breathe by means of gills. The latter -are, of course, adapted more especially for a life in water, but here -and there we come across examples so modified that they can exist in -air. The land-crabs are a case in point, and so are the Woodlice. These -belong to an order which contains many fresh-water and marine species, -known as the Isopoda. - -=Geological history.=--The known history of the order is a long one, -for remains occur in the Old Red Sandstone (Devonian) of Herefordshire, -and in the Coal Measures. (79)[2]. A form which has been named -_Archæoniscus brodiei_, and is said to be referable to the recent -family Aegidae which is found in some numbers in the Purbeck Beds -(Upper Jurassic), of this country (47). Fossil Isopods have also been -recorded from the Oolite and from the Oligocene (Isle of Wight). - -Turning to the Woodlice proper, we find that they first make their -appearance in the Miocene (of Oenigen and Baden), and occur also -in amber (79); while examples of genera, such as _Oniscus_ and -_Porcellio_, have been discovered in late Tertiary deposits (47). - -=External structure and appendages.=--Woodlice agree in being of a -somewhat oval form, and their bodies are arched, the curve varying in -different genera and species. A _head_ is to be distinguished; behind -this comes the _thorax_ of seven segments which are often considerably -broader than the six succeeding ones which form the _abdomen_ (see fig. -1.) - -[Illustration: FIG. 1.--PARTS OF THE BODY. (_Oniscus asellus._)] - -The head carries two _large antennae_ (fig. 3) which are very evident, -and a careful search with a lens will reveal a second and minute pair -(the _smaller antennae_) situated between the base of the others, and -really anterior to them. (figs. 2 and 4.) - -[Illustration: FIG. 2.--THE FIRST ANTENNA. (_Oniscus asellus._)] - -The larger antennae are customarily bent at certain points, and we can -distinguish a terminal part, or _flagellum_, and a basal part, the -_peduncle_ (fig. 3). The number of joints in these structures, which -varies in different genera and species, forms a useful classificatory -character, and the relative length of the component parts is of -considerable value in distinguishing species. - -[Illustration: FIG. 3.--THE SECOND ANTENNA. (_Oniscus asellus._)] - -There are four pairs of mouth appendages--namely the jaws or -_mandibles_ (fig. 5), the _first maxillae_ (fig. 6), the _second -maxilla_ (fig. 7), and the _maxillipeds_ (fig. 8). When the head is -examined from the underside the last of these organs will be seen -first, covering in the others. - -[Illustration: FIG. 4.--THE UNDERSIDE OF THE HEAD. (_Oniscus -asellus._)] - -A small median plate attached to the front of the head has been called -"_the upper lip_" (fig. 9), while inside the mouth appendages is a -little bilobed structure "_the lower lip_" (fig. 10). - -[Illustration: FIG. 5.--THE MANDIBLES. (_Oniscus asellus._)] - -Before leaving the external features of the head, we must allude to -the pair of _eyes_ which are usually present, though never raised on -stalks. In the Common Woodlouse (_Oniscus asellus_, from which all -our figures to illustrate structure have been made), as in many other -species, the eyes are compound (fig. 4), but in some forms these are -simple. - -[Illustration: FIG. 6.--THE FIRST MAXILLAE. (_Oniscus asellus._)] - -[Illustration: FIG. 7.--THE SECOND MAXILLAE. (_Oniscus asellus._)] - -[Illustration: FIG. 8.--THE FUSED MAXILLIPEDS. (_Oniscus asellus._)] - -Each of the seven joints of the thorax bears a pair of _walking legs_ -(fig. 11), and in the female at the time when the eggs are laid, a pair -of plates (fig. 12) arises on segments II. to V. These plates together -form a brood pouch, in which the eggs are carried (fig. 12) until -they are hatched, and in which the young ones remain for some time -afterwards. - -When we examine the abdomen, we find that the appendages are -plate-like, with the exception of the last pair (fig. 13), and they all -agree in having two divisions, an arrangement which would prove awkward -in limbs used for walking or feeling. - -[Illustration: FIG. 9.--THE "UPPER LIP." (_Oniscus asellus._)] - -[Illustration: FIG. 10.--THE "LOWER LIP." (_Oniscus asellus._)] - -[Illustration: FIG. 11.--A TYPICAL THORACIC SEGMENT. (_Oniscus -asellus._)] - -[Illustration: FIG. 12.--THE FIFTH THORACIC SEGMENT OF A FEMALE. -(_Oniscus asellus._)] - -The inner plate (or endopodite) is in structure a _gill_, but the blood -that passes through it, is enabled to take up oxygen from moist air, -while the outer division (or exopodite) acts as a protecting cover -(fig. 14). In _Porcellio_, air-tubes (_tracheae_) may be present (see -below). - -[Illustration: FIG. 13.--THE UNDERSIDE OF THE ABDOMEN OF A FEMALE. -(_Oniscus asellus._)] - -In the male, the first two pairs of abdominal appendages are specially -modified, the inner divisions (endopodites) being long and pointed -(figs. 15 and 16). The last pair, or tail appendages, in the male are -often considerably larger than in the female, and the form of these -structures is sometimes of value in classification. - -[Illustration: FIG. 14.--A TYPICAL ABDOMINAL APPENDAGE. (_Oniscus -asellus._)] - -[Illustration: FIG. 15.--THE FIRST ABDOMINAL APPENDAGE OF THE MALE. -(_Oniscus asellus._)] - -[Illustration: FIG. 16.--THE SECOND ABDOMINAL APPENDAGE OF THE MALE. -(_Oniscus asellus._)] - -=Alimentary canal.=--The main portion of the alimentary system is, -practically speaking, a straight tube (fig. 17). Its first part (not -shown in the figure) is a narrow gullet, which after passing through -the nerve collar dilates to form a sort of stomach. Into this the -secretion of four digestive glands is poured by two ducts. These glands -have a somewhat striking appearance, being yellow tubes spirally -coiled, and they end blindly. From the stomach the intestine runs to -the hinder end of the body and passes under the heart. - -=Circulatory system.=--The blood being aërated in the abdominal -appendages, we find that the heart is situated towards the hinder end -of the body (fig. 18). Three main arteries supply the thorax and head, -while the blood is brought from the gills to the heart. - -=Excretory system.=--The excretory organs consist of a (_a_) pair of -so-called "shell glands," which are considered to be the equivalents -of the excretory tubes or nephridia of annelid worms. In the woodlouse -these excretory organs open on the second pair of maxillae. They are -composed of a tube (_sacculus_) closed at one end and more or less bent -upon itself (5, p. 261) which communicates with a _labyrinth_ that -is provided with an excretory orifice. Matters are eliminated by the -_epithelial cells_ [the histology has been described and figured in -_Ligidium hypnorum_ (66)], which are very large in _Ligia oceanica_. - -[Illustration: Fig. 17.--THE ALIMENTARY CANAL. (_Oniscus asellus._)] - -[Illustration: Fig. 18.--THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM. (_Oniscus asellus._)] - -(_b_) Masses of cellules in the head, very greatly developed in _Ligia -oceanica_ (but numbering scarcely more than ten in _Oniscus asellus_), -which have no external opening. They also function as excretory organs -(5, p. 263), and have been called "cephalic nephrocytes." - -[Illustration: FIG. 19.--THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. (_Oniscus asellus._)] - -(_c_) Other "branchial nephrocytes" are situated on the dorsal surface -between the last thoracic and the first abdominal segments, as well as -between those that follow, with the exception of the last two; they are -in distinct patches, one on each of the middle line in _Ligia_, but -more or less continuous in _Oniscus_ (5, p. 265). - -(_d_) The digestive glands have also been shown to be excretory (5, p. -270). - -=Nervous system.=--The nervous system consists of _paired ganglia_ -in the head, above the alimentary canal which send off nerves -(_commissures_) that meet below, to form a _double nerve cord_ with -ganglia at intervals (see fig. 19). - -[Illustration: FIG. 20.--FEMALE REPRODUCTORY ORGANS. (_Oniscus -asellus._)] - -=Reproductive organs.=--In the female there are a pair of _ovaries_ in -the positions shewn in fig. 20; and _ducts_ run to the underside of the -fifth thoracic segment. - -The openings are very difficult to identify, and Lereboullet (39, p. -113) was unable to find them. It is obvious that the openings must be -underneath the plates that form the egg pouch, and as a change of skin -is required to set these free, it would appear that at ordinary seasons -the ducts from the ovaries are closed. The writers have been able to -determine from external examination of specimens which had moulted and -were about to lay eggs, that the oviducts at such time open to the -inside of the base of each walking leg on the fifth segment. In similar -specimens the oviducts were also followed to the opening from within. -The _brood pouch_ has already been described. - -The male organs consist of six _testes_ arranged in two pairs, each -of which is provided with a _reservoir_ (see fig. 21). The efferent -ducts from the two reservoirs unite at the base of the thorax to form a -common duct (or "penis"). - -[Illustration: FIG. 21.--THE MALE REPRODUCTORY ORGANS. (_Oniscus -asellus._)] - -=Development.=--The eggs, in the common species of woodlice, at -least, are laid at the beginning of summer, and are retained in the -brood pouch, where they undergo their development. The process has -been recently traced with great care by Professor Louis Roule (58) in -_Porcellio scaber_ and the description which follows is based upon his -researches. - -As, practically speaking, the larval stages are passed within the egg, -and there is no free embryo differing in form from the parent, it is -necessary for the young creatures to be well supplied with nutritive -material. In fact, the bulk of the large egg is made up of _food-yolk_, -on the outside of which the _formative protoplasm_ is disposed in -irregular patches. In the fertilized ovum, one of the latter, which -lies in a particular position at the end, is found to be larger than -the others (see fig. 22). It contains the nucleus of the egg-cell (see -fig. 23) and is called the _cicatricula_. This is the only portion of -the egg which divides and produces _nucleated cells_. It is these which -gradually spread all over the surface of the food-yolk, forming a layer -known as the _blastoderm_, which is at first but one cell thick (see -figs. 24, 26, and 28). - -Before, however, the food-yolk is quite closed in, a differentiation -into two layers--the _pro-ectoderm_ and _pro-endoderm_--takes place -(see fig. 25) and rudiments of the first two pairs of _appendages_ -appear (see fig. 26). Moreover, the cells of the ectoderm change their -shape and begin to multiply at two points to form the beginnings of the -cerebral ganglia and the nerve cord respectively. - -[Illustration: FIG. 22.--THE FERTILIZED EGG (_Porcellio scaber_), AFTER -ROULE.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 23.--THE FERTILIZED EGG SEEN IN SECTION (_Porcellio -scaber_), AFTER ROULE.] - -As the blastoderm closes over the food-yolk, two more appendages arise -and these are soon followed by others (see fig. 28). A depression -appears at the point where the blastoderm closed and internally the -pro-endoderm or inner layer is differentiated into two--the _endoderm -proper_ and the _mesoderm_ (see fig. 29). The former begins to grow -so that its edges unite to form the middle part of the intestine (see -fig. 29) seen from the outside in fig. 30. The depression already -mentioned grows deeper, forming a tube which is the hind portion of the -_intestine_, while at the anterior end of the embryo the front part of -the intestine is similarly formed (see fig. 30). By this time also all -the nineteen appendages have made their appearance and the mesoderm, -(which has grown considerably, to form the beginnings of the muscles) -has sent prolongations into each of them. About this time, spaces (see -fig. 31) are formed in the muscular mesoderm which are all that remain -of the _true body cavity_ characteristic of animals above the level of -the jelly fish, and in these spaces the blood ultimately circulates. - -_SURFACE VIEWS._ - -[Illustration: FIG. 24.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 26.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 28.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 30.] - -_OPTICAL SECTIONS._ - -[Illustration: FIG. 25.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 27.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 29.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 31.] - -THE DEVELOPMENT OF A WOODLOUSE (_Porcellio scaber_), AFTER ROULE. - -Figs. 24, 26, 28, 30, are Surface Views, and figs. 25, 27, 29, 31, -which indicate slightly later stages respectively than the others, are -of egg seen in Optical Section. - -The body next alters somewhat in shape and the three divisions of -the intestine approach one another (see fig. 32) previous to their -junction. As may be imagined during these processes the food-yolk has -gradually been used up and the space which it occupied taken by the -internal organs, which we have mentioned. - -[Illustration: FIG. 32.--EMBRYO OF THE WOODLOUSE SHOWING THE THREE -DIVISIONS OF THE INTESTINE SEPARATELY DEVELOPED (_Porcellio scaber_), -AFTER ROULE.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 33.--EMBRYO OF THE WOODLOUSE SHOWING TRACES OF THE -SEGMENTS (_Porcellio scaber_), AFTER ROULE.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 34.--AN EMBRYO WOODLOUSE READY TO BE HATCHED -(_Porcellio scaber_), AFTER ROULE.] - -In the last stages of the development the appendages become larger -still, the _heart_ makes its appearance, segmentation of the body is -completed, and except that the seventh pair of walking legs are as yet -rudimentary the woodlouse is completed. It is only after hatching that -the pair of legs mentioned, attain to their normal length. - -The process of segmentation of the egg and the formation of its layers -lasts about a fortnight, while the completion of the development -proceeds much more rapidly, for another three weeks bring it to an end. - -After the first moult or change of skin the last pair of walking -legs makes its appearance, and Mr. James B. Casserley [whose work -one of us (75) has described elsewhere] found when keeping a number -of the common pill-woodlouse (_Armadillidium vulgare_) in captivity -that his specimens did not subsequently change their skins more than -once in the six months during which he had them under observation. He -also noted that the crustaceans go on growing after they are sexually -mature. As his specimens grew older, Mr. Casserley noticed that their -colour became darker, and a curious point recorded by him is that two -examples of the same age may change their skins at the same time, -and while one may have afterwards nearly twice as many markings, on -the other very few at all will be seen. The time required for the -growth of a woodlouse from the size of a pin's head to that of an -adult example--say three-quarters-of-an-inch long--must be fairly -considerable, taking into account the fact that any appreciable -increase in size can only occur at a moult and Mr. Casserley's -observations as to the infrequency of the process in _Armadillidium -vulgare_. (See p. 14.) - -=Habits and Economic Considerations.=--The construction of the -breathing organs of woodlice, and the necessity which exists for these -to be kept moist, restricts the habitats of the animals considerably. -Woodlice are found under stones and logs, beneath the bark of dead and -rotten trees, among decaying vegetable matter as well as living grass -and moss in damp or wet situations. When looking for some of the common -species under the bark of fallen trees it is surprising to notice that -the crustaceans may be entirely absent from many trunks, while when -another is examined which seems to differ very slightly, if at all, in -condition or situation, they are found in swarms. There is no doubt -but that the habits of woodlice would well repay the attention of -naturalists, who are now recognizing that besides anatomy as such, and -the classification which a knowledge of structure permits, there is the -equally important consideration of the creatures as they live their own -life and affect that of others. It is not our object to give a detailed -account of the ecology of British woodlice, but rather to provide a -basis from which it may be approached. Nevertheless a few general -remarks may not come amiss. Many points in the life-history of woodlice -may no doubt be learned by keeping them in captivity and there is just -sufficient difficulty in doing this successfully to give an interest to -the matter. - -Apart from a supply of proper food, we take it that the chief object to -be attained is the provision of the amount of moisture required by the -particular species under examination, together with a sufficient supply -of air. - -A great many interesting observations can be thus carried out, such -as those of Mr. Casserley, to which allusion has already been made. -The process of moulting for instance is well worth watching, and -although specimens with half their coat changed may be found in remote -corners, yet the whole course of the moult can be seen much better -in the case of captive woodlice. The following account is taken from -Mr. Casserley's description (75) of what happens in the case of -_Armadillidium vulgare_:--The approach of the moult is indicated by -the appearance of a white border on each segment of the body, which -becomes gradually more marked, while at the same time the animal is -seen to be less active and often makes a small burrow in which to -hide. Sometimes a sheltered corner against a stone is looked upon as -affording sufficient protection, but in either case each woodlouse -keeps to the place originally chosen. About ten days after the white -lines have become visible the animal appears to be divided into two. -Its skin is becoming loose and little movement can take place at the -joints of its body with the exception of that between the fourth and -fifth thoracic segments where the skin will ultimately break. The -woodlouse spends a day or two in this condition and then, by suddenly -walking forward, frees itself from the covering of the hinder portion -of its body. The three last pairs of walking legs are carefully pulled -out from the old skin, which now appears perfectly white, and at the -same time the lining of the hind portion of the alimentary canal (hind -gut) is also shed. After putting the tender half of his body well into -his corner or burrow the woodlouse proceeds to eat the part of his skin -that he has cast. The creature has now a very odd appearance. His front -half with the exception of the white edges is as it was before, the -rest of him instead of a light slaty blue, and is very soft as well as -proportionately a little larger. - -In three days or so the tail end becomes hard and attains the normal -colour. Then the old skin from the front half is pushed off and the -creature becomes practically defenceless, so much so in fact, that any -of his species that happen to find him will attack him and eat all his -front half, rejecting, however, his now hardened tail-end. - -Provided that the moulting woodlouse has survived (and in captivity, to -ensure this, he must be isolated), after three days his jaws will be -sufficiently hardened to allow of his eating, and usually he first of -all devours the second half of his cast skin. The operation of moulting -does not occupy quite so long a time in the case of young examples. -Specimens half-an-inch long do not moult more than once in six months -and show but little increase in size after the process. - -Woodlice do not appear to live on either animal or vegetable food -alone, but adopt a mixed diet. It is, however, owing to their attacks -upon cultivated plants that the creatures are looked upon as pests by -the horticulturalist. The animals feed either in the night or in the -very early morning, on seedlings, orchid tubers, mushrooms, or anything -that comes to hand. Few of the accounts, however, of their ravages, -mention that the crustaceans have been caught absolutely in the act -of doing the damage ascribed to them. Some careful inquiries have -nevertheless enabled us to discover several observers who have watched -woodlice feeding. Mr. F. V. Theobald, of Wye College, and one of the -students at Swanley Horticultural College are among the number. The -former has also given us an account of the methods, out of many tried, -which he has found most successful for getting rid of the crustaceans. -Out of doors trapping with moss, sacking or horse-dung is best. In -glass houses, fumigation with hydro-cyanic acid gas has cleared them -out, and poison baits, especially potatoes cut and soaked in white -arsenic, have done some good. Stable manure is especially favourable to -these creatures, particularly when it is used "long": in this condition -it should therefore be avoided. - -It is interesting to note how the woodlice in winter simply remain -where they happen to be so long as there is sufficient moisture, though -they are ready to run about as rapidly, for a time, as in summer, -should they happen to be disturbed. - -No doubt many points of inter-relation between woodlice and other -animals remain to be discovered. Mr. John W. Odell tells us that on -Exmoor, in the open, he found no _Armadillidia_, though other forms -occurred under nine out of every ten stones that he turned over, and -here the smaller species of ants also abounded. Close to stone walls -_Armadillidia_ were to be seen to the exclusion of all other genera, -and this state of affairs was ascribed by Mr. Odell to the presence of -swarms of the large wood-ants which he considers would make short work -of any woodlice that could not protect themselves by rolling up. - -We ought not to conclude this account without mentioning the fact that -woodlice once played an important part in medicine. - -Doctor Fernie (28) gives some interesting extracts with regard to the -hog-louse and the woodlouse. The latter he seems to have identified -quite correctly as _Oniscus asellus_. He calls the former, however, -indiscriminately, "the common armadillo" (which is the old name for -the pill-woodlice now known as _Armadillidium_), "the pill millipede" -and "_Glomeris marginata_." The last two names are those of another -creature, not a crustacean, which when it is rolled up can be very -easily mistaken for an _Armadillidium_, though, when it uncurls, it -will be seen to have many more than seven pairs of legs. The local -appellations applied to the hog-louse by Doctor Fernie, and his remarks -with regard to its commonness, tend to show that it is _Armadillidium -vulgare_, to which he really refers, and the use of which in medicine -was commonly general. - -Hog-lice were prescribed for scrofulous diseases and obstructions of -the liver and digestive organs, among other things, and the London -College of Physicians directed that the creatures should be prepared -by suspending them in a thin canvas bag placed within a covered vessel -over the steam of hot spirit or wine, so that being killed by the -spirit they might become friable. Hog-lice and Woodlice were also -administered alive, while the former were also put down the throats of -cows "to promote the restoration" of their cud, hence their name of -"cud-worm." There seems to be considerable evidence that even in modern -times Woodlice have had considerable remedial effect which depends upon -"an alkalescent fluid" contained in them. - -=Local Names.=--Among the local names by which these creatures are -known are those of "sow bug," "lucre pig" (Berkshire), "carpenter" -and "chiselhog" (Berkshire). Doctor Fernie (28) gives a number of -others:--"thrush-louse," "tiggyhog," "cheslip," "kitchenball," -"chiselbob," "lugdor," "palmer," and "cudworm." In the eastern -counties the same writer notes that they are known as "old-sows" or -"St. Anthony's hogs" while the Welsh call them "little grey-hogs," "the -little old women of the wood" or "grammar-sows," grammar signifying -a shrivelled up old dame. _Oniscus asellus_ was sometimes called -"socchetre," "church louse," and "chinch." - -=Methods of Collection and Preservation.=--Woodlice should be collected -straightway into tubes or bottles half filled with 30 per cent. -methylated spirit.[3] Woodlice dropped into this weak spirit become -gradually narcotised and die, and they remain limp enough for purposes -of examination or to allow, of their legs and antennæ being set out -during the process of mounting. Specimens to be kept permanently should -be placed in 70 per cent. alcohol. For storage purposes the specimens -of each species from a given locality should be put together into a -small flat bottomed tube such as is used for pillules by apothecaries -or specially made for natural history purposes. A paper label on -which the name, locality, date of capture and any other necessary -particulars have been written with dark lead pencil, is not affected by -the spirit. The tubes may be corked, though if not frequently examined -all the spirit may evaporate, and cause the specimens to be spoilt. A -safer method is to plug the tubes with cotton wool and keep all those -containing a given species or specimens from a particular locality -beneath the surface of spirit in a large wide-mouthed bottle, into -which first of all some cotton wool has been put to prevent the tubes -from coming into sudden contact with the glass at the bottom. For show -purposes in museums, specimens taken direct from 30 per cent. spirit -should be mounted on slips of opal glass by means of gum-tragacanth -which has been powdered and shaken up in spirit before having water -added to it. The slips can be exhibited in glass tubes, six inches high -by one across, or in narrow stoppered museum jars. A variation of the -method is to mount the animals on clear glass and to place behind them -another strip of any colour that may be preferred. - -=Classification.=--The various genera of woodlice are connected -together so closely, by intermediate forms, that their division into -families is, to a very great extent, arbitrary. Bate and Westwood -described but a single family Oniscidæ (I), though they distinguished -two sub-families:--Ligiinæ, which included the forms with many joints -to the flagellum of the antenna, and Oniscinæ, which contained the rest. - -Since then the pill-woodlice have been thought by some to be -sufficiently different from the other genera to warrant their -separation, and three families namely, Ligiidæ, Oniscidæ, and -Armadillidæ have been recognized, as for instance by Dr. Scharff (63). - -A fourth family--Trichoniscidæ--has been added by Professor G. O. Sars, -who in his _Crustacea of Norway_ (59) alludes to the division of the -tribe into the sections Ligiæ and Onisci and has adopted the following -classification:-- - -_Order_--=ISOPODA.= - -_Tribe_--ONISCOIDA. - - _Family I._--LIGIIDAE. - _Ligia._ - _Ligidium._ - - _Family II._--TRICHONISCIDÆ. - _Trichoniscus._ - _Trichoniscoides._ - _Haplophthalmus._ - - _Family III._--ONISCIDÆ. - _Oniscus._ - _Philoscia._ - _Platyarthrus._ - _Porcellio._ - _Metoponorthus._ - _Cylisticus._ - - _Family IV._--ARMADILLIDIIÆ. - _Armadillidium._ - -All the genera described by Professor Sars are represented in the -British Islands. - - * * * * * - -Below is a scheme of classification and synopsis of the characters of -British genera of woodlice which we have compiled in order to render -easy the determination of the genus to which any particular specimen -may belong. - -_SCHEME OF CLASSIFICATION AND SYNOPSIS OF GENERIC CHARACTERS._ - -_Order_--=ISOPODA.= - -_Tribe_--ONISCOIDA. - - -_Section I._--=LIGIÆ.= - - _The Two Divisions of the Tail Appendages alike in Shape._ - - (A.)--Flagellum with 10 or more joints; tail - appendages wholly visible; head without - lateral lobes LIGIIDAE. - (1.)--Abdomen broad; body large; - habitat, the sea-shore _Ligia._ - (2.)--Abdomen narrow; habitat, wet - moss _Ligidium._ - - (B.)--Flagellum with less than 10 joints; head - with small lateral lobes, tail appendages - partly covered TRICHONISCIDÆ. - (3.)--Abdomen narrow; eyes compound; - flagellum usually with more - than 3 joints _Trichoniscus._ - (4.)--Abdomen narrow; eyes simple or - wanting; flagellum with 4 joints _Trichoniscoides._ - (5.)--Abdomen broad (comparatively); - eyes simple; back with - longitudinal ridges; flagellum - with 3 joints _Haplophthalmus._ - - -_Section II._--=ONISCI.= - - _The Outer Divisions of the Tail Appendages Broader than the Inner._ - - (A.)--Tail appendages projecting when the animal - is walking ONISCIDÆ. - (a.)--Unable to roll up into a complete ball. - (6.)--Flagellum with 3 joints; abdomen - broad; head, with lateral lobes _Oniscus._ - (7.)--Flagellum with 3 joints; abdomen - narrow; head without lateral - lobes _Philoscia._ - (8.)--Flagellum with 1 joint; eyes - wanting; abdomen broad; habitat, - ant's nests _Platyarthrus._ - (9.)--Flagellum with 2 joints; abdomen - broad; frontal lobe projecting _Porcellio_. - (10.)--Flagellum with 2 joints; abdomen - narrow _Metoponorthus._ - (b.)--Able to roll up into a complete ball. - (11.)--Flagellum with 2 joints; antennae - folded together over the thorax - when the animal is rolled up - into a ball _Cylisticus._ - - (B.)--Tail appendages not projecting when the - animal walking ARMADILLIDIIDÆ. - (12.)--Flagellum with 2 joints; antennae - hidden or carried at the sides - of the head when the animal is - rolled up into a ball _Armadillidium._ - -=British Species.=--Naturalists in this country paid little attention -to the recognition or description of Woodlice, until the latter half of -the nineteenth century. - -In 1857 Kinahan read a paper before the British Association (32) in -which he described fourteen species of woodlice from the British -Islands, and eleven years later when Bate and Westwood published -their book (1), the number had risen to seventeen. One of the species -(_Oniscus fossor_), however, was doubtful, and although Dr. Scharff -in 1894 (63) rejected it, his list contained also seventeen species, -for in the meantime the Rev. T. R. R. Stebbing had found _Ligidium -hypnorum_ in Surrey (70). - -Since then the Rev. Canon Norman, Dr. Scharff, the Rev. T. R. R. -Stebbing, and one of the present writers, have added other species, as -will be seen from the following pages, in which all those found, up to -the present time in the British Islands are described and figured. - -We shall now consider in detail the British genera and species of -woodlice and give their synonymy and distribution. - -_Order_--=ISOPODA.= - -_Tribe--ONISCOIDA._ - - -_Section_--=LIGIÆ.= - -THE TWO DIVISIONS OF THE TAIL APPENDAGES ALIKE IN SHAPE. - -_Family_--LIGIIDÆ. - -=Flagellum with ten or more joints; tail appendages wholly visible; -head without lateral lobes.= - -_Genus_--=LIGIA= Fabricius, 1798 (27), p. 301. - -_Abdomen broad; body large; habitat, the sea-shore._ - -The genus _Ligia_ agrees with _Ligidium_ alone, in that the flagellum -of the larger antennæ has more than ten joints. In both genera, there -are no lateral lobes to the head, and the tail appendages are wholly -visible from the upper surface of the body. The latter in _Ligia_ is, -however, very many times bigger than in _Ligidium_ and shows no abrupt -decrease in the width of its segments when the abdomen is reached. - -=Ligia oceanica= Linné (The Quay-louse). PLATE I. - - 1767 _Oniscus oceanicus_ Linné (43), p. 1061. - 1793 _Cymothoa oceanica_ Fabricius (26), p. 509. - 1815 _Ligia scopulorum_ Leach (38), p. 374. - 1868 _Ligia oceanica_ Bate and Westwood (1), p. 444. - 1898 _Ligia oceanica_ Sars (59), 156, pl. LXX. - -There is but one British species of _Ligia_, and this, the largest -member of the whole tribe to be met with in these Islands, usually -attains a length of two centimetres, while adult males may be nearly -half as long again. It is the _Oniscus oceanicus_ of Linnæus and lives -on the sea shore, where it may be found at low tide beneath stones and -rubbish in the crevices of timber. _Ligia_ forms a connecting link -between the woodlice proper and the many Isopods which actually live in -the sea. - -The colour of the animals is a greenish grey, and the compound eyes -are almost black, so that they are very conspicuous; there are from -eleven to fourteen joints to the flagellum of the outer antennae and -this feature, taken in conjunction with the large size and habitat, is -sufficient to identify the species in question. - -On the coast of Essex the name "quay-lowders" is given to these -crustaceans, "lowder" being apparently an old plural of louse. - -[Illustration: FIG. 35.--FLAGELLUM AND LAST PEDUNCULAR JOINT OF THE -ANTENNA OF _Ligia oceanica_.] - -It is worthy of mention that Mr. Webb, when in charge of the Marine -Biological Station at Brightlingsea, examined a very large male -specimen of _Ligia oceanica_, in which the maxillæ were duplicated and -consisted of four pairs instead of two. - -_BRITISH LOCALITIES:--_ - - _England_: Brightlingsea; (W.M.W.): Maldon; (W.M.W. from R.M.): - Southend; (J.A.M.): Whitstable; (W.M.W.): Herne Bay; Margate; - Dover; Folkestone; (J.A.M.) - - _Scotland_: Shetland to Cornwall; (Norman, 49). - - _Ireland_: East Coast; West Glengariff; Castletown; Berehaven; - Bundoran; (Scharff, 63). - -_FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_ - - _Europe_: France; (25): Spain; (12): Denmark; Prussia; Norway; - Faroe Islands; Belgium; (59). - - _Africa_: Morocco; (16). - -_Genus_--=LIGIDIUM= Brandt, 1833 (3), p. 173. Zia, Koch (34). - -_Abdomen narrow; habitat, wet moss._ - -In _Ligidium_ there are numerous joints to the flagellum, lateral -lobes are absent from the head, and the tail appendages are completely -to be seen. All the segments of the abdomen are distinctly narrower -than those of the thorax and in this it agrees with _Trichoniscus_, -_Trichoniscoides_, _Philoscia_, and _Metoponorthus_. In these, however, -the flagellum has never more than seven joints, the tail appendages (as -in all genera but _Ligia_ and _Ligidium_) are partially hidden by the -last segment, and in all the four but _Philoscia_ there are lobes to -the head. - -=Ligidium hypnorum=, Cuvier. PLATE II. - - 1792 _Oniscus hypnorum_ Cuvier (9), pl. XXVI., figs. 3-5. - 1793 _Oniscus agilis_ Persoon, quoted by Koch in Panzer (51), - part 5, pl. XXIV. - 1830 _Ligia hypnorum_ Bosc (2), p. 179. - 1833 _Ligidium persoonii_ J. F. Brandt (3), p. 174, pl. IV., - figs. 6-7. - 1840 _Zia agilis_ Koch (34), part 34, pls. XXII. and XXIII. - 1844 _Ligidium personii_ Zaddach (77), p. 17. - 1853 _Ligidium personii_ Lereboullet (39), p. 14, pl. I., fig. 1, - pl. II., figs. 20-31. - 1857 _Ligidium personii_ Kinahan (32), p. 275, pl. XXI., fig. 14, - pl. XXII., fig. 9. - 1873 _Zia saundersii_ Stebbing (70), p. 286. - 1873 _Ligidium agile_ Norman (48), p. 419. - 1885 _Ligidium hypnorum_ Budde-Lund (8), p. 254. - 1898 _Ligidium hypnorum_ G. O. Sars (59), p. 158, pl. LXXI. - -This species, which like the last, is the only British representative -of its genus, was added to our fauna in 1873 by the Rev. Thomas R. R. -Stebbing (70) who found specimens in the neighbourhood of Copthorne -Common, Surrey. Up to the present time, when we are pleased to announce -that we discovered it in the spring of 1902 at Warley in Essex, -_Ligidium hypnorum_ has not been recorded from any other place in the -British Islands. - -[Illustration: FIG. 36.--FLAGELLUM AND LAST PEDUNCULAR JOINT OF THE -ANTENNA OF _Ligidium hypnorum_.] - -As the name of the species implies, it lives in wet situations and in -its turn connects _Ligia_ with the forms which inhabit drier places. -_Ligidium hypnorum_ might be mistaken for _Philoscia muscorum_, but as -already pointed out in the generic description, the latter has but a -few (three) joints to the flagellum, instead of from ten to thirteen. -From _Ligia_, the species under consideration is distinguished by its -small size, narrow abdomen, and habitat. - -_BRITISH LOCALITIES:--_ - - _England_: Warley, Essex; (W.M.W.): Copthorne Common, Surrey; - (Stebbing, 70). - -_FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_ - - _Europe_: France; (25): Sweden; Denmark; Germany; (59): Turkey; (8). - -_Family_--TRICHONISCIDÆ. - -=Flagellum with less than ten joints; head with lateral lobes; tail -appendages partly hidden.= - -_Genus_--=TRICHONISCUS= Brandt, 1833 (3), p. 174. - -_Abdomen narrow; eyes compound; flagellum, usually with more than three -joints._ - -In _Trichoniscus_ the flagellum may have from seven to four (rarely -three) joints. As in _Trichoniscoides_ and _Haplophthalmus_ there are -lateral lobes to the head, though these are not very pronounced; the -body is also of small size, the abdomen narrow with both divisions of -the tail appendages equally so, and almost of the same length though -slightly covered by the last segment. The compound eyes distinguish -_Trichoniscus_ from the two genera named, and from _Platyarthrus_, -while its small size and the character of its tail-parts mark it out -from all others. - -=Trichoniscus pusillus= Brandt. Plate III. - - 1833 _Trichoniscus pusillus_ Brandt (3), p. 174, pl. IV., fig. 9. - 1838 _Itea riparia_ Koch (34), part 22, pl. XVII. - 1844 _Itea lævis_ Zaddach (77), p. 16. - 1857 _Philougria celer_ Kinahan (32), p. 281, pl. XXII., figs. 1-4. - 1858 _Philougria riparia_ Kinahan (33), pp. 191 and 198, pl. XXIII., - fig. 1. - 1868 _Philougria riparia_ Bate and Westwood (1), p. 456. - 1898 _Trichoniscus pusillus_ Sars (59), p. 161, pl. LXXII., fig. 1. - -This tiny species is found commonly amongst the roots of the herbage in -very moist places. It presents a horny translucent appearance and is -of a reddish brown colour. It runs with considerable speed, and when -it is moving, the white irregular lines with which it is beset are -not evident. _Trichoniscus pusillus_ is very much like _Trichoniscus -vividus_ in colour but the latter species is nearly twice as big and -has from five to seven joints to the flagellum, while the former has -never more than four. _Trichoniscus roseus_ is also much larger and -its bright red colour (which it loses, however, when preserved in -alcohol) is another means of distinguishing it from the species under -consideration. - -Professor Sars in his _Crustacea of Norway_ (p. 162) describes from -Christiania, under the name of _Trichoniscus pygmæus_, a still smaller -species. As this may possibly be discovered in this country a brief -comparison between it and _Trichoniscus pusillus_ may be of value. -The former reaches a length of but two millimetres; it is "whitish, -semi-pellucid with a few light brown pigmentary ramifications across -the segments and a double row of irregular opaque patches along the -middle of its back" (p. 163). Its body is covered with minute tubercles -and there are only three joints to the flagellum; its movements are by -no means rapid. - -[Illustration: FIG. 37.--FLAGELLUM AND LAST PEDUNCULAR JOINT OF THE -ANTENNA OF _Trichoniscus pusillus_.] - -The body of _Trichoniscus pusillus_ is smooth and polished. It has four -joints to the flagellum--Dr. Scharff (63) says three or four--and it -moves quickly. - -_BRITISH LOCALITIES:--_ - - _England_: Brightlingsea; Warley; (W.M.W.): Epping Forest; (Bate - and Westwood, 1): Hanwell; Southall; Kew Gardens; Langley; Burnham - Beeches; Dropmore; Skirmett; Bluebell Hill, Maidstone; (W.M.W.): - Chislehurst; Plymouth; Polperro; Looe; (Bate and Westwood, 1): - Hertfordshire; Northumberland; Durham; (Norman, 49): Exeter; - (Parfitt, 53). - - _Scotland_: Edinburgh; (Scott, 68): Cumbrae; (Robertson, 57). - - _Ireland_: Connemara; (Norman, 49): Dublin; Wexford; Cork and - Kerry; (Percival Wright _teste_ Bate and Westwood, 1): Tyrone; - Waterford; Portlaw; Kilkenny; Wicklow; (Kinahan, 33). - -_FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_ - - _Europe_: France; (25): Spain; (15): Italy; (19): Norway; Sweden; - Denmark; Germany; (59). - - _Africa_: Algeria; Tunis; Azores; (24). - - _America_: Niagara; North America; (59). - -=Trichoniscus vividus=, Koch. PLATE IV. (from a spirit specimen). - - 1840 _Itea vivida_ Koch (34), part 34, pl. IV. - 1858 _Philougria vivida_ Kinahan (33), pp. 197 and 198, pl. XXIII., - fig. 2. - 1868 _Philougria vivida_ Bate and Westwood (1), Vol. II., pp. 458 - and 459, figs. - -This species is claret-brown in colour and under a lens it is seen -to be marbled with white, indeed in appearance it is much like -_Trichoniscus pusillus_ though twice the size. There are important -differences between the two species as regards the number of joints to -the flagellum. These vary from five to seven in _Trichoniscus vividus_ -while in the other, as already pointed out, there are not more than -four. The body is practically speaking smooth for it bears only very -small tubercles, widely separated. In _Trichoniscus vividus_ the -antennæ lack the bristles which characterise those of the other species -in the genus. The species under consideration was discovered by Dr. -Kinahan in March, 1858, at Portlaw, Co. Waterford and is active even -amongst the snow. - -[Illustration: FIG. 38.--FLAGELLUM AND LAST PEDUNCULAR JOINT OF THE -ANTENNA OF _Trichoniscus vividus_.] - -_BRITISH LOCALITIES:--_ - - _Ireland_: Portlaw, Co. Waterford; (Kinahan, 33): Cappagh, Co. - Waterford; (Scharff, Irish Nat., Vol. IX., p. 158): Borris, Co. - Carlow; (Scharff, 64.) - -_FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_ - - _Europe_: Spain; (12). - -=Trichoniscus roseus= Koch. PLATE V. - - 1838 _Itea rosea_ Koch (34), part 122, pl. XVI. - 1858 _Philougria rosea_ Kinahan (33), pp. 197 and 199, pl. XXIII., - fig. 3. - 1858 _Philougria rosea_ Bate and Westwood (1), p. 460. - 1898 _Trichoniscus roseus_ Sars (59), p. 163, pl. LXXIII., fig. 1. - -The third British species of _Trichoniscus_ is of a deep pink colour -and has a light yellow stripe down the back (in some habitats the -animals are said to be quite white). Arranged in transverse rows upon -the body are large tubercles, each of which under strong magnification -will be found to end in a tiny hair. It is distinguished from -_Trichoniscus pusillus_ by the larger size of its body, which is -also comparatively broader, and from _Trichoniscus vividus_ by the -four joints of the flagellum of its antennæ which latter have strong -bristles upon them. In the former species there are five or more joints -to the flagellum and the antennæ, though hairy, lack the bristles. -_Trichoniscus roseus_ is to be looked for in old gardens. - -[Illustration: FIG. 39.--FLAGELLUM AND LAST PEDUNCULAR JOINT OF THE -ANTENNA OF _Trichoniscus roseus_.] - -_BRITISH LOCALITIES:--_ - - _England_: Warley; (W.M.W.): Maldon; (W.M.W. from R.M.): Stanmore; - Hanwell; Ealing; Wimbledon; (W.M.W.): Berkhamsted; Torquay; - (Norman, 49): Plymouth; (Bate and Westwood, 1 and B.M.,): - Grassendale, near Liverpool; (R.W.): Newtownards; (R.W., Irish - Nat, 1904, p. 260.) - - _Scotland_: Tarbert; (Scot, 68). - - _Ireland_: Dublin; Ballyfinder, Co. Down; (Scharff, 63): - Templeogue; Dundrum; Blackrock; Rathgar, Co. Dublin; Bray, Co. - Wicklow; (R.F.S.): Oakleigh; Kerry; (R.W.): Belfast; (Welch, Irish - Nat., 1896, p. 213.): At the grave of Josiah Welch (grandson of - John Knox), Castle Upton; Richhill, Co. Armagh; Castleconnell - Ferry; (R.W.): Glenade House, Co. Antrim; (R.W. from R. Ll. - Praeger). - -_FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_ - - _Europe_: France; (25): Spain; (12): Italy; (59): Denmark; - Germany; Holland; (39): Dalmatia; (18). - - _Africa_: Algeria; Tunis; (24). - -_Genus_--=TRICHONISCOIDES=, Sars, 1898 (59), p. 164. - -_Abdomen narrow; eyes simple; (or wanting); flagellum, with four -joints._ - -The members of this genus are very much like those of _Trichoniscus_. -In the latter, however, the hinder legs are longer in proportion and -the eyes are compound. - -=Trichoniscoides albidus= Budde-Lund. PLATE VI. - - 1879 _Trichoniscus albidus_ Budde-Lund (7) p. 9. - 1898 _Trichoniscoides albidus_ Sars (59), p. 165, pl. LXXIII., - fig. 2. - -[Illustration: FIG. 40.--FLAGELLUM AND LAST PEDUNCULAR JOINT OF THE -ANTENNA OF _Trichoniscoides albidus_.] - -We are able to include this species, as a specimen was found by Mr. -Webb at Eton Wick in the summer of 1899. It is one of a number of -species which the Rev. Canon Norman (49, p. 18) suggested as likely to -be British. It is the only representative of its genus, which does not -differ in any very important characters from the others in the family. -The narrow elongated body will serve to separate it from _Trichoniscus -vividus_ and _Trichoniscus roseus_, but on account of its size, which -is much the same as that of _Trichoniscus pusillus_ and the two British -species of _Haplophthalmus_, it will be advisable to give some further -points of distinction. From the first its white colour will serve -to differentiate it; the other two lack the narrow abdomen seen in -_Trichoniscoides albidus_. Moreover, not one of the three shows the -serrations on the side plates which characterise the species under -consideration. _Platyarthrus hoffmannseggii_ is small and white and -the edges of its side plates are toothed, but it is oval in shape, -possesses no eyes, and its stout antennæ have but a single joint to the -flagellum instead of four. On the Continent this species has been found -in rich soil. - -_BRITISH LOCALITIES:--_ - - _England_: Eton; (Stebbing, 71a): Sunderland; (Brady, 50a). - - -_FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_ - - _Europe_: France; Wimereux and Lyons, Forêt (25): Norway; - Denmark; (59). - -_Genus_--=HAPLOPHTHALMUS= Schöbl, 1850 (66), p. 449. - -_Abdomen broad (comparatively); eyes simple; flagellum with three -joints; back with longitudinal ridges._ - -The body of _Haplophthalmus_ is long in proportion to its width, but -there is no abrupt decrease in the breadth of the abdomen as seen in -_Trichoniscus_ and _Trichoniscoides_. The eyes are simple as in the -latter genus and the lateral lobes of the head are rather large, while -the side plates of the body are well separated. - -=Haplophthalmus mengii= Zaddach. PLATE VII. - - 1844 _Itea mengii_ Zaddach (77), p. 16. - 1860 _Haplophthalmus elegans_ Schöbl (66), p. 449. - 1885 _Haplophthalmus mengii_ Budde-Lund (8), p. 250. - 1898 _Haplophthalmus mengii_ Sars (59), p. 167, pl. LXXIV., - fig. 1. - -The Rev. Canon Norman discovered two specimens of this species in -Ireland in June, 1900 (50); in the previous year one of us (Mr. Webb) -found a single example at Eton Wick. - -The main differences between the members of this genus and their allies -are set forth in the generic description and incidentally elsewhere, so -we shall content ourselves with giving the distinctive points of the -two British species. _Haplophthalmus mengii_ has a number of raised -longitudinal ribs on each segment of the thorax, the outer ridges being -somewhat broken. There are also two prominent ribs upon the third -segment of the abdomen. - -[Illustration: FIG. 41.--FLAGELLUM AND LAST PEDUNCULAR JOINT OF THE -ANTENNA OF _Haplophthalmus mengii_.] - -_BRITISH LOCALITIES:--_ - - _England_: Eton; (Stebbing, 71a): Sunderland; (Brady, 50a). - - _Ireland_: Corcumroe Abbey; Co. Clare (Norman, 50). - -_FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_ - - _Europe_: France; (25): Norway; Prussia; Germany; Bohemia; (59). - -=Haplophthalmus danicus= Budde-Lund. PLATE VIII. - - 1870 _Haplophthalmus elegans_ Budde-Lund (6), p. 228 - (not _Haplophthalmus elegans_ Schöbl). - 1879 _Haplophthalmus danicus_ Budde-Lund (7), p. 9. - 1881 _Haplophthalmus mengii_ Weber (76), p. 192, pl. V., figs. 7-9 - (not _Itea mengii_ Zaddach). - 1885 _Haplophthalmus danicus_ Budde-Lund (8), p. 250. - 1898 _Haplophthalmus danicus_ Sars (59), p. 168, pl. LXXIV., fig. 2. - -This species was added to the British list by the Rev. Canon Norman -(49), who found a colony in his garden at Berkhamsted. It has rows of -tubercles on its thorax instead of ridges, and there are no ribs at all -upon the abdomen. The front of the head projects further comparatively -and forms a more acute point than in _Haplophthalmus mengii_ and it is -not so purely white in colour as the latter species. - -[Illustration: FIG. 42.--FLAGELLUM AND LAST PEDUNCULAR JOINT OF THE -ANTENNA OF _Haplophthalmus danicus_.] - -_BRITISH LOCALITIES:--_ - - _England_: Warley Place; (W.M.W. from Miss Willmott): Queen's - Cottage, Kew Gardens; Stanmore; Hanwell, garden at Odstock, - Bennett's Nurseries; (W.M.W.): Berkhamsted; (Norman, 49): - Sunderland; (Brady, 50a). - -_FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_ - - _Europe_: France; (25): Denmark; Holland; Germany; (Dollfus, Feu - de Jeun, Nat., April, 1896): Norway; (Sars, 59). - - -_Section_--=ONISCI.= - -THE OUTER DIVISIONS OF THE TAIL APPENDAGES BROADER THAN THE INNER ONES. - -_Family_-ONISCIDÆ. - -=Tail appendages projecting when the animal is walking.= - - (1.) Unable to roll up into a complete ball. - -_Genus_-=ONISCUS= Linné 1746 (41), p. 360. - -_Flagellum, with three joints; abdomen broad; head with lateral lobes._ - -The characters given above taken in conjunction with the size of the -animals will serve to distinguish the members of this genus. - -=Oniscus asellus= Linné (The "Common Slater.") PLATE IX. - - 1761 _Oniscus asellus_ Linné (41), p. 500, No. 2058. - 1792 _Oniscus murarius_ Cuvier (9), p. 22, pl. XXVI. - 1838 _Oniscus fossor_ Koch (34), part 22, pl. XXII. - 1868 _Oniscus asellus_ Bate and Westwood (1), p. 468. - 1868 _Oniscus fossor_ Bate and Westwood (1), pp. 471-2. - 1898 _Oniscus asellus_ Sars (59), p. 171, pl. LXXV. - -_Oniscus asellus_ is one of the largest of our woodlice and it is also -probably the commonest, though _Porcellio scaber_ is in many places -quite as abundant. The body of _Oniscus_ is broad and expanded and the -colour is usually a slate grey with yellowish markings more or less -regularly arranged. - -From the genus _Porcellio_ the species with which we are concerned -is at once distinguished by the three jointed flagellum. _Porcellio_ -has but two joints and has, besides, a prominent lobe projecting from -the middle of the head, which is not seen in _Oniscus_. _Philoscia_, -although it has three joints to the flagellum, has a narrow abdomen -and lacks entirely the lateral lobes which are a feature of the other -genera of Oniscidæ. - -_Oniscus fossor_ of Koch (34) was recognized by Kinahan and by Bate and -Westwood as a species. Dr. Scharff submitted specimens to Professor -Budde-Lund who found no differences between them and _Oniscus asellus_. -The former (63) mentions, however, that the characteristics of the -supposed species are those of young examples of _Oniscus asellus_, and -Professor Sars (59, p. 173) seems to be of the same opinion. Many young -examples of _Oniscus asellus_ that we have examined have a curious -whitish transverse band owing to the light colour of the dorsal plates -of the first abdominal segments. The flagellum also does not seem to -shew in young animals a distinct division into three joints. - -[Illustration: FIG. 43.--FLAGELLUM AND LAST PEDUNCULAR JOINT OF THE -ANTENNA OF _Oniscus asellus_.] - -_BRITISH LOCALITIES:--_ - - _England_: High Beach, Epping, including an albino; Maldon; - Brightlingsea; Iver; Hanwell; Eton; Kew; Pamber Forest; - Kingston-on-Soar; Bluebell Hill, Maidstone; (W.M.W.): - Lynmouth; (W.M.W. from J.T.C.). - - _Scotland_: (Scharff, 63). Dinnet, Aberdeenshire; (W.M.W. from - Madame Christen). - - _Ireland_: (Scharff, 63). Yellow form with black spots, Donegal (R.W.) - -_FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_ - - _Europe_: Almost throughout; (12): France; (25): Spain; (12): - Sweden Norway; Denmark; Germany; Holland; Italy; Iceland; (59): - Faroe Islands; Thorsharn; (R.F.S.) - - _Africa_: Azores; (24). - - _America_: Greenland; (59): North America; (Budde-Lund). - -_Genus_--=PHILOSCIA= Latreille, 1804 (37), p. 43. - -_Flagellum with three joints; abdomen narrow; head without lateral -lobes._ - -If any further differences of an obvious kind be required to -distinguish _Philoscia_ from _Oniscus_, one at least will be found in -the much greater development of the hinder legs in the former genus. - -=Philoscia muscorum= Scopoli. PLATE X. - -[Not of Lereboullet, which is an _Oniscus_, see Bate and Westwood (1).] - - 1763 _Oniscus muscorum_ Scopoli (67), p. 415. - 1793 _Oniscus sylvestris_ Fabricius (26), p. 397. - 1793 _Oniscus agilis_ Koch in Panzer (51), part 9, pl. XXIV. - 1833 _Philoscia marmorata_ Brandt (3), p. 183. - 1838 _Ligia melanocephala_ Koch (34), part 22, pl. XVIII. - 1847 _Zia melanocephala_ Koch (38), part 40, pl. I. p. 212. - 1868 _Philoscia muscorum_ Bate and Westwood (1), p. 450. - 1898 _Philoscia muscorum_ Sars (59), p. 174, pl. LXXVI., fig. 1. - -This species lives chiefly at the roots of grass and under the stones -or sticks that lie among it. _Philoscia muscorum_ has a very smooth and -shining body, and its long legs enable it to move very rapidly. The -ground colour of its dorsal surface varies from light yellow to deep -brown. There are characteristic dark markings down the middle of the -thorax and on the sides, between which are lighter patches. In dark -coloured specimens the markings are by no means so evident. - -[Illustration: FIG. 44.--FLAGELLUM AND LAST PEDUNCULAR JOINT OF THE -ANTENNA OF _Philoscia muscorum_.] - -_BRITISH LOCALITIES:--_ - - _England_: High Beach, Epping; Warley; (W.M.W.): Maldon; (W.M.W. - from R.M.): Kew; Langley; Hanwell, yellow variation; Bluebell - Hill, Maidstone; (W.M.W.): Liphook; (C.S.): Pamber Forest; - Kingston-on-Soar; (W.M.W.) - - _Scotland_: (Scott, 68). - - _Ireland_: Almost throughout; (Scharff, 63). - -_FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_ - - _Europe_: France; (25): Spain; (12): Sicily; (19): Hertsogovinia; - (22): Sweden; (21): Norway; Denmark; Prussia; Germany; Holland; - Poland; Austria; Italy; (59): Sardinia; (21). - - _Africa_: Algeria; Tunis; (24). - -=Philoscia couchii= Kinahan. PLATE XI. - - 1858 _Philoscia couchii_ Kinahan (33), p. 195, pl. XXIII., fig. 4. - 1868 _Philoscia couchii_ Bate and Westwood (1), p. - 1885 _Ligidium couchii_ Budde-Lund (8), p. 257. - 1885 _Philoscia longicornis_ Budde-Lund (8), p. 221. - 1897 _Philoscia couchii_ Dollfus (21), p. 72, pl. I., fig. 1. - -_Philoscia couchii_ is an inhabitant of the sea-side; it is smaller -than the last species, its colour to the naked eye is a uniform -lead-grey, and its antennæ are very large (compared with its size) and -hairy. - -This species was discovered by Professor Kinahan when in the company of -Messrs. Bate and Westwood near Polperro in Cornwall in the year 1858, -and dried specimens presented by him are in the British Museum (Natural -History). - -_BRITISH LOCALITIES:--_ - - _England_: Talland Cove; Polperro; (Bate and Westwood, 1): Salcombe, - Devon; (Norman, 49): Meadefoot, Torquay; (Stebbing in 49). - -_FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_ - - _Europe_: France; (25): Spain; (12): Sicily; (19): Sebastopol; - (Norman, 49). - - _Africa_: Azores; Canaries; Morocco; Algiers; Tunis: Egypt - Senegal; (24). - - _Atlantic Isles_: Canaries; Azores; (21). - - _Asia_: Syracuse; Bazone (18). - -[Illustration: FIG. 45.--FLAGELLUM AND LAST PEDUNCULAR JOINT OF THE -ANTENNA OF _Philoscia couchii_.] - -_Genus_--=PLATYARTHRUS= Brandt, 1833 (3), p. 174. - -[_Typhloniscus_ Schöbl (66), p. 279.] - -_Flagellum with one joint; eyes wanting; abdomen broad; habitat, ants' -nests._ - -The broad body, which is much flattened, and the very thick -antennæ distinguish _Platyarthrus_ from the other small woodlice -(Trichoniscidæ). - -=Platyarthrus hoffmannseggii= Brandt. PLATE XII. - - 1833 _Platyarthrus hoffmannseggii_ Brandt (3), p. 174, pl. IV., - fig. 10. - 1844 _Itea crassicornis_ Koch (34), part 36, pl. V. - 1860 _Typhloniscus steinii_ Schöbl (66), p. 282. - 1868 _Platyarthrus hoffmannseggii_ Bate and Westwood (1), p. 464. - 1898 _Platyarthrus hoffmannseggii_ Sars (59), p. 175, pl. LXXVI., - fig. 2. - -Up to the present this is the only woodlouse which has been found in -the nests of British ants. It is small and oval, its colour is white, -and its body is covered with tubercles. The edges of its side plates -are toothed, its flagellum has but a single joint and it has no eyes. - -Miss Kate Hall tells us that, if very hungry, ants in captivity will -kill and eat _Platyarthrus_. With regard to its own food, Lord Avebury -has favoured us with the opinion that it lives on the spores of the -lower plants, such as would be found in the ants' nest. - -[Illustration: FIG. 46.--FLAGELLUM AND LAST PEDUNCULAR JOINT OF THE -ANTENNA OF _Platyarthrus hoffmannseggii_.] - -_BRITISH LOCALITIES:--_ - - _England_: Warley; Hanwell; West Drayton; Langley; - Kingston-on-Soar; Bluebell Hill, Maidstone; (W.M.W.): Berkhamsted; - Salcombe; Devon; Cheddar Cliffs, Somerset; (Norman, 49): Ide, near - Exeter; (Parfitt, 53): Torquay; (Stebbing in 49); Lulworth Cove; - (Rev. A. R. Hogan _teste_ Bate and Westwood, 1): Hammersmith; - Oxford; Berry Head, Torquay; Plymouth; (Bate and Westwood, 1): In - the nest of _Myrmica rubra_, Newton Ferrers (E. E. Lowe). - - _Scotland_: Banff; (Thomas Edward in 49). - - _Ireland_: Leixlip, Co. Dublin; Lismore, Co. Waterford; Glengariff, - Co. Cork; (Scharff, 63): Bagenalstown, Co. Carlow; (64). - -_FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_ - - _Europe_: France; (28): Spain; (12): Denmark; Germany; Holland; - Bohemia; Austria; Tyrol; Helvetia; (59). - - * * * * * - - NOTE.--In the genera which follow, air-tubes or air-cavities - (tracheæ) are present in the outer plates of the abdominal - appendages, 1 and 2, or 1 to 5. The appendages in question have - in consequence a milk-white appearance in the living animal - owing to the fact that the enclosed air reflects white light. - Considerable interest attaches to the study of these tracheæ, - which have the same function as those of insects, but which have - been independently developed. To emphasise the latter fact the - structures are often termed "pseudotracheæ." - -_Genus_--=PORCELLIO= Latreille, 1804 (37), p. 45. - -_Flagellum, with two joints; abdomen, broad; frontal lobe projecting._ - -_Porcellio_ is easily separated from the previous genera--_Oniscus_, -_Philoscia_, and _Platyarthrus_--by its two-jointed flagellum. The -fact that the abdomen is not abruptly narrowed separates it from -_Metoponorthus_, which also lacks the prominent frontal lobe so -characteristic of _Porcellio_. The species of this genera might be -confused with _Cyclisticus_ which has two joints to the flagellum and -a broad abdomen, but the latter genus has the power of rolling itself -into a ball, while its frontal lobe is very small, and the first -segment of its thorax is comparatively larger than in any species of -_Porcellio_. - -=Porcellio scaber= Latreille. PLATE XIII. - - 1804 _Porcellio scaber_ Latreille (37), p. 45. - 1818 _Oniscus granulatus_ Lamark (36), p. 261. - 1818 _Porcellio nigra_ Say (62), p. 432. - 1840 _Porcellio brandtii_ Milne-Edwards (46), p. 168. - 1840 _Porcellio dubius_ Koch (34), part 34, pl. VIII. - 1847 _Porcellio asper_ Koch (35), p. 207, pl. VIII., fig. 98. - 1857 _Porcellio montezumæ_ Saussure (60), p. 207. - 1865 _Porcellio paulensis_ Heller (31), p. 136, p. XII., fig. 5. - 1868 _Porcellio scaber_ Bate and Westwood (1), p. 475. - 1876 _Porcellio graniger_ Miers (44), p. 223. - 1885 _Porcellio graniger_ Budde-Lund (8), p. 149. - 1898 _Porcellio scaber_ Sars (59), p. 176, pl. LXXVII. - -The body of _Porcellio scaber_ is densely covered with tubercles. Its -colour is usually of a very dark grey, but at times it is quite red or -variegated with yellow. Albino specimens have been recorded. The two -joints of the flagellum are of the same length and together equal that -of the last joint of the peduncle. Air-tubes are present in the outer -plates of the first two abdominal appendages. - -[Illustration: FIG. 47.--FLAGELLUM AND LAST PEDUNCULAR JOINT OF THE -ANTENNA OF _Porcellio scaber_.] - -_BRITISH LOCALITIES:--_ - - _England_: High Beach, Epping; Warley; Brightlingsea; (W.M.W.): - Maldon; (W.M.W. from R.M.): Langley; Kew; Skirmett; Pamber Forest; - (W.M.W.): Liphook; (C.S.): Stoke-on-Trent; Kingston-on-Soar; - (W.M.W.) - - _Scotland_: Dinnet (W.M.W. from Madame Christen). - - _Ireland_: Common everywhere; (Scharff, 63.) - -_FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_ - - _Europe_: Throughout; (59): France; (28): Spain; (15): Iceland; - (59): Faroe Isles--Thorsharn and Naalsoe--(R.F.S. and B.M., N. - Annadale). - - _America_: Greenland; North America; Sandwich Isles; (B.M.); - Mexico; (59): St. Paul; St. Croix; (59); Ascension; Tristan - d'Acunha; (23) - - _Asia_: Ceylon; Kamtschatka: (23). - - _Australia_: Melbourne; Sydney; Tasmania; New Zealand; (B.M., - Chilton). - - _Africa_: Azores; Canaries; Cape of Good Hope; (24). - -=Porcellio pictus= Brandt and Ratzeburg. PLATE XIV. - - 1833 _Porcellio pictus_ Brandt and Razteburg (4), p. 78, pl. 12, - fig. 5. - 1839 _Porcellio melanocephalus_ Koch (34), part 28, pl. XVIII. - 1853 _Porcellio melanocephalus_ Schnitzler (65), p. 24. - 1856 _Porcellio mixtus_ Fitch (29), p. 120. - 1868 _Porcellio pictus_ Bate and Westwood (1), p. - 1898 _Porcellio pictus_ Sars (59), p. 177. pl. LXXVII., fig. 1. - -There are tubercles on the body of _Porcellio pictus_, which is a -striking looking animal. Its head is black with the lateral lobes -curved outwards; there is a dark band down the middle of the back and -commonly two others on each side, with more or less conspicuous yellow -markings between. - -The distal (terminal) joint of the flagellum is but half the length of -the proximal one and the last peduncular joint is longer than the two -combined. - -The abdominal appendages--1 and 2--are provided with air-tubes. - -[Illustration: FIG. 48.--FLAGELLUM AND LAST PEDUNCULAR JOINT OF THE -ANTENNA OF _Porcellio pictus_.] - -_BRITISH LOCALITIES:--_ - - _England_: Maldon; (W.M.W. from R.M.): Chislehurst; (Bate and - Westwood, 1): Cooper's Hill, near Cheltenham; (Norman, 49): - Exeter; (Parfitt, 53): Kent; (Bate and Westwood, 1.) - - _Scotland_: Between Leith and Portobello; (Scott, 68): Cumbrae - (Scott, 68a): Ayrshire; (Boyd in Norman, 49): Banff; (T. Edwards - in Norman, 49). - - _Ireland_: Dublin; Belfast; (Bate and Westwood, 1): Galway; - Maryborough; Queen's Co., Castel; and Caher Co. Tipperary; (R.F.S.) - -_FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_ - - _Europe_: France; (25): North, West-Central, and East Europe; (8): - Sweden; Norway; Denmark; Germany; Hungary; Russia; (59). - - _North America_: (8). - -=Porcellio dilatatus= Brandt. PLATE XV. - - 1833 _Porcellio dilatatus_ Brandt and Ratzeburg (4), p. 78, pl. 12., - fig. 6. - 1840 _Porcellio scaber_ Milne-Edwards (not Latreille) (46), p. 167. - 1868 _Porcellio dilatatus_ Bate and Westwood (1), p. - 1898 _Porcellio dilatatus_ Sars (59), p. 179, pl. LXXVII., fig. 2. - -The fact that _Porcellio dilatatus_ is more than half as broad as it is -long, at once distinguishes it from the other species of _Porcellio_. -It is tuberculated and of somewhat a lighter grey than _Porcellio -scaber_ usually is. The two species agree in having the two joints of -the flagellum equal, but the last peduncular joint, as in _Porcellio -pictus_, is longer than the flagellum. - -As in the two preceding species, air-tubes are found in the outer -plates of the appendages on the first two abdominal segments. -_Porcellio dilatatus_ is to be looked for near houses. - -[Illustration: FIG. 49.--FLAGELLUM AND LAST PEDUNCULAR JOINT OF THE -ANTENNA OF _Porcellio dilatatus_.] - -_BRITISH LOCALITIES:--_ - - _England_: Maldon; (W.M.W. from R.M.): Eton; (Stebbing from - W.M.W., 71a): Berkhamsted; (Norman, 50): Headley, Surrey; Ventnor; - (Stebbing in Norman, 49). - - _Ireland_: Dublin; (Scharff, 63): Dundrum; (Scharff in Norman, - 50): Galway; Roundstone; (R.F.S.): Belfast; (C. W. Buckle, Irish - Nat., Vol. XI. (1902), p. 43). - -_FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_ - - _Europe_: France; (25): Spain; (12 ): Denmark; Norway; Germany; - Poland; Holland; (59). - - _Africa_: Madeira; Azores; (24). - - _Australia_: New Guinea; (59). - -=Porcellio rathkei= Brandt. PLATE XVI. - - 1833 _Porcellio rathkei_ Brandt (3), p. 177, fig. 10. - 1833 _Porcellio ferrugineus_ Brandt (3), p. 178. - 1840 _Porcellio trilineatus_ Koch (34), part 34, pl. IX. - 1853 _Porcellio trivittatus_ Lereboullet (39), p. 54, pl. I., - figs. 13 and 14. - 1853 _Porcellio tetramoerus_ Schnitzler (65), p. 24. - 1853 _Porcellio striatus_ Schnitzler (65), p. 24. - -There is often a light band down the back and one on either side of it -near the margin in _Porcellio rathkei_ (especially in the males), with -other more irregularly arranged light patches between. Unlike the three -species previously considered, the present one has a smooth body. The -distal joint of the flagellum is the longer, and the flagellum itself -is equal in length to the last joint of the peduncle. - -Some specimens found by Mr. Webb in 1899 at Eton were submitted to Mr. -Stebbing, and since then the former has found _Porcellio rathkei_ to -be pretty generally distributed in West Middlesex, where the species -appears to frequent the open fields. - -Air-tubes occur in abdominal appendages 1 to 5 and the white appearance -of all of these at once serves to distinguish the living animal from -_Porcellio scaber_ in which the first two pairs of abdominal appendages -alone are white. - -_BRITISH LOCALITIES:--_ - - _England_: Eton; (Stebbing, 71a): Lane End; (Stebbing, from the - Misses Johnston, 71a): Acton; Ealing; Hanwell; Southall; Northolt; - Greenford; West Drayton; Mortlake; (W.M.W.); Sunderland; (Brady, - 50a). - -_FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_ - - _Europe_: France; (25): Bosnia; Servia; (22): Hertzogovania - (B.M.); Norway; Northern, Western, and Middle Europe, everywhere; - (59): Corfu (B.M.) - - _Asia_: Transcaucasia; (59). - - _North America_: (59). - -[Illustration: FIG. 50.--FLAGELLUM AND LAST PEDUNCULAR JOINT OF THE -ANTENNA OF _Porcellio rathkei_.] - -=Porcellio laevis= Latreille. PLATE XVII. - - 1804 _Porcellio laevis_ Latreille (37), p. 46. - 1827 _Porcellio degeerii_ Savigny and Audouin (61), p. 289. - 1833 _Porcellio cucercus_ Brandt (3), p. 177. - 1833 _Porcellio syriacus_ Brandt (3), p. 178. - 1833 _Porcellio musculus_ Brandt (3), p. 180. - 1833 _Porcellio cinerascens_ Brandt (3), p. 178. - 1833 _Porcellio dubius_ Brandt (3), p. 178. - 1837 _Porcellio poeyi_ Guérin (30), p. 6. - 1844 _Porcellio urbicus_ Koch (34), part 36, pl. IV. - 1847 _Porcellio flavipes_ Koch (35), p. 206, pl. VIII., fig. 97. - 1853 _Cylisticus laevis_ Schnitzler (65), p. 25. - 1857 _Porcellio cubensis_ Saussure (60), p. 307. - 1857 _Porcellio sumichtasli_ Saussure (60), p. 307. - 1857 _Porcellio cotillæ_ Saussure (60), p. 307. - 1857 _Porcellio aztecus_ Saussure (60), p. 307. - 1857 _Porcellio mexicanus_ Saussure (60), p. 307. - -Another smooth species is _Porcellio laevis_. The colour of its body -is light grey with irregular white markings. The large size of this -species and the very long tail-appendages of the males are features -which will help to identify it. The distal joint of the flagellum is -slightly the longer and as in the last species (_P. rathkei_) the -flagellum is equal in length to the last joint of the peduncle. The -chief habitats for this species are among vegetable rubbish near human -dwellings. - -Only the first two abdominal appendages contain air-tubes. - -[Illustration: FIG. 51.--FLAGELLUM AND LAST PEDUNCULAR JOINT OF THE -ANTENNA OF _Porcellio laevis_.] - -_BRITISH LOCALITIES:--_ - - _England_: Maldon; (W.M.W. from R.M.): Ipswich (1892); Hanwell; - Wimbledon; (W.M.W.): Kent; (Kinahan, 32). - - _Ireland_: Dublin; (Bate and Westwood, 1): Blackrock Dundrum; Co. - Dublin; Galway; (R.F.S.) - -_FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_ - - _Europe_: France; (25): Spain; (15): Sicily; (19): Hertzogovania; - (22): Sweden; Denmark; Germany; Belgium; Austria; Italy; Dalmatia; - Greece; Turkey; (59); Corfu; (B.M.): Inca, Majorca (23); - (B.M.--Pocock and Thomas.) - - _Asia_: Syria; Turkestan; (21). - - _Africa_: Morocco; Algeria; Tunis; Tripoli; Senegal; Egypt; (23). - - _Atlantic Isles_: Bermudas; Azores; Canaries; Cape Vera; Madeira; - (24). - - _America_: North America; Mexico; Peru; Brazil; Chili; West - Indies; Pacific Islands; (59); Sandwich Isles; (B.M.) - -=Porcellio ratzeburgii= Brandt. PLATE XVIII. - - 1833 _Porcellio ratzeburgii_ Brandt, (3), p. 178. - 1839 _Porcellio nemorensis_ Koch (34), part 28, pl. XIX. - 1839 _Porcellio lugubris_ Koch (34), part 28, pl. XX. - 1853 _Porcellio quercum_ Schnitzler (65), p. 24. - 1898 _Porcellio ratzeburgii_ Sars (59), p. 182, pl. LXXX, fig. 1. - -There are granulations on the middle of the segments in _Porcellio -ratzeburgii_ and the sides of its body are more nearly parallel than -in the other species of _Porcellio_; the frontal lobe is, practically -speaking, semicircular and the lateral plates of the thorax flank the -head to a considerable extent. As in _Porcellio pictus_, the dark band -is in the middle of the back. The distal joint of the flagellum is -nearly twice as long as the proximal, and the flagellum is shorter than -the last joint of the peduncle. This species was added to the British -list by Mr. Webb (74) in 1898. - -_Porcellio ratzeburgii_ agrees with _Porcellio rathkei_ in having -air-tubes in the first five abdominal appendages. - -[Illustration: FIG. 52.--FLAGELLUM AND LAST PEDUNCULAR JOINT OF THE -ANTENNA OF _Porcellio ratzeburgii_.] - -_BRITISH LOCALITIES:--_ - - _England_: Warley; Brightlingsea; young examples (W.M.W.): Maldon; - young examples (W.M.W. from R.M.) - -_FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_ - - _Europe_: Trafoi St. Martini, and Capitello, in the Tyrol; - (Norman, 50); East Alps, very common; Val-de-Joux; Massif de la - Chartreuse Vaulnaveys (25): Bosnia; (22): Norway; Central Europe; - Upper Pfaltz; Bohemia; Saxony; Rhaetia; (59). - -_Genus_--=METOPONORTHUS= Budde-Lund, 1879 (7), p. 4. _Porcellionides_ -Miers, 1876 (44), p. 98. - -_Flagellum, with two joints; abdomen, narrow; frontal lobe not -developed._ - -The hinder legs of _Metoponorthus_ are proportionately longer than in -any other Oniscidæ save _Philoscia_. Both genera have a narrow abdomen, -but _Philoscia_ has an extra joint to the flagellum, and shows no sign -of lateral lobes to the head. - -=Metoponorthus pruinosus= Brandt. PLATE XIX. - - 1833 _Porcellio pruinosus_ Brandt (3), p. 181. - 1840 _Porcellio truncatus_ Milne-Edwards (46), p. 173. - 1840 _Porcellio maculicornis_ Koch (34), part 34, pl. XVI. - 1853 _Porcellio frontalis_ Lereboullet (39), p. 63, pl. I, fig. 17. - 1868 _Porcellio pruinosus_ Bate and Westwood (1), p. 487. - 1877 _Porcellio (Porcellioides) flavo-vittatus_ Miers (45), p. 669, - pl., LXVIII., fig. 4. - 1898 _Metoponorthus pruinosus_ Sars (59), p. 184, pl. LXXX., fig. 2. - -Undamaged specimens of _Metoponorthus pruinosus_ are of a beautiful -bluish-grey colour, owing to a "bloom" which is easily brushed off, -revealing a dark reddish-brown tint beneath it. The antennæ are long -and have white markings upon them. - -Air-tubes occur in the first two abdominal appendages. - -[Illustration: FIG. 53.--FLAGELLUM AND LAST PEDUNCULAR JOINT OF THE -ANTENNA OF _Metoponorthus pruinosus_.] - -_BRITISH LOCALITIES:--_ - - _England_: Maldon; (W.M.W. from R.M.): Hanwell; Eton Wick; Kew; - Ipswich; Stoke-on-Trent; (W.M.W.): Chiselhurst; Oxford; (Bate and - Westwood): Berkhamsted; Burnmoor; Durham; (Norman, 49): Exeter; - (Parfitt, 53); Torquay; (B.M.--T.R.R.S.) - - _Scotland_: Banff; (Thomas Edwards in Norman, 49) - - _Ireland_: Dublin; (Kinahan, 32): Foyle District; Donegal; Galway; - Clonbrock, Co. Galway; Mornington, Co. Meath; Santry; Gleeson - Park; Dundrum, Co. Dublin; Bray; (R.F.S.) - -_FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_ - - _Europe_: Practically all the Countries of Europe are given in - Dollfus' list; (23). - - _Asia_: Japan; China; Syria; Ceylon; Sumatra; Celebes; - Phillipines; Caucasus; Himalayas; (23): Christmas Island; (B.M.) - - _Africa_: Generally distributed; Madagascar; Seychelles; (23). - - _Atlantic Isles_; (23). - - _America_: North and South, almost everywhere, to judge from M. - Dollfus' list; (23). - - _Australia_: New Caledonia; (23). - -=Metoponorthus cingendus= Kinahan. PLATE XX. - - 1857 _Porcellio cingendus_ Kinahan (32), p. 279, pl. XIX., - figs. 1468-9. - 1868 _Porcellio cingendus_ Bate and Westwood (1), p. 489. - 1885 _Metoponorthus simplex_ Budde-Lund (8), p. 188. - -The colour of _Metoponorthus cingendus_ is steel blue with red or -yellowish spots. It has a raised line across each thoracic segment and -its abdomen is narrower than in _Metoponorthus pruinosus_. - -[Illustration: FIG. 54.--FLAGELLUM AND LAST PEDUNCULAR JOINT OF THE -ANTENNA OF _Metoponorthus cingendus_.] - -_BRITISH LOCALITIES:--_ - - _England_: Salcombe, Devon; (Norman, 49): South Devon; (Stebbing - in 49). - - _Ireland_: Dublin; (B.M. from Kinahan); Mountain Districts of - Dublin, Wicklow, and Cork; Coast of Kerry; Arran Islands; Achill, - Co. Mayo; Roundstone, Co. Galway; Mallow, Caef Island; Glandore; - Brock Haven, Co. Cork; Killoughrim Forest, Co. Wexford; Kenmare, - Co. Kerry; (R.F.S.). - -_FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_ - - _Europe_: France; (25): Spain; (12). - - (2.) Able to roll up into a ball. - -_Genus_--=CYLISTICUS= Schnitzler, 1853 (65), p. 24. - -_Flagellum, with two joints; abdomen broad; frontal lobe, very small._ - -The characters given immediately above are almost those of _Porcellio_ -with which _Cylisticus_ might, perhaps, be confounded. The latter -has the power, however, of rolling itself into a ball, and the first -segment of the thorax is comparatively larger than in any species of -_Porcellio_, indeed the side plates of the segment in question entirely -flank the head. These features, as well as the straight sides of the -body and the arched back, connect _Cylisticus_ with _Armadillidium_, -from which the former is, however, at once separated by its long -pointed tail appendages. - -=Cylisticus convexus= De Geer. PLATE XXI. - - 1778 _Oniscus convexus_ De Geer (10), p. 553, pl. XXXV., fig. 11. - 1833 _Porcellio spinifrons_ Brandt (3), p. 177. - 1836 _Porcellio laevis_ Koch (34), part 6, pl. I. - 1853 _Porcellio armadilloides_ Lereboullet (39), p. 65. pl. I., - fig. 18. - 1853 _Cylisticus laevis_ Schnitzler (65), p. 25. - 1868 _Porcellio armadilloides_ Bate and Westwood (1), p. 485. - 1898 _Cylisticus convexus_ Sars (59), p. 186, pl. LXXXI. - -There is but a single species of _Cylisticus_ found in this country, -so that it is not necessary for us to go into much further detail with -regard to it. _Cylisticus convexus_ has the two joints of the flagellum -about equal, and they together in turn closely approximate in length to -the last joint of the peduncle. Mr. Stebbing says, in a letter, that -British examples do not appear to have the "white tail-piece" seen in -Continental ones. It is not noticeable in the preserved specimens which -we have seen from Berkhamsted and Leixlip, but it is very evident in -the living ones found at Hanwell and Maidstone. - -The abdominal appendages 1 to 5 are provided with air-tubes. - -[Illustration: FIG. 55.--FLAGELLUM AND LAST PEDUNCULAR JOINT OF THE -ANTENNA OF _Cylisticus convexus_.] - -_BRITISH LOCALITIES:--_ - - _England_: Maldon; (W.M.W. from R.M.): Hanwell; Bluebell Hill, - Maidstone; Eton; (W.M.W.): Berkhamsted; Portland; (Norman, 49). - - _Scotland_: Salisbury Crags; Edinburgh; Lanarkshire; Rothesay; - (Scott, 68): Killwinning; (John Smith _fide_ Robertson, 57): - Highgate; (Bate and Westwood, 1). - - _Ireland_: Leixlip, Co. Dublin; Tempo, Co. Fermanagh; Goresbridge, - Co. Kilkenny; (R.F.S.) - -_FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_ - - _Europe_: France; (25): Sweden; Norway; Denmark; Germany; Bohemia; - Holland; Belgium; Turkey; Caucasus; (59). - - _North America_; (59). - -_Family_--ARMADILLIDIIDÆ. - -=Tail appendages not projecting when the animal is walking.= - -_Genus_--=ARMADILLIDIUM= Brandt, 1833 (3), p. 184. - -_Flagellum, with two joints; outer division of the tail appendages -expanded and broader at the hinder end._ - -The members of the genus _Armadillidium_ are more likely to be -confounded, by the uninitiated, with the "Pill-millipedes" than with -other Woodlice. Excepting _Cylisticus_ (which has long pointed tail -appendages) no other British forms have the power of rolling themselves -up into a complete ball. The very arched body is characteristic of -_Armadillidium_, and so is the groove into which the basal joints of -the antennæ fit when the creatures curl up. - -The first two abdominal appendages only are provided with air-tubes. - -=Armadillidium nasatum= Budde-Lund. PLATE XXII. - - 1885 _Armadillidium nasatum_ Budde-Lund (8), p. 51. - 1892 _Armadillidium nasatum_ Dollfus (14), p. 10, fig. 12. - 1899 _Armadillidium nasatum_ Norman (misprinted _Porcellidium_) (49), - p. 57. pl. VI., figs. 5-8. - -_Armadillidium nasatum_ has a narrow but very prominent frontal lobe, -which is almost square and curves somewhat upwards and backwards. The -joints of the flagellum are approximately equal, and are together of -the same length as the last peduncular joint. - -The telson is as long as it is broad at the base, and tapers to a -roundish point, while its sides are slightly incurved. - -[Illustration: FIG. 56.--FLAGELLUM AND LAST PEDUNCULAR JOINT OF THE -ANTENNA OF _Armadillidium nasatum_.] - -The outer divisions of the tail appendages are considerably longer than -broad, and are more or less paddle-shaped. - -It will be noticed that the slope from thorax to telson is more gentle -than in the common species, _Armadillidium vulgare_, and the first -thoracic segment is not so greatly developed. Consequently the species -which we are considering does not produce a perfect sphere, and the -antennæ are not hidden when it rolls up. It is interesting to compare -this species with _Cylisticus convexus_. The surface of the body is -smooth, and its colour is a delicate brownish grey with more or less -distinct rows of darker markings. - -_BRITISH LOCALITIES:--_ - - _England_: Maldon; (W.M.W. from R.M.): Bluebell Hill, Maidstone - (W.M.W.); Clifton, banks of the Avon; (W.M.W. from J.T.C. 1900): - Leigh Woods, Clifton; Tunbridge Wells; South Devon; (Stebbing in - 49); Cheddar Cliffs, Somerset; (Norman, 49). - -_FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_ - - _Europe_: France; (28): Spain; (12): Italy; (23). - -=Armadillidium vulgare= Latreille. PLATE XXIII. - - 1804 _Armadillo vulgaris_ Latreille (37), p. 48. - 1804 _Armadillo variegatus_ Latreille (37). - 1853 _Armadillo ater_ Schnitzler (65), p. 48. - 1816 _Armadillo maculatus_ Risso (56), p. 158. - 1818 _Armadillo pillularis_ Say (62), p. 432. - 1825 _Armadillo pustulosus_ Dermarest (11), p. 323, pl. XLIX. - 1830-4 _Armadillidium commutatum_ Brandt and Ratzeburg (4), p. 81, - pl. XIII., fig. 123. - 1833 _Armadillidium zenckeri_ Brandt (3), p. 185. - 1839 _Armadillo trivialis_ Koch (34), part 28, pl. XIV. - 1898 _Armadillidium vulgare_ Sars (59), p. 189, pl. LXXXII. - -The common pill woodlouse is _Armadillidium vulgare_. Its frontal -lobe is not large, though it is broad, while its margin where it -joins the head is rounded and slightly recurved. The proximal joint -of the flagellum is somewhat the shorter and the two together, as in -_Armadillidium nasatum_, are of about the same length as the last joint -of the peduncle. - -The telson has the form of a triangle with the angles truncated and is -about as long as it is broad at the base. The outer divisions of the -tail appendages are considerably broader than they are long. - -The species can roll itself up into a very perfect sphere, and when -it assumes this form its antennæ are hidden beneath the much expanded -lateral plates of the first thoracic segment. - -[Illustration: FIG. 57.--FLAGELLUM AND LAST PEDUNCULAR JOINT OF THE -ANTENNA OF _Armadillidium vulgare_.] - -The body is smooth, shiny, and strongly arched. Its colour varies very -considerably, generally it is of a slaty-grey, but yellow markings are -often present to a greater or less extent. In a specimen before us -(from Bluebell Hill, Maidstone) the head is of a uniform dark grey, -the sides of the thorax are yellow, while the back is mottled with the -same colour. The abdomen, including the telson, is also yellow with the -exception only of the tail appendages, which are dark grey. - -_BRITISH LOCALITIES:--_ - - _England_: Warley; (W.M.W): Maldon; (W.M.W. from R.M.): - Brightlingsea; Hanwell; Mortlake; Bluebell Hill, Maidstone; - Langley; Skirmett; Pamber Forest; Kingston-on-Soar; Ipswich; - (W.M.W.); Lynmouth; (W.M.W. from J.T.C.) - - _Scotland_: (Scott, 68.) - - _Ireland_: Ardrahan; (Norman, 50): Borris, Co. Carlow; Glandare, - Terneay, Co. Cork; Courtstown, Co. Wexford; Cappagh, Co. - Waterford; Castel, Co. Tipperary; (R.F.S.) - -_FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_ - - _Europe_: Throughout; (23). - - _Asia_: Damascus; (23). - - _Africa_: Algeria; (23). - - _Atlantic Isles_: (23). - - _America_: North and South; (23). - - _Australia_: Melbourne (64 quoting Budde-Lund); New Zealand; (23). - -=Armadillidium pulchellum= Zencker. PLATE XXIV. - - 1799 _Oniscus pulchellus_ Zencker (78) (quoted by Koch in Panzer), - part 62, pl. XXI. - 1833 _Armadillidium pulchellum_ Brandt (3), p. 188. - 1861 _Armadillo maculatus_ Sill (69), p. 5. - 1870 _Armadillidium pictum_ Plateau (not Brandt) (55), p. 116. - 1898 _Armadillidium pulchellum_ Sars (59), p. 191, pl. LXXXIII., - fig. 4. - -The smallest British species is _Armadillidium pulchellum_. The frontal -lobe projects so as to make the head somewhat triangular. The antennæ -are very short and the distal joint of the flagellum is three times the -length of the other, while the two together are not as long as the last -peduncular joint. - -[Illustration: FIG. 58.--FLAGELLUM AND LAST PEDUNCULAR JOINT OF THE -ANTENNA OF _Armadillidium pulchellum_.] - -The telson is truncated at the end so that it is by no means as long as -it is broad at the base, and the outer divisions of the tail appendages -are in similar proportion. - -The colour of the body (which is smooth) is dark brown with four -important series of light patches running down the back and less marked -variegations between them. - -_BRITISH LOCALITIES:--_ - - _England_: Matlock; (T.R.R.S.) Arnside; Westmorland (Brady, 50a). - - _Ireland_: Ballymote, (Irish Nat., May, 1901), Sligo; (Scharff). - -_FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_ - - _Europe_: Vosges; Switzerland; Pyrenees; (23): Forest de Soignes; - Belgium; (14). - -=Armadillidium depressum= Brandt. PLATE XXV. - - 1833 _Armadillidium depressum_ Brandt (3), p. 82. pl. XII., - figs, 4, 5, 6, C, D. - 1892 _Armadillidium depressum_ Dollfus (14), p. 17-18. - -The frontal lobe in _Armadillidium depressum_ is very prominent and -much recurved. The antennæ are fairly long and while the two joints -of the flagellum are nearly equal they are together not so long as -the last peduncular joint. - -[Illustration: FIG. 59.--FLAGELLUM AND LAST PEDUNCULAR JOINT OF THE -ANTENNA OF _Armadillidium depressum_.] - -The telson is slightly longer than it is broad at the base, and its -sides are incurved. As in _Armadillidium vulgare_ and _Armadillidium -pulchellum_ the outer divisions of the tail appendages are broader -than they are long. - -The body is flatter than in the other species and bears tubercles; its -colour is a slate-grey with yellowish markings. The first thoracic -segment is well developed and the head appears as if almost completely -imbedded in it. - -_BRITISH LOCALITIES:--_ - - _England_: Clifton, banks of the Avon; (W.M.W. from J.T.C., 1900): - Shirehampton, near Bristol; (Stebbing in 49): Clifton; (Dollfus - from Miers 14). - -_FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_ - - _Europe_: France; Italy; (25): Asia Minor; (14, quoting Brandt). - -=Distribution of Species.= There are not sufficient records at present -to enable us to draw any conclusions as to the general distribution of -Woodlice in the British Isles, but it is hoped that more attention will -be given to these creatures, and that before long there may be other -material available. - -=Conclusion.= At the beginning it was mentioned that the present work -grew out of an investigation into the fauna of Essex, and in order -to show what may be expected when places are explored in which no -collecting has been done, we may briefly indicate the results which we -obtained in the county in question. - -It was not long before a species new to Britain--to wit, _Porcellio -ratzeburgii_--was found (74). This discovery was mentioned by Mr. -Stebbing in the _Victoria County History of Essex_ (p. 71), and he -prophesied that most of the British species then would be met with in -the county. We may safely claim to have shown that his prediction was -true, for we have been able to record in the preceding pages no less -than sixteen other species, as will be seen from the following lists:-- - -_WOODLICE RECORDED FROM ESSEX._ - - 1. _Ligia oceanica_ - 2. _Ligidium hypnorum_ - 3. _Trichoniscus pusillus_ - 4. _Trichoniscus roseus_ - 5. _Haplophthalmus danicus_ - 6. _Oniscus asellus_ - 7. _Philoscia muscorum_ - 8. _Platyarthrus hoffmannseggii_ - 9. _Porcellio scaber_ - 10. _Porcellio pictus_ - 11. _Porcellio dilatatus_ - 12. _Porcellio laevis_ - 13. _Porcellio ratzeburgii_ - 14. _Metoponorthus pruinosus_ - 15. _Cylisticus convexus_ - 16. _Armadillidium nasatum_ - 17. _Armadillidium vulgare_ - -Of these _Ligidium hypnorum_ calls for special mention, as it had not -been found in this country since Mr. Stebbing discovered it in Surrey -in 1873. Several of the Porcellios and _Cylisticus convexus_ have been -met with in but few places, and the same may be said of _Armadillidium -nasatum_. - -Of the British species not as yet found in Essex _Trichoniscus vividus_ -has at present only been recorded from Ireland; _Philoscia couchii_ and -_Armadillidium depressum_ have not been collected except in the extreme -south west of England, while _Metoponorthus cingendus_ has hitherto -only been noticed in Devonshire and Ireland. The other four species, -with the exception of _Porcellio rathkei_, which is well distributed -in west Middlesex (and might have been expected to occur in Essex), -are still rare. In fact, for _Trichoniscoides albidus_ but two British -localities are known; for _Haplophthalmus mengii_ three (two in England -and one in Ireland); while _Armadillidium pulchellum_ has only been -recorded from two or three places. - -In other counties quite as satisfactory results were obtained as in -Essex--a systematic search in Buckinghamshire brought to light at Eton -three species which at the time had not been recorded from the British -Isles, while in Middlesex, no less than a dozen species were found at -Hanwell. - -Since part of this contribution was printed our attention has been -drawn to some notes by the Rev. Canon Norman and Professor G. S. Brady -(50a). These bear out the remarks which have already been made, for -among the species found by Professor Brady in the north of England -were _Trichoniscoides albidus_, _Haplophthalmus mengii_, _Porcellio -rathkei_, and _Armadillidium pulchellum_. In one of Canon Norman's -previous papers (50--1903) he claims to have added the second species -to the British list, and in the notes in question a similar claim is -made with regard to the first and third. It should, however, be pointed -out that all three of them were found in Buckinghamshire in 1899 by Mr. -Webb, and that they were exhibited at the Nature Study Exhibition held -in London in August, 1902. A specimen of _Armadillidium pulchellum_ -from Matlock was sent to us by the Rev. T. R. R. Stebbing in January, -1904, and was found, we understand, some considerable time previously. - -It only remains for us to express our hearty thanks to the numerous -friends and correspondents who have given us their ready help. The -names of these have been printed in the text, but we would like to -mention more particularly Dr. Calman, of the British Museum (Natural -History), Monsieur Adrian Dollfus, Mr. Roland Matthams, the Rev. Canon -Norman, Dr. Scharff, the Rev. T. R. R. Stebbing, and Miss Willmott. - - -FOOTNOTES: - -[1] "The Non-Marine Molluscs of Essex," by Wilfred Mark Webb; ESSEX -NATURALIST, Vol. x. (1897), pp. 27-48 and 65-81. - -[2] The numbers in brackets refer to papers mentioned in the -Bibliography at the end. - -[3] It should be pointed out that the methylated spirit now sold in the -shops contains mineral naphtha and goes milky on the addition of water. -Permission can be obtained from Somerset House to buy what is still -called "ordinary methylated spirit," but at present five gallons has to -be purchased at one time. - - - - -BIBLIOGRAPHY. - - -Explanation of the initials given in the text:-- - - B.M.--Specimens in the British Museum (Natural History). - J.T.C.--John Thomas Carrington. - J.A.M.--James A. Murie. - R.M.--Roland Matthams. - R.F.S.--R. F. Scharff. - C.S.--Charles Sillem. - T.R.R.S.--The Rev. Thomas R. R. Stebbing. - W.M.W.--Wilfred Mark Webb. - R.W.--R. Welch. - - (1) BATE, C. SPENCE, and WESTWOOD, J.C.: _A history of the British - Sessile-eyed Crustacea_, London, 1868. - - (2) BOSC, L. A. G.: _Manuel de l'histoire Naturelle des - Crustacés_, Vol. II. Paris, 1830. - - (3) BRANDT, J. F.: "Conspectus Monographiae Crustaceorum - Oniscodorum Latreillei," _Bull. Soc. Nat., Moscow._ Vol. VI. - (1833), pp. 171-193. - - (4) BRANDT, J. F., and RATZEBURG, J. T. C.: _Medizinische - Zoologie._ Vol. II., Berlin, 1830-1834. - - (5) BRUNTZ, L.: "Contribution à l'Etude de l'Excretion chez les - Arthropodes." _Archives de Biologie._ Vol. XXII. (Nov., 1903), - pp. 215-422, pls. I.-VIII. - - (6) BUDDE-LUND, G.: "Danmarks Isopode Landkrebsdyr," - _Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift._ Part 3, vol. VII. (1870, - pp. 217-245). - - (7) BUDDE-LUND, G.: _Prospectus generum specierumque Crustaceorum - Isopodum terrestrium._ Copenhagen, 1879. - - (8) BUDDE-LUND, G.: _Crustacea Isopoda Terrestria._ Hauniae, 1885. - - (9) CUVIER, G.: "Memoires sur les Cloportes terrestres." _Journ. - d'hist. nat._ Vol. II. 1792. - - (10) DE GEER, C.: _Memoires pour servir à l'histoire des - insectes._ Vol. VII., Stockholm, 1778. - - (11) DESMAREST, A.G.: _Considérations générales sur la classe des - Crustacés._ Paris, 1825. - - (12) DOLLFUS, A.: "Catalogue raisonné des Isopodes terrestres de - l'Espagne." _Ann. Soc. Espan. Hist. Nat._ Vol. XXI. (1892), - pp. 161-190. - - (13) DOLLFUS, A.: "Sur la Distribution Geographique des Isopodes - terrestres dans la region des Basses-Pyrenees." _Assoc. - Francaise pour l'avancement des Sciences. Rep. Congress de - Pau._, 1892. - - (14) DOLLFUS, A.: "Le Genre Armadillidium." _Feu. des Jeunes - Naturalistes_, Ser. 3. May 1892. - - (15) DOLLFUS, A.: "Catalogue raisonné des Isopodes terrestres de - l'Espagne." Premier supplement, _Ann. Soc. Espan. Hist. Nat._ - Vol. XXII. (1893), pp. 47-51. - - (16) DOLLFUS, A.: "Isopodes Terrestres in 'Voyage de M. Ch. - Allmand aux Iles Canaries.'" _Mem. Soc. Zool. de France._ - Vol. VI. (1893), p. 46. - - (17) DOLLFUS, A.: "Sur la Distribution Geographique des - Armadilliens en Europe." _Compte-Rendu troisieme Congres. - Internal. de Zool._ Leyden, Sept. 1895 (1896), pp. 356-358. - - (18) DOLLFUS, A.: "Les Isopodes terrestres du Nord de l'Afrique du - Cap. Blanc a Tripoli." _Mem. Soc. Zool. Trans._ Vol. IX. - (1896), pp. 523-553. - - (19) DOLLFUS, A.: _Crustacés Isopodes de la Sicile._ 1896. - - (20) DOLLFUS, A.: "On West Indian Isopod Crustaceans." _Proc. - Zool. Soc. Lond._ 1896, pp. 388-400. - - (21) DOLLFUS, A.: "Tableau Iconographique des _Philoscia_ - d'Europe." _Feu. des Jeun. Natural._ Ser. 3, 1897, pp. 70-73 - and 91-95. - - (22) DOLLFUS, A.: "Land Isopods der Balkan region." _Wissenschaft - Mittheilung aus Bosnien und der Hercegovina._ Vol. IV. (1896). - - (23) DOLLFUS, A.: "Les Crustacés Isopodes Terrestres à grande - dispersion," _Feu des Jeun. Natural._ Ser. 3 (Oct. 1897). - - (24) DOLLFUS, A.: "Sur la Distribution Geographique des Isopodes - Terrestres dans l'Afrique Septentrional du Senegal à Obock." - _Proc. Inter. Congres. Zool._ Cambridge, 1898, pp. 249-259. - - (25) DOLLFUS, A.: "Catalogue des Crustacés Isopodes Terrestres de - France." _Feu. des Jeun. Natural._ Ser. 3 (October 1899). - - (26) FABRICIUS, J.C.: _Entomologia systematica._ Vol. II., - Hauniae, 1793. - - (27) FABRICIUS, J. C.: Supplement to the last, 1798. - - (28) FERNIE, Dr.: _Animal Simples_, 1899. - - (29) FITCH, Asa.: _Noxious Insects of New York._ Albany, 1856. - - (30) GUERIN, F.E.: "Sur _Porcellio Poeyi_." _Ann. Sci. Soc. Entom. - de France._ Vol. VI. (Paris, 1837, in Bull. ent., page 6). - - (31) HELLER, C.: _Reise der Novara; Crustacea._ 1865. - - (32) KINAHAN, J.R.: "Analysis of certain genera of terrestrial - Isopoda." _Nat. Hist. Rev._ Vol. IV. (1857). - - (33) KINAHAN, J.R.: "On the genera _Philoscia_, _Itea_ and - _Philougria_." _Nat. Hist. Rev._ Vol. V. 1858. - - (34) KOCH, C.L.: _Deutschlands Crustaceen, Myriapoden and - Arachniden._ Regensburg, 1835-1844. - - Koch's descriptions and figures were published in _Deutschlands - Crustaceen_ and appeared also in Panzer's _Faunæ Insectorum - Germanicæ_ continued by Herrich-Schäffer (which see). The - number of the parts of the latter which correspond to those - of the former are placed in square brackets after them in the - list here given. Part 6 (1836) [139]; Part 22 (1838) [162]; - Part 28 (1839) [178]; Part 34 (1840) [180]; Part 36 (1844) - [186]. Some of the dates quoted will be found to differ from - those usually given (in Budde-Lund (8, p. 7) for instance), - and printed on the parts of the copy in the Zoological - Society's Library. Our authority for this change is Mr. C. D. - Sherborne, who bases his dates upon reviews which he has - discovered. - - (35) KOCH, C. L.: _System der Myriapoden mit den Verzeichnissen - und Berichtigungen zu Deutschlands Crustaceen, Myriapoden und - Arachniden._ Regensburg, 1847. - - (36) LAMARCK, J. B.: _Histoire naturelle des animaux sans - vertébres._ Vol. V., 1818. - - (37) LATREILLE, P. A.: _Histoire Naturelle des Crustacés et des - Insectes._ Vol. VII., Paris, 1804. - - (38) LEACH, W. E.: "Tabular view of the external characters of - four classes of animals, which Linné arranged under Insectes." - _Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond._ Vol. XI., 1815. - - (39) LEREBOULLET, A.: "Memoire sur les Crustacés de la famille des - Cloportides qui habitent les environs de Strasbourg." _Mem. Soc. - Mus. Hist. Nat. Strasbourg._ Vol. IV., 1853, pp. 130, pl. X. - - (40) LEUCKART, R.: _Verzeichnisz der zur Fauna Helgolands - gehörenden wirbellosen Seethiere._ Braunsweig, 1847. - - (41) LINNÉ, C.: _Fauna Suecica._ First edition, Holmiæ, 1746. - - (42) LINNÉ, C.: _Fauna Suecica._ Second edition, Holmiæ, 1761. - - (43) LINNÉ, C.: _Systema Naturae_, ed. 12, 1767. - - (44) MIERS, E. J.: "Catalogue of New Zealand Crustacea." _Ann. - Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 4._, Vol. XVII., 1876. - - (45) MIERS, E. J.: "On a collection of Crustacea (Decapoda and - Isopoda), chiefly from South America." _Proc. Zool. Soc._, - 1877, p. 653-678. - - (46) MILNE-EDWARDS, H.: _Histoire naturelle des Crustacés._ Vol. - III. Paris, 1840. - - (47) NICHOLSON and LYDDEKER: _Manual of Palæontology_, 1889, Vol. - II., p. 559. - - (48) NORMAN, A. M.: "Note on the discovery of _Ligidium agile_, - Persoon (_Zia saundersii_ Stebbing)." _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. - Ser. 4_, Vol. XI., p. 419. - - (49) NORMAN, A. M.: "British Land Isopoda." _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. - (Ser. 7)_, Vol. III. (1899), pp. 71-78, pl. VI. - - (50) NORMAN, A. M.: Continuation of the last. Vol. XI., 1903, pp. - 309-372. - - (50a) NORMAN, A.M.: and BRADY C.S.: "British Land Isopoda." Second - Supplement _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (Ser. 7)_, Vol. XIV. (1904), - pp. 449-450. - - (51) PANZER, G. W. F.: _Faunæ Insectorum Germanicæ initia, oder - Deutschlands Insecten._ Parts 1-110, Nurnberg, 1793-1813. - (See Koch.) - - (52) PANZER, G. W. F.: Continuation by Herrich-Schäffer, Parts - 111-190, 1829-1844. (See Koch.) - - (53) PARFITT, E.: "The Fauna of Devon." Sessile-Eyed Crustacea. - _Trans. Devon Assoc. Sci._, Sept. 1873. - - (54) PERSOON: No paper upon Woodlice by this author is known, but - he is quoted in Panzer's _Deutschlands Insecten_ (51), which - see. - - (55) PLATEAU, F.: "Crustacés Isopodes Terrestres." _Bull. Acad. - Roy. de Belgique, Ser. 2._, Vol. XXIX., No. 2 (1870), p. 112. - - (56) RISSO, A.: _Histoire Naturelle des Crustacés des environs de - Nice._ Paris, 1816. - - (57) ROBERTSON, D.: "Catalogue of the Amphipoda and Isopoda of - the Firth of Clyde." _Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glasgow_, Vol. II. - (1888), pp. 9-99. - - (58) ROULE, LOUIS: "Etudes sur le Development de Crustacés." _Ann. - Sci. Nat._, Vol. XVIII. (1895), pp. 1-156, pls. I.-X. - - (59) SARS, G. O.: _An account of the Crustacea of Norway._ Vol. - II., 1896-1899. - - (60) SAUSSURE, H. de: "Diagnoses de quelques crustacés nouveaux - des Antilles et du Mexique." _Rev. et Mag. de Zool. (Ser. 2)_, - Vol. IX. (1857), pp. 304-308. - - (61) SAVIGNY, J. C., and AUDOUIN, V.: _Description de l'Egypte._ - Vol. XXII., 1827. - - (62) SAY, T.: "An account of the Crustacea of the United States." - _J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia_, Vol. I., pt. II., 1818. - - (63) SCHARFF, R. F.: "The Irish Woodlice." _Irish Naturalist_, - Vol. III., 1894, pp. 4-7 and 25-29, pl. II. - - (64) SCHARFF, R. F.: "The Woodlice of Co. Carlow." _Irish - Naturalist_, 1895, p. 319. - - (65) SCHNITZLER, H. J.: _De Oniscineis agri Bonnensis._ (Thesis.), - Cologne, 1853. - - (66) SCHOBL, J.: "_Typhloniscus_, eine neue blinde Gattung der - Crustacea Isopoda." _Sitzungsberichte der math. naturw. Acad. - Wiss. Wien._ Vol. XL. (1860), pp. 279-330. - - (67) SCOPOLI, J. A.: _Entomologia Carniolica._ Vindibonæ, 1763. - - (68) SCOTT, T.: "The Land and Freshwater Crustacea of the District - around Edinburgh." _Proc. R. Phys. S. Edin._, Vol. XI. - (1890-91), p. 75. - - (68a) SCOTT, T.: _British Association Hand Book on the Natural - History of Glasgow._ 1901; _Isopoda_, pp. 335 and 336. - - (69) SILL, VICTOR: "Beitrag zur Kentniss der Crustaceen, - Arachniden and Myriapoden Siebenburgens." _Verhandl. u. - Mittheil. des Siebenburghischen Ver. für Naturwiss. zu - Hermannstadt_, Vol. XII. (1861), p. 1-11. - - (70) STEBBING, T. R. R.: "On a Crustacean of the Genus Zia." _Ann. - Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4._, Vol. XI. (1873). - - (71) STEBBING, T. R. R.: _The Victoria County History of Essex_ - (1903); Crustacea, pp. 27-28. - - (71a) STEBBING, T. R. R.: _The Victoria County History of - Buckinghamshire_ (1905); Crustacea. - - (72) VEJDOVSKYF: "Zur Morphologie der Antennen und Schalendruse - der Crustaceen." _Zeit. Wiss. Zool._, Vol. LXIX., p. 378. - - (73) VERHOEF, K. W.: "Ueber Palæarktische Isopoden." _Zool. Anz._, - Vol. XXIV. - - (74) WEBB, WILFRED MARK: "The occurrence in Essex of a species - of Woodlouse (Isopoda) new to Britain (_Porcellio ratzeburgii_, - Brandt)." _Essex Naturalist_, Vol. XI. (1899), p. 127. - - (75) WEBB, WILFRED MARK: "Notes on Woodlice" (Including extracts - from a paper read before the North London Natural History - Society by James B. Casserley). _Science Gossip_, Vol. VI., - New Series (1900), pp. 295-296. - - (76) WEBER, MAX.: "Uber einige neue Isopoden der Niederlandischen - Fauna." _Tijdschr der Niederland Dierk veren_, Vol. V. (1881), - pp. 167-196, pl. V. - - (77) ZADDACH, E. G.: _Synopses crustaceorum Prussicorum prodromus - Regiomonti_, 1844. - - (78) ZENKER, C. D.: No paper upon woodlice by this author is - known, but he is quoted in Panzer's _Deutschlands Insecten_ - (51), which see. - - (79) ZITTEL, K. A. von: _Textbook of Palæontology_. English - Translation 1900, p. 668. - - - - -INDEX. - - - Abdomen, 2, =2= - - Aegidae, 2 - - Air cavities, in abdominal appendages, 31 - - Air tubes, 1, 6, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 39 - - _albidus, Trichoniscoides_, description of, 25 - - Alcohol, 16 - - Antennae, large, 2, =3= - - " smaller, 2, =3= - - Alimentary canal, 6, =7= - - Ants, 31 - - " wood, 14 - - Anus, 31, inset facing =10= - - Appendages, 2 - - " abdominal, 5, =6= - - _Archaeoniscus brodiei_, 2 - - Armadillidæ, 17 - - " characters of, 18, 40 - - _Armadillidium_, 15, 38 - - " _commutatum_, 41 - - " _depressum_, 44 - - " " description of, 43 - - " " flagellum of, =43= - - _Armadillidium nasatum_, 41, 44, Plate xxii. - - " " description of, 40 - - " " flagellum of, =40= - - _Armadillidium pictum_, 42 - - " _pulchellum_, 43, 44, 45, Plate xxxiv. - - " " description of, 42 - - " " flagellum of, =42= - - _Armadillidium vulgare_, 15, 40, 43, 44, Plate xxiii. - - " " description of, 41 - - " " flagellum of, =41= - - " " moulting of, 12, 13 - - " _zenckeri_, 41 - - _Armadillo ater_, 41 - - " _maculatus_, 41, 42 - - " _pillularis_, 41 - - " _pustulosus_, 41 - - " _trivialis_, 41 - - " _variegatus_, 41 - - " _vulgaris_, 41 - - Arthropoda, 1 - - Arteries, 7, =7= - - _asellus, Oniscus_, description of, 27 - - Avebury, Lord, 31 - - - Baden, Miocene of, 2 - - Bate and Westwood, 17, 19, 30 - - Blastoderm, 10 - - Body cavity, 11, inset facing =10= - - Brady, Professor C. S., 45 - - Branchial nephrocytes, 8 - - British Association, 19 - - Brood pouch, 4, =5=, 9 - - Budde-Lund, 28 - - - Calman, Dr., 45 - - Carpenter, 15 - - Cells, nucleated, 10, inset facing =10= - - Cephalic nephrocytes, 8 - - Cheslip, 15 - - Chiselbob, 15 - - Church louse, 16 - - Cicatricula, 10, inset facing =10= - - _cingendus, Metoponorthus_, description of, 38 - - Circulatory system, 6, 7 - - Classification, 17 - - Coal measures, 1 - - Collection of Woodlice, methods of, 16 - - Commissures, 8, =8= - - Conclusion, 43 - - _convexus, Cylisticus_, description of,39 - - _couchii, Philoscia_, description of, 30 - - Crabs, land, 1 - - Crustacea, 1 - - Cud worm, 15, 16 - - _Cylisticus_, 40 - - " characters of, 17, 18, 38 - - _Cylisticus convexus_, 44, Plate xxi. - - " " description of, 39 - - " " flagellum of, =39= - - " _laevis_, 35, 39 - - _Cymothoa oceanica_, 20 - - - _danicus, Haplophthalmus_, description of, 27 - - _depressum, Armadillidium_, description of, 43 - - Development, 9 - - Digestive glands, 6, =7= - - _dilatatus, Porcellio_, description of, 33 - - Distribution of species, 43 - - Dollfus, Adrian, 45 - - - Economic considerations, 12 - - Egg, 9, 10, =10=, =11=, inset facing =10= - - " segmentation of, 11, inset facing =10= - - Embryo, 10, =11= - - Endoderm, 10, inset facing =10= - - Essex, Woodlice recorded from, 44 - - Excretory organs, 7 - - Exhibition of species new to Britain, 45 - - Exmoor, woodlice and ants on, 14 - - External structure, 2 - - - Flagellum, 3, =3= - - Food, 13, 14 - - - Ganglia, cerebral 8 - - Geological history, 1 - - Genera, 17 - - Gill, 5, =5= - - Gills, 7, =6= - - _Glomeris marginata_, 15 - - Grammar sows, 16 - - Growth, time required for, 12 - - Gullet, 6 - - Gut, fore, inset facing =10= - - " mid, inset facing =10= - - - Habits, 12 - - Hall, Miss Kate M., 31 - - _Haplophthalmus_, 22 - - " characters of, 17, 18, 26 - - " _danicus_, 44, Plate viii. - - " " description of, 27 - - " " flagellum of, =27= - - " _elegans_, 26 - - " _mengii_, 44, 45, Plate vii. - - " " description of, 26 - - " " flagellum of, =26= - - Head, 2, =2=, =3= - - Heart, 6, 7, =7=, 11 - - Herefordshire, Old Red Sandstone, 1 - - History, geological, 1 - - _hoffmannseggii, Platyarthrus_, description of, 30 - - Hog-louse, 15 - - Hogs, little grey, 16 - - Hydro-cyanic acid gas for destroying woodlice, 14 - - _hypnorum, Ligidium_, description of, 21 - - - Insects, 1 - - Intestine, 6, =7= - - " formation of, in embryo, 10, 11 - - Isle of Wight, Oligocene of, 2, Oolite of, 2 - - Isopoda, 1, 19 - - _Itea crassicornis_, 30 - - " _laevis_, 22 - - " _mengii_, 26 - - " _rosea_, 24 - - " _riparia_, 22 - - " _vivida_, 23 - - - Jurassic, Upper, 2 - - - Kinahan, Professor, 19, 28, 30 - - Kitchenball, 15 - - - Labels, 16 - - _laevis, Porcellio_, description of, 35 - - _Ligia_, 21 - - " branchial nephrocytes, 8 - - " characters of, 17, 18, 19, 20 - - " _hypnorum_, 21 - - " _melanocephala_, 29 - - " _oceanica_, 44, Plate i. - - " " description of, 20 - - " " excretory organs of, 7, 8 - - " " flagellum of, 20, =20= - - " _scopulorum_, 20 - - Ligiae, 17 - - " characters of, 19 - - Ligiidae, characters of, 17, 18, 19 - - _Ligidium_, 19 - - " characters of, 17, 18, 21 - - " _hypnorum_, 44, Plate ii. - - " " description of, 21 - - " " excretory organs of, 7 - - " " in Surrey, 19 - - " _persoonii_, 21 - - Lip, the lower, 4, =5= - - " the upper, 4, =5= - - Lucre pig, 15 - - Lugdor, 15 - - - Mandibles, 3, =4= - - Manure, from stables, favourable to woodlice, 14 - - Maxillae, first, 3, =4= - - " second, 3, =4= - - " openings of excretory organs on second, 7 - - Maxillipeds, 3, =4= - - _mengii, Haplophthalmus_, description of, 26 - - Mesoderm, 10, inset facing =10= - - Methylated spirit, 16 - - _Metoponorthus_, 21 - - " characters of, 18, 37 - - " _cingendus_, description of, 38, Plate xx. - - " " flagellum of, =38= - - " _pruinosus_, 44, Plate xix. - - " " description of, =37= - - " " flagellum of, 37 - - " _simplex_, 38 - - Miocene, 2 - - Middlesex, West, 35 - - Millipede, pill, 15, 40 - - Moult, 11 - - Moulting, process of, 12, 13, 14 - - Mouth appendages, 3, =4= - - _muscorum, Philoscia_, description of, 29 - - - Names, local, 15 - - _nasatum, Armadillidium_, description of, 40 - - Nephrocytes, branchial, 8 - - " cephalic, 8 - - Nerve cord, 8, =8= - - Nervous system, 8 - - Norman, Rev. Canon A. M., 25, 27, 45 - - - _oceanica, Ligia_, description of, 20 - - Oenigen, Miocene of, 2 - - Old-sows, 16 - - Old women of the wood, little, 16 - - Oligocene, 2 - - Onisci, 17 - - " characters of, 27 - - Oniscidae, 19 - - _Oniscus_, 28 - - " branchial nephrocytes, 8 - - " characters of, 17, 18, 27 - - " _agilis_, 21 - - " _asellus_, 4, 15, 28, 44, Plate ix. - - _Oniscus asellus_, Albino in Epping Forest, 28 - - " " description of, 27 - - " " excretory organs of, 8 - - " " flagellum of, =28= - - " " young examples of, 28 - - " _convexus_, 39 - - " _fossor_, 19, 28 - - " _granulatus_, 32 - - " _murarius_, 27 - - " _muscorum_, 29 - - " _oceanicus_, 20 - - " _pulchellum_, 42 - - " _sylvestris_, 29 - - Oolite, 2 - - Ovaries, 8, =8= - - Oviducts, 8, =8= - - - Palmer, 16 - - Penis, 9, =9= - - Peduncle, 3, =3= - - _Philoscia_, 21, 28 - - " characters of, 17, 18, 29 - - " _couchii_, 44, Plate xi. - - " " description of, 30 - - " " flagellum of, =30= - - " _marmorata_, 29 - - " _muscorum_, 21, 44, Plate x. - - " " description of, 20 - - " " flagellum of, =29= - - _Philougria celer_, 29 - - " _riparia_, 22 - - " _rosea_, 24 - - " _vivida_, 23 - - Physicians, college of, rules for preparing woodlice for - medicinal use, 18 - - _pictus, Porcellio_, description of, 33 - - Pill millipede, 15, 40 - - _Platyarthrus_, 22 - - " characters of, 17, 18, 39 - - " _hoffmannseggii_, 44, Plate xii. - - " " description of, 30 - - " " flagellum of, =31= - - _Porcellio_, 6, 28, 38 - - " characters of, 7, 18, 32 - - " _armadilloides_, 39 - - " _asper_, 32 - - " _aztecus_, 35 - - " _brandtii_, 32 - - " _cinerascens_, 35 - - " _cingendus_, 38 - - " _cotillae_, 35 - - " _cubensis_, 35 - - " _degeerii_, 35 - - " _dilatatus_, 34, 44, Plate xv. - - " " description of, 33 - - " " flagellum of, =34= - - " _dubius_, 32, 33 - - " _ferrugineus_, 34 - - " _flavipes_, 35 - - " _flavo-vittatus_, 37 - - " _frontalis_, 37 - - " _graniger_, 32 - - " _laevis_, 39, 44, Plate xvii. - - " " description of, 35 - - " " flagellum of, =35= - - " _lugubris_, 36 - - " _maculicornis_, 37 - - " _melanocephalus_, 33 - - " _mexicanus_, 35 - - " _mixtus_, 33 - - " _montezumae_, 32 - - " _musculus_, 35 - - " _nemorensis_, 36 - - " _nigra_, 32 - - " _paulensis_, 32 - - " _pictus_, 34, 44, Plate xiv. - - " description of, 33 - - " flagellum of, =33= - - " _poeyi_, 35 - - " _pruinosus_, 37 - - " _quercum_, 36 - - " _rathkei_, 35, 36, 44, 45 - - " " description of, 34, Plate xvi. - - " " flagellum of, =35= - - " _ratzeburgii_, 44, Plate xviii. - - " " description of, 36 - - " " flagellum of, =36= - - " _scaber_, 28, 44, Plate xiii. - - " " description of, 32 - - " _scaber_, development of, 9 - - " " flagellum of, 32 - - " " Milne Edwards, 33 - - " _spinifrons_, 39 - - " _striatus_, 34 - - " _sumichtasti_, 35 - - " _syriacus_, 35 - - " _tetramoerus_, 34 - - " _trilineatus_, 34 - - " _trivittatus_, 34 - - " _truncatus_, 37 - - " _urbicus_, 35 - - _Porcellionides_, Miers, 37 - - Preservation of Woodlice, methods of, 16 - - Pro-ectoderm, 10, inset facing =10= - - Pro-endoderm, 10, inset facing =10= - - Protoplasm, formative, 10 - - _pruinosus, Metoponorthus_, description of, 37 - - pseudotracheae, 31 - - _pulchellum, Armadillidium_, description of, 42 - - _pusillus, Trichoniscus_, description of, 22 - - Purbeck Beds, 2 - - - Quay-louse, 20 - - Quay lowders, 20 - - - _rathkei, Porcellio_, description of, 34 - - _ratzeburgii, Porcellio_, description of, 36 - - Reproductive organs, 8, =8=, =9= - - _roseus, Trichoniscus_, description of, 24 - - Roule, Professor Louis, 9 - - - Sandstone, old red, 1 - - Sars, Professor G. O., 17, 23 - - _scaber, Porcellio_, description of, 32 - - Scharff, Dr. R. F., 17, 19, 23, 45 - - Seminal reservoir, 9, =9= - - Socchetre, 16 - - Sow bug, 15 - - Species, distribution of, 43 - - St. Anthony's hogs, 16 - - Stebbing, the Rev. T. R. R., 19, 21, 35, 44, 45 - - Swanley Horticultural College, 14 - - - Tertiary deposits, 2 - - Testes, 9, =9= - - Thorax, 2, 3 - - Thrush louse, 15 - - Tiggyhog, 15 - - Tracheae, 6, 31 - - Trichoniscidæ, characters of, 18, 22 - - _Trichoniscoides_, 21, 22, 26 - - " characters of, 17, 18, 25 - - " _albidus_, 44, 45 - - " " description of, 25 - - " " flagellum of, =25= - - _Trichoniscus_, 21, 22, 26 - - " characters of, 17, 18, 22 - - " _pusillus_, 22, 23, 24, 25, 44, Plate iii. - - " " description of, 22 - - " " flagellum of, =23= - - " _pygmaeus_, description of, 23 - - " _roseus_, 23, 25, 44, Plate v. - - " " description of, 24 - - " " flagellum of, =24= - - " _vividus_, 22, 25, 44, Plate iv. - - " " description of, 23 - - " " flagellum of, =24= - - Tubes for specimens, 16 - - _Typhloniscus steinii_, 30 - - - _vividus, Trichoniscus_, description of, 23 - - _vulgare, Armadillidium_, description of, 41 - - - Walking legs, 4, 5 - - Webb, Mr. Wilfred Mark, 20, 25, 26, 35, 36, 45 - - Welsh names for Woodlice, 16 - - Westwood, Bate and, 17, 19, 30 - - White arsenic for destroying Woodlice, 14 - - Willmott, Miss, 45 - - Wood-ants, 15 - - Woodlice, in captivity, 12 - - " methods for getting rid of, 24 - - " position of, 1 - - " storage of specimens, 16 - - " Welsh names for, 16 - - Woodlouse, common, 4 - - - Yolk, food, 10, 11, inset facing =10= - - - _Zia agilis_, 21 - - " _melanocephala_, 29 -$ - - - - -LIST OF PLATES. - - - PLATE - - _Ligia oceanica_ Linné I. - - _Ligidium hypnorum_ Cuvier II. - - _Trichoniscus pusillus_ Brandt III. - - _Trichoniscus vividus_ Koch IV. - - _Trichoniscus roseus_ Koch V. - - _Trichoniscoides albidus_ Budde-Lund VI. - - _Haplophthalmus mengii_ Zaddach VII. - - _Haplophthalmus danicus_ Budde-Lund VIII. - - _Oniscus asellus_ Linné IX. - - _Philoscia muscorum_ Scopoli X. - - _Philoscia couchii_ Kinahan XI. - - _Platyarthrus hoffmannseggii_ Brandt XII. - - _Porcellio scabier_ Latreille XIII. - - _Porcellio pictus_ Brandt and Ratzeburg XIV. - - _Porcellio dilatatus_ Brandt XV. - - _Porcellio rathkei_ Brandt XVI. - - _Porcellio laevis_ Latreille XVII. - - _Porcellio ratzeburgii_ Brandt XVIII. - - _Metoponorthus pruinosus_ Brandt XIX. - - _Metoponorthus cingendus_ Kinahan XX. - - _Cylisticus convexus_ De Geer XXI. - - _Armadillidium nasatum_ Budde-Lund XXII. - - _Armadillidium vulgare_ Latreille XXIII. - - _Armadillidium pulchellum_ Zencker XXIV. - - _Armadillidium depressum_ Brandt XXV. - -[Illustration: _PLATE I._ - -LIGIA OCEANICA Linné. THE QUAY-LOUSE. - -_Length, two to three centimetres._ - -Charles Sillem, del. ad nat. F. W. Reader, sculpt.] - -[Illustration: _PLATE II._ - -LIGIDIUM HYPNORUM Cuvier. - -_Length, nine millimetres._ - -Charles Sillem, del. ad nat. F. W. Reader, sculpt.] - -[Illustration: _PLATE III._ - -TRICHONISCUS PUSILLUS Brandt. - -_Length, four millimetres._ - -Charles Sillem, del. ad nat. F. W. Reader, sculpt.] - -[Illustration: _PLATE IV._ - -TRICHONISCUS VIVIDUS Koch. - -_Length, eight millimetres._ - -Charles Sillem, del. ad nat. F. W. Reader, sculpt.] - -[Illustration: _PLATE V._ - -TRICHONISCUS ROSEUS Koch. - -_Length, five millimetres._ - -Charles Sillem, del. ad nat. F. W. Reader, sculpt.] - -[Illustration: _PLATE VI._ - -TRICHONISCOIDES ALBIDUS Budde-Lund. - -_Length, four millimetres._ - -Charles Sillem, del. ad nat. F. W. Reader, sculpt.] - -[Illustration: _PLATE VII._ - -HAPLOPHTHALMUS MENGII Zaddach. - -_Length, three to four millimetres._ - -Charles Sillem, del. ad nat. F. W. Reader, sculpt.] - -[Illustration: _PLATE VIII._ - -HAPLOPHTHALMUS DANICUS Budde-Lund. - -_Length, three to four millimetres._ - -Charles Sillem, del. ad nat. F. W. Reader, sculpt.] - -[Illustration: _PLATE IX._ - -ONISCUS ASELLUS Linné (The common slater). - -_Length, sixteen millimetres._ - -Charles Sillem, del. ad nat. F. W. Reader, sculpt.] - -[Illustration: _PLATE X._ - -PHILOSCIA MUSCORUM Scopoli. - -_Length, nine millimetres._ - -Charles Sillem, del. ad nat. F. W. Reader, sculpt.] - -[Illustration: _PLATE XI._ - -PHILOSCIA COUCHII Kinahan. - -_Length, nine millimetres._ - -Charles Sillem, del. ad nat. F. W. Reader, sculpt.] - -[Illustration: _PLATE XII._ - -PLATYARTHRUS HOFFMANNSEGGII Brandt. - -_Length, three millimetres._ - -Charles Sillem, del. ad nat. F. W. Reader, sculpt.] - -[Illustration: _PLATE XIII._ - -PORCELLIO SCABER Latreille. - -_Length, fourteen millimetres._ - -Charles Sillem, del. ad nat. F. W. Reader, sculpt.] - -[Illustration: _PLATE XIV._ - -PORCELLIO PICTUS Brandt and Ratzeburg. - -_Length, thirteen millimetres._ - -Charles Sillem, del. ad nat. F. W. Reader, sculpt.] - -[Illustration: _PLATE XV._ - -PORCELLIO DILATATUS Brandt. - -_Length, fifteen millimetres._ - -Charles Sillem, del. ad nat. F. W. Reader, sculpt.] - -[Illustration: _PLATE XVI._ - -PORCELLIO RATHKEI Brandt. - -_Length, twelve millimetres._ - -Charles Sillem, del. ad nat. F. W. Reader, sculpt.] - -[Illustration: _PLATE XVII._ - -PORCELLIO LAEVIS Latreille. - -_Length, sixteen millimetres._ - -Charles Sillem, del. ad nat. F. W. Reader, sculpt.] - -[Illustration: _PLATE XVIII._ - -PORCELLIO RATZEBURGII Brandt. - -_Length, eleven millimetres._ - -Charles Sillem, del. ad nat. F. W. Reader, sculpt.] - -[Illustration: _PLATE XIX._ - -METOPONORTHUS PRUINOSUS Brandt. - -_Length, nine millimetres._ - -Charles Sillem, del. ad nat. F. W. Reader, sculpt.] - -[Illustration: _PLATE XX._ - -METOPONORTHUS CINGENDUS Kinahan. - -_Length, six millimetres._ - -Charles Sillem, del. ad nat. F. W. Reader, sculpt.] - -[Illustration: _PLATE XXI._ - -CYLISTICUS CONVEXUS De Geer. - -_Length, twelve millimetres._ - -Charles Sillem, del. ad nat. F. W. Reader, sculpt.] - -[Illustration: _PLATE XXII._ - -ARMADILLIDIUM NASATUM Budde-Lund. - -_Length, fifteen millimetres._ - -Charles Sillem, del. ad nat. F. W. Reader, sculpt.] - -[Illustration: _PLATE XXIII._ - -ARMADILLIDIUM VULGARE Latreille. - -_Length, fifteen millimetres._ - -Charles Sillem, del. ad nat. F. W. Reader, sculpt.] - -[Illustration: _PLATE XXIV._ - -ARMADILLIDIUM PULCHELLUM Zencker. - -_Length, five millimetres._ - -Charles Sillem, del. ad nat. F. W. Reader, sculpt.] - -[Illustration: _PLATE XXV._ - -ARMADILLIDIUM DEPRESSUM Brandt. - -_Length, fifteen millimetres._ - -Charles Sillem, del. ad nat. F. W. Reader, sculpt.] - - - * * * * * - - -Transcriber's Notes - -Obvious typographical errors have been corrected. Inconsistent -accents, punctuation, and hyphenation are as in the original text. - -The "æ" ligature is used interchangeably with "ae" throughout. - -Some taxonomic names may have changed since 1906. - -The following misprints and misspellings have been noted or corrected: - -CONTENTS:- -Page vii: "Family--Ligidæ " changed to "Family--Ligiidæ". -Page vii: "Haplopthalmus mengii" changed to "Haplophthalmus mengii". -Page viii: "Armydillidium vulgare" changed to "Armadillidium vulgare". - -MAIN PART OF BOOK:- -Page 2: "Aegidae is found" changed to "Aegidae which is found". -Page 16: "naptha" changed to "naphtha" in footnote. -Page 28: "Thornsharn" changed to "Thorsharn". -Page 29: "Philoscia marmorala" changed to "Philoscia marmorata". -At the end of the following lines, there is a missing page reference: - Page 30: "1868 _Philoscia couchii_ Bate and Westwood (1), p." - Page 33: "1868 _Porcellio pictus_ Bate and Westwood (1), p." - Page 33: "1868 _Porcellio dilatatus_ Bate and Westwood (1), p." - -INDEX:- -Page 51: "Ligidae, characters of" changed to "Ligiidae, characters of". - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The British Woodlice, by -Wilfred Mark Webb and Charles Sillem - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BRITISH WOODLICE *** - -***** This file should be named 43928-8.txt or 43928-8.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/3/9/2/43928/ - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Quentin Campbell and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, -set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to -copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to -protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project -Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you -charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you -do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the -rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose -such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and -research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do -practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is -subject to the trademark license, especially commercial -redistribution. - - - -*** START: FULL LICENSE *** - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project -Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at - www.gutenberg.org/license. - - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy -all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. -If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the -terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or -entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement -and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" -or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the -collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an -individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are -located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from -copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative -works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg -are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project -Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by -freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of -this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with -the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by -keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project -Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in -a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check -the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement -before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or -creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project -Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning -the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United -States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate -access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently -whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, -copied or distributed: - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived -from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is -posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied -and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees -or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work -with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the -work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 -through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the -Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or -1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional -terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked -to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the -permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any -word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or -distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than -"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version -posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), -you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a -copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon -request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other -form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided -that - -- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is - owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he - has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the - Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments - must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you - prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax - returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and - sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the - address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to - the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." - -- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or - destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium - and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of - Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any - money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days - of receipt of the work. - -- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set -forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from -both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael -Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the -Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm -collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain -"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or -corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual -property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a -computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by -your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with -your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with -the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a -refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity -providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to -receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy -is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further -opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER -WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO -WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. -If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the -law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be -interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by -the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any -provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance -with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, -promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, -harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, -that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do -or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm -work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any -Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. - - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers -including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists -because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from -people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. -To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation -and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 -and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org - - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive -Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent -permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. -Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered -throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at 809 -North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email -contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the -Foundation's web site and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact - -For additional contact information: - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To -SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any -particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. -To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate - - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm -concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared -with anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project -Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. -unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily -keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: - - www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. - diff --git a/43928-8.zip b/43928-8.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 77c8191..0000000 --- a/43928-8.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/43928-h.zip b/43928-h.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index f1dfb63..0000000 --- a/43928-h.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/43928-h/43928-h.htm b/43928-h/43928-h.htm index 623a153..1e6b199 100644 --- a/43928-h/43928-h.htm +++ b/43928-h/43928-h.htm @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> <title> The Project Gutenberg eBook of The British Woodlice, by Wilfred Mark Webb, F.L.S. @@ -327,50 +327,7 @@ ins { </style> </head> <body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The British Woodlice, by -Wilfred Mark Webb and Charles Sillem - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: The British Woodlice - Being a Monograph of the Terrestrial Isopod Crustacea - Occurring in the British Islands - -Author: Wilfred Mark Webb - Charles Sillem - -Release Date: November 1, 2013 [EBook #43928] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BRITISH WOODLICE *** - - - - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Quentin Campbell and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - - +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 43928 ***</div> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 245px;"> <a href="images/i_cover.jpg"><img src="images/i_cover_tn.jpg" width="245" height="400" alt="" title="[Cover]" /></a> @@ -393,7 +350,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) accents, punctuation, and hyphenation are as in the original text. </p> - <p class="noin">The "æ" ligature is used interchangeably with "ae" throughout.</p> + <p class="noin">The "æ" ligature is used interchangeably with "ae" throughout.</p> <p class="noin">Some taxonomic names may have changed since 1906.</p> @@ -503,13 +460,13 @@ C.S.<br /> <tr><td align="left">Classification</td><td align="center"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Scheme of classification and synopsis of generic characters</td><td align="center"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left">British Species</td><td align="center"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td></tr> - <tr><td align="left">Section—Ligiæ</td><td align="center"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td></tr> - <tr><td align="left">Family—Ligiidæ</td><td align="center"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td></tr> + <tr><td align="left">Section—Ligiæ</td><td align="center"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td></tr> + <tr><td align="left">Family—Ligiidæ</td><td align="center"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Genus—Ligia Fabricius</td><td align="center"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td></tr> - <tr><td align="left"><i>Ligia oceanica</i> Linzé</td><td align="center"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td></tr> + <tr><td align="left"><i>Ligia oceanica</i> Linzé</td><td align="center"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Genus—Ligidium Brandt</td><td align="center"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><i>Ligidium hypnorum</i> Cuvier</td><td align="center"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td></tr> - <tr><td align="left">Family—Trichoniscidæ</td><td align="center"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td></tr> + <tr><td align="left">Family—Trichoniscidæ</td><td align="center"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Genus—Trichoniscus Brandt</td><td align="center"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><i>Trichoniscus pusillus</i> Brandt</td><td align="center"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><i>Trichoniscus vividus</i> Koch</td><td align="center"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td></tr> @@ -519,9 +476,9 @@ C.S.<br /> <tr><td align="left">Genus—Haplophthalmus Schobl</td><td align="center"><a href="#Page_26">26</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><i>Haplophthalmus mengii</i> Zaddach</td><td align="center"><a href="#Page_26">26</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><i>Haplophthalmus danicus</i> Budde-Lund</td><td align="center"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td></tr> - <tr><td align="left">Family—Oniscidæ</td><td align="center"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td></tr> - <tr><td align="left">Genus—Oniscus Linné</td><td align="center"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td></tr> - <tr><td align="left"><i>Oniscus asellus</i> Linné</td><td align="center"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td></tr> + <tr><td align="left">Family—Oniscidæ</td><td align="center"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td></tr> + <tr><td align="left">Genus—Oniscus Linné</td><td align="center"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td></tr> + <tr><td align="left"><i>Oniscus asellus</i> Linné</td><td align="center"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Genus—Philoscia Latreille</td><td align="center"><a href="#Page_29">29</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><i>Philoscia muscorum</i> Scopoli</td><td align="center"><a href="#Page_29">29</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><i>Philoscia couchii</i> Kinahan</td><td align="center"><a href="#Page_30">30</a></td></tr> @@ -549,7 +506,7 @@ C.S.<br /> <tr><td align="left"><i>Metoponorthus cingendus</i> Kinahan</td><td align="center"><a href="#Page_38">38</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Genus—Cylisticus Schnitzler</td><td align="center"><a href="#Page_38">38</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><i>Cylisticus convexus</i> De Geer</td><td align="center"><a href="#Page_39">39</a></td></tr> - <tr><td align="left">Family—Armadillidiidæ</td><td align="center"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td></tr> + <tr><td align="left">Family—Armadillidiidæ</td><td align="center"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Genus—Armadillidium Brandt</td><td align="center"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><i>Armadillidium nasatum</i> Budde-Lund</td><td align="center"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><i>Armadillidium vulgare</i> Latreille</td><td align="center"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td></tr> @@ -702,7 +659,7 @@ and marine species, known as the Isopoda.</p> long one, for remains occur in the Old Red Sandstone (Devonian) of Herefordshire, and in the Coal Measures. (79)<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>. A form<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span> -which has been named <i>Archæoniscus brodiei</i>, and is said to be +which has been named <i>Archæoniscus brodiei</i>, and is said to be referable to the recent family Aegidae which is found in some numbers in the Purbeck Beds (Upper Jurassic), of this country (47). Fossil Isopods have also been recorded from the Oolite and @@ -965,7 +922,7 @@ runs to the hinder end of the body and passes under the heart.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span></p> -<p><b>Circulatory system.</b>—The blood being aërated in the +<p><b>Circulatory system.</b>—The blood being aërated in the abdominal appendages, we find that the heart is situated towards the hinder end of the body (fig. 18). Three main arteries supply the @@ -1527,7 +1484,7 @@ should be collected straightway into tubes or bottles half filled with 30 per cent. methylated spirit.<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> Woodlice dropped into this weak spirit become gradually narcotised and die, and they remain limp enough for purposes of examination or to allow, of -their legs and antennæ being set out during the process of +their legs and antennæ being set out during the process of mounting. Specimens to be kept permanently should be placed in 70 per cent. alcohol. For storage purposes the specimens of each species from a given locality should be put together into a @@ -1556,20 +1513,20 @@ another strip of any colour that may be preferred.</p> <b>Classification.</b>—The various genera of woodlice are connected together so closely, by intermediate forms, that their division into families is, to a very great extent, arbitrary. Bate -and Westwood described but a single family Oniscidæ (I), -though they distinguished two sub-families:—Ligiinæ, which +and Westwood described but a single family Oniscidæ (I), +though they distinguished two sub-families:—Ligiinæ, which included the forms with many joints to the flagellum of the -antenna, and Oniscinæ, which contained the rest.</p> +antenna, and Oniscinæ, which contained the rest.</p> <p>Since then the pill-woodlice have been thought by some to be sufficiently different from the other genera to warrant their -separation, and three families namely, Ligiidæ, Oniscidæ, and -Armadillidæ have been recognized, as for instance by Dr. +separation, and three families namely, Ligiidæ, Oniscidæ, and +Armadillidæ have been recognized, as for instance by Dr. Scharff (63).</p> -<p>A fourth family—Trichoniscidæ—has been added by +<p>A fourth family—Trichoniscidæ—has been added by Professor G. O. Sars, who in his <i>Crustacea of Norway</i> (59) -alludes to the division of the tribe into the sections Ligiæ and +alludes to the division of the tribe into the sections Ligiæ and Onisci and has adopted the following classification:—</p> <p class="center noin"> @@ -1590,7 +1547,7 @@ Onisci and has adopted the following classification:—</p> <tr> <td align="right"><i>Family I.</i>—</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Ligiidae.</span></td> - <td align="right"><i>Family III.</i>—</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Oniscidæ.</span></td> + <td align="right"><i>Family III.</i>—</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Oniscidæ.</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right"></td><td align="left"><i>Ligia.</i></td> @@ -1633,8 +1590,8 @@ Onisci and has adopted the following classification:—</p> </colgroup> <tr> - <td align="right"><i>Family II.</i>—</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Trichoniscidæ.</span></td> - <td align="right"><i>Family IV.</i>—</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Armadillidiiæ.</span></td> + <td align="right"><i>Family II.</i>—</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Trichoniscidæ.</span></td> + <td align="right"><i>Family IV.</i>—</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Armadillidiiæ.</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right"></td><td align="left"><i>Trichoniscus.</i></td> @@ -1669,7 +1626,7 @@ any particular specimen may belong.</p> <br /> <i>Tribe</i>—ONISCOIDA.<br /> <br /> - <i>Section I.</i>—<b>LIGIÆ.</b><br /> + <i>Section I.</i>—<b>LIGIÆ.</b><br /> <br /> <i>The Two Divisions of the Tail Appendages alike in Shape.</i><br /> <br /> @@ -1718,7 +1675,7 @@ any particular specimen may belong.</p> <span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">covered</span> </td> <td align="left" valign="bottom"> - <span class="smcap">Trichoniscidæ.</span> + <span class="smcap">Trichoniscidæ.</span> </td> </tr> @@ -1777,7 +1734,7 @@ any particular specimen may belong.</p> <span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">walking</span> </td> <td align="left" valign="bottom"> - <span class="smcap">Oniscidæ.</span> + <span class="smcap">Oniscidæ.</span> </td> </tr> @@ -1850,7 +1807,7 @@ any particular specimen may belong.</p> <span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">walking</span> </td> <td align="left" valign="bottom"> - <span class="smcap">Armadillidiidæ.</span> + <span class="smcap">Armadillidiidæ.</span> </td> </tr> @@ -1899,11 +1856,11 @@ species of woodlice and give their synonymy and distribution.</p> <br /> <i>Tribe—ONISCOIDA.</i><br /> <br /> - <i>Section</i>—<b>LIGIÆ.</b><br /> + <i>Section</i>—<b>LIGIÆ.</b><br /> <br /> THE TWO DIVISIONS OF THE TAIL APPENDAGES ALIKE IN SHAPE.<br /> <br /> - <i>Family</i>—LIGIIDÆ.<br /> + <i>Family</i>—LIGIIDÆ.<br /> <br /> <b>Flagellum with ten or more joints; tail appendages wholly visible; head without lateral lobes.</b><br /> @@ -1914,7 +1871,7 @@ species of woodlice and give their synonymy and distribution.</p> <p class="center noin"><i>Abdomen broad; body large; habitat, the sea-shore.</i></p> <p>The genus <i>Ligia</i> agrees with <i>Ligidium</i> alone, in that the -flagellum of the larger antennæ has more than ten joints. In +flagellum of the larger antennæ has more than ten joints. In both genera, there are no lateral lobes to the head, and the tail appendages are wholly visible from the upper surface of the body. The latter in <i>Ligia</i> is, however, very many times bigger @@ -1924,9 +1881,9 @@ its segments when the abdomen is reached.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span></p> -<p><b>Ligia oceanica</b> Linné (The Quay-louse). <a href="#Plate_i"><span class="smcap">Plate I.</span></a></p> +<p><b>Ligia oceanica</b> Linné (The Quay-louse). <a href="#Plate_i"><span class="smcap">Plate I.</span></a></p> <div class="blockquote"> - 1767 <i>Oniscus oceanicus</i> Linné (43), p. 1061.<br /> + 1767 <i>Oniscus oceanicus</i> Linné (43), p. 1061.<br /> 1793 <i>Cymothoa oceanica</i> Fabricius (26), p. 509.<br /> 1815 <i>Ligia scopulorum</i> Leach (38), p. 374.<br /> 1868 <i>Ligia oceanica</i> Bate and Westwood (1), p. 444.<br /> @@ -1949,7 +1906,7 @@ largest member of the whole tribe to be met with in these Islands,usually attains a length of two centimetres, while adult males may be nearly half as long again. It is the <i>Oniscus -oceanicus</i> of Linnæus and lives on the sea shore, +oceanicus</i> of Linnæus and lives on the sea shore, where it may be found at low tide beneath stones and rubbish in the crevices of timber. <i>Ligia</i> forms a connecting link between the woodlice @@ -1970,7 +1927,7 @@ apparently an old plural of louse.</p> <p>It is worthy of mention that Mr. Webb, when in charge of the Marine Biological Station at Brightlingsea, examined a -very large male specimen of <i>Ligia oceanica</i>, in which the maxillæ +very large male specimen of <i>Ligia oceanica</i>, in which the maxillæ were duplicated and consisted of four pairs instead of two.</p> <p class="center noin"><i>BRITISH LOCALITIES:—</i></p> @@ -2073,7 +2030,7 @@ Surrey; (Stebbing, 70).</p> <p class="center noin"> <br /><br /> - <i>Family</i>—TRICHONISCIDÆ.<br /> + <i>Family</i>—TRICHONISCIDÆ.<br /> <br /> <b>Flagellum with less than ten joints; head with lateral lobes; tail appendages partly hidden.</b><br /> @@ -2100,7 +2057,7 @@ character of its tail-parts mark it out from all others.</p> <div class="blockquote"> 1833 <i>Trichoniscus pusillus</i> Brandt (3), p. 174, pl. IV., fig. 9.<br /> 1838 <i>Itea riparia</i> Koch (34), part 22, pl. XVII.<br /> - 1844 <i>Itea lævis</i> Zaddach (77), p. 16.<br /> + 1844 <i>Itea lævis</i> Zaddach (77), p. 16.<br /> 1857 <i>Philougria celer</i> Kinahan (32), p. 281, pl. XXII., figs. 1-4.<br /> 1858 <i>Philougria riparia</i> Kinahan (33), pp. 191 and 198, pl. XXIII., fig. 1.<br /> 1868 <i>Philougria riparia</i> Bate and Westwood (1), p. 456.<br /> @@ -2135,7 +2092,7 @@ consideration.</p> </div> <p>Professor Sars in his <i>Crustacea of Norway</i> (p. 162) describes from Christiania, -under the name of <i>Trichoniscus pygmæus</i>, a still smaller species. As this may +under the name of <i>Trichoniscus pygmæus</i>, a still smaller species. As this may possibly be discovered in this country a brief comparison between it and <i>Trichoniscus pusillus</i> may be of value. The former reaches a length of but two millimetres; it is "whitish, semi-pellucid @@ -2205,7 +2162,7 @@ out, there are not more than four.</p> <p class="noin">The body is practically speaking smooth for it bears only very small tubercles, widely -separated. In <i>Trichoniscus vividus</i> the antennæ +separated. In <i>Trichoniscus vividus</i> the antennæ lack the bristles which characterise those of the other species in the genus. The species under consideration was discovered by Dr. Kinahan @@ -2252,9 +2209,9 @@ hair. It is distinguished from <i>Trichoniscus pusillus</i> by the larger size of its body, which is also comparatively broader, and from <i>Trichoniscus vividus</i> by the four joints of the flagellum of its -antennæ which latter have strong bristles upon +antennæ which latter have strong bristles upon them. In the former species there are five or -more joints to the flagellum and the antennæ, +more joints to the flagellum and the antennæ, though hairy, lack the bristles. <i>Trichoniscus roseus</i> is to be looked for in old gardens.</p> @@ -2335,7 +2292,7 @@ differentiate it; the other two lack the narrow abdomen seen in serrations on the side plates which characterise the species under<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> consideration. <i>Platyarthrus hoffmannseggii</i> is small and white and the edges of its side plates are toothed, but it is oval in shape, -possesses no eyes, and its stout antennæ have but a single joint +possesses no eyes, and its stout antennæ have but a single joint to the flagellum instead of four. On the Continent this species has been found in rich soil.</p> @@ -2345,11 +2302,11 @@ has been found in rich soil.</p> <p class="center noin"><i>FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:—</i></p> -<p><i>Europe</i>: France; Wimereux and Lyons, Forêt (25): Norway; Denmark; (59).</p> +<p><i>Europe</i>: France; Wimereux and Lyons, Forêt (25): Norway; Denmark; (59).</p> <p class="center noin"> <br /> - <i>Genus</i>—<b>HAPLOPHTHALMUS</b> Schöbl, 1850 (66), p. 449.<br /> + <i>Genus</i>—<b>HAPLOPHTHALMUS</b> Schöbl, 1850 (66), p. 449.<br /> </p> <p class="center noin"><i>Abdomen broad (comparatively); eyes simple; flagellum with three @@ -2365,7 +2322,7 @@ large, while the side plates of the body are well separated.</p> <div class="blockquote"> 1844 <i>Itea mengii</i> Zaddach (77), p. 16.<br /> - 1860 <i>Haplophthalmus elegans</i> Schöbl (66), p. 449.<br /> + 1860 <i>Haplophthalmus elegans</i> Schöbl (66), p. 449.<br /> 1885 <i>Haplophthalmus mengii</i> Budde-Lund (8), p. 250.<br /> 1898 <i>Haplophthalmus mengii</i> Sars (59), p. 167, pl. LXXIV., fig. 1.<br /> </div> @@ -2425,7 +2382,7 @@ segment of the abdomen.</p> <p><br /><b>Haplophthalmus danicus</b> Budde-Lund. <a href="#Plate_viii"><span class="smcap">Plate VIII.</span></a></p> <div class="blockquote"> - 1870 <i>Haplophthalmus elegans</i> Budde-Lund (6), p. 228 (not <i>Haplophthalmus elegans</i> Schöbl).<br /> + 1870 <i>Haplophthalmus elegans</i> Budde-Lund (6), p. 228 (not <i>Haplophthalmus elegans</i> Schöbl).<br /> 1879 <i>Haplophthalmus danicus</i> Budde-Lund (7), p. 9.<br /> 1881 <i>Haplophthalmus mengii</i> Weber (76), p. 192, pl. V., figs. 7-9 (not <i>Itea mengii</i> Zaddach).<br /> 1885 <i>Haplophthalmus danicus</i> Budde-Lund (8), p. 250.<br /> @@ -2465,13 +2422,13 @@ Bennett's Nurseries; (W.M.W.): Berkhamsted; THE INNER ONES.</span><br /> <br /> - <i>Family</i>—ONISCIDÆ.<br /> + <i>Family</i>—ONISCIDÆ.<br /> <br /> <b>Tail appendages projecting when the animal is walking.</b><br /> <br /> (1.) Unable to roll up into a complete ball.<br /> <br /> - <i>Genus</i>—<b>ONISCUS</b> Linné 1746 (41), p. 360.<br /> + <i>Genus</i>—<b>ONISCUS</b> Linné 1746 (41), p. 360.<br /> </p> <p class="center noin"><i>Flagellum, with three joints; abdomen broad; head with lateral lobes.</i></p> @@ -2481,9 +2438,9 @@ size of the animals will serve to distinguish the members of this genus.</p> -<p><b>Oniscus asellus</b> Linné (The "Common Slater.") <a href="#Plate_ix"><span class="smcap">Plate IX.</span></a></p> +<p><b>Oniscus asellus</b> Linné (The "Common Slater.") <a href="#Plate_ix"><span class="smcap">Plate IX.</span></a></p> <div class="blockquote"> - 1761 <i>Oniscus asellus</i> Linné (41), p. 500, No. 2058.<br /> + 1761 <i>Oniscus asellus</i> Linné (41), p. 500, No. 2058.<br /> 1792 <i>Oniscus murarius</i> Cuvier (9), p. 22, pl. XXVI.<br /> 1838 <i>Oniscus fossor</i> Koch (34), part 22, pl. XXII.<br /> 1868 <i>Oniscus asellus</i> Bate and Westwood (1), p. 468.<br /> @@ -2518,7 +2475,7 @@ from the middle of the head, which is not seen in <i>Oniscus</i>. <i>Philoscia</i>, although it has three joints to the flagellum, has a narrow abdomen and lacks entirely the lateral lobes which are a -feature of the other genera of Oniscidæ.</p> +feature of the other genera of Oniscidæ.</p> <p><i>Oniscus fossor</i> of Koch (34) was recognized by Kinahan and by Bate and Westwood as a @@ -2657,7 +2614,7 @@ Austria; Italy; (59): Sardinia; (21).</p> <p><i>Philoscia couchii</i> is an inhabitant of the sea-side; it is smaller than the last species, its colour to the naked eye -is a uniform lead-grey, and its antennæ are very +is a uniform lead-grey, and its antennæ are very large (compared with its size) and hairy.</p> <p>This species was discovered by Professor @@ -2690,20 +2647,20 @@ Egypt Senegal; (24).</p> <i>Genus</i>—<b>PLATYARTHRUS</b> Brandt, 1833 (3), p. 174.<br /> </p> - <p class="center noin">[<i>Typhloniscus</i> Schöbl (66), p. 279.]<br /></p> + <p class="center noin">[<i>Typhloniscus</i> Schöbl (66), p. 279.]<br /></p> <p class="center noin"><i>Flagellum with one joint; eyes wanting; abdomen broad; habitat, ants' nests.</i></p> <p>The broad body, which is much flattened, and the very thick -antennæ distinguish <i>Platyarthrus</i> from the other small woodlice -(Trichoniscidæ).</p> +antennæ distinguish <i>Platyarthrus</i> from the other small woodlice +(Trichoniscidæ).</p> <p><b>Platyarthrus hoffmannseggii</b> Brandt. <a href="#Plate_xii"><span class="smcap">Plate XII.</span></a></p> <div class="blockquote"> 1833 <i>Platyarthrus hoffmannseggii</i> Brandt (3), p. 174, pl. IV., fig. 10.<br /> 1844 <i>Itea crassicornis</i> Koch (34), part 36, pl. V.<br /> -1860 <i>Typhloniscus steinii</i> Schöbl (66), p. 282.<br /> +1860 <i>Typhloniscus steinii</i> Schöbl (66), p. 282.<br /> 1868 <i>Platyarthrus hoffmannseggii</i> Bate and Westwood (1), p. 464.<br /> 1898 <i>Platyarthrus hoffmannseggii</i> Sars (59), p. 175, pl. LXXVI., fig. 2.<br /> </div> @@ -2759,14 +2716,14 @@ Co. Carlow; (64).</p> Bohemia; Austria; Tyrol; Helvetia; (59).</p> <p><br /><br />NOTE.—In the genera which follow, air-tubes or air-cavities -(tracheæ) are present in the outer plates of the abdominal +(tracheæ) are present in the outer plates of the abdominal appendages, 1 and 2, or 1 to 5. The appendages in question have in consequence a milk-white appearance in the living animal owing to the fact that the enclosed air reflects white light. Considerable interest attaches to the study of these -tracheæ, which have the same function as those of insects, +tracheæ, which have the same function as those of insects, but which have been independently developed. To emphasise -the latter fact the structures are often termed "pseudotracheæ."</p> +the latter fact the structures are often termed "pseudotracheæ."</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span></p> @@ -2797,7 +2754,7 @@ species of <i>Porcellio</i>.</p> 1840 <i>Porcellio brandtii</i> Milne-Edwards (46), p. 168.<br /> 1840 <i>Porcellio dubius</i> Koch (34), part 34, pl. VIII.<br /> 1847 <i>Porcellio asper</i> Koch (35), p. 207, pl. VIII., fig. 98.<br /> - 1857 <i>Porcellio montezumæ</i> Saussure (60), p. 207.<br /> + 1857 <i>Porcellio montezumæ</i> Saussure (60), p. 207.<br /> 1865 <i>Porcellio paulensis</i> Heller (31), p. 136, p. XII., fig. 5.<br /> 1868 <i>Porcellio scaber</i> Bate and Westwood (1), p. 475.<br /> 1876 <i>Porcellio graniger</i> Miers (44), p. 223.<br /> @@ -3055,13 +3012,13 @@ Europe, everywhere; (59): Corfu (B.M.)</p> 1833 <i>Porcellio musculus</i> Brandt (3), p. 180.<br /> 1833 <i>Porcellio cinerascens</i> Brandt (3), p. 178.<br /> 1833 <i>Porcellio dubius</i> Brandt (3), p. 178.<br /> - 1837 <i>Porcellio poeyi</i> Guérin (30), p. 6.<br /> + 1837 <i>Porcellio poeyi</i> Guérin (30), p. 6.<br /> 1844 <i>Porcellio urbicus</i> Koch (34), part 36, pl. IV.<br /> 1847 <i>Porcellio flavipes</i> Koch (35), p. 206, pl. VIII., fig. 97.<br /> 1853 <i>Cylisticus laevis</i> Schnitzler (65), p. 25.<br /> 1857 <i>Porcellio cubensis</i> Saussure (60), p. 307.<br /> 1857 <i>Porcellio sumichtasli</i> Saussure (60), p. 307.<br /> - 1857 <i>Porcellio cotillæ</i> Saussure (60), p. 307.<br /> + 1857 <i>Porcellio cotillæ</i> Saussure (60), p. 307.<br /> 1857 <i>Porcellio aztecus</i> Saussure (60), p. 307.<br /> 1857 <i>Porcellio mexicanus</i> Saussure (60), p. 307.<br /> </div> @@ -3171,7 +3128,7 @@ Rhaetia; (59).</p> <p class="center noin"><i>Flagellum, with two joints; abdomen, narrow; frontal lobe not developed.</i><br /></p> <p>The hinder legs of <i>Metoponorthus</i> are proportionately longer -than in any other Oniscidæ save <i>Philoscia</i>. Both genera have a +than in any other Oniscidæ save <i>Philoscia</i>. Both genera have a narrow abdomen, but <i>Philoscia</i> has an extra joint to the flagellum, and shows no sign of lateral lobes to the head.</p> @@ -3203,7 +3160,7 @@ and shows no sign of lateral lobes to the head.</p> <p>Undamaged specimens of <i>Metoponorthus pruinosus</i> are of a beautiful bluish-grey colour, owing to a "bloom" which is easily brushed off, revealing a dark reddish-brown -tint beneath it. The antennæ are long +tint beneath it. The antennæ are long and have white markings upon them.</p> <p>Air-tubes occur in the first two abdominal @@ -3375,7 +3332,7 @@ Holland; Belgium; Turkey; Caucasus; (59).</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span></p> <p class="center noin"> - <i>Family</i>—ARMADILLIDIIDÆ.<br /> + <i>Family</i>—ARMADILLIDIIDÆ.<br /> <br /> <b>Tail appendages not projecting when the animal is walking.</b><br /> <br /> @@ -3391,7 +3348,7 @@ than with other Woodlice. Excepting <i>Cylisticus</i> (which has long pointed tail appendages) no other British forms have the power of rolling themselves up into a complete ball. The very arched body is characteristic of <i>Armadillidium</i>, and so is -the groove into which the basal joints of the antennæ fit when +the groove into which the basal joints of the antennæ fit when the creatures curl up.</p> <p>The first two abdominal appendages only are provided with @@ -3436,7 +3393,7 @@ more or less paddle-shaped.</p> to telson is more gentle than in the common species, <i>Armadillidium vulgare</i>, and the first thoracic segment is not so greatly developed. Consequently the species which we are considering does not -produce a perfect sphere, and the antennæ are not hidden when<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span> +produce a perfect sphere, and the antennæ are not hidden when<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span> it rolls up. It is interesting to compare this species with <i>Cylisticus convexus</i>. The surface of the body is smooth, and its colour is a delicate brownish grey with more or less distinct rows of darker @@ -3499,7 +3456,7 @@ than they are long.</p> <p>The species can roll itself up into a very perfect sphere, and when it assumes this form -its antennæ are hidden beneath the much +its antennæ are hidden beneath the much expanded lateral plates of the first thoracic segment.</p> @@ -3567,7 +3524,7 @@ Cappagh, Co. Waterford; Castel, Co. Tipperary; (R.F.S.)</p> <p>The smallest British species is <i>Armadillidium pulchellum</i>. The frontal lobe projects so as to make the head somewhat triangular. The -antennæ are very short and the distal joint of +antennæ are very short and the distal joint of the flagellum is three times the length of the other, while the two together are not as long as the last peduncular joint.</p> @@ -3617,7 +3574,7 @@ down the back and less marked variegations between them.</p> </div> <p>The frontal lobe in <i>Armadillidium depressum</i> is very prominent -and much recurved. The antennæ are fairly +and much recurved. The antennæ are fairly long and while the two joints of the flagellum are nearly equal they are together not so long as the last peduncular joint.</p> @@ -3832,7 +3789,7 @@ Scharff, the Rev. T. R. R. Stebbing, and Miss Willmott.</p> Sessile-eyed Crustacea</i>, London, 1868. </p> -<p class="hang">(2) BOSC, L. A. G.: <i>Manuel de l'histoire Naturelle des Crustacés</i>, +<p class="hang">(2) BOSC, L. A. G.: <i>Manuel de l'histoire Naturelle des Crustacés</i>, Vol. II. Paris, 1830. </p> @@ -3847,7 +3804,7 @@ Vol. II., Berlin, 1830-1834. <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span></p> -<p class="hang">(5) BRUNTZ, L.: "Contribution à l'Etude de l'Excretion chez les +<p class="hang">(5) BRUNTZ, L.: "Contribution à l'Etude de l'Excretion chez les Arthropodes." <i>Archives de Biologie.</i> Vol. XXII. (Nov., 1903), pp. 215-422, pls. I.-VIII. </p> @@ -3867,15 +3824,15 @@ Isopodum terrestrium.</i> Copenhagen, 1879. d'hist. nat.</i> Vol. II. 1792. </p> -<p class="hang">(10) DE GEER, C.: <i>Memoires pour servir à l'histoire des insectes.</i> +<p class="hang">(10) DE GEER, C.: <i>Memoires pour servir à l'histoire des insectes.</i> Vol. VII., Stockholm, 1778. </p> -<p class="hang">(11) DESMAREST, A.G.: <i>Considérations générales sur la classe des -Crustacés.</i> Paris, 1825. +<p class="hang">(11) DESMAREST, A.G.: <i>Considérations générales sur la classe des +Crustacés.</i> Paris, 1825. </p> -<p class="hang">(12) DOLLFUS, A.: "Catalogue raisonné des Isopodes terrestres de +<p class="hang">(12) DOLLFUS, A.: "Catalogue raisonné des Isopodes terrestres de l'Espagne." <i>Ann. Soc. Espan. Hist. Nat.</i> Vol. XXI. (1892), pp. 161-190. </p> @@ -3889,7 +3846,7 @@ des Sciences. Rep. Congress de Pau.</i>, 1892. Naturalistes</i>, Ser. 3. May 1892. </p> -<p class="hang">(15) DOLLFUS, A.: "Catalogue raisonné des Isopodes terrestres de +<p class="hang">(15) DOLLFUS, A.: "Catalogue raisonné des Isopodes terrestres de l'Espagne." Premier supplement, <i>Ann. Soc. Espan. Hist. Nat.</i> Vol. XXII. (1893), pp. 47-51. </p> @@ -3909,7 +3866,7 @@ Cap. Blanc a Tripoli." <i>Mem. Soc. Zool. Trans.</i> Vol. IX. (1896), pp. 523-553. </p> -<p class="hang">(19) DOLLFUS, A.: <i>Crustacés Isopodes de la Sicile.</i> 1896. +<p class="hang">(19) DOLLFUS, A.: <i>Crustacés Isopodes de la Sicile.</i> 1896. </p> <p class="hang">(20) DOLLFUS, A.: "On West Indian Isopod Crustaceans." <i>Proc. Zool. @@ -3924,16 +3881,16 @@ Soc. Lond.</i> 1896, pp. 388-400. Mittheilung aus Bosnien und der Hercegovina.</i> Vol. IV. (1896). </p> -<p class="hang">(23) DOLLFUS, A.: "Les Crustacés Isopodes Terrestres à grande +<p class="hang">(23) DOLLFUS, A.: "Les Crustacés Isopodes Terrestres à grande dispersion," <i>Feu des Jeun. Natural.</i> Ser. 3 (Oct. 1897). </p> <p class="hang">(24) DOLLFUS, A.: "Sur la Distribution Geographique des Isopodes -Terrestres dans l'Afrique Septentrional du Senegal à Obock." +Terrestres dans l'Afrique Septentrional du Senegal à Obock." <i>Proc. Inter. Congres. Zool.</i> Cambridge, 1898, pp. 249-259. </p> -<p class="hang">(25) DOLLFUS, A.: "Catalogue des Crustacés Isopodes Terrestres de +<p class="hang">(25) DOLLFUS, A.: "Catalogue des Crustacés Isopodes Terrestres de France." <i>Feu. des Jeun. Natural.</i> Ser. 3 (October 1899). </p> @@ -3970,7 +3927,7 @@ Isopoda." <i>Nat. Hist. Rev.</i> Vol. IV. (1857). <p class="hang">(34) KOCH, C.L.: <i>Deutschlands Crustaceen, Myriapoden and Arachniden.</i> Regensburg, 1835-1844.<br /> Koch's descriptions and figures were published in <i>Deutschlands Crustaceen</i> and appeared also in Panzer's -<i>Faunæ Insectorum Germanicæ</i> continued by Herrich-Schäffer (which see). The number of the parts of the latter +<i>Faunæ Insectorum Germanicæ</i> continued by Herrich-Schäffer (which see). The number of the parts of the latter which correspond to those of the former are placed in square brackets after them in the list here given. Part 6 (1836) [139]; Part 22 (1838) [162]; Part 28 (1839) [178]; Part 34 (1840) [180]; Part 36 (1844) [186]. Some of the dates quoted will be found to differ from those usually given (in Budde-Lund (8, p. 7) for instance), and printed on @@ -3983,35 +3940,35 @@ Berichtigungen zu Deutschlands Crustaceen, Myriapoden und Arachniden.</i> Regensburg, 1847. </p> -<p class="hang">(36) LAMARCK, J. B.: <i>Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertébres.</i> +<p class="hang">(36) LAMARCK, J. B.: <i>Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertébres.</i> Vol. V., 1818. </p> -<p class="hang">(37) LATREILLE, P. A.: <i>Histoire Naturelle des Crustacés et des +<p class="hang">(37) LATREILLE, P. A.: <i>Histoire Naturelle des Crustacés et des Insectes.</i> Vol. VII., Paris, 1804. </p> <p class="hang">(38) LEACH, W. E.: "Tabular view of the external characters of four -classes of animals, which Linné arranged under Insectes." +classes of animals, which Linné arranged under Insectes." <i>Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.</i> Vol. XI., 1815. </p> -<p class="hang">(39) LEREBOULLET, A.: "Memoire sur les Crustacés de la famille des +<p class="hang">(39) LEREBOULLET, A.: "Memoire sur les Crustacés de la famille des Cloportides qui habitent les environs de Strasbourg." <i>Mem. Soc. Mus. Hist. Nat. Strasbourg.</i> Vol. IV., 1853, pp. 130, pl. X. </p> -<p class="hang">(40) LEUCKART, R.: <i>Verzeichnisz der zur Fauna Helgolands gehörenden +<p class="hang">(40) LEUCKART, R.: <i>Verzeichnisz der zur Fauna Helgolands gehörenden wirbellosen Seethiere.</i> Braunsweig, 1847. </p> -<p class="hang">(41) LINNÉ, C.: <i>Fauna Suecica.</i> First edition, Holmiæ, 1746. +<p class="hang">(41) LINNÉ, C.: <i>Fauna Suecica.</i> First edition, Holmiæ, 1746. </p> -<p class="hang">(42) LINNÉ, C.: <i>Fauna Suecica.</i> Second edition, Holmiæ, 1761. +<p class="hang">(42) LINNÉ, C.: <i>Fauna Suecica.</i> Second edition, Holmiæ, 1761. </p> -<p class="hang">(43) LINNÉ, C.: <i>Systema Naturae</i>, ed. 12, 1767. +<p class="hang">(43) LINNÉ, C.: <i>Systema Naturae</i>, ed. 12, 1767. </p> <p class="hang">(44) MIERS, E. J.: "Catalogue of New Zealand Crustacea." <i>Ann. Mag. @@ -4023,11 +3980,11 @@ Isopoda), chiefly from South America." <i>Proc. Zool. Soc.</i>, 1877, p. 653-678. </p> -<p class="hang">(46) MILNE-EDWARDS, H.: <i>Histoire naturelle des Crustacés.</i> Vol. III. +<p class="hang">(46) MILNE-EDWARDS, H.: <i>Histoire naturelle des Crustacés.</i> Vol. III. Paris, 1840. </p> -<p class="hang">(47) NICHOLSON and LYDDEKER: <i>Manual of Palæontology</i>, 1889, +<p class="hang">(47) NICHOLSON and LYDDEKER: <i>Manual of Palæontology</i>, 1889, Vol. II., p. 559. </p> @@ -4051,12 +4008,12 @@ Second Supplement <i>Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (Ser. 7)</i>, Vol. XIV. (1904), pp. 449-450. </p> -<p class="hang">(51) PANZER, G. W. F.: <i>Faunæ Insectorum Germanicæ initia, oder +<p class="hang">(51) PANZER, G. W. F.: <i>Faunæ Insectorum Germanicæ initia, oder Deutschlands Insecten.</i> Parts 1-110, Nurnberg, 1793-1813. (See Koch.) </p> -<p class="hang">(52) PANZER, G. W. F.: Continuation by Herrich-Schäffer, +<p class="hang">(52) PANZER, G. W. F.: Continuation by Herrich-Schäffer, Parts 111-190, 1829-1844. (See Koch.) </p> @@ -4069,11 +4026,11 @@ he is quoted in Panzer's <i>Deutschlands Insecten</i> (51), which see. </p> -<p class="hang">(55) PLATEAU, F.: "Crustacés Isopodes Terrestres." <i>Bull. Acad. Roy. +<p class="hang">(55) PLATEAU, F.: "Crustacés Isopodes Terrestres." <i>Bull. Acad. Roy. de Belgique, Ser. 2.</i>, Vol. XXIX., No. 2 (1870), p. 112. </p> -<p class="hang">(56) RISSO, A.: <i>Histoire Naturelle des Crustacés des environs de +<p class="hang">(56) RISSO, A.: <i>Histoire Naturelle des Crustacés des environs de Nice.</i> Paris, 1816. </p> @@ -4082,7 +4039,7 @@ Firth of Clyde." <i>Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glasgow</i>, Vol. II. (1888), pp. 9-99. </p> -<p class="hang">(58) ROULE, LOUIS: "Etudes sur le Development de Crustacés." <i>Ann. +<p class="hang">(58) ROULE, LOUIS: "Etudes sur le Development de Crustacés." <i>Ann. Sci. Nat.</i>, Vol. XVIII. (1895), pp. 1-156, pls. I.-X. </p> @@ -4090,7 +4047,7 @@ Sci. Nat.</i>, Vol. XVIII. (1895), pp. 1-156, pls. I.-X. 1896-1899. </p> -<p class="hang">(60) SAUSSURE, H. de: "Diagnoses de quelques crustacés nouveaux des +<p class="hang">(60) SAUSSURE, H. de: "Diagnoses de quelques crustacés nouveaux des Antilles et du Mexique." <i>Rev. et Mag. de Zool. (Ser. 2)</i>, Vol. IX. (1857), pp. 304-308. </p> @@ -4120,7 +4077,7 @@ Crustacea Isopoda." <i>Sitzungsberichte der math. naturw. Acad. Wiss. Wien.</i> Vol. XL. (1860), pp. 279-330. </p> -<p class="hang">(67) SCOPOLI, J. A.: <i>Entomologia Carniolica.</i> Vindibonæ, 1763. +<p class="hang">(67) SCOPOLI, J. A.: <i>Entomologia Carniolica.</i> Vindibonæ, 1763. </p> <p class="hang">(68) SCOTT, T.: "The Land and Freshwater Crustacea of the District @@ -4134,7 +4091,7 @@ of Glasgow.</i> 1901; <i>Isopoda</i>, pp. 335 and 336. <p class="hang">(69) SILL, VICTOR: "Beitrag zur Kentniss der Crustaceen, Arachniden and Myriapoden Siebenburgens." <i>Verhandl. u. Mittheil. des Siebenburghischen Ver. -für Naturwiss. zu Hermannstadt</i>, Vol. XII. (1861), p. 1-11. +für Naturwiss. zu Hermannstadt</i>, Vol. XII. (1861), p. 1-11. </p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span></p> @@ -4155,7 +4112,7 @@ Buckinghamshire</i> (1905); Crustacea. der Crustaceen." <i>Zeit. Wiss. Zool.</i>, Vol. LXIX., p. 378. </p> -<p class="hang">(73) VERHOEF, K. W.: "Ueber Palæarktische Isopoden." <i>Zool. Anz.</i>, +<p class="hang">(73) VERHOEF, K. W.: "Ueber Palæarktische Isopoden." <i>Zool. Anz.</i>, Vol. XXIV. </p> @@ -4183,7 +4140,7 @@ but he is quoted in Panzer's <i>Deutschlands Insecten</i> (51), which see. </p> -<p class="hang">(79) ZITTEL, K. A. von: <i>Textbook of Palæontology</i>. English Translation +<p class="hang">(79) ZITTEL, K. A. von: <i>Textbook of Palæontology</i>. English Translation 1900, p. 668. </p> </div> @@ -4214,7 +4171,7 @@ which see. <li class="isub1">abdominal, 5, <b><a href="#Page_6">6</a></b><br /></li> </ul></li> <li><i>Archaeoniscus brodiei</i>, 2<br /></li> -<li>Armadillidæ, 17 +<li>Armadillidæ, 17 <ul class="index"> <li class="isub1">characters of, 18, 40</li> </ul></li> @@ -4701,7 +4658,7 @@ which see. <li>Thrush louse, 15</li> <li>Tiggyhog, 15</li> <li>Tracheae, 6, 31</li> -<li>Trichoniscidæ, characters of, 18, 22</li> +<li>Trichoniscidæ, characters of, 18, 22</li> <li><i>Trichoniscoides</i>, 21, 22, 26 <ul class="index"> <li class="isub1">characters of, 17, 18, 25</li> @@ -4783,7 +4740,7 @@ which see. </colgroup> <tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="right">PLATE</td></tr> - <tr><td align="left"><i>Ligia oceanica</i> Linné</td><td align="right"><a href="#Plate_i">I.</a></td></tr> + <tr><td align="left"><i>Ligia oceanica</i> Linné</td><td align="right"><a href="#Plate_i">I.</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><i>Ligidium hypnorum</i> Cuvier</td><td align="right"><a href="#Plate_ii">II.</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><i>Trichoniscus pusillus</i> Brandt</td><td align="right"><a href="#Plate_iii">III.</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><i>Trichoniscus vividus</i> Koch</td><td align="right"><a href="#Plate_iv">IV.</a></td></tr> @@ -4791,7 +4748,7 @@ which see. <tr><td align="left"><i>Trichoniscoides albidus</i> Budde-Lund</td><td align="right"><a href="#Plate_vi">VI.</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><i>Haplophthalmus mengii</i> Zaddach</td><td align="right"><a href="#Plate_vii">VII.</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><i>Haplophthalmus danicus</i> Budde-Lund</td><td align="right"><a href="#Plate_viii">VIII.</a></td></tr> - <tr><td align="left"><i>Oniscus asellus</i> Linné</td><td align="right"><a href="#Plate_ix">IX.</a></td></tr> + <tr><td align="left"><i>Oniscus asellus</i> Linné</td><td align="right"><a href="#Plate_ix">IX.</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><i>Philoscia muscorum</i> Scopoli</td><td align="right"><a href="#Plate_x">X.</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><i>Philoscia couchii</i> Kinahan</td><td align="right"><a href="#Plate_xi">XI.</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><i>Platyarthrus hoffmannseggii</i> Brandt</td><td align="right"><a href="#Plate_xii">XII.</a></td></tr> @@ -4824,7 +4781,7 @@ which see. <img src="images/i_plate_i_tn.png" width="267" height="400" alt="Plate I Ligia oceanica" title="" /> </a> <span class="caption"> - <span class="smcap">Ligia oceanica</span> Linné. <span class="smcap">The Quay-louse.</span><br /> + <span class="smcap">Ligia oceanica</span> Linné. <span class="smcap">The Quay-louse.</span><br /> <i>Length, two to three centimetres.</i><br /><br /> </span> </div> @@ -5008,7 +4965,7 @@ which see. <img src="images/i_plate_ix_tn.png" width="267" height="400" alt="Plate IX Oniscus asellus" title="" /> </a> <span class="caption"> - <span class="smcap">Oniscus asellus</span> Linné (The common slater).<br /> + <span class="smcap">Oniscus asellus</span> Linné (The common slater).<br /> <i>Length, sixteen millimetres.</i><br /><br /> </span> </div> @@ -5392,7 +5349,7 @@ which see. <p class="noin char-bold"><a name="TN" id="TN"></a>Misprints and misspellings noted or corrected in the text:</p> - <p>Page vii [CONTENTS]: "Family--Ligidæ " changed to "Family--Ligiidæ".</p> + <p>Page vii [CONTENTS]: "Family--Ligidæ " changed to "Family--Ligiidæ".</p> <p>Page vii [CONTENTS]: "<i>Haplopthalmus mengii</i>" changed to "<i>Haplophthalmus mengii</i>".</p> @@ -5419,384 +5376,6 @@ which see. <hr class="chap" /> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The British Woodlice, by -Wilfred Mark Webb and Charles Sillem - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BRITISH WOODLICE *** - -***** This file should be named 43928-h.htm or 43928-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/3/9/2/43928/ - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Quentin Campbell and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, -set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to -copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to -protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project -Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you -charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you -do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the -rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose -such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and -research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do -practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is -subject to the trademark license, especially commercial -redistribution. - - - -*** START: FULL LICENSE *** - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project -Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at - www.gutenberg.org/license. - - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy -all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. -If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the -terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or -entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement -and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" -or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the -collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an -individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are -located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from -copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative -works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg -are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project -Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by -freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of -this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with -the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by -keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project -Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in -a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check -the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement -before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or -creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project -Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning -the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United -States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate -access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently -whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, -copied or distributed: - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived -from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is -posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied -and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees -or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work -with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the -work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 -through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the -Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or -1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional -terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked -to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the -permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any -word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or -distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than -"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version -posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), -you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a -copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon -request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other -form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided -that - -- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is - owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he - has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the - Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments - must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you - prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax - returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and - sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the - address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to - the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." - -- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or - destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium - and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of - Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any - money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days - of receipt of the work. - -- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set -forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from -both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael -Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the -Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm -collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain -"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or -corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual -property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a -computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by -your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with -your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with -the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a -refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity -providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to -receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy -is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further -opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER -WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO -WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. -If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the -law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be -interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by -the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any -provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance -with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, -promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, -harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, -that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do -or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm -work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any -Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. - - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers -including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists -because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from -people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. -To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation -and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 -and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org - - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive -Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent -permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. -Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered -throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at 809 -North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email -contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the -Foundation's web site and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact - -For additional contact information: - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To -SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any -particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. -To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate - - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm -concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared -with anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project -Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. -unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily -keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: - - www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. - - - -</pre> - +<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 43928 ***</div> </body> </html> diff --git a/43928.zip b/43928.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index d8cb721..0000000 --- a/43928.zip +++ /dev/null |