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diff --git a/43928-8.txt b/43928-8.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 80d8f02..0000000 --- a/43928-8.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,4099 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The British Woodlice, by -Wilfred Mark Webb and Charles Sillem - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: The British Woodlice - Being a Monograph of the Terrestrial Isopod Crustacea - Occurring in the British Islands - -Author: Wilfred Mark Webb - Charles Sillem - -Release Date: November 1, 2013 [EBook #43928] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BRITISH WOODLICE *** - - - - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Quentin Campbell and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - -Transcriber's Note: Italic text is denoted by _underscores_ and bold -text by =equal signs=. - - - - -THE BRITISH WOODLICE. - - - - -This monograph first appeared in the "Essex Naturalist" (Volume XIV., -1905-6) and has been republished by special arrangement with the -Council of the Essex Field Club. - - - - -THE BRITISH WOODLICE. - -BEING - -A MONOGRAPH OF THE TERRESTRIAL ISOPOD CRUSTACEA - -OCCURRING IN THE BRITISH ISLANDS. - -BY - -WILFRED MARK WEBB, F.L.S., - -_Lecturer on Biology and Nature Study to the Surrey County Council, -Honorary Secretary of the Selborne Society, Sometime, Senior Assistant -Lecturer on Biology to the Essex County Council, and Editor of the -Journal of Malacology, Joint Author of_ "Eton Nature Study and -Observational Lessons." - -AND - -CHARLES SILLEM. - -WITH TWENTY-FIVE PLATES AND FIFTY-NINE FIGURES IN THE TEXT. - - LONDON: - DUCKWORTH & CO., - 3, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN. - 1906. - - - - -PREFACE. - - -In Professor Sars' "Crustacea of Norway," quite a number of the British -species of woodlice are figured in detail and described in English, but -few copies of this fine work are to be met with in our country. The -Rev. Canon Norman has from time to time published notes on the British -species in "The Annals and Magazine of Natural History;" these are, -however, scattered, and contain but few figures, while other literature -that exists is out of date. Under these circumstances, we have thought -that the following account and figures of all the British species would -be useful to those anxious to work at the woodlice, and might also -encourage others to pay attention to the distribution and habits of the -interesting tribe to which they belong. - -The writers would welcome any corrections or additions in view of a -second edition. - - W.M.W. - C.S. - -ODSTOCK, HANWELL, _December, 1905_. - - - - -CONTENTS. - - - PAGE - - Introduction 1 - Geological history 1 - External structure and appendages 2 - Alimentary canal 6 - Circulatory system 7 - Excretory system 7 - Nervous system 8 - Reproductive organs 8 - Development 9 - Habits and Economic considerations 12 - Local names 15 - Methods of collections and preservation 16 - Classification 17 - Scheme of classification and synopsis of generic characters 18 - British Species 19 - Section--Ligiæ 19 - Family--Ligiidæ 19 - Genus--Ligia Fabricius 19 - _Ligia oceanica_ Linzé 19 - Genus--Ligidium Brandt 21 - _Ligidium hypnorum_ Cuvier 21 - Family--Trichoniscidæ 22 - Genus--Trichoniscus Brandt 22 - _Trichoniscus pusillus_ Brandt 22 - _Trichoniscus vividus_ Koch 23 - _Trichoniscus roseus_ Koch 24 - Genus--Trichoniscoides, Sars 25 - _Trichoniscoides albidus_ Budde-Lund 25 - Genus--Haplophthalmus Schobl 26 - _Haplophthalmus mengii_ Zaddach 26 - _Haplophthalmus danicus_ Budde-Lund 27 - Family--Oniscidæ 27 - Genus--Oniscus Linné 27 - _Oniscus asellus_ Linné 27 - Genus--Philoscia Latreille 29 - _Philoscia muscorum_ Scopoli 29 - _Philoscia couchii_ Kinahan 30 - Genus--Platyarthrus Brandt 30 - _Platyarthrus hoffmannseggii_ Brandt 30 - Genus--Porcellio Latreille 32 - _Porcellio scaber_ Latreille 32 - _Porcellio pictus_ Brandt and Ratzeburg 33 - _Porcellio dilatatus_ Brandt 33 - _Porcellio rathkei_ Brandt 34 - _Porcellio laevis_ Latreille 35 - _Porcellio ratzeburgii_ Brandt 36 - Genus--Metoponorthus Budde-Lund 37 - _Metoponorthus pruinosus_ Brandt 37 - _Metoponorthus cingendus_ Kinahan 38 - Genus--Cylisticus Schnitzler 38 - _Cylisticus convexus_ De Geer 39 - Family--Armadillidiidæ 40 - Genus--Armadillidium Brandt 40 - _Armadillidium nasatum_ Budde-Lund 40 - _Armadillidium vulgare_ Latreille 41 - _Armadillidium pulchellum_ Zencker 42 - _Armadillidium depressum_ Brandt 43 - Distribution of species 43 - Conclusion 43 - Bibliography 49 - - - - -LIST OF FIGURES. - - -PLATES I.-XXV. with a List, will be found at the end of the Book. - - -FIGURE. PAGE. - - 1. Parts of the body (_Oniscus asellus_) 2 - 2. The first antenna (_Oniscus asellus_) 2 - 3. The second antenna (_Oniscus asellus_) 3 - 4. The underside of the head (_Oniscus asellus_) 3 - 5. The mandibles (_Oniscus asellus_) 4 - 6. The first maxillae (_Oniscus asellus_) 4 - 7. The second maxillae (_Oniscus asellus_) 4 - 8. The fused maxillipeds (_Oniscus asellus_) 4 - 9. The "upper lip" (_Oniscus asellus_) 5 - 10. The "lower lip" (_Oniscus asellus_) 5 - 11. A typical thoracic segment (_Oniscus asellus_) 5 - 12. The fifth thoracic segment of a female - (_Oniscus asellus_) 5 - 13. The underside of the abdomen of a female - (_Oniscus asellus_) 6 - 14. A typical abdominal appendage - (_Oniscus asellus_) 6 - 15. The first abdominal appendage of the male - (_Oniscus asellus_) 6 - 16. The second abdominal appendage of the male - (_Oniscus asellus_) 6 - 17. The alimentary canal (_Oniscus asellus_) 7 - 18. The circulatory system (_Oniscus asellus_) 7 - 19. The nervous system (_Oniscus asellus_) 8 - 20. Female reproductory organs (_Oniscus asellus_) 8 - 21. The male reproductory organs (_Oniscus asellus_) 9 - 22. The fertilized egg (_Porcellio scaber_) after Roule 10 - 23. The fertilized egg seen in section - (_Porcellio scaber_) after Roule 10 - 24 to 31. The development of a woodlouse - (_Porcellio scaber_) after Roule 10 - 32. Embryo of the woodlouse showing the three divisions of the - intestine separately developed (_Porcellio scaber_) - after Roule 11 - 33. Embryo of the woodlouse showing traces of the segments - (_Porcellio scaber_) after Roule 11 - 34. An embryo woodlouse ready to be hatched - (_Porcellio scaber_) after Roule 11 - 35. Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of - _Ligia oceanica_ 12 - 36. Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of - _Ligidium hypnorum_ 13 - 37. Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of - _Trichoniscus pusillus_ 23 - 38. Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of - _Trichoniscus vividus_ 24 - 39. Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of - _Trichoniscus roseus_ 24 - 40. Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of - _Trischoniscoides albidus_ 25 - 41. Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of - _Haplophthalmus mengii_ 26 - 42. Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of - _Haplophthalmus danicus_ 27 - 43. Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of - _Oniscus asellus_ 28 - 44. Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of - _Philoscia muscorum_ 29 - 45. Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of - _Philoscia couchii_ 30 - 46. Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of - _Platyarthrus hoffmannseggii_ 31 - 47. Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of - _Porcellio scaber_ 32 - 48. Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of - _Porcellio pictus_ 33 - 49. Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of - _Porcellio dilatatus_ 34 - 50. Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of - _Porcellio rathkei_ 35 - 51. Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of - _Porcellio laevis_ 35 - 52. Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of - _Porcellio ratzeburgii_ 36 - 53. Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of - _Metoponorthus pruinosus_ 37 - 54. Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of - _Metoponorthus cingendus_ 38 - 55. Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of - _Cylisticus convexus_ 39 - 56. Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of - _Armadillidium nasatum_ 40 - 57. Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of - _Armadillidium vulgare_ 41 - 58. Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of - _Armadillidium pulchellum_ 42 - 59. Flagellum and last peduncular joint of the antenna of - _Armadillidium depressum_ 43 - - - - -THE BRITISH WOODLICE. - - -=Introduction.=--Having finished a somewhat exhaustive list of the land -and fresh-water molluscs of Essex,[1] one of the present writers felt -that if he were to make any further contributions of importance to a -knowledge of the fauna of that interesting county, he must turn his -attention to some other group of animals. It seemed most fitting that -some creatures should be chosen which are commonly met with during the -search for molluscs. Centipedes, millepedes, and woodlice fulfilled -these conditions, and all were collected, but as only seventeen -species of woodlice had at the time been found in England, it was -deemed advisable to study these in detail to begin with. The present -contribution is the result of the undertaking, and we have thought that -a general consideration of the British Woodlice, with careful drawings -from nature of all the species now known from this country, ought to -lead to a more general study of these interesting creatures and their -habits. - -=Position in the scheme of classification.=--The Woodlice belong to -an immense group of invertebrate animals known as the Arthropoda, the -bodies of which are segmented and provided with jointed appendages for -purposes of walking, swimming, and feeding. Of this group, two large -divisions are recognized. The first contains the forms which breathe -by means of air-tubes, such as the Insects; and the second has been -constituted for Crustacea, which breathe by means of gills. The latter -are, of course, adapted more especially for a life in water, but here -and there we come across examples so modified that they can exist in -air. The land-crabs are a case in point, and so are the Woodlice. These -belong to an order which contains many fresh-water and marine species, -known as the Isopoda. - -=Geological history.=--The known history of the order is a long one, -for remains occur in the Old Red Sandstone (Devonian) of Herefordshire, -and in the Coal Measures. (79)[2]. A form which has been named -_Archæoniscus brodiei_, and is said to be referable to the recent -family Aegidae which is found in some numbers in the Purbeck Beds -(Upper Jurassic), of this country (47). Fossil Isopods have also been -recorded from the Oolite and from the Oligocene (Isle of Wight). - -Turning to the Woodlice proper, we find that they first make their -appearance in the Miocene (of Oenigen and Baden), and occur also -in amber (79); while examples of genera, such as _Oniscus_ and -_Porcellio_, have been discovered in late Tertiary deposits (47). - -=External structure and appendages.=--Woodlice agree in being of a -somewhat oval form, and their bodies are arched, the curve varying in -different genera and species. A _head_ is to be distinguished; behind -this comes the _thorax_ of seven segments which are often considerably -broader than the six succeeding ones which form the _abdomen_ (see fig. -1.) - -[Illustration: FIG. 1.--PARTS OF THE BODY. (_Oniscus asellus._)] - -The head carries two _large antennae_ (fig. 3) which are very evident, -and a careful search with a lens will reveal a second and minute pair -(the _smaller antennae_) situated between the base of the others, and -really anterior to them. (figs. 2 and 4.) - -[Illustration: FIG. 2.--THE FIRST ANTENNA. (_Oniscus asellus._)] - -The larger antennae are customarily bent at certain points, and we can -distinguish a terminal part, or _flagellum_, and a basal part, the -_peduncle_ (fig. 3). The number of joints in these structures, which -varies in different genera and species, forms a useful classificatory -character, and the relative length of the component parts is of -considerable value in distinguishing species. - -[Illustration: FIG. 3.--THE SECOND ANTENNA. (_Oniscus asellus._)] - -There are four pairs of mouth appendages--namely the jaws or -_mandibles_ (fig. 5), the _first maxillae_ (fig. 6), the _second -maxilla_ (fig. 7), and the _maxillipeds_ (fig. 8). When the head is -examined from the underside the last of these organs will be seen -first, covering in the others. - -[Illustration: FIG. 4.--THE UNDERSIDE OF THE HEAD. (_Oniscus -asellus._)] - -A small median plate attached to the front of the head has been called -"_the upper lip_" (fig. 9), while inside the mouth appendages is a -little bilobed structure "_the lower lip_" (fig. 10). - -[Illustration: FIG. 5.--THE MANDIBLES. (_Oniscus asellus._)] - -Before leaving the external features of the head, we must allude to -the pair of _eyes_ which are usually present, though never raised on -stalks. In the Common Woodlouse (_Oniscus asellus_, from which all -our figures to illustrate structure have been made), as in many other -species, the eyes are compound (fig. 4), but in some forms these are -simple. - -[Illustration: FIG. 6.--THE FIRST MAXILLAE. (_Oniscus asellus._)] - -[Illustration: FIG. 7.--THE SECOND MAXILLAE. (_Oniscus asellus._)] - -[Illustration: FIG. 8.--THE FUSED MAXILLIPEDS. (_Oniscus asellus._)] - -Each of the seven joints of the thorax bears a pair of _walking legs_ -(fig. 11), and in the female at the time when the eggs are laid, a pair -of plates (fig. 12) arises on segments II. to V. These plates together -form a brood pouch, in which the eggs are carried (fig. 12) until -they are hatched, and in which the young ones remain for some time -afterwards. - -When we examine the abdomen, we find that the appendages are -plate-like, with the exception of the last pair (fig. 13), and they all -agree in having two divisions, an arrangement which would prove awkward -in limbs used for walking or feeling. - -[Illustration: FIG. 9.--THE "UPPER LIP." (_Oniscus asellus._)] - -[Illustration: FIG. 10.--THE "LOWER LIP." (_Oniscus asellus._)] - -[Illustration: FIG. 11.--A TYPICAL THORACIC SEGMENT. (_Oniscus -asellus._)] - -[Illustration: FIG. 12.--THE FIFTH THORACIC SEGMENT OF A FEMALE. -(_Oniscus asellus._)] - -The inner plate (or endopodite) is in structure a _gill_, but the blood -that passes through it, is enabled to take up oxygen from moist air, -while the outer division (or exopodite) acts as a protecting cover -(fig. 14). In _Porcellio_, air-tubes (_tracheae_) may be present (see -below). - -[Illustration: FIG. 13.--THE UNDERSIDE OF THE ABDOMEN OF A FEMALE. -(_Oniscus asellus._)] - -In the male, the first two pairs of abdominal appendages are specially -modified, the inner divisions (endopodites) being long and pointed -(figs. 15 and 16). The last pair, or tail appendages, in the male are -often considerably larger than in the female, and the form of these -structures is sometimes of value in classification. - -[Illustration: FIG. 14.--A TYPICAL ABDOMINAL APPENDAGE. (_Oniscus -asellus._)] - -[Illustration: FIG. 15.--THE FIRST ABDOMINAL APPENDAGE OF THE MALE. -(_Oniscus asellus._)] - -[Illustration: FIG. 16.--THE SECOND ABDOMINAL APPENDAGE OF THE MALE. -(_Oniscus asellus._)] - -=Alimentary canal.=--The main portion of the alimentary system is, -practically speaking, a straight tube (fig. 17). Its first part (not -shown in the figure) is a narrow gullet, which after passing through -the nerve collar dilates to form a sort of stomach. Into this the -secretion of four digestive glands is poured by two ducts. These glands -have a somewhat striking appearance, being yellow tubes spirally -coiled, and they end blindly. From the stomach the intestine runs to -the hinder end of the body and passes under the heart. - -=Circulatory system.=--The blood being aërated in the abdominal -appendages, we find that the heart is situated towards the hinder end -of the body (fig. 18). Three main arteries supply the thorax and head, -while the blood is brought from the gills to the heart. - -=Excretory system.=--The excretory organs consist of a (_a_) pair of -so-called "shell glands," which are considered to be the equivalents -of the excretory tubes or nephridia of annelid worms. In the woodlouse -these excretory organs open on the second pair of maxillae. They are -composed of a tube (_sacculus_) closed at one end and more or less bent -upon itself (5, p. 261) which communicates with a _labyrinth_ that -is provided with an excretory orifice. Matters are eliminated by the -_epithelial cells_ [the histology has been described and figured in -_Ligidium hypnorum_ (66)], which are very large in _Ligia oceanica_. - -[Illustration: Fig. 17.--THE ALIMENTARY CANAL. (_Oniscus asellus._)] - -[Illustration: Fig. 18.--THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM. (_Oniscus asellus._)] - -(_b_) Masses of cellules in the head, very greatly developed in _Ligia -oceanica_ (but numbering scarcely more than ten in _Oniscus asellus_), -which have no external opening. They also function as excretory organs -(5, p. 263), and have been called "cephalic nephrocytes." - -[Illustration: FIG. 19.--THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. (_Oniscus asellus._)] - -(_c_) Other "branchial nephrocytes" are situated on the dorsal surface -between the last thoracic and the first abdominal segments, as well as -between those that follow, with the exception of the last two; they are -in distinct patches, one on each of the middle line in _Ligia_, but -more or less continuous in _Oniscus_ (5, p. 265). - -(_d_) The digestive glands have also been shown to be excretory (5, p. -270). - -=Nervous system.=--The nervous system consists of _paired ganglia_ -in the head, above the alimentary canal which send off nerves -(_commissures_) that meet below, to form a _double nerve cord_ with -ganglia at intervals (see fig. 19). - -[Illustration: FIG. 20.--FEMALE REPRODUCTORY ORGANS. (_Oniscus -asellus._)] - -=Reproductive organs.=--In the female there are a pair of _ovaries_ in -the positions shewn in fig. 20; and _ducts_ run to the underside of the -fifth thoracic segment. - -The openings are very difficult to identify, and Lereboullet (39, p. -113) was unable to find them. It is obvious that the openings must be -underneath the plates that form the egg pouch, and as a change of skin -is required to set these free, it would appear that at ordinary seasons -the ducts from the ovaries are closed. The writers have been able to -determine from external examination of specimens which had moulted and -were about to lay eggs, that the oviducts at such time open to the -inside of the base of each walking leg on the fifth segment. In similar -specimens the oviducts were also followed to the opening from within. -The _brood pouch_ has already been described. - -The male organs consist of six _testes_ arranged in two pairs, each -of which is provided with a _reservoir_ (see fig. 21). The efferent -ducts from the two reservoirs unite at the base of the thorax to form a -common duct (or "penis"). - -[Illustration: FIG. 21.--THE MALE REPRODUCTORY ORGANS. (_Oniscus -asellus._)] - -=Development.=--The eggs, in the common species of woodlice, at -least, are laid at the beginning of summer, and are retained in the -brood pouch, where they undergo their development. The process has -been recently traced with great care by Professor Louis Roule (58) in -_Porcellio scaber_ and the description which follows is based upon his -researches. - -As, practically speaking, the larval stages are passed within the egg, -and there is no free embryo differing in form from the parent, it is -necessary for the young creatures to be well supplied with nutritive -material. In fact, the bulk of the large egg is made up of _food-yolk_, -on the outside of which the _formative protoplasm_ is disposed in -irregular patches. In the fertilized ovum, one of the latter, which -lies in a particular position at the end, is found to be larger than -the others (see fig. 22). It contains the nucleus of the egg-cell (see -fig. 23) and is called the _cicatricula_. This is the only portion of -the egg which divides and produces _nucleated cells_. It is these which -gradually spread all over the surface of the food-yolk, forming a layer -known as the _blastoderm_, which is at first but one cell thick (see -figs. 24, 26, and 28). - -Before, however, the food-yolk is quite closed in, a differentiation -into two layers--the _pro-ectoderm_ and _pro-endoderm_--takes place -(see fig. 25) and rudiments of the first two pairs of _appendages_ -appear (see fig. 26). Moreover, the cells of the ectoderm change their -shape and begin to multiply at two points to form the beginnings of the -cerebral ganglia and the nerve cord respectively. - -[Illustration: FIG. 22.--THE FERTILIZED EGG (_Porcellio scaber_), AFTER -ROULE.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 23.--THE FERTILIZED EGG SEEN IN SECTION (_Porcellio -scaber_), AFTER ROULE.] - -As the blastoderm closes over the food-yolk, two more appendages arise -and these are soon followed by others (see fig. 28). A depression -appears at the point where the blastoderm closed and internally the -pro-endoderm or inner layer is differentiated into two--the _endoderm -proper_ and the _mesoderm_ (see fig. 29). The former begins to grow -so that its edges unite to form the middle part of the intestine (see -fig. 29) seen from the outside in fig. 30. The depression already -mentioned grows deeper, forming a tube which is the hind portion of the -_intestine_, while at the anterior end of the embryo the front part of -the intestine is similarly formed (see fig. 30). By this time also all -the nineteen appendages have made their appearance and the mesoderm, -(which has grown considerably, to form the beginnings of the muscles) -has sent prolongations into each of them. About this time, spaces (see -fig. 31) are formed in the muscular mesoderm which are all that remain -of the _true body cavity_ characteristic of animals above the level of -the jelly fish, and in these spaces the blood ultimately circulates. - -_SURFACE VIEWS._ - -[Illustration: FIG. 24.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 26.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 28.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 30.] - -_OPTICAL SECTIONS._ - -[Illustration: FIG. 25.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 27.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 29.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 31.] - -THE DEVELOPMENT OF A WOODLOUSE (_Porcellio scaber_), AFTER ROULE. - -Figs. 24, 26, 28, 30, are Surface Views, and figs. 25, 27, 29, 31, -which indicate slightly later stages respectively than the others, are -of egg seen in Optical Section. - -The body next alters somewhat in shape and the three divisions of -the intestine approach one another (see fig. 32) previous to their -junction. As may be imagined during these processes the food-yolk has -gradually been used up and the space which it occupied taken by the -internal organs, which we have mentioned. - -[Illustration: FIG. 32.--EMBRYO OF THE WOODLOUSE SHOWING THE THREE -DIVISIONS OF THE INTESTINE SEPARATELY DEVELOPED (_Porcellio scaber_), -AFTER ROULE.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 33.--EMBRYO OF THE WOODLOUSE SHOWING TRACES OF THE -SEGMENTS (_Porcellio scaber_), AFTER ROULE.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 34.--AN EMBRYO WOODLOUSE READY TO BE HATCHED -(_Porcellio scaber_), AFTER ROULE.] - -In the last stages of the development the appendages become larger -still, the _heart_ makes its appearance, segmentation of the body is -completed, and except that the seventh pair of walking legs are as yet -rudimentary the woodlouse is completed. It is only after hatching that -the pair of legs mentioned, attain to their normal length. - -The process of segmentation of the egg and the formation of its layers -lasts about a fortnight, while the completion of the development -proceeds much more rapidly, for another three weeks bring it to an end. - -After the first moult or change of skin the last pair of walking -legs makes its appearance, and Mr. James B. Casserley [whose work -one of us (75) has described elsewhere] found when keeping a number -of the common pill-woodlouse (_Armadillidium vulgare_) in captivity -that his specimens did not subsequently change their skins more than -once in the six months during which he had them under observation. He -also noted that the crustaceans go on growing after they are sexually -mature. As his specimens grew older, Mr. Casserley noticed that their -colour became darker, and a curious point recorded by him is that two -examples of the same age may change their skins at the same time, -and while one may have afterwards nearly twice as many markings, on -the other very few at all will be seen. The time required for the -growth of a woodlouse from the size of a pin's head to that of an -adult example--say three-quarters-of-an-inch long--must be fairly -considerable, taking into account the fact that any appreciable -increase in size can only occur at a moult and Mr. Casserley's -observations as to the infrequency of the process in _Armadillidium -vulgare_. (See p. 14.) - -=Habits and Economic Considerations.=--The construction of the -breathing organs of woodlice, and the necessity which exists for these -to be kept moist, restricts the habitats of the animals considerably. -Woodlice are found under stones and logs, beneath the bark of dead and -rotten trees, among decaying vegetable matter as well as living grass -and moss in damp or wet situations. When looking for some of the common -species under the bark of fallen trees it is surprising to notice that -the crustaceans may be entirely absent from many trunks, while when -another is examined which seems to differ very slightly, if at all, in -condition or situation, they are found in swarms. There is no doubt -but that the habits of woodlice would well repay the attention of -naturalists, who are now recognizing that besides anatomy as such, and -the classification which a knowledge of structure permits, there is the -equally important consideration of the creatures as they live their own -life and affect that of others. It is not our object to give a detailed -account of the ecology of British woodlice, but rather to provide a -basis from which it may be approached. Nevertheless a few general -remarks may not come amiss. Many points in the life-history of woodlice -may no doubt be learned by keeping them in captivity and there is just -sufficient difficulty in doing this successfully to give an interest to -the matter. - -Apart from a supply of proper food, we take it that the chief object to -be attained is the provision of the amount of moisture required by the -particular species under examination, together with a sufficient supply -of air. - -A great many interesting observations can be thus carried out, such -as those of Mr. Casserley, to which allusion has already been made. -The process of moulting for instance is well worth watching, and -although specimens with half their coat changed may be found in remote -corners, yet the whole course of the moult can be seen much better -in the case of captive woodlice. The following account is taken from -Mr. Casserley's description (75) of what happens in the case of -_Armadillidium vulgare_:--The approach of the moult is indicated by -the appearance of a white border on each segment of the body, which -becomes gradually more marked, while at the same time the animal is -seen to be less active and often makes a small burrow in which to -hide. Sometimes a sheltered corner against a stone is looked upon as -affording sufficient protection, but in either case each woodlouse -keeps to the place originally chosen. About ten days after the white -lines have become visible the animal appears to be divided into two. -Its skin is becoming loose and little movement can take place at the -joints of its body with the exception of that between the fourth and -fifth thoracic segments where the skin will ultimately break. The -woodlouse spends a day or two in this condition and then, by suddenly -walking forward, frees itself from the covering of the hinder portion -of its body. The three last pairs of walking legs are carefully pulled -out from the old skin, which now appears perfectly white, and at the -same time the lining of the hind portion of the alimentary canal (hind -gut) is also shed. After putting the tender half of his body well into -his corner or burrow the woodlouse proceeds to eat the part of his skin -that he has cast. The creature has now a very odd appearance. His front -half with the exception of the white edges is as it was before, the -rest of him instead of a light slaty blue, and is very soft as well as -proportionately a little larger. - -In three days or so the tail end becomes hard and attains the normal -colour. Then the old skin from the front half is pushed off and the -creature becomes practically defenceless, so much so in fact, that any -of his species that happen to find him will attack him and eat all his -front half, rejecting, however, his now hardened tail-end. - -Provided that the moulting woodlouse has survived (and in captivity, to -ensure this, he must be isolated), after three days his jaws will be -sufficiently hardened to allow of his eating, and usually he first of -all devours the second half of his cast skin. The operation of moulting -does not occupy quite so long a time in the case of young examples. -Specimens half-an-inch long do not moult more than once in six months -and show but little increase in size after the process. - -Woodlice do not appear to live on either animal or vegetable food -alone, but adopt a mixed diet. It is, however, owing to their attacks -upon cultivated plants that the creatures are looked upon as pests by -the horticulturalist. The animals feed either in the night or in the -very early morning, on seedlings, orchid tubers, mushrooms, or anything -that comes to hand. Few of the accounts, however, of their ravages, -mention that the crustaceans have been caught absolutely in the act -of doing the damage ascribed to them. Some careful inquiries have -nevertheless enabled us to discover several observers who have watched -woodlice feeding. Mr. F. V. Theobald, of Wye College, and one of the -students at Swanley Horticultural College are among the number. The -former has also given us an account of the methods, out of many tried, -which he has found most successful for getting rid of the crustaceans. -Out of doors trapping with moss, sacking or horse-dung is best. In -glass houses, fumigation with hydro-cyanic acid gas has cleared them -out, and poison baits, especially potatoes cut and soaked in white -arsenic, have done some good. Stable manure is especially favourable to -these creatures, particularly when it is used "long": in this condition -it should therefore be avoided. - -It is interesting to note how the woodlice in winter simply remain -where they happen to be so long as there is sufficient moisture, though -they are ready to run about as rapidly, for a time, as in summer, -should they happen to be disturbed. - -No doubt many points of inter-relation between woodlice and other -animals remain to be discovered. Mr. John W. Odell tells us that on -Exmoor, in the open, he found no _Armadillidia_, though other forms -occurred under nine out of every ten stones that he turned over, and -here the smaller species of ants also abounded. Close to stone walls -_Armadillidia_ were to be seen to the exclusion of all other genera, -and this state of affairs was ascribed by Mr. Odell to the presence of -swarms of the large wood-ants which he considers would make short work -of any woodlice that could not protect themselves by rolling up. - -We ought not to conclude this account without mentioning the fact that -woodlice once played an important part in medicine. - -Doctor Fernie (28) gives some interesting extracts with regard to the -hog-louse and the woodlouse. The latter he seems to have identified -quite correctly as _Oniscus asellus_. He calls the former, however, -indiscriminately, "the common armadillo" (which is the old name for -the pill-woodlice now known as _Armadillidium_), "the pill millipede" -and "_Glomeris marginata_." The last two names are those of another -creature, not a crustacean, which when it is rolled up can be very -easily mistaken for an _Armadillidium_, though, when it uncurls, it -will be seen to have many more than seven pairs of legs. The local -appellations applied to the hog-louse by Doctor Fernie, and his remarks -with regard to its commonness, tend to show that it is _Armadillidium -vulgare_, to which he really refers, and the use of which in medicine -was commonly general. - -Hog-lice were prescribed for scrofulous diseases and obstructions of -the liver and digestive organs, among other things, and the London -College of Physicians directed that the creatures should be prepared -by suspending them in a thin canvas bag placed within a covered vessel -over the steam of hot spirit or wine, so that being killed by the -spirit they might become friable. Hog-lice and Woodlice were also -administered alive, while the former were also put down the throats of -cows "to promote the restoration" of their cud, hence their name of -"cud-worm." There seems to be considerable evidence that even in modern -times Woodlice have had considerable remedial effect which depends upon -"an alkalescent fluid" contained in them. - -=Local Names.=--Among the local names by which these creatures are -known are those of "sow bug," "lucre pig" (Berkshire), "carpenter" -and "chiselhog" (Berkshire). Doctor Fernie (28) gives a number of -others:--"thrush-louse," "tiggyhog," "cheslip," "kitchenball," -"chiselbob," "lugdor," "palmer," and "cudworm." In the eastern -counties the same writer notes that they are known as "old-sows" or -"St. Anthony's hogs" while the Welsh call them "little grey-hogs," "the -little old women of the wood" or "grammar-sows," grammar signifying -a shrivelled up old dame. _Oniscus asellus_ was sometimes called -"socchetre," "church louse," and "chinch." - -=Methods of Collection and Preservation.=--Woodlice should be collected -straightway into tubes or bottles half filled with 30 per cent. -methylated spirit.[3] Woodlice dropped into this weak spirit become -gradually narcotised and die, and they remain limp enough for purposes -of examination or to allow, of their legs and antennæ being set out -during the process of mounting. Specimens to be kept permanently should -be placed in 70 per cent. alcohol. For storage purposes the specimens -of each species from a given locality should be put together into a -small flat bottomed tube such as is used for pillules by apothecaries -or specially made for natural history purposes. A paper label on -which the name, locality, date of capture and any other necessary -particulars have been written with dark lead pencil, is not affected by -the spirit. The tubes may be corked, though if not frequently examined -all the spirit may evaporate, and cause the specimens to be spoilt. A -safer method is to plug the tubes with cotton wool and keep all those -containing a given species or specimens from a particular locality -beneath the surface of spirit in a large wide-mouthed bottle, into -which first of all some cotton wool has been put to prevent the tubes -from coming into sudden contact with the glass at the bottom. For show -purposes in museums, specimens taken direct from 30 per cent. spirit -should be mounted on slips of opal glass by means of gum-tragacanth -which has been powdered and shaken up in spirit before having water -added to it. The slips can be exhibited in glass tubes, six inches high -by one across, or in narrow stoppered museum jars. A variation of the -method is to mount the animals on clear glass and to place behind them -another strip of any colour that may be preferred. - -=Classification.=--The various genera of woodlice are connected -together so closely, by intermediate forms, that their division into -families is, to a very great extent, arbitrary. Bate and Westwood -described but a single family Oniscidæ (I), though they distinguished -two sub-families:--Ligiinæ, which included the forms with many joints -to the flagellum of the antenna, and Oniscinæ, which contained the rest. - -Since then the pill-woodlice have been thought by some to be -sufficiently different from the other genera to warrant their -separation, and three families namely, Ligiidæ, Oniscidæ, and -Armadillidæ have been recognized, as for instance by Dr. Scharff (63). - -A fourth family--Trichoniscidæ--has been added by Professor G. O. Sars, -who in his _Crustacea of Norway_ (59) alludes to the division of the -tribe into the sections Ligiæ and Onisci and has adopted the following -classification:-- - -_Order_--=ISOPODA.= - -_Tribe_--ONISCOIDA. - - _Family I._--LIGIIDAE. - _Ligia._ - _Ligidium._ - - _Family II._--TRICHONISCIDÆ. - _Trichoniscus._ - _Trichoniscoides._ - _Haplophthalmus._ - - _Family III._--ONISCIDÆ. - _Oniscus._ - _Philoscia._ - _Platyarthrus._ - _Porcellio._ - _Metoponorthus._ - _Cylisticus._ - - _Family IV._--ARMADILLIDIIÆ. - _Armadillidium._ - -All the genera described by Professor Sars are represented in the -British Islands. - - * * * * * - -Below is a scheme of classification and synopsis of the characters of -British genera of woodlice which we have compiled in order to render -easy the determination of the genus to which any particular specimen -may belong. - -_SCHEME OF CLASSIFICATION AND SYNOPSIS OF GENERIC CHARACTERS._ - -_Order_--=ISOPODA.= - -_Tribe_--ONISCOIDA. - - -_Section I._--=LIGIÆ.= - - _The Two Divisions of the Tail Appendages alike in Shape._ - - (A.)--Flagellum with 10 or more joints; tail - appendages wholly visible; head without - lateral lobes LIGIIDAE. - (1.)--Abdomen broad; body large; - habitat, the sea-shore _Ligia._ - (2.)--Abdomen narrow; habitat, wet - moss _Ligidium._ - - (B.)--Flagellum with less than 10 joints; head - with small lateral lobes, tail appendages - partly covered TRICHONISCIDÆ. - (3.)--Abdomen narrow; eyes compound; - flagellum usually with more - than 3 joints _Trichoniscus._ - (4.)--Abdomen narrow; eyes simple or - wanting; flagellum with 4 joints _Trichoniscoides._ - (5.)--Abdomen broad (comparatively); - eyes simple; back with - longitudinal ridges; flagellum - with 3 joints _Haplophthalmus._ - - -_Section II._--=ONISCI.= - - _The Outer Divisions of the Tail Appendages Broader than the Inner._ - - (A.)--Tail appendages projecting when the animal - is walking ONISCIDÆ. - (a.)--Unable to roll up into a complete ball. - (6.)--Flagellum with 3 joints; abdomen - broad; head, with lateral lobes _Oniscus._ - (7.)--Flagellum with 3 joints; abdomen - narrow; head without lateral - lobes _Philoscia._ - (8.)--Flagellum with 1 joint; eyes - wanting; abdomen broad; habitat, - ant's nests _Platyarthrus._ - (9.)--Flagellum with 2 joints; abdomen - broad; frontal lobe projecting _Porcellio_. - (10.)--Flagellum with 2 joints; abdomen - narrow _Metoponorthus._ - (b.)--Able to roll up into a complete ball. - (11.)--Flagellum with 2 joints; antennae - folded together over the thorax - when the animal is rolled up - into a ball _Cylisticus._ - - (B.)--Tail appendages not projecting when the - animal walking ARMADILLIDIIDÆ. - (12.)--Flagellum with 2 joints; antennae - hidden or carried at the sides - of the head when the animal is - rolled up into a ball _Armadillidium._ - -=British Species.=--Naturalists in this country paid little attention -to the recognition or description of Woodlice, until the latter half of -the nineteenth century. - -In 1857 Kinahan read a paper before the British Association (32) in -which he described fourteen species of woodlice from the British -Islands, and eleven years later when Bate and Westwood published -their book (1), the number had risen to seventeen. One of the species -(_Oniscus fossor_), however, was doubtful, and although Dr. Scharff -in 1894 (63) rejected it, his list contained also seventeen species, -for in the meantime the Rev. T. R. R. Stebbing had found _Ligidium -hypnorum_ in Surrey (70). - -Since then the Rev. Canon Norman, Dr. Scharff, the Rev. T. R. R. -Stebbing, and one of the present writers, have added other species, as -will be seen from the following pages, in which all those found, up to -the present time in the British Islands are described and figured. - -We shall now consider in detail the British genera and species of -woodlice and give their synonymy and distribution. - -_Order_--=ISOPODA.= - -_Tribe--ONISCOIDA._ - - -_Section_--=LIGIÆ.= - -THE TWO DIVISIONS OF THE TAIL APPENDAGES ALIKE IN SHAPE. - -_Family_--LIGIIDÆ. - -=Flagellum with ten or more joints; tail appendages wholly visible; -head without lateral lobes.= - -_Genus_--=LIGIA= Fabricius, 1798 (27), p. 301. - -_Abdomen broad; body large; habitat, the sea-shore._ - -The genus _Ligia_ agrees with _Ligidium_ alone, in that the flagellum -of the larger antennæ has more than ten joints. In both genera, there -are no lateral lobes to the head, and the tail appendages are wholly -visible from the upper surface of the body. The latter in _Ligia_ is, -however, very many times bigger than in _Ligidium_ and shows no abrupt -decrease in the width of its segments when the abdomen is reached. - -=Ligia oceanica= Linné (The Quay-louse). PLATE I. - - 1767 _Oniscus oceanicus_ Linné (43), p. 1061. - 1793 _Cymothoa oceanica_ Fabricius (26), p. 509. - 1815 _Ligia scopulorum_ Leach (38), p. 374. - 1868 _Ligia oceanica_ Bate and Westwood (1), p. 444. - 1898 _Ligia oceanica_ Sars (59), 156, pl. LXX. - -There is but one British species of _Ligia_, and this, the largest -member of the whole tribe to be met with in these Islands, usually -attains a length of two centimetres, while adult males may be nearly -half as long again. It is the _Oniscus oceanicus_ of Linnæus and lives -on the sea shore, where it may be found at low tide beneath stones and -rubbish in the crevices of timber. _Ligia_ forms a connecting link -between the woodlice proper and the many Isopods which actually live in -the sea. - -The colour of the animals is a greenish grey, and the compound eyes -are almost black, so that they are very conspicuous; there are from -eleven to fourteen joints to the flagellum of the outer antennae and -this feature, taken in conjunction with the large size and habitat, is -sufficient to identify the species in question. - -On the coast of Essex the name "quay-lowders" is given to these -crustaceans, "lowder" being apparently an old plural of louse. - -[Illustration: FIG. 35.--FLAGELLUM AND LAST PEDUNCULAR JOINT OF THE -ANTENNA OF _Ligia oceanica_.] - -It is worthy of mention that Mr. Webb, when in charge of the Marine -Biological Station at Brightlingsea, examined a very large male -specimen of _Ligia oceanica_, in which the maxillæ were duplicated and -consisted of four pairs instead of two. - -_BRITISH LOCALITIES:--_ - - _England_: Brightlingsea; (W.M.W.): Maldon; (W.M.W. from R.M.): - Southend; (J.A.M.): Whitstable; (W.M.W.): Herne Bay; Margate; - Dover; Folkestone; (J.A.M.) - - _Scotland_: Shetland to Cornwall; (Norman, 49). - - _Ireland_: East Coast; West Glengariff; Castletown; Berehaven; - Bundoran; (Scharff, 63). - -_FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_ - - _Europe_: France; (25): Spain; (12): Denmark; Prussia; Norway; - Faroe Islands; Belgium; (59). - - _Africa_: Morocco; (16). - -_Genus_--=LIGIDIUM= Brandt, 1833 (3), p. 173. Zia, Koch (34). - -_Abdomen narrow; habitat, wet moss._ - -In _Ligidium_ there are numerous joints to the flagellum, lateral -lobes are absent from the head, and the tail appendages are completely -to be seen. All the segments of the abdomen are distinctly narrower -than those of the thorax and in this it agrees with _Trichoniscus_, -_Trichoniscoides_, _Philoscia_, and _Metoponorthus_. In these, however, -the flagellum has never more than seven joints, the tail appendages (as -in all genera but _Ligia_ and _Ligidium_) are partially hidden by the -last segment, and in all the four but _Philoscia_ there are lobes to -the head. - -=Ligidium hypnorum=, Cuvier. PLATE II. - - 1792 _Oniscus hypnorum_ Cuvier (9), pl. XXVI., figs. 3-5. - 1793 _Oniscus agilis_ Persoon, quoted by Koch in Panzer (51), - part 5, pl. XXIV. - 1830 _Ligia hypnorum_ Bosc (2), p. 179. - 1833 _Ligidium persoonii_ J. F. Brandt (3), p. 174, pl. IV., - figs. 6-7. - 1840 _Zia agilis_ Koch (34), part 34, pls. XXII. and XXIII. - 1844 _Ligidium personii_ Zaddach (77), p. 17. - 1853 _Ligidium personii_ Lereboullet (39), p. 14, pl. I., fig. 1, - pl. II., figs. 20-31. - 1857 _Ligidium personii_ Kinahan (32), p. 275, pl. XXI., fig. 14, - pl. XXII., fig. 9. - 1873 _Zia saundersii_ Stebbing (70), p. 286. - 1873 _Ligidium agile_ Norman (48), p. 419. - 1885 _Ligidium hypnorum_ Budde-Lund (8), p. 254. - 1898 _Ligidium hypnorum_ G. O. Sars (59), p. 158, pl. LXXI. - -This species, which like the last, is the only British representative -of its genus, was added to our fauna in 1873 by the Rev. Thomas R. R. -Stebbing (70) who found specimens in the neighbourhood of Copthorne -Common, Surrey. Up to the present time, when we are pleased to announce -that we discovered it in the spring of 1902 at Warley in Essex, -_Ligidium hypnorum_ has not been recorded from any other place in the -British Islands. - -[Illustration: FIG. 36.--FLAGELLUM AND LAST PEDUNCULAR JOINT OF THE -ANTENNA OF _Ligidium hypnorum_.] - -As the name of the species implies, it lives in wet situations and in -its turn connects _Ligia_ with the forms which inhabit drier places. -_Ligidium hypnorum_ might be mistaken for _Philoscia muscorum_, but as -already pointed out in the generic description, the latter has but a -few (three) joints to the flagellum, instead of from ten to thirteen. -From _Ligia_, the species under consideration is distinguished by its -small size, narrow abdomen, and habitat. - -_BRITISH LOCALITIES:--_ - - _England_: Warley, Essex; (W.M.W.): Copthorne Common, Surrey; - (Stebbing, 70). - -_FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_ - - _Europe_: France; (25): Sweden; Denmark; Germany; (59): Turkey; (8). - -_Family_--TRICHONISCIDÆ. - -=Flagellum with less than ten joints; head with lateral lobes; tail -appendages partly hidden.= - -_Genus_--=TRICHONISCUS= Brandt, 1833 (3), p. 174. - -_Abdomen narrow; eyes compound; flagellum, usually with more than three -joints._ - -In _Trichoniscus_ the flagellum may have from seven to four (rarely -three) joints. As in _Trichoniscoides_ and _Haplophthalmus_ there are -lateral lobes to the head, though these are not very pronounced; the -body is also of small size, the abdomen narrow with both divisions of -the tail appendages equally so, and almost of the same length though -slightly covered by the last segment. The compound eyes distinguish -_Trichoniscus_ from the two genera named, and from _Platyarthrus_, -while its small size and the character of its tail-parts mark it out -from all others. - -=Trichoniscus pusillus= Brandt. Plate III. - - 1833 _Trichoniscus pusillus_ Brandt (3), p. 174, pl. IV., fig. 9. - 1838 _Itea riparia_ Koch (34), part 22, pl. XVII. - 1844 _Itea lævis_ Zaddach (77), p. 16. - 1857 _Philougria celer_ Kinahan (32), p. 281, pl. XXII., figs. 1-4. - 1858 _Philougria riparia_ Kinahan (33), pp. 191 and 198, pl. XXIII., - fig. 1. - 1868 _Philougria riparia_ Bate and Westwood (1), p. 456. - 1898 _Trichoniscus pusillus_ Sars (59), p. 161, pl. LXXII., fig. 1. - -This tiny species is found commonly amongst the roots of the herbage in -very moist places. It presents a horny translucent appearance and is -of a reddish brown colour. It runs with considerable speed, and when -it is moving, the white irregular lines with which it is beset are -not evident. _Trichoniscus pusillus_ is very much like _Trichoniscus -vividus_ in colour but the latter species is nearly twice as big and -has from five to seven joints to the flagellum, while the former has -never more than four. _Trichoniscus roseus_ is also much larger and -its bright red colour (which it loses, however, when preserved in -alcohol) is another means of distinguishing it from the species under -consideration. - -Professor Sars in his _Crustacea of Norway_ (p. 162) describes from -Christiania, under the name of _Trichoniscus pygmæus_, a still smaller -species. As this may possibly be discovered in this country a brief -comparison between it and _Trichoniscus pusillus_ may be of value. -The former reaches a length of but two millimetres; it is "whitish, -semi-pellucid with a few light brown pigmentary ramifications across -the segments and a double row of irregular opaque patches along the -middle of its back" (p. 163). Its body is covered with minute tubercles -and there are only three joints to the flagellum; its movements are by -no means rapid. - -[Illustration: FIG. 37.--FLAGELLUM AND LAST PEDUNCULAR JOINT OF THE -ANTENNA OF _Trichoniscus pusillus_.] - -The body of _Trichoniscus pusillus_ is smooth and polished. It has four -joints to the flagellum--Dr. Scharff (63) says three or four--and it -moves quickly. - -_BRITISH LOCALITIES:--_ - - _England_: Brightlingsea; Warley; (W.M.W.): Epping Forest; (Bate - and Westwood, 1): Hanwell; Southall; Kew Gardens; Langley; Burnham - Beeches; Dropmore; Skirmett; Bluebell Hill, Maidstone; (W.M.W.): - Chislehurst; Plymouth; Polperro; Looe; (Bate and Westwood, 1): - Hertfordshire; Northumberland; Durham; (Norman, 49): Exeter; - (Parfitt, 53). - - _Scotland_: Edinburgh; (Scott, 68): Cumbrae; (Robertson, 57). - - _Ireland_: Connemara; (Norman, 49): Dublin; Wexford; Cork and - Kerry; (Percival Wright _teste_ Bate and Westwood, 1): Tyrone; - Waterford; Portlaw; Kilkenny; Wicklow; (Kinahan, 33). - -_FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_ - - _Europe_: France; (25): Spain; (15): Italy; (19): Norway; Sweden; - Denmark; Germany; (59). - - _Africa_: Algeria; Tunis; Azores; (24). - - _America_: Niagara; North America; (59). - -=Trichoniscus vividus=, Koch. PLATE IV. (from a spirit specimen). - - 1840 _Itea vivida_ Koch (34), part 34, pl. IV. - 1858 _Philougria vivida_ Kinahan (33), pp. 197 and 198, pl. XXIII., - fig. 2. - 1868 _Philougria vivida_ Bate and Westwood (1), Vol. II., pp. 458 - and 459, figs. - -This species is claret-brown in colour and under a lens it is seen -to be marbled with white, indeed in appearance it is much like -_Trichoniscus pusillus_ though twice the size. There are important -differences between the two species as regards the number of joints to -the flagellum. These vary from five to seven in _Trichoniscus vividus_ -while in the other, as already pointed out, there are not more than -four. The body is practically speaking smooth for it bears only very -small tubercles, widely separated. In _Trichoniscus vividus_ the -antennæ lack the bristles which characterise those of the other species -in the genus. The species under consideration was discovered by Dr. -Kinahan in March, 1858, at Portlaw, Co. Waterford and is active even -amongst the snow. - -[Illustration: FIG. 38.--FLAGELLUM AND LAST PEDUNCULAR JOINT OF THE -ANTENNA OF _Trichoniscus vividus_.] - -_BRITISH LOCALITIES:--_ - - _Ireland_: Portlaw, Co. Waterford; (Kinahan, 33): Cappagh, Co. - Waterford; (Scharff, Irish Nat., Vol. IX., p. 158): Borris, Co. - Carlow; (Scharff, 64.) - -_FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_ - - _Europe_: Spain; (12). - -=Trichoniscus roseus= Koch. PLATE V. - - 1838 _Itea rosea_ Koch (34), part 122, pl. XVI. - 1858 _Philougria rosea_ Kinahan (33), pp. 197 and 199, pl. XXIII., - fig. 3. - 1858 _Philougria rosea_ Bate and Westwood (1), p. 460. - 1898 _Trichoniscus roseus_ Sars (59), p. 163, pl. LXXIII., fig. 1. - -The third British species of _Trichoniscus_ is of a deep pink colour -and has a light yellow stripe down the back (in some habitats the -animals are said to be quite white). Arranged in transverse rows upon -the body are large tubercles, each of which under strong magnification -will be found to end in a tiny hair. It is distinguished from -_Trichoniscus pusillus_ by the larger size of its body, which is -also comparatively broader, and from _Trichoniscus vividus_ by the -four joints of the flagellum of its antennæ which latter have strong -bristles upon them. In the former species there are five or more joints -to the flagellum and the antennæ, though hairy, lack the bristles. -_Trichoniscus roseus_ is to be looked for in old gardens. - -[Illustration: FIG. 39.--FLAGELLUM AND LAST PEDUNCULAR JOINT OF THE -ANTENNA OF _Trichoniscus roseus_.] - -_BRITISH LOCALITIES:--_ - - _England_: Warley; (W.M.W.): Maldon; (W.M.W. from R.M.): Stanmore; - Hanwell; Ealing; Wimbledon; (W.M.W.): Berkhamsted; Torquay; - (Norman, 49): Plymouth; (Bate and Westwood, 1 and B.M.,): - Grassendale, near Liverpool; (R.W.): Newtownards; (R.W., Irish - Nat, 1904, p. 260.) - - _Scotland_: Tarbert; (Scot, 68). - - _Ireland_: Dublin; Ballyfinder, Co. Down; (Scharff, 63): - Templeogue; Dundrum; Blackrock; Rathgar, Co. Dublin; Bray, Co. - Wicklow; (R.F.S.): Oakleigh; Kerry; (R.W.): Belfast; (Welch, Irish - Nat., 1896, p. 213.): At the grave of Josiah Welch (grandson of - John Knox), Castle Upton; Richhill, Co. Armagh; Castleconnell - Ferry; (R.W.): Glenade House, Co. Antrim; (R.W. from R. Ll. - Praeger). - -_FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_ - - _Europe_: France; (25): Spain; (12): Italy; (59): Denmark; - Germany; Holland; (39): Dalmatia; (18). - - _Africa_: Algeria; Tunis; (24). - -_Genus_--=TRICHONISCOIDES=, Sars, 1898 (59), p. 164. - -_Abdomen narrow; eyes simple; (or wanting); flagellum, with four -joints._ - -The members of this genus are very much like those of _Trichoniscus_. -In the latter, however, the hinder legs are longer in proportion and -the eyes are compound. - -=Trichoniscoides albidus= Budde-Lund. PLATE VI. - - 1879 _Trichoniscus albidus_ Budde-Lund (7) p. 9. - 1898 _Trichoniscoides albidus_ Sars (59), p. 165, pl. LXXIII., - fig. 2. - -[Illustration: FIG. 40.--FLAGELLUM AND LAST PEDUNCULAR JOINT OF THE -ANTENNA OF _Trichoniscoides albidus_.] - -We are able to include this species, as a specimen was found by Mr. -Webb at Eton Wick in the summer of 1899. It is one of a number of -species which the Rev. Canon Norman (49, p. 18) suggested as likely to -be British. It is the only representative of its genus, which does not -differ in any very important characters from the others in the family. -The narrow elongated body will serve to separate it from _Trichoniscus -vividus_ and _Trichoniscus roseus_, but on account of its size, which -is much the same as that of _Trichoniscus pusillus_ and the two British -species of _Haplophthalmus_, it will be advisable to give some further -points of distinction. From the first its white colour will serve -to differentiate it; the other two lack the narrow abdomen seen in -_Trichoniscoides albidus_. Moreover, not one of the three shows the -serrations on the side plates which characterise the species under -consideration. _Platyarthrus hoffmannseggii_ is small and white and -the edges of its side plates are toothed, but it is oval in shape, -possesses no eyes, and its stout antennæ have but a single joint to the -flagellum instead of four. On the Continent this species has been found -in rich soil. - -_BRITISH LOCALITIES:--_ - - _England_: Eton; (Stebbing, 71a): Sunderland; (Brady, 50a). - - -_FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_ - - _Europe_: France; Wimereux and Lyons, Forêt (25): Norway; - Denmark; (59). - -_Genus_--=HAPLOPHTHALMUS= Schöbl, 1850 (66), p. 449. - -_Abdomen broad (comparatively); eyes simple; flagellum with three -joints; back with longitudinal ridges._ - -The body of _Haplophthalmus_ is long in proportion to its width, but -there is no abrupt decrease in the breadth of the abdomen as seen in -_Trichoniscus_ and _Trichoniscoides_. The eyes are simple as in the -latter genus and the lateral lobes of the head are rather large, while -the side plates of the body are well separated. - -=Haplophthalmus mengii= Zaddach. PLATE VII. - - 1844 _Itea mengii_ Zaddach (77), p. 16. - 1860 _Haplophthalmus elegans_ Schöbl (66), p. 449. - 1885 _Haplophthalmus mengii_ Budde-Lund (8), p. 250. - 1898 _Haplophthalmus mengii_ Sars (59), p. 167, pl. LXXIV., - fig. 1. - -The Rev. Canon Norman discovered two specimens of this species in -Ireland in June, 1900 (50); in the previous year one of us (Mr. Webb) -found a single example at Eton Wick. - -The main differences between the members of this genus and their allies -are set forth in the generic description and incidentally elsewhere, so -we shall content ourselves with giving the distinctive points of the -two British species. _Haplophthalmus mengii_ has a number of raised -longitudinal ribs on each segment of the thorax, the outer ridges being -somewhat broken. There are also two prominent ribs upon the third -segment of the abdomen. - -[Illustration: FIG. 41.--FLAGELLUM AND LAST PEDUNCULAR JOINT OF THE -ANTENNA OF _Haplophthalmus mengii_.] - -_BRITISH LOCALITIES:--_ - - _England_: Eton; (Stebbing, 71a): Sunderland; (Brady, 50a). - - _Ireland_: Corcumroe Abbey; Co. Clare (Norman, 50). - -_FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_ - - _Europe_: France; (25): Norway; Prussia; Germany; Bohemia; (59). - -=Haplophthalmus danicus= Budde-Lund. PLATE VIII. - - 1870 _Haplophthalmus elegans_ Budde-Lund (6), p. 228 - (not _Haplophthalmus elegans_ Schöbl). - 1879 _Haplophthalmus danicus_ Budde-Lund (7), p. 9. - 1881 _Haplophthalmus mengii_ Weber (76), p. 192, pl. V., figs. 7-9 - (not _Itea mengii_ Zaddach). - 1885 _Haplophthalmus danicus_ Budde-Lund (8), p. 250. - 1898 _Haplophthalmus danicus_ Sars (59), p. 168, pl. LXXIV., fig. 2. - -This species was added to the British list by the Rev. Canon Norman -(49), who found a colony in his garden at Berkhamsted. It has rows of -tubercles on its thorax instead of ridges, and there are no ribs at all -upon the abdomen. The front of the head projects further comparatively -and forms a more acute point than in _Haplophthalmus mengii_ and it is -not so purely white in colour as the latter species. - -[Illustration: FIG. 42.--FLAGELLUM AND LAST PEDUNCULAR JOINT OF THE -ANTENNA OF _Haplophthalmus danicus_.] - -_BRITISH LOCALITIES:--_ - - _England_: Warley Place; (W.M.W. from Miss Willmott): Queen's - Cottage, Kew Gardens; Stanmore; Hanwell, garden at Odstock, - Bennett's Nurseries; (W.M.W.): Berkhamsted; (Norman, 49): - Sunderland; (Brady, 50a). - -_FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_ - - _Europe_: France; (25): Denmark; Holland; Germany; (Dollfus, Feu - de Jeun, Nat., April, 1896): Norway; (Sars, 59). - - -_Section_--=ONISCI.= - -THE OUTER DIVISIONS OF THE TAIL APPENDAGES BROADER THAN THE INNER ONES. - -_Family_-ONISCIDÆ. - -=Tail appendages projecting when the animal is walking.= - - (1.) Unable to roll up into a complete ball. - -_Genus_-=ONISCUS= Linné 1746 (41), p. 360. - -_Flagellum, with three joints; abdomen broad; head with lateral lobes._ - -The characters given above taken in conjunction with the size of the -animals will serve to distinguish the members of this genus. - -=Oniscus asellus= Linné (The "Common Slater.") PLATE IX. - - 1761 _Oniscus asellus_ Linné (41), p. 500, No. 2058. - 1792 _Oniscus murarius_ Cuvier (9), p. 22, pl. XXVI. - 1838 _Oniscus fossor_ Koch (34), part 22, pl. XXII. - 1868 _Oniscus asellus_ Bate and Westwood (1), p. 468. - 1868 _Oniscus fossor_ Bate and Westwood (1), pp. 471-2. - 1898 _Oniscus asellus_ Sars (59), p. 171, pl. LXXV. - -_Oniscus asellus_ is one of the largest of our woodlice and it is also -probably the commonest, though _Porcellio scaber_ is in many places -quite as abundant. The body of _Oniscus_ is broad and expanded and the -colour is usually a slate grey with yellowish markings more or less -regularly arranged. - -From the genus _Porcellio_ the species with which we are concerned -is at once distinguished by the three jointed flagellum. _Porcellio_ -has but two joints and has, besides, a prominent lobe projecting from -the middle of the head, which is not seen in _Oniscus_. _Philoscia_, -although it has three joints to the flagellum, has a narrow abdomen -and lacks entirely the lateral lobes which are a feature of the other -genera of Oniscidæ. - -_Oniscus fossor_ of Koch (34) was recognized by Kinahan and by Bate and -Westwood as a species. Dr. Scharff submitted specimens to Professor -Budde-Lund who found no differences between them and _Oniscus asellus_. -The former (63) mentions, however, that the characteristics of the -supposed species are those of young examples of _Oniscus asellus_, and -Professor Sars (59, p. 173) seems to be of the same opinion. Many young -examples of _Oniscus asellus_ that we have examined have a curious -whitish transverse band owing to the light colour of the dorsal plates -of the first abdominal segments. The flagellum also does not seem to -shew in young animals a distinct division into three joints. - -[Illustration: FIG. 43.--FLAGELLUM AND LAST PEDUNCULAR JOINT OF THE -ANTENNA OF _Oniscus asellus_.] - -_BRITISH LOCALITIES:--_ - - _England_: High Beach, Epping, including an albino; Maldon; - Brightlingsea; Iver; Hanwell; Eton; Kew; Pamber Forest; - Kingston-on-Soar; Bluebell Hill, Maidstone; (W.M.W.): - Lynmouth; (W.M.W. from J.T.C.). - - _Scotland_: (Scharff, 63). Dinnet, Aberdeenshire; (W.M.W. from - Madame Christen). - - _Ireland_: (Scharff, 63). Yellow form with black spots, Donegal (R.W.) - -_FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_ - - _Europe_: Almost throughout; (12): France; (25): Spain; (12): - Sweden Norway; Denmark; Germany; Holland; Italy; Iceland; (59): - Faroe Islands; Thorsharn; (R.F.S.) - - _Africa_: Azores; (24). - - _America_: Greenland; (59): North America; (Budde-Lund). - -_Genus_--=PHILOSCIA= Latreille, 1804 (37), p. 43. - -_Flagellum with three joints; abdomen narrow; head without lateral -lobes._ - -If any further differences of an obvious kind be required to -distinguish _Philoscia_ from _Oniscus_, one at least will be found in -the much greater development of the hinder legs in the former genus. - -=Philoscia muscorum= Scopoli. PLATE X. - -[Not of Lereboullet, which is an _Oniscus_, see Bate and Westwood (1).] - - 1763 _Oniscus muscorum_ Scopoli (67), p. 415. - 1793 _Oniscus sylvestris_ Fabricius (26), p. 397. - 1793 _Oniscus agilis_ Koch in Panzer (51), part 9, pl. XXIV. - 1833 _Philoscia marmorata_ Brandt (3), p. 183. - 1838 _Ligia melanocephala_ Koch (34), part 22, pl. XVIII. - 1847 _Zia melanocephala_ Koch (38), part 40, pl. I. p. 212. - 1868 _Philoscia muscorum_ Bate and Westwood (1), p. 450. - 1898 _Philoscia muscorum_ Sars (59), p. 174, pl. LXXVI., fig. 1. - -This species lives chiefly at the roots of grass and under the stones -or sticks that lie among it. _Philoscia muscorum_ has a very smooth and -shining body, and its long legs enable it to move very rapidly. The -ground colour of its dorsal surface varies from light yellow to deep -brown. There are characteristic dark markings down the middle of the -thorax and on the sides, between which are lighter patches. In dark -coloured specimens the markings are by no means so evident. - -[Illustration: FIG. 44.--FLAGELLUM AND LAST PEDUNCULAR JOINT OF THE -ANTENNA OF _Philoscia muscorum_.] - -_BRITISH LOCALITIES:--_ - - _England_: High Beach, Epping; Warley; (W.M.W.): Maldon; (W.M.W. - from R.M.): Kew; Langley; Hanwell, yellow variation; Bluebell - Hill, Maidstone; (W.M.W.): Liphook; (C.S.): Pamber Forest; - Kingston-on-Soar; (W.M.W.) - - _Scotland_: (Scott, 68). - - _Ireland_: Almost throughout; (Scharff, 63). - -_FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_ - - _Europe_: France; (25): Spain; (12): Sicily; (19): Hertsogovinia; - (22): Sweden; (21): Norway; Denmark; Prussia; Germany; Holland; - Poland; Austria; Italy; (59): Sardinia; (21). - - _Africa_: Algeria; Tunis; (24). - -=Philoscia couchii= Kinahan. PLATE XI. - - 1858 _Philoscia couchii_ Kinahan (33), p. 195, pl. XXIII., fig. 4. - 1868 _Philoscia couchii_ Bate and Westwood (1), p. - 1885 _Ligidium couchii_ Budde-Lund (8), p. 257. - 1885 _Philoscia longicornis_ Budde-Lund (8), p. 221. - 1897 _Philoscia couchii_ Dollfus (21), p. 72, pl. I., fig. 1. - -_Philoscia couchii_ is an inhabitant of the sea-side; it is smaller -than the last species, its colour to the naked eye is a uniform -lead-grey, and its antennæ are very large (compared with its size) and -hairy. - -This species was discovered by Professor Kinahan when in the company of -Messrs. Bate and Westwood near Polperro in Cornwall in the year 1858, -and dried specimens presented by him are in the British Museum (Natural -History). - -_BRITISH LOCALITIES:--_ - - _England_: Talland Cove; Polperro; (Bate and Westwood, 1): Salcombe, - Devon; (Norman, 49): Meadefoot, Torquay; (Stebbing in 49). - -_FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_ - - _Europe_: France; (25): Spain; (12): Sicily; (19): Sebastopol; - (Norman, 49). - - _Africa_: Azores; Canaries; Morocco; Algiers; Tunis: Egypt - Senegal; (24). - - _Atlantic Isles_: Canaries; Azores; (21). - - _Asia_: Syracuse; Bazone (18). - -[Illustration: FIG. 45.--FLAGELLUM AND LAST PEDUNCULAR JOINT OF THE -ANTENNA OF _Philoscia couchii_.] - -_Genus_--=PLATYARTHRUS= Brandt, 1833 (3), p. 174. - -[_Typhloniscus_ Schöbl (66), p. 279.] - -_Flagellum with one joint; eyes wanting; abdomen broad; habitat, ants' -nests._ - -The broad body, which is much flattened, and the very thick -antennæ distinguish _Platyarthrus_ from the other small woodlice -(Trichoniscidæ). - -=Platyarthrus hoffmannseggii= Brandt. PLATE XII. - - 1833 _Platyarthrus hoffmannseggii_ Brandt (3), p. 174, pl. IV., - fig. 10. - 1844 _Itea crassicornis_ Koch (34), part 36, pl. V. - 1860 _Typhloniscus steinii_ Schöbl (66), p. 282. - 1868 _Platyarthrus hoffmannseggii_ Bate and Westwood (1), p. 464. - 1898 _Platyarthrus hoffmannseggii_ Sars (59), p. 175, pl. LXXVI., - fig. 2. - -Up to the present this is the only woodlouse which has been found in -the nests of British ants. It is small and oval, its colour is white, -and its body is covered with tubercles. The edges of its side plates -are toothed, its flagellum has but a single joint and it has no eyes. - -Miss Kate Hall tells us that, if very hungry, ants in captivity will -kill and eat _Platyarthrus_. With regard to its own food, Lord Avebury -has favoured us with the opinion that it lives on the spores of the -lower plants, such as would be found in the ants' nest. - -[Illustration: FIG. 46.--FLAGELLUM AND LAST PEDUNCULAR JOINT OF THE -ANTENNA OF _Platyarthrus hoffmannseggii_.] - -_BRITISH LOCALITIES:--_ - - _England_: Warley; Hanwell; West Drayton; Langley; - Kingston-on-Soar; Bluebell Hill, Maidstone; (W.M.W.): Berkhamsted; - Salcombe; Devon; Cheddar Cliffs, Somerset; (Norman, 49): Ide, near - Exeter; (Parfitt, 53): Torquay; (Stebbing in 49); Lulworth Cove; - (Rev. A. R. Hogan _teste_ Bate and Westwood, 1): Hammersmith; - Oxford; Berry Head, Torquay; Plymouth; (Bate and Westwood, 1): In - the nest of _Myrmica rubra_, Newton Ferrers (E. E. Lowe). - - _Scotland_: Banff; (Thomas Edward in 49). - - _Ireland_: Leixlip, Co. Dublin; Lismore, Co. Waterford; Glengariff, - Co. Cork; (Scharff, 63): Bagenalstown, Co. Carlow; (64). - -_FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_ - - _Europe_: France; (28): Spain; (12): Denmark; Germany; Holland; - Bohemia; Austria; Tyrol; Helvetia; (59). - - * * * * * - - NOTE.--In the genera which follow, air-tubes or air-cavities - (tracheæ) are present in the outer plates of the abdominal - appendages, 1 and 2, or 1 to 5. The appendages in question have - in consequence a milk-white appearance in the living animal - owing to the fact that the enclosed air reflects white light. - Considerable interest attaches to the study of these tracheæ, - which have the same function as those of insects, but which have - been independently developed. To emphasise the latter fact the - structures are often termed "pseudotracheæ." - -_Genus_--=PORCELLIO= Latreille, 1804 (37), p. 45. - -_Flagellum, with two joints; abdomen, broad; frontal lobe projecting._ - -_Porcellio_ is easily separated from the previous genera--_Oniscus_, -_Philoscia_, and _Platyarthrus_--by its two-jointed flagellum. The -fact that the abdomen is not abruptly narrowed separates it from -_Metoponorthus_, which also lacks the prominent frontal lobe so -characteristic of _Porcellio_. The species of this genera might be -confused with _Cyclisticus_ which has two joints to the flagellum and -a broad abdomen, but the latter genus has the power of rolling itself -into a ball, while its frontal lobe is very small, and the first -segment of its thorax is comparatively larger than in any species of -_Porcellio_. - -=Porcellio scaber= Latreille. PLATE XIII. - - 1804 _Porcellio scaber_ Latreille (37), p. 45. - 1818 _Oniscus granulatus_ Lamark (36), p. 261. - 1818 _Porcellio nigra_ Say (62), p. 432. - 1840 _Porcellio brandtii_ Milne-Edwards (46), p. 168. - 1840 _Porcellio dubius_ Koch (34), part 34, pl. VIII. - 1847 _Porcellio asper_ Koch (35), p. 207, pl. VIII., fig. 98. - 1857 _Porcellio montezumæ_ Saussure (60), p. 207. - 1865 _Porcellio paulensis_ Heller (31), p. 136, p. XII., fig. 5. - 1868 _Porcellio scaber_ Bate and Westwood (1), p. 475. - 1876 _Porcellio graniger_ Miers (44), p. 223. - 1885 _Porcellio graniger_ Budde-Lund (8), p. 149. - 1898 _Porcellio scaber_ Sars (59), p. 176, pl. LXXVII. - -The body of _Porcellio scaber_ is densely covered with tubercles. Its -colour is usually of a very dark grey, but at times it is quite red or -variegated with yellow. Albino specimens have been recorded. The two -joints of the flagellum are of the same length and together equal that -of the last joint of the peduncle. Air-tubes are present in the outer -plates of the first two abdominal appendages. - -[Illustration: FIG. 47.--FLAGELLUM AND LAST PEDUNCULAR JOINT OF THE -ANTENNA OF _Porcellio scaber_.] - -_BRITISH LOCALITIES:--_ - - _England_: High Beach, Epping; Warley; Brightlingsea; (W.M.W.): - Maldon; (W.M.W. from R.M.): Langley; Kew; Skirmett; Pamber Forest; - (W.M.W.): Liphook; (C.S.): Stoke-on-Trent; Kingston-on-Soar; - (W.M.W.) - - _Scotland_: Dinnet (W.M.W. from Madame Christen). - - _Ireland_: Common everywhere; (Scharff, 63.) - -_FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_ - - _Europe_: Throughout; (59): France; (28): Spain; (15): Iceland; - (59): Faroe Isles--Thorsharn and Naalsoe--(R.F.S. and B.M., N. - Annadale). - - _America_: Greenland; North America; Sandwich Isles; (B.M.); - Mexico; (59): St. Paul; St. Croix; (59); Ascension; Tristan - d'Acunha; (23) - - _Asia_: Ceylon; Kamtschatka: (23). - - _Australia_: Melbourne; Sydney; Tasmania; New Zealand; (B.M., - Chilton). - - _Africa_: Azores; Canaries; Cape of Good Hope; (24). - -=Porcellio pictus= Brandt and Ratzeburg. PLATE XIV. - - 1833 _Porcellio pictus_ Brandt and Razteburg (4), p. 78, pl. 12, - fig. 5. - 1839 _Porcellio melanocephalus_ Koch (34), part 28, pl. XVIII. - 1853 _Porcellio melanocephalus_ Schnitzler (65), p. 24. - 1856 _Porcellio mixtus_ Fitch (29), p. 120. - 1868 _Porcellio pictus_ Bate and Westwood (1), p. - 1898 _Porcellio pictus_ Sars (59), p. 177. pl. LXXVII., fig. 1. - -There are tubercles on the body of _Porcellio pictus_, which is a -striking looking animal. Its head is black with the lateral lobes -curved outwards; there is a dark band down the middle of the back and -commonly two others on each side, with more or less conspicuous yellow -markings between. - -The distal (terminal) joint of the flagellum is but half the length of -the proximal one and the last peduncular joint is longer than the two -combined. - -The abdominal appendages--1 and 2--are provided with air-tubes. - -[Illustration: FIG. 48.--FLAGELLUM AND LAST PEDUNCULAR JOINT OF THE -ANTENNA OF _Porcellio pictus_.] - -_BRITISH LOCALITIES:--_ - - _England_: Maldon; (W.M.W. from R.M.): Chislehurst; (Bate and - Westwood, 1): Cooper's Hill, near Cheltenham; (Norman, 49): - Exeter; (Parfitt, 53): Kent; (Bate and Westwood, 1.) - - _Scotland_: Between Leith and Portobello; (Scott, 68): Cumbrae - (Scott, 68a): Ayrshire; (Boyd in Norman, 49): Banff; (T. Edwards - in Norman, 49). - - _Ireland_: Dublin; Belfast; (Bate and Westwood, 1): Galway; - Maryborough; Queen's Co., Castel; and Caher Co. Tipperary; (R.F.S.) - -_FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_ - - _Europe_: France; (25): North, West-Central, and East Europe; (8): - Sweden; Norway; Denmark; Germany; Hungary; Russia; (59). - - _North America_: (8). - -=Porcellio dilatatus= Brandt. PLATE XV. - - 1833 _Porcellio dilatatus_ Brandt and Ratzeburg (4), p. 78, pl. 12., - fig. 6. - 1840 _Porcellio scaber_ Milne-Edwards (not Latreille) (46), p. 167. - 1868 _Porcellio dilatatus_ Bate and Westwood (1), p. - 1898 _Porcellio dilatatus_ Sars (59), p. 179, pl. LXXVII., fig. 2. - -The fact that _Porcellio dilatatus_ is more than half as broad as it is -long, at once distinguishes it from the other species of _Porcellio_. -It is tuberculated and of somewhat a lighter grey than _Porcellio -scaber_ usually is. The two species agree in having the two joints of -the flagellum equal, but the last peduncular joint, as in _Porcellio -pictus_, is longer than the flagellum. - -As in the two preceding species, air-tubes are found in the outer -plates of the appendages on the first two abdominal segments. -_Porcellio dilatatus_ is to be looked for near houses. - -[Illustration: FIG. 49.--FLAGELLUM AND LAST PEDUNCULAR JOINT OF THE -ANTENNA OF _Porcellio dilatatus_.] - -_BRITISH LOCALITIES:--_ - - _England_: Maldon; (W.M.W. from R.M.): Eton; (Stebbing from - W.M.W., 71a): Berkhamsted; (Norman, 50): Headley, Surrey; Ventnor; - (Stebbing in Norman, 49). - - _Ireland_: Dublin; (Scharff, 63): Dundrum; (Scharff in Norman, - 50): Galway; Roundstone; (R.F.S.): Belfast; (C. W. Buckle, Irish - Nat., Vol. XI. (1902), p. 43). - -_FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_ - - _Europe_: France; (25): Spain; (12 ): Denmark; Norway; Germany; - Poland; Holland; (59). - - _Africa_: Madeira; Azores; (24). - - _Australia_: New Guinea; (59). - -=Porcellio rathkei= Brandt. PLATE XVI. - - 1833 _Porcellio rathkei_ Brandt (3), p. 177, fig. 10. - 1833 _Porcellio ferrugineus_ Brandt (3), p. 178. - 1840 _Porcellio trilineatus_ Koch (34), part 34, pl. IX. - 1853 _Porcellio trivittatus_ Lereboullet (39), p. 54, pl. I., - figs. 13 and 14. - 1853 _Porcellio tetramoerus_ Schnitzler (65), p. 24. - 1853 _Porcellio striatus_ Schnitzler (65), p. 24. - -There is often a light band down the back and one on either side of it -near the margin in _Porcellio rathkei_ (especially in the males), with -other more irregularly arranged light patches between. Unlike the three -species previously considered, the present one has a smooth body. The -distal joint of the flagellum is the longer, and the flagellum itself -is equal in length to the last joint of the peduncle. - -Some specimens found by Mr. Webb in 1899 at Eton were submitted to Mr. -Stebbing, and since then the former has found _Porcellio rathkei_ to -be pretty generally distributed in West Middlesex, where the species -appears to frequent the open fields. - -Air-tubes occur in abdominal appendages 1 to 5 and the white appearance -of all of these at once serves to distinguish the living animal from -_Porcellio scaber_ in which the first two pairs of abdominal appendages -alone are white. - -_BRITISH LOCALITIES:--_ - - _England_: Eton; (Stebbing, 71a): Lane End; (Stebbing, from the - Misses Johnston, 71a): Acton; Ealing; Hanwell; Southall; Northolt; - Greenford; West Drayton; Mortlake; (W.M.W.); Sunderland; (Brady, - 50a). - -_FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_ - - _Europe_: France; (25): Bosnia; Servia; (22): Hertzogovania - (B.M.); Norway; Northern, Western, and Middle Europe, everywhere; - (59): Corfu (B.M.) - - _Asia_: Transcaucasia; (59). - - _North America_: (59). - -[Illustration: FIG. 50.--FLAGELLUM AND LAST PEDUNCULAR JOINT OF THE -ANTENNA OF _Porcellio rathkei_.] - -=Porcellio laevis= Latreille. PLATE XVII. - - 1804 _Porcellio laevis_ Latreille (37), p. 46. - 1827 _Porcellio degeerii_ Savigny and Audouin (61), p. 289. - 1833 _Porcellio cucercus_ Brandt (3), p. 177. - 1833 _Porcellio syriacus_ Brandt (3), p. 178. - 1833 _Porcellio musculus_ Brandt (3), p. 180. - 1833 _Porcellio cinerascens_ Brandt (3), p. 178. - 1833 _Porcellio dubius_ Brandt (3), p. 178. - 1837 _Porcellio poeyi_ Guérin (30), p. 6. - 1844 _Porcellio urbicus_ Koch (34), part 36, pl. IV. - 1847 _Porcellio flavipes_ Koch (35), p. 206, pl. VIII., fig. 97. - 1853 _Cylisticus laevis_ Schnitzler (65), p. 25. - 1857 _Porcellio cubensis_ Saussure (60), p. 307. - 1857 _Porcellio sumichtasli_ Saussure (60), p. 307. - 1857 _Porcellio cotillæ_ Saussure (60), p. 307. - 1857 _Porcellio aztecus_ Saussure (60), p. 307. - 1857 _Porcellio mexicanus_ Saussure (60), p. 307. - -Another smooth species is _Porcellio laevis_. The colour of its body -is light grey with irregular white markings. The large size of this -species and the very long tail-appendages of the males are features -which will help to identify it. The distal joint of the flagellum is -slightly the longer and as in the last species (_P. rathkei_) the -flagellum is equal in length to the last joint of the peduncle. The -chief habitats for this species are among vegetable rubbish near human -dwellings. - -Only the first two abdominal appendages contain air-tubes. - -[Illustration: FIG. 51.--FLAGELLUM AND LAST PEDUNCULAR JOINT OF THE -ANTENNA OF _Porcellio laevis_.] - -_BRITISH LOCALITIES:--_ - - _England_: Maldon; (W.M.W. from R.M.): Ipswich (1892); Hanwell; - Wimbledon; (W.M.W.): Kent; (Kinahan, 32). - - _Ireland_: Dublin; (Bate and Westwood, 1): Blackrock Dundrum; Co. - Dublin; Galway; (R.F.S.) - -_FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_ - - _Europe_: France; (25): Spain; (15): Sicily; (19): Hertzogovania; - (22): Sweden; Denmark; Germany; Belgium; Austria; Italy; Dalmatia; - Greece; Turkey; (59); Corfu; (B.M.): Inca, Majorca (23); - (B.M.--Pocock and Thomas.) - - _Asia_: Syria; Turkestan; (21). - - _Africa_: Morocco; Algeria; Tunis; Tripoli; Senegal; Egypt; (23). - - _Atlantic Isles_: Bermudas; Azores; Canaries; Cape Vera; Madeira; - (24). - - _America_: North America; Mexico; Peru; Brazil; Chili; West - Indies; Pacific Islands; (59); Sandwich Isles; (B.M.) - -=Porcellio ratzeburgii= Brandt. PLATE XVIII. - - 1833 _Porcellio ratzeburgii_ Brandt, (3), p. 178. - 1839 _Porcellio nemorensis_ Koch (34), part 28, pl. XIX. - 1839 _Porcellio lugubris_ Koch (34), part 28, pl. XX. - 1853 _Porcellio quercum_ Schnitzler (65), p. 24. - 1898 _Porcellio ratzeburgii_ Sars (59), p. 182, pl. LXXX, fig. 1. - -There are granulations on the middle of the segments in _Porcellio -ratzeburgii_ and the sides of its body are more nearly parallel than -in the other species of _Porcellio_; the frontal lobe is, practically -speaking, semicircular and the lateral plates of the thorax flank the -head to a considerable extent. As in _Porcellio pictus_, the dark band -is in the middle of the back. The distal joint of the flagellum is -nearly twice as long as the proximal, and the flagellum is shorter than -the last joint of the peduncle. This species was added to the British -list by Mr. Webb (74) in 1898. - -_Porcellio ratzeburgii_ agrees with _Porcellio rathkei_ in having -air-tubes in the first five abdominal appendages. - -[Illustration: FIG. 52.--FLAGELLUM AND LAST PEDUNCULAR JOINT OF THE -ANTENNA OF _Porcellio ratzeburgii_.] - -_BRITISH LOCALITIES:--_ - - _England_: Warley; Brightlingsea; young examples (W.M.W.): Maldon; - young examples (W.M.W. from R.M.) - -_FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_ - - _Europe_: Trafoi St. Martini, and Capitello, in the Tyrol; - (Norman, 50); East Alps, very common; Val-de-Joux; Massif de la - Chartreuse Vaulnaveys (25): Bosnia; (22): Norway; Central Europe; - Upper Pfaltz; Bohemia; Saxony; Rhaetia; (59). - -_Genus_--=METOPONORTHUS= Budde-Lund, 1879 (7), p. 4. _Porcellionides_ -Miers, 1876 (44), p. 98. - -_Flagellum, with two joints; abdomen, narrow; frontal lobe not -developed._ - -The hinder legs of _Metoponorthus_ are proportionately longer than in -any other Oniscidæ save _Philoscia_. Both genera have a narrow abdomen, -but _Philoscia_ has an extra joint to the flagellum, and shows no sign -of lateral lobes to the head. - -=Metoponorthus pruinosus= Brandt. PLATE XIX. - - 1833 _Porcellio pruinosus_ Brandt (3), p. 181. - 1840 _Porcellio truncatus_ Milne-Edwards (46), p. 173. - 1840 _Porcellio maculicornis_ Koch (34), part 34, pl. XVI. - 1853 _Porcellio frontalis_ Lereboullet (39), p. 63, pl. I, fig. 17. - 1868 _Porcellio pruinosus_ Bate and Westwood (1), p. 487. - 1877 _Porcellio (Porcellioides) flavo-vittatus_ Miers (45), p. 669, - pl., LXVIII., fig. 4. - 1898 _Metoponorthus pruinosus_ Sars (59), p. 184, pl. LXXX., fig. 2. - -Undamaged specimens of _Metoponorthus pruinosus_ are of a beautiful -bluish-grey colour, owing to a "bloom" which is easily brushed off, -revealing a dark reddish-brown tint beneath it. The antennæ are long -and have white markings upon them. - -Air-tubes occur in the first two abdominal appendages. - -[Illustration: FIG. 53.--FLAGELLUM AND LAST PEDUNCULAR JOINT OF THE -ANTENNA OF _Metoponorthus pruinosus_.] - -_BRITISH LOCALITIES:--_ - - _England_: Maldon; (W.M.W. from R.M.): Hanwell; Eton Wick; Kew; - Ipswich; Stoke-on-Trent; (W.M.W.): Chiselhurst; Oxford; (Bate and - Westwood): Berkhamsted; Burnmoor; Durham; (Norman, 49): Exeter; - (Parfitt, 53); Torquay; (B.M.--T.R.R.S.) - - _Scotland_: Banff; (Thomas Edwards in Norman, 49) - - _Ireland_: Dublin; (Kinahan, 32): Foyle District; Donegal; Galway; - Clonbrock, Co. Galway; Mornington, Co. Meath; Santry; Gleeson - Park; Dundrum, Co. Dublin; Bray; (R.F.S.) - -_FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_ - - _Europe_: Practically all the Countries of Europe are given in - Dollfus' list; (23). - - _Asia_: Japan; China; Syria; Ceylon; Sumatra; Celebes; - Phillipines; Caucasus; Himalayas; (23): Christmas Island; (B.M.) - - _Africa_: Generally distributed; Madagascar; Seychelles; (23). - - _Atlantic Isles_; (23). - - _America_: North and South, almost everywhere, to judge from M. - Dollfus' list; (23). - - _Australia_: New Caledonia; (23). - -=Metoponorthus cingendus= Kinahan. PLATE XX. - - 1857 _Porcellio cingendus_ Kinahan (32), p. 279, pl. XIX., - figs. 1468-9. - 1868 _Porcellio cingendus_ Bate and Westwood (1), p. 489. - 1885 _Metoponorthus simplex_ Budde-Lund (8), p. 188. - -The colour of _Metoponorthus cingendus_ is steel blue with red or -yellowish spots. It has a raised line across each thoracic segment and -its abdomen is narrower than in _Metoponorthus pruinosus_. - -[Illustration: FIG. 54.--FLAGELLUM AND LAST PEDUNCULAR JOINT OF THE -ANTENNA OF _Metoponorthus cingendus_.] - -_BRITISH LOCALITIES:--_ - - _England_: Salcombe, Devon; (Norman, 49): South Devon; (Stebbing - in 49). - - _Ireland_: Dublin; (B.M. from Kinahan); Mountain Districts of - Dublin, Wicklow, and Cork; Coast of Kerry; Arran Islands; Achill, - Co. Mayo; Roundstone, Co. Galway; Mallow, Caef Island; Glandore; - Brock Haven, Co. Cork; Killoughrim Forest, Co. Wexford; Kenmare, - Co. Kerry; (R.F.S.). - -_FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_ - - _Europe_: France; (25): Spain; (12). - - (2.) Able to roll up into a ball. - -_Genus_--=CYLISTICUS= Schnitzler, 1853 (65), p. 24. - -_Flagellum, with two joints; abdomen broad; frontal lobe, very small._ - -The characters given immediately above are almost those of _Porcellio_ -with which _Cylisticus_ might, perhaps, be confounded. The latter -has the power, however, of rolling itself into a ball, and the first -segment of the thorax is comparatively larger than in any species of -_Porcellio_, indeed the side plates of the segment in question entirely -flank the head. These features, as well as the straight sides of the -body and the arched back, connect _Cylisticus_ with _Armadillidium_, -from which the former is, however, at once separated by its long -pointed tail appendages. - -=Cylisticus convexus= De Geer. PLATE XXI. - - 1778 _Oniscus convexus_ De Geer (10), p. 553, pl. XXXV., fig. 11. - 1833 _Porcellio spinifrons_ Brandt (3), p. 177. - 1836 _Porcellio laevis_ Koch (34), part 6, pl. I. - 1853 _Porcellio armadilloides_ Lereboullet (39), p. 65. pl. I., - fig. 18. - 1853 _Cylisticus laevis_ Schnitzler (65), p. 25. - 1868 _Porcellio armadilloides_ Bate and Westwood (1), p. 485. - 1898 _Cylisticus convexus_ Sars (59), p. 186, pl. LXXXI. - -There is but a single species of _Cylisticus_ found in this country, -so that it is not necessary for us to go into much further detail with -regard to it. _Cylisticus convexus_ has the two joints of the flagellum -about equal, and they together in turn closely approximate in length to -the last joint of the peduncle. Mr. Stebbing says, in a letter, that -British examples do not appear to have the "white tail-piece" seen in -Continental ones. It is not noticeable in the preserved specimens which -we have seen from Berkhamsted and Leixlip, but it is very evident in -the living ones found at Hanwell and Maidstone. - -The abdominal appendages 1 to 5 are provided with air-tubes. - -[Illustration: FIG. 55.--FLAGELLUM AND LAST PEDUNCULAR JOINT OF THE -ANTENNA OF _Cylisticus convexus_.] - -_BRITISH LOCALITIES:--_ - - _England_: Maldon; (W.M.W. from R.M.): Hanwell; Bluebell Hill, - Maidstone; Eton; (W.M.W.): Berkhamsted; Portland; (Norman, 49). - - _Scotland_: Salisbury Crags; Edinburgh; Lanarkshire; Rothesay; - (Scott, 68): Killwinning; (John Smith _fide_ Robertson, 57): - Highgate; (Bate and Westwood, 1). - - _Ireland_: Leixlip, Co. Dublin; Tempo, Co. Fermanagh; Goresbridge, - Co. Kilkenny; (R.F.S.) - -_FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_ - - _Europe_: France; (25): Sweden; Norway; Denmark; Germany; Bohemia; - Holland; Belgium; Turkey; Caucasus; (59). - - _North America_; (59). - -_Family_--ARMADILLIDIIDÆ. - -=Tail appendages not projecting when the animal is walking.= - -_Genus_--=ARMADILLIDIUM= Brandt, 1833 (3), p. 184. - -_Flagellum, with two joints; outer division of the tail appendages -expanded and broader at the hinder end._ - -The members of the genus _Armadillidium_ are more likely to be -confounded, by the uninitiated, with the "Pill-millipedes" than with -other Woodlice. Excepting _Cylisticus_ (which has long pointed tail -appendages) no other British forms have the power of rolling themselves -up into a complete ball. The very arched body is characteristic of -_Armadillidium_, and so is the groove into which the basal joints of -the antennæ fit when the creatures curl up. - -The first two abdominal appendages only are provided with air-tubes. - -=Armadillidium nasatum= Budde-Lund. PLATE XXII. - - 1885 _Armadillidium nasatum_ Budde-Lund (8), p. 51. - 1892 _Armadillidium nasatum_ Dollfus (14), p. 10, fig. 12. - 1899 _Armadillidium nasatum_ Norman (misprinted _Porcellidium_) (49), - p. 57. pl. VI., figs. 5-8. - -_Armadillidium nasatum_ has a narrow but very prominent frontal lobe, -which is almost square and curves somewhat upwards and backwards. The -joints of the flagellum are approximately equal, and are together of -the same length as the last peduncular joint. - -The telson is as long as it is broad at the base, and tapers to a -roundish point, while its sides are slightly incurved. - -[Illustration: FIG. 56.--FLAGELLUM AND LAST PEDUNCULAR JOINT OF THE -ANTENNA OF _Armadillidium nasatum_.] - -The outer divisions of the tail appendages are considerably longer than -broad, and are more or less paddle-shaped. - -It will be noticed that the slope from thorax to telson is more gentle -than in the common species, _Armadillidium vulgare_, and the first -thoracic segment is not so greatly developed. Consequently the species -which we are considering does not produce a perfect sphere, and the -antennæ are not hidden when it rolls up. It is interesting to compare -this species with _Cylisticus convexus_. The surface of the body is -smooth, and its colour is a delicate brownish grey with more or less -distinct rows of darker markings. - -_BRITISH LOCALITIES:--_ - - _England_: Maldon; (W.M.W. from R.M.): Bluebell Hill, Maidstone - (W.M.W.); Clifton, banks of the Avon; (W.M.W. from J.T.C. 1900): - Leigh Woods, Clifton; Tunbridge Wells; South Devon; (Stebbing in - 49); Cheddar Cliffs, Somerset; (Norman, 49). - -_FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_ - - _Europe_: France; (28): Spain; (12): Italy; (23). - -=Armadillidium vulgare= Latreille. PLATE XXIII. - - 1804 _Armadillo vulgaris_ Latreille (37), p. 48. - 1804 _Armadillo variegatus_ Latreille (37). - 1853 _Armadillo ater_ Schnitzler (65), p. 48. - 1816 _Armadillo maculatus_ Risso (56), p. 158. - 1818 _Armadillo pillularis_ Say (62), p. 432. - 1825 _Armadillo pustulosus_ Dermarest (11), p. 323, pl. XLIX. - 1830-4 _Armadillidium commutatum_ Brandt and Ratzeburg (4), p. 81, - pl. XIII., fig. 123. - 1833 _Armadillidium zenckeri_ Brandt (3), p. 185. - 1839 _Armadillo trivialis_ Koch (34), part 28, pl. XIV. - 1898 _Armadillidium vulgare_ Sars (59), p. 189, pl. LXXXII. - -The common pill woodlouse is _Armadillidium vulgare_. Its frontal -lobe is not large, though it is broad, while its margin where it -joins the head is rounded and slightly recurved. The proximal joint -of the flagellum is somewhat the shorter and the two together, as in -_Armadillidium nasatum_, are of about the same length as the last joint -of the peduncle. - -The telson has the form of a triangle with the angles truncated and is -about as long as it is broad at the base. The outer divisions of the -tail appendages are considerably broader than they are long. - -The species can roll itself up into a very perfect sphere, and when -it assumes this form its antennæ are hidden beneath the much expanded -lateral plates of the first thoracic segment. - -[Illustration: FIG. 57.--FLAGELLUM AND LAST PEDUNCULAR JOINT OF THE -ANTENNA OF _Armadillidium vulgare_.] - -The body is smooth, shiny, and strongly arched. Its colour varies very -considerably, generally it is of a slaty-grey, but yellow markings are -often present to a greater or less extent. In a specimen before us -(from Bluebell Hill, Maidstone) the head is of a uniform dark grey, -the sides of the thorax are yellow, while the back is mottled with the -same colour. The abdomen, including the telson, is also yellow with the -exception only of the tail appendages, which are dark grey. - -_BRITISH LOCALITIES:--_ - - _England_: Warley; (W.M.W): Maldon; (W.M.W. from R.M.): - Brightlingsea; Hanwell; Mortlake; Bluebell Hill, Maidstone; - Langley; Skirmett; Pamber Forest; Kingston-on-Soar; Ipswich; - (W.M.W.); Lynmouth; (W.M.W. from J.T.C.) - - _Scotland_: (Scott, 68.) - - _Ireland_: Ardrahan; (Norman, 50): Borris, Co. Carlow; Glandare, - Terneay, Co. Cork; Courtstown, Co. Wexford; Cappagh, Co. - Waterford; Castel, Co. Tipperary; (R.F.S.) - -_FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_ - - _Europe_: Throughout; (23). - - _Asia_: Damascus; (23). - - _Africa_: Algeria; (23). - - _Atlantic Isles_: (23). - - _America_: North and South; (23). - - _Australia_: Melbourne (64 quoting Budde-Lund); New Zealand; (23). - -=Armadillidium pulchellum= Zencker. PLATE XXIV. - - 1799 _Oniscus pulchellus_ Zencker (78) (quoted by Koch in Panzer), - part 62, pl. XXI. - 1833 _Armadillidium pulchellum_ Brandt (3), p. 188. - 1861 _Armadillo maculatus_ Sill (69), p. 5. - 1870 _Armadillidium pictum_ Plateau (not Brandt) (55), p. 116. - 1898 _Armadillidium pulchellum_ Sars (59), p. 191, pl. LXXXIII., - fig. 4. - -The smallest British species is _Armadillidium pulchellum_. The frontal -lobe projects so as to make the head somewhat triangular. The antennæ -are very short and the distal joint of the flagellum is three times the -length of the other, while the two together are not as long as the last -peduncular joint. - -[Illustration: FIG. 58.--FLAGELLUM AND LAST PEDUNCULAR JOINT OF THE -ANTENNA OF _Armadillidium pulchellum_.] - -The telson is truncated at the end so that it is by no means as long as -it is broad at the base, and the outer divisions of the tail appendages -are in similar proportion. - -The colour of the body (which is smooth) is dark brown with four -important series of light patches running down the back and less marked -variegations between them. - -_BRITISH LOCALITIES:--_ - - _England_: Matlock; (T.R.R.S.) Arnside; Westmorland (Brady, 50a). - - _Ireland_: Ballymote, (Irish Nat., May, 1901), Sligo; (Scharff). - -_FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_ - - _Europe_: Vosges; Switzerland; Pyrenees; (23): Forest de Soignes; - Belgium; (14). - -=Armadillidium depressum= Brandt. PLATE XXV. - - 1833 _Armadillidium depressum_ Brandt (3), p. 82. pl. XII., - figs, 4, 5, 6, C, D. - 1892 _Armadillidium depressum_ Dollfus (14), p. 17-18. - -The frontal lobe in _Armadillidium depressum_ is very prominent and -much recurved. The antennæ are fairly long and while the two joints -of the flagellum are nearly equal they are together not so long as -the last peduncular joint. - -[Illustration: FIG. 59.--FLAGELLUM AND LAST PEDUNCULAR JOINT OF THE -ANTENNA OF _Armadillidium depressum_.] - -The telson is slightly longer than it is broad at the base, and its -sides are incurved. As in _Armadillidium vulgare_ and _Armadillidium -pulchellum_ the outer divisions of the tail appendages are broader -than they are long. - -The body is flatter than in the other species and bears tubercles; its -colour is a slate-grey with yellowish markings. The first thoracic -segment is well developed and the head appears as if almost completely -imbedded in it. - -_BRITISH LOCALITIES:--_ - - _England_: Clifton, banks of the Avon; (W.M.W. from J.T.C., 1900): - Shirehampton, near Bristol; (Stebbing in 49): Clifton; (Dollfus - from Miers 14). - -_FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_ - - _Europe_: France; Italy; (25): Asia Minor; (14, quoting Brandt). - -=Distribution of Species.= There are not sufficient records at present -to enable us to draw any conclusions as to the general distribution of -Woodlice in the British Isles, but it is hoped that more attention will -be given to these creatures, and that before long there may be other -material available. - -=Conclusion.= At the beginning it was mentioned that the present work -grew out of an investigation into the fauna of Essex, and in order -to show what may be expected when places are explored in which no -collecting has been done, we may briefly indicate the results which we -obtained in the county in question. - -It was not long before a species new to Britain--to wit, _Porcellio -ratzeburgii_--was found (74). This discovery was mentioned by Mr. -Stebbing in the _Victoria County History of Essex_ (p. 71), and he -prophesied that most of the British species then would be met with in -the county. We may safely claim to have shown that his prediction was -true, for we have been able to record in the preceding pages no less -than sixteen other species, as will be seen from the following lists:-- - -_WOODLICE RECORDED FROM ESSEX._ - - 1. _Ligia oceanica_ - 2. _Ligidium hypnorum_ - 3. _Trichoniscus pusillus_ - 4. _Trichoniscus roseus_ - 5. _Haplophthalmus danicus_ - 6. _Oniscus asellus_ - 7. _Philoscia muscorum_ - 8. _Platyarthrus hoffmannseggii_ - 9. _Porcellio scaber_ - 10. _Porcellio pictus_ - 11. _Porcellio dilatatus_ - 12. _Porcellio laevis_ - 13. _Porcellio ratzeburgii_ - 14. _Metoponorthus pruinosus_ - 15. _Cylisticus convexus_ - 16. _Armadillidium nasatum_ - 17. _Armadillidium vulgare_ - -Of these _Ligidium hypnorum_ calls for special mention, as it had not -been found in this country since Mr. Stebbing discovered it in Surrey -in 1873. Several of the Porcellios and _Cylisticus convexus_ have been -met with in but few places, and the same may be said of _Armadillidium -nasatum_. - -Of the British species not as yet found in Essex _Trichoniscus vividus_ -has at present only been recorded from Ireland; _Philoscia couchii_ and -_Armadillidium depressum_ have not been collected except in the extreme -south west of England, while _Metoponorthus cingendus_ has hitherto -only been noticed in Devonshire and Ireland. The other four species, -with the exception of _Porcellio rathkei_, which is well distributed -in west Middlesex (and might have been expected to occur in Essex), -are still rare. In fact, for _Trichoniscoides albidus_ but two British -localities are known; for _Haplophthalmus mengii_ three (two in England -and one in Ireland); while _Armadillidium pulchellum_ has only been -recorded from two or three places. - -In other counties quite as satisfactory results were obtained as in -Essex--a systematic search in Buckinghamshire brought to light at Eton -three species which at the time had not been recorded from the British -Isles, while in Middlesex, no less than a dozen species were found at -Hanwell. - -Since part of this contribution was printed our attention has been -drawn to some notes by the Rev. Canon Norman and Professor G. S. Brady -(50a). These bear out the remarks which have already been made, for -among the species found by Professor Brady in the north of England -were _Trichoniscoides albidus_, _Haplophthalmus mengii_, _Porcellio -rathkei_, and _Armadillidium pulchellum_. In one of Canon Norman's -previous papers (50--1903) he claims to have added the second species -to the British list, and in the notes in question a similar claim is -made with regard to the first and third. It should, however, be pointed -out that all three of them were found in Buckinghamshire in 1899 by Mr. -Webb, and that they were exhibited at the Nature Study Exhibition held -in London in August, 1902. A specimen of _Armadillidium pulchellum_ -from Matlock was sent to us by the Rev. T. R. R. Stebbing in January, -1904, and was found, we understand, some considerable time previously. - -It only remains for us to express our hearty thanks to the numerous -friends and correspondents who have given us their ready help. The -names of these have been printed in the text, but we would like to -mention more particularly Dr. Calman, of the British Museum (Natural -History), Monsieur Adrian Dollfus, Mr. Roland Matthams, the Rev. Canon -Norman, Dr. Scharff, the Rev. T. R. R. Stebbing, and Miss Willmott. - - -FOOTNOTES: - -[1] "The Non-Marine Molluscs of Essex," by Wilfred Mark Webb; ESSEX -NATURALIST, Vol. x. (1897), pp. 27-48 and 65-81. - -[2] The numbers in brackets refer to papers mentioned in the -Bibliography at the end. - -[3] It should be pointed out that the methylated spirit now sold in the -shops contains mineral naphtha and goes milky on the addition of water. -Permission can be obtained from Somerset House to buy what is still -called "ordinary methylated spirit," but at present five gallons has to -be purchased at one time. - - - - -BIBLIOGRAPHY. - - -Explanation of the initials given in the text:-- - - B.M.--Specimens in the British Museum (Natural History). - J.T.C.--John Thomas Carrington. - J.A.M.--James A. Murie. - R.M.--Roland Matthams. - R.F.S.--R. F. Scharff. - C.S.--Charles Sillem. - T.R.R.S.--The Rev. Thomas R. R. Stebbing. - W.M.W.--Wilfred Mark Webb. - R.W.--R. Welch. - - (1) BATE, C. SPENCE, and WESTWOOD, J.C.: _A history of the British - Sessile-eyed Crustacea_, London, 1868. - - (2) BOSC, L. A. G.: _Manuel de l'histoire Naturelle des - Crustacés_, Vol. II. Paris, 1830. - - (3) BRANDT, J. F.: "Conspectus Monographiae Crustaceorum - Oniscodorum Latreillei," _Bull. Soc. Nat., Moscow._ Vol. VI. - (1833), pp. 171-193. - - (4) BRANDT, J. F., and RATZEBURG, J. T. C.: _Medizinische - Zoologie._ Vol. II., Berlin, 1830-1834. - - (5) BRUNTZ, L.: "Contribution à l'Etude de l'Excretion chez les - Arthropodes." _Archives de Biologie._ Vol. XXII. (Nov., 1903), - pp. 215-422, pls. I.-VIII. - - (6) BUDDE-LUND, G.: "Danmarks Isopode Landkrebsdyr," - _Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift._ Part 3, vol. VII. (1870, - pp. 217-245). - - (7) BUDDE-LUND, G.: _Prospectus generum specierumque Crustaceorum - Isopodum terrestrium._ Copenhagen, 1879. - - (8) BUDDE-LUND, G.: _Crustacea Isopoda Terrestria._ Hauniae, 1885. - - (9) CUVIER, G.: "Memoires sur les Cloportes terrestres." _Journ. - d'hist. nat._ Vol. II. 1792. - - (10) DE GEER, C.: _Memoires pour servir à l'histoire des - insectes._ Vol. VII., Stockholm, 1778. - - (11) DESMAREST, A.G.: _Considérations générales sur la classe des - Crustacés._ Paris, 1825. - - (12) DOLLFUS, A.: "Catalogue raisonné des Isopodes terrestres de - l'Espagne." _Ann. Soc. Espan. Hist. Nat._ Vol. XXI. (1892), - pp. 161-190. - - (13) DOLLFUS, A.: "Sur la Distribution Geographique des Isopodes - terrestres dans la region des Basses-Pyrenees." _Assoc. - Francaise pour l'avancement des Sciences. Rep. Congress de - Pau._, 1892. - - (14) DOLLFUS, A.: "Le Genre Armadillidium." _Feu. des Jeunes - Naturalistes_, Ser. 3. May 1892. - - (15) DOLLFUS, A.: "Catalogue raisonné des Isopodes terrestres de - l'Espagne." Premier supplement, _Ann. Soc. Espan. Hist. Nat._ - Vol. XXII. (1893), pp. 47-51. - - (16) DOLLFUS, A.: "Isopodes Terrestres in 'Voyage de M. Ch. - Allmand aux Iles Canaries.'" _Mem. Soc. Zool. de France._ - Vol. VI. (1893), p. 46. - - (17) DOLLFUS, A.: "Sur la Distribution Geographique des - Armadilliens en Europe." _Compte-Rendu troisieme Congres. - Internal. de Zool._ Leyden, Sept. 1895 (1896), pp. 356-358. - - (18) DOLLFUS, A.: "Les Isopodes terrestres du Nord de l'Afrique du - Cap. Blanc a Tripoli." _Mem. Soc. Zool. Trans._ Vol. IX. - (1896), pp. 523-553. - - (19) DOLLFUS, A.: _Crustacés Isopodes de la Sicile._ 1896. - - (20) DOLLFUS, A.: "On West Indian Isopod Crustaceans." _Proc. - Zool. Soc. Lond._ 1896, pp. 388-400. - - (21) DOLLFUS, A.: "Tableau Iconographique des _Philoscia_ - d'Europe." _Feu. des Jeun. Natural._ Ser. 3, 1897, pp. 70-73 - and 91-95. - - (22) DOLLFUS, A.: "Land Isopods der Balkan region." _Wissenschaft - Mittheilung aus Bosnien und der Hercegovina._ Vol. IV. (1896). - - (23) DOLLFUS, A.: "Les Crustacés Isopodes Terrestres à grande - dispersion," _Feu des Jeun. Natural._ Ser. 3 (Oct. 1897). - - (24) DOLLFUS, A.: "Sur la Distribution Geographique des Isopodes - Terrestres dans l'Afrique Septentrional du Senegal à Obock." - _Proc. Inter. Congres. Zool._ Cambridge, 1898, pp. 249-259. - - (25) DOLLFUS, A.: "Catalogue des Crustacés Isopodes Terrestres de - France." _Feu. des Jeun. Natural._ Ser. 3 (October 1899). - - (26) FABRICIUS, J.C.: _Entomologia systematica._ Vol. II., - Hauniae, 1793. - - (27) FABRICIUS, J. C.: Supplement to the last, 1798. - - (28) FERNIE, Dr.: _Animal Simples_, 1899. - - (29) FITCH, Asa.: _Noxious Insects of New York._ Albany, 1856. - - (30) GUERIN, F.E.: "Sur _Porcellio Poeyi_." _Ann. Sci. Soc. Entom. - de France._ Vol. VI. (Paris, 1837, in Bull. ent., page 6). - - (31) HELLER, C.: _Reise der Novara; Crustacea._ 1865. - - (32) KINAHAN, J.R.: "Analysis of certain genera of terrestrial - Isopoda." _Nat. Hist. Rev._ Vol. IV. (1857). - - (33) KINAHAN, J.R.: "On the genera _Philoscia_, _Itea_ and - _Philougria_." _Nat. Hist. Rev._ Vol. V. 1858. - - (34) KOCH, C.L.: _Deutschlands Crustaceen, Myriapoden and - Arachniden._ Regensburg, 1835-1844. - - Koch's descriptions and figures were published in _Deutschlands - Crustaceen_ and appeared also in Panzer's _Faunæ Insectorum - Germanicæ_ continued by Herrich-Schäffer (which see). The - number of the parts of the latter which correspond to those - of the former are placed in square brackets after them in the - list here given. Part 6 (1836) [139]; Part 22 (1838) [162]; - Part 28 (1839) [178]; Part 34 (1840) [180]; Part 36 (1844) - [186]. Some of the dates quoted will be found to differ from - those usually given (in Budde-Lund (8, p. 7) for instance), - and printed on the parts of the copy in the Zoological - Society's Library. Our authority for this change is Mr. C. D. - Sherborne, who bases his dates upon reviews which he has - discovered. - - (35) KOCH, C. L.: _System der Myriapoden mit den Verzeichnissen - und Berichtigungen zu Deutschlands Crustaceen, Myriapoden und - Arachniden._ Regensburg, 1847. - - (36) LAMARCK, J. B.: _Histoire naturelle des animaux sans - vertébres._ Vol. V., 1818. - - (37) LATREILLE, P. A.: _Histoire Naturelle des Crustacés et des - Insectes._ Vol. VII., Paris, 1804. - - (38) LEACH, W. E.: "Tabular view of the external characters of - four classes of animals, which Linné arranged under Insectes." - _Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond._ Vol. XI., 1815. - - (39) LEREBOULLET, A.: "Memoire sur les Crustacés de la famille des - Cloportides qui habitent les environs de Strasbourg." _Mem. Soc. - Mus. Hist. Nat. Strasbourg._ Vol. IV., 1853, pp. 130, pl. X. - - (40) LEUCKART, R.: _Verzeichnisz der zur Fauna Helgolands - gehörenden wirbellosen Seethiere._ Braunsweig, 1847. - - (41) LINNÉ, C.: _Fauna Suecica._ First edition, Holmiæ, 1746. - - (42) LINNÉ, C.: _Fauna Suecica._ Second edition, Holmiæ, 1761. - - (43) LINNÉ, C.: _Systema Naturae_, ed. 12, 1767. - - (44) MIERS, E. J.: "Catalogue of New Zealand Crustacea." _Ann. - Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 4._, Vol. XVII., 1876. - - (45) MIERS, E. J.: "On a collection of Crustacea (Decapoda and - Isopoda), chiefly from South America." _Proc. Zool. Soc._, - 1877, p. 653-678. - - (46) MILNE-EDWARDS, H.: _Histoire naturelle des Crustacés._ Vol. - III. Paris, 1840. - - (47) NICHOLSON and LYDDEKER: _Manual of Palæontology_, 1889, Vol. - II., p. 559. - - (48) NORMAN, A. M.: "Note on the discovery of _Ligidium agile_, - Persoon (_Zia saundersii_ Stebbing)." _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. - Ser. 4_, Vol. XI., p. 419. - - (49) NORMAN, A. M.: "British Land Isopoda." _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. - (Ser. 7)_, Vol. III. (1899), pp. 71-78, pl. VI. - - (50) NORMAN, A. M.: Continuation of the last. Vol. XI., 1903, pp. - 309-372. - - (50a) NORMAN, A.M.: and BRADY C.S.: "British Land Isopoda." Second - Supplement _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (Ser. 7)_, Vol. XIV. (1904), - pp. 449-450. - - (51) PANZER, G. W. F.: _Faunæ Insectorum Germanicæ initia, oder - Deutschlands Insecten._ Parts 1-110, Nurnberg, 1793-1813. - (See Koch.) - - (52) PANZER, G. W. F.: Continuation by Herrich-Schäffer, Parts - 111-190, 1829-1844. (See Koch.) - - (53) PARFITT, E.: "The Fauna of Devon." Sessile-Eyed Crustacea. - _Trans. Devon Assoc. Sci._, Sept. 1873. - - (54) PERSOON: No paper upon Woodlice by this author is known, but - he is quoted in Panzer's _Deutschlands Insecten_ (51), which - see. - - (55) PLATEAU, F.: "Crustacés Isopodes Terrestres." _Bull. Acad. - Roy. de Belgique, Ser. 2._, Vol. XXIX., No. 2 (1870), p. 112. - - (56) RISSO, A.: _Histoire Naturelle des Crustacés des environs de - Nice._ Paris, 1816. - - (57) ROBERTSON, D.: "Catalogue of the Amphipoda and Isopoda of - the Firth of Clyde." _Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glasgow_, Vol. II. - (1888), pp. 9-99. - - (58) ROULE, LOUIS: "Etudes sur le Development de Crustacés." _Ann. - Sci. Nat._, Vol. XVIII. (1895), pp. 1-156, pls. I.-X. - - (59) SARS, G. O.: _An account of the Crustacea of Norway._ Vol. - II., 1896-1899. - - (60) SAUSSURE, H. de: "Diagnoses de quelques crustacés nouveaux - des Antilles et du Mexique." _Rev. et Mag. de Zool. (Ser. 2)_, - Vol. IX. (1857), pp. 304-308. - - (61) SAVIGNY, J. C., and AUDOUIN, V.: _Description de l'Egypte._ - Vol. XXII., 1827. - - (62) SAY, T.: "An account of the Crustacea of the United States." - _J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia_, Vol. I., pt. II., 1818. - - (63) SCHARFF, R. F.: "The Irish Woodlice." _Irish Naturalist_, - Vol. III., 1894, pp. 4-7 and 25-29, pl. II. - - (64) SCHARFF, R. F.: "The Woodlice of Co. Carlow." _Irish - Naturalist_, 1895, p. 319. - - (65) SCHNITZLER, H. J.: _De Oniscineis agri Bonnensis._ (Thesis.), - Cologne, 1853. - - (66) SCHOBL, J.: "_Typhloniscus_, eine neue blinde Gattung der - Crustacea Isopoda." _Sitzungsberichte der math. naturw. Acad. - Wiss. Wien._ Vol. XL. (1860), pp. 279-330. - - (67) SCOPOLI, J. A.: _Entomologia Carniolica._ Vindibonæ, 1763. - - (68) SCOTT, T.: "The Land and Freshwater Crustacea of the District - around Edinburgh." _Proc. R. Phys. S. Edin._, Vol. XI. - (1890-91), p. 75. - - (68a) SCOTT, T.: _British Association Hand Book on the Natural - History of Glasgow._ 1901; _Isopoda_, pp. 335 and 336. - - (69) SILL, VICTOR: "Beitrag zur Kentniss der Crustaceen, - Arachniden and Myriapoden Siebenburgens." _Verhandl. u. - Mittheil. des Siebenburghischen Ver. für Naturwiss. zu - Hermannstadt_, Vol. XII. (1861), p. 1-11. - - (70) STEBBING, T. R. R.: "On a Crustacean of the Genus Zia." _Ann. - Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4._, Vol. XI. (1873). - - (71) STEBBING, T. R. R.: _The Victoria County History of Essex_ - (1903); Crustacea, pp. 27-28. - - (71a) STEBBING, T. R. R.: _The Victoria County History of - Buckinghamshire_ (1905); Crustacea. - - (72) VEJDOVSKYF: "Zur Morphologie der Antennen und Schalendruse - der Crustaceen." _Zeit. Wiss. Zool._, Vol. LXIX., p. 378. - - (73) VERHOEF, K. W.: "Ueber Palæarktische Isopoden." _Zool. Anz._, - Vol. XXIV. - - (74) WEBB, WILFRED MARK: "The occurrence in Essex of a species - of Woodlouse (Isopoda) new to Britain (_Porcellio ratzeburgii_, - Brandt)." _Essex Naturalist_, Vol. XI. (1899), p. 127. - - (75) WEBB, WILFRED MARK: "Notes on Woodlice" (Including extracts - from a paper read before the North London Natural History - Society by James B. Casserley). _Science Gossip_, Vol. VI., - New Series (1900), pp. 295-296. - - (76) WEBER, MAX.: "Uber einige neue Isopoden der Niederlandischen - Fauna." _Tijdschr der Niederland Dierk veren_, Vol. V. (1881), - pp. 167-196, pl. V. - - (77) ZADDACH, E. G.: _Synopses crustaceorum Prussicorum prodromus - Regiomonti_, 1844. - - (78) ZENKER, C. D.: No paper upon woodlice by this author is - known, but he is quoted in Panzer's _Deutschlands Insecten_ - (51), which see. - - (79) ZITTEL, K. A. von: _Textbook of Palæontology_. English - Translation 1900, p. 668. - - - - -INDEX. - - - Abdomen, 2, =2= - - Aegidae, 2 - - Air cavities, in abdominal appendages, 31 - - Air tubes, 1, 6, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 39 - - _albidus, Trichoniscoides_, description of, 25 - - Alcohol, 16 - - Antennae, large, 2, =3= - - " smaller, 2, =3= - - Alimentary canal, 6, =7= - - Ants, 31 - - " wood, 14 - - Anus, 31, inset facing =10= - - Appendages, 2 - - " abdominal, 5, =6= - - _Archaeoniscus brodiei_, 2 - - Armadillidæ, 17 - - " characters of, 18, 40 - - _Armadillidium_, 15, 38 - - " _commutatum_, 41 - - " _depressum_, 44 - - " " description of, 43 - - " " flagellum of, =43= - - _Armadillidium nasatum_, 41, 44, Plate xxii. - - " " description of, 40 - - " " flagellum of, =40= - - _Armadillidium pictum_, 42 - - " _pulchellum_, 43, 44, 45, Plate xxxiv. - - " " description of, 42 - - " " flagellum of, =42= - - _Armadillidium vulgare_, 15, 40, 43, 44, Plate xxiii. - - " " description of, 41 - - " " flagellum of, =41= - - " " moulting of, 12, 13 - - " _zenckeri_, 41 - - _Armadillo ater_, 41 - - " _maculatus_, 41, 42 - - " _pillularis_, 41 - - " _pustulosus_, 41 - - " _trivialis_, 41 - - " _variegatus_, 41 - - " _vulgaris_, 41 - - Arthropoda, 1 - - Arteries, 7, =7= - - _asellus, Oniscus_, description of, 27 - - Avebury, Lord, 31 - - - Baden, Miocene of, 2 - - Bate and Westwood, 17, 19, 30 - - Blastoderm, 10 - - Body cavity, 11, inset facing =10= - - Brady, Professor C. S., 45 - - Branchial nephrocytes, 8 - - British Association, 19 - - Brood pouch, 4, =5=, 9 - - Budde-Lund, 28 - - - Calman, Dr., 45 - - Carpenter, 15 - - Cells, nucleated, 10, inset facing =10= - - Cephalic nephrocytes, 8 - - Cheslip, 15 - - Chiselbob, 15 - - Church louse, 16 - - Cicatricula, 10, inset facing =10= - - _cingendus, Metoponorthus_, description of, 38 - - Circulatory system, 6, 7 - - Classification, 17 - - Coal measures, 1 - - Collection of Woodlice, methods of, 16 - - Commissures, 8, =8= - - Conclusion, 43 - - _convexus, Cylisticus_, description of,39 - - _couchii, Philoscia_, description of, 30 - - Crabs, land, 1 - - Crustacea, 1 - - Cud worm, 15, 16 - - _Cylisticus_, 40 - - " characters of, 17, 18, 38 - - _Cylisticus convexus_, 44, Plate xxi. - - " " description of, 39 - - " " flagellum of, =39= - - " _laevis_, 35, 39 - - _Cymothoa oceanica_, 20 - - - _danicus, Haplophthalmus_, description of, 27 - - _depressum, Armadillidium_, description of, 43 - - Development, 9 - - Digestive glands, 6, =7= - - _dilatatus, Porcellio_, description of, 33 - - Distribution of species, 43 - - Dollfus, Adrian, 45 - - - Economic considerations, 12 - - Egg, 9, 10, =10=, =11=, inset facing =10= - - " segmentation of, 11, inset facing =10= - - Embryo, 10, =11= - - Endoderm, 10, inset facing =10= - - Essex, Woodlice recorded from, 44 - - Excretory organs, 7 - - Exhibition of species new to Britain, 45 - - Exmoor, woodlice and ants on, 14 - - External structure, 2 - - - Flagellum, 3, =3= - - Food, 13, 14 - - - Ganglia, cerebral 8 - - Geological history, 1 - - Genera, 17 - - Gill, 5, =5= - - Gills, 7, =6= - - _Glomeris marginata_, 15 - - Grammar sows, 16 - - Growth, time required for, 12 - - Gullet, 6 - - Gut, fore, inset facing =10= - - " mid, inset facing =10= - - - Habits, 12 - - Hall, Miss Kate M., 31 - - _Haplophthalmus_, 22 - - " characters of, 17, 18, 26 - - " _danicus_, 44, Plate viii. - - " " description of, 27 - - " " flagellum of, =27= - - " _elegans_, 26 - - " _mengii_, 44, 45, Plate vii. - - " " description of, 26 - - " " flagellum of, =26= - - Head, 2, =2=, =3= - - Heart, 6, 7, =7=, 11 - - Herefordshire, Old Red Sandstone, 1 - - History, geological, 1 - - _hoffmannseggii, Platyarthrus_, description of, 30 - - Hog-louse, 15 - - Hogs, little grey, 16 - - Hydro-cyanic acid gas for destroying woodlice, 14 - - _hypnorum, Ligidium_, description of, 21 - - - Insects, 1 - - Intestine, 6, =7= - - " formation of, in embryo, 10, 11 - - Isle of Wight, Oligocene of, 2, Oolite of, 2 - - Isopoda, 1, 19 - - _Itea crassicornis_, 30 - - " _laevis_, 22 - - " _mengii_, 26 - - " _rosea_, 24 - - " _riparia_, 22 - - " _vivida_, 23 - - - Jurassic, Upper, 2 - - - Kinahan, Professor, 19, 28, 30 - - Kitchenball, 15 - - - Labels, 16 - - _laevis, Porcellio_, description of, 35 - - _Ligia_, 21 - - " branchial nephrocytes, 8 - - " characters of, 17, 18, 19, 20 - - " _hypnorum_, 21 - - " _melanocephala_, 29 - - " _oceanica_, 44, Plate i. - - " " description of, 20 - - " " excretory organs of, 7, 8 - - " " flagellum of, 20, =20= - - " _scopulorum_, 20 - - Ligiae, 17 - - " characters of, 19 - - Ligiidae, characters of, 17, 18, 19 - - _Ligidium_, 19 - - " characters of, 17, 18, 21 - - " _hypnorum_, 44, Plate ii. - - " " description of, 21 - - " " excretory organs of, 7 - - " " in Surrey, 19 - - " _persoonii_, 21 - - Lip, the lower, 4, =5= - - " the upper, 4, =5= - - Lucre pig, 15 - - Lugdor, 15 - - - Mandibles, 3, =4= - - Manure, from stables, favourable to woodlice, 14 - - Maxillae, first, 3, =4= - - " second, 3, =4= - - " openings of excretory organs on second, 7 - - Maxillipeds, 3, =4= - - _mengii, Haplophthalmus_, description of, 26 - - Mesoderm, 10, inset facing =10= - - Methylated spirit, 16 - - _Metoponorthus_, 21 - - " characters of, 18, 37 - - " _cingendus_, description of, 38, Plate xx. - - " " flagellum of, =38= - - " _pruinosus_, 44, Plate xix. - - " " description of, =37= - - " " flagellum of, 37 - - " _simplex_, 38 - - Miocene, 2 - - Middlesex, West, 35 - - Millipede, pill, 15, 40 - - Moult, 11 - - Moulting, process of, 12, 13, 14 - - Mouth appendages, 3, =4= - - _muscorum, Philoscia_, description of, 29 - - - Names, local, 15 - - _nasatum, Armadillidium_, description of, 40 - - Nephrocytes, branchial, 8 - - " cephalic, 8 - - Nerve cord, 8, =8= - - Nervous system, 8 - - Norman, Rev. Canon A. M., 25, 27, 45 - - - _oceanica, Ligia_, description of, 20 - - Oenigen, Miocene of, 2 - - Old-sows, 16 - - Old women of the wood, little, 16 - - Oligocene, 2 - - Onisci, 17 - - " characters of, 27 - - Oniscidae, 19 - - _Oniscus_, 28 - - " branchial nephrocytes, 8 - - " characters of, 17, 18, 27 - - " _agilis_, 21 - - " _asellus_, 4, 15, 28, 44, Plate ix. - - _Oniscus asellus_, Albino in Epping Forest, 28 - - " " description of, 27 - - " " excretory organs of, 8 - - " " flagellum of, =28= - - " " young examples of, 28 - - " _convexus_, 39 - - " _fossor_, 19, 28 - - " _granulatus_, 32 - - " _murarius_, 27 - - " _muscorum_, 29 - - " _oceanicus_, 20 - - " _pulchellum_, 42 - - " _sylvestris_, 29 - - Oolite, 2 - - Ovaries, 8, =8= - - Oviducts, 8, =8= - - - Palmer, 16 - - Penis, 9, =9= - - Peduncle, 3, =3= - - _Philoscia_, 21, 28 - - " characters of, 17, 18, 29 - - " _couchii_, 44, Plate xi. - - " " description of, 30 - - " " flagellum of, =30= - - " _marmorata_, 29 - - " _muscorum_, 21, 44, Plate x. - - " " description of, 20 - - " " flagellum of, =29= - - _Philougria celer_, 29 - - " _riparia_, 22 - - " _rosea_, 24 - - " _vivida_, 23 - - Physicians, college of, rules for preparing woodlice for - medicinal use, 18 - - _pictus, Porcellio_, description of, 33 - - Pill millipede, 15, 40 - - _Platyarthrus_, 22 - - " characters of, 17, 18, 39 - - " _hoffmannseggii_, 44, Plate xii. - - " " description of, 30 - - " " flagellum of, =31= - - _Porcellio_, 6, 28, 38 - - " characters of, 7, 18, 32 - - " _armadilloides_, 39 - - " _asper_, 32 - - " _aztecus_, 35 - - " _brandtii_, 32 - - " _cinerascens_, 35 - - " _cingendus_, 38 - - " _cotillae_, 35 - - " _cubensis_, 35 - - " _degeerii_, 35 - - " _dilatatus_, 34, 44, Plate xv. - - " " description of, 33 - - " " flagellum of, =34= - - " _dubius_, 32, 33 - - " _ferrugineus_, 34 - - " _flavipes_, 35 - - " _flavo-vittatus_, 37 - - " _frontalis_, 37 - - " _graniger_, 32 - - " _laevis_, 39, 44, Plate xvii. - - " " description of, 35 - - " " flagellum of, =35= - - " _lugubris_, 36 - - " _maculicornis_, 37 - - " _melanocephalus_, 33 - - " _mexicanus_, 35 - - " _mixtus_, 33 - - " _montezumae_, 32 - - " _musculus_, 35 - - " _nemorensis_, 36 - - " _nigra_, 32 - - " _paulensis_, 32 - - " _pictus_, 34, 44, Plate xiv. - - " description of, 33 - - " flagellum of, =33= - - " _poeyi_, 35 - - " _pruinosus_, 37 - - " _quercum_, 36 - - " _rathkei_, 35, 36, 44, 45 - - " " description of, 34, Plate xvi. - - " " flagellum of, =35= - - " _ratzeburgii_, 44, Plate xviii. - - " " description of, 36 - - " " flagellum of, =36= - - " _scaber_, 28, 44, Plate xiii. - - " " description of, 32 - - " _scaber_, development of, 9 - - " " flagellum of, 32 - - " " Milne Edwards, 33 - - " _spinifrons_, 39 - - " _striatus_, 34 - - " _sumichtasti_, 35 - - " _syriacus_, 35 - - " _tetramoerus_, 34 - - " _trilineatus_, 34 - - " _trivittatus_, 34 - - " _truncatus_, 37 - - " _urbicus_, 35 - - _Porcellionides_, Miers, 37 - - Preservation of Woodlice, methods of, 16 - - Pro-ectoderm, 10, inset facing =10= - - Pro-endoderm, 10, inset facing =10= - - Protoplasm, formative, 10 - - _pruinosus, Metoponorthus_, description of, 37 - - pseudotracheae, 31 - - _pulchellum, Armadillidium_, description of, 42 - - _pusillus, Trichoniscus_, description of, 22 - - Purbeck Beds, 2 - - - Quay-louse, 20 - - Quay lowders, 20 - - - _rathkei, Porcellio_, description of, 34 - - _ratzeburgii, Porcellio_, description of, 36 - - Reproductive organs, 8, =8=, =9= - - _roseus, Trichoniscus_, description of, 24 - - Roule, Professor Louis, 9 - - - Sandstone, old red, 1 - - Sars, Professor G. O., 17, 23 - - _scaber, Porcellio_, description of, 32 - - Scharff, Dr. R. F., 17, 19, 23, 45 - - Seminal reservoir, 9, =9= - - Socchetre, 16 - - Sow bug, 15 - - Species, distribution of, 43 - - St. Anthony's hogs, 16 - - Stebbing, the Rev. T. R. R., 19, 21, 35, 44, 45 - - Swanley Horticultural College, 14 - - - Tertiary deposits, 2 - - Testes, 9, =9= - - Thorax, 2, 3 - - Thrush louse, 15 - - Tiggyhog, 15 - - Tracheae, 6, 31 - - Trichoniscidæ, characters of, 18, 22 - - _Trichoniscoides_, 21, 22, 26 - - " characters of, 17, 18, 25 - - " _albidus_, 44, 45 - - " " description of, 25 - - " " flagellum of, =25= - - _Trichoniscus_, 21, 22, 26 - - " characters of, 17, 18, 22 - - " _pusillus_, 22, 23, 24, 25, 44, Plate iii. - - " " description of, 22 - - " " flagellum of, =23= - - " _pygmaeus_, description of, 23 - - " _roseus_, 23, 25, 44, Plate v. - - " " description of, 24 - - " " flagellum of, =24= - - " _vividus_, 22, 25, 44, Plate iv. - - " " description of, 23 - - " " flagellum of, =24= - - Tubes for specimens, 16 - - _Typhloniscus steinii_, 30 - - - _vividus, Trichoniscus_, description of, 23 - - _vulgare, Armadillidium_, description of, 41 - - - Walking legs, 4, 5 - - Webb, Mr. Wilfred Mark, 20, 25, 26, 35, 36, 45 - - Welsh names for Woodlice, 16 - - Westwood, Bate and, 17, 19, 30 - - White arsenic for destroying Woodlice, 14 - - Willmott, Miss, 45 - - Wood-ants, 15 - - Woodlice, in captivity, 12 - - " methods for getting rid of, 24 - - " position of, 1 - - " storage of specimens, 16 - - " Welsh names for, 16 - - Woodlouse, common, 4 - - - Yolk, food, 10, 11, inset facing =10= - - - _Zia agilis_, 21 - - " _melanocephala_, 29 -$ - - - - -LIST OF PLATES. - - - PLATE - - _Ligia oceanica_ Linné I. - - _Ligidium hypnorum_ Cuvier II. - - _Trichoniscus pusillus_ Brandt III. - - _Trichoniscus vividus_ Koch IV. - - _Trichoniscus roseus_ Koch V. - - _Trichoniscoides albidus_ Budde-Lund VI. - - _Haplophthalmus mengii_ Zaddach VII. - - _Haplophthalmus danicus_ Budde-Lund VIII. - - _Oniscus asellus_ Linné IX. - - _Philoscia muscorum_ Scopoli X. - - _Philoscia couchii_ Kinahan XI. - - _Platyarthrus hoffmannseggii_ Brandt XII. - - _Porcellio scabier_ Latreille XIII. - - _Porcellio pictus_ Brandt and Ratzeburg XIV. - - _Porcellio dilatatus_ Brandt XV. - - _Porcellio rathkei_ Brandt XVI. - - _Porcellio laevis_ Latreille XVII. - - _Porcellio ratzeburgii_ Brandt XVIII. - - _Metoponorthus pruinosus_ Brandt XIX. - - _Metoponorthus cingendus_ Kinahan XX. - - _Cylisticus convexus_ De Geer XXI. - - _Armadillidium nasatum_ Budde-Lund XXII. - - _Armadillidium vulgare_ Latreille XXIII. - - _Armadillidium pulchellum_ Zencker XXIV. - - _Armadillidium depressum_ Brandt XXV. - -[Illustration: _PLATE I._ - -LIGIA OCEANICA Linné. THE QUAY-LOUSE. - -_Length, two to three centimetres._ - -Charles Sillem, del. ad nat. F. W. Reader, sculpt.] - -[Illustration: _PLATE II._ - -LIGIDIUM HYPNORUM Cuvier. - -_Length, nine millimetres._ - -Charles Sillem, del. ad nat. F. W. Reader, sculpt.] - -[Illustration: _PLATE III._ - -TRICHONISCUS PUSILLUS Brandt. - -_Length, four millimetres._ - -Charles Sillem, del. ad nat. F. W. Reader, sculpt.] - -[Illustration: _PLATE IV._ - -TRICHONISCUS VIVIDUS Koch. - -_Length, eight millimetres._ - -Charles Sillem, del. ad nat. F. W. Reader, sculpt.] - -[Illustration: _PLATE V._ - -TRICHONISCUS ROSEUS Koch. - -_Length, five millimetres._ - -Charles Sillem, del. ad nat. F. W. Reader, sculpt.] - -[Illustration: _PLATE VI._ - -TRICHONISCOIDES ALBIDUS Budde-Lund. - -_Length, four millimetres._ - -Charles Sillem, del. ad nat. F. W. Reader, sculpt.] - -[Illustration: _PLATE VII._ - -HAPLOPHTHALMUS MENGII Zaddach. - -_Length, three to four millimetres._ - -Charles Sillem, del. ad nat. F. W. Reader, sculpt.] - -[Illustration: _PLATE VIII._ - -HAPLOPHTHALMUS DANICUS Budde-Lund. - -_Length, three to four millimetres._ - -Charles Sillem, del. ad nat. F. W. Reader, sculpt.] - -[Illustration: _PLATE IX._ - -ONISCUS ASELLUS Linné (The common slater). - -_Length, sixteen millimetres._ - -Charles Sillem, del. ad nat. F. W. Reader, sculpt.] - -[Illustration: _PLATE X._ - -PHILOSCIA MUSCORUM Scopoli. - -_Length, nine millimetres._ - -Charles Sillem, del. ad nat. F. W. Reader, sculpt.] - -[Illustration: _PLATE XI._ - -PHILOSCIA COUCHII Kinahan. - -_Length, nine millimetres._ - -Charles Sillem, del. ad nat. F. W. Reader, sculpt.] - -[Illustration: _PLATE XII._ - -PLATYARTHRUS HOFFMANNSEGGII Brandt. - -_Length, three millimetres._ - -Charles Sillem, del. ad nat. F. W. Reader, sculpt.] - -[Illustration: _PLATE XIII._ - -PORCELLIO SCABER Latreille. - -_Length, fourteen millimetres._ - -Charles Sillem, del. ad nat. F. W. Reader, sculpt.] - -[Illustration: _PLATE XIV._ - -PORCELLIO PICTUS Brandt and Ratzeburg. - -_Length, thirteen millimetres._ - -Charles Sillem, del. ad nat. F. W. Reader, sculpt.] - -[Illustration: _PLATE XV._ - -PORCELLIO DILATATUS Brandt. - -_Length, fifteen millimetres._ - -Charles Sillem, del. ad nat. F. W. Reader, sculpt.] - -[Illustration: _PLATE XVI._ - -PORCELLIO RATHKEI Brandt. - -_Length, twelve millimetres._ - -Charles Sillem, del. ad nat. F. W. Reader, sculpt.] - -[Illustration: _PLATE XVII._ - -PORCELLIO LAEVIS Latreille. - -_Length, sixteen millimetres._ - -Charles Sillem, del. ad nat. F. W. Reader, sculpt.] - -[Illustration: _PLATE XVIII._ - -PORCELLIO RATZEBURGII Brandt. - -_Length, eleven millimetres._ - -Charles Sillem, del. ad nat. F. W. Reader, sculpt.] - -[Illustration: _PLATE XIX._ - -METOPONORTHUS PRUINOSUS Brandt. - -_Length, nine millimetres._ - -Charles Sillem, del. ad nat. F. W. Reader, sculpt.] - -[Illustration: _PLATE XX._ - -METOPONORTHUS CINGENDUS Kinahan. - -_Length, six millimetres._ - -Charles Sillem, del. ad nat. F. W. Reader, sculpt.] - -[Illustration: _PLATE XXI._ - -CYLISTICUS CONVEXUS De Geer. - -_Length, twelve millimetres._ - -Charles Sillem, del. ad nat. F. W. Reader, sculpt.] - -[Illustration: _PLATE XXII._ - -ARMADILLIDIUM NASATUM Budde-Lund. - -_Length, fifteen millimetres._ - -Charles Sillem, del. ad nat. F. W. Reader, sculpt.] - -[Illustration: _PLATE XXIII._ - -ARMADILLIDIUM VULGARE Latreille. - -_Length, fifteen millimetres._ - -Charles Sillem, del. ad nat. F. W. Reader, sculpt.] - -[Illustration: _PLATE XXIV._ - -ARMADILLIDIUM PULCHELLUM Zencker. - -_Length, five millimetres._ - -Charles Sillem, del. ad nat. F. W. Reader, sculpt.] - -[Illustration: _PLATE XXV._ - -ARMADILLIDIUM DEPRESSUM Brandt. - -_Length, fifteen millimetres._ - -Charles Sillem, del. ad nat. F. W. Reader, sculpt.] - - - * * * * * - - -Transcriber's Notes - -Obvious typographical errors have been corrected. Inconsistent -accents, punctuation, and hyphenation are as in the original text. - -The "æ" ligature is used interchangeably with "ae" throughout. - -Some taxonomic names may have changed since 1906. - -The following misprints and misspellings have been noted or corrected: - -CONTENTS:- -Page vii: "Family--Ligidæ " changed to "Family--Ligiidæ". -Page vii: "Haplopthalmus mengii" changed to "Haplophthalmus mengii". -Page viii: "Armydillidium vulgare" changed to "Armadillidium vulgare". - -MAIN PART OF BOOK:- -Page 2: "Aegidae is found" changed to "Aegidae which is found". -Page 16: "naptha" changed to "naphtha" in footnote. -Page 28: "Thornsharn" changed to "Thorsharn". -Page 29: "Philoscia marmorala" changed to "Philoscia marmorata". -At the end of the following lines, there is a missing page reference: - Page 30: "1868 _Philoscia couchii_ Bate and Westwood (1), p." - Page 33: "1868 _Porcellio pictus_ Bate and Westwood (1), p." - Page 33: "1868 _Porcellio dilatatus_ Bate and Westwood (1), p." - -INDEX:- -Page 51: "Ligidae, characters of" changed to "Ligiidae, characters of". - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The British Woodlice, by -Wilfred Mark Webb and Charles Sillem - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BRITISH WOODLICE *** - -***** This file should be named 43928-8.txt or 43928-8.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/3/9/2/43928/ - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Quentin Campbell and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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