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diff --git a/43586-h/43586-h.htm b/43586-h/43586-h.htm index 3f8f3ee..c8358ed 100644 --- a/43586-h/43586-h.htm +++ b/43586-h/43586-h.htm @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> <title> The Project Gutenberg eBook of A Popular Account of the Manners and Customs of India, by Rev. Charles Acland. @@ -140,50 +140,7 @@ ins {text-decoration:none; border-bottom: thin dotted gray;} </style> </head> <body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Popular Account of the Manners and -Customs of India, by Charles Acland - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: A Popular Account of the Manners and Customs of India - -Author: Charles Acland - -Release Date: August 28, 2013 [EBook #43586] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MANNEERS, CUSTOMS OF INDIA *** - - - - -Produced by Tor Martin Kristiansen, JoAnn Greenwood, and -the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images -generously made available by The Internet Archive/American -Libraries.) - - - - - - -</pre> - - - - +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 43586 ***</div> <p class="p4 center">THE HOME AND COLONIAL LIBRARY. </p> @@ -219,7 +176,7 @@ AT THE LOWEST POSSIBLE PRICE.</p> <tr><td class="tdr">10.</td><td class="tdl"><i>French in Algiers—Fall of the Jesuits.</i></td></tr> <tr><td class="tdr">11.</td><td class="tdl"><i>Bracebridge Hall. By Washington Irving.</i></td></tr> <tr><td class="tdr">12.</td><td class="tdl"><i>Darwin's Voyage of a Naturalist.</i></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdr">13.</td><td class="tdl"><i>Lord Mahon's Life of Condé.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tdr">13.</td><td class="tdl"><i>Lord Mahon's Life of Condé.</i></td></tr> <tr><td class="tdr">14.</td><td class="tdl"><i>Borrow's Gypsies of Spain.</i></td></tr> <tr><td class="tdr">15.</td><td class="tdl"><i>Melville's Typee, or the Marquesas.</i></td></tr> <tr><td class="tdr">16.</td><td class="tdl"><i>Livonian Tales—Memoirs of a Missionary.</i></td></tr> @@ -416,7 +373,7 @@ altogether fail.</p> <tr> <td class="tdc"><a href="#Midnapore_September_12_1842"><span class="smcap">Midnapore</span>, <i>September 12</i>.</a></td></tr> <tr> -<td class="tdl">Leave Calcutta—Accident on the Hoogly—Dâk-travelling—State of the road—Arrival at Midnapore—A bungalow—Trees and plants—Mode of providing animal food—Destructiveness of ants—Snakes—Monkeys—Encounter with a buffalo—Soil, climate, and productions of Midnapore—Expenses of living—List of servants</td> +<td class="tdl">Leave Calcutta—Accident on the Hoogly—Dâk-travelling—State of the road—Arrival at Midnapore—A bungalow—Trees and plants—Mode of providing animal food—Destructiveness of ants—Snakes—Monkeys—Encounter with a buffalo—Soil, climate, and productions of Midnapore—Expenses of living—List of servants</td> <td class="tdr">10</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc"><a href="#September_15"><i>September 15.</i></a></td></tr> @@ -431,7 +388,7 @@ altogether fail.</p> <tr> <td class="tdc"><a href="#Midnapore_November_11_1842"><i>November 11.</i></a></td></tr> <tr> -<td class="tdl">Antics of the monkey—Parrots—Fierceness of the hyæna—Small grey squirrel—Narrow escape from a cobra—Its bite seldom cured—Vegetable productions—Usefulness of the bamboo—Dishonesty of servants</td> +<td class="tdl">Antics of the monkey—Parrots—Fierceness of the hyæna—Small grey squirrel—Narrow escape from a cobra—Its bite seldom cured—Vegetable productions—Usefulness of the bamboo—Dishonesty of servants</td> <td class="tdr">21</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc"><a href="#November_12"><i>November 12.</i></a></td></tr> @@ -536,7 +493,7 @@ altogether fail.</p> <tr> <td class="tdc"><a href="#Cuttack_December_25_1843"><i>December 25.</i></a></td></tr> <tr> -<td class="tdl">Choudwar—Sporting—Hyæna chase—Pariah-dog</td> +<td class="tdl">Choudwar—Sporting—Hyæna chase—Pariah-dog</td> <td class="tdr">99</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdc"><a href="#Cuttack_January_2_1844"><i>January 2, 1844.</i></a></td></tr> @@ -820,7 +777,7 @@ orange, but do not care for any of the others.</p> in a particular kind of oyster-shell, of which I can get three or four for a halfpenny. Though the heat here is excessive, I do not suffer from it: the thermometer in the large room where I -am sitting is now 93½°. The heat causes a kind of rash called +am sitting is now 93½Â°. The heat causes a kind of rash called the prickle-heat, which is very disagreeable. The sensation to which it gives rise is much the same as would be caused by running needles into the body. In every room, hanging from the @@ -1058,7 +1015,7 @@ I have a house of my own I mean to dine at three.</p> <p>When on any occasion I ask for a glass of cold water it is brought to me with a lump of ice in it. This is excessively -refreshing in a country like this, where the thermometer is at 90°. +refreshing in a country like this, where the thermometer is at 90°. It is brought in shiploads from America. At new and full moon there is what is called a "bore" in the river Hoogly, that is, the tide, instead of coming up gradually, swells up in one @@ -1099,7 +1056,7 @@ tin, and called patarahs. Each man carries two slung to a stick over his shoulder.</p> <p>My wife travels in one palanquin, and I in another. We had -taken care to write beforehand that a dâk, or men, might be in +taken care to write beforehand that a dâk, or men, might be in readiness to carry us on at each stage; and we therefore proceeded rapidly through the whole night.</p> @@ -1594,7 +1551,7 @@ there is another black stripe from one eye to the other. These stripes give the bird a very peculiar appearance. The upper circle resembles a pair of tortoiseshell spectacles.</p> -<p>I had a young hyæna given to me, which I made every endeavour +<p>I had a young hyæna given to me, which I made every endeavour to tame, giving him milk and food, but nevertheless as soon as I approached he flew at me. As he has scarcely any teeth I did not fear him, but took him in my arms, being careful @@ -1700,7 +1657,7 @@ oil which we burn in the evening and at night is extracted from the cocoa-nut and has a most agreeable smell. For this purpose cocoa-nuts are brought from Ceylon and all the neighbouring islands. This oil could not be used in England, because it congeals -into a sort of fat when the thermometer is at 64°.</p> +into a sort of fat when the thermometer is at 64°.</p> <div class="sidenote">YAMS—POTATOES.</div> @@ -1871,7 +1828,7 @@ baby.</p> <div class="sidenote">EMPLOYMENT OF TIME.</div> <p>The weather is now, comparatively speaking, delightful; the -thermometer is 76° in the middle of the day, and about 66° at +thermometer is 76° in the middle of the day, and about 66° at sunrise and early in the morning. I assure you we find it quite chilly, and are obliged to walk very fast to get warm. Our hours are now—up at six, feed the fowls, and walk till eight; bathe @@ -2001,7 +1958,7 @@ last day or two; now the clouds will continue to increase for a week, and then we shall have three days of rain, after that no more till the middle of June, except about three tremendous thunderstorms in April and May. The weather is now delightful:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span> -the thermometer varies from 60° to 80°; but I am glad of cloth +the thermometer varies from 60° to 80°; but I am glad of cloth clothes, and at night we have three blankets and a heavy counterpane. At this time of the year we have peas, beans, &c., and every one looks happy and cheerful, not healthy, for Europeans @@ -2216,7 +2173,7 @@ their loins, the red glaring torches showing the others who ran swiftly by their side, the banghy-bearers trying to keep up with us, and all keeping up a loud monotonous sing-song tune, which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span> was varied occasionally by the shrill cry of the jackal, the -grinning snarl of the hyæna, or in the distance the deeper +grinning snarl of the hyæna, or in the distance the deeper roar of the tiger in search of his prey—and yet in the midst of all this we both slept well, awakened only occasionally by the plashing of the men through the fords of the river or the stopping @@ -2229,14 +2186,14 @@ relays being in attendance with as much patience and regularity as if they were horses waiting for a coach. Thus we travelled on without interruption until we reached Danton, called Dantoon. This was about nine o'clock in the morning. At this place -there is a dâk-bungalow—that is, a bungalow, or thatched house, +there is a dâk-bungalow—that is, a bungalow, or thatched house, built by Government for the accommodation of travellers. In Turkey it would be called a caravanserai. Here there is a man with fire and water, but the traveller brings his own provisions, wine, tea, bread, &c., in his palanquin, though he can generally get eggs. We stayed here about two hours, and had some tea, eggs, and biscuits, and no one who has not experienced it can -have any idea of the comfort of a short rest after a night of dâk +have any idea of the comfort of a short rest after a night of dâk travelling. Although you lie down in the palanquin, yet every limb gets cramped, and the incessant jolting is most painful to the bones, even of one so fat as I am, and I have increased sadly @@ -2251,7 +2208,7 @@ day, delighted with everything. In the evening I took a walk with our kind host to see an old fort.</p> <p>It must have been once very strong, and was probably built -by the Mahrattas as a depôt for plunder when they overran this +by the Mahrattas as a depôt for plunder when they overran this part of the country. In the inner court is a three-domed building, resembling, except in ornament, a mosque. The walls are several feet thick, built of hard stone strongly clamped together @@ -2297,7 +2254,7 @@ for Balasore, where we arrived at half-past seven the next morning, and were set down at the Circuit-house—a large house belonging to Government, and kept for the convenience of officers,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span> including the chaplain, who have to travel the district every -year. I can conceive nothing more wild than the dâk travelling; +year. I can conceive nothing more wild than the dâk travelling; but I have described it all, except that in each palanquin we carry a brace of loaded pistols. I will relate an instance, and a very remarkable one, of the advantage of carrying loaded @@ -2517,7 +2474,7 @@ occasional showers for two days; but every one is disappointed by the season. Instead of having nice cool weather in January, the hot weather has completely set in, although it does not in general begin before the middle of February. The thermometer -in the shade is at this moment above 80°, although this is considered +in the shade is at this moment above 80°, although this is considered a cool place.</p> <p>For my dinner yesterday I had some peacock-cutlets, which @@ -2552,7 +2509,7 @@ morning, when I was awakened by hearing "Sahib, Sahib;" to which I sleepily answered by inquiring what my servant wanted. He told me we were arrived at Barripore, about fifty miles from Balasore, and they wanted to know whether I meant -to go to the dâk-bungalow. I said Yes: for we had determined +to go to the dâk-bungalow. I said Yes: for we had determined to remain at Barripore all day, as it is not safe to travel in the sun even in January. To the bungalow we accordingly went; where we eat, drank, and read books which we had brought with @@ -2622,7 +2579,7 @@ her arm amputated.</p> <div class="sidenote">HUMAN REMAINS.</div> -<p>I saw to-day a large hyæna gliding across the compound. I +<p>I saw to-day a large hyæna gliding across the compound. I suppose he smelt some dead body on the beach. The Juggernat'h pilgrims come from very great distances, and many die on the road. In my compound alone, if I were to collect the @@ -2716,7 +2673,7 @@ gusty, and continues to blow until about one in the morning. It is necessary to have lived in such a climate as this to know how truly luxurious such evenings are after the intense heat of the day, which is now rapidly increasing; the thermometer in -the shade is about 82° or 84°, and this is only the beginning of +the shade is about 82° or 84°, and this is only the beginning of February.</p> <div class="sidenote">FORT OF CUTTACK.</div> @@ -3210,11 +3167,11 @@ long cloud, and as the sun went down and the twilight deepened it did not alter its appearance, but at about a quarter to seven proved to be a magnificent comet. The nucleus was plainly visible even with the naked eye, and equal in brightness to a -small star. The tail was at least 45° in length, and inclined +small star. The tail was at least 45° in length, and inclined from W.S.W. to E.S.E. Had it been perpendicular it would have reached from the horizon half way up over our heads, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span> -whole distance from the horizon to the zenith being 90°. The -breadth of the extremity of the tail was about 2½°, and the +whole distance from the horizon to the zenith being 90°. The +breadth of the extremity of the tail was about 2½Â°, and the posterior half was divided longitudinally by a dark line. The colour was that of a pale moonlight, but it would no doubt have appeared much more red if the moon had not been shining @@ -3428,7 +3385,7 @@ verandah in front, another towards the church, a door opening<span class="pagenu into the next room, and another into the godown or store-room. All these windows and doors are now open, and I am sitting as near the centre as I can, to catch what little breeze there is, for -the weather is fearfully hot; the thermometer at noon about 90° +the weather is fearfully hot; the thermometer at noon about 90° in-doors. It is now eleven in the evening, and my wife is gone to bed. The floor, which is of cement (wooden floors are never used here on account of the white ant), is covered with a curious sort @@ -3581,7 +3538,7 @@ itself is called Pooree, or the City of Cities.</p> <div class="sidenote">POOREE.</div> <p>I left Cuttack on Thursday, April 20, and after one night's -dâk arrived here, the distance being about forty-eight miles. +dâk arrived here, the distance being about forty-eight miles. I went to the Circuit-house, a large unfurnished residence, appropriated by Government to the use of those officers who go on circuit through the district. However, Mr. B., the magistrate @@ -3604,12 +3561,12 @@ of scented grass. This is called a tatty, and is kept all day thoroughly wet, in order to cool the room by evaporation, the punkah continually fanning over head; but in spite of all this the heat is fearful, and still increasing; the thermometer stood -in-doors at 103°.</p> +in-doors at 103°.</p> <p>At Pooree, forty-eight miles from Cuttack, we have no punkahs,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span> no tatties; all the windows wide open, the waves rolling up close to the houses, a delicious sea-breeze all day, the thermometer -never yet above 85°; not a mosquito to be seen, and no +never yet above 85°; not a mosquito to be seen, and no insects but a few English flies. Excepting among the mountains, Pooree is perhaps the coolest place in India, and I am considered most fortunate in having it in my district.</p> @@ -3655,7 +3612,7 @@ up to the house.<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_ suppose a married couple going to a new station,—as, for instance,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span> my wife and myself coming to Cuttack. Well, we arrive wretched enough about eight o'clock in the morning, after a long -dâk journey. All that day we are engaged in setting things to +dâk journey. All that day we are engaged in setting things to rights. The next morning I order my carriage, and go out to make my calls; for in India, unlike England, the stranger calls first. The hours for calling are from half-past ten to one, after @@ -3668,10 +3625,10 @@ hours.</p> I drive in at the gate of the compound, and under some trees, up to the house door, and so under the portico; for every house has a very large carriage portico to protect the horses from the sun. -My carriage is a phaëton—the britska, phaëton, and buggy being +My carriage is a phaëton—the britska, phaëton, and buggy being almost the only vehicles used in India. The britska does very well for a judge, and the buggy a sort of carriage for a single -man. Mine is a phaëton with two ponies. On the box sits the +man. Mine is a phaëton with two ponies. On the box sits the coachman—dark-brown face, large black mustachios, white calico tunic and trowsers, white turban, turned up with pale blue, as livery, and blue and white cummerband round the waist; except @@ -3903,7 +3860,7 @@ under discussion.</p> about a large marble table, the host going from one to another, speaking to and trying to please all. To the sportsman he speaks of his gun, to the chaplain of a project of building a new church, -to the engineer of the aërial steam-ship, and, in short, makes +to the engineer of the aërial steam-ship, and, in short, makes every one pleased both with himself and his neighbours. I need hardly tell you that our commissioner at Cuttack is a most agreeable man; his great object is to make others happy, and @@ -4367,7 +4324,7 @@ boar. The latter animal is excessively savage and very dangerous. The usual mode of hunting is on horseback, armed with long lances or spears. His strength is very great; he is much larger and longer than the English pig. When enraged his back -becomes as much curved as that of the hyæna; indeed, it is a +becomes as much curved as that of the hyæna; indeed, it is a good deal so at all times. From the top of the head to the tail extends a thick mane of bristles, not hanging down like a horse's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span> mane, but standing perfectly upright. I have a young one now @@ -4432,9 +4389,9 @@ finger.</p> <p>Last June, when the weather was intensely hot, after we left Pooree, where we had resided for six weeks with Mr. and Mrs. B., I went to Chandapore, a delightful place on the sea-coast, -about seven miles from Balasore. The thermometer was 105° +about seven miles from Balasore. The thermometer was 105° in-doors at six o'clock in the evening. When I started from -Cuttack the thermometer in my palkee stood at 126°. At +Cuttack the thermometer in my palkee stood at 126°. At Chandapore I was glad to put on a cloth coat and cloth trowsers. That is one great advantage in my station; I have almost every variety of climate, except extreme cold. Indeed, when the @@ -4471,7 +4428,7 @@ incurable. They are covered with a hard shell.</p> <div class="sidenote">RELIEF FUND.</div> <p>There is a great deal of illness about now, although the weather -is most delightful: the thermometer seldom above 80°; +is most delightful: the thermometer seldom above 80°; the morning quite chilly. I am very well; the only complaint I have is that of getting exceedingly fat. I think I have mentioned our relief fund. There are a number of poor Christians @@ -4958,7 +4915,7 @@ farther point of the angle. "A tiger!" screamed the men, and ran off in every direction as fast as they could. "Give us the guns with ball," shouted we; for those in our hands had only small shot, and the men behind us held our other guns. "It is -a great hyæna!" shouted I, as with another growl an enormous +a great hyæna!" shouted I, as with another growl an enormous one sneaked out of the bushes up the bank opposite to that on which we stood. Bang! went the Captain's gun and mine at the same time;—down fell the brute, up again, turned round, @@ -4975,7 +4932,7 @@ and turning every now and then to snarl at us. "Coolies, drive him hither!" cried Captain W., and on we bounded; but the coolies were not at all willing to obey the command, and so we had a long chase. "I'll fire; you mind him if he turns," -exclaimed W. Bang! A yell from the hyæna; and down he +exclaimed W. Bang! A yell from the hyæna; and down he rushes towards me. Bang! he's down—no—up again. Another shot from Captain W., and over he tumbles and is dead in a few minutes.</p> @@ -4985,10 +4942,10 @@ tired, and also fat; but when I saw the enormous brute all was forgotten, and I leaped down the rocks, scrambled up the hills, and bounded over the bushes, as if I had been a boy.</p> -<p>The hyæna is a cowardly animal, although he has immense +<p>The hyæna is a cowardly animal, although he has immense strength both of jaw and paw. Had this been a tiger, he would at the first wound have flown at us, and perhaps killed us before -we had time to load again; but the hyæna rarely turns upon +we had time to load again; but the hyæna rarely turns upon the hunters unless he sees that all escape is hopeless. I had no idea that these animals were so large. This was little if at all less than a full-grown tiger. He did not spring out like the @@ -5004,7 +4961,7 @@ The ball struck the sand between the animal's legs, and he stared round him as if to know what it meant. Captain W.'s next shot struck the sand close to the dog's nose. Off he started, when I raised my gun and fired, and he rolled over dead. This was a -useless piece of cruelty; the killing the hyæna was right, because +useless piece of cruelty; the killing the hyæna was right, because these animals do much mischief among the cattle, and will also carry away young children; but the dogs are in a great measure our scavengers, and carry off all sorts of filth.</p> @@ -5255,7 +5212,7 @@ came to a large open space of a mile or more in diameter, and here a most singular scene presented itself. Throughout the whole extent of the space, large masses of black rock, perfectly smooth and rounded at the edges, rose at intervals to the height -of twelve or sixteen feet, at an angle of about 70°. It appeared +of twelve or sixteen feet, at an angle of about 70°. It appeared as if some mighty city had been swept over by a hurricane, and all the walls were tottering to their fall.</p> @@ -5839,8 +5796,8 @@ people ventured still farther into the country, and after various wanderings founded Cundeegurree, as conquerors of the district. Or, if I wish to turn my speculations in another direction, I may examine the dress, carved in stone, and that statue, and think of -the name of the reputed founder Lalal, India, Kesari (quære -Cæsar?). All this, however, is mere speculation, as I have no +the name of the reputed founder Lalal, India, Kesari (quære +Cæsar?). All this, however, is mere speculation, as I have no sufficient data at present by which to arrive at any conclusion. There is a much longer inscription very correctly copied in Stirling's 'History of Orissa.'</p> @@ -5932,7 +5889,7 @@ headaches and oppression of the lungs.</p> <p>Well, you start from Cuttack in the evening, arrive at Pooree the next morning, and what a change! The doors and windows are open all day; and although the thermometer generally stands -at 89°, yet the incessant breeze off the sea prevents any inconvenience +at 89°, yet the incessant breeze off the sea prevents any inconvenience from the heat; indeed, we are sometimes glad to close the doors in order to keep out the air. At night a delicious fresh wind, which frequently renders a blanket necessary, no @@ -6455,8 +6412,8 @@ my man two months' pay for his carelessness; but, as that is only <div class="sidenote">BRINDABUND MONKEYS.</div> <p>The weather is now most fearfully oppressive; not so much -from the actual heat, for the thermometer is seldom above 86° or -87°, but from a dense mass of cloud, which at the height of a few +from the actual heat, for the thermometer is seldom above 86° or +87°, but from a dense mass of cloud, which at the height of a few hundred feet encloses us, as it were, day and night in one vast steamy vapour-bath. The last two or three months are actually the most trying that I have felt in India.</p> @@ -6706,10 +6663,10 @@ be soon worn out by the burning sun?</p> <p>However, this month I have no right to complain; I am far better than I have been for some time. The weather is delightful; we are glad of a thick blanket and counterpane at night; -at six, when I get up, the thermometer is rarely above 72°. I +at six, when I get up, the thermometer is rarely above 72°. I have no objection to a cloak when I am sowing seeds in the morning. The thermometer now, two o'clock <span class="smcap">P.M.</span>, is in my -room exactly 80°, but there is a delightful cool breeze.</p> +room exactly 80°, but there is a delightful cool breeze.</p> <p>I have before observed that I did not feel satisfied with my medical man. As the East India Company do not allow above @@ -7360,384 +7317,6 @@ were retained.</p> <p><a href="#Page_145">p. 145</a>, "I believe the Buddhist religion": Original read "Bhuddist."</p> </div> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Popular Account of the Manners and -Customs of India, by Charles Acland - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MANNEERS, CUSTOMS OF INDIA *** - -***** This file should be named 43586-h.htm or 43586-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/3/5/8/43586/ - -Produced by Tor Martin Kristiansen, JoAnn Greenwood, and -the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images -generously made available by The Internet Archive/American -Libraries.) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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