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diff --git a/43421.txt b/43421.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 30a98ab..0000000 --- a/43421.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,757 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of China in America, by Stewart Culin - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: China in America - A study in the social life of the Chinese in the eastern - cities of the United States - -Author: Stewart Culin - -Release Date: August 8, 2013 [EBook #43421] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ASCII - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHINA IN AMERICA *** - - - - -Produced by Juliet Sutherland, David Garcia and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - - -[Illustration: Map of the Province of Kwantung] - - - - - - -China in America: - - A STUDY IN THE - Social Life of the Chinese - IN THE - Eastern Cities of the United States. - -BY STEWART CULIN. - - -READ BEFORE THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE -(SECTION OF ANTHROPOLOGY), AT THE THIRTY-SIXTH MEETING, NEW YORK, 1887. - - -PHILADELPHIA: 1887. - - - - -Social Life of the Chinese - -IN THE EASTERN CITIES OF THE UNITED STATES - - -The Chinese laborers in America all come from the departments of Kwangchau -and Shauking, in the province of Kwantung. - -They describe themselves as _Punti_ or "natives," as distinguished from -the tribes called _Hakka_ or "strangers," and divide themselves into -the people of the _Sam Yup_ ("Three Towns") and those of the _Sz' Yup_ -("Four Towns"), the former from the three districts of Nanhai (1),[1] -Pw'anyu (2), and Shunteh (3), and the latter from the four districts -of Sinhwui (4), Sinning (5), Kaiping (6), and Nganping (7). Others from -the district of Hohshan (8) include themselves with those from the -_Sz' Yup_, and there are a few from each of the districts of Tungkwan -(9), Hiangshan (10), Sanshwui (11), and Sinngan (12). - -The tract embraced in these districts is little more than 100 miles -square, but it exhibits much diversity in its natural features, the -northern and western parts being high and mountainous, while those -approaching the coast are low and covered with small hills, and the -entire region is well watered by numerous large rivers and tributary -streams. Large towns and cities, many of them the seat of important -manufactures, are found within its limits. The coast is studded with -numerous small islands and furnished with safe and commodious harbors. - -The people of the different districts show distinctive peculiarities, -both in speech and customs. Those from Nanhai and Pw'anyu, the -districts within which the city of Canton is situated, partake of the -manners of its inhabitants, although few here are from the capital -itself, and their language differs little from the dialect of Canton as -transcribed by Dr. Williams. The _Sz' Yup_ people, particularly those -from the maritime district of Sinning, who comprise the greater part, -are ruder and more adventurous than those from nearer the capital, and -their speech can only be understood with difficulty by the inhabitants -of the Provincial City. - -The immigrants are much influenced by local traditions and those from -different sections keep much to themselves. They establish separate -shops when their numbers warrant it, as well as assembly-rooms and -guild-halls. The Six Companies in San Francisco, under which nearly all -of the Chinese in the United States are enrolled, are the guilds formed -in this manner by the emigrants from different parts of the province. - -The ties of kindred, preserved with so much care in China, are recognized -here, and many of the immigrants claim relationship. People of the -same village naturally drift together, and as all the inhabitants of a -Chinese village frequently belong to the same clan and bear the same -name, it happens that many members of the same family are often found -associated here, the numbers of any particular family varying much, -however, in different localities. Some thirty or forty of these clans -only are represented among the Chinese in our Eastern cities. A Chinese -storekeeper in Philadelphia has furnished me with the following list -of the names and numbers of each clan among some four hundred and fifty -of his acquaintances in that city. It will be observed that the _Li_ -clan outnumbers any other. In New York city, the Chius predominate, -numbering some five hundred souls. - - - [Chinese: Au] _Au_, 4 or 5. - [Chinese: Chan] _Ch'an_, 30. - [Chinese: Chau] _Chau_, 15. - [Chinese: Chang] _Cheung_, 20. - [Chinese: Cheng] _Ching_, 2 or 3. - [Chinese: Chiu] _Chiu_, 10. - [Chinese: Zhong] _Chung_, 30. - [Chinese: Feng] _Fung_, 10. - [Chinese: He] _Ho_, 20. - [Chinese: Lam] _Lam_, 10. - [Chinese: Lee] _Li_, 120. - [Chinese: Law] _Lo_, 2 or 3. - [Chinese: Lu] _Lue_, 10. - [Chinese: Ma] _Ma_, 4 or 5. - [Chinese: Mack] _Mak_, 15. - [Chinese: Mei] _Mui_, 80. - [Chinese: Ng] _'Ng_, 4 or 5. - [Chinese: Eng] _'Ng_, 4 or 5. - [Chinese: Tan] _T'am_, 6. - [Chinese: Dang] _Tang_, 6. - [Chinese: Hu] _U_, 4 or 5. - [Chinese: Yee] _Ue_, 10. - [Chinese: Wang] _Wong_, 10. - [Chinese: Wong] _Wong_, 20. - [Chinese: Ngan] _Yan_, 1 or 2. - [Chinese: Yang] _Yeung_, 4 or 5. - [Chinese: Yik] _Yik_, 1 or 2. - - -The members of a clan unite when necessary for mutual defense or to -redress a wrong done to one of their number; the ties and obligations of -the clan, however, are much stronger among the Sinning people than those -of the northern districts. Very slight disagreements between individuals -among them are frequently taken up by their respective families and made -the subjects of long and bitter quarrels--meetings are held, large sums -of money subscribed, and feuds perpetuated that may have been carried -on for ages at home. - -The immigrants are nearly all agriculturists, with a small sprinkling -of artisans and shopkeepers, some of whom have served an apprenticeship -in Canton or Hong Kong after leaving their native villages. They are -nearly all single men, who left their homes at an early age before the -usual time among them for contracting marriages.[2] Some have wives and -children in China, and many of the more successful go home to marry and -then return again to America; but wives and children are never brought -with them, and there are few native women among them, except in San -Francisco and the cities of the western coast. - -The first considerable emigration of Chinese to America occurred at the -time of the discovery of gold in California in 1849. Many then sought -their fortunes there, and the stream of emigration, once started, was -much increased by the disturbed condition of the southern provinces -during the next decade. The Triad Society, a secret order opposed to -the present Manchu dynasty, seized upon the time when the government was -engaged in combating the Tai Ping rebellion in the north and raised an -insurrection. This was subdued, but with much bloodshed, and thousands -of the rebels sought refuge in America, with many others who were ruined -by the outbreak. - -The first appearance of the Chinese in any numbers in our Eastern cities -dates from about the year 1870. Before that time an occasional Chinaman -found his way here as cook or steward on some incoming vessel, and a -little colony of such waifs had already established itself in the city -of New York. - -Upon the completion of the Union Pacific Railway, thousands of Chinese -were thrown out of employment. In the absence of women in the mining -camps they found a remunerative occupation in the laundry business, and -before 1869 they had obtained almost a monopoly of that occupation in the -West. Shortly before this time, a Mr. Thomas engaged fifty San Francisco -Chinese to work in his laundry at Belleville, New Jersey. They quickly -discovered, upon their arrival, the field presented by the neighboring -cities for their work, and the news spread rapidly to California and -even to China itself.[3] Thousands of Chinese came to the East, until at -present there is scarcely a town throughout the whole extent of country -where one or more may not be found, while in the large cities colonies -have been formed, in which much of their primitive life has been -re-established, and an opportunity presented for the observation and study -of these interesting people at our very doors. - -Little capital is required to start a laundry, one hundred dollars being -usually sufficient, and several men frequently associate themselves -together and share the profits between them. The owners should each -clear from twenty-five to seventy dollars per month, while the hired -laborers are paid from twenty-five to thirty dollars per month, with -their board and lodging. They rise at daybreak and work until their -task is finished, often until far into the night. Two meals a day are -provided for them, one at about nine in the morning and another between -four and five in the afternoon. These consist of rice, fish and pork, -and certain vegetables, and are abundant and palatable. One of the men -in the laundry acts as cook, an avocation for which all the immigrants -seem to show much aptitude. Sunday and Monday are generally observed as -holidays, work being resumed on Monday night. The Chinese New Year is -the season for a holiday lasting for nearly a week, and at this time, -as upon the occasion of several other principal Chinese festivals, -employers are expected to provide a special dinner for their laborers. - -The occupation of the laundrymen, both as owner and employee, is a -profitable one, but their incessant toil, with their aptitude for -combination and freedom from many of the expenses which the family -relation entails upon all other classes, may be regarded as the secrets -of this success. - -The store is the centre around which life in a Chinese colony revolves. -As soon as several men have collected in a town or city, one of them will -send to the nearest place of supply and purchase such Chinese groceries -and other wares as may be needed by the colony. These he will sell to -his comrades, without at first discontinuing his usual avocation. If -the colony increases in numbers he may rent a small store and with the -assistance of some of his friends form a store company. Several men -are usually associated in such enterprises, one of whom will be placed -in charge as manager. A general assortment of Chinese merchandise is -obtained, either from New York or San Francisco or direct from China -itself, and an auspicious name is selected for the company and prominently -displayed without the store door. - -In a short time this place becomes the resort of all the Chinese in the -colony, many of whom may have a small money interest in the concern. They -have provisions and clothes to buy; news of the outside world and of -their own homes may be learned here; and, besides, there is a couch -provided for opium smoking, which the immigrant, with newly acquired money -to spend, readily practices as the first dissipation at hand. In time -the shop-keeper, knowing the advantage of increasing the attractions of -his place, may procure a tolerably skillful cook and open a restaurant -in an upper story of his building; but at first this will only be kept -open on Sundays and holidays. - -Other opportunities for making money will not be lost sight of. The -cellar will be fitted up with bunks for opium smoking, and tables covered -with matting for the convenience of those who desire to play dominoes; -and the profit on the opium consumed and the portion of the winnings -set aside for the use of the tables soon constitute a more important -source of revenue than the store itself. - -Thus many interests besides those of the dealer in clothes and -provisions grow up under the roof of the little shop. Often a doctor, -some poor and broken-down student, dispenses medicines from a supply -of drugs ranged along one side of the store; the itinerant barber, -an indispensable personage, makes it a place of call; letters for the -colony are directed in care of the store; public notices are written -on tablets of red paper and pasted beside the door; Chinese newspapers, -both of San Francisco and the native ports, are received; and here, -too, interpreters are to be found, who conduct negotiations and adjust -differences with the outside world. - -As the colony increases in numbers, a kind of society reorganizes, -and though at first it may have been composed of laborers engaged as -laundrymen or cigar-makers, many of them in time find other employments -tributary to the mass, and take up their former occupations or new ones -most congenial to them. The modifications and divergences of this society -from that of the Chinese at home, due to the absence of native women and -the influence of the different and aggressive civilization around it, -present an interesting field for study. - -Time will not permit me to dwell upon even the characteristic features -of the social life of the Chinese in our cities, but there are certain -questions connected with their mental characteristics and religious -belief which a somewhat prolonged contact with those people enables me, -more or less imperfectly, to answer. - -Much misconception exists as to character of the Chinese who emigrate -to America. They are generally described as the dregs of their people, -given up to gambling and opium smoking and distinguished only by their -vices. Some, however, who have observed their constant toil, the readiness -with which they accept instruction in our language, and their willingness -to profess a belief in such religious teaching as is at the same time -offered to them, have greatly exaggerated their moral and mental -qualities; while others who have questioned them, in the spirit of -philosophical inquiry, concerning their religious belief and their -knowledge of Confucius and the sages of antiquity, usually in terms quite -unintelligible to them, have declared that the popular opinion as to their -ignorance is well founded, and that they have little in common with -the class of scholars and philosophers who have dignified and adorned -the pages of Chinese history from the dawn of their civilization down -to the present time. - -Nearly all the Chinese in America have passed some of their early years -at school, where they learned to write a few of the many characters of -their language, and to read it with more or less facility. This is the -case even among the Sinning people, few of whom go up at home to the -district examinations, and among whom, even in China, there are few -literary graduates or persons of distinction--a condition due not so -much to their lack of natural ability, as to the extreme and grinding -poverty to which they are subjected. - -Among those from Hohshan and the country adjacent to the city of -Canton are found many of considerable attainments; not men who would be -considered scholars at home, or who have even obtained the degree of -_siu-tsai_ that constitutes the first step to advancement, but clerks -who are able to read and understand much of the abstruse classical -literature of their country, and whose sympathies and traditions are -allied with those of the great literary aristocracy by which their -nation is dominated. Many of their country people have attained eminence -in the past, and the lists of the successful graduates at the Triennial -Examinations at Canton, which are received and posted in the shops here, -frequently contain names not only of students from their native villages, -but of their own cousins and kindred. - -This class forms a small part, however, of the great mass of the -immigrants, and their literary ambitions are soon lost here in the -struggle for existence, for which they seem less fitted than many of -their ruder neighbors. - -The latter appear to be little influenced by the classical instruction -of the schools. While the books of the sages and philosophers constitute -the literature, _par excellence_, of China, there exists a vast popular -literature, quasi-historical, imaginative, and romantic, which is read -by the mass of the people and more directly controls their minds than -the teachings of Confucius and his disciples. Within it are enshrined -the popular traditions and folk-tales, in many other countries as yet -handed down orally, here amplified and embellished, and although written -in the vulgar tongue, receiving many charms from their beauties of style -and literary execution. Stories of the magician _Chau Kung_, of the -heroic _Kwan Kung_, long since deified as the God of War; of _Muk Kwai -Ying_, that martial heroine of Chinese historical romance, with tales of -the _Pat Sin_ (the Eight Genii), and Buddhist legends without number, -all go to make up this intermingled mass of romance and tradition. - -These wonder tales have fallen upon no incredulous ears in the -past. Accustomed to attribute almost every phenomenon of nature to the -intervention of supernatural powers, to people every rock and tree with -its familiar spirit, "to hear the menace of a god in the thunder, and -see the beneficence of a deity in the rain," they have had little reason -to question the truth of stories in which the occult and supernatural -plays little greater part than it daily appears to in the course of -their own lives. - -Their religion is not a system which we can define as that of Tao, -Buddha, or Confucius, although all these have contributed to give form -to ceremonies and observances; the worship of the spirits of the dead, -with a kind of fetichism even more primitive, constitutes the principal -element of their belief. - -We may discover traces of Buddhistic teachings in their worship of Kwan -Yin, in their ideas as to the transmigration of souls, and in their -abstinence from eating beef; of Taoism, in the spiritual hierarchy under -which all of their gods, buddhas, and demons are made to find a place, -and of the Literary Cult, in those methods of divination and forms of -worship, still practiced as in the times of Confucius and the sages, -by whom they were recorded; but deeper and stronger than these is their -belief in the continued presence of the spirits of the dead and their -controlling influence upon the fortune and destiny of the living. Such -ceremonies as are observed by the Chinese here have for their object the -propitiation and expulsion of these phantoms; prayers and offerings are -made to higher powers, but their aid is invoked for protection against -the spirits of the dead and those malignant forces in nature with which -they are believed to be often associated. - -Contact with our civilization must bring with it a more correct conception -of the physical universe and dissipate many of these illusions. A -knowledge of our sciences will give China a new place in history, and -we cannot fail to look with interest upon these first representatives -of its capable and extraordinary people among us, who may some day play -no small part in the awakening of their country to a knowledge of the -resources of the Western World. - - * * * * * - -[Footnote 1: The accompanying map of the province of Kwantung is reproduced -from the Ho Hoh T'ung Shu ("the Concord Almanac") for the year 1855. The -situations of the several districts mentioned in the text are indicated -by corresponding figures in red upon the map. The scale of the map is -about eighty-five miles to the inch.] - -[Footnote 2: Hon. George F. Seward, _Chinese Immigration in its Social -and Economical Aspects_, New York, 1881, p. 191.] - -[Footnote 3: _The Chinese in New York, The New York Daily Tribune, June -21, 1885._] - -[Transcriber's Note: The pinyin representations used in the first column -of the table of names are using modern standards.] - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of China in America, by Stewart Culin - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHINA IN AMERICA *** - -***** This file should be named 43421.txt or 43421.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/3/4/2/43421/ - -Produced by Juliet Sutherland, David Garcia and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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