diff options
Diffstat (limited to '43073.txt')
| -rw-r--r-- | 43073.txt | 1170 |
1 files changed, 0 insertions, 1170 deletions
diff --git a/43073.txt b/43073.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 37251a4..0000000 --- a/43073.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1170 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Deutschland Ueber Allah, by E. F. Benson - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: Deutschland Ueber Allah - -Author: E. F. Benson - -Release Date: July 1, 2013 [EBook #43073] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ASCII - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DEUTSCHLAND UeBER ALLAH *** - - - - -Produced by Chuck Greif -(This file was produced from images available at The Internet Archive) - - - - - - - -DEUTSCHLAND UeBER ALLAH - - - - -DEUTSCHLAND - -UeBER ALLAH - -BY - -E. F. BENSON - -HODDER AND STOUGHTON - -LONDON NEW YORK TORONTO - -MCMXVII - - - - -DEUTSCHLAND UeBER ALLAH - -IT was commonly said at the beginning of this war that, whatever -Germany's military resources might be, she was hopelessly and childishly -lacking in diplomatic ability and in knowledge of psychology, from -which all success in diplomacy is distilled. As instances of this grave -defect, people adduced the fact that apparently she had not anticipated -the entry of Great Britain into the war at all, while her treatment of -Belgium immediately afterwards was universally pronounced not to be a -crime merely, but a blander of the stupidest sort. It is perfectly true -that Germany did not understand, and, as seems likely in the light of -innumerable other atrocities, never will understand, the psychology -of civilised peoples; she has never shown any signs up till now, at -any rate, of "having got the hang of it" at all. But critics of her -diplomacy failed to see the root-fact that she did not understand it -merely because it did not interest her. It was not worth her while to -master the psychology of other civilised nations, since she was out not -to understand them but to conquer them. She had all the information she -wanted about their armies and navies and guns and ammunition neatly and -correctly tabulated. Why, then, since this was all that concerned her, -should she bother her head about what they might feel on the subject -of gas-attacks or the torpedoing of neutral ships without warning? As -long as her fumes were deadly and her submarines subtle, nothing further -concerned her. - -But Europe generally made a great mistake in supposing that she could -not learn psychology and the process of its distillation into diplomacy -when it interested her. The psychology of the French and English was a -useless study, for she was merely going to fight them, but for years she -had been studying with an industry and a patience that put our diplomacy -to shame (as was most swiftly and ignominiously proven when it came -into conflict with hers) the psychology of the Turks. For years she had -watched the dealings of the Great Powers with Turkey, but she had never -really associated herself with that policy. She sat quietly by and saw -how it worked. Briefly it was this. For a hundred years Turkey had been -a Sick Man, and for a hundred years he had been kept alive in Europe -by the sedulous attentions of the Physician-Powers, who dared not let -him die for fear of the stupendous quarrels which would instantly arise -over his corpse. So there they all sat round his bed, and kept him alive -with injections of strychnine and oxygen and, no less, by a policy of -rousing and irritating the patient. All through the reign of Abdul Hamid -they persevered: Great Britain plucked his pillow from him, so to speak, -by her protectorate of Egypt; Russia tweaked Eastern Rumelia from him; -France deprived him of his hot-water bottle when she snatched at the -Constantinople quays, and they all shook and slapped him when he went to -war with Greece in 1896, and instantly deprived him of the territory -he had won in Thessaly. That was the principle of European diplomacy -towards Turkey, and from it Germany always held aloof. - -But from about the beginning of the reign of the present German Emperor, -German or rather Prussian diplomacy had been going quietly about its -work. It was worth while to study the psychology of the Turks, because -dimly then, but with ever increasing distinctness, Germany foresaw that -Turkey might be a counter of immense importance in the great conflict -which was assuredly drawing nearer, though as yet its existence was but -foreshadowed by the most distant reflections of summer lightning on a -serene horizon. But if Turkey was to be of any profit to her, she wanted -a strong Turkey who could fight with her (or rather for her), and she -had no use for the Sick Man whom the other Powers were bent on keeping -alive but no more. Her own eventual domination of Turkey was always the -end in view, but she wanted to dominate not a weak but a strong servant. -And her diplomacy was not less than brilliant simply from the facts that -on the one hand it soothed Turkey instead of irritating, and on the -other it went absolutely unnoticed for a long time. Nobody knew that it -was going on. She sent officers to train the Turkish army, well knowing -what magnificent material Anatolia afforded, and she had thoroughly -grasped the salient fact that to make any way with Oriental peoples your -purse must be open and your backshish unlimited. "There is no God but -backshish, and the Deutsche Bank is his prophet." - -For years this went on very quietly, and all over the great field of -the Ottoman Empire the first tiny blades of the crop that Germany was -sowing began to appear. To-day that crop waves high and covers the whole -field with its ripe and fruitful ears. For to-day Turkey is neither -more nor less than a German colony, and more than makes up to her for -the colonies she has lost and hopes to regain. She knows that perfectly -well, and so do any who have at all studied the history and the results -of her diplomacy there. Even Turkey itself must, as in an uneasy dream, -be faintly conscious of it. For who to-day is the Sultan of Turkey? No -other than William II. of Germany. It is in Berlin that his Cabinet -meets, and sometimes he asks Talaat Bey to attend in a strictly honorary -capacity. And Talaat Bey goes back to Constantinople with a strictly -honorary sword of honour. Or else he gives one to William II. from his -_soi-disant_ master, the Sultan, or takes one back to his _soi-disant_ -master from his real master. For no one knows better than William II. -the use that swords of honour play in deeds of dishonour. - -The object of this pamphlet is to trace the hewn and solid staircase of -steps by which Germany's present supremacy over Turkey was achieved. -Apart from the quiet spade-work that had been going on for some years, -Germany made no important move till the moment when in 1909 the Young -Turk party, after the forced abdication of Abdul Hamid, proclaimed the -aims and ideal of the new regime. At once Germany saw her opportunity, -for here, with her help, might arise the strong Turkey which she -desired to see, instead of the weak Turkey which all the other European -Powers had been keeping on a lowering diet for so long (desirous only -that it should not quite expire), and from that moment she began to -lend, or rather let, to Turkey in ever increasing quantities the -resources of her scientific and her military knowledge. It was in her -interests, if Turkey was to be of use to her, that she should educate, -and irrigate, and develop the unexploited treasures of human material, -of fertility and mineral wealth; and Germany's gold, her schools, her -laboratories were at Turkey's disposal. But in every case she, as in -duty bound to her people, saw that she got very good value for her -outlay. - -Here, then, was the great psychological moment when Germany instantly -moved. The Young Turks proclaimed that they were going to weld the -Ottoman Empire into one homogeneous and harmonious whole, and by a piece -of brilliant paradoxical reasoning Germany determined that it was she -who was going to do it for them. In flat contradiction of the spirit of -their manifestos, which proclaimed the Pan-Turkish ideal, she conceived -and began to carry out under their very noses the great new chapter of -the Pan-Germanic ideal. And the Young Turks did not know the difference! -They mistook that lusty Teutonic changeling for their own new-born -Turkish babe, and they nursed and nourished it. Amazingly it throve, and -soon it cut its teeth, and one day, when they thought it was asleep, it -arose from its cradle a baby no more but a great Prussian guardsman who -shouted "Deutschland ueber Allah!" - -Only once was there a check in the career of the Prussian infant, and -that was no more than a childish ailment. For when the Balkan wars -broke out the Turkish army was in the transitional stage. Its German -tutors had not yet had time to inspire the army with German discipline -and tradition; they had only weeded out, so to speak, the old Turkish -spirit, the blind obedience to the ministers of the Shadow of God. The -Shadow of God, in fact, in the person of the Sultan had been dragged -out into the light, and his Shadow had grown appreciably less. In -consequence there was not at this juncture any cohesion in the army, -and it suffered reverse after reverse. But a strong though a curtailed -Turkey was more in accordance with Prussian ideas than a weak and -unformed one, and Germany bore the Turkish defeats very valiantly. And -that was the only set-back that this Pan-Prussian youngster experienced, -and it was no more than an attack of German measles which he very -quickly got over. For two or three years German influence wavered, -then recovered, "with blessings on the falling out, that all the more -endears." - -It is interesting to see how Germany adapted the Pan-Turkish ideal to -her own ends, and by a triumphant vindication of Germany's methods the -best account of this Pan-Turkish ideal is to be found in a publication -of 1915 by Tekin Alp, which was written as German propaganda and by -Germany disseminated broadcast over the Turkish Empire. The movement was -organised by Kemal Bey in 1909 as a branch committee of the Union and -Progress Party at Constantinople, and its headquarters were in Salonica, -where the deposed Abdul Hamid was subsequently confined. Another branch, -under Zia Bey, worked at Constantinople. Kemal Bey collected a group of -young and ardent writers, who exploited the idea of a restoration of a -national and universal Turkey which should unite all Turkish elements, -and, as was hinted even then, extirpate the other nationalities, such as -the Armenians, which were a menace, or might conceivably be a menace, -to complete Turkish autocracy. The young writers were supplemented by -a group called Yeni Hayat, or the "Young Life," who worked for the -restoration of national traditions. Certain opposition was met with, -but this was overcome, and at once Kemal Bey and his assistants had the -Koran translated into Turkish, and the prayers for the Khalif--in Arabic -no longer, but in Turkish--were distributed throughout the Empire. -Knowing full well that, apart from language, the religious bond of Islam -was one of the strongest uniting forces, if not actually the strongest, -at their disposal, they proclaimed that the true faith was the Turkish -and not the Arab version. With a stupendous audacity they claimed this -difference between the two, namely, that the Arab conception of Allah -was the God of Vengeance, the Turkish conception the God of Love. The -Turkish language and the Turkish Allah, God of Love, in whose name the -Armenians were tortured and massacred, were the two wings on which -Turkey was to soar. Auxiliary soaring societies were organised, among -them a Turkish Ojagha with similar aims, and no fewer than sixteen -branches of it were founded throughout the Empire. There were also a -Turkish Guiji or gymnastic club and an Izji or boy scouts' club. A union -of merchants worked for the same object in districts where hitherto -trade had been in the hands of Greeks and Armenians, and signs appeared -on their shops that only Turkish labour was employed. Religious funds -also were used for similar economic restoration. - -Turkey then was to be for the Turks, and so was a great deal more -than Turkey. They claimed that of the 10,000,000 population of Persia -one-third were Turks, while the province Azerbaijan--the richest, -most active and enlightened district of Persia--was entirely Turkish. -Similarly they regarded the country south of the Caucasus as Turkish, -since Turks formed 50 to 80 per cent. of its population. Kasan, in fact, -was Turkish, and if the Turks in the plain of the Volga, in the Crimea, -and in the Caucasus were welded into Turkey, a nation of between forty -and fifty million would be formed--Osmanlis all of them. - -Germany saw, Germany tabulated, Germany licked her lips and took out -her long spoon, for her hour was come. She did not interfere: she only -helped to further the Pan-Turkish ideal. With her usual foresight she -perceived that the Izji, for instance, was a thing to encourage, for -the boys who were being trained now would in a few years be precisely -the young men of whom she could not have too many. By all means the -boy-scout movement was to be encouraged. She encouraged it so generously -and methodically that in 1916, according to an absolutely reliable -source of information, we find that the whole boy-scout movement, with -its innumerable branches, is under the control of a German officer, -Colonel von Hoff. In its classes (derneks) boys are trained in military -practices, in "a recreational manner," so that they enjoy--positively -enjoy (a Prussian touch)--the exercises that will fit them to be of -use to the Sultan William II. They learn trigger-drill, they learn -skirmishing, they are taught to make reports on the movements of their -companies, they are shown neat ways of judging distance. They are -divided into two classes, the junior class ranging from the ages of -twelve to seventeen, the senior class consisting of boys over seventeen -but not yet of military age. But since Colonel von Hoff organised this -boys of the age of seventeen have become of military age. Prussian -thoroughness therefore saw that their training must begin earlier; the -old junior class has become the senior class, and a new junior class -has been set on foot which begins its recreational exercises in the -service of William II., Gott and Allah, at the age of eight. It is all -great fun, but those pigeon-livered little boys who are not diverted by -it have to go on with their fun all the same, for, needless to say, the -Izji is compulsory on all boys. Of course they wear a uniform which is -made in Germany and is of a "semi-military" character. - -The provision of soldiers and sailors, then, trained from the early -age of eight was the first object of Germany's peaceful and benign -penetration. As from the Pisgah height of the Pan-Turkish ideal she saw -the promised land, but she had no idea of seeing it only, like Moses, -and expiring without entering it, and her faith that she would enter -it and possess it has been wonderfully justified. She has not only -penetrated but has dominated; a year ago towns like Aleppo were crammed -with German officers, while at Islahie there were separate wooden -barracks for the exclusive use of German troops. There is a military -mission at Mamoura, where all the buildings are permanent erections -solidly built of stone, for no merely temporary occupation is intended, -and thousands of freight-cars with Belgian marks upon them throng the -railways, and on some is the significant German title of "Military -Headquarters of the Imperial Staff." There are troops in the Turkish -army to which is given the title of "Pasha formation," in compliment -to Turkey, but the Pasha formations are under the command of Baron -Kress von Kressenstein, and are salted with German officers, N.C.O.s, -and privates, who, although in the Turkish army, retain their German -uniforms. - -This German leaven forms an instructional class for the remainder -of the troops in these formations, who are Turkish. The Germans are -urged to respect Moslem customs and to show particular consideration -for their religious observances. Every German contingent arriving at -Constantinople to join the Pasha formations finds quarters prepared -on a ship, and when the troops leave for their "destination" they -take supplies from depots at the railway station which will last them -two or three months. They are enjoined to write war diaries, and are -provided with handbooks on the military and geographical conditions in -Mesopotamia, with maps, and with notes on the training and management -of camels. This looks as if they were intended for use against the -English troops in Mesopotamia, but I cannot find that they have been -identified there. The greatest secrecy is observed with regard to -these Pasha formations, and their constitution and movements are kept -extremely veiled. - -Wireless stations have been set up in Asia Minor and Palestine, and -these are under the command of Major Schlee. A Turkish air-service was -instituted, at the head of which was Major Serno, a Prussian officer. -At Constantinople there is a naval school for Turkish engineers and -mechanics in the arsenal, to help on the Pan-Turkish ideal, and with -a view to that all the instructors are German. Similarly by the -spring of this year Germany had arranged to start submarine training -in Constantinople for the Turks, and a submarine school was open and -at work in March. Other naval cadets were sent to Germany for their -training, and Turkish officers were present at the battle of Jutland in -June, 1916, and of course were decorated by the Emperor in person for -their coolness and courage. - -A complete revision of the Turkish system of exemption from military -service was necessary as soon as Germany began to want men badly. The -age for military service was first raised, and we find a Turkish order -of October, 1916, calling on all men of forty-three, forty-four, and -forty-five years of age to pay their exemption tax if they did not wish -to be called to the Colours. That secured their money, and, with truly -Prussian irony, hardly had this been done when a fresh Army order was -issued calling out all men whether they had paid their exemption tax -or not. Still more men were needed, and in November a fresh levy of -boys was raised regardless of whether they had reached the military -age or not. This absorbed the senior class of the boy scouts, who -hitherto had learned their drill in a "recreationary manner." Again the -Prussian Moloch was hungry for more, and in December the Turkish Gazette -announced that all males in Asia Minor between the ages of fourteen and -sixty-five were to be enrolled for military service, and in January of -this year, 1917, fresh recruiting was foreshadowed by the order that -men of forty-six to fifty-two who had paid their exemption money should -be medically examined to see if they were fit for active service. -Wider and wider the net was spread, and in the same month a fresh -Turco-German convention was signed whereby was enforced a reciprocal -surrender in both countries of persons liable to military service, and -of deserters, and simultaneously all Turks living in Switzerland who had -paid exemption money were recalled to their Germanised fatherland. By -now the first crops of the year were ripening in Smyrna, and in default -of civilian labour (for everyone was now a soldier) they were reaped by -Turkish soldiers and the produce sent direct to Germany. - -Already in August, 1916, certificates of Ottoman nationality had been -granted to Serbians resident in the Empire who were willing to become -Ottoman subjects, and their "willingness" was intensified by hints that -incidents akin to the Armenian massacres might possibly occur among -other alien people. They had to sign a declaration that they would not -revert to their former nationality, and thus no doubt many Serbs passed -into the Turkish army. Further enrolments were desirable, and in March, -1917, all Greeks living in Anatolia were forcibly proselytised, their -property was confiscated, and they were made liable to military service. -Unfortunately all were not available, for of those who were removed from -the villages where they lived to military centres ten per cent, died -on the forced marches from hunger and exposure. That was annoying for -the German recruiting agents, but it suited well enough the Pan-Turkish -ideal of exterminating foreign nationalities. When trouble or discontent -occurred among the troops it was firmly dealt with, as, for instance, -when in November, 1916, there were considerable desertions from the 49th -Division. On that occasion the order was given to fire on them, and many -were killed and wounded. The officer who gave the order was commended by -the Prussian authorities for his firmness. Should such an incident occur -again, it will no doubt be dealt with with no less firmness, for in -April, 1917, Mackensen was put in supreme command of all troops in Asia -Minor. Simultaneously in Berlin Prince Zia-ed-Din, the Turkish Sultan's -heir, presented a sword of honour to the Sultan William II. Probably he -gave him good news of the progress of the German harbour works begun -in the winter at Stamboul, and himself learned that the railway bridge -which the Turks proposed to build over the Bosphorus was not to be -proceeded with, for the German high command had superseded that scheme -by their own idea of making a tunnel under the Bosphorus instead, which -would be safer from aircraft. - -Such up to date, though in brief outline, is the history of the progress -of the Prussian octopus in Turkish military and naval matters. In -October, 1914, just before Turkey came into the war, she had been -mobilising for three months, while Enver Pasha continued successfully -convincing our Ambassador in Constantinople of his sincere and -unshakable friendship for England, and had 800,000 men under arms. -Already, of course, German influence was strong in the army, which now -was thoroughly trained in German methods, but that army might still be -called a Turkish army. Nowadays by no stretch of language can it be -called Turkish except in so far that all Turkish efficient manhood is -enlisted in it, for there is no branch or department of it over which -the Prussian octopus has not thrown its paralysing tentacles and affixed -its immovable suckers. Army and navy alike, its wireless stations, its -submarines, its aircraft, are all directly controlled from Berlin, and, -as we have seen, the generalissimo of the forces is Mackensen, who is -absolutely the Hindenburg of the East. But thorough as is the control -of Berlin over Constantinople in military and naval matters, it is not -one whit more thorough than her control in all other matters of national -life. Never before has Germany been very successful in her colonisations -; but if complete domination--the sucking of a country till it is a mere -rind of itself, and yet at the same time full to bursting of Prussian -ichor--may be taken as Germany's equivalent of colonisation, then indeed -we must be forced to recognise her success. And it was all done in -the name and for the sake of the Pan-Turkish ideal! Even now Prussian -Pecksniffs like Herr Ernst Marre, whose pamphlet, "Turks and Germans -after the War," was published in 1916, continue to insist that Germany -is nobly devoting herself to the well-being of Turkey. "In doing this," -he exclaims in that illuminating document, "we are benefiting Turkey.... -This is a war of liberation for Turkey," though omitting to say from -whom Turkey is being liberated. Perhaps the Armenians. Occasionally, -it is true, he forgets that, and naively remarks, "Turkey is a very -difficult country to govern. But after the war Turkey will be very -important as a transit country." But then he remembers again and says, -"We wish to give besides taking, and we should often like to give more -than we can hope to give." Let us look into this, and see the manner in -which Germany expresses her yearning to impoverish herself for the sake -of Turkey. - -All this reorganisation of the Turkish army was of course a very -expensive affair and required skilful financing, and it was necessary -to get the whole of Turkey's exchequer arrangements into German hands. -A series of financial regulations was promulgated. The finance minister -during 1916 was still Turkish, but the official immediately under him -was German. He was authorised to deposit with the Controllers of the -Ottoman National Debt German Imperial Bills of LT30,000,000 and to -issue German paper money to the like amount. This arrangement ensures -the circulation of the German notes, which are redeemable by Turkey -_in gold_ two years after the declaration of peace. Gold is declared -to be the standard currency, and no creditor is obliged to accept in -payment of a debt more than 300 piastres in silver or fifty in nickel. -And since there is no gold in currency (for it has been all called in, -and penalties of death have been authorised for hoarders) it follows -that this and other issues of German paper will filter right through -the Empire. At the same time a German expert, Dr. Kautz, was appointed -to start banks throughout Turkey in order to free the peasants from -the Turkish village usurer, and in consequence enslave them to the -German banks. Similarly a German was put at the head of the Ottoman -Agricultural Bank. These new branches worked very well, but it is -pleasant to think that one such was started by the Deutsche Bank at -Bagdad in October, 1916, which now has its shutters up. Before this, as -we learn from the _Oesterreichischer Volkswirt_ (June, 1916), Germany -had issued other gold notes, in payment for gold from Turkey, which is -retainable in Berlin till six months after the end of the war. (It is -reasonable to wonder whether it will not be retained rather longer than -that.) These gold notes were accepted willingly at first by the public, -but the increase in their number (by the second issue) has caused them -to be viewed with justifiable suspicion, and the depreciation in them -continues. But the Turkish public has no redress except by hoarding -gold, which is a penal offence. That these arrangements have not -particularly helped Turkish credit may be gathered from the fact that -the Turkish gold LI, nominally 100 piastres, is now worth 280 -piastres. - -Again, the Deutsche Orientbank has made many extensions, and is already -financing cotton and wool trade for after the war. The establishment of -this provoked much applause in German financial circles, who find it to -be an instance of the "far-reaching and powerful Germano-Austrian unity, -which replaces the disunion of Turkish finance." This is profoundly -true, especially if we omit the word "Austrian," inserted for diplomatic -reasons. Again we find Germany advancing L3,000,000 of German paper to -the Turkish Government in January, 1917 for the payment of supplies -they have received from Krupp's works and (vaguely) for interest to -the German financial minister. This too, we may conjecture, is to be -redeemed after the war in gold. - -In March of this year we find in the report of the Ottoman Bank a German -loan of L1,000,000 for the purchase of agricultural implements by -Turkey, and this is guaranteed by house-taxes. In all up to that month, -as was announced in the Chamber of Deputies at Constantinople, Germany -had advanced to Turkey the sum of L142,000,000, entirely, it would seem, -in German paper, to be repaid at various dates in gold. The grip, in -fact, is a strangle-hold, all for Turkey's good, as no doubt will prove -the "New Conventions" announced by Zimmermann in May, 1917, to take the -place of the abolished Capitulations, "which left Turkey at the mercy of -predatory Powers who looked for the disruption of the Ottoman Empire." -Herr Zimmermann does not look for that: he looks for its absorption. -And sees it. - -The industrial development of Turkey by this benevolent and -disinterested Power has been equally thorough and far-reaching, though -Germany here has had a certain amount of competition by Hungary to -contend against, for Hungary considered that Germany was trespassing on -her sphere of interest. But she has been able to make no appreciable -headway against her more acute partner, and her application for a -monopoly of sugar-production was not favourably received, for Germany -already had taken the beet industry well in hand. In Asia Minor the -acreage of cultivation early in 1917 had fallen more than 50 per cent, -from that under crops before the war, but owing to the importation -of machinery from the Central Powers, backed up by a compulsory -Agricultural Service law, which has just been passed, it is hoped -that the acreage will be increased this year by something like 30 per -cent. The yield per acre also will be greatly increased this year, for -Germany has, though needing artificial manure badly herself, sent large -quantities into Turkey, where they will be more profitably employed. -She has no fear about securing the produce. This augmented yield will, -it is true, not be adequate to supply the needs of Turkey, who for the -last two years has suffered from very acute food shortage, which in -certain districts has amounted to famine and wholesale starvation of the -poorer classes. But it is unlikely that their needs will be considered -at all, for Germany's needs (she the fairy godmother of the Pan-Turk -ideal) must obviously have the first call on such provisions as are -obtainable. Thus, though in February, 1917, there was a daily shortage -in Smyrna of 700 sacks of flour, and the Arab and Greek population was -starving, no flour at all was allowed to be imported into Smyrna. But -simultaneously Germany was making huge purchases of fish, meat, and -flour in Constantinople (paid for in German paper), including 100,000 -sheep. Yet such was the villainous selfishness of the famine-stricken -folk at Adrianople that when the trains containing these supplies -were passing through a mob held them up and sold the contents to the -inhabitants. That, however, was an isolated instance, and in any case -a law was passed in October, 1916, appointing a military commission to -control all supplies. It enacts that troops shall be supplied first, -and specially ordains that the requirements of German troops come under -this head. (Private firms have been expressly prohibited from purchasing -these augmented wheat supplies, but special permission was given in -1915 to German and Austro-Hungarian societies to buy.) A few months -later we find that there are a hundred deaths daily in Constantinople -from starvation and 200 in Smyrna, where there is a complete shortage -of oil. But oil is still being sent to Germany, and during 1916 five -hundred reservoirs of oil were sent there, each containing up to 15,000 -kilogrammes. But Kultur must be supplied first, else Kultur would grow -lean, and the Turkish God of Love will look after the Smyrniotes. It -is no wonder that he blockade of Germany does not produce the desired -result a little quicker, for food is already pouring in from Turkey, -and when the artificial manures have produced their early harvest the -stream will become a torrent. - -But during all these busy and tremendous months of war Germany has not -only been denuding Turkey of her food supplies, for the sake of the -Pan-Turkish ideal; in the same altruistic spirit she has been vastly -increasing the productiveness of her new and most important colony. -There is a great irrigation work going on in Konia, and another at Adana -financed by the Deutsche Bank. Ernst Marre gives us a capital account -of this, for Adana was already linked up with the Bagdad railway in -October, 1916, which was to be the great artery connecting Germany with -the East. There is some considerable shortage of labour there (owing in -part to the Armenian massacres, to which we shall revert presently), -but the financial arrangements are in excellent shape. The whole of the -irrigation works are in German hands and have been paid for by German -paper; and to get the reservoirs, &c., back into her own control it -has been agreed that Turkey, already completely bankrupt, will have to -pay not only what has been spent, but a handsome sum in compensation; -while, as regards shortage of labour, prisoners have been released in -large numbers to work without pay. This irrigation scheme at Adana will -increase the cotton yield by four times the present crop, so we learn -from the weekly Arab magazine, _El Alem el Ismail_, which tells us also -of the electric-power stations erected there. - -The same paper (October, 1916) announces to the Anatolian merchants -that transport is now easy, owing to the arrival of engines and -trucks from Germany, while _Die Zeit_ (February, 1917) prophesies a -prosperous future for this Germane-Turkish cotton combine. Hitherto -Turkey has largely imported cotton from England; now Turkey--thanks to -German capital on terms above stated--will, in the process of internal -development so unselfishly devised for her by Germany, grow cotton for -herself, and be kind enough to give a preferential tariff to Germany. - -A similarly bright future may be predicted for the irrigation scheme -at Konia, where will arise a sugar-beet industry. Artesian wells have -been sunk, and there is the suggestion to introduce Bulgarian labour -in default of Turkish. As we have seen, Hungary attempted to obtain -a monopoly with regard to sugar, but Germany has been victorious on -this point (as on every other when she competes with Hungary) and -has obtained the concession for a period of thirty years. A similar -irrigation scheme is bringing into cultivation the Makischelin Valley, -near Aleppo, and Herr Wied has been appointed as expert for irrigation -plant in Syria. - -Indeed, it would be easier to enumerate the industries and economical -developments of Turkey over which Germany has not at the present -moment got the control than those over which she has. In particular -she has shown a parental interest in Turkish educational questions. -She established last year, under German management, a school for the -study of German in Constantinople; she has put under the protection -of the German Government the Jewish institution at Haifa for technical -education in Palestine; from Sivas a mission of schoolmasters has been -sent to Germany for the study of German methods. Ernst Marre surmises -that German will doubtless become compulsory even in the Turkish -intermediate (secondary) schools. In April, 1917, the first stone of -the "House of Friendship" (!) was laid at Constantinople, the object -of which institution is to create among Turkish students an interest -in everything German, while earlier in the year arrangements were made -for 10,000 Turkish youths to go to Germany to be taught trades. These I -imagine were unfit for military service. With regard to such a scheme -Haul Haled Bey praises the arrangement for the education of Turks in -Germany. When they used to go to France, he tells us, "they lost their -religion" (certainly Prussian Gott is nearer akin to Turkish Allah) "and -returned home unpatriotic and useless. In Germany they will have access -to suitable religious literature" (Gott!) "and must adopt all they see -good in German methods without losing their original characteristics." -Comment on this script is needless. The hand is the hand of Halil Haled -Bey, but the voice is the voice of Prussia! Occasionally, but rarely, -Austrian competition is seen. Professor Schmoller, in an Austrian -quarterly review, shows jealousy of German influence, and we find in -October, 1916, an Ottoman-Austrian college started at Vienna for 250 -pupils of the Ottoman Empire. But Germany has 10,000 in Berlin. At Adana -(where are the German irrigation works) the German-Turkish Society has -opened a German school of 300, while, reciprocally, courses in Turkish -have been organised at Berlin for the sake of future German colonists. -In Constantinople the _Tanin_ announces a course of lectures to be -held by the Turco-German Friendship Society. Professor von Marx, of -Munich, discoursed last April on foreign influence and the development -of nations, with special reference to Turkey and the parallel case of -Germany. - -So much for German education, but her penetrative power extends into -every branch of industry and economics. In November, 1916, a Munich -expert was put in charge of the College of Forestry, and an economic -society was started in Constantinople on German lines with German -instructors. Inoculation against small-pox; typhoid, and cholera was -made compulsory; and we find that the Turkish Ministers of Posts, of -Justice, and of Commerce, figureheads all of them, have as their acting -Ministers Germans. In the same year a German was appointed as expert for -silkworm breeding and for the cultivation of beet. Practically all the -railways in Asia Minor are pure German concerns by right of purchase. -They own the Anatolian railway concession (originally British), with -right to build to Angora and Konia; the Bagdad railway concession, with -preferential rights over minerals; they have bought the Mersina-Adana -railway, with right of linking up to the Bagdad railway; they have -bought the Smyrna-Cassaba railway, built with French capital. They have -secured also the Haidar Pasha Harbour concession, thereby controlling -and handling all merchandise arriving at railhead from the interior of -Asia Minor. Meantime railway construction is pushed on in all directions -under German control, and the Turkish Minister of Finance (August, 1916) -allocates a large sum of paper German money for the construction of -ordinary roads, military roads, local government roads, all of which -are new to Turkey, but which will be useful for the complete German -occupation which is being swiftly consolidated. To stop the mouths of -the people, all political clubs have been suppressed by the Minister -of the Interior, for Prussia does not care for criticism. To supply -German ammunition needs, lead and zinc have been taken from the roofs of -mosques and door-handles from mosque gates, and the iron railings along -the Champs de Mars at Pera have been carted away for the manufacture -of bombs. A Turco-German convention signed in Berlin in January of -this year permits subjects of one country to settle in the other while -retaining their nationality and enjoying trading and other privileges. -In Lebanon Dr. Koenig has opened an agricultural school for Syrians of -all religions. In the Horns district the threatening plague of locusts -in February, 1917, was combated by Germans; and a German expert, Dr. -Bucher, had been already sent to superintend the whole question. For -this concerns supplies to Germany, as does also the ordinance passed -in the same month that two-thirds of all fish caught in the Lebanon -district should be given to the military authorities (these are German) -and that every fish weighing over 6oz. in the Beirut district should be -Korban also. The copper mines at Anghana Maden, near Diarbekr, are busy -exporting their produce into Germany. - -There is no end to this penetration: German water-seekers, with divining -and boring apparatus, accompanied the Turkish expedition into Sinai; -Russian prisoners were sent by Germany for agricultural work in Asia -Minor, to take the place of slaughtered 'Armenians; a German-Turkish -treaty, signed January 11, 1917, gives the whole reorganisation of the -economic system to a special German mission. A Stuttgart journal chants -a characteristic "_Lobgesang_" over this feat. "That is how," it proudly -exclaims, "we work for the liberation of peoples and nationalities." - -In the same noble spirit, we must suppose, German legal reforms were -introduced in December, 1916, to replace the Turkish Shuriat, and in -the same month all the Turks in telegraph offices in Constantinople -were replaced by Germans. Ernst Marre, in his "Turks and Germans after -the War" (1916), gives valuable advice to young Germans settling in -Turkey. He particularly recommends them, knowing how religion is one of -the strongest bonds in this murderous race, to "trade in articles of -devotion, in rosaries, in bags to hold the Koran," and points out what -good business might be built up in gramophones. Earlier in this year -we find a "German Oriental Trading Company" founded for the import of -fibrous materials for needs of military authorities, and a great carpet -business established at Urfa with German machinery that will supplant -the looms at Smyrna. A saltpetre factory is established at Konia by -Herr Toepfer, whose enterprise is rewarded with an Iron Cross and -a Turkish decoration. The afforestation near Constantinople ordered -by the Ministry of Agriculture is put into German hands, and in the -vilayet of Aidin (April, 1916) ninety concessions were granted to German -capitalists to undertake the exploitation of metallic ores. Occasionally -the German octopus finds it has gone too far for the moment and releases -some struggling limb of its victim, as, for instance, when we see that -in September, 1916, the German Director's stamp for the "Imperial German -Great Radio Station" at Damascus has been dis-carded temporarily, as -that station "should be treated for the present as a Turkish concern." - -A "Trading and Weaving Company" was established at Angora in 1916, -an "Import and Export Company" at Smyrna, a "Trading and Industrial -Society" at Beirut, a "Tobacco Trading Company" at Latakieh, an -"Agricultural Company" at Tripolis, a "Corn Exporting Company" in -Lebanon, a "Rebuilding Commission" (perhaps for sacked Armenian houses) -at Konia. More curious yet will be a Tourist's Guide Book--a Baedeker, -in fact--for travellers in Konia and the erection of a monument in -honour of Turkish _women_ who have replaced men called up for military -duty. Truly these last two items--a guide book for Anatolia and a -monument to women--are strange enterprises for Turks. A new Prussian day -is dawning, it seems, for Turkish women as well, for the _Tanin_ (April, -1917) tells us that diplomas are to be conferred on ladies who have -completed their studies in the Technical School at Constantinople. - -It is needless to multiply instances of German penetration: I have but -given the skeleton of this German monster that has fastened itself with -tentacles and suckers on every branch of Turkish industry. There is -none round which it has not cast its feelers--no Semitic moneylender -ever obtained a surer hold on his victim. In matters naval, military, -educational, legal, industrial, Germany has a strangle-hold. Turkey's -life is already crushed out of her, and, as we have seen, it has been -crushed out of her by the benevolent Kultur-mongers who, among all -the Great Powers of Europe, sacrificed their time and their money to -the achievement of the Pan-Turkish ideal. Silently and skilfully they -worked, bamboozling their chief tool, Enver Pasha, even as Enver Pasha -bamboozled us. As long as he was of service to them they retained him; -for his peace of mind at one time they stopped up all letter-boxes -in Constantinople because so many threatening letters were sent him. -But now Enver Pasha seems to have had his day; he became a little -autocratic and thought that he was the head of the Pan-Turkish ideal. -So he was, but the Pan-Turkish ideal had become Pan-Prussian, and he -had not noticed the transformation. Talaat Bey has taken his place; -it is he who in May, 1917, was received by the Emperor William, by -King Ludwig, and by the Austrian Emperor, and he who is the mouthpiece -of the German efforts to make a separate peace with Russia. Under -Czardom, he proclaimed, the existence of Turkey was threatened, but -now the revolution has made friendship possible, for Russia no longer -desires territorial annexation. And, oh, how Turkey would like to be -Russia's friend! Enver Pasha has been thrown aside for contumacy, and -I cannot but think it curious that when on April 2, 1917, he visited -the submarine base at Wilhelmshaven he was very nearly killed in a -motor-accident. But it may have been an accident. Since then I cannot -find that he has taken any more active part in Pan-Turkish ideals than -to open a soup-kitchen in some provincial town. - -I have left to the end of this essay the question of Germany's knowledge -of and complicity in the Armenian massacres. From the tribune of the -Reichstag on January 15, 1916, there was made a definite denial of the -existence of such massacres at all; on another subsequent occasion it -was stated that Germany could not interfere in Turkish internal affairs. - -In view of the fact that there is no internal affair appertaining -to Turkey in which Germany has not interfered, the second of these -statements may be called insincere. But the denial of the massacres is a -deliberate lie. Germany--official Germany--knew all about them, and she -permitted them to go on. The proofs of this are here shortly stated. - -(1) In September, 1915, four months before the denial of the massacres -was made in the Reichstag, Dr. Martin Niepage, higher grade teacher -in the German Technical School at Aleppo, prepared and sent, in his -name and that of several of his colleagues, a report of them to the -German Embassy at Constantinople. In that report he gives a terrible -account of what he has seen with his own eyes, and also states that -the country Turks' explanation with regard to the origination of -those measures is that it is "the teaching of the Germans." The German -Embassy at Constantinople therefore knew of the massacres, and knew -also that the Turks attributed them to orders from Germany. Dr. Niepage -also consulted, before sending his report, with the German Consul at -Aleppo, Herr Hoffman, who told him that the German Embassy had been -already advised in detail about the massacres from the consulates at -Alexandretta, Aleppo, and Mosul, but that he welcomed a further protest -on the subject. - -(2) These reports, or others like them, had not gone astray, for in -August, 1915, the German Ambassador in Constantinople made a formal -protest to the Turkish Government about the massacres. - -There is, then, no doubt that the German Government, when it officially -denied the massacres, was perfectly cognisant of them. It was also -perfectly capable of stopping them, for they were not local violences, -but wholesale murders organised at Constantinople. Germany had indeed -already given assurances that such massacres should not occur. She had -assured the Armenian Katholikos at Adana that so long as Germany had -any influence in Turkey he need not fear a repetition of the horrors -that had taken place under Abdul Hamid. Had she, then, no influence in -Constantinople, or how was it that she had obtained complete control -over all Turkish branches of government? The same assurance was given by -the German Ambassador in April, 1915, to the Armenian Patriarch and the -President of the Armenian National Council. - -So, in support of the Pan-Turkish ideal and in the name of the Turkish -Allah, the God of Love, Germany stood by and let the infamous tale of -lust and rapine and murder be told to its end. The Turks had planned to -exterminate the whole Armenian race except some half-million, who would -be deported penniless to work at agricultural developments under German -rule, but this quality of Turkish mercy was too strained for Major Pohl, -who proclaimed that it was a mistake to spare so many. But he was a -soldier, and did not duly weigh the claims of agriculture. - -The choice was open to Germany; Germany chose, and let the Armenian -massacres go on. But she was in a difficulty. What if the Turkish -Government retorted (perhaps it did so retort), "You are not consistent. -Why do you mind about the slaughter of a few Armenians? What about -Belgium and your atrocities there?" - -And all the ingenuity of the Wilhelmstrasse would not be able to find an -answer to that. - -I do not say that Germany wanted the massacres, for she did not. She -wanted more agricultural labour, and I think that, if only for that -reason, she deprecated them. But she allowed them to go on when it was -in her power to stop them, and all the perfumes of Arabia will not wash -clean her hand from that stinking horror. - -Here, then, are some of the problems which those who, at the end of -the war, will have to deal with the problem of Turkey must tackle. -It is just as well to recognise that at the present moment Turkey is -virtually and actually a German colony, and the most valuable colony -that Germany has ever had. It will not be enough to limit, or rather -abolish, the supremacy of Turkey over aliens and martyrised peoples; -it will be necessary to abolish the supremacy of Germany over Turkey. -To do this the victory of our Allied Nations must be complete, and -Germany's octopus monopoly of Turkish industries severed. Otherwise we -shall immediately be confronted with a Germany that already reaches as -far as Mesopotamia. That is done now; and that, before there can come -any permanent peace for Europe, must be undone. Nothing less than the -complete release of that sucker and tentacle embrace will suffice. - -Printed in Great Britain by THE FIELD & QUEEN (HORACE COX) LTD.. - -Bream's buildings, London, E.C. 4. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Deutschland Ueber Allah, by E. F. Benson - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DEUTSCHLAND UeBER ALLAH *** - -***** This file should be named 43073.txt or 43073.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/3/0/7/43073/ - -Produced by Chuck Greif from scans available at The Internet Archive. - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, -set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to -copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to -protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project -Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you -charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you -do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the -rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose -such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and -research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do -practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is -subject to the trademark license, especially commercial -redistribution. - - - -*** START: FULL LICENSE *** - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project -Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at -http://gutenberg.org/license). - - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy -all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. -If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the -terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or -entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement -and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" -or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the -collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an -individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are -located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from -copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative -works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg -are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project -Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by -freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of -this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with -the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by -keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project -Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in -a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check -the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement -before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or -creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project -Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning -the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United -States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate -access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently -whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, -copied or distributed: - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived -from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is -posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied -and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees -or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work -with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the -work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 -through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the -Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or -1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional -terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked -to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the -permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any -word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or -distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than -"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version -posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), -you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a -copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon -request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other -form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided -that - -- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is - owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he - has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the - Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments - must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you - prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax - returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and - sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the - address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to - the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." - -- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or - destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium - and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of - Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any - money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days - of receipt of the work. - -- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set -forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from -both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael -Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the -Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm -collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain -"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or -corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual -property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a -computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by -your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with -your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with -the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a -refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity -providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to -receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy -is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further -opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER -WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO -WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. -If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the -law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be -interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by -the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any -provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance -with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, -promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, -harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, -that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do -or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm -work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any -Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. - - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers -including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists -because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from -people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need, are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. -To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation -and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 -and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org. - - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive -Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at -http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent -permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. -Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered -throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at -809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email -business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact -information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official -page at http://pglaf.org - -For additional contact information: - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To -SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any -particular state visit http://pglaf.org - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. -To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate - - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm -concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared -with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project -Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. - - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. -unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily -keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. - - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: - - http://www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. |