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diff --git a/43073-0.txt b/43073-0.txt index c7c184c..08d9453 100644 --- a/43073-0.txt +++ b/43073-0.txt @@ -1,29 +1,4 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Deutschland Über Allah, by E. F. Benson - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Deutschland Über Allah - -Author: E. F. 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You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: Deutschland ber Allah - -Author: E. F. Benson - -Release Date: July 1, 2013 [EBook #43073] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DEUTSCHLAND BER ALLAH *** - - - - -Produced by Chuck Greif -(This file was produced from images available at The Internet Archive) - - - - - - - -DEUTSCHLAND BER ALLAH - - - - -DEUTSCHLAND - -BER ALLAH - -BY - -E. F. BENSON - -HODDER AND STOUGHTON - -LONDON NEW YORK TORONTO - -MCMXVII - - - - -DEUTSCHLAND BER ALLAH - -IT was commonly said at the beginning of this war that, whatever -Germany's military resources might be, she was hopelessly and childishly -lacking in diplomatic ability and in knowledge of psychology, from -which all success in diplomacy is distilled. As instances of this grave -defect, people adduced the fact that apparently she had not anticipated -the entry of Great Britain into the war at all, while her treatment of -Belgium immediately afterwards was universally pronounced not to be a -crime merely, but a blander of the stupidest sort. It is perfectly true -that Germany did not understand, and, as seems likely in the light of -innumerable other atrocities, never will understand, the psychology -of civilised peoples; she has never shown any signs up till now, at -any rate, of "having got the hang of it" at all. But critics of her -diplomacy failed to see the root-fact that she did not understand it -merely because it did not interest her. It was not worth her while to -master the psychology of other civilised nations, since she was out not -to understand them but to conquer them. She had all the information she -wanted about their armies and navies and guns and ammunition neatly and -correctly tabulated. Why, then, since this was all that concerned her, -should she bother her head about what they might feel on the subject -of gas-attacks or the torpedoing of neutral ships without warning? As -long as her fumes were deadly and her submarines subtle, nothing further -concerned her. - -But Europe generally made a great mistake in supposing that she could -not learn psychology and the process of its distillation into diplomacy -when it interested her. The psychology of the French and English was a -useless study, for she was merely going to fight them, but for years she -had been studying with an industry and a patience that put our diplomacy -to shame (as was most swiftly and ignominiously proven when it came -into conflict with hers) the psychology of the Turks. For years she had -watched the dealings of the Great Powers with Turkey, but she had never -really associated herself with that policy. She sat quietly by and saw -how it worked. Briefly it was this. For a hundred years Turkey had been -a Sick Man, and for a hundred years he had been kept alive in Europe -by the sedulous attentions of the Physician-Powers, who dared not let -him die for fear of the stupendous quarrels which would instantly arise -over his corpse. So there they all sat round his bed, and kept him alive -with injections of strychnine and oxygen and, no less, by a policy of -rousing and irritating the patient. All through the reign of Abdul Hamid -they persevered: Great Britain plucked his pillow from him, so to speak, -by her protectorate of Egypt; Russia tweaked Eastern Rumelia from him; -France deprived him of his hot-water bottle when she snatched at the -Constantinople quays, and they all shook and slapped him when he went to -war with Greece in 1896, and instantly deprived him of the territory -he had won in Thessaly. That was the principle of European diplomacy -towards Turkey, and from it Germany always held aloof. - -But from about the beginning of the reign of the present German Emperor, -German or rather Prussian diplomacy had been going quietly about its -work. It was worth while to study the psychology of the Turks, because -dimly then, but with ever increasing distinctness, Germany foresaw that -Turkey might be a counter of immense importance in the great conflict -which was assuredly drawing nearer, though as yet its existence was but -foreshadowed by the most distant reflections of summer lightning on a -serene horizon. But if Turkey was to be of any profit to her, she wanted -a strong Turkey who could fight with her (or rather for her), and she -had no use for the Sick Man whom the other Powers were bent on keeping -alive but no more. Her own eventual domination of Turkey was always the -end in view, but she wanted to dominate not a weak but a strong servant. -And her diplomacy was not less than brilliant simply from the facts that -on the one hand it soothed Turkey instead of irritating, and on the -other it went absolutely unnoticed for a long time. Nobody knew that it -was going on. She sent officers to train the Turkish army, well knowing -what magnificent material Anatolia afforded, and she had thoroughly -grasped the salient fact that to make any way with Oriental peoples your -purse must be open and your backshish unlimited. "There is no God but -backshish, and the Deutsche Bank is his prophet." - -For years this went on very quietly, and all over the great field of -the Ottoman Empire the first tiny blades of the crop that Germany was -sowing began to appear. To-day that crop waves high and covers the whole -field with its ripe and fruitful ears. For to-day Turkey is neither -more nor less than a German colony, and more than makes up to her for -the colonies she has lost and hopes to regain. She knows that perfectly -well, and so do any who have at all studied the history and the results -of her diplomacy there. Even Turkey itself must, as in an uneasy dream, -be faintly conscious of it. For who to-day is the Sultan of Turkey? No -other than William II. of Germany. It is in Berlin that his Cabinet -meets, and sometimes he asks Talaat Bey to attend in a strictly honorary -capacity. And Talaat Bey goes back to Constantinople with a strictly -honorary sword of honour. Or else he gives one to William II. from his -_soi-disant_ master, the Sultan, or takes one back to his _soi-disant_ -master from his real master. For no one knows better than William II. -the use that swords of honour play in deeds of dishonour. - -The object of this pamphlet is to trace the hewn and solid staircase of -steps by which Germany's present supremacy over Turkey was achieved. -Apart from the quiet spade-work that had been going on for some years, -Germany made no important move till the moment when in 1909 the Young -Turk party, after the forced abdication of Abdul Hamid, proclaimed the -aims and ideal of the new rgime. At once Germany saw her opportunity, -for here, with her help, might arise the strong Turkey which she -desired to see, instead of the weak Turkey which all the other European -Powers had been keeping on a lowering diet for so long (desirous only -that it should not quite expire), and from that moment she began to -lend, or rather let, to Turkey in ever increasing quantities the -resources of her scientific and her military knowledge. It was in her -interests, if Turkey was to be of use to her, that she should educate, -and irrigate, and develop the unexploited treasures of human material, -of fertility and mineral wealth; and Germany's gold, her schools, her -laboratories were at Turkey's disposal. But in every case she, as in -duty bound to her people, saw that she got very good value for her -outlay. - -Here, then, was the great psychological moment when Germany instantly -moved. The Young Turks proclaimed that they were going to weld the -Ottoman Empire into one homogeneous and harmonious whole, and by a piece -of brilliant paradoxical reasoning Germany determined that it was she -who was going to do it for them. In flat contradiction of the spirit of -their manifestos, which proclaimed the Pan-Turkish ideal, she conceived -and began to carry out under their very noses the great new chapter of -the Pan-Germanic ideal. And the Young Turks did not know the difference! -They mistook that lusty Teutonic changeling for their own new-born -Turkish babe, and they nursed and nourished it. Amazingly it throve, and -soon it cut its teeth, and one day, when they thought it was asleep, it -arose from its cradle a baby no more but a great Prussian guardsman who -shouted "Deutschland ber Allah!" - -Only once was there a check in the career of the Prussian infant, and -that was no more than a childish ailment. For when the Balkan wars -broke out the Turkish army was in the transitional stage. Its German -tutors had not yet had time to inspire the army with German discipline -and tradition; they had only weeded out, so to speak, the old Turkish -spirit, the blind obedience to the ministers of the Shadow of God. The -Shadow of God, in fact, in the person of the Sultan had been dragged -out into the light, and his Shadow had grown appreciably less. In -consequence there was not at this juncture any cohesion in the army, -and it suffered reverse after reverse. But a strong though a curtailed -Turkey was more in accordance with Prussian ideas than a weak and -unformed one, and Germany bore the Turkish defeats very valiantly. And -that was the only set-back that this Pan-Prussian youngster experienced, -and it was no more than an attack of German measles which he very -quickly got over. For two or three years German influence wavered, -then recovered, "with blessings on the falling out, that all the more -endears." - -It is interesting to see how Germany adapted the Pan-Turkish ideal to -her own ends, and by a triumphant vindication of Germany's methods the -best account of this Pan-Turkish ideal is to be found in a publication -of 1915 by Tekin Alp, which was written as German propaganda and by -Germany disseminated broadcast over the Turkish Empire. The movement was -organised by Kemal Bey in 1909 as a branch committee of the Union and -Progress Party at Constantinople, and its headquarters were in Salonica, -where the deposed Abdul Hamid was subsequently confined. Another branch, -under Zia Bey, worked at Constantinople. Kemal Bey collected a group of -young and ardent writers, who exploited the idea of a restoration of a -national and universal Turkey which should unite all Turkish elements, -and, as was hinted even then, extirpate the other nationalities, such as -the Armenians, which were a menace, or might conceivably be a menace, -to complete Turkish autocracy. The young writers were supplemented by -a group called Yeni Hayat, or the "Young Life," who worked for the -restoration of national traditions. Certain opposition was met with, -but this was overcome, and at once Kemal Bey and his assistants had the -Koran translated into Turkish, and the prayers for the Khalif--in Arabic -no longer, but in Turkish--were distributed throughout the Empire. -Knowing full well that, apart from language, the religious bond of Islam -was one of the strongest uniting forces, if not actually the strongest, -at their disposal, they proclaimed that the true faith was the Turkish -and not the Arab version. With a stupendous audacity they claimed this -difference between the two, namely, that the Arab conception of Allah -was the God of Vengeance, the Turkish conception the God of Love. The -Turkish language and the Turkish Allah, God of Love, in whose name the -Armenians were tortured and massacred, were the two wings on which -Turkey was to soar. Auxiliary soaring societies were organised, among -them a Turkish Ojagha with similar aims, and no fewer than sixteen -branches of it were founded throughout the Empire. There were also a -Turkish Guiji or gymnastic club and an Izji or boy scouts' club. A union -of merchants worked for the same object in districts where hitherto -trade had been in the hands of Greeks and Armenians, and signs appeared -on their shops that only Turkish labour was employed. Religious funds -also were used for similar economic restoration. - -Turkey then was to be for the Turks, and so was a great deal more -than Turkey. They claimed that of the 10,000,000 population of Persia -one-third were Turks, while the province Azerbaijan--the richest, -most active and enlightened district of Persia--was entirely Turkish. -Similarly they regarded the country south of the Caucasus as Turkish, -since Turks formed 50 to 80 per cent. of its population. Kasan, in fact, -was Turkish, and if the Turks in the plain of the Volga, in the Crimea, -and in the Caucasus were welded into Turkey, a nation of between forty -and fifty million would be formed--Osmanlis all of them. - -Germany saw, Germany tabulated, Germany licked her lips and took out -her long spoon, for her hour was come. She did not interfere: she only -helped to further the Pan-Turkish ideal. With her usual foresight she -perceived that the Izji, for instance, was a thing to encourage, for -the boys who were being trained now would in a few years be precisely -the young men of whom she could not have too many. By all means the -boy-scout movement was to be encouraged. She encouraged it so generously -and methodically that in 1916, according to an absolutely reliable -source of information, we find that the whole boy-scout movement, with -its innumerable branches, is under the control of a German officer, -Colonel von Hoff. In its classes (derneks) boys are trained in military -practices, in "a recreational manner," so that they enjoy--positively -enjoy (a Prussian touch)--the exercises that will fit them to be of -use to the Sultan William II. They learn trigger-drill, they learn -skirmishing, they are taught to make reports on the movements of their -companies, they are shown neat ways of judging distance. They are -divided into two classes, the junior class ranging from the ages of -twelve to seventeen, the senior class consisting of boys over seventeen -but not yet of military age. But since Colonel von Hoff organised this -boys of the age of seventeen have become of military age. Prussian -thoroughness therefore saw that their training must begin earlier; the -old junior class has become the senior class, and a new junior class -has been set on foot which begins its recreational exercises in the -service of William II., Gott and Allah, at the age of eight. It is all -great fun, but those pigeon-livered little boys who are not diverted by -it have to go on with their fun all the same, for, needless to say, the -Izji is compulsory on all boys. Of course they wear a uniform which is -made in Germany and is of a "semi-military" character. - -The provision of soldiers and sailors, then, trained from the early -age of eight was the first object of Germany's peaceful and benign -penetration. As from the Pisgah height of the Pan-Turkish ideal she saw -the promised land, but she had no idea of seeing it only, like Moses, -and expiring without entering it, and her faith that she would enter -it and possess it has been wonderfully justified. She has not only -penetrated but has dominated; a year ago towns like Aleppo were crammed -with German officers, while at Islahie there were separate wooden -barracks for the exclusive use of German troops. There is a military -mission at Mamoura, where all the buildings are permanent erections -solidly built of stone, for no merely temporary occupation is intended, -and thousands of freight-cars with Belgian marks upon them throng the -railways, and on some is the significant German title of "Military -Headquarters of the Imperial Staff." There are troops in the Turkish -army to which is given the title of "Pasha formation," in compliment -to Turkey, but the Pasha formations are under the command of Baron -Kress von Kressenstein, and are salted with German officers, N.C.O.s, -and privates, who, although in the Turkish army, retain their German -uniforms. - -This German leaven forms an instructional class for the remainder -of the troops in these formations, who are Turkish. The Germans are -urged to respect Moslem customs and to show particular consideration -for their religious observances. Every German contingent arriving at -Constantinople to join the Pasha formations finds quarters prepared -on a ship, and when the troops leave for their "destination" they -take supplies from depts at the railway station which will last them -two or three months. They are enjoined to write war diaries, and are -provided with handbooks on the military and geographical conditions in -Mesopotamia, with maps, and with notes on the training and management -of camels. This looks as if they were intended for use against the -English troops in Mesopotamia, but I cannot find that they have been -identified there. The greatest secrecy is observed with regard to -these Pasha formations, and their constitution and movements are kept -extremely veiled. - -Wireless stations have been set up in Asia Minor and Palestine, and -these are under the command of Major Schlee. A Turkish air-service was -instituted, at the head of which was Major Serno, a Prussian officer. -At Constantinople there is a naval school for Turkish engineers and -mechanics in the arsenal, to help on the Pan-Turkish ideal, and with -a view to that all the instructors are German. Similarly by the -spring of this year Germany had arranged to start submarine training -in Constantinople for the Turks, and a submarine school was open and -at work in March. Other naval cadets were sent to Germany for their -training, and Turkish officers were present at the battle of Jutland in -June, 1916, and of course were decorated by the Emperor in person for -their coolness and courage. - -A complete revision of the Turkish system of exemption from military -service was necessary as soon as Germany began to want men badly. The -age for military service was first raised, and we find a Turkish order -of October, 1916, calling on all men of forty-three, forty-four, and -forty-five years of age to pay their exemption tax if they did not wish -to be called to the Colours. That secured their money, and, with truly -Prussian irony, hardly had this been done when a fresh Army order was -issued calling out all men whether they had paid their exemption tax -or not. Still more men were needed, and in November a fresh levy of -boys was raised regardless of whether they had reached the military -age or not. This absorbed the senior class of the boy scouts, who -hitherto had learned their drill in a "recreationary manner." Again the -Prussian Moloch was hungry for more, and in December the Turkish Gazette -announced that all males in Asia Minor between the ages of fourteen and -sixty-five were to be enrolled for military service, and in January of -this year, 1917, fresh recruiting was foreshadowed by the order that -men of forty-six to fifty-two who had paid their exemption money should -be medically examined to see if they were fit for active service. -Wider and wider the net was spread, and in the same month a fresh -Turco-German convention was signed whereby was enforced a reciprocal -surrender in both countries of persons liable to military service, and -of deserters, and simultaneously all Turks living in Switzerland who had -paid exemption money were recalled to their Germanised fatherland. By -now the first crops of the year were ripening in Smyrna, and in default -of civilian labour (for everyone was now a soldier) they were reaped by -Turkish soldiers and the produce sent direct to Germany. - -Already in August, 1916, certificates of Ottoman nationality had been -granted to Serbians resident in the Empire who were willing to become -Ottoman subjects, and their "willingness" was intensified by hints that -incidents akin to the Armenian massacres might possibly occur among -other alien people. They had to sign a declaration that they would not -revert to their former nationality, and thus no doubt many Serbs passed -into the Turkish army. Further enrolments were desirable, and in March, -1917, all Greeks living in Anatolia were forcibly proselytised, their -property was confiscated, and they were made liable to military service. -Unfortunately all were not available, for of those who were removed from -the villages where they lived to military centres ten per cent, died -on the forced marches from hunger and exposure. That was annoying for -the German recruiting agents, but it suited well enough the Pan-Turkish -ideal of exterminating foreign nationalities. When trouble or discontent -occurred among the troops it was firmly dealt with, as, for instance, -when in November, 1916, there were considerable desertions from the 49th -Division. On that occasion the order was given to fire on them, and many -were killed and wounded. The officer who gave the order was commended by -the Prussian authorities for his firmness. Should such an incident occur -again, it will no doubt be dealt with with no less firmness, for in -April, 1917, Mackensen was put in supreme command of all troops in Asia -Minor. Simultaneously in Berlin Prince Zia-ed-Din, the Turkish Sultan's -heir, presented a sword of honour to the Sultan William II. Probably he -gave him good news of the progress of the German harbour works begun -in the winter at Stamboul, and himself learned that the railway bridge -which the Turks proposed to build over the Bosphorus was not to be -proceeded with, for the German high command had superseded that scheme -by their own idea of making a tunnel under the Bosphorus instead, which -would be safer from aircraft. - -Such up to date, though in brief outline, is the history of the progress -of the Prussian octopus in Turkish military and naval matters. In -October, 1914, just before Turkey came into the war, she had been -mobilising for three months, while Enver Pasha continued successfully -convincing our Ambassador in Constantinople of his sincere and -unshakable friendship for England, and had 800,000 men under arms. -Already, of course, German influence was strong in the army, which now -was thoroughly trained in German methods, but that army might still be -called a Turkish army. Nowadays by no stretch of language can it be -called Turkish except in so far that all Turkish efficient manhood is -enlisted in it, for there is no branch or department of it over which -the Prussian octopus has not thrown its paralysing tentacles and affixed -its immovable suckers. Army and navy alike, its wireless stations, its -submarines, its aircraft, are all directly controlled from Berlin, and, -as we have seen, the generalissimo of the forces is Mackensen, who is -absolutely the Hindenburg of the East. But thorough as is the control -of Berlin over Constantinople in military and naval matters, it is not -one whit more thorough than her control in all other matters of national -life. Never before has Germany been very successful in her colonisations -; but if complete domination--the sucking of a country till it is a mere -rind of itself, and yet at the same time full to bursting of Prussian -ichor--may be taken as Germany's equivalent of colonisation, then indeed -we must be forced to recognise her success. And it was all done in -the name and for the sake of the Pan-Turkish ideal! Even now Prussian -Pecksniffs like Herr Ernst Marre, whose pamphlet, "Turks and Germans -after the War," was published in 1916, continue to insist that Germany -is nobly devoting herself to the well-being of Turkey. "In doing this," -he exclaims in that illuminating document, "we are benefiting Turkey.... -This is a war of liberation for Turkey," though omitting to say from -whom Turkey is being liberated. Perhaps the Armenians. Occasionally, -it is true, he forgets that, and naively remarks, "Turkey is a very -difficult country to govern. But after the war Turkey will be very -important as a transit country." But then he remembers again and says, -"We wish to give besides taking, and we should often like to give more -than we can hope to give." Let us look into this, and see the manner in -which Germany expresses her yearning to impoverish herself for the sake -of Turkey. - -All this reorganisation of the Turkish army was of course a very -expensive affair and required skilful financing, and it was necessary -to get the whole of Turkey's exchequer arrangements into German hands. -A series of financial regulations was promulgated. The finance minister -during 1916 was still Turkish, but the official immediately under him -was German. He was authorised to deposit with the Controllers of the -Ottoman National Debt German Imperial Bills of T30,000,000 and to -issue German paper money to the like amount. This arrangement ensures -the circulation of the German notes, which are redeemable by Turkey -_in gold_ two years after the declaration of peace. Gold is declared -to be the standard currency, and no creditor is obliged to accept in -payment of a debt more than 300 piastres in silver or fifty in nickel. -And since there is no gold in currency (for it has been all called in, -and penalties of death have been authorised for hoarders) it follows -that this and other issues of German paper will filter right through -the Empire. At the same time a German expert, Dr. Kautz, was appointed -to start banks throughout Turkey in order to free the peasants from -the Turkish village usurer, and in consequence enslave them to the -German banks. Similarly a German was put at the head of the Ottoman -Agricultural Bank. These new branches worked very well, but it is -pleasant to think that one such was started by the Deutsche Bank at -Bagdad in October, 1916, which now has its shutters up. Before this, as -we learn from the _Oesterreichischer Volkswirt_ (June, 1916), Germany -had issued other gold notes, in payment for gold from Turkey, which is -retainable in Berlin till six months after the end of the war. (It is -reasonable to wonder whether it will not be retained rather longer than -that.) These gold notes were accepted willingly at first by the public, -but the increase in their number (by the second issue) has caused them -to be viewed with justifiable suspicion, and the depreciation in them -continues. But the Turkish public has no redress except by hoarding -gold, which is a penal offence. That these arrangements have not -particularly helped Turkish credit may be gathered from the fact that -the Turkish gold I, nominally 100 piastres, is now worth 280 -piastres. - -Again, the Deutsche Orientbank has made many extensions, and is already -financing cotton and wool trade for after the war. The establishment of -this provoked much applause in German financial circles, who find it to -be an instance of the "far-reaching and powerful Germano-Austrian unity, -which replaces the disunion of Turkish finance." This is profoundly -true, especially if we omit the word "Austrian," inserted for diplomatic -reasons. Again we find Germany advancing 3,000,000 of German paper to -the Turkish Government in January, 1917 for the payment of supplies -they have received from Krupp's works and (vaguely) for interest to -the German financial minister. This too, we may conjecture, is to be -redeemed after the war in gold. - -In March of this year we find in the report of the Ottoman Bank a German -loan of 1,000,000 for the purchase of agricultural implements by -Turkey, and this is guaranteed by house-taxes. In all up to that month, -as was announced in the Chamber of Deputies at Constantinople, Germany -had advanced to Turkey the sum of 142,000,000, entirely, it would seem, -in German paper, to be repaid at various dates in gold. The grip, in -fact, is a strangle-hold, all for Turkey's good, as no doubt will prove -the "New Conventions" announced by Zimmermann in May, 1917, to take the -place of the abolished Capitulations, "which left Turkey at the mercy of -predatory Powers who looked for the disruption of the Ottoman Empire." -Herr Zimmermann does not look for that: he looks for its absorption. -And sees it. - -The industrial development of Turkey by this benevolent and -disinterested Power has been equally thorough and far-reaching, though -Germany here has had a certain amount of competition by Hungary to -contend against, for Hungary considered that Germany was trespassing on -her sphere of interest. But she has been able to make no appreciable -headway against her more acute partner, and her application for a -monopoly of sugar-production was not favourably received, for Germany -already had taken the beet industry well in hand. In Asia Minor the -acreage of cultivation early in 1917 had fallen more than 50 per cent, -from that under crops before the war, but owing to the importation -of machinery from the Central Powers, backed up by a compulsory -Agricultural Service law, which has just been passed, it is hoped -that the acreage will be increased this year by something like 30 per -cent. The yield per acre also will be greatly increased this year, for -Germany has, though needing artificial manure badly herself, sent large -quantities into Turkey, where they will be more profitably employed. -She has no fear about securing the produce. This augmented yield will, -it is true, not be adequate to supply the needs of Turkey, who for the -last two years has suffered from very acute food shortage, which in -certain districts has amounted to famine and wholesale starvation of the -poorer classes. But it is unlikely that their needs will be considered -at all, for Germany's needs (she the fairy godmother of the Pan-Turk -ideal) must obviously have the first call on such provisions as are -obtainable. Thus, though in February, 1917, there was a daily shortage -in Smyrna of 700 sacks of flour, and the Arab and Greek population was -starving, no flour at all was allowed to be imported into Smyrna. But -simultaneously Germany was making huge purchases of fish, meat, and -flour in Constantinople (paid for in German paper), including 100,000 -sheep. Yet such was the villainous selfishness of the famine-stricken -folk at Adrianople that when the trains containing these supplies -were passing through a mob held them up and sold the contents to the -inhabitants. That, however, was an isolated instance, and in any case -a law was passed in October, 1916, appointing a military commission to -control all supplies. It enacts that troops shall be supplied first, -and specially ordains that the requirements of German troops come under -this head. (Private firms have been expressly prohibited from purchasing -these augmented wheat supplies, but special permission was given in -1915 to German and Austro-Hungarian societies to buy.) A few months -later we find that there are a hundred deaths daily in Constantinople -from starvation and 200 in Smyrna, where there is a complete shortage -of oil. But oil is still being sent to Germany, and during 1916 five -hundred reservoirs of oil were sent there, each containing up to 15,000 -kilogrammes. But Kultur must be supplied first, else Kultur would grow -lean, and the Turkish God of Love will look after the Smyrniotes. It -is no wonder that he blockade of Germany does not produce the desired -result a little quicker, for food is already pouring in from Turkey, -and when the artificial manures have produced their early harvest the -stream will become a torrent. - -But during all these busy and tremendous months of war Germany has not -only been denuding Turkey of her food supplies, for the sake of the -Pan-Turkish ideal; in the same altruistic spirit she has been vastly -increasing the productiveness of her new and most important colony. -There is a great irrigation work going on in Konia, and another at Adana -financed by the Deutsche Bank. Ernst Marre gives us a capital account -of this, for Adana was already linked up with the Bagdad railway in -October, 1916, which was to be the great artery connecting Germany with -the East. There is some considerable shortage of labour there (owing in -part to the Armenian massacres, to which we shall revert presently), -but the financial arrangements are in excellent shape. The whole of the -irrigation works are in German hands and have been paid for by German -paper; and to get the reservoirs, &c., back into her own control it -has been agreed that Turkey, already completely bankrupt, will have to -pay not only what has been spent, but a handsome sum in compensation; -while, as regards shortage of labour, prisoners have been released in -large numbers to work without pay. This irrigation scheme at Adana will -increase the cotton yield by four times the present crop, so we learn -from the weekly Arab magazine, _El Alem el Ismail_, which tells us also -of the electric-power stations erected there. - -The same paper (October, 1916) announces to the Anatolian merchants -that transport is now easy, owing to the arrival of engines and -trucks from Germany, while _Die Zeit_ (February, 1917) prophesies a -prosperous future for this Germane-Turkish cotton combine. Hitherto -Turkey has largely imported cotton from England; now Turkey--thanks to -German capital on terms above stated--will, in the process of internal -development so unselfishly devised for her by Germany, grow cotton for -herself, and be kind enough to give a preferential tariff to Germany. - -A similarly bright future may be predicted for the irrigation scheme -at Konia, where will arise a sugar-beet industry. Artesian wells have -been sunk, and there is the suggestion to introduce Bulgarian labour -in default of Turkish. As we have seen, Hungary attempted to obtain -a monopoly with regard to sugar, but Germany has been victorious on -this point (as on every other when she competes with Hungary) and -has obtained the concession for a period of thirty years. A similar -irrigation scheme is bringing into cultivation the Makischelin Valley, -near Aleppo, and Herr Wied has been appointed as expert for irrigation -plant in Syria. - -Indeed, it would be easier to enumerate the industries and economical -developments of Turkey over which Germany has not at the present -moment got the control than those over which she has. In particular -she has shown a parental interest in Turkish educational questions. -She established last year, under German management, a school for the -study of German in Constantinople; she has put under the protection -of the German Government the Jewish institution at Haifa for technical -education in Palestine; from Sivas a mission of schoolmasters has been -sent to Germany for the study of German methods. Ernst Marre surmises -that German will doubtless become compulsory even in the Turkish -intermediate (secondary) schools. In April, 1917, the first stone of -the "House of Friendship" (!) was laid at Constantinople, the object -of which institution is to create among Turkish students an interest -in everything German, while earlier in the year arrangements were made -for 10,000 Turkish youths to go to Germany to be taught trades. These I -imagine were unfit for military service. With regard to such a scheme -Haul Haled Bey praises the arrangement for the education of Turks in -Germany. When they used to go to France, he tells us, "they lost their -religion" (certainly Prussian Gott is nearer akin to Turkish Allah) "and -returned home unpatriotic and useless. In Germany they will have access -to suitable religious literature" (Gott!) "and must adopt all they see -good in German methods without losing their original characteristics." -Comment on this script is needless. The hand is the hand of Halil Haled -Bey, but the voice is the voice of Prussia! Occasionally, but rarely, -Austrian competition is seen. Professor Schmoller, in an Austrian -quarterly review, shows jealousy of German influence, and we find in -October, 1916, an Ottoman-Austrian college started at Vienna for 250 -pupils of the Ottoman Empire. But Germany has 10,000 in Berlin. At Adana -(where are the German irrigation works) the German-Turkish Society has -opened a German school of 300, while, reciprocally, courses in Turkish -have been organised at Berlin for the sake of future German colonists. -In Constantinople the _Tanin_ announces a course of lectures to be -held by the Turco-German Friendship Society. Professor von Marx, of -Munich, discoursed last April on foreign influence and the development -of nations, with special reference to Turkey and the parallel case of -Germany. - -So much for German education, but her penetrative power extends into -every branch of industry and economics. In November, 1916, a Munich -expert was put in charge of the College of Forestry, and an economic -society was started in Constantinople on German lines with German -instructors. Inoculation against small-pox; typhoid, and cholera was -made compulsory; and we find that the Turkish Ministers of Posts, of -Justice, and of Commerce, figureheads all of them, have as their acting -Ministers Germans. In the same year a German was appointed as expert for -silkworm breeding and for the cultivation of beet. Practically all the -railways in Asia Minor are pure German concerns by right of purchase. -They own the Anatolian railway concession (originally British), with -right to build to Angora and Konia; the Bagdad railway concession, with -preferential rights over minerals; they have bought the Mersina-Adana -railway, with right of linking up to the Bagdad railway; they have -bought the Smyrna-Cassaba railway, built with French capital. They have -secured also the Haidar Pasha Harbour concession, thereby controlling -and handling all merchandise arriving at railhead from the interior of -Asia Minor. Meantime railway construction is pushed on in all directions -under German control, and the Turkish Minister of Finance (August, 1916) -allocates a large sum of paper German money for the construction of -ordinary roads, military roads, local government roads, all of which -are new to Turkey, but which will be useful for the complete German -occupation which is being swiftly consolidated. To stop the mouths of -the people, all political clubs have been suppressed by the Minister -of the Interior, for Prussia does not care for criticism. To supply -German ammunition needs, lead and zinc have been taken from the roofs of -mosques and door-handles from mosque gates, and the iron railings along -the Champs de Mars at Pera have been carted away for the manufacture -of bombs. A Turco-German convention signed in Berlin in January of -this year permits subjects of one country to settle in the other while -retaining their nationality and enjoying trading and other privileges. -In Lebanon Dr. Knig has opened an agricultural school for Syrians of -all religions. In the Horns district the threatening plague of locusts -in February, 1917, was combated by Germans; and a German expert, Dr. -Bucher, had been already sent to superintend the whole question. For -this concerns supplies to Germany, as does also the ordinance passed -in the same month that two-thirds of all fish caught in the Lebanon -district should be given to the military authorities (these are German) -and that every fish weighing over 6oz. in the Beirut district should be -Korban also. The copper mines at Anghana Maden, near Diarbekr, are busy -exporting their produce into Germany. - -There is no end to this penetration: German water-seekers, with divining -and boring apparatus, accompanied the Turkish expedition into Sinai; -Russian prisoners were sent by Germany for agricultural work in Asia -Minor, to take the place of slaughtered 'Armenians; a German-Turkish -treaty, signed January 11, 1917, gives the whole reorganisation of the -economic system to a special German mission. A Stuttgart journal chants -a characteristic "_Lobgesang_" over this feat. "That is how," it proudly -exclaims, "we work for the liberation of peoples and nationalities." - -In the same noble spirit, we must suppose, German legal reforms were -introduced in December, 1916, to replace the Turkish Shuriat, and in -the same month all the Turks in telegraph offices in Constantinople -were replaced by Germans. Ernst Marre, in his "Turks and Germans after -the War" (1916), gives valuable advice to young Germans settling in -Turkey. He particularly recommends them, knowing how religion is one of -the strongest bonds in this murderous race, to "trade in articles of -devotion, in rosaries, in bags to hold the Koran," and points out what -good business might be built up in gramophones. Earlier in this year -we find a "German Oriental Trading Company" founded for the import of -fibrous materials for needs of military authorities, and a great carpet -business established at Urfa with German machinery that will supplant -the looms at Smyrna. A saltpetre factory is established at Konia by -Herr Toepfer, whose enterprise is rewarded with an Iron Cross and -a Turkish decoration. The afforestation near Constantinople ordered -by the Ministry of Agriculture is put into German hands, and in the -vilayet of Aidin (April, 1916) ninety concessions were granted to German -capitalists to undertake the exploitation of metallic ores. Occasionally -the German octopus finds it has gone too far for the moment and releases -some struggling limb of its victim, as, for instance, when we see that -in September, 1916, the German Director's stamp for the "Imperial German -Great Radio Station" at Damascus has been dis-carded temporarily, as -that station "should be treated for the present as a Turkish concern." - -A "Trading and Weaving Company" was established at Angora in 1916, -an "Import and Export Company" at Smyrna, a "Trading and Industrial -Society" at Beirut, a "Tobacco Trading Company" at Latakieh, an -"Agricultural Company" at Tripolis, a "Corn Exporting Company" in -Lebanon, a "Rebuilding Commission" (perhaps for sacked Armenian houses) -at Konia. More curious yet will be a Tourist's Guide Book--a Baedeker, -in fact--for travellers in Konia and the erection of a monument in -honour of Turkish _women_ who have replaced men called up for military -duty. Truly these last two items--a guide book for Anatolia and a -monument to women--are strange enterprises for Turks. A new Prussian day -is dawning, it seems, for Turkish women as well, for the _Tanin_ (April, -1917) tells us that diplomas are to be conferred on ladies who have -completed their studies in the Technical School at Constantinople. - -It is needless to multiply instances of German penetration: I have but -given the skeleton of this German monster that has fastened itself with -tentacles and suckers on every branch of Turkish industry. There is -none round which it has not cast its feelers--no Semitic moneylender -ever obtained a surer hold on his victim. In matters naval, military, -educational, legal, industrial, Germany has a strangle-hold. Turkey's -life is already crushed out of her, and, as we have seen, it has been -crushed out of her by the benevolent Kultur-mongers who, among all -the Great Powers of Europe, sacrificed their time and their money to -the achievement of the Pan-Turkish ideal. Silently and skilfully they -worked, bamboozling their chief tool, Enver Pasha, even as Enver Pasha -bamboozled us. As long as he was of service to them they retained him; -for his peace of mind at one time they stopped up all letter-boxes -in Constantinople because so many threatening letters were sent him. -But now Enver Pasha seems to have had his day; he became a little -autocratic and thought that he was the head of the Pan-Turkish ideal. -So he was, but the Pan-Turkish ideal had become Pan-Prussian, and he -had not noticed the transformation. Talaat Bey has taken his place; -it is he who in May, 1917, was received by the Emperor William, by -King Ludwig, and by the Austrian Emperor, and he who is the mouthpiece -of the German efforts to make a separate peace with Russia. Under -Czardom, he proclaimed, the existence of Turkey was threatened, but -now the revolution has made friendship possible, for Russia no longer -desires territorial annexation. And, oh, how Turkey would like to be -Russia's friend! Enver Pasha has been thrown aside for contumacy, and -I cannot but think it curious that when on April 2, 1917, he visited -the submarine base at Wilhelmshaven he was very nearly killed in a -motor-accident. But it may have been an accident. Since then I cannot -find that he has taken any more active part in Pan-Turkish ideals than -to open a soup-kitchen in some provincial town. - -I have left to the end of this essay the question of Germany's knowledge -of and complicity in the Armenian massacres. From the tribune of the -Reichstag on January 15, 1916, there was made a definite denial of the -existence of such massacres at all; on another subsequent occasion it -was stated that Germany could not interfere in Turkish internal affairs. - -In view of the fact that there is no internal affair appertaining -to Turkey in which Germany has not interfered, the second of these -statements may be called insincere. But the denial of the massacres is a -deliberate lie. Germany--official Germany--knew all about them, and she -permitted them to go on. The proofs of this are here shortly stated. - -(1) In September, 1915, four months before the denial of the massacres -was made in the Reichstag, Dr. Martin Niepage, higher grade teacher -in the German Technical School at Aleppo, prepared and sent, in his -name and that of several of his colleagues, a report of them to the -German Embassy at Constantinople. In that report he gives a terrible -account of what he has seen with his own eyes, and also states that -the country Turks' explanation with regard to the origination of -those measures is that it is "the teaching of the Germans." The German -Embassy at Constantinople therefore knew of the massacres, and knew -also that the Turks attributed them to orders from Germany. Dr. Niepage -also consulted, before sending his report, with the German Consul at -Aleppo, Herr Hoffman, who told him that the German Embassy had been -already advised in detail about the massacres from the consulates at -Alexandretta, Aleppo, and Mosul, but that he welcomed a further protest -on the subject. - -(2) These reports, or others like them, had not gone astray, for in -August, 1915, the German Ambassador in Constantinople made a formal -protest to the Turkish Government about the massacres. - -There is, then, no doubt that the German Government, when it officially -denied the massacres, was perfectly cognisant of them. It was also -perfectly capable of stopping them, for they were not local violences, -but wholesale murders organised at Constantinople. Germany had indeed -already given assurances that such massacres should not occur. She had -assured the Armenian Katholikos at Adana that so long as Germany had -any influence in Turkey he need not fear a repetition of the horrors -that had taken place under Abdul Hamid. Had she, then, no influence in -Constantinople, or how was it that she had obtained complete control -over all Turkish branches of government? The same assurance was given by -the German Ambassador in April, 1915, to the Armenian Patriarch and the -President of the Armenian National Council. - -So, in support of the Pan-Turkish ideal and in the name of the Turkish -Allah, the God of Love, Germany stood by and let the infamous tale of -lust and rapine and murder be told to its end. The Turks had planned to -exterminate the whole Armenian race except some half-million, who would -be deported penniless to work at agricultural developments under German -rule, but this quality of Turkish mercy was too strained for Major Pohl, -who proclaimed that it was a mistake to spare so many. But he was a -soldier, and did not duly weigh the claims of agriculture. - -The choice was open to Germany; Germany chose, and let the Armenian -massacres go on. But she was in a difficulty. What if the Turkish -Government retorted (perhaps it did so retort), "You are not consistent. -Why do you mind about the slaughter of a few Armenians? What about -Belgium and your atrocities there?" - -And all the ingenuity of the Wilhelmstrasse would not be able to find an -answer to that. - -I do not say that Germany wanted the massacres, for she did not. She -wanted more agricultural labour, and I think that, if only for that -reason, she deprecated them. But she allowed them to go on when it was -in her power to stop them, and all the perfumes of Arabia will not wash -clean her hand from that stinking horror. - -Here, then, are some of the problems which those who, at the end of -the war, will have to deal with the problem of Turkey must tackle. -It is just as well to recognise that at the present moment Turkey is -virtually and actually a German colony, and the most valuable colony -that Germany has ever had. It will not be enough to limit, or rather -abolish, the supremacy of Turkey over aliens and martyrised peoples; -it will be necessary to abolish the supremacy of Germany over Turkey. -To do this the victory of our Allied Nations must be complete, and -Germany's octopus monopoly of Turkish industries severed. Otherwise we -shall immediately be confronted with a Germany that already reaches as -far as Mesopotamia. That is done now; and that, before there can come -any permanent peace for Europe, must be undone. Nothing less than the -complete release of that sucker and tentacle embrace will suffice. - -Printed in Great Britain by THE FIELD & QUEEN (HORACE COX) LTD.. - -Bream's buildings, London, E.C. 4. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Deutschland ber Allah, by E. F. Benson - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DEUTSCHLAND BER ALLAH *** - -***** This file should be named 43073-8.txt or 43073-8.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/3/0/7/43073/ - -Produced by Chuck Greif from scans available at The Internet Archive. - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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F. Benson. </title> @@ -40,26 +40,7 @@ margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;text-align:center;text-indent:0%;} </style> </head> <body> - -<p style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Deutschland Über Allah, by E. F. Benson</p> -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Deutschland Über Allah</div> -<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: E. F. Benson</div> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: July 1, 2013 [eBook #43073]<br /> -[Most recently updated: July 1, 2023]</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: - Chuck Greif (This file was produced from images available at The Internet Archive)</p> -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DEUTSCHLAND ÜBER ALLAH ***</div> +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 43073 ***</div> <hr class="full" /> @@ -838,447 +819,6 @@ complete release of that sucker and tentacle embrace will suffice.</p> <hr class="full" /> -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DEUTSCHLAND ÜBER ALLAH ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: Deutschland Ueber Allah - -Author: E. F. Benson - -Release Date: July 1, 2013 [EBook #43073] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ASCII - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DEUTSCHLAND UeBER ALLAH *** - - - - -Produced by Chuck Greif -(This file was produced from images available at The Internet Archive) - - - - - - - -DEUTSCHLAND UeBER ALLAH - - - - -DEUTSCHLAND - -UeBER ALLAH - -BY - -E. F. BENSON - -HODDER AND STOUGHTON - -LONDON NEW YORK TORONTO - -MCMXVII - - - - -DEUTSCHLAND UeBER ALLAH - -IT was commonly said at the beginning of this war that, whatever -Germany's military resources might be, she was hopelessly and childishly -lacking in diplomatic ability and in knowledge of psychology, from -which all success in diplomacy is distilled. As instances of this grave -defect, people adduced the fact that apparently she had not anticipated -the entry of Great Britain into the war at all, while her treatment of -Belgium immediately afterwards was universally pronounced not to be a -crime merely, but a blander of the stupidest sort. It is perfectly true -that Germany did not understand, and, as seems likely in the light of -innumerable other atrocities, never will understand, the psychology -of civilised peoples; she has never shown any signs up till now, at -any rate, of "having got the hang of it" at all. But critics of her -diplomacy failed to see the root-fact that she did not understand it -merely because it did not interest her. It was not worth her while to -master the psychology of other civilised nations, since she was out not -to understand them but to conquer them. She had all the information she -wanted about their armies and navies and guns and ammunition neatly and -correctly tabulated. Why, then, since this was all that concerned her, -should she bother her head about what they might feel on the subject -of gas-attacks or the torpedoing of neutral ships without warning? As -long as her fumes were deadly and her submarines subtle, nothing further -concerned her. - -But Europe generally made a great mistake in supposing that she could -not learn psychology and the process of its distillation into diplomacy -when it interested her. The psychology of the French and English was a -useless study, for she was merely going to fight them, but for years she -had been studying with an industry and a patience that put our diplomacy -to shame (as was most swiftly and ignominiously proven when it came -into conflict with hers) the psychology of the Turks. For years she had -watched the dealings of the Great Powers with Turkey, but she had never -really associated herself with that policy. She sat quietly by and saw -how it worked. Briefly it was this. For a hundred years Turkey had been -a Sick Man, and for a hundred years he had been kept alive in Europe -by the sedulous attentions of the Physician-Powers, who dared not let -him die for fear of the stupendous quarrels which would instantly arise -over his corpse. So there they all sat round his bed, and kept him alive -with injections of strychnine and oxygen and, no less, by a policy of -rousing and irritating the patient. All through the reign of Abdul Hamid -they persevered: Great Britain plucked his pillow from him, so to speak, -by her protectorate of Egypt; Russia tweaked Eastern Rumelia from him; -France deprived him of his hot-water bottle when she snatched at the -Constantinople quays, and they all shook and slapped him when he went to -war with Greece in 1896, and instantly deprived him of the territory -he had won in Thessaly. That was the principle of European diplomacy -towards Turkey, and from it Germany always held aloof. - -But from about the beginning of the reign of the present German Emperor, -German or rather Prussian diplomacy had been going quietly about its -work. It was worth while to study the psychology of the Turks, because -dimly then, but with ever increasing distinctness, Germany foresaw that -Turkey might be a counter of immense importance in the great conflict -which was assuredly drawing nearer, though as yet its existence was but -foreshadowed by the most distant reflections of summer lightning on a -serene horizon. But if Turkey was to be of any profit to her, she wanted -a strong Turkey who could fight with her (or rather for her), and she -had no use for the Sick Man whom the other Powers were bent on keeping -alive but no more. Her own eventual domination of Turkey was always the -end in view, but she wanted to dominate not a weak but a strong servant. -And her diplomacy was not less than brilliant simply from the facts that -on the one hand it soothed Turkey instead of irritating, and on the -other it went absolutely unnoticed for a long time. Nobody knew that it -was going on. She sent officers to train the Turkish army, well knowing -what magnificent material Anatolia afforded, and she had thoroughly -grasped the salient fact that to make any way with Oriental peoples your -purse must be open and your backshish unlimited. "There is no God but -backshish, and the Deutsche Bank is his prophet." - -For years this went on very quietly, and all over the great field of -the Ottoman Empire the first tiny blades of the crop that Germany was -sowing began to appear. To-day that crop waves high and covers the whole -field with its ripe and fruitful ears. For to-day Turkey is neither -more nor less than a German colony, and more than makes up to her for -the colonies she has lost and hopes to regain. She knows that perfectly -well, and so do any who have at all studied the history and the results -of her diplomacy there. Even Turkey itself must, as in an uneasy dream, -be faintly conscious of it. For who to-day is the Sultan of Turkey? No -other than William II. of Germany. It is in Berlin that his Cabinet -meets, and sometimes he asks Talaat Bey to attend in a strictly honorary -capacity. And Talaat Bey goes back to Constantinople with a strictly -honorary sword of honour. Or else he gives one to William II. from his -_soi-disant_ master, the Sultan, or takes one back to his _soi-disant_ -master from his real master. For no one knows better than William II. -the use that swords of honour play in deeds of dishonour. - -The object of this pamphlet is to trace the hewn and solid staircase of -steps by which Germany's present supremacy over Turkey was achieved. -Apart from the quiet spade-work that had been going on for some years, -Germany made no important move till the moment when in 1909 the Young -Turk party, after the forced abdication of Abdul Hamid, proclaimed the -aims and ideal of the new regime. At once Germany saw her opportunity, -for here, with her help, might arise the strong Turkey which she -desired to see, instead of the weak Turkey which all the other European -Powers had been keeping on a lowering diet for so long (desirous only -that it should not quite expire), and from that moment she began to -lend, or rather let, to Turkey in ever increasing quantities the -resources of her scientific and her military knowledge. It was in her -interests, if Turkey was to be of use to her, that she should educate, -and irrigate, and develop the unexploited treasures of human material, -of fertility and mineral wealth; and Germany's gold, her schools, her -laboratories were at Turkey's disposal. But in every case she, as in -duty bound to her people, saw that she got very good value for her -outlay. - -Here, then, was the great psychological moment when Germany instantly -moved. The Young Turks proclaimed that they were going to weld the -Ottoman Empire into one homogeneous and harmonious whole, and by a piece -of brilliant paradoxical reasoning Germany determined that it was she -who was going to do it for them. In flat contradiction of the spirit of -their manifestos, which proclaimed the Pan-Turkish ideal, she conceived -and began to carry out under their very noses the great new chapter of -the Pan-Germanic ideal. And the Young Turks did not know the difference! -They mistook that lusty Teutonic changeling for their own new-born -Turkish babe, and they nursed and nourished it. Amazingly it throve, and -soon it cut its teeth, and one day, when they thought it was asleep, it -arose from its cradle a baby no more but a great Prussian guardsman who -shouted "Deutschland ueber Allah!" - -Only once was there a check in the career of the Prussian infant, and -that was no more than a childish ailment. For when the Balkan wars -broke out the Turkish army was in the transitional stage. Its German -tutors had not yet had time to inspire the army with German discipline -and tradition; they had only weeded out, so to speak, the old Turkish -spirit, the blind obedience to the ministers of the Shadow of God. The -Shadow of God, in fact, in the person of the Sultan had been dragged -out into the light, and his Shadow had grown appreciably less. In -consequence there was not at this juncture any cohesion in the army, -and it suffered reverse after reverse. But a strong though a curtailed -Turkey was more in accordance with Prussian ideas than a weak and -unformed one, and Germany bore the Turkish defeats very valiantly. And -that was the only set-back that this Pan-Prussian youngster experienced, -and it was no more than an attack of German measles which he very -quickly got over. For two or three years German influence wavered, -then recovered, "with blessings on the falling out, that all the more -endears." - -It is interesting to see how Germany adapted the Pan-Turkish ideal to -her own ends, and by a triumphant vindication of Germany's methods the -best account of this Pan-Turkish ideal is to be found in a publication -of 1915 by Tekin Alp, which was written as German propaganda and by -Germany disseminated broadcast over the Turkish Empire. The movement was -organised by Kemal Bey in 1909 as a branch committee of the Union and -Progress Party at Constantinople, and its headquarters were in Salonica, -where the deposed Abdul Hamid was subsequently confined. Another branch, -under Zia Bey, worked at Constantinople. Kemal Bey collected a group of -young and ardent writers, who exploited the idea of a restoration of a -national and universal Turkey which should unite all Turkish elements, -and, as was hinted even then, extirpate the other nationalities, such as -the Armenians, which were a menace, or might conceivably be a menace, -to complete Turkish autocracy. The young writers were supplemented by -a group called Yeni Hayat, or the "Young Life," who worked for the -restoration of national traditions. Certain opposition was met with, -but this was overcome, and at once Kemal Bey and his assistants had the -Koran translated into Turkish, and the prayers for the Khalif--in Arabic -no longer, but in Turkish--were distributed throughout the Empire. -Knowing full well that, apart from language, the religious bond of Islam -was one of the strongest uniting forces, if not actually the strongest, -at their disposal, they proclaimed that the true faith was the Turkish -and not the Arab version. With a stupendous audacity they claimed this -difference between the two, namely, that the Arab conception of Allah -was the God of Vengeance, the Turkish conception the God of Love. The -Turkish language and the Turkish Allah, God of Love, in whose name the -Armenians were tortured and massacred, were the two wings on which -Turkey was to soar. Auxiliary soaring societies were organised, among -them a Turkish Ojagha with similar aims, and no fewer than sixteen -branches of it were founded throughout the Empire. There were also a -Turkish Guiji or gymnastic club and an Izji or boy scouts' club. A union -of merchants worked for the same object in districts where hitherto -trade had been in the hands of Greeks and Armenians, and signs appeared -on their shops that only Turkish labour was employed. Religious funds -also were used for similar economic restoration. - -Turkey then was to be for the Turks, and so was a great deal more -than Turkey. They claimed that of the 10,000,000 population of Persia -one-third were Turks, while the province Azerbaijan--the richest, -most active and enlightened district of Persia--was entirely Turkish. -Similarly they regarded the country south of the Caucasus as Turkish, -since Turks formed 50 to 80 per cent. of its population. Kasan, in fact, -was Turkish, and if the Turks in the plain of the Volga, in the Crimea, -and in the Caucasus were welded into Turkey, a nation of between forty -and fifty million would be formed--Osmanlis all of them. - -Germany saw, Germany tabulated, Germany licked her lips and took out -her long spoon, for her hour was come. She did not interfere: she only -helped to further the Pan-Turkish ideal. With her usual foresight she -perceived that the Izji, for instance, was a thing to encourage, for -the boys who were being trained now would in a few years be precisely -the young men of whom she could not have too many. By all means the -boy-scout movement was to be encouraged. She encouraged it so generously -and methodically that in 1916, according to an absolutely reliable -source of information, we find that the whole boy-scout movement, with -its innumerable branches, is under the control of a German officer, -Colonel von Hoff. In its classes (derneks) boys are trained in military -practices, in "a recreational manner," so that they enjoy--positively -enjoy (a Prussian touch)--the exercises that will fit them to be of -use to the Sultan William II. They learn trigger-drill, they learn -skirmishing, they are taught to make reports on the movements of their -companies, they are shown neat ways of judging distance. They are -divided into two classes, the junior class ranging from the ages of -twelve to seventeen, the senior class consisting of boys over seventeen -but not yet of military age. But since Colonel von Hoff organised this -boys of the age of seventeen have become of military age. Prussian -thoroughness therefore saw that their training must begin earlier; the -old junior class has become the senior class, and a new junior class -has been set on foot which begins its recreational exercises in the -service of William II., Gott and Allah, at the age of eight. It is all -great fun, but those pigeon-livered little boys who are not diverted by -it have to go on with their fun all the same, for, needless to say, the -Izji is compulsory on all boys. Of course they wear a uniform which is -made in Germany and is of a "semi-military" character. - -The provision of soldiers and sailors, then, trained from the early -age of eight was the first object of Germany's peaceful and benign -penetration. As from the Pisgah height of the Pan-Turkish ideal she saw -the promised land, but she had no idea of seeing it only, like Moses, -and expiring without entering it, and her faith that she would enter -it and possess it has been wonderfully justified. She has not only -penetrated but has dominated; a year ago towns like Aleppo were crammed -with German officers, while at Islahie there were separate wooden -barracks for the exclusive use of German troops. There is a military -mission at Mamoura, where all the buildings are permanent erections -solidly built of stone, for no merely temporary occupation is intended, -and thousands of freight-cars with Belgian marks upon them throng the -railways, and on some is the significant German title of "Military -Headquarters of the Imperial Staff." There are troops in the Turkish -army to which is given the title of "Pasha formation," in compliment -to Turkey, but the Pasha formations are under the command of Baron -Kress von Kressenstein, and are salted with German officers, N.C.O.s, -and privates, who, although in the Turkish army, retain their German -uniforms. - -This German leaven forms an instructional class for the remainder -of the troops in these formations, who are Turkish. The Germans are -urged to respect Moslem customs and to show particular consideration -for their religious observances. Every German contingent arriving at -Constantinople to join the Pasha formations finds quarters prepared -on a ship, and when the troops leave for their "destination" they -take supplies from depots at the railway station which will last them -two or three months. They are enjoined to write war diaries, and are -provided with handbooks on the military and geographical conditions in -Mesopotamia, with maps, and with notes on the training and management -of camels. This looks as if they were intended for use against the -English troops in Mesopotamia, but I cannot find that they have been -identified there. The greatest secrecy is observed with regard to -these Pasha formations, and their constitution and movements are kept -extremely veiled. - -Wireless stations have been set up in Asia Minor and Palestine, and -these are under the command of Major Schlee. A Turkish air-service was -instituted, at the head of which was Major Serno, a Prussian officer. -At Constantinople there is a naval school for Turkish engineers and -mechanics in the arsenal, to help on the Pan-Turkish ideal, and with -a view to that all the instructors are German. Similarly by the -spring of this year Germany had arranged to start submarine training -in Constantinople for the Turks, and a submarine school was open and -at work in March. Other naval cadets were sent to Germany for their -training, and Turkish officers were present at the battle of Jutland in -June, 1916, and of course were decorated by the Emperor in person for -their coolness and courage. - -A complete revision of the Turkish system of exemption from military -service was necessary as soon as Germany began to want men badly. The -age for military service was first raised, and we find a Turkish order -of October, 1916, calling on all men of forty-three, forty-four, and -forty-five years of age to pay their exemption tax if they did not wish -to be called to the Colours. That secured their money, and, with truly -Prussian irony, hardly had this been done when a fresh Army order was -issued calling out all men whether they had paid their exemption tax -or not. Still more men were needed, and in November a fresh levy of -boys was raised regardless of whether they had reached the military -age or not. This absorbed the senior class of the boy scouts, who -hitherto had learned their drill in a "recreationary manner." Again the -Prussian Moloch was hungry for more, and in December the Turkish Gazette -announced that all males in Asia Minor between the ages of fourteen and -sixty-five were to be enrolled for military service, and in January of -this year, 1917, fresh recruiting was foreshadowed by the order that -men of forty-six to fifty-two who had paid their exemption money should -be medically examined to see if they were fit for active service. -Wider and wider the net was spread, and in the same month a fresh -Turco-German convention was signed whereby was enforced a reciprocal -surrender in both countries of persons liable to military service, and -of deserters, and simultaneously all Turks living in Switzerland who had -paid exemption money were recalled to their Germanised fatherland. By -now the first crops of the year were ripening in Smyrna, and in default -of civilian labour (for everyone was now a soldier) they were reaped by -Turkish soldiers and the produce sent direct to Germany. - -Already in August, 1916, certificates of Ottoman nationality had been -granted to Serbians resident in the Empire who were willing to become -Ottoman subjects, and their "willingness" was intensified by hints that -incidents akin to the Armenian massacres might possibly occur among -other alien people. They had to sign a declaration that they would not -revert to their former nationality, and thus no doubt many Serbs passed -into the Turkish army. Further enrolments were desirable, and in March, -1917, all Greeks living in Anatolia were forcibly proselytised, their -property was confiscated, and they were made liable to military service. -Unfortunately all were not available, for of those who were removed from -the villages where they lived to military centres ten per cent, died -on the forced marches from hunger and exposure. That was annoying for -the German recruiting agents, but it suited well enough the Pan-Turkish -ideal of exterminating foreign nationalities. When trouble or discontent -occurred among the troops it was firmly dealt with, as, for instance, -when in November, 1916, there were considerable desertions from the 49th -Division. On that occasion the order was given to fire on them, and many -were killed and wounded. The officer who gave the order was commended by -the Prussian authorities for his firmness. Should such an incident occur -again, it will no doubt be dealt with with no less firmness, for in -April, 1917, Mackensen was put in supreme command of all troops in Asia -Minor. Simultaneously in Berlin Prince Zia-ed-Din, the Turkish Sultan's -heir, presented a sword of honour to the Sultan William II. Probably he -gave him good news of the progress of the German harbour works begun -in the winter at Stamboul, and himself learned that the railway bridge -which the Turks proposed to build over the Bosphorus was not to be -proceeded with, for the German high command had superseded that scheme -by their own idea of making a tunnel under the Bosphorus instead, which -would be safer from aircraft. - -Such up to date, though in brief outline, is the history of the progress -of the Prussian octopus in Turkish military and naval matters. In -October, 1914, just before Turkey came into the war, she had been -mobilising for three months, while Enver Pasha continued successfully -convincing our Ambassador in Constantinople of his sincere and -unshakable friendship for England, and had 800,000 men under arms. -Already, of course, German influence was strong in the army, which now -was thoroughly trained in German methods, but that army might still be -called a Turkish army. Nowadays by no stretch of language can it be -called Turkish except in so far that all Turkish efficient manhood is -enlisted in it, for there is no branch or department of it over which -the Prussian octopus has not thrown its paralysing tentacles and affixed -its immovable suckers. Army and navy alike, its wireless stations, its -submarines, its aircraft, are all directly controlled from Berlin, and, -as we have seen, the generalissimo of the forces is Mackensen, who is -absolutely the Hindenburg of the East. But thorough as is the control -of Berlin over Constantinople in military and naval matters, it is not -one whit more thorough than her control in all other matters of national -life. Never before has Germany been very successful in her colonisations -; but if complete domination--the sucking of a country till it is a mere -rind of itself, and yet at the same time full to bursting of Prussian -ichor--may be taken as Germany's equivalent of colonisation, then indeed -we must be forced to recognise her success. And it was all done in -the name and for the sake of the Pan-Turkish ideal! Even now Prussian -Pecksniffs like Herr Ernst Marre, whose pamphlet, "Turks and Germans -after the War," was published in 1916, continue to insist that Germany -is nobly devoting herself to the well-being of Turkey. "In doing this," -he exclaims in that illuminating document, "we are benefiting Turkey.... -This is a war of liberation for Turkey," though omitting to say from -whom Turkey is being liberated. Perhaps the Armenians. Occasionally, -it is true, he forgets that, and naively remarks, "Turkey is a very -difficult country to govern. But after the war Turkey will be very -important as a transit country." But then he remembers again and says, -"We wish to give besides taking, and we should often like to give more -than we can hope to give." Let us look into this, and see the manner in -which Germany expresses her yearning to impoverish herself for the sake -of Turkey. - -All this reorganisation of the Turkish army was of course a very -expensive affair and required skilful financing, and it was necessary -to get the whole of Turkey's exchequer arrangements into German hands. -A series of financial regulations was promulgated. The finance minister -during 1916 was still Turkish, but the official immediately under him -was German. He was authorised to deposit with the Controllers of the -Ottoman National Debt German Imperial Bills of LT30,000,000 and to -issue German paper money to the like amount. This arrangement ensures -the circulation of the German notes, which are redeemable by Turkey -_in gold_ two years after the declaration of peace. Gold is declared -to be the standard currency, and no creditor is obliged to accept in -payment of a debt more than 300 piastres in silver or fifty in nickel. -And since there is no gold in currency (for it has been all called in, -and penalties of death have been authorised for hoarders) it follows -that this and other issues of German paper will filter right through -the Empire. At the same time a German expert, Dr. Kautz, was appointed -to start banks throughout Turkey in order to free the peasants from -the Turkish village usurer, and in consequence enslave them to the -German banks. Similarly a German was put at the head of the Ottoman -Agricultural Bank. These new branches worked very well, but it is -pleasant to think that one such was started by the Deutsche Bank at -Bagdad in October, 1916, which now has its shutters up. Before this, as -we learn from the _Oesterreichischer Volkswirt_ (June, 1916), Germany -had issued other gold notes, in payment for gold from Turkey, which is -retainable in Berlin till six months after the end of the war. (It is -reasonable to wonder whether it will not be retained rather longer than -that.) These gold notes were accepted willingly at first by the public, -but the increase in their number (by the second issue) has caused them -to be viewed with justifiable suspicion, and the depreciation in them -continues. But the Turkish public has no redress except by hoarding -gold, which is a penal offence. That these arrangements have not -particularly helped Turkish credit may be gathered from the fact that -the Turkish gold LI, nominally 100 piastres, is now worth 280 -piastres. - -Again, the Deutsche Orientbank has made many extensions, and is already -financing cotton and wool trade for after the war. The establishment of -this provoked much applause in German financial circles, who find it to -be an instance of the "far-reaching and powerful Germano-Austrian unity, -which replaces the disunion of Turkish finance." This is profoundly -true, especially if we omit the word "Austrian," inserted for diplomatic -reasons. Again we find Germany advancing L3,000,000 of German paper to -the Turkish Government in January, 1917 for the payment of supplies -they have received from Krupp's works and (vaguely) for interest to -the German financial minister. This too, we may conjecture, is to be -redeemed after the war in gold. - -In March of this year we find in the report of the Ottoman Bank a German -loan of L1,000,000 for the purchase of agricultural implements by -Turkey, and this is guaranteed by house-taxes. In all up to that month, -as was announced in the Chamber of Deputies at Constantinople, Germany -had advanced to Turkey the sum of L142,000,000, entirely, it would seem, -in German paper, to be repaid at various dates in gold. The grip, in -fact, is a strangle-hold, all for Turkey's good, as no doubt will prove -the "New Conventions" announced by Zimmermann in May, 1917, to take the -place of the abolished Capitulations, "which left Turkey at the mercy of -predatory Powers who looked for the disruption of the Ottoman Empire." -Herr Zimmermann does not look for that: he looks for its absorption. -And sees it. - -The industrial development of Turkey by this benevolent and -disinterested Power has been equally thorough and far-reaching, though -Germany here has had a certain amount of competition by Hungary to -contend against, for Hungary considered that Germany was trespassing on -her sphere of interest. But she has been able to make no appreciable -headway against her more acute partner, and her application for a -monopoly of sugar-production was not favourably received, for Germany -already had taken the beet industry well in hand. In Asia Minor the -acreage of cultivation early in 1917 had fallen more than 50 per cent, -from that under crops before the war, but owing to the importation -of machinery from the Central Powers, backed up by a compulsory -Agricultural Service law, which has just been passed, it is hoped -that the acreage will be increased this year by something like 30 per -cent. The yield per acre also will be greatly increased this year, for -Germany has, though needing artificial manure badly herself, sent large -quantities into Turkey, where they will be more profitably employed. -She has no fear about securing the produce. This augmented yield will, -it is true, not be adequate to supply the needs of Turkey, who for the -last two years has suffered from very acute food shortage, which in -certain districts has amounted to famine and wholesale starvation of the -poorer classes. But it is unlikely that their needs will be considered -at all, for Germany's needs (she the fairy godmother of the Pan-Turk -ideal) must obviously have the first call on such provisions as are -obtainable. Thus, though in February, 1917, there was a daily shortage -in Smyrna of 700 sacks of flour, and the Arab and Greek population was -starving, no flour at all was allowed to be imported into Smyrna. But -simultaneously Germany was making huge purchases of fish, meat, and -flour in Constantinople (paid for in German paper), including 100,000 -sheep. Yet such was the villainous selfishness of the famine-stricken -folk at Adrianople that when the trains containing these supplies -were passing through a mob held them up and sold the contents to the -inhabitants. That, however, was an isolated instance, and in any case -a law was passed in October, 1916, appointing a military commission to -control all supplies. It enacts that troops shall be supplied first, -and specially ordains that the requirements of German troops come under -this head. (Private firms have been expressly prohibited from purchasing -these augmented wheat supplies, but special permission was given in -1915 to German and Austro-Hungarian societies to buy.) A few months -later we find that there are a hundred deaths daily in Constantinople -from starvation and 200 in Smyrna, where there is a complete shortage -of oil. But oil is still being sent to Germany, and during 1916 five -hundred reservoirs of oil were sent there, each containing up to 15,000 -kilogrammes. But Kultur must be supplied first, else Kultur would grow -lean, and the Turkish God of Love will look after the Smyrniotes. It -is no wonder that he blockade of Germany does not produce the desired -result a little quicker, for food is already pouring in from Turkey, -and when the artificial manures have produced their early harvest the -stream will become a torrent. - -But during all these busy and tremendous months of war Germany has not -only been denuding Turkey of her food supplies, for the sake of the -Pan-Turkish ideal; in the same altruistic spirit she has been vastly -increasing the productiveness of her new and most important colony. -There is a great irrigation work going on in Konia, and another at Adana -financed by the Deutsche Bank. Ernst Marre gives us a capital account -of this, for Adana was already linked up with the Bagdad railway in -October, 1916, which was to be the great artery connecting Germany with -the East. There is some considerable shortage of labour there (owing in -part to the Armenian massacres, to which we shall revert presently), -but the financial arrangements are in excellent shape. The whole of the -irrigation works are in German hands and have been paid for by German -paper; and to get the reservoirs, &c., back into her own control it -has been agreed that Turkey, already completely bankrupt, will have to -pay not only what has been spent, but a handsome sum in compensation; -while, as regards shortage of labour, prisoners have been released in -large numbers to work without pay. This irrigation scheme at Adana will -increase the cotton yield by four times the present crop, so we learn -from the weekly Arab magazine, _El Alem el Ismail_, which tells us also -of the electric-power stations erected there. - -The same paper (October, 1916) announces to the Anatolian merchants -that transport is now easy, owing to the arrival of engines and -trucks from Germany, while _Die Zeit_ (February, 1917) prophesies a -prosperous future for this Germane-Turkish cotton combine. Hitherto -Turkey has largely imported cotton from England; now Turkey--thanks to -German capital on terms above stated--will, in the process of internal -development so unselfishly devised for her by Germany, grow cotton for -herself, and be kind enough to give a preferential tariff to Germany. - -A similarly bright future may be predicted for the irrigation scheme -at Konia, where will arise a sugar-beet industry. Artesian wells have -been sunk, and there is the suggestion to introduce Bulgarian labour -in default of Turkish. As we have seen, Hungary attempted to obtain -a monopoly with regard to sugar, but Germany has been victorious on -this point (as on every other when she competes with Hungary) and -has obtained the concession for a period of thirty years. A similar -irrigation scheme is bringing into cultivation the Makischelin Valley, -near Aleppo, and Herr Wied has been appointed as expert for irrigation -plant in Syria. - -Indeed, it would be easier to enumerate the industries and economical -developments of Turkey over which Germany has not at the present -moment got the control than those over which she has. In particular -she has shown a parental interest in Turkish educational questions. -She established last year, under German management, a school for the -study of German in Constantinople; she has put under the protection -of the German Government the Jewish institution at Haifa for technical -education in Palestine; from Sivas a mission of schoolmasters has been -sent to Germany for the study of German methods. Ernst Marre surmises -that German will doubtless become compulsory even in the Turkish -intermediate (secondary) schools. In April, 1917, the first stone of -the "House of Friendship" (!) was laid at Constantinople, the object -of which institution is to create among Turkish students an interest -in everything German, while earlier in the year arrangements were made -for 10,000 Turkish youths to go to Germany to be taught trades. These I -imagine were unfit for military service. With regard to such a scheme -Haul Haled Bey praises the arrangement for the education of Turks in -Germany. When they used to go to France, he tells us, "they lost their -religion" (certainly Prussian Gott is nearer akin to Turkish Allah) "and -returned home unpatriotic and useless. In Germany they will have access -to suitable religious literature" (Gott!) "and must adopt all they see -good in German methods without losing their original characteristics." -Comment on this script is needless. The hand is the hand of Halil Haled -Bey, but the voice is the voice of Prussia! Occasionally, but rarely, -Austrian competition is seen. Professor Schmoller, in an Austrian -quarterly review, shows jealousy of German influence, and we find in -October, 1916, an Ottoman-Austrian college started at Vienna for 250 -pupils of the Ottoman Empire. But Germany has 10,000 in Berlin. At Adana -(where are the German irrigation works) the German-Turkish Society has -opened a German school of 300, while, reciprocally, courses in Turkish -have been organised at Berlin for the sake of future German colonists. -In Constantinople the _Tanin_ announces a course of lectures to be -held by the Turco-German Friendship Society. Professor von Marx, of -Munich, discoursed last April on foreign influence and the development -of nations, with special reference to Turkey and the parallel case of -Germany. - -So much for German education, but her penetrative power extends into -every branch of industry and economics. In November, 1916, a Munich -expert was put in charge of the College of Forestry, and an economic -society was started in Constantinople on German lines with German -instructors. Inoculation against small-pox; typhoid, and cholera was -made compulsory; and we find that the Turkish Ministers of Posts, of -Justice, and of Commerce, figureheads all of them, have as their acting -Ministers Germans. In the same year a German was appointed as expert for -silkworm breeding and for the cultivation of beet. Practically all the -railways in Asia Minor are pure German concerns by right of purchase. -They own the Anatolian railway concession (originally British), with -right to build to Angora and Konia; the Bagdad railway concession, with -preferential rights over minerals; they have bought the Mersina-Adana -railway, with right of linking up to the Bagdad railway; they have -bought the Smyrna-Cassaba railway, built with French capital. They have -secured also the Haidar Pasha Harbour concession, thereby controlling -and handling all merchandise arriving at railhead from the interior of -Asia Minor. Meantime railway construction is pushed on in all directions -under German control, and the Turkish Minister of Finance (August, 1916) -allocates a large sum of paper German money for the construction of -ordinary roads, military roads, local government roads, all of which -are new to Turkey, but which will be useful for the complete German -occupation which is being swiftly consolidated. To stop the mouths of -the people, all political clubs have been suppressed by the Minister -of the Interior, for Prussia does not care for criticism. To supply -German ammunition needs, lead and zinc have been taken from the roofs of -mosques and door-handles from mosque gates, and the iron railings along -the Champs de Mars at Pera have been carted away for the manufacture -of bombs. A Turco-German convention signed in Berlin in January of -this year permits subjects of one country to settle in the other while -retaining their nationality and enjoying trading and other privileges. -In Lebanon Dr. Koenig has opened an agricultural school for Syrians of -all religions. In the Horns district the threatening plague of locusts -in February, 1917, was combated by Germans; and a German expert, Dr. -Bucher, had been already sent to superintend the whole question. For -this concerns supplies to Germany, as does also the ordinance passed -in the same month that two-thirds of all fish caught in the Lebanon -district should be given to the military authorities (these are German) -and that every fish weighing over 6oz. in the Beirut district should be -Korban also. The copper mines at Anghana Maden, near Diarbekr, are busy -exporting their produce into Germany. - -There is no end to this penetration: German water-seekers, with divining -and boring apparatus, accompanied the Turkish expedition into Sinai; -Russian prisoners were sent by Germany for agricultural work in Asia -Minor, to take the place of slaughtered 'Armenians; a German-Turkish -treaty, signed January 11, 1917, gives the whole reorganisation of the -economic system to a special German mission. A Stuttgart journal chants -a characteristic "_Lobgesang_" over this feat. "That is how," it proudly -exclaims, "we work for the liberation of peoples and nationalities." - -In the same noble spirit, we must suppose, German legal reforms were -introduced in December, 1916, to replace the Turkish Shuriat, and in -the same month all the Turks in telegraph offices in Constantinople -were replaced by Germans. Ernst Marre, in his "Turks and Germans after -the War" (1916), gives valuable advice to young Germans settling in -Turkey. He particularly recommends them, knowing how religion is one of -the strongest bonds in this murderous race, to "trade in articles of -devotion, in rosaries, in bags to hold the Koran," and points out what -good business might be built up in gramophones. Earlier in this year -we find a "German Oriental Trading Company" founded for the import of -fibrous materials for needs of military authorities, and a great carpet -business established at Urfa with German machinery that will supplant -the looms at Smyrna. A saltpetre factory is established at Konia by -Herr Toepfer, whose enterprise is rewarded with an Iron Cross and -a Turkish decoration. The afforestation near Constantinople ordered -by the Ministry of Agriculture is put into German hands, and in the -vilayet of Aidin (April, 1916) ninety concessions were granted to German -capitalists to undertake the exploitation of metallic ores. Occasionally -the German octopus finds it has gone too far for the moment and releases -some struggling limb of its victim, as, for instance, when we see that -in September, 1916, the German Director's stamp for the "Imperial German -Great Radio Station" at Damascus has been dis-carded temporarily, as -that station "should be treated for the present as a Turkish concern." - -A "Trading and Weaving Company" was established at Angora in 1916, -an "Import and Export Company" at Smyrna, a "Trading and Industrial -Society" at Beirut, a "Tobacco Trading Company" at Latakieh, an -"Agricultural Company" at Tripolis, a "Corn Exporting Company" in -Lebanon, a "Rebuilding Commission" (perhaps for sacked Armenian houses) -at Konia. More curious yet will be a Tourist's Guide Book--a Baedeker, -in fact--for travellers in Konia and the erection of a monument in -honour of Turkish _women_ who have replaced men called up for military -duty. Truly these last two items--a guide book for Anatolia and a -monument to women--are strange enterprises for Turks. A new Prussian day -is dawning, it seems, for Turkish women as well, for the _Tanin_ (April, -1917) tells us that diplomas are to be conferred on ladies who have -completed their studies in the Technical School at Constantinople. - -It is needless to multiply instances of German penetration: I have but -given the skeleton of this German monster that has fastened itself with -tentacles and suckers on every branch of Turkish industry. There is -none round which it has not cast its feelers--no Semitic moneylender -ever obtained a surer hold on his victim. In matters naval, military, -educational, legal, industrial, Germany has a strangle-hold. Turkey's -life is already crushed out of her, and, as we have seen, it has been -crushed out of her by the benevolent Kultur-mongers who, among all -the Great Powers of Europe, sacrificed their time and their money to -the achievement of the Pan-Turkish ideal. Silently and skilfully they -worked, bamboozling their chief tool, Enver Pasha, even as Enver Pasha -bamboozled us. As long as he was of service to them they retained him; -for his peace of mind at one time they stopped up all letter-boxes -in Constantinople because so many threatening letters were sent him. -But now Enver Pasha seems to have had his day; he became a little -autocratic and thought that he was the head of the Pan-Turkish ideal. -So he was, but the Pan-Turkish ideal had become Pan-Prussian, and he -had not noticed the transformation. Talaat Bey has taken his place; -it is he who in May, 1917, was received by the Emperor William, by -King Ludwig, and by the Austrian Emperor, and he who is the mouthpiece -of the German efforts to make a separate peace with Russia. Under -Czardom, he proclaimed, the existence of Turkey was threatened, but -now the revolution has made friendship possible, for Russia no longer -desires territorial annexation. And, oh, how Turkey would like to be -Russia's friend! Enver Pasha has been thrown aside for contumacy, and -I cannot but think it curious that when on April 2, 1917, he visited -the submarine base at Wilhelmshaven he was very nearly killed in a -motor-accident. But it may have been an accident. Since then I cannot -find that he has taken any more active part in Pan-Turkish ideals than -to open a soup-kitchen in some provincial town. - -I have left to the end of this essay the question of Germany's knowledge -of and complicity in the Armenian massacres. From the tribune of the -Reichstag on January 15, 1916, there was made a definite denial of the -existence of such massacres at all; on another subsequent occasion it -was stated that Germany could not interfere in Turkish internal affairs. - -In view of the fact that there is no internal affair appertaining -to Turkey in which Germany has not interfered, the second of these -statements may be called insincere. But the denial of the massacres is a -deliberate lie. Germany--official Germany--knew all about them, and she -permitted them to go on. The proofs of this are here shortly stated. - -(1) In September, 1915, four months before the denial of the massacres -was made in the Reichstag, Dr. Martin Niepage, higher grade teacher -in the German Technical School at Aleppo, prepared and sent, in his -name and that of several of his colleagues, a report of them to the -German Embassy at Constantinople. In that report he gives a terrible -account of what he has seen with his own eyes, and also states that -the country Turks' explanation with regard to the origination of -those measures is that it is "the teaching of the Germans." The German -Embassy at Constantinople therefore knew of the massacres, and knew -also that the Turks attributed them to orders from Germany. Dr. Niepage -also consulted, before sending his report, with the German Consul at -Aleppo, Herr Hoffman, who told him that the German Embassy had been -already advised in detail about the massacres from the consulates at -Alexandretta, Aleppo, and Mosul, but that he welcomed a further protest -on the subject. - -(2) These reports, or others like them, had not gone astray, for in -August, 1915, the German Ambassador in Constantinople made a formal -protest to the Turkish Government about the massacres. - -There is, then, no doubt that the German Government, when it officially -denied the massacres, was perfectly cognisant of them. It was also -perfectly capable of stopping them, for they were not local violences, -but wholesale murders organised at Constantinople. Germany had indeed -already given assurances that such massacres should not occur. She had -assured the Armenian Katholikos at Adana that so long as Germany had -any influence in Turkey he need not fear a repetition of the horrors -that had taken place under Abdul Hamid. Had she, then, no influence in -Constantinople, or how was it that she had obtained complete control -over all Turkish branches of government? The same assurance was given by -the German Ambassador in April, 1915, to the Armenian Patriarch and the -President of the Armenian National Council. - -So, in support of the Pan-Turkish ideal and in the name of the Turkish -Allah, the God of Love, Germany stood by and let the infamous tale of -lust and rapine and murder be told to its end. The Turks had planned to -exterminate the whole Armenian race except some half-million, who would -be deported penniless to work at agricultural developments under German -rule, but this quality of Turkish mercy was too strained for Major Pohl, -who proclaimed that it was a mistake to spare so many. But he was a -soldier, and did not duly weigh the claims of agriculture. - -The choice was open to Germany; Germany chose, and let the Armenian -massacres go on. But she was in a difficulty. What if the Turkish -Government retorted (perhaps it did so retort), "You are not consistent. -Why do you mind about the slaughter of a few Armenians? What about -Belgium and your atrocities there?" - -And all the ingenuity of the Wilhelmstrasse would not be able to find an -answer to that. - -I do not say that Germany wanted the massacres, for she did not. She -wanted more agricultural labour, and I think that, if only for that -reason, she deprecated them. But she allowed them to go on when it was -in her power to stop them, and all the perfumes of Arabia will not wash -clean her hand from that stinking horror. - -Here, then, are some of the problems which those who, at the end of -the war, will have to deal with the problem of Turkey must tackle. -It is just as well to recognise that at the present moment Turkey is -virtually and actually a German colony, and the most valuable colony -that Germany has ever had. It will not be enough to limit, or rather -abolish, the supremacy of Turkey over aliens and martyrised peoples; -it will be necessary to abolish the supremacy of Germany over Turkey. -To do this the victory of our Allied Nations must be complete, and -Germany's octopus monopoly of Turkish industries severed. Otherwise we -shall immediately be confronted with a Germany that already reaches as -far as Mesopotamia. That is done now; and that, before there can come -any permanent peace for Europe, must be undone. Nothing less than the -complete release of that sucker and tentacle embrace will suffice. - -Printed in Great Britain by THE FIELD & QUEEN (HORACE COX) LTD.. - -Bream's buildings, London, E.C. 4. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Deutschland Ueber Allah, by E. F. Benson - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DEUTSCHLAND UeBER ALLAH *** - -***** This file should be named 43073.txt or 43073.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/3/0/7/43073/ - -Produced by Chuck Greif from scans available at The Internet Archive. - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: Deutschland ber Allah - -Author: E. F. Benson - -Release Date: July 1, 2013 [EBook #43073] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DEUTSCHLAND BER ALLAH *** - - - - -Produced by Chuck Greif -(This file was produced from images available at The Internet Archive) - - - - - - - -DEUTSCHLAND BER ALLAH - - - - -DEUTSCHLAND - -BER ALLAH - -BY - -E. F. BENSON - -HODDER AND STOUGHTON - -LONDON NEW YORK TORONTO - -MCMXVII - - - - -DEUTSCHLAND BER ALLAH - -IT was commonly said at the beginning of this war that, whatever -Germany's military resources might be, she was hopelessly and childishly -lacking in diplomatic ability and in knowledge of psychology, from -which all success in diplomacy is distilled. As instances of this grave -defect, people adduced the fact that apparently she had not anticipated -the entry of Great Britain into the war at all, while her treatment of -Belgium immediately afterwards was universally pronounced not to be a -crime merely, but a blander of the stupidest sort. It is perfectly true -that Germany did not understand, and, as seems likely in the light of -innumerable other atrocities, never will understand, the psychology -of civilised peoples; she has never shown any signs up till now, at -any rate, of "having got the hang of it" at all. But critics of her -diplomacy failed to see the root-fact that she did not understand it -merely because it did not interest her. It was not worth her while to -master the psychology of other civilised nations, since she was out not -to understand them but to conquer them. She had all the information she -wanted about their armies and navies and guns and ammunition neatly and -correctly tabulated. Why, then, since this was all that concerned her, -should she bother her head about what they might feel on the subject -of gas-attacks or the torpedoing of neutral ships without warning? As -long as her fumes were deadly and her submarines subtle, nothing further -concerned her. - -But Europe generally made a great mistake in supposing that she could -not learn psychology and the process of its distillation into diplomacy -when it interested her. The psychology of the French and English was a -useless study, for she was merely going to fight them, but for years she -had been studying with an industry and a patience that put our diplomacy -to shame (as was most swiftly and ignominiously proven when it came -into conflict with hers) the psychology of the Turks. For years she had -watched the dealings of the Great Powers with Turkey, but she had never -really associated herself with that policy. She sat quietly by and saw -how it worked. Briefly it was this. For a hundred years Turkey had been -a Sick Man, and for a hundred years he had been kept alive in Europe -by the sedulous attentions of the Physician-Powers, who dared not let -him die for fear of the stupendous quarrels which would instantly arise -over his corpse. So there they all sat round his bed, and kept him alive -with injections of strychnine and oxygen and, no less, by a policy of -rousing and irritating the patient. All through the reign of Abdul Hamid -they persevered: Great Britain plucked his pillow from him, so to speak, -by her protectorate of Egypt; Russia tweaked Eastern Rumelia from him; -France deprived him of his hot-water bottle when she snatched at the -Constantinople quays, and they all shook and slapped him when he went to -war with Greece in 1896, and instantly deprived him of the territory -he had won in Thessaly. That was the principle of European diplomacy -towards Turkey, and from it Germany always held aloof. - -But from about the beginning of the reign of the present German Emperor, -German or rather Prussian diplomacy had been going quietly about its -work. It was worth while to study the psychology of the Turks, because -dimly then, but with ever increasing distinctness, Germany foresaw that -Turkey might be a counter of immense importance in the great conflict -which was assuredly drawing nearer, though as yet its existence was but -foreshadowed by the most distant reflections of summer lightning on a -serene horizon. But if Turkey was to be of any profit to her, she wanted -a strong Turkey who could fight with her (or rather for her), and she -had no use for the Sick Man whom the other Powers were bent on keeping -alive but no more. Her own eventual domination of Turkey was always the -end in view, but she wanted to dominate not a weak but a strong servant. -And her diplomacy was not less than brilliant simply from the facts that -on the one hand it soothed Turkey instead of irritating, and on the -other it went absolutely unnoticed for a long time. Nobody knew that it -was going on. She sent officers to train the Turkish army, well knowing -what magnificent material Anatolia afforded, and she had thoroughly -grasped the salient fact that to make any way with Oriental peoples your -purse must be open and your backshish unlimited. "There is no God but -backshish, and the Deutsche Bank is his prophet." - -For years this went on very quietly, and all over the great field of -the Ottoman Empire the first tiny blades of the crop that Germany was -sowing began to appear. To-day that crop waves high and covers the whole -field with its ripe and fruitful ears. For to-day Turkey is neither -more nor less than a German colony, and more than makes up to her for -the colonies she has lost and hopes to regain. She knows that perfectly -well, and so do any who have at all studied the history and the results -of her diplomacy there. Even Turkey itself must, as in an uneasy dream, -be faintly conscious of it. For who to-day is the Sultan of Turkey? No -other than William II. of Germany. It is in Berlin that his Cabinet -meets, and sometimes he asks Talaat Bey to attend in a strictly honorary -capacity. And Talaat Bey goes back to Constantinople with a strictly -honorary sword of honour. Or else he gives one to William II. from his -_soi-disant_ master, the Sultan, or takes one back to his _soi-disant_ -master from his real master. For no one knows better than William II. -the use that swords of honour play in deeds of dishonour. - -The object of this pamphlet is to trace the hewn and solid staircase of -steps by which Germany's present supremacy over Turkey was achieved. -Apart from the quiet spade-work that had been going on for some years, -Germany made no important move till the moment when in 1909 the Young -Turk party, after the forced abdication of Abdul Hamid, proclaimed the -aims and ideal of the new rgime. At once Germany saw her opportunity, -for here, with her help, might arise the strong Turkey which she -desired to see, instead of the weak Turkey which all the other European -Powers had been keeping on a lowering diet for so long (desirous only -that it should not quite expire), and from that moment she began to -lend, or rather let, to Turkey in ever increasing quantities the -resources of her scientific and her military knowledge. It was in her -interests, if Turkey was to be of use to her, that she should educate, -and irrigate, and develop the unexploited treasures of human material, -of fertility and mineral wealth; and Germany's gold, her schools, her -laboratories were at Turkey's disposal. But in every case she, as in -duty bound to her people, saw that she got very good value for her -outlay. - -Here, then, was the great psychological moment when Germany instantly -moved. The Young Turks proclaimed that they were going to weld the -Ottoman Empire into one homogeneous and harmonious whole, and by a piece -of brilliant paradoxical reasoning Germany determined that it was she -who was going to do it for them. In flat contradiction of the spirit of -their manifestos, which proclaimed the Pan-Turkish ideal, she conceived -and began to carry out under their very noses the great new chapter of -the Pan-Germanic ideal. And the Young Turks did not know the difference! -They mistook that lusty Teutonic changeling for their own new-born -Turkish babe, and they nursed and nourished it. Amazingly it throve, and -soon it cut its teeth, and one day, when they thought it was asleep, it -arose from its cradle a baby no more but a great Prussian guardsman who -shouted "Deutschland ber Allah!" - -Only once was there a check in the career of the Prussian infant, and -that was no more than a childish ailment. For when the Balkan wars -broke out the Turkish army was in the transitional stage. Its German -tutors had not yet had time to inspire the army with German discipline -and tradition; they had only weeded out, so to speak, the old Turkish -spirit, the blind obedience to the ministers of the Shadow of God. The -Shadow of God, in fact, in the person of the Sultan had been dragged -out into the light, and his Shadow had grown appreciably less. In -consequence there was not at this juncture any cohesion in the army, -and it suffered reverse after reverse. But a strong though a curtailed -Turkey was more in accordance with Prussian ideas than a weak and -unformed one, and Germany bore the Turkish defeats very valiantly. And -that was the only set-back that this Pan-Prussian youngster experienced, -and it was no more than an attack of German measles which he very -quickly got over. For two or three years German influence wavered, -then recovered, "with blessings on the falling out, that all the more -endears." - -It is interesting to see how Germany adapted the Pan-Turkish ideal to -her own ends, and by a triumphant vindication of Germany's methods the -best account of this Pan-Turkish ideal is to be found in a publication -of 1915 by Tekin Alp, which was written as German propaganda and by -Germany disseminated broadcast over the Turkish Empire. The movement was -organised by Kemal Bey in 1909 as a branch committee of the Union and -Progress Party at Constantinople, and its headquarters were in Salonica, -where the deposed Abdul Hamid was subsequently confined. Another branch, -under Zia Bey, worked at Constantinople. Kemal Bey collected a group of -young and ardent writers, who exploited the idea of a restoration of a -national and universal Turkey which should unite all Turkish elements, -and, as was hinted even then, extirpate the other nationalities, such as -the Armenians, which were a menace, or might conceivably be a menace, -to complete Turkish autocracy. The young writers were supplemented by -a group called Yeni Hayat, or the "Young Life," who worked for the -restoration of national traditions. Certain opposition was met with, -but this was overcome, and at once Kemal Bey and his assistants had the -Koran translated into Turkish, and the prayers for the Khalif--in Arabic -no longer, but in Turkish--were distributed throughout the Empire. -Knowing full well that, apart from language, the religious bond of Islam -was one of the strongest uniting forces, if not actually the strongest, -at their disposal, they proclaimed that the true faith was the Turkish -and not the Arab version. With a stupendous audacity they claimed this -difference between the two, namely, that the Arab conception of Allah -was the God of Vengeance, the Turkish conception the God of Love. The -Turkish language and the Turkish Allah, God of Love, in whose name the -Armenians were tortured and massacred, were the two wings on which -Turkey was to soar. Auxiliary soaring societies were organised, among -them a Turkish Ojagha with similar aims, and no fewer than sixteen -branches of it were founded throughout the Empire. There were also a -Turkish Guiji or gymnastic club and an Izji or boy scouts' club. A union -of merchants worked for the same object in districts where hitherto -trade had been in the hands of Greeks and Armenians, and signs appeared -on their shops that only Turkish labour was employed. Religious funds -also were used for similar economic restoration. - -Turkey then was to be for the Turks, and so was a great deal more -than Turkey. They claimed that of the 10,000,000 population of Persia -one-third were Turks, while the province Azerbaijan--the richest, -most active and enlightened district of Persia--was entirely Turkish. -Similarly they regarded the country south of the Caucasus as Turkish, -since Turks formed 50 to 80 per cent. of its population. Kasan, in fact, -was Turkish, and if the Turks in the plain of the Volga, in the Crimea, -and in the Caucasus were welded into Turkey, a nation of between forty -and fifty million would be formed--Osmanlis all of them. - -Germany saw, Germany tabulated, Germany licked her lips and took out -her long spoon, for her hour was come. She did not interfere: she only -helped to further the Pan-Turkish ideal. With her usual foresight she -perceived that the Izji, for instance, was a thing to encourage, for -the boys who were being trained now would in a few years be precisely -the young men of whom she could not have too many. By all means the -boy-scout movement was to be encouraged. She encouraged it so generously -and methodically that in 1916, according to an absolutely reliable -source of information, we find that the whole boy-scout movement, with -its innumerable branches, is under the control of a German officer, -Colonel von Hoff. In its classes (derneks) boys are trained in military -practices, in "a recreational manner," so that they enjoy--positively -enjoy (a Prussian touch)--the exercises that will fit them to be of -use to the Sultan William II. They learn trigger-drill, they learn -skirmishing, they are taught to make reports on the movements of their -companies, they are shown neat ways of judging distance. They are -divided into two classes, the junior class ranging from the ages of -twelve to seventeen, the senior class consisting of boys over seventeen -but not yet of military age. But since Colonel von Hoff organised this -boys of the age of seventeen have become of military age. Prussian -thoroughness therefore saw that their training must begin earlier; the -old junior class has become the senior class, and a new junior class -has been set on foot which begins its recreational exercises in the -service of William II., Gott and Allah, at the age of eight. It is all -great fun, but those pigeon-livered little boys who are not diverted by -it have to go on with their fun all the same, for, needless to say, the -Izji is compulsory on all boys. Of course they wear a uniform which is -made in Germany and is of a "semi-military" character. - -The provision of soldiers and sailors, then, trained from the early -age of eight was the first object of Germany's peaceful and benign -penetration. As from the Pisgah height of the Pan-Turkish ideal she saw -the promised land, but she had no idea of seeing it only, like Moses, -and expiring without entering it, and her faith that she would enter -it and possess it has been wonderfully justified. She has not only -penetrated but has dominated; a year ago towns like Aleppo were crammed -with German officers, while at Islahie there were separate wooden -barracks for the exclusive use of German troops. There is a military -mission at Mamoura, where all the buildings are permanent erections -solidly built of stone, for no merely temporary occupation is intended, -and thousands of freight-cars with Belgian marks upon them throng the -railways, and on some is the significant German title of "Military -Headquarters of the Imperial Staff." There are troops in the Turkish -army to which is given the title of "Pasha formation," in compliment -to Turkey, but the Pasha formations are under the command of Baron -Kress von Kressenstein, and are salted with German officers, N.C.O.s, -and privates, who, although in the Turkish army, retain their German -uniforms. - -This German leaven forms an instructional class for the remainder -of the troops in these formations, who are Turkish. The Germans are -urged to respect Moslem customs and to show particular consideration -for their religious observances. Every German contingent arriving at -Constantinople to join the Pasha formations finds quarters prepared -on a ship, and when the troops leave for their "destination" they -take supplies from depts at the railway station which will last them -two or three months. They are enjoined to write war diaries, and are -provided with handbooks on the military and geographical conditions in -Mesopotamia, with maps, and with notes on the training and management -of camels. This looks as if they were intended for use against the -English troops in Mesopotamia, but I cannot find that they have been -identified there. The greatest secrecy is observed with regard to -these Pasha formations, and their constitution and movements are kept -extremely veiled. - -Wireless stations have been set up in Asia Minor and Palestine, and -these are under the command of Major Schlee. A Turkish air-service was -instituted, at the head of which was Major Serno, a Prussian officer. -At Constantinople there is a naval school for Turkish engineers and -mechanics in the arsenal, to help on the Pan-Turkish ideal, and with -a view to that all the instructors are German. Similarly by the -spring of this year Germany had arranged to start submarine training -in Constantinople for the Turks, and a submarine school was open and -at work in March. Other naval cadets were sent to Germany for their -training, and Turkish officers were present at the battle of Jutland in -June, 1916, and of course were decorated by the Emperor in person for -their coolness and courage. - -A complete revision of the Turkish system of exemption from military -service was necessary as soon as Germany began to want men badly. The -age for military service was first raised, and we find a Turkish order -of October, 1916, calling on all men of forty-three, forty-four, and -forty-five years of age to pay their exemption tax if they did not wish -to be called to the Colours. That secured their money, and, with truly -Prussian irony, hardly had this been done when a fresh Army order was -issued calling out all men whether they had paid their exemption tax -or not. Still more men were needed, and in November a fresh levy of -boys was raised regardless of whether they had reached the military -age or not. This absorbed the senior class of the boy scouts, who -hitherto had learned their drill in a "recreationary manner." Again the -Prussian Moloch was hungry for more, and in December the Turkish Gazette -announced that all males in Asia Minor between the ages of fourteen and -sixty-five were to be enrolled for military service, and in January of -this year, 1917, fresh recruiting was foreshadowed by the order that -men of forty-six to fifty-two who had paid their exemption money should -be medically examined to see if they were fit for active service. -Wider and wider the net was spread, and in the same month a fresh -Turco-German convention was signed whereby was enforced a reciprocal -surrender in both countries of persons liable to military service, and -of deserters, and simultaneously all Turks living in Switzerland who had -paid exemption money were recalled to their Germanised fatherland. By -now the first crops of the year were ripening in Smyrna, and in default -of civilian labour (for everyone was now a soldier) they were reaped by -Turkish soldiers and the produce sent direct to Germany. - -Already in August, 1916, certificates of Ottoman nationality had been -granted to Serbians resident in the Empire who were willing to become -Ottoman subjects, and their "willingness" was intensified by hints that -incidents akin to the Armenian massacres might possibly occur among -other alien people. They had to sign a declaration that they would not -revert to their former nationality, and thus no doubt many Serbs passed -into the Turkish army. Further enrolments were desirable, and in March, -1917, all Greeks living in Anatolia were forcibly proselytised, their -property was confiscated, and they were made liable to military service. -Unfortunately all were not available, for of those who were removed from -the villages where they lived to military centres ten per cent, died -on the forced marches from hunger and exposure. That was annoying for -the German recruiting agents, but it suited well enough the Pan-Turkish -ideal of exterminating foreign nationalities. When trouble or discontent -occurred among the troops it was firmly dealt with, as, for instance, -when in November, 1916, there were considerable desertions from the 49th -Division. On that occasion the order was given to fire on them, and many -were killed and wounded. The officer who gave the order was commended by -the Prussian authorities for his firmness. Should such an incident occur -again, it will no doubt be dealt with with no less firmness, for in -April, 1917, Mackensen was put in supreme command of all troops in Asia -Minor. Simultaneously in Berlin Prince Zia-ed-Din, the Turkish Sultan's -heir, presented a sword of honour to the Sultan William II. Probably he -gave him good news of the progress of the German harbour works begun -in the winter at Stamboul, and himself learned that the railway bridge -which the Turks proposed to build over the Bosphorus was not to be -proceeded with, for the German high command had superseded that scheme -by their own idea of making a tunnel under the Bosphorus instead, which -would be safer from aircraft. - -Such up to date, though in brief outline, is the history of the progress -of the Prussian octopus in Turkish military and naval matters. In -October, 1914, just before Turkey came into the war, she had been -mobilising for three months, while Enver Pasha continued successfully -convincing our Ambassador in Constantinople of his sincere and -unshakable friendship for England, and had 800,000 men under arms. -Already, of course, German influence was strong in the army, which now -was thoroughly trained in German methods, but that army might still be -called a Turkish army. Nowadays by no stretch of language can it be -called Turkish except in so far that all Turkish efficient manhood is -enlisted in it, for there is no branch or department of it over which -the Prussian octopus has not thrown its paralysing tentacles and affixed -its immovable suckers. Army and navy alike, its wireless stations, its -submarines, its aircraft, are all directly controlled from Berlin, and, -as we have seen, the generalissimo of the forces is Mackensen, who is -absolutely the Hindenburg of the East. But thorough as is the control -of Berlin over Constantinople in military and naval matters, it is not -one whit more thorough than her control in all other matters of national -life. Never before has Germany been very successful in her colonisations -; but if complete domination--the sucking of a country till it is a mere -rind of itself, and yet at the same time full to bursting of Prussian -ichor--may be taken as Germany's equivalent of colonisation, then indeed -we must be forced to recognise her success. And it was all done in -the name and for the sake of the Pan-Turkish ideal! Even now Prussian -Pecksniffs like Herr Ernst Marre, whose pamphlet, "Turks and Germans -after the War," was published in 1916, continue to insist that Germany -is nobly devoting herself to the well-being of Turkey. "In doing this," -he exclaims in that illuminating document, "we are benefiting Turkey.... -This is a war of liberation for Turkey," though omitting to say from -whom Turkey is being liberated. Perhaps the Armenians. Occasionally, -it is true, he forgets that, and naively remarks, "Turkey is a very -difficult country to govern. But after the war Turkey will be very -important as a transit country." But then he remembers again and says, -"We wish to give besides taking, and we should often like to give more -than we can hope to give." Let us look into this, and see the manner in -which Germany expresses her yearning to impoverish herself for the sake -of Turkey. - -All this reorganisation of the Turkish army was of course a very -expensive affair and required skilful financing, and it was necessary -to get the whole of Turkey's exchequer arrangements into German hands. -A series of financial regulations was promulgated. The finance minister -during 1916 was still Turkish, but the official immediately under him -was German. He was authorised to deposit with the Controllers of the -Ottoman National Debt German Imperial Bills of T30,000,000 and to -issue German paper money to the like amount. This arrangement ensures -the circulation of the German notes, which are redeemable by Turkey -_in gold_ two years after the declaration of peace. Gold is declared -to be the standard currency, and no creditor is obliged to accept in -payment of a debt more than 300 piastres in silver or fifty in nickel. -And since there is no gold in currency (for it has been all called in, -and penalties of death have been authorised for hoarders) it follows -that this and other issues of German paper will filter right through -the Empire. At the same time a German expert, Dr. Kautz, was appointed -to start banks throughout Turkey in order to free the peasants from -the Turkish village usurer, and in consequence enslave them to the -German banks. Similarly a German was put at the head of the Ottoman -Agricultural Bank. These new branches worked very well, but it is -pleasant to think that one such was started by the Deutsche Bank at -Bagdad in October, 1916, which now has its shutters up. Before this, as -we learn from the _Oesterreichischer Volkswirt_ (June, 1916), Germany -had issued other gold notes, in payment for gold from Turkey, which is -retainable in Berlin till six months after the end of the war. (It is -reasonable to wonder whether it will not be retained rather longer than -that.) These gold notes were accepted willingly at first by the public, -but the increase in their number (by the second issue) has caused them -to be viewed with justifiable suspicion, and the depreciation in them -continues. But the Turkish public has no redress except by hoarding -gold, which is a penal offence. That these arrangements have not -particularly helped Turkish credit may be gathered from the fact that -the Turkish gold I, nominally 100 piastres, is now worth 280 -piastres. - -Again, the Deutsche Orientbank has made many extensions, and is already -financing cotton and wool trade for after the war. The establishment of -this provoked much applause in German financial circles, who find it to -be an instance of the "far-reaching and powerful Germano-Austrian unity, -which replaces the disunion of Turkish finance." This is profoundly -true, especially if we omit the word "Austrian," inserted for diplomatic -reasons. Again we find Germany advancing 3,000,000 of German paper to -the Turkish Government in January, 1917 for the payment of supplies -they have received from Krupp's works and (vaguely) for interest to -the German financial minister. This too, we may conjecture, is to be -redeemed after the war in gold. - -In March of this year we find in the report of the Ottoman Bank a German -loan of 1,000,000 for the purchase of agricultural implements by -Turkey, and this is guaranteed by house-taxes. In all up to that month, -as was announced in the Chamber of Deputies at Constantinople, Germany -had advanced to Turkey the sum of 142,000,000, entirely, it would seem, -in German paper, to be repaid at various dates in gold. The grip, in -fact, is a strangle-hold, all for Turkey's good, as no doubt will prove -the "New Conventions" announced by Zimmermann in May, 1917, to take the -place of the abolished Capitulations, "which left Turkey at the mercy of -predatory Powers who looked for the disruption of the Ottoman Empire." -Herr Zimmermann does not look for that: he looks for its absorption. -And sees it. - -The industrial development of Turkey by this benevolent and -disinterested Power has been equally thorough and far-reaching, though -Germany here has had a certain amount of competition by Hungary to -contend against, for Hungary considered that Germany was trespassing on -her sphere of interest. But she has been able to make no appreciable -headway against her more acute partner, and her application for a -monopoly of sugar-production was not favourably received, for Germany -already had taken the beet industry well in hand. In Asia Minor the -acreage of cultivation early in 1917 had fallen more than 50 per cent, -from that under crops before the war, but owing to the importation -of machinery from the Central Powers, backed up by a compulsory -Agricultural Service law, which has just been passed, it is hoped -that the acreage will be increased this year by something like 30 per -cent. The yield per acre also will be greatly increased this year, for -Germany has, though needing artificial manure badly herself, sent large -quantities into Turkey, where they will be more profitably employed. -She has no fear about securing the produce. This augmented yield will, -it is true, not be adequate to supply the needs of Turkey, who for the -last two years has suffered from very acute food shortage, which in -certain districts has amounted to famine and wholesale starvation of the -poorer classes. But it is unlikely that their needs will be considered -at all, for Germany's needs (she the fairy godmother of the Pan-Turk -ideal) must obviously have the first call on such provisions as are -obtainable. Thus, though in February, 1917, there was a daily shortage -in Smyrna of 700 sacks of flour, and the Arab and Greek population was -starving, no flour at all was allowed to be imported into Smyrna. But -simultaneously Germany was making huge purchases of fish, meat, and -flour in Constantinople (paid for in German paper), including 100,000 -sheep. Yet such was the villainous selfishness of the famine-stricken -folk at Adrianople that when the trains containing these supplies -were passing through a mob held them up and sold the contents to the -inhabitants. That, however, was an isolated instance, and in any case -a law was passed in October, 1916, appointing a military commission to -control all supplies. It enacts that troops shall be supplied first, -and specially ordains that the requirements of German troops come under -this head. (Private firms have been expressly prohibited from purchasing -these augmented wheat supplies, but special permission was given in -1915 to German and Austro-Hungarian societies to buy.) A few months -later we find that there are a hundred deaths daily in Constantinople -from starvation and 200 in Smyrna, where there is a complete shortage -of oil. But oil is still being sent to Germany, and during 1916 five -hundred reservoirs of oil were sent there, each containing up to 15,000 -kilogrammes. But Kultur must be supplied first, else Kultur would grow -lean, and the Turkish God of Love will look after the Smyrniotes. It -is no wonder that he blockade of Germany does not produce the desired -result a little quicker, for food is already pouring in from Turkey, -and when the artificial manures have produced their early harvest the -stream will become a torrent. - -But during all these busy and tremendous months of war Germany has not -only been denuding Turkey of her food supplies, for the sake of the -Pan-Turkish ideal; in the same altruistic spirit she has been vastly -increasing the productiveness of her new and most important colony. -There is a great irrigation work going on in Konia, and another at Adana -financed by the Deutsche Bank. Ernst Marre gives us a capital account -of this, for Adana was already linked up with the Bagdad railway in -October, 1916, which was to be the great artery connecting Germany with -the East. There is some considerable shortage of labour there (owing in -part to the Armenian massacres, to which we shall revert presently), -but the financial arrangements are in excellent shape. The whole of the -irrigation works are in German hands and have been paid for by German -paper; and to get the reservoirs, &c., back into her own control it -has been agreed that Turkey, already completely bankrupt, will have to -pay not only what has been spent, but a handsome sum in compensation; -while, as regards shortage of labour, prisoners have been released in -large numbers to work without pay. This irrigation scheme at Adana will -increase the cotton yield by four times the present crop, so we learn -from the weekly Arab magazine, _El Alem el Ismail_, which tells us also -of the electric-power stations erected there. - -The same paper (October, 1916) announces to the Anatolian merchants -that transport is now easy, owing to the arrival of engines and -trucks from Germany, while _Die Zeit_ (February, 1917) prophesies a -prosperous future for this Germane-Turkish cotton combine. Hitherto -Turkey has largely imported cotton from England; now Turkey--thanks to -German capital on terms above stated--will, in the process of internal -development so unselfishly devised for her by Germany, grow cotton for -herself, and be kind enough to give a preferential tariff to Germany. - -A similarly bright future may be predicted for the irrigation scheme -at Konia, where will arise a sugar-beet industry. Artesian wells have -been sunk, and there is the suggestion to introduce Bulgarian labour -in default of Turkish. As we have seen, Hungary attempted to obtain -a monopoly with regard to sugar, but Germany has been victorious on -this point (as on every other when she competes with Hungary) and -has obtained the concession for a period of thirty years. A similar -irrigation scheme is bringing into cultivation the Makischelin Valley, -near Aleppo, and Herr Wied has been appointed as expert for irrigation -plant in Syria. - -Indeed, it would be easier to enumerate the industries and economical -developments of Turkey over which Germany has not at the present -moment got the control than those over which she has. In particular -she has shown a parental interest in Turkish educational questions. -She established last year, under German management, a school for the -study of German in Constantinople; she has put under the protection -of the German Government the Jewish institution at Haifa for technical -education in Palestine; from Sivas a mission of schoolmasters has been -sent to Germany for the study of German methods. Ernst Marre surmises -that German will doubtless become compulsory even in the Turkish -intermediate (secondary) schools. In April, 1917, the first stone of -the "House of Friendship" (!) was laid at Constantinople, the object -of which institution is to create among Turkish students an interest -in everything German, while earlier in the year arrangements were made -for 10,000 Turkish youths to go to Germany to be taught trades. These I -imagine were unfit for military service. With regard to such a scheme -Haul Haled Bey praises the arrangement for the education of Turks in -Germany. When they used to go to France, he tells us, "they lost their -religion" (certainly Prussian Gott is nearer akin to Turkish Allah) "and -returned home unpatriotic and useless. In Germany they will have access -to suitable religious literature" (Gott!) "and must adopt all they see -good in German methods without losing their original characteristics." -Comment on this script is needless. The hand is the hand of Halil Haled -Bey, but the voice is the voice of Prussia! Occasionally, but rarely, -Austrian competition is seen. Professor Schmoller, in an Austrian -quarterly review, shows jealousy of German influence, and we find in -October, 1916, an Ottoman-Austrian college started at Vienna for 250 -pupils of the Ottoman Empire. But Germany has 10,000 in Berlin. At Adana -(where are the German irrigation works) the German-Turkish Society has -opened a German school of 300, while, reciprocally, courses in Turkish -have been organised at Berlin for the sake of future German colonists. -In Constantinople the _Tanin_ announces a course of lectures to be -held by the Turco-German Friendship Society. Professor von Marx, of -Munich, discoursed last April on foreign influence and the development -of nations, with special reference to Turkey and the parallel case of -Germany. - -So much for German education, but her penetrative power extends into -every branch of industry and economics. In November, 1916, a Munich -expert was put in charge of the College of Forestry, and an economic -society was started in Constantinople on German lines with German -instructors. Inoculation against small-pox; typhoid, and cholera was -made compulsory; and we find that the Turkish Ministers of Posts, of -Justice, and of Commerce, figureheads all of them, have as their acting -Ministers Germans. In the same year a German was appointed as expert for -silkworm breeding and for the cultivation of beet. Practically all the -railways in Asia Minor are pure German concerns by right of purchase. -They own the Anatolian railway concession (originally British), with -right to build to Angora and Konia; the Bagdad railway concession, with -preferential rights over minerals; they have bought the Mersina-Adana -railway, with right of linking up to the Bagdad railway; they have -bought the Smyrna-Cassaba railway, built with French capital. They have -secured also the Haidar Pasha Harbour concession, thereby controlling -and handling all merchandise arriving at railhead from the interior of -Asia Minor. Meantime railway construction is pushed on in all directions -under German control, and the Turkish Minister of Finance (August, 1916) -allocates a large sum of paper German money for the construction of -ordinary roads, military roads, local government roads, all of which -are new to Turkey, but which will be useful for the complete German -occupation which is being swiftly consolidated. To stop the mouths of -the people, all political clubs have been suppressed by the Minister -of the Interior, for Prussia does not care for criticism. To supply -German ammunition needs, lead and zinc have been taken from the roofs of -mosques and door-handles from mosque gates, and the iron railings along -the Champs de Mars at Pera have been carted away for the manufacture -of bombs. A Turco-German convention signed in Berlin in January of -this year permits subjects of one country to settle in the other while -retaining their nationality and enjoying trading and other privileges. -In Lebanon Dr. Knig has opened an agricultural school for Syrians of -all religions. In the Horns district the threatening plague of locusts -in February, 1917, was combated by Germans; and a German expert, Dr. -Bucher, had been already sent to superintend the whole question. For -this concerns supplies to Germany, as does also the ordinance passed -in the same month that two-thirds of all fish caught in the Lebanon -district should be given to the military authorities (these are German) -and that every fish weighing over 6oz. in the Beirut district should be -Korban also. The copper mines at Anghana Maden, near Diarbekr, are busy -exporting their produce into Germany. - -There is no end to this penetration: German water-seekers, with divining -and boring apparatus, accompanied the Turkish expedition into Sinai; -Russian prisoners were sent by Germany for agricultural work in Asia -Minor, to take the place of slaughtered 'Armenians; a German-Turkish -treaty, signed January 11, 1917, gives the whole reorganisation of the -economic system to a special German mission. A Stuttgart journal chants -a characteristic "_Lobgesang_" over this feat. "That is how," it proudly -exclaims, "we work for the liberation of peoples and nationalities." - -In the same noble spirit, we must suppose, German legal reforms were -introduced in December, 1916, to replace the Turkish Shuriat, and in -the same month all the Turks in telegraph offices in Constantinople -were replaced by Germans. Ernst Marre, in his "Turks and Germans after -the War" (1916), gives valuable advice to young Germans settling in -Turkey. He particularly recommends them, knowing how religion is one of -the strongest bonds in this murderous race, to "trade in articles of -devotion, in rosaries, in bags to hold the Koran," and points out what -good business might be built up in gramophones. Earlier in this year -we find a "German Oriental Trading Company" founded for the import of -fibrous materials for needs of military authorities, and a great carpet -business established at Urfa with German machinery that will supplant -the looms at Smyrna. A saltpetre factory is established at Konia by -Herr Toepfer, whose enterprise is rewarded with an Iron Cross and -a Turkish decoration. The afforestation near Constantinople ordered -by the Ministry of Agriculture is put into German hands, and in the -vilayet of Aidin (April, 1916) ninety concessions were granted to German -capitalists to undertake the exploitation of metallic ores. Occasionally -the German octopus finds it has gone too far for the moment and releases -some struggling limb of its victim, as, for instance, when we see that -in September, 1916, the German Director's stamp for the "Imperial German -Great Radio Station" at Damascus has been dis-carded temporarily, as -that station "should be treated for the present as a Turkish concern." - -A "Trading and Weaving Company" was established at Angora in 1916, -an "Import and Export Company" at Smyrna, a "Trading and Industrial -Society" at Beirut, a "Tobacco Trading Company" at Latakieh, an -"Agricultural Company" at Tripolis, a "Corn Exporting Company" in -Lebanon, a "Rebuilding Commission" (perhaps for sacked Armenian houses) -at Konia. More curious yet will be a Tourist's Guide Book--a Baedeker, -in fact--for travellers in Konia and the erection of a monument in -honour of Turkish _women_ who have replaced men called up for military -duty. Truly these last two items--a guide book for Anatolia and a -monument to women--are strange enterprises for Turks. A new Prussian day -is dawning, it seems, for Turkish women as well, for the _Tanin_ (April, -1917) tells us that diplomas are to be conferred on ladies who have -completed their studies in the Technical School at Constantinople. - -It is needless to multiply instances of German penetration: I have but -given the skeleton of this German monster that has fastened itself with -tentacles and suckers on every branch of Turkish industry. There is -none round which it has not cast its feelers--no Semitic moneylender -ever obtained a surer hold on his victim. In matters naval, military, -educational, legal, industrial, Germany has a strangle-hold. Turkey's -life is already crushed out of her, and, as we have seen, it has been -crushed out of her by the benevolent Kultur-mongers who, among all -the Great Powers of Europe, sacrificed their time and their money to -the achievement of the Pan-Turkish ideal. Silently and skilfully they -worked, bamboozling their chief tool, Enver Pasha, even as Enver Pasha -bamboozled us. As long as he was of service to them they retained him; -for his peace of mind at one time they stopped up all letter-boxes -in Constantinople because so many threatening letters were sent him. -But now Enver Pasha seems to have had his day; he became a little -autocratic and thought that he was the head of the Pan-Turkish ideal. -So he was, but the Pan-Turkish ideal had become Pan-Prussian, and he -had not noticed the transformation. Talaat Bey has taken his place; -it is he who in May, 1917, was received by the Emperor William, by -King Ludwig, and by the Austrian Emperor, and he who is the mouthpiece -of the German efforts to make a separate peace with Russia. Under -Czardom, he proclaimed, the existence of Turkey was threatened, but -now the revolution has made friendship possible, for Russia no longer -desires territorial annexation. And, oh, how Turkey would like to be -Russia's friend! Enver Pasha has been thrown aside for contumacy, and -I cannot but think it curious that when on April 2, 1917, he visited -the submarine base at Wilhelmshaven he was very nearly killed in a -motor-accident. But it may have been an accident. Since then I cannot -find that he has taken any more active part in Pan-Turkish ideals than -to open a soup-kitchen in some provincial town. - -I have left to the end of this essay the question of Germany's knowledge -of and complicity in the Armenian massacres. From the tribune of the -Reichstag on January 15, 1916, there was made a definite denial of the -existence of such massacres at all; on another subsequent occasion it -was stated that Germany could not interfere in Turkish internal affairs. - -In view of the fact that there is no internal affair appertaining -to Turkey in which Germany has not interfered, the second of these -statements may be called insincere. But the denial of the massacres is a -deliberate lie. Germany--official Germany--knew all about them, and she -permitted them to go on. The proofs of this are here shortly stated. - -(1) In September, 1915, four months before the denial of the massacres -was made in the Reichstag, Dr. Martin Niepage, higher grade teacher -in the German Technical School at Aleppo, prepared and sent, in his -name and that of several of his colleagues, a report of them to the -German Embassy at Constantinople. In that report he gives a terrible -account of what he has seen with his own eyes, and also states that -the country Turks' explanation with regard to the origination of -those measures is that it is "the teaching of the Germans." The German -Embassy at Constantinople therefore knew of the massacres, and knew -also that the Turks attributed them to orders from Germany. Dr. Niepage -also consulted, before sending his report, with the German Consul at -Aleppo, Herr Hoffman, who told him that the German Embassy had been -already advised in detail about the massacres from the consulates at -Alexandretta, Aleppo, and Mosul, but that he welcomed a further protest -on the subject. - -(2) These reports, or others like them, had not gone astray, for in -August, 1915, the German Ambassador in Constantinople made a formal -protest to the Turkish Government about the massacres. - -There is, then, no doubt that the German Government, when it officially -denied the massacres, was perfectly cognisant of them. It was also -perfectly capable of stopping them, for they were not local violences, -but wholesale murders organised at Constantinople. Germany had indeed -already given assurances that such massacres should not occur. She had -assured the Armenian Katholikos at Adana that so long as Germany had -any influence in Turkey he need not fear a repetition of the horrors -that had taken place under Abdul Hamid. Had she, then, no influence in -Constantinople, or how was it that she had obtained complete control -over all Turkish branches of government? The same assurance was given by -the German Ambassador in April, 1915, to the Armenian Patriarch and the -President of the Armenian National Council. - -So, in support of the Pan-Turkish ideal and in the name of the Turkish -Allah, the God of Love, Germany stood by and let the infamous tale of -lust and rapine and murder be told to its end. The Turks had planned to -exterminate the whole Armenian race except some half-million, who would -be deported penniless to work at agricultural developments under German -rule, but this quality of Turkish mercy was too strained for Major Pohl, -who proclaimed that it was a mistake to spare so many. But he was a -soldier, and did not duly weigh the claims of agriculture. - -The choice was open to Germany; Germany chose, and let the Armenian -massacres go on. But she was in a difficulty. What if the Turkish -Government retorted (perhaps it did so retort), "You are not consistent. -Why do you mind about the slaughter of a few Armenians? What about -Belgium and your atrocities there?" - -And all the ingenuity of the Wilhelmstrasse would not be able to find an -answer to that. - -I do not say that Germany wanted the massacres, for she did not. She -wanted more agricultural labour, and I think that, if only for that -reason, she deprecated them. But she allowed them to go on when it was -in her power to stop them, and all the perfumes of Arabia will not wash -clean her hand from that stinking horror. - -Here, then, are some of the problems which those who, at the end of -the war, will have to deal with the problem of Turkey must tackle. -It is just as well to recognise that at the present moment Turkey is -virtually and actually a German colony, and the most valuable colony -that Germany has ever had. It will not be enough to limit, or rather -abolish, the supremacy of Turkey over aliens and martyrised peoples; -it will be necessary to abolish the supremacy of Germany over Turkey. -To do this the victory of our Allied Nations must be complete, and -Germany's octopus monopoly of Turkish industries severed. Otherwise we -shall immediately be confronted with a Germany that already reaches as -far as Mesopotamia. That is done now; and that, before there can come -any permanent peace for Europe, must be undone. Nothing less than the -complete release of that sucker and tentacle embrace will suffice. - -Printed in Great Britain by THE FIELD & QUEEN (HORACE COX) LTD.. - -Bream's buildings, London, E.C. 4. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Deutschland ber Allah, by E. F. Benson - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DEUTSCHLAND BER ALLAH *** - -***** This file should be named 43073-8.txt or 43073-8.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/3/0/7/43073/ - -Produced by Chuck Greif from scans available at The Internet Archive. - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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Benson. -</title> -<style type="text/css"> - p {margin-top:.2em;text-align:justify;margin-bottom:.2em;text-indent:4%;} - -.c {text-align:center;text-indent:0%;} - -.cb {text-align:center;text-indent:0%;font-weight:bold;} - -.cbt {text-align:center;text-indent:0%;font-weight:bold; -margin:5% auto 2% auto;font-size:150%;} - -.letra {font-size:250%;float:left;margin-top:-1.0%;padding:.15%;} - -.nind {text-indent:0%;} - -small {font-size: 80%;} - - h1 {margin-top:5%;text-align:center;clear:both;} - - hr.full {width: 50%;margin:5% auto 5% auto;border:4px double gray;} - - body{margin-left:2%;margin-right:2%;background:#fdfdfd;color:black;font-family:"Times New Roman", serif;font-size:medium;} - -.ov {text-decoration:overline;text-align:center;text-indent:0%; -margin-top:5%;} - - img {border:none;} - -.figcenter {margin-top:3%;margin-bottom:3%; -margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;text-align:center;text-indent:0%;} - -</style> - </head> -<body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Deutschland Über Allah, by E. F. Benson - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: Deutschland Über Allah - -Author: E. F. Benson - -Release Date: July 1, 2013 [EBook #43073] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DEUTSCHLAND ÜBER ALLAH *** - - - - -Produced by Chuck Greif -(This file was produced from images available at The Internet Archive) - - - - - -</pre> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<p class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/cover.jpg" width="328" height="520" alt="bookcover" title="" /> -</p> - -<p class="cb">DEUTSCHLAND ÜBER ALLAH</p> - -<h1>DEUTSCHLAND<br /> -ÜBER ALLAH</h1> - -<p class="cb">BY<br /> -E. F. BENSON<br /><br /><br /> -HODDER AND STOUGHTON<br /> -LONDON NEW YORK TORONTO<br /> -MCMXVII</p> - -<p><a name="page_001" id="page_001"></a> </p> - -<p class="cbt">DEUTSCHLAND ÜBER ALLAH</p> - -<hr style="width:30%;margin-bottom:3%;" /> - -<p class="nind"><span class="letra">I</span>T was commonly said at the beginning of this war that, whatever -Germany’s military resources might be, she was hopelessly and childishly -lacking in diplomatic ability and in knowledge of psychology, from -which all success in diplomacy is distilled. As instances of this grave -defect, people adduced the fact that apparently she had not anticipated -the entry of Great Britain into the war at all, while her treatment of -Belgium immediately afterwards was universally pronounced not to be a -crime merely, but a blander of the stupidest sort. It is perfectly true -that Germany did not understand, and, as seems likely in the light of -innumerable other atrocities, never will understand, the psychology -of civilised peoples; she has never shown any signs up till now, at -any rate, of “having got the hang of it” at all. But critics of her -diplomacy failed to see the root-fact that she did not understand it -merely because it did not interest her. It was not worth her while to -master the psychology of other civilised nations, since she was out not -to understand them but to conquer them. She had all the information she -wanted about their armies and navies and guns and ammunition neatly and -correctly tabulated. Why, then, since this was all that concerned her, -should she bother her head about what<a name="page_002" id="page_002"></a> they might feel on the subject -of gas-attacks or the torpedoing of neutral ships without warning? As -long as her fumes were deadly and her submarines subtle, nothing further -concerned her.</p> - -<p>But Europe generally made a great mistake in supposing that she could -not learn psychology and the process of its distillation into diplomacy -when it interested her. The psychology of the French and English was a -useless study, for she was merely going to fight them, but for years she -had been studying with an industry and a patience that put our diplomacy -to shame (as was most swiftly and ignominiously proven when it came -into conflict with hers) the psychology of the Turks. For years she had -watched the dealings of the Great Powers with Turkey, but she had never -really associated herself with that policy. She sat quietly by and saw -how it worked. Briefly it was this. For a hundred years Turkey had been -a Sick Man, and for a hundred years he had been kept alive in Europe -by the sedulous attentions of the Physician-Powers, who dared not let -him die for fear of the stupendous quarrels which would instantly arise -over his corpse. So there they all sat round his bed, and kept him alive -with injections of strychnine and oxygen and, no less, by a policy of -rousing and irritating the patient. All through the reign of Abdul Hamid -they persevered: Great Britain plucked his pillow from him, so to speak, -by her protectorate of Egypt; Russia tweaked Eastern Rumelia from him; -France deprived him of his hot-water bottle when she snatched at the -Constantinople quays, and they all shook and slapped him when he went to -war with<a name="page_003" id="page_003"></a> Greece in 1896, and instantly deprived him of the territory -he had won in Thessaly. That was the principle of European diplomacy -towards Turkey, and from it Germany always held aloof.</p> - -<p>But from about the beginning of the reign of the present German Emperor, -German or rather Prussian diplomacy had been going quietly about its -work. It was worth while to study the psychology of the Turks, because -dimly then, but with ever increasing distinctness, Germany foresaw that -Turkey might be a counter of immense importance in the great conflict -which was assuredly drawing nearer, though as yet its existence was but -foreshadowed by the most distant reflections of summer lightning on a -serene horizon. But if Turkey was to be of any profit to her, she wanted -a strong Turkey who could fight with her (or rather for her), and she -had no use for the Sick Man whom the other Powers were bent on keeping -alive but no more. Her own eventual domination of Turkey was always the -end in view, but she wanted to dominate not a weak but a strong servant. -And her diplomacy was not less than brilliant simply from the facts that -on the one hand it soothed Turkey instead of irritating, and on the -other it went absolutely unnoticed for a long time. Nobody knew that it -was going on. She sent officers to train the Turkish army, well knowing -what magnificent material Anatolia afforded, and she had thoroughly -grasped the salient fact that to make any way with Oriental peoples your -purse must be open and your backshish unlimited. “There is no God but -backshish, and the Deutsche Bank is his prophet.”<a name="page_004" id="page_004"></a></p> - -<p>For years this went on very quietly, and all over the great field of -the Ottoman Empire the first tiny blades of the crop that Germany was -sowing began to appear. To-day that crop waves high and covers the whole -field with its ripe and fruitful ears. For to-day Turkey is neither -more nor less than a German colony, and more than makes up to her for -the colonies she has lost and hopes to regain. She knows that perfectly -well, and so do any who have at all studied the history and the results -of her diplomacy there. Even Turkey itself must, as in an uneasy dream, -be faintly conscious of it. For who to-day is the Sultan of Turkey? No -other than William II. of Germany. It is in Berlin that his Cabinet -meets, and sometimes he asks Talaat Bey to attend in a strictly honorary -capacity. And Talaat Bey goes back to Constantinople with a strictly -honorary sword of honour. Or else he gives one to William II. from his -<i>soi-disant</i> master, the Sultan, or takes one back to his <i>soi-disant</i> -master from his real master. For no one knows better than William II. -the use that swords of honour play in deeds of dishonour.</p> - -<p>The object of this pamphlet is to trace the hewn and solid staircase of -steps by which Germany’s present supremacy over Turkey was achieved. -Apart from the quiet spade-work that had been going on for some years, -Germany made no important move till the moment when in 1909 the Young -Turk party, after the forced abdication of Abdul Hamid, proclaimed the -aims and ideal of the new régime. At once Germany saw her opportunity, -for here, with her help, might arise the strong<a name="page_005" id="page_005"></a> Turkey which she -desired to see, instead of the weak Turkey which all the other European -Powers had been keeping on a lowering diet for so long (desirous only -that it should not quite expire), and from that moment she began to -lend, or rather let, to Turkey in ever increasing quantities the -resources of her scientific and her military knowledge. It was in her -interests, if Turkey was to be of use to her, that she should educate, -and irrigate, and develop the unexploited treasures of human material, -of fertility and mineral wealth; and Germany’s gold, her schools, her -laboratories were at Turkey’s disposal. But in every case she, as in -duty bound to her people, saw that she got very good value for her -outlay.</p> - -<p>Here, then, was the great psychological moment when Germany instantly -moved. The Young Turks proclaimed that they were going to weld the -Ottoman Empire into one homogeneous and harmonious whole, and by a piece -of brilliant paradoxical reasoning Germany determined that it was she -who was going to do it for them. In flat contradiction of the spirit of -their manifestos, which proclaimed the Pan-Turkish ideal, she conceived -and began to carry out under their very noses the great new chapter of -the Pan-Germanic ideal. And the Young Turks did not know the difference! -They mistook that lusty Teutonic changeling for their own new-born -Turkish babe, and they nursed and nourished it. Amazingly it throve, and -soon it cut its teeth, and one day, when they thought it was asleep, it -arose from its cradle a baby no more but a great Prussian guardsman who -shouted “Deutschland über Allah!”<a name="page_006" id="page_006"></a></p> - -<p>Only once was there a check in the career of the Prussian infant, and -that was no more than a childish ailment. For when the Balkan wars -broke out the Turkish army was in the transitional stage. Its German -tutors had not yet had time to inspire the army with German discipline -and tradition; they had only weeded out, so to speak, the old Turkish -spirit, the blind obedience to the ministers of the Shadow of God. The -Shadow of God, in fact, in the person of the Sultan had been dragged -out into the light, and his Shadow had grown appreciably less. In -consequence there was not at this juncture any cohesion in the army, -and it suffered reverse after reverse. But a strong though a curtailed -Turkey was more in accordance with Prussian ideas than a weak and -unformed one, and Germany bore the Turkish defeats very valiantly. And -that was the only set-back that this Pan-Prussian youngster experienced, -and it was no more than an attack of German measles which he very -quickly got over. For two or three years German influence wavered, -then recovered, “with blessings on the falling out, that all the more -endears.”</p> - -<p>It is interesting to see how Germany adapted the Pan-Turkish ideal to -her own ends, and by a triumphant vindication of Germany’s methods the -best account of this Pan-Turkish ideal is to be found in a publication -of 1915 by Tekin Alp, which was written as German propaganda and by -Germany disseminated broadcast over the Turkish Empire. The movement was -organised by Kemal Bey in 1909 as a branch committee of the Union and<a name="page_007" id="page_007"></a> -Progress Party at Constantinople, and its headquarters were in Salonica, -where the deposed Abdul Hamid was subsequently confined. Another branch, -under Zia Bey, worked at Constantinople. Kemal Bey collected a group of -young and ardent writers, who exploited the idea of a restoration of a -national and universal Turkey which should unite all Turkish elements, -and, as was hinted even then, extirpate the other nationalities, such as -the Armenians, which were a menace, or might conceivably be a menace, -to complete Turkish autocracy. The young writers were supplemented by -a group called Yeni Hayat, or the “Young Life,” who worked for the -restoration of national traditions. Certain opposition was met with, -but this was overcome, and at once Kemal Bey and his assistants had the -Koran translated into Turkish, and the prayers for the Khalif—in Arabic -no longer, but in Turkish—were distributed throughout the Empire. -Knowing full well that, apart from language, the religious bond of Islam -was one of the strongest uniting forces, if not actually the strongest, -at their disposal, they proclaimed that the true faith was the Turkish -and not the Arab version. With a stupendous audacity they claimed this -difference between the two, namely, that the Arab conception of Allah -was the God of Vengeance, the Turkish conception the God of Love. The -Turkish language and the Turkish Allah, God of Love, in whose name the -Armenians were tortured and massacred, were the two wings on which -Turkey was to soar. Auxiliary soaring societies were organised, among -them a Turkish Ojagha with similar aims, and no<a name="page_008" id="page_008"></a> fewer than sixteen -branches of it were founded throughout the Empire. There were also a -Turkish Guiji or gymnastic club and an Izji or boy scouts’ club. A union -of merchants worked for the same object in districts where hitherto -trade had been in the hands of Greeks and Armenians, and signs appeared -on their shops that only Turkish labour was employed. Religious funds -also were used for similar economic restoration.</p> - -<p>Turkey then was to be for the Turks, and so was a great deal more -than Turkey. They claimed that of the 10,000,000 population of Persia -one-third were Turks, while the province Azerbaijan—the richest, -most active and enlightened district of Persia—was entirely Turkish. -Similarly they regarded the country south of the Caucasus as Turkish, -since Turks formed 50 to 80 per cent. of its population. Kasan, in fact, -was Turkish, and if the Turks in the plain of the Volga, in the Crimea, -and in the Caucasus were welded into Turkey, a nation of between forty -and fifty million would be formed—Osmanlis all of them.</p> - -<p>Germany saw, Germany tabulated, Germany licked her lips and took out -her long spoon, for her hour was come. She did not interfere: she only -helped to further the Pan-Turkish ideal. With her usual foresight she -perceived that the Izji, for instance, was a thing to encourage, for -the boys who were being trained now would in a few years be precisely -the young men of whom she could not have too many. By all means the -boy-scout movement was to be encouraged. She encouraged it so generously -and methodically that in 1916,<a name="page_009" id="page_009"></a> according to an absolutely reliable -source of information, we find that the whole boy-scout movement, with -its innumerable branches, is under the control of a German officer, -Colonel von Hoff. In its classes (derneks) boys are trained in military -practices, in “a recreational manner,” so that they enjoy—positively -enjoy (a Prussian touch)—the exercises that will fit them to be of -use to the Sultan William II. They learn trigger-drill, they learn -skirmishing, they are taught to make reports on the movements of their -companies, they are shown neat ways of judging distance. They are -divided into two classes, the junior class ranging from the ages of -twelve to seventeen, the senior class consisting of boys over seventeen -but not yet of military age. But since Colonel von Hoff organised this -boys of the age of seventeen have become of military age. Prussian -thoroughness therefore saw that their training must begin earlier; the -old junior class has become the senior class, and a new junior class -has been set on foot which begins its recreational exercises in the -service of William II., Gott and Allah, at the age of eight. It is all -great fun, but those pigeon-livered little boys who are not diverted by -it have to go on with their fun all the same, for, needless to say, the -Izji is compulsory on all boys. Of course they wear a uniform which is -made in Germany and is of a “semi-military” character.</p> - -<p>The provision of soldiers and sailors, then, trained from the early -age of eight was the first object of Germany’s peaceful and benign -penetration. As from the Pisgah height of the Pan-Turkish ideal she saw -the promised land, but she had no idea of seeing<a name="page_010" id="page_010"></a> it only, like Moses, -and expiring without entering it, and her faith that she would enter -it and possess it has been wonderfully justified. She has not only -penetrated but has dominated; a year ago towns like Aleppo were crammed -with German officers, while at Islahie there were separate wooden -barracks for the exclusive use of German troops. There is a military -mission at Mamoura, where all the buildings are permanent erections -solidly built of stone, for no merely temporary occupation is intended, -and thousands of freight-cars with Belgian marks upon them throng the -railways, and on some is the significant German title of “Military -Headquarters of the Imperial Staff.” There are troops in the Turkish -army to which is given the title of “Pasha formation,” in compliment -to Turkey, but the Pasha formations are under the command of Baron -Kress von Kressenstein, and are salted with German officers, N.C.O.s, -and privates, who, although in the Turkish army, retain their German -uniforms.</p> - -<p>This German leaven forms an instructional class for the remainder -of the troops in these formations, who are Turkish. The Germans are -urged to respect Moslem customs and to show particular consideration -for their religious observances. Every German contingent arriving at -Constantinople to join the Pasha formations finds quarters prepared -on a ship, and when the troops leave for their “destination” they -take supplies from depôts at the railway station which will last them -two or three months. They are enjoined to write war diaries, and are -provided with handbooks on the military and geographical conditions in -Mesopotamia,<a name="page_011" id="page_011"></a> with maps, and with notes on the training and management -of camels. This looks as if they were intended for use against the -English troops in Mesopotamia, but I cannot find that they have been -identified there. The greatest secrecy is observed with regard to -these Pasha formations, and their constitution and movements are kept -extremely veiled.</p> - -<p>Wireless stations have been set up in Asia Minor and Palestine, and -these are under the command of Major Schlee. A Turkish air-service was -instituted, at the head of which was Major Serno, a Prussian officer. -At Constantinople there is a naval school for Turkish engineers and -mechanics in the arsenal, to help on the Pan-Turkish ideal, and with -a view to that all the instructors are German. Similarly by the -spring of this year Germany had arranged to start submarine training -in Constantinople for the Turks, and a submarine school was open and -at work in March. Other naval cadets were sent to Germany for their -training, and Turkish officers were present at the battle of Jutland in -June, 1916, and of course were decorated by the Emperor in person for -their coolness and courage.</p> - -<p>A complete revision of the Turkish system of exemption from military -service was necessary as soon as Germany began to want men badly. The -age for military service was first raised, and we find a Turkish order -of October, 1916, calling on all men of forty-three, forty-four, and -forty-five years of age to pay their exemption tax if they did not wish -to be called to the Colours. That secured their money, and, with truly -Prussian irony, hardly had this been done when a fresh Army order was -issued calling<a name="page_012" id="page_012"></a> out all men whether they had paid their exemption tax -or not. Still more men were needed, and in November a fresh levy of -boys was raised regardless of whether they had reached the military -age or not. This absorbed the senior class of the boy scouts, who -hitherto had learned their drill in a “recreationary manner.” Again the -Prussian Moloch was hungry for more, and in December the Turkish Gazette -announced that all males in Asia Minor between the ages of fourteen and -sixty-five were to be enrolled for military service, and in January of -this year, 1917, fresh recruiting was foreshadowed by the order that -men of forty-six to fifty-two who had paid their exemption money should -be medically examined to see if they were fit for active service. -Wider and wider the net was spread, and in the same month a fresh -Turco-German convention was signed whereby was enforced a reciprocal -surrender in both countries of persons liable to military service, and -of deserters, and simultaneously all Turks living in Switzerland who had -paid exemption money were recalled to their Germanised fatherland. By -now the first crops of the year were ripening in Smyrna, and in default -of civilian labour (for everyone was now a soldier) they were reaped by -Turkish soldiers and the produce sent direct to Germany.</p> - -<p>Already in August, 1916, certificates of Ottoman nationality had been -granted to Serbians resident in the Empire who were willing to become -Ottoman subjects, and their “willingness” was intensified by hints that -incidents akin to the Armenian massacres might possibly occur among -other alien people. They had to sign a declaration that<a name="page_013" id="page_013"></a> they would not -revert to their former nationality, and thus no doubt many Serbs passed -into the Turkish army. Further enrolments were desirable, and in March, -1917, all Greeks living in Anatolia were forcibly proselytised, their -property was confiscated, and they were made liable to military service. -Unfortunately all were not available, for of those who were removed from -the villages where they lived to military centres ten per cent, died -on the forced marches from hunger and exposure. That was annoying for -the German recruiting agents, but it suited well enough the Pan-Turkish -ideal of exterminating foreign nationalities. When trouble or discontent -occurred among the troops it was firmly dealt with, as, for instance, -when in November, 1916, there were considerable desertions from the 49th -Division. On that occasion the order was given to fire on them, and many -were killed and wounded. The officer who gave the order was commended by -the Prussian authorities for his firmness. Should such an incident occur -again, it will no doubt be dealt with with no less firmness, for in -April, 1917, Mackensen was put in supreme command of all troops in Asia -Minor. Simultaneously in Berlin Prince Zia-ed-Din, the Turkish Sultan’s -heir, presented a sword of honour to the Sultan William II. Probably he -gave him good news of the progress of the German harbour works begun -in the winter at Stamboul, and himself learned that the railway bridge -which the Turks proposed to build over the Bosphorus was not to be -proceeded with, for the German high command had superseded that scheme -by their own idea of<a name="page_014" id="page_014"></a> making a tunnel under the Bosphorus instead, which -would be safer from aircraft.</p> - -<p>Such up to date, though in brief outline, is the history of the progress -of the Prussian octopus in Turkish military and naval matters. In -October, 1914, just before Turkey came into the war, she had been -mobilising for three months, while Enver Pasha continued successfully -convincing our Ambassador in Constantinople of his sincere and -unshakable friendship for England, and had 800,000 men under arms. -Already, of course, German influence was strong in the army, which now -was thoroughly trained in German methods, but that army might still be -called a Turkish army. Nowadays by no stretch of language can it be -called Turkish except in so far that all Turkish efficient manhood is -enlisted in it, for there is no branch or department of it over which -the Prussian octopus has not thrown its paralysing tentacles and affixed -its immovable suckers. Army and navy alike, its wireless stations, its -submarines, its aircraft, are all directly controlled from Berlin, and, -as we have seen, the generalissimo of the forces is Mackensen, who is -absolutely the Hindenburg of the East. But thorough as is the control -of Berlin over Constantinople in military and naval matters, it is not -one whit more thorough than her control in all other matters of national -life. Never before has Germany been very successful in her colonisations -; but if complete domination—the sucking of a country till it is a mere -rind of itself, and yet at the same time full to bursting of Prussian -ichor—may be taken as Germany’s equivalent of colonisation, then indeed -we must be forced to recognise her<a name="page_015" id="page_015"></a> success. And it was all done in -the name and for the sake of the Pan-Turkish ideal! Even now Prussian -Pecksniffs like Herr Ernst Marre, whose pamphlet, “Turks and Germans -after the War,” was published in 1916, continue to insist that Germany -is nobly devoting herself to the well-being of Turkey. “In doing this,” -he exclaims in that illuminating document, “we are benefiting Turkey.... -This is a war of liberation for Turkey,” though omitting to say from -whom Turkey is being liberated. Perhaps the Armenians. Occasionally, -it is true, he forgets that, and naively remarks, “Turkey is a very -difficult country to govern. But after the war Turkey will be very -important as a transit country.” But then he remembers again and says, -“We wish to give besides taking, and we should often like to give more -than we can hope to give.” Let us look into this, and see the manner in -which Germany expresses her yearning to impoverish herself for the sake -of Turkey.</p> - -<p>All this reorganisation of the Turkish army was of course a very -expensive affair and required skilful financing, and it was necessary -to get the whole of Turkey’s exchequer arrangements into German hands. -A series of financial regulations was promulgated. The finance minister -during 1916 was still Turkish, but the official immediately under him -was German. He was authorised to deposit with the Controllers of the -Ottoman National Debt German Imperial Bills of £T30,000,000 and to -issue German paper money to the like amount. This arrangement ensures<a name="page_016" id="page_016"></a> -the circulation of the German notes, which are redeemable by Turkey -<i>in gold</i> two years after the declaration of peace. Gold is declared -to be the standard currency, and no creditor is obliged to accept in -payment of a debt more than 300 piastres in silver or fifty in nickel. -And since there is no gold in currency (for it has been all called in, -and penalties of death have been authorised for hoarders) it follows -that this and other issues of German paper will filter right through -the Empire. At the same time a German expert, Dr. Kautz, was appointed -to start banks throughout Turkey in order to free the peasants from -the Turkish village usurer, and in consequence enslave them to the -German banks. Similarly a German was put at the head of the Ottoman -Agricultural Bank. These new branches worked very well, but it is -pleasant to think that one such was started by the Deutsche Bank at -Bagdad in October, 1916, which now has its shutters up. Before this, as -we learn from the <i>Oesterreichischer Volkswirt</i> (June, 1916), Germany -had issued other gold notes, in payment for gold from Turkey, which is -retainable in Berlin till six months after the end of the war. (It is -reasonable to wonder whether it will not be retained rather longer than -that.) These gold notes were accepted willingly at first by the public, -but the increase in their number (by the second issue) has caused them -to be viewed with justifiable suspicion, and the depreciation in them -continues. But the Turkish public has no redress except by hoarding -gold, which is a penal offence. That these arrangements have not -particularly<a name="page_017" id="page_017"></a> helped Turkish credit may be gathered from the fact that -the Turkish gold £<small>I</small>, nominally 100 piastres, is now worth 280 -piastres.</p> - -<p>Again, the Deutsche Orientbank has made many extensions, and is already -financing cotton and wool trade for after the war. The establishment of -this provoked much applause in German financial circles, who find it to -be an instance of the “far-reaching and powerful Germano-Austrian unity, -which replaces the disunion of Turkish finance.” This is profoundly -true, especially if we omit the word “Austrian,” inserted for diplomatic -reasons. Again we find Germany advancing £3,000,000 of German paper to -the Turkish Government in January, 1917 for the payment of supplies -they have received from Krupp’s works and (vaguely) for interest to -the German financial minister. This too, we may conjecture, is to be -redeemed after the war in gold.</p> - -<p>In March of this year we find in the report of the Ottoman Bank a German -loan of £1,000,000 for the purchase of agricultural implements by -Turkey, and this is guaranteed by house-taxes. In all up to that month, -as was announced in the Chamber of Deputies at Constantinople, Germany -had advanced to Turkey the sum of £142,000,000, entirely, it would seem, -in German paper, to be repaid at various dates in gold. The grip, in -fact, is a strangle-hold, all for Turkey’s good, as no doubt will prove -the “New Conventions” announced by Zimmermann in May, 1917, to take the -place of the abolished Capitulations, “which left Turkey at the mercy of -predatory Powers who looked for the disruption of the Ottoman Empire.” -Herr Zimmermann does not<a name="page_018" id="page_018"></a> look for that: he looks for its absorption. -And sees it.</p> - -<p>The industrial development of Turkey by this benevolent and -disinterested Power has been equally thorough and far-reaching, though -Germany here has had a certain amount of competition by Hungary to -contend against, for Hungary considered that Germany was trespassing on -her sphere of interest. But she has been able to make no appreciable -headway against her more acute partner, and her application for a -monopoly of sugar-production was not favourably received, for Germany -already had taken the beet industry well in hand. In Asia Minor the -acreage of cultivation early in 1917 had fallen more than 50 per cent, -from that under crops before the war, but owing to the importation -of machinery from the Central Powers, backed up by a compulsory -Agricultural Service law, which has just been passed, it is hoped -that the acreage will be increased this year by something like 30 per -cent. The yield per acre also will be greatly increased this year, for -Germany has, though needing artificial manure badly herself, sent large -quantities into Turkey, where they will be more profitably employed. -She has no fear about securing the produce. This augmented yield will, -it is true, not be adequate to supply the needs of Turkey, who for the -last two years has suffered from very acute food shortage, which in -certain districts has amounted to famine and wholesale starvation of the -poorer classes. But it is unlikely that their needs will be considered -at all, for Germany’s needs (she the fairy godmother of the Pan-Turk -ideal) must obviously have the first call on<a name="page_019" id="page_019"></a> such provisions as are -obtainable. Thus, though in February, 1917, there was a daily shortage -in Smyrna of 700 sacks of flour, and the Arab and Greek population was -starving, no flour at all was allowed to be imported into Smyrna. But -simultaneously Germany was making huge purchases of fish, meat, and -flour in Constantinople (paid for in German paper), including 100,000 -sheep. Yet such was the villainous selfishness of the famine-stricken -folk at Adrianople that when the trains containing these supplies -were passing through a mob held them up and sold the contents to the -inhabitants. That, however, was an isolated instance, and in any case -a law was passed in October, 1916, appointing a military commission to -control all supplies. It enacts that troops shall be supplied first, -and specially ordains that the requirements of German troops come under -this head. (Private firms have been expressly prohibited from purchasing -these augmented wheat supplies, but special permission was given in -1915 to German and Austro-Hungarian societies to buy.) A few months -later we find that there are a hundred deaths daily in Constantinople -from starvation and 200 in Smyrna, where there is a complete shortage -of oil. But oil is still being sent to Germany, and during 1916 five -hundred reservoirs of oil were sent there, each containing up to 15,000 -kilogrammes. But Kultur must be supplied first, else Kultur would grow -lean, and the Turkish God of Love will look after the Smyrniotes. It -is no wonder that he blockade of Germany does not produce the desired -result a little quicker, for food is already pouring in<a name="page_020" id="page_020"></a> from Turkey, -and when the artificial manures have produced their early harvest the -stream will become a torrent.</p> - -<p>But during all these busy and tremendous months of war Germany has not -only been denuding Turkey of her food supplies, for the sake of the -Pan-Turkish ideal; in the same altruistic spirit she has been vastly -increasing the productiveness of her new and most important colony. -There is a great irrigation work going on in Konia, and another at Adana -financed by the Deutsche Bank. Ernst Marre gives us a capital account -of this, for Adana was already linked up with the Bagdad railway in -October, 1916, which was to be the great artery connecting Germany with -the East. There is some considerable shortage of labour there (owing in -part to the Armenian massacres, to which we shall revert presently), -but the financial arrangements are in excellent shape. The whole of the -irrigation works are in German hands and have been paid for by German -paper; and to get the reservoirs, &c., back into her own control it -has been agreed that Turkey, already completely bankrupt, will have to -pay not only what has been spent, but a handsome sum in compensation; -while, as regards shortage of labour, prisoners have been released in -large numbers to work without pay. This irrigation scheme at Adana will -increase the cotton yield by four times the present crop, so we learn -from the weekly Arab magazine, <i>El Alem el Ismail</i>, which tells us also -of the electric-power stations erected there.<a name="page_021" id="page_021"></a></p> - -<p>The same paper (October, 1916) announces to the Anatolian merchants -that transport is now easy, owing to the arrival of engines and -trucks from Germany, while <i>Die Zeit</i> (February, 1917) prophesies a -prosperous future for this Germane-Turkish cotton combine. Hitherto -Turkey has largely imported cotton from England; now Turkey—thanks to -German capital on terms above stated—will, in the process of internal -development so unselfishly devised for her by Germany, grow cotton for -herself, and be kind enough to give a preferential tariff to Germany.</p> - -<p>A similarly bright future may be predicted for the irrigation scheme -at Konia, where will arise a sugar-beet industry. Artesian wells have -been sunk, and there is the suggestion to introduce Bulgarian labour -in default of Turkish. As we have seen, Hungary attempted to obtain -a monopoly with regard to sugar, but Germany has been victorious on -this point (as on every other when she competes with Hungary) and -has obtained the concession for a period of thirty years. A similar -irrigation scheme is bringing into cultivation the Makischelin Valley, -near Aleppo, and Herr Wied has been appointed as expert for irrigation -plant in Syria.</p> - -<p>Indeed, it would be easier to enumerate the industries and economical -developments of Turkey over which Germany has not at the present -moment got the control than those over which she has. In particular -she has shown a parental interest in Turkish educational questions. -She established last year, under German management, a school for the -study of German in Constantinople; she<a name="page_022" id="page_022"></a> has put under the protection -of the German Government the Jewish institution at Haifa for technical -education in Palestine; from Sivas a mission of schoolmasters has been -sent to Germany for the study of German methods. Ernst Marre surmises -that German will doubtless become compulsory even in the Turkish -intermediate (secondary) schools. In April, 1917, the first stone of -the “House of Friendship” (!) was laid at Constantinople, the object -of which institution is to create among Turkish students an interest -in everything German, while earlier in the year arrangements were made -for 10,000 Turkish youths to go to Germany to be taught trades. These I -imagine were unfit for military service. With regard to such a scheme -Haul Haled Bey praises the arrangement for the education of Turks in -Germany. When they used to go to France, he tells us, “they lost their -religion” (certainly Prussian Gott is nearer akin to Turkish Allah) “and -returned home unpatriotic and useless. In Germany they will have access -to suitable religious literature” (Gott!) “and must adopt all they see -good in German methods without losing their original characteristics.” -Comment on this script is needless. The hand is the hand of Halil Haled -Bey, but the voice is the voice of Prussia! Occasionally, but rarely, -Austrian competition is seen. Professor Schmoller, in an Austrian -quarterly review, shows jealousy of German influence, and we find in -October, 1916, an Ottoman-Austrian college started at Vienna for 250 -pupils of the Ottoman Empire. But Germany has 10,000 in Berlin. At Adana -(where are the German irrigation works) the German-Turkish<a name="page_023" id="page_023"></a> Society has -opened a German school of 300, while, reciprocally, courses in Turkish -have been organised at Berlin for the sake of future German colonists. -In Constantinople the <i>Tanin</i> announces a course of lectures to be -held by the Turco-German Friendship Society. Professor von Marx, of -Munich, discoursed last April on foreign influence and the development -of nations, with special reference to Turkey and the parallel case of -Germany.</p> - -<p>So much for German education, but her penetrative power extends into -every branch of industry and economics. In November, 1916, a Munich -expert was put in charge of the College of Forestry, and an economic -society was started in Constantinople on German lines with German -instructors. Inoculation against small-pox; typhoid, and cholera was -made compulsory; and we find that the Turkish Ministers of Posts, of -Justice, and of Commerce, figureheads all of them, have as their acting -Ministers Germans. In the same year a German was appointed as expert for -silkworm breeding and for the cultivation of beet. Practically all the -railways in Asia Minor are pure German concerns by right of purchase. -They own the Anatolian railway concession (originally British), with -right to build to Angora and Konia; the Bagdad railway concession, with -preferential rights over minerals; they have bought the Mersina-Adana -railway, with right of linking up to the Bagdad railway; they have -bought the Smyrna-Cassaba railway, built with French capital. They have -secured also the Haidar Pasha Harbour concession, thereby controlling -and handling all merchandise arriving<a name="page_024" id="page_024"></a> at railhead from the interior of -Asia Minor. Meantime railway construction is pushed on in all directions -under German control, and the Turkish Minister of Finance (August, 1916) -allocates a large sum of paper German money for the construction of -ordinary roads, military roads, local government roads, all of which -are new to Turkey, but which will be useful for the complete German -occupation which is being swiftly consolidated. To stop the mouths of -the people, all political clubs have been suppressed by the Minister -of the Interior, for Prussia does not care for criticism. To supply -German ammunition needs, lead and zinc have been taken from the roofs of -mosques and door-handles from mosque gates, and the iron railings along -the Champs de Mars at Pera have been carted away for the manufacture -of bombs. A Turco-German convention signed in Berlin in January of -this year permits subjects of one country to settle in the other while -retaining their nationality and enjoying trading and other privileges. -In Lebanon Dr. König has opened an agricultural school for Syrians of -all religions. In the Horns district the threatening plague of locusts -in February, 1917, was combated by Germans; and a German expert, Dr. -Bucher, had been already sent to superintend the whole question. For -this concerns supplies to Germany, as does also the ordinance passed -in the same month that two-thirds of all fish caught in the Lebanon -district should be given to the military authorities (these are German) -and that every fish weighing over 6oz. in the Beirut district should be -Korban also. The copper mines at Anghana Maden,<a name="page_025" id="page_025"></a> near Diarbekr, are busy -exporting their produce into Germany.</p> - -<p>There is no end to this penetration: German water-seekers, with divining -and boring apparatus, accompanied the Turkish expedition into Sinai; -Russian prisoners were sent by Germany for agricultural work in Asia -Minor, to take the place of slaughtered ‘Armenians; a German-Turkish -treaty, signed January 11, 1917, gives the whole reorganisation of the -economic system to a special German mission. A Stuttgart journal chants -a characteristic “<i>Lobgesang</i>” over this feat. “That is how,” it proudly -exclaims, “we work for the liberation of peoples and nationalities.”</p> - -<p>In the same noble spirit, we must suppose, German legal reforms were -introduced in December, 1916, to replace the Turkish Shuriat, and in -the same month all the Turks in telegraph offices in Constantinople -were replaced by Germans. Ernst Marre, in his “Turks and Germans after -the War” (1916), gives valuable advice to young Germans settling in -Turkey. He particularly recommends them, knowing how religion is one of -the strongest bonds in this murderous race, to “trade in articles of -devotion, in rosaries, in bags to hold the Koran,” and points out what -good business might be built up in gramophones. Earlier in this year -we find a “German Oriental Trading Company” founded for the import of -fibrous materials for needs of military authorities, and a great carpet -business established at Urfa with German machinery that will supplant -the looms at Smyrna. A saltpetre factory is established at Konia by -Herr Toepfer, whose<a name="page_026" id="page_026"></a> enterprise is rewarded with an Iron Cross and -a Turkish decoration. The afforestation near Constantinople ordered -by the Ministry of Agriculture is put into German hands, and in the -vilayet of Aidin (April, 1916) ninety concessions were granted to German -capitalists to undertake the exploitation of metallic ores. Occasionally -the German octopus finds it has gone too far for the moment and releases -some struggling limb of its victim, as, for instance, when we see that -in September, 1916, the German Director’s stamp for the “Imperial German -Great Radio Station” at Damascus has been dis-carded temporarily, as -that station “should be treated for the present as a Turkish concern.”</p> - -<p>A “Trading and Weaving Company” was established at Angora in 1916, -an “Import and Export Company” at Smyrna, a “Trading and Industrial -Society” at Beirut, a “Tobacco Trading Company” at Latakieh, an -“Agricultural Company” at Tripolis, a “Corn Exporting Company” in -Lebanon, a “Rebuilding Commission” (perhaps for sacked Armenian houses) -at Konia. More curious yet will be a Tourist’s Guide Book—a Baedeker, -in fact—for travellers in Konia and the erection of a monument in -honour of Turkish <i>women</i> who have replaced men called up for military -duty. Truly these last two items—a guide book for Anatolia and a -monument to women—are strange enterprises for Turks. A new Prussian day -is dawning, it seems, for Turkish women as well, for the <i>Tanin</i> (April, -1917) tells us that diplomas are to be conferred on ladies who have -completed their studies in the Technical School at Constantinople.<a name="page_027" id="page_027"></a></p> - -<p>It is needless to multiply instances of German penetration: I have but -given the skeleton of this German monster that has fastened itself with -tentacles and suckers on every branch of Turkish industry. There is -none round which it has not cast its feelers—no Semitic moneylender -ever obtained a surer hold on his victim. In matters naval, military, -educational, legal, industrial, Germany has a strangle-hold. Turkey’s -life is already crushed out of her, and, as we have seen, it has been -crushed out of her by the benevolent Kultur-mongers who, among all -the Great Powers of Europe, sacrificed their time and their money to -the achievement of the Pan-Turkish ideal. Silently and skilfully they -worked, bamboozling their chief tool, Enver Pasha, even as Enver Pasha -bamboozled us. As long as he was of service to them they retained him; -for his peace of mind at one time they stopped up all letter-boxes -in Constantinople because so many threatening letters were sent him. -But now Enver Pasha seems to have had his day; he became a little -autocratic and thought that he was the head of the Pan-Turkish ideal. -So he was, but the Pan-Turkish ideal had become Pan-Prussian, and he -had not noticed the transformation. Talaat Bey has taken his place; -it is he who in May, 1917, was received by the Emperor William, by -King Ludwig, and by the Austrian Emperor, and he who is the mouthpiece -of the German efforts to make a separate peace with Russia. Under -Czardom, he proclaimed, the existence of Turkey was threatened, but -now the revolution has made friendship possible, for Russia no longer -desires territorial annexation. And, oh,<a name="page_028" id="page_028"></a> how Turkey would like to be -Russia’s friend! Enver Pasha has been thrown aside for contumacy, and -I cannot but think it curious that when on April 2, 1917, he visited -the submarine base at Wilhelmshaven he was very nearly killed in a -motor-accident. But it may have been an accident. Since then I cannot -find that he has taken any more active part in Pan-Turkish ideals than -to open a soup-kitchen in some provincial town.</p> - -<p>I have left to the end of this essay the question of Germany’s knowledge -of and complicity in the Armenian massacres. From the tribune of the -Reichstag on January 15, 1916, there was made a definite denial of the -existence of such massacres at all; on another subsequent occasion it -was stated that Germany could not interfere in Turkish internal affairs.</p> - -<p>In view of the fact that there is no internal affair appertaining -to Turkey in which Germany has not interfered, the second of these -statements may be called insincere. But the denial of the massacres is a -deliberate lie. Germany—official Germany—knew all about them, and she -permitted them to go on. The proofs of this are here shortly stated.</p> - -<p>(1) In September, 1915, four months before the denial of the massacres -was made in the Reichstag, Dr. Martin Niepage, higher grade teacher -in the German Technical School at Aleppo, prepared and sent, in his -name and that of several of his colleagues, a report of them to the -German Embassy at Constantinople. In that report he gives a terrible -account of what he has seen with his own eyes, and also states that -the country Turks’<a name="page_029" id="page_029"></a> explanation with regard to the origination of -those measures is that it is “the teaching of the Germans.” The German -Embassy at Constantinople therefore knew of the massacres, and knew -also that the Turks attributed them to orders from Germany. Dr. Niepage -also consulted, before sending his report, with the German Consul at -Aleppo, Herr Hoffman, who told him that the German Embassy had been -already advised in detail about the massacres from the consulates at -Alexandretta, Aleppo, and Mosul, but that he welcomed a further protest -on the subject.</p> - -<p>(2) These reports, or others like them, had not gone astray, for in -August, 1915, the German Ambassador in Constantinople made a formal -protest to the Turkish Government about the massacres.</p> - -<p>There is, then, no doubt that the German Government, when it officially -denied the massacres, was perfectly cognisant of them. It was also -perfectly capable of stopping them, for they were not local violences, -but wholesale murders organised at Constantinople. Germany had indeed -already given assurances that such massacres should not occur. She had -assured the Armenian Katholikos at Adana that so long as Germany had -any influence in Turkey he need not fear a repetition of the horrors -that had taken place under Abdul Hamid. Had she, then, no influence in -Constantinople, or how was it that she had obtained complete control -over all Turkish branches of government? The same assurance was given by -the German Ambassador in April, 1915, to the Armenian Patriarch and the -President of the Armenian National Council.<a name="page_030" id="page_030"></a></p> - -<p>So, in support of the Pan-Turkish ideal and in the name of the Turkish -Allah, the God of Love, Germany stood by and let the infamous tale of -lust and rapine and murder be told to its end. The Turks had planned to -exterminate the whole Armenian race except some half-million, who would -be deported penniless to work at agricultural developments under German -rule, but this quality of Turkish mercy was too strained for Major Pohl, -who proclaimed that it was a mistake to spare so many. But he was a -soldier, and did not duly weigh the claims of agriculture.</p> - -<p>The choice was open to Germany; Germany chose, and let the Armenian -massacres go on. But she was in a difficulty. What if the Turkish -Government retorted (perhaps it did so retort), “You are not consistent. -Why do you mind about the slaughter of a few Armenians? What about -Belgium and your atrocities there?”</p> - -<p>And all the ingenuity of the Wilhelmstrasse would not be able to find an -answer to that.</p> - -<p>I do not say that Germany wanted the massacres, for she did not. She -wanted more agricultural labour, and I think that, if only for that -reason, she deprecated them. But she allowed them to go on when it was -in her power to stop them, and all the perfumes of Arabia will not wash -clean her hand from that stinking horror.</p> - -<p>Here, then, are some of the problems which those who, at the end of -the war, will have to deal with the problem of Turkey must tackle. -It is just as well to recognise that at the present moment Turkey is -virtually and actually a German colony,<a name="page_031" id="page_031"></a> and the most valuable colony -that Germany has ever had. It will not be enough to limit, or rather -abolish, the supremacy of Turkey over aliens and martyrised peoples; -it will be necessary to abolish the supremacy of Germany over Turkey. -To do this the victory of our Allied Nations must be complete, and -Germany’s octopus monopoly of Turkish industries severed. Otherwise we -shall immediately be confronted with a Germany that already reaches as -far as Mesopotamia. That is done now; and that, before there can come -any permanent peace for Europe, must be undone. Nothing less than the -complete release of that sucker and tentacle embrace will suffice.</p> - -<p class="ov"> -<i>Printed in Great Britain by</i> T<small>HE</small> F<small>IELD</small> & Q<small>UEEN</small> (H<small>ORACE</small> C<small>OX</small>) L<small>TD</small>.. - </p> - -<p class="c"><i>Bream’s buildings, London, E.C.</i> 4.</p> - -<hr class="full" /> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Deutschland Über Allah, by E. F. 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Benson - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: Deutschland Ueber Allah - -Author: E. F. Benson - -Release Date: July 1, 2013 [EBook #43073] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ASCII - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DEUTSCHLAND UeBER ALLAH *** - - - - -Produced by Chuck Greif -(This file was produced from images available at The Internet Archive) - - - - - - - -DEUTSCHLAND UeBER ALLAH - - - - -DEUTSCHLAND - -UeBER ALLAH - -BY - -E. F. BENSON - -HODDER AND STOUGHTON - -LONDON NEW YORK TORONTO - -MCMXVII - - - - -DEUTSCHLAND UeBER ALLAH - -IT was commonly said at the beginning of this war that, whatever -Germany's military resources might be, she was hopelessly and childishly -lacking in diplomatic ability and in knowledge of psychology, from -which all success in diplomacy is distilled. As instances of this grave -defect, people adduced the fact that apparently she had not anticipated -the entry of Great Britain into the war at all, while her treatment of -Belgium immediately afterwards was universally pronounced not to be a -crime merely, but a blander of the stupidest sort. It is perfectly true -that Germany did not understand, and, as seems likely in the light of -innumerable other atrocities, never will understand, the psychology -of civilised peoples; she has never shown any signs up till now, at -any rate, of "having got the hang of it" at all. But critics of her -diplomacy failed to see the root-fact that she did not understand it -merely because it did not interest her. It was not worth her while to -master the psychology of other civilised nations, since she was out not -to understand them but to conquer them. She had all the information she -wanted about their armies and navies and guns and ammunition neatly and -correctly tabulated. Why, then, since this was all that concerned her, -should she bother her head about what they might feel on the subject -of gas-attacks or the torpedoing of neutral ships without warning? As -long as her fumes were deadly and her submarines subtle, nothing further -concerned her. - -But Europe generally made a great mistake in supposing that she could -not learn psychology and the process of its distillation into diplomacy -when it interested her. The psychology of the French and English was a -useless study, for she was merely going to fight them, but for years she -had been studying with an industry and a patience that put our diplomacy -to shame (as was most swiftly and ignominiously proven when it came -into conflict with hers) the psychology of the Turks. For years she had -watched the dealings of the Great Powers with Turkey, but she had never -really associated herself with that policy. She sat quietly by and saw -how it worked. Briefly it was this. For a hundred years Turkey had been -a Sick Man, and for a hundred years he had been kept alive in Europe -by the sedulous attentions of the Physician-Powers, who dared not let -him die for fear of the stupendous quarrels which would instantly arise -over his corpse. So there they all sat round his bed, and kept him alive -with injections of strychnine and oxygen and, no less, by a policy of -rousing and irritating the patient. All through the reign of Abdul Hamid -they persevered: Great Britain plucked his pillow from him, so to speak, -by her protectorate of Egypt; Russia tweaked Eastern Rumelia from him; -France deprived him of his hot-water bottle when she snatched at the -Constantinople quays, and they all shook and slapped him when he went to -war with Greece in 1896, and instantly deprived him of the territory -he had won in Thessaly. That was the principle of European diplomacy -towards Turkey, and from it Germany always held aloof. - -But from about the beginning of the reign of the present German Emperor, -German or rather Prussian diplomacy had been going quietly about its -work. It was worth while to study the psychology of the Turks, because -dimly then, but with ever increasing distinctness, Germany foresaw that -Turkey might be a counter of immense importance in the great conflict -which was assuredly drawing nearer, though as yet its existence was but -foreshadowed by the most distant reflections of summer lightning on a -serene horizon. But if Turkey was to be of any profit to her, she wanted -a strong Turkey who could fight with her (or rather for her), and she -had no use for the Sick Man whom the other Powers were bent on keeping -alive but no more. Her own eventual domination of Turkey was always the -end in view, but she wanted to dominate not a weak but a strong servant. -And her diplomacy was not less than brilliant simply from the facts that -on the one hand it soothed Turkey instead of irritating, and on the -other it went absolutely unnoticed for a long time. Nobody knew that it -was going on. She sent officers to train the Turkish army, well knowing -what magnificent material Anatolia afforded, and she had thoroughly -grasped the salient fact that to make any way with Oriental peoples your -purse must be open and your backshish unlimited. "There is no God but -backshish, and the Deutsche Bank is his prophet." - -For years this went on very quietly, and all over the great field of -the Ottoman Empire the first tiny blades of the crop that Germany was -sowing began to appear. To-day that crop waves high and covers the whole -field with its ripe and fruitful ears. For to-day Turkey is neither -more nor less than a German colony, and more than makes up to her for -the colonies she has lost and hopes to regain. She knows that perfectly -well, and so do any who have at all studied the history and the results -of her diplomacy there. Even Turkey itself must, as in an uneasy dream, -be faintly conscious of it. For who to-day is the Sultan of Turkey? No -other than William II. of Germany. It is in Berlin that his Cabinet -meets, and sometimes he asks Talaat Bey to attend in a strictly honorary -capacity. And Talaat Bey goes back to Constantinople with a strictly -honorary sword of honour. Or else he gives one to William II. from his -_soi-disant_ master, the Sultan, or takes one back to his _soi-disant_ -master from his real master. For no one knows better than William II. -the use that swords of honour play in deeds of dishonour. - -The object of this pamphlet is to trace the hewn and solid staircase of -steps by which Germany's present supremacy over Turkey was achieved. -Apart from the quiet spade-work that had been going on for some years, -Germany made no important move till the moment when in 1909 the Young -Turk party, after the forced abdication of Abdul Hamid, proclaimed the -aims and ideal of the new regime. At once Germany saw her opportunity, -for here, with her help, might arise the strong Turkey which she -desired to see, instead of the weak Turkey which all the other European -Powers had been keeping on a lowering diet for so long (desirous only -that it should not quite expire), and from that moment she began to -lend, or rather let, to Turkey in ever increasing quantities the -resources of her scientific and her military knowledge. It was in her -interests, if Turkey was to be of use to her, that she should educate, -and irrigate, and develop the unexploited treasures of human material, -of fertility and mineral wealth; and Germany's gold, her schools, her -laboratories were at Turkey's disposal. But in every case she, as in -duty bound to her people, saw that she got very good value for her -outlay. - -Here, then, was the great psychological moment when Germany instantly -moved. The Young Turks proclaimed that they were going to weld the -Ottoman Empire into one homogeneous and harmonious whole, and by a piece -of brilliant paradoxical reasoning Germany determined that it was she -who was going to do it for them. In flat contradiction of the spirit of -their manifestos, which proclaimed the Pan-Turkish ideal, she conceived -and began to carry out under their very noses the great new chapter of -the Pan-Germanic ideal. And the Young Turks did not know the difference! -They mistook that lusty Teutonic changeling for their own new-born -Turkish babe, and they nursed and nourished it. Amazingly it throve, and -soon it cut its teeth, and one day, when they thought it was asleep, it -arose from its cradle a baby no more but a great Prussian guardsman who -shouted "Deutschland ueber Allah!" - -Only once was there a check in the career of the Prussian infant, and -that was no more than a childish ailment. For when the Balkan wars -broke out the Turkish army was in the transitional stage. Its German -tutors had not yet had time to inspire the army with German discipline -and tradition; they had only weeded out, so to speak, the old Turkish -spirit, the blind obedience to the ministers of the Shadow of God. The -Shadow of God, in fact, in the person of the Sultan had been dragged -out into the light, and his Shadow had grown appreciably less. In -consequence there was not at this juncture any cohesion in the army, -and it suffered reverse after reverse. But a strong though a curtailed -Turkey was more in accordance with Prussian ideas than a weak and -unformed one, and Germany bore the Turkish defeats very valiantly. And -that was the only set-back that this Pan-Prussian youngster experienced, -and it was no more than an attack of German measles which he very -quickly got over. For two or three years German influence wavered, -then recovered, "with blessings on the falling out, that all the more -endears." - -It is interesting to see how Germany adapted the Pan-Turkish ideal to -her own ends, and by a triumphant vindication of Germany's methods the -best account of this Pan-Turkish ideal is to be found in a publication -of 1915 by Tekin Alp, which was written as German propaganda and by -Germany disseminated broadcast over the Turkish Empire. The movement was -organised by Kemal Bey in 1909 as a branch committee of the Union and -Progress Party at Constantinople, and its headquarters were in Salonica, -where the deposed Abdul Hamid was subsequently confined. Another branch, -under Zia Bey, worked at Constantinople. Kemal Bey collected a group of -young and ardent writers, who exploited the idea of a restoration of a -national and universal Turkey which should unite all Turkish elements, -and, as was hinted even then, extirpate the other nationalities, such as -the Armenians, which were a menace, or might conceivably be a menace, -to complete Turkish autocracy. The young writers were supplemented by -a group called Yeni Hayat, or the "Young Life," who worked for the -restoration of national traditions. Certain opposition was met with, -but this was overcome, and at once Kemal Bey and his assistants had the -Koran translated into Turkish, and the prayers for the Khalif--in Arabic -no longer, but in Turkish--were distributed throughout the Empire. -Knowing full well that, apart from language, the religious bond of Islam -was one of the strongest uniting forces, if not actually the strongest, -at their disposal, they proclaimed that the true faith was the Turkish -and not the Arab version. With a stupendous audacity they claimed this -difference between the two, namely, that the Arab conception of Allah -was the God of Vengeance, the Turkish conception the God of Love. The -Turkish language and the Turkish Allah, God of Love, in whose name the -Armenians were tortured and massacred, were the two wings on which -Turkey was to soar. Auxiliary soaring societies were organised, among -them a Turkish Ojagha with similar aims, and no fewer than sixteen -branches of it were founded throughout the Empire. There were also a -Turkish Guiji or gymnastic club and an Izji or boy scouts' club. A union -of merchants worked for the same object in districts where hitherto -trade had been in the hands of Greeks and Armenians, and signs appeared -on their shops that only Turkish labour was employed. Religious funds -also were used for similar economic restoration. - -Turkey then was to be for the Turks, and so was a great deal more -than Turkey. They claimed that of the 10,000,000 population of Persia -one-third were Turks, while the province Azerbaijan--the richest, -most active and enlightened district of Persia--was entirely Turkish. -Similarly they regarded the country south of the Caucasus as Turkish, -since Turks formed 50 to 80 per cent. of its population. Kasan, in fact, -was Turkish, and if the Turks in the plain of the Volga, in the Crimea, -and in the Caucasus were welded into Turkey, a nation of between forty -and fifty million would be formed--Osmanlis all of them. - -Germany saw, Germany tabulated, Germany licked her lips and took out -her long spoon, for her hour was come. She did not interfere: she only -helped to further the Pan-Turkish ideal. With her usual foresight she -perceived that the Izji, for instance, was a thing to encourage, for -the boys who were being trained now would in a few years be precisely -the young men of whom she could not have too many. By all means the -boy-scout movement was to be encouraged. She encouraged it so generously -and methodically that in 1916, according to an absolutely reliable -source of information, we find that the whole boy-scout movement, with -its innumerable branches, is under the control of a German officer, -Colonel von Hoff. In its classes (derneks) boys are trained in military -practices, in "a recreational manner," so that they enjoy--positively -enjoy (a Prussian touch)--the exercises that will fit them to be of -use to the Sultan William II. They learn trigger-drill, they learn -skirmishing, they are taught to make reports on the movements of their -companies, they are shown neat ways of judging distance. They are -divided into two classes, the junior class ranging from the ages of -twelve to seventeen, the senior class consisting of boys over seventeen -but not yet of military age. But since Colonel von Hoff organised this -boys of the age of seventeen have become of military age. Prussian -thoroughness therefore saw that their training must begin earlier; the -old junior class has become the senior class, and a new junior class -has been set on foot which begins its recreational exercises in the -service of William II., Gott and Allah, at the age of eight. It is all -great fun, but those pigeon-livered little boys who are not diverted by -it have to go on with their fun all the same, for, needless to say, the -Izji is compulsory on all boys. Of course they wear a uniform which is -made in Germany and is of a "semi-military" character. - -The provision of soldiers and sailors, then, trained from the early -age of eight was the first object of Germany's peaceful and benign -penetration. As from the Pisgah height of the Pan-Turkish ideal she saw -the promised land, but she had no idea of seeing it only, like Moses, -and expiring without entering it, and her faith that she would enter -it and possess it has been wonderfully justified. She has not only -penetrated but has dominated; a year ago towns like Aleppo were crammed -with German officers, while at Islahie there were separate wooden -barracks for the exclusive use of German troops. There is a military -mission at Mamoura, where all the buildings are permanent erections -solidly built of stone, for no merely temporary occupation is intended, -and thousands of freight-cars with Belgian marks upon them throng the -railways, and on some is the significant German title of "Military -Headquarters of the Imperial Staff." There are troops in the Turkish -army to which is given the title of "Pasha formation," in compliment -to Turkey, but the Pasha formations are under the command of Baron -Kress von Kressenstein, and are salted with German officers, N.C.O.s, -and privates, who, although in the Turkish army, retain their German -uniforms. - -This German leaven forms an instructional class for the remainder -of the troops in these formations, who are Turkish. The Germans are -urged to respect Moslem customs and to show particular consideration -for their religious observances. Every German contingent arriving at -Constantinople to join the Pasha formations finds quarters prepared -on a ship, and when the troops leave for their "destination" they -take supplies from depots at the railway station which will last them -two or three months. They are enjoined to write war diaries, and are -provided with handbooks on the military and geographical conditions in -Mesopotamia, with maps, and with notes on the training and management -of camels. This looks as if they were intended for use against the -English troops in Mesopotamia, but I cannot find that they have been -identified there. The greatest secrecy is observed with regard to -these Pasha formations, and their constitution and movements are kept -extremely veiled. - -Wireless stations have been set up in Asia Minor and Palestine, and -these are under the command of Major Schlee. A Turkish air-service was -instituted, at the head of which was Major Serno, a Prussian officer. -At Constantinople there is a naval school for Turkish engineers and -mechanics in the arsenal, to help on the Pan-Turkish ideal, and with -a view to that all the instructors are German. Similarly by the -spring of this year Germany had arranged to start submarine training -in Constantinople for the Turks, and a submarine school was open and -at work in March. Other naval cadets were sent to Germany for their -training, and Turkish officers were present at the battle of Jutland in -June, 1916, and of course were decorated by the Emperor in person for -their coolness and courage. - -A complete revision of the Turkish system of exemption from military -service was necessary as soon as Germany began to want men badly. The -age for military service was first raised, and we find a Turkish order -of October, 1916, calling on all men of forty-three, forty-four, and -forty-five years of age to pay their exemption tax if they did not wish -to be called to the Colours. That secured their money, and, with truly -Prussian irony, hardly had this been done when a fresh Army order was -issued calling out all men whether they had paid their exemption tax -or not. Still more men were needed, and in November a fresh levy of -boys was raised regardless of whether they had reached the military -age or not. This absorbed the senior class of the boy scouts, who -hitherto had learned their drill in a "recreationary manner." Again the -Prussian Moloch was hungry for more, and in December the Turkish Gazette -announced that all males in Asia Minor between the ages of fourteen and -sixty-five were to be enrolled for military service, and in January of -this year, 1917, fresh recruiting was foreshadowed by the order that -men of forty-six to fifty-two who had paid their exemption money should -be medically examined to see if they were fit for active service. -Wider and wider the net was spread, and in the same month a fresh -Turco-German convention was signed whereby was enforced a reciprocal -surrender in both countries of persons liable to military service, and -of deserters, and simultaneously all Turks living in Switzerland who had -paid exemption money were recalled to their Germanised fatherland. By -now the first crops of the year were ripening in Smyrna, and in default -of civilian labour (for everyone was now a soldier) they were reaped by -Turkish soldiers and the produce sent direct to Germany. - -Already in August, 1916, certificates of Ottoman nationality had been -granted to Serbians resident in the Empire who were willing to become -Ottoman subjects, and their "willingness" was intensified by hints that -incidents akin to the Armenian massacres might possibly occur among -other alien people. They had to sign a declaration that they would not -revert to their former nationality, and thus no doubt many Serbs passed -into the Turkish army. Further enrolments were desirable, and in March, -1917, all Greeks living in Anatolia were forcibly proselytised, their -property was confiscated, and they were made liable to military service. -Unfortunately all were not available, for of those who were removed from -the villages where they lived to military centres ten per cent, died -on the forced marches from hunger and exposure. That was annoying for -the German recruiting agents, but it suited well enough the Pan-Turkish -ideal of exterminating foreign nationalities. When trouble or discontent -occurred among the troops it was firmly dealt with, as, for instance, -when in November, 1916, there were considerable desertions from the 49th -Division. On that occasion the order was given to fire on them, and many -were killed and wounded. The officer who gave the order was commended by -the Prussian authorities for his firmness. Should such an incident occur -again, it will no doubt be dealt with with no less firmness, for in -April, 1917, Mackensen was put in supreme command of all troops in Asia -Minor. Simultaneously in Berlin Prince Zia-ed-Din, the Turkish Sultan's -heir, presented a sword of honour to the Sultan William II. Probably he -gave him good news of the progress of the German harbour works begun -in the winter at Stamboul, and himself learned that the railway bridge -which the Turks proposed to build over the Bosphorus was not to be -proceeded with, for the German high command had superseded that scheme -by their own idea of making a tunnel under the Bosphorus instead, which -would be safer from aircraft. - -Such up to date, though in brief outline, is the history of the progress -of the Prussian octopus in Turkish military and naval matters. In -October, 1914, just before Turkey came into the war, she had been -mobilising for three months, while Enver Pasha continued successfully -convincing our Ambassador in Constantinople of his sincere and -unshakable friendship for England, and had 800,000 men under arms. -Already, of course, German influence was strong in the army, which now -was thoroughly trained in German methods, but that army might still be -called a Turkish army. Nowadays by no stretch of language can it be -called Turkish except in so far that all Turkish efficient manhood is -enlisted in it, for there is no branch or department of it over which -the Prussian octopus has not thrown its paralysing tentacles and affixed -its immovable suckers. Army and navy alike, its wireless stations, its -submarines, its aircraft, are all directly controlled from Berlin, and, -as we have seen, the generalissimo of the forces is Mackensen, who is -absolutely the Hindenburg of the East. But thorough as is the control -of Berlin over Constantinople in military and naval matters, it is not -one whit more thorough than her control in all other matters of national -life. Never before has Germany been very successful in her colonisations -; but if complete domination--the sucking of a country till it is a mere -rind of itself, and yet at the same time full to bursting of Prussian -ichor--may be taken as Germany's equivalent of colonisation, then indeed -we must be forced to recognise her success. And it was all done in -the name and for the sake of the Pan-Turkish ideal! Even now Prussian -Pecksniffs like Herr Ernst Marre, whose pamphlet, "Turks and Germans -after the War," was published in 1916, continue to insist that Germany -is nobly devoting herself to the well-being of Turkey. "In doing this," -he exclaims in that illuminating document, "we are benefiting Turkey.... -This is a war of liberation for Turkey," though omitting to say from -whom Turkey is being liberated. Perhaps the Armenians. Occasionally, -it is true, he forgets that, and naively remarks, "Turkey is a very -difficult country to govern. But after the war Turkey will be very -important as a transit country." But then he remembers again and says, -"We wish to give besides taking, and we should often like to give more -than we can hope to give." Let us look into this, and see the manner in -which Germany expresses her yearning to impoverish herself for the sake -of Turkey. - -All this reorganisation of the Turkish army was of course a very -expensive affair and required skilful financing, and it was necessary -to get the whole of Turkey's exchequer arrangements into German hands. -A series of financial regulations was promulgated. The finance minister -during 1916 was still Turkish, but the official immediately under him -was German. He was authorised to deposit with the Controllers of the -Ottoman National Debt German Imperial Bills of LT30,000,000 and to -issue German paper money to the like amount. This arrangement ensures -the circulation of the German notes, which are redeemable by Turkey -_in gold_ two years after the declaration of peace. Gold is declared -to be the standard currency, and no creditor is obliged to accept in -payment of a debt more than 300 piastres in silver or fifty in nickel. -And since there is no gold in currency (for it has been all called in, -and penalties of death have been authorised for hoarders) it follows -that this and other issues of German paper will filter right through -the Empire. At the same time a German expert, Dr. Kautz, was appointed -to start banks throughout Turkey in order to free the peasants from -the Turkish village usurer, and in consequence enslave them to the -German banks. Similarly a German was put at the head of the Ottoman -Agricultural Bank. These new branches worked very well, but it is -pleasant to think that one such was started by the Deutsche Bank at -Bagdad in October, 1916, which now has its shutters up. Before this, as -we learn from the _Oesterreichischer Volkswirt_ (June, 1916), Germany -had issued other gold notes, in payment for gold from Turkey, which is -retainable in Berlin till six months after the end of the war. (It is -reasonable to wonder whether it will not be retained rather longer than -that.) These gold notes were accepted willingly at first by the public, -but the increase in their number (by the second issue) has caused them -to be viewed with justifiable suspicion, and the depreciation in them -continues. But the Turkish public has no redress except by hoarding -gold, which is a penal offence. That these arrangements have not -particularly helped Turkish credit may be gathered from the fact that -the Turkish gold LI, nominally 100 piastres, is now worth 280 -piastres. - -Again, the Deutsche Orientbank has made many extensions, and is already -financing cotton and wool trade for after the war. The establishment of -this provoked much applause in German financial circles, who find it to -be an instance of the "far-reaching and powerful Germano-Austrian unity, -which replaces the disunion of Turkish finance." This is profoundly -true, especially if we omit the word "Austrian," inserted for diplomatic -reasons. Again we find Germany advancing L3,000,000 of German paper to -the Turkish Government in January, 1917 for the payment of supplies -they have received from Krupp's works and (vaguely) for interest to -the German financial minister. This too, we may conjecture, is to be -redeemed after the war in gold. - -In March of this year we find in the report of the Ottoman Bank a German -loan of L1,000,000 for the purchase of agricultural implements by -Turkey, and this is guaranteed by house-taxes. In all up to that month, -as was announced in the Chamber of Deputies at Constantinople, Germany -had advanced to Turkey the sum of L142,000,000, entirely, it would seem, -in German paper, to be repaid at various dates in gold. The grip, in -fact, is a strangle-hold, all for Turkey's good, as no doubt will prove -the "New Conventions" announced by Zimmermann in May, 1917, to take the -place of the abolished Capitulations, "which left Turkey at the mercy of -predatory Powers who looked for the disruption of the Ottoman Empire." -Herr Zimmermann does not look for that: he looks for its absorption. -And sees it. - -The industrial development of Turkey by this benevolent and -disinterested Power has been equally thorough and far-reaching, though -Germany here has had a certain amount of competition by Hungary to -contend against, for Hungary considered that Germany was trespassing on -her sphere of interest. But she has been able to make no appreciable -headway against her more acute partner, and her application for a -monopoly of sugar-production was not favourably received, for Germany -already had taken the beet industry well in hand. In Asia Minor the -acreage of cultivation early in 1917 had fallen more than 50 per cent, -from that under crops before the war, but owing to the importation -of machinery from the Central Powers, backed up by a compulsory -Agricultural Service law, which has just been passed, it is hoped -that the acreage will be increased this year by something like 30 per -cent. The yield per acre also will be greatly increased this year, for -Germany has, though needing artificial manure badly herself, sent large -quantities into Turkey, where they will be more profitably employed. -She has no fear about securing the produce. This augmented yield will, -it is true, not be adequate to supply the needs of Turkey, who for the -last two years has suffered from very acute food shortage, which in -certain districts has amounted to famine and wholesale starvation of the -poorer classes. But it is unlikely that their needs will be considered -at all, for Germany's needs (she the fairy godmother of the Pan-Turk -ideal) must obviously have the first call on such provisions as are -obtainable. Thus, though in February, 1917, there was a daily shortage -in Smyrna of 700 sacks of flour, and the Arab and Greek population was -starving, no flour at all was allowed to be imported into Smyrna. But -simultaneously Germany was making huge purchases of fish, meat, and -flour in Constantinople (paid for in German paper), including 100,000 -sheep. Yet such was the villainous selfishness of the famine-stricken -folk at Adrianople that when the trains containing these supplies -were passing through a mob held them up and sold the contents to the -inhabitants. That, however, was an isolated instance, and in any case -a law was passed in October, 1916, appointing a military commission to -control all supplies. It enacts that troops shall be supplied first, -and specially ordains that the requirements of German troops come under -this head. (Private firms have been expressly prohibited from purchasing -these augmented wheat supplies, but special permission was given in -1915 to German and Austro-Hungarian societies to buy.) A few months -later we find that there are a hundred deaths daily in Constantinople -from starvation and 200 in Smyrna, where there is a complete shortage -of oil. But oil is still being sent to Germany, and during 1916 five -hundred reservoirs of oil were sent there, each containing up to 15,000 -kilogrammes. But Kultur must be supplied first, else Kultur would grow -lean, and the Turkish God of Love will look after the Smyrniotes. It -is no wonder that he blockade of Germany does not produce the desired -result a little quicker, for food is already pouring in from Turkey, -and when the artificial manures have produced their early harvest the -stream will become a torrent. - -But during all these busy and tremendous months of war Germany has not -only been denuding Turkey of her food supplies, for the sake of the -Pan-Turkish ideal; in the same altruistic spirit she has been vastly -increasing the productiveness of her new and most important colony. -There is a great irrigation work going on in Konia, and another at Adana -financed by the Deutsche Bank. Ernst Marre gives us a capital account -of this, for Adana was already linked up with the Bagdad railway in -October, 1916, which was to be the great artery connecting Germany with -the East. There is some considerable shortage of labour there (owing in -part to the Armenian massacres, to which we shall revert presently), -but the financial arrangements are in excellent shape. The whole of the -irrigation works are in German hands and have been paid for by German -paper; and to get the reservoirs, &c., back into her own control it -has been agreed that Turkey, already completely bankrupt, will have to -pay not only what has been spent, but a handsome sum in compensation; -while, as regards shortage of labour, prisoners have been released in -large numbers to work without pay. This irrigation scheme at Adana will -increase the cotton yield by four times the present crop, so we learn -from the weekly Arab magazine, _El Alem el Ismail_, which tells us also -of the electric-power stations erected there. - -The same paper (October, 1916) announces to the Anatolian merchants -that transport is now easy, owing to the arrival of engines and -trucks from Germany, while _Die Zeit_ (February, 1917) prophesies a -prosperous future for this Germane-Turkish cotton combine. Hitherto -Turkey has largely imported cotton from England; now Turkey--thanks to -German capital on terms above stated--will, in the process of internal -development so unselfishly devised for her by Germany, grow cotton for -herself, and be kind enough to give a preferential tariff to Germany. - -A similarly bright future may be predicted for the irrigation scheme -at Konia, where will arise a sugar-beet industry. Artesian wells have -been sunk, and there is the suggestion to introduce Bulgarian labour -in default of Turkish. As we have seen, Hungary attempted to obtain -a monopoly with regard to sugar, but Germany has been victorious on -this point (as on every other when she competes with Hungary) and -has obtained the concession for a period of thirty years. A similar -irrigation scheme is bringing into cultivation the Makischelin Valley, -near Aleppo, and Herr Wied has been appointed as expert for irrigation -plant in Syria. - -Indeed, it would be easier to enumerate the industries and economical -developments of Turkey over which Germany has not at the present -moment got the control than those over which she has. In particular -she has shown a parental interest in Turkish educational questions. -She established last year, under German management, a school for the -study of German in Constantinople; she has put under the protection -of the German Government the Jewish institution at Haifa for technical -education in Palestine; from Sivas a mission of schoolmasters has been -sent to Germany for the study of German methods. Ernst Marre surmises -that German will doubtless become compulsory even in the Turkish -intermediate (secondary) schools. In April, 1917, the first stone of -the "House of Friendship" (!) was laid at Constantinople, the object -of which institution is to create among Turkish students an interest -in everything German, while earlier in the year arrangements were made -for 10,000 Turkish youths to go to Germany to be taught trades. These I -imagine were unfit for military service. With regard to such a scheme -Haul Haled Bey praises the arrangement for the education of Turks in -Germany. When they used to go to France, he tells us, "they lost their -religion" (certainly Prussian Gott is nearer akin to Turkish Allah) "and -returned home unpatriotic and useless. In Germany they will have access -to suitable religious literature" (Gott!) "and must adopt all they see -good in German methods without losing their original characteristics." -Comment on this script is needless. The hand is the hand of Halil Haled -Bey, but the voice is the voice of Prussia! Occasionally, but rarely, -Austrian competition is seen. Professor Schmoller, in an Austrian -quarterly review, shows jealousy of German influence, and we find in -October, 1916, an Ottoman-Austrian college started at Vienna for 250 -pupils of the Ottoman Empire. But Germany has 10,000 in Berlin. At Adana -(where are the German irrigation works) the German-Turkish Society has -opened a German school of 300, while, reciprocally, courses in Turkish -have been organised at Berlin for the sake of future German colonists. -In Constantinople the _Tanin_ announces a course of lectures to be -held by the Turco-German Friendship Society. Professor von Marx, of -Munich, discoursed last April on foreign influence and the development -of nations, with special reference to Turkey and the parallel case of -Germany. - -So much for German education, but her penetrative power extends into -every branch of industry and economics. In November, 1916, a Munich -expert was put in charge of the College of Forestry, and an economic -society was started in Constantinople on German lines with German -instructors. Inoculation against small-pox; typhoid, and cholera was -made compulsory; and we find that the Turkish Ministers of Posts, of -Justice, and of Commerce, figureheads all of them, have as their acting -Ministers Germans. In the same year a German was appointed as expert for -silkworm breeding and for the cultivation of beet. Practically all the -railways in Asia Minor are pure German concerns by right of purchase. -They own the Anatolian railway concession (originally British), with -right to build to Angora and Konia; the Bagdad railway concession, with -preferential rights over minerals; they have bought the Mersina-Adana -railway, with right of linking up to the Bagdad railway; they have -bought the Smyrna-Cassaba railway, built with French capital. They have -secured also the Haidar Pasha Harbour concession, thereby controlling -and handling all merchandise arriving at railhead from the interior of -Asia Minor. Meantime railway construction is pushed on in all directions -under German control, and the Turkish Minister of Finance (August, 1916) -allocates a large sum of paper German money for the construction of -ordinary roads, military roads, local government roads, all of which -are new to Turkey, but which will be useful for the complete German -occupation which is being swiftly consolidated. To stop the mouths of -the people, all political clubs have been suppressed by the Minister -of the Interior, for Prussia does not care for criticism. To supply -German ammunition needs, lead and zinc have been taken from the roofs of -mosques and door-handles from mosque gates, and the iron railings along -the Champs de Mars at Pera have been carted away for the manufacture -of bombs. A Turco-German convention signed in Berlin in January of -this year permits subjects of one country to settle in the other while -retaining their nationality and enjoying trading and other privileges. -In Lebanon Dr. Koenig has opened an agricultural school for Syrians of -all religions. In the Horns district the threatening plague of locusts -in February, 1917, was combated by Germans; and a German expert, Dr. -Bucher, had been already sent to superintend the whole question. For -this concerns supplies to Germany, as does also the ordinance passed -in the same month that two-thirds of all fish caught in the Lebanon -district should be given to the military authorities (these are German) -and that every fish weighing over 6oz. in the Beirut district should be -Korban also. The copper mines at Anghana Maden, near Diarbekr, are busy -exporting their produce into Germany. - -There is no end to this penetration: German water-seekers, with divining -and boring apparatus, accompanied the Turkish expedition into Sinai; -Russian prisoners were sent by Germany for agricultural work in Asia -Minor, to take the place of slaughtered 'Armenians; a German-Turkish -treaty, signed January 11, 1917, gives the whole reorganisation of the -economic system to a special German mission. A Stuttgart journal chants -a characteristic "_Lobgesang_" over this feat. "That is how," it proudly -exclaims, "we work for the liberation of peoples and nationalities." - -In the same noble spirit, we must suppose, German legal reforms were -introduced in December, 1916, to replace the Turkish Shuriat, and in -the same month all the Turks in telegraph offices in Constantinople -were replaced by Germans. Ernst Marre, in his "Turks and Germans after -the War" (1916), gives valuable advice to young Germans settling in -Turkey. He particularly recommends them, knowing how religion is one of -the strongest bonds in this murderous race, to "trade in articles of -devotion, in rosaries, in bags to hold the Koran," and points out what -good business might be built up in gramophones. Earlier in this year -we find a "German Oriental Trading Company" founded for the import of -fibrous materials for needs of military authorities, and a great carpet -business established at Urfa with German machinery that will supplant -the looms at Smyrna. A saltpetre factory is established at Konia by -Herr Toepfer, whose enterprise is rewarded with an Iron Cross and -a Turkish decoration. The afforestation near Constantinople ordered -by the Ministry of Agriculture is put into German hands, and in the -vilayet of Aidin (April, 1916) ninety concessions were granted to German -capitalists to undertake the exploitation of metallic ores. Occasionally -the German octopus finds it has gone too far for the moment and releases -some struggling limb of its victim, as, for instance, when we see that -in September, 1916, the German Director's stamp for the "Imperial German -Great Radio Station" at Damascus has been dis-carded temporarily, as -that station "should be treated for the present as a Turkish concern." - -A "Trading and Weaving Company" was established at Angora in 1916, -an "Import and Export Company" at Smyrna, a "Trading and Industrial -Society" at Beirut, a "Tobacco Trading Company" at Latakieh, an -"Agricultural Company" at Tripolis, a "Corn Exporting Company" in -Lebanon, a "Rebuilding Commission" (perhaps for sacked Armenian houses) -at Konia. More curious yet will be a Tourist's Guide Book--a Baedeker, -in fact--for travellers in Konia and the erection of a monument in -honour of Turkish _women_ who have replaced men called up for military -duty. Truly these last two items--a guide book for Anatolia and a -monument to women--are strange enterprises for Turks. A new Prussian day -is dawning, it seems, for Turkish women as well, for the _Tanin_ (April, -1917) tells us that diplomas are to be conferred on ladies who have -completed their studies in the Technical School at Constantinople. - -It is needless to multiply instances of German penetration: I have but -given the skeleton of this German monster that has fastened itself with -tentacles and suckers on every branch of Turkish industry. There is -none round which it has not cast its feelers--no Semitic moneylender -ever obtained a surer hold on his victim. In matters naval, military, -educational, legal, industrial, Germany has a strangle-hold. Turkey's -life is already crushed out of her, and, as we have seen, it has been -crushed out of her by the benevolent Kultur-mongers who, among all -the Great Powers of Europe, sacrificed their time and their money to -the achievement of the Pan-Turkish ideal. Silently and skilfully they -worked, bamboozling their chief tool, Enver Pasha, even as Enver Pasha -bamboozled us. As long as he was of service to them they retained him; -for his peace of mind at one time they stopped up all letter-boxes -in Constantinople because so many threatening letters were sent him. -But now Enver Pasha seems to have had his day; he became a little -autocratic and thought that he was the head of the Pan-Turkish ideal. -So he was, but the Pan-Turkish ideal had become Pan-Prussian, and he -had not noticed the transformation. Talaat Bey has taken his place; -it is he who in May, 1917, was received by the Emperor William, by -King Ludwig, and by the Austrian Emperor, and he who is the mouthpiece -of the German efforts to make a separate peace with Russia. Under -Czardom, he proclaimed, the existence of Turkey was threatened, but -now the revolution has made friendship possible, for Russia no longer -desires territorial annexation. And, oh, how Turkey would like to be -Russia's friend! Enver Pasha has been thrown aside for contumacy, and -I cannot but think it curious that when on April 2, 1917, he visited -the submarine base at Wilhelmshaven he was very nearly killed in a -motor-accident. But it may have been an accident. Since then I cannot -find that he has taken any more active part in Pan-Turkish ideals than -to open a soup-kitchen in some provincial town. - -I have left to the end of this essay the question of Germany's knowledge -of and complicity in the Armenian massacres. From the tribune of the -Reichstag on January 15, 1916, there was made a definite denial of the -existence of such massacres at all; on another subsequent occasion it -was stated that Germany could not interfere in Turkish internal affairs. - -In view of the fact that there is no internal affair appertaining -to Turkey in which Germany has not interfered, the second of these -statements may be called insincere. But the denial of the massacres is a -deliberate lie. Germany--official Germany--knew all about them, and she -permitted them to go on. The proofs of this are here shortly stated. - -(1) In September, 1915, four months before the denial of the massacres -was made in the Reichstag, Dr. Martin Niepage, higher grade teacher -in the German Technical School at Aleppo, prepared and sent, in his -name and that of several of his colleagues, a report of them to the -German Embassy at Constantinople. In that report he gives a terrible -account of what he has seen with his own eyes, and also states that -the country Turks' explanation with regard to the origination of -those measures is that it is "the teaching of the Germans." The German -Embassy at Constantinople therefore knew of the massacres, and knew -also that the Turks attributed them to orders from Germany. Dr. Niepage -also consulted, before sending his report, with the German Consul at -Aleppo, Herr Hoffman, who told him that the German Embassy had been -already advised in detail about the massacres from the consulates at -Alexandretta, Aleppo, and Mosul, but that he welcomed a further protest -on the subject. - -(2) These reports, or others like them, had not gone astray, for in -August, 1915, the German Ambassador in Constantinople made a formal -protest to the Turkish Government about the massacres. - -There is, then, no doubt that the German Government, when it officially -denied the massacres, was perfectly cognisant of them. It was also -perfectly capable of stopping them, for they were not local violences, -but wholesale murders organised at Constantinople. Germany had indeed -already given assurances that such massacres should not occur. She had -assured the Armenian Katholikos at Adana that so long as Germany had -any influence in Turkey he need not fear a repetition of the horrors -that had taken place under Abdul Hamid. Had she, then, no influence in -Constantinople, or how was it that she had obtained complete control -over all Turkish branches of government? The same assurance was given by -the German Ambassador in April, 1915, to the Armenian Patriarch and the -President of the Armenian National Council. - -So, in support of the Pan-Turkish ideal and in the name of the Turkish -Allah, the God of Love, Germany stood by and let the infamous tale of -lust and rapine and murder be told to its end. The Turks had planned to -exterminate the whole Armenian race except some half-million, who would -be deported penniless to work at agricultural developments under German -rule, but this quality of Turkish mercy was too strained for Major Pohl, -who proclaimed that it was a mistake to spare so many. But he was a -soldier, and did not duly weigh the claims of agriculture. - -The choice was open to Germany; Germany chose, and let the Armenian -massacres go on. But she was in a difficulty. What if the Turkish -Government retorted (perhaps it did so retort), "You are not consistent. -Why do you mind about the slaughter of a few Armenians? What about -Belgium and your atrocities there?" - -And all the ingenuity of the Wilhelmstrasse would not be able to find an -answer to that. - -I do not say that Germany wanted the massacres, for she did not. She -wanted more agricultural labour, and I think that, if only for that -reason, she deprecated them. But she allowed them to go on when it was -in her power to stop them, and all the perfumes of Arabia will not wash -clean her hand from that stinking horror. - -Here, then, are some of the problems which those who, at the end of -the war, will have to deal with the problem of Turkey must tackle. -It is just as well to recognise that at the present moment Turkey is -virtually and actually a German colony, and the most valuable colony -that Germany has ever had. It will not be enough to limit, or rather -abolish, the supremacy of Turkey over aliens and martyrised peoples; -it will be necessary to abolish the supremacy of Germany over Turkey. -To do this the victory of our Allied Nations must be complete, and -Germany's octopus monopoly of Turkish industries severed. Otherwise we -shall immediately be confronted with a Germany that already reaches as -far as Mesopotamia. That is done now; and that, before there can come -any permanent peace for Europe, must be undone. Nothing less than the -complete release of that sucker and tentacle embrace will suffice. - -Printed in Great Britain by THE FIELD & QUEEN (HORACE COX) LTD.. - -Bream's buildings, London, E.C. 4. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Deutschland Ueber Allah, by E. F. Benson - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DEUTSCHLAND UeBER ALLAH *** - -***** This file should be named 43073.txt or 43073.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/3/0/7/43073/ - -Produced by Chuck Greif from scans available at The Internet Archive. - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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