diff options
Diffstat (limited to '42872-0.txt')
| -rw-r--r-- | 42872-0.txt | 15913 |
1 files changed, 15913 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/42872-0.txt b/42872-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ffe1d66 --- /dev/null +++ b/42872-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,15913 @@ +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 42872 *** + +Transcriber's Note: + + Inconsistent hyphenation and spelling in the original document have + been preserved. Obvious typographical errors have been corrected. + + Italic text is denoted by _underscores_. + + This book was printed in a 6-volume set and a 3-volume set. Although + this e-book was from the 6-volume set, the title page refers + to "Vol. III." The index references are to the 3-volume set. + + + + + FROM THE OHIO TO THE GULF. + + VOL. III. + + + + + [Illustration: _Pack Train on the Skaguay Trail, Alaska_] + + + + + _EDITION ARTISTIQUE_ + + The World's Famous + Places and Peoples + + AMERICA + + BY + JOEL COOK + + In Six Volumes + + Volume VI. + + MERRILL AND BAKER + New York London + + + + +THIS EDITION ARTISTIQUE OF THE WORLD'S FAMOUS PLACES AND PEOPLES IS +LIMITED TO ONE THOUSAND NUMBERED AND REGISTERED COPIES, OF WHICH THIS +COPY IS NO. ____ + + + Copyright, Henry T. Coates & Co., 1900 + + + + +LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS + +VOLUME VI + + + PAGE + + PACK TRAIN ON THE SKAGUAY TRAIL, ALASKA _Frontispiece_ + + TYLER-DAVIDSON FOUNTAIN, CINCINNATI, OHIO 332 + + BRIDGE CROSSING THE MISSISSIPPI AT ST. LOUIS 396 + + CLOISTER OF MISSION, SAN JUAN CAPISTRANO 442 + + GATEWAY, GARDEN OF THE GODS, COLORADO 466 + + SITKA, ALASKA, FROM THE SEA 500 + + + + +XIX. + +FROM THE OHIO TO THE GULF. + + The Ohio River -- Economy -- The Harmonists -- Columbiana -- + Wheeling -- Moundsville -- Marietta -- Parkersburg -- + Blennerhassett's Island -- Point Pleasant -- Maysville -- + Blue Grass -- Lexington -- Cincinnati -- Covington -- + Newport -- Dayton -- North Bend -- Carrolton -- Frankfort -- + Kentucky River -- Daniel Boone -- Louisville -- + Jeffersonville -- Bowling Green -- Mammoth Cave -- Nashville + -- Battle of Nashville -- Evansville -- Cairo -- Cumberland + River -- Tennessee River -- Forts Henry and Donelson -- + Battle of Shiloh -- Cumberland Mountains -- Cumberland Gap + -- Mount Mitchell -- Chattanooga -- Missionary Ridge -- + Lookout Mountain -- Chickamauga Park -- The Chickamauga + Battles -- Rosecrans against Bragg -- Battle Above the + Clouds -- Grant Defeats Bragg -- Knoxville -- Parson + Brownlow -- Greenville -- Andrew Johnson -- Roan Mountain -- + Land of the Sky -- Swannanoa River -- Buncombe -- Asheville + -- Biltmore -- Hickory-Nut Gap -- French Broad River -- Hot + Springs -- Spartansburg -- Cowpens -- King's Mountain -- + Charlotte -- Mecklenburg -- Salisbury Prison -- Guilford + Court House -- Chapel Hill -- Durham -- Raleigh -- Columbia + -- Aiken -- Augusta -- Chattahoochee River -- Atlanta -- Its + Siege and Capture -- Sherman's March to the Sea -- Rome -- + Anniston -- Talladega -- Birmingham -- Tuscaloosa -- Macon + -- Andersonville Prison -- Columbus -- West Point -- + Tuskegee -- Alabama River -- Montgomery -- Cotton + Plantations -- Selma -- Meridian -- Jackson -- Tombigbee + River -- Mobile and Its Bay -- Admiral Farragut -- Capture + of Mobile Forts -- The Pine and the Orange. + + +THE OHIO RIVER. + +The Ohio--the Indian "stream white with froth," the French _La Belle +Riviere_--is the greatest river draining the western slopes of the +Alleghenies. Its basin embraces over two hundred thousand square +miles, and it flows for a thousand miles from Pittsburg to the +Mississippi at Cairo. In the upper reaches the Ohio is about twelve +hundred feet wide, broadening below to twenty-four hundred feet, its +depth varying fifty to sixty feet in the stages between low and high +water, and it goes along with smooth and placid current at one to +three miles an hour, having no fall excepting a rocky rapid of +twenty-six feet descent in two miles at Louisville. From Pittsburg it +flows northwest about twenty-six miles at the bottom of a deep canyon +it has carved down in the table land, so that steep and lofty hills +enclose it. Then the river turns west and finally south around the +long and narrow "Panhandle" protruding northward from the State of +West Virginia. It passes through a thriving agricultural region, with +many prosperous cities on its banks, almost everyone having a great +railway bridge carrying over the many lines seeking the west and +south. In its whole course it descends some four hundred feet; its +scenery is largely pastoral and gentle, without the grandeur given by +bold cliffs, although much of the shores are beautiful, and its banks +in various places disclose elevated terraces, indicating that it +formerly flowed at much higher levels, whilst its winding route gives +a constant succession of curves that add to the attractiveness. + +Eighteen miles from Pittsburg is the town of Economy, where are the +fine farms and oil-wells of the quaint community of "Harmonists." +Georg Rapp, of Wurtumberg, believing he was divinely called to restore +the Christian religion to its original purity, established a colony +there on the model of the primitive church, with goods held in common, +which in 1803 he transplanted to Pennsylvania, settling in Butler +County. A few years later they removed to Indiana, but soon came back, +and founded their settlement of Economy in Beaver County in 1824. +Originally they numbered six hundred, and grew very rich, but being +celibates, their community dwindled until there were only eighteen, +who owned a tract of twenty-five hundred acres with valuable buildings +and much personal property, so that if divided it was estimated each +would have more than $100,000. The baby "Harmonist" then was over +sixty years old, and to perpetuate the community, in 1888 they began +accepting proselytes, who assumed all the obligations with vows of +celibacy, and thus the number was increased to fifty. Economy is a +sleepy village, its vine-covered houses built with gables towards the +street and without front doors, all being entered from side-yards. +They now labor but little themselves, their factories are silent, and +their noted brand of Pennsylvania "Economy whiskey" is no longer +distilled. Their church-bell rings them up at five o'clock in the +morning, they breakfast at six, and at seven the bell again rings for +the farmhands to go to work. At nine the bell summons them to lunch, +at twelve to dinner, at three to lunch again, at six to supper, and at +nine in the evening it finally warns the village to go to bed. They +have a noted wine-cellar, and none drink water, but they give all the +hands wine and cider, and present cake and wine to every visitor. At +the church service, the men sit on one side and the women on the +other, and when a "Harmonist" dies he is wrapped in a winding-sheet +and buried in the "white graveyard," no tombstone marking the grave. +They have recently suffered from litigation, others trying to get a +share of their wealth, but they live quietly, awaiting the final +summons, firm in their faith, and thoroughly believing its cardinal +principle that their last survivor will see the end of the world. + + +GOING DOWN THE OHIO. + +Having crossed the Pennsylvania western boundary, the Ohio River +separates West Virginia from the State of Ohio, passing a region which +seems mournful from the many abandoned oil-derricks displayed near the +banks for a long distance. The Ohio shore is Columbiana County, a name +fancifully compounded by an early State Legislature from "Columbus" +and "Anna;" and it is recorded that when the subject was pending one +member proposed to add "Maria," so that the euphonious whole would be +"Columbianamaria." His effort failed, however. At the various towns, +the railroads come out from the mountain regions of West Virginia, +bringing the bituminous coal for shipment. Ninety-four miles below +Pittsburg is Wheeling, the metropolis of West Virginia, a busy +manufacturing city of forty thousand people. Farther down, in the +midst of the flats adjoining the river, at Moundsville, is the great +Indian Mound, a relic of the prehistoric inhabitants of this region +standing up eighty feet high and being eight hundred and twenty feet +in circumference at the base. In this mound were found two sepulchral +chambers containing three skeletons. At Benwood, near by, one branch +of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad crosses the river to Bellaire in +Ohio. The Muskingum River, coming out of the heart of the State, flows +in at Marietta, a stream thus named by the Delaware Indians when they +first came to this region, from the abundance of elk and deer who +could be approached near enough to see their eyes, Muskingum meaning +"elk's eyes." Marietta is the oldest town in Ohio, settled in 1788 by +a colony sent out by the "Ohio Company" of New England, which had been +granted many square miles of land along the river. This colony of +forty-seven Yankee pioneers marched over the Alleghenies, floated down +the Ohio on a flatboat which they called the "Mayflower," and landing +at the mouth of the Muskingum, their first act was writing a set of +laws and nailing them to a tree, and in this code naming their +settlement in honor of Marie Antoinette, the Queen of France. A +company of troops in a little stockade fort protected them from the +Indians. Here they found a curious mass of ancient fortifications, +relics of the prehistoric mound-builders--a square enclosed by a wall +of earth ten feet high, having twelve entrances, a covered way, +bulwarks to defend the gateways, and other elaborate works, including +a moat fifteen feet wide defended by a parapet. Thirteen miles below, +the Little Kanawha River flows in at Parkersburg, and here the other +branch of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad crosses on a massive bridge, +a mile and a half long, over the river and lowlands. This is the +entrepot of a great petroleum district which gives the town a large +trade, and they are said to be still striking in the Ritchie County +oilfield thousand-barrel wells. In the river two miles below is the +noted Blennerhassett's Island, where that gentleman, an Irishman of +distinction, built himself a splendid mansion and made a fine estate +in 1798. When Aaron Burr afterwards concocted his notorious +conspiracy, he induced Blennerhassett to invest his fortune in the +scheme. Whilst not convicted of treason, Burr's dupe was irretrievably +ruined and his house and estate fell into decay. + +The Great Kanawha flows in, the chief river of West Virginia, at Point +Pleasant, the Indian "rapid river," and it is now the outlet of one of +the leading coal-fields, the New River district, in its upper waters, +the navigation being maintained by an elaborate system of locks and +movable dams. At the mouth was fought the severest battle with the +Indians in the Ohio Valley, the tribes from beyond the river attacking +the troops, but being beaten off after great bloodshed. Huntington is +beyond, where the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway comes out to the Ohio, +after having passed Charleston, the West Virginia State capital, fifty +miles up the Kanawha. The Big Sandy River enters below, the boundary +of Kentucky, and beyond is the mouth of the Scioto on the Ohio bank, +where the terminus of the Lake Erie and Ohio Canal gave the start to +the city of Portsmouth, having twenty thousand people. Maysville, to +the westward on the Kentucky shore, is a leading hemp-market, and one +of the towns supplying the famous "Blue Grass Region." The river banks +here are very attractive and are backed by ranges of hills. Stretching +southward from the shores are extensive green parks, with few fences +and only occasional green fields, displaying majestic trees, one of +the best grazing districts in America, the wealth of the inhabitants +being in their flocks. Some distance back from the river the blue +grass begins, so named from its blue tinge when in blossom, the +district occupying ten thousand square miles in five Kentucky +counties, the soil being very rich and the extensive pastures lined by +hemp and tobacco fields. Stock farms abound, and Lexington is the +metropolis of the district, a thriving town of twenty-five thousand +people, about eighty miles south of the Ohio, an important horse and +cattle market, and also famous for its distilleries of the native +Bourbon whiskies. Here is the noted race-track of the "Kentucky +Horse-Breeders' Association," and in this district are raised the +greatest racing horses of America. Probably the leading stock farm is +at Ashland, a short distance out of town, where Henry Clay long had +his home. Lexington received its name from having been founded in 1775 +about the time of the battle of Lexington. It has a fine monument to +Henry Clay, who died in 1852, and it is also the seat of the +University of Kentucky, with eight hundred students. + + +THE CITY OF CINCINNATI. + +Sixty miles below Maysville the Licking River flows out of Kentucky, +and on the opposite Ohio shore, built upon the magnificent +amphitheatre of hills rising tier upon tier, and surrounded by +villa-crowned heights elevated five hundred feet as a background, is +Ohio's metropolis, Cincinnati, the Queen City. It spreads fourteen +miles along the river, one of the most important manufacturing and +commercial centres of the West, and is fronted by Covington and +Newport on the Kentucky shore, the Licking River dividing them. John +Cleves Symmes, a prominent American in the eighteenth century, bought +from the Government after the Revolution a large tract of land in Ohio +between the Great and Little Miami Rivers, known as "Symmes' +Purchase." His nephew and namesake was the noted author of the "Theory +of Concentric Spheres," which was called in derision "Symmes's Hole," +and he afterwards died on this tract, being buried there with a +monument surmounted, according to his pet theory, by a globe open at +the poles. The people interested in the land purchase decided to +establish a settlement opposite the mouth of the Licking, and they +gave it the pedantic name of Losantiville, a word ingeniously +contrived to describe its position by using the "L" signifying Licking +River, "os" the mouth, "anti" opposite, and "ville" a city. General +St. Clair, however, came along afterwards to establish a military post +in his campaign against the Indians, and being prominently identified +with the Society of the Cincinnati, he gave the place that name. It +was for many years a small collection of log cabins, and had only slow +growth until steamboating began on the Ohio, when it rapidly expanded, +receiving an additional impetus from the opening of the Miami Canal +connecting with Lake Erie in 1830 and from the great development of +the western railway systems after 1840. Its earlier inhabitants came +largely from the Atlantic States and Kentucky, but subsequently there +was a great German influx, so that a considerable district north of +the Miami Canal is their special home, and is familiarly known as +"Over the Rhine." The Civil War gave the city a serious set-back by +destroying its extensive Southern trade, but it has since greatly +grown, and now has a population of four hundred thousand. The +immediate advantage of location comes from having around it a district +of a hundred miles radius which is one of the most fertile in America. + +The Fountain Square at Fifth Street may be regarded as the business +centre of Cincinnati, this being an expansion of the street, having +upon a spacious esplanade the grand bronze Tyler-Davidson Fountain, +the gift of a prominent townsman, which was cast at the Royal Bronze +Foundry in Munich and is one of the noblest fountains existing. To the +northward is the granite United States Government Building which cost +$5,000,000, while farther inland is the red Romanesque City Hall, with +a lofty tower, erected at an expense of $1,600,000. The high hills +enclosing Cincinnati give grand outlooks, and upon them are the finest +parts of the city. They are reached by inclined-plane railways from +the lower grounds, as well as by winding roadways. Upon these hills to +the eastward is Eden Park, a fine pleasure-ground of over two hundred +acres containing the water reservoirs and an elaborate Art Museum, of +handsome architecture, surmounted by a red-tiled roof. The famous +Rookwood Pottery is also on these eastern hills. To the northward +is Mount Auburn, and beyond, the Clifton Heights with the Burnet +Woods Park, a fine natural forest. These high encircling hills, +diversified by ravines, give to suburban Cincinnati a singularly +picturesque and beautiful environment, being covered by attractive and +costly villas surrounded by lawns and gardens, making throughout a +most delicious park. The Spring Grove Cemetery, about five miles to +the northwest, covers a square mile, and is an appropriate home of the +dead, having elaborate monuments, of which the finest is the Dexter +Mausoleum, a Gothic chapel of grand proportions and splendid +decoration. Five great bridges span the Ohio in front of Cincinnati, +crossing over to the Kentucky shore at Covington and Newport, where +there are seventy thousand people, the United States military post of +Fort Thomas being upon the hills behind Newport. Up the Great Miami, +sixty miles to the northward, and at its confluence with Mad River, is +Dayton, a busy manufacturing and railway centre, having seventy +thousand people. It is the location of the Central National Soldiers' +Home, where there are several thousand old soldiers, the spacious +buildings, in an attractive park of seven hundred acres, standing +prominently on the hills sloping up from the Miami River to the +westward of the city. + + [Illustration: Tyler-Davidson Fountain, Cincinnati, O.] + + +CINCINNATI TO LOUISVILLE. + +North Bend on the Ohio River, fifteen miles from Cincinnati, was the +home of General William Henry Harrison, and upon a commanding hill is +his tomb, a modest structure of brick. The family mansion built in +1814, to which he brought his bride, is still preserved, and in it +were born his son John Scott Harrison and his grandson, President +Benjamin Harrison. To the westward the Great Miami River flows in at +the boundary between Ohio and Indiana. Some distance farther down, at +Carrolton, is the mouth of the Kentucky River, which named the "Blue +Grass State," a beautiful stream, having upon its banks, sixty miles +south of the Ohio, the Kentucky capital, Frankfort. The name of this +river comes from the Iroquois word _Kentake_, meaning "among the +meadows," in allusion to a large and almost treeless tract in the +southern part of the State from which the river flows, called by the +pioneers "the Barrens." To this region first came the famous hunter +Daniel Boone, who had been born in Berks County, Pennsylvania, in +1735, but went in early life to North Carolina. In 1769, being of a +roving disposition, he crossed the mountains with five companions and +penetrated the forests of Kentucky, the first white men who trod them. +He was captured by the Indians, but escaped, returning to North +Carolina after wandering and hunting through Kentucky over a year. He +finally moved with some others, all taking their families, into +Kentucky in 1773, settling on the upper Kentucky River, and building a +defensive fort there at Boonesborough in 1775. The Indians repeatedly +attacked the place and were repulsed, but finally, in 1778, they +captured Boone, taking him northward to Detroit. Again he escaped, +returning later in the year, having another combat with the Indians at +his fort and defeating them. For seventeen years afterwards he hunted +in Kentucky, and his name and exploits became a household word; but +there was a large migration into the region from Virginia and +elsewhere, and the increased population was crowding the old hunter +too much, so he went west in 1795 to Missouri, settling beyond St. +Louis. He had received large land grants in both States, and had +various legal conflicts, losing much of his property, but he lived in +Missouri the remainder of his life, dying there on his farm in 1820 at +the age of eighty-five. Being the founder of Kentucky, that State in +1845, as the result of a popular movement, brought back the remains of +the old hunter, and they were interred near Frankfort, alongside the +river he loved so well. + +The Ohio River flows westward past Madison, a thriving manufacturing +town on the Indiana bank, and then sweeps around a grand curve to the +south in its approach to the Kentucky metropolis, Louisville. The view +of Louisville and Jeffersonville, opposite in Indiana, is very fine, +as the visitor comes towards them down the river. The Ohio is a mile +wide, and the Kentucky hills which lined it above, here recede from +the bank, and do not come out to it again for twenty miles, leaving +an almost level plain several miles in width, and elevated some +distance above the water, upon which Louisville is built, spreading +along the shore for eight miles in a graceful crescent. The rapids at +the lower end of the city cover the whole width of the river, and go +down twenty-six feet in two miles, making a series of foaming cascades +in ordinary stages of water, but being almost entirely obliterated in +times of freshet, when the steamboats can pass down them. A long canal +cut through the rocks provides safe navigation around them. An +expedition of thirteen families of Virginia, under Colonel George +Rogers Clarke, floated down the Ohio on flatboats in 1778, and halting +at the falls, settled there, at first on an island, but afterwards on +the southern shore. This began the town which in 1780 was named by the +Virginia Legislature in honor of the French King Louis XVI., who was +then actively aiding the American Revolution. The Ohio River +steamboating began the city's rapid growth, which was further swelled +by the later development of railway traffic, and it now has two +hundred and fifty thousand population. There is a large southern trade +in provisions and supplies, and it is probably the greatest +leaf-tobacco market in the world, being also the distributing depot +for the Kentucky whiskies. There are, besides, other prominent +branches of manufacture. Its foliage-lined and lawn-bordered streets +in the residential section are very attractive and a notable feature. +The chief public buildings are the Court House and the City Hall, the +former adorned by a statue of the Kentucky statesman Henry Clay. Its +great disaster was a frightful tornado, which swept a path of +desolation through the heart of the city in March, 1900, killing +seventy-six persons and destroying property estimated at $3,000,000. +Its most famous citizen was George D. Prentice, poet, editor and +politician, whose monument, a Grecian canopy of marble, is in Cave +Hill Cemetery, prettily laid out on the hills to the eastward. The +city has an environment of pleasant parks, and three fine bridges span +the Ohio in front, crossing to the suburban towns of Jeffersonville +and New Albany over on the Indiana shore. Five miles east of +Louisville lived General Zachary Taylor, old "Rough and Ready," who +commanded the army of the United States in the conquest of Mexico, and +died while President in 1850. He is buried near his old home. + + +LOUISVILLE TO NASHVILLE. + +Southward from Louisville runs the railroad to Nashville, and +proceeding along it, Green River is reached, which, flowing northwest, +falls into the Ohio near Evansville. At the Green River crossing were +fought the initial skirmishes of the Civil War, in various conflicts +between the western armies of Generals Buell and Bragg in 1862. +Farther southwestward is Bowling Green, now a quiet agricultural town, +but then a location at the crossing of Barren River of great strategic +importance, it having been occupied and strongly fortified by the +Confederates in 1861, to defend the approach to Nashville. But after +the capture of Forts Henry and Donelson in February, 1862, the +Confederates being outflanked abandoned the town, retiring southward. +Between these places, and adjoining Green River, about ninety miles +south of Louisville, is the famous Mammoth Cave of Kentucky. This is +the largest known cavern in the world, extending for a distance of +nine or ten miles, the various avenues that have been explored having +a total length approximating two hundred miles. The carboniferous +limestones of Kentucky, in which the cave is located, occupy an area +of eight thousand square miles, and the geologists estimate that there +are probably a hundred thousand miles of open caverns beneath this +surface. There is a hotel near the cave entrance, and it has several +thousand visitors annually. Its mouth is reached by passing down a +rocky ravine through the forest, and is a sort of funnel-shaped +opening about a hundred feet in diameter at the top, with steep walls +fifty feet high. A hunter accidentally discovered the cave in 1809, +and for years afterwards it was entered chiefly to obtain nitre for +the manufacture of gunpowder, especially during the War of 1812, the +nitre being found in deposits on the cave floor, mainly near the +entrance, and owing its origin to the accumulation of animal remains, +mostly of bats, in which the cave abounds. It subsequently became a +resort for sight-seers, and yields its owners a good revenue. + +Upon entering the cave, the first impression is made by a chaos of +limestone formations, moist with water oozing from above, and then is +immediately felt what is known as "the breath" of the cave. It has +pure air and an even temperature of 52° to 56°, and this is maintained +all the year round. In summer the relatively cooler air flows out of +the entrance, while in winter the colder air outside is drawn in, and +this makes the movement of "the breath," at once apparent from the +difference of temperature and currents of wind when passing the +entrance. For nearly a half-mile within are seen the remains of the +Government nitre-works, the vats being undecayed, while ruts of +cart-wheels are traceable on the floor. The Rotunda is then entered, a +hall seventy-five feet high and one hundred and sixty feet across, +beginning the main cave, and out of which avenues lead in various +directions. The vast interior beyond contains a succession of +wonderful avenues, chambers, domes, abysses, grottoes, lakes, rivers, +cataracts, stalactites, etc., remarkable for size and extraordinary +appearance, though they are neither as brilliant nor as beautiful as +similar things seen in some other caves. But their gigantic scale is +elsewhere unsurpassed. There are eyeless fish and crawfish, and a +prolific population of bats. In the subterranean explorations there +are two routes usually followed, a short one of eight miles and +another of twenty miles. Various appropriate names are given the +different parts of the cave, and curious and interesting legends are +told about them, one of the tales being of the "Bridal Chamber," which +got its name because an ingenious maiden who had promised at the +deathbed of her mother she would not marry any man on the face of the +earth, came down here and was wedded. Bayard Taylor wrote of this +Mammoth Cave, "No description can do justice to its sublimity, or +present a fair picture of its manifold wonders; it is the greatest +natural curiosity I have ever visited, Niagara not excepted." + +Seventy miles south of Bowling Green, at the Cumberland River, and +occupying the hills adjoining both banks, is Nashville, the capital +and largest city of Tennessee, having eighty thousand population. It +is in an admirable situation, and is known as the "Rock City," its +most prominent building, the State Capitol, standing upon an abrupt +yet symmetrical hill, rising like an Indian mound and overlooking the +entire city, its high tower seen from afar. In the grounds are the +tomb of President James K. Polk, who died in 1849 and whose home was +in Nashville, and a fine bronze equestrian statue of General Andrew +Jackson, the most famous Tennesseean, whose residence, the Hermitage, +was eleven miles to the eastward. Nashville has considerable +manufactures, but is chiefly known as the leading educational city of +the South. The most prominent institution is the Vanderbilt +University, attended by eight hundred students and endowed by +Commodore Cornelius Vanderbilt with $1,000,000, his colossal statue, +unveiled in 1897, standing on the campus. The University of Nashville, +originally begun by charter of the North Carolina Legislature as an +Academy in 1785, has four hundred students in its Normal Department, +which trains teachers for Southern schools, and as many more in its +Medical Department. There are also the Fisk University, Roger Williams +University, and Central Tennessee College, all endowments for colored +students and having about thirteen hundred in attendance. The city has +various other educational institutions and public buildings, and in +the southwestern suburbs is the famous Belle Meade stock-farm, where +was bred Iroquois, the only American horse that was a winner of the +English Derby. Nashville was in the midst of the Civil War, and four +miles to the northward is a National Cemetery with over sixteen +thousand soldiers' graves. The great battle of Nashville was fought +just south of the city December 15 and 16, 1864. In November of that +year General Sherman had captured Atlanta, Georgia, to the southeast, +and the Confederate General Hood, who had lost it, marched in +Sherman's rear northward and began an invasion of Tennessee, advancing +upon Nashville and forcing General George H. Thomas to fall back +within its fortifications south of the Cumberland. For two weeks +little was done, the weather preventing, but Thomas suddenly attacked, +and in the two days' battle worsted Hood and put his army to flight, +pursuing them over the boundary into Alabama, where the remnants +escaped across the Tennessee River, a demoralized rabble. Hood's army +being thus destroyed, Sherman, who had been waiting at Atlanta, began +his famous march to the sea. + +The Ohio River below Louisville passes Evansville, the chief town of +southwestern Indiana, having sixty thousand people and a large trade. +A short distance beyond, the Wabash River flows in, the boundary +between Indiana and Illinois. Shawneetown in southern Illinois and +Paducah in Kentucky are passed, and the Ohio River finally discharges +its waters into the Mississippi at Cairo, the southern extremity of +Illinois, the town being built upon a long, low peninsula protruding +between the two great rivers, around which extensive levees have been +constructed to prevent inundation. The place has about twelve thousand +people and considerable manufacturing industry. All about is an +extensive prairie land, which in times of great spring freshets is +generally overflowed. + + +CUMBERLAND AND TENNESSEE RIVERS. + +A large portion of the waters brought down by the Ohio come from its +two great affluents flowing in almost alongside each other on the +southern bank, just above Paducah, the Cumberland and Tennessee +Rivers. The Cumberland has its sources in the Cumberland Mountains, +the eastern boundary of Kentucky, and flows for six hundred and fifty +miles, the whole length of that State, making a wide, sweeping circuit +down into Tennessee, where it passes Nashville, at the head of +steamboat navigation, two hundred miles from its mouth. For twenty +miles above their mouths, in their lower courses, these two great +rivers are rarely more than three miles apart. The Tennessee is twelve +hundred miles long from its head stream, the Holston River, rising in +the mountains east of Kentucky and Tennessee. It comes through East +Tennessee, makes a great bend down into Alabama, and then coming up +northward flows through Tennessee and Kentucky to the Ohio. It is +navigable for nearly three hundred miles to the Mussel Shoals at +Florence, Alabama, where canals and locks have improved the navigation +for twenty miles past the shoals, and it can also be navigated for +eight hundred miles above, excepting at very low stages of water. Its +name signifies "the river of the Great Bend," and it was also called +in early times the "river of the Cherokees." + +It was by the capture of Fort Donelson, near the mouth of the +Cumberland River, that General Grant gained his early fame in the +Civil War. The Confederates erected strong defensive works on the two +rivers in order to prevent an invasion of Western Kentucky and +Tennessee. The places selected were about forty miles south of the +Ohio--Fort Henry being built on the eastern bank of the Tennessee +River and Fort Donelson on the western bank of the Cumberland, twelve +miles apart, and connected by a direct road. A combined land and naval +attack was made on these forts in February, 1862, under command of +General Grant and Commodore Foote. Fort Henry was easily captured by +Foote's gunboats on February 6th after an hour's action, most of the +garrison retreating across the neck of land to Fort Donelson. Grant +then invested Fort Donelson, being reinforced until he had +twenty-seven thousand men, and he attacked so vigorously that after a +severe battle on the 15th he effected a lodgement in the Confederate +lines and severely crippled them. Part of the garrison escaped +southward during the night, and in the morning General Buckner, +commanding, asked for an armistice and commissioners to arrange a +capitulation. To this Grant made his noted reply, "No terms except +unconditional and immediate surrender can be accepted; I propose to +move immediately upon your works." Having no alternative, Buckner +surrendered. The Union army captured fourteen thousand prisoners, a +vast amount of small arms and stores, and sixty-five cannon. Almost +immediately afterwards the Confederates practically abandoned Western +Kentucky and Tennessee, and Grant moved his army up the Tennessee +River, and by the middle of March it was encamped to the westward and +along the banks, near the southern Tennessee border, the lines +extending several miles from Shiloh Church to Pittsburg Landing. The +Confederates under A. S. Johnston and Beauregard were at Corinth, +Mississippi, about twenty miles to the southwest. The Union plan was +that General Buell, who was coming southwestward from Nashville, +should join Grant, and then an advance southward be made. The +Confederates, having learned of the plan, early in April decided to +attack Grant before Buell could join him, and on the morning of the +6th the onslaught began, the Union army being surprised. This was the +great battle of Shiloh, in which the Union forces were pushed back +with heavy loss on the first day. Buell arrived, however, crossing the +Tennessee that night and joining, so that next day, after a stubborn +battle, Grant recovered his position, and the Confederates retreated +to Corinth. In this battle the losses were about twenty-five thousand +killed, wounded and missing, including three thousand Union prisoners +taken. + +The Cumberland Mountains, dividing Virginia from Kentucky, and +extending farther southwest to separate East from Middle Tennessee, +are the main watershed between the upper waters and sources of the two +great rivers. This range is an elevated plateau rising about a +thousand feet above the neighboring country and two thousand feet +above the sea, the flat top being in some parts fifty miles across. On +both sides the cliffs are precipitous, being much notched on the +western declivities. Pioneer hunters coming out of Virginia discovered +these mountains and the river in 1748, giving them the name of the +Duke of Cumberland, the hero of Culloden, then the prominent military +leader of England. These explorers came through the remarkable notch +cut part way down in the range on the Kentucky-Tennessee boundary, +just at the western extremity of Virginia,--the Cumberland Gap. This +cleft, five hundred feet deep, is in some places only wide enough for +a road, and extends for six miles through the ridge. It was for over a +century the highway from southwestern Virginia into East Tennessee and +southeastern Kentucky, being previously the trail followed by the +Cherokees and other Indians in their movements east and west of the +mountains. Through it came Daniel Boone and his companions from North +Carolina into Kentucky, and the pass naturally became a great +battleground of the Civil War. It is now utilized as the route for a +branch of the Southern Railway from East Tennessee into Kentucky, +traversing the Gap at about sixteen hundred feet elevation. In one +place this road passes through a tunnel of over a half-mile, beginning +in Tennessee, going under the corner of Virginia, and coming out in +Kentucky. Iron is in abundance all about the Gap. During the war it +was fortified by the Confederates, but in June, 1862, they were +compelled to abandon it, and the Union troops took possession, being +in turn forced out the following September. In September, 1863, the +Union armies besieged and captured it, holding the Gap till the end of +the war. The great curiosity of Cumberland Gap was the Pinnacle Rock, +overhanging the narrow pass in a commanding position. This huge rock, +weighing hundreds of tons, fell on Christmas night, 1899, awakening +the village at the Gap as if by an earthquake, though no one was +injured. + + +CHATTANOOGA AND ITS BATTLES. + +The great Allegheny ranges, stretching from northeast to southwest, +attain their highest altitude in western North Carolina. They come +down southwestward out of Virginia in the Blue Ridge and other ranges, +forming a high plateau, having the Blue Ridge on the eastern side, and +on the western, forming the boundary between North Carolina and +Tennessee, the chain known in various parts as the Stony, Iron, Great +Smoky and Unaka Mountains, while beyond, to the northwest, the +Cumberland Mountains extend in a parallel range through East +Tennessee. There are also various cross-chains, among them the Black +Mountains. In these ranges are eighty-two peaks that rise above five +thousand feet and forty-three exceeding six thousand feet. The highest +mountains of the Blue Ridge in North Carolina are the Grandfather and +the Pinnacle, rising nearly six thousand feet. In the Great Smoky +Mountains, Clingman's Dome is sixty-six hundred and sixty feet high +and Mount Guyot sixty-six hundred and thirty-six feet. The highest +peak of all is in the Black Mountains, and it is the highest east of +the Rockies, Mount Mitchell rising sixty-six hundred and eighty-eight +feet. Between and among these ranges are the sources of Tennessee +River, in the Clinch River, the Holston and its North Fork, and the +French Broad, their head streams coming westward out of Virginia and +North Carolina through the mountain passes. The extensive mountain +region they drain in North Carolina and East Tennessee is a most +attractive district, noted as a health resort, and famous for the +sturdy independence of its people, while along the Tennessee and upon +the mountains near it were fought some of the greatest battles of the +Civil War. + +Upon the Tennessee River, at the head of navigation, and near the +junction-point of the three States, Tennessee, Alabama and Georgia, is +Chattanooga, the Indian "crow's nest," now a busy manufacturing city +and a great railroad centre, served by no less than nine different +roads diverging in all directions, the iron, coal and timber of the +neighboring country having given it an impetus that has brought a +population of fifty thousand. This city has had all its development +since the Civil War, and is the seat of Grant University of the +Methodist Church, attended by six hundred students. It borders the +river winding along the base of the Missionary Ridge and the famous +Lookout Mountain. The battlefields upon them have been placed in +control of a Government Commission, who have laid out the Chickamauga +and Chattanooga Military Park, restoring all the roads used by troops +during the battles, and marking the points of interest and the +locations of regiments and batteries by tablets and monuments. There +are sixty miles of driveways on the field, which embraces over five +thousand acres of woodland cleared of underbrush and fifteen hundred +acres of open ground. Here have been identified and accurately laid +down the brigade lines of battle of seven distinct and successive +engagements in the series of terrific contests that were fought, all +of them being plainly marked. The fighting positions of batteries for +both sides have been indicated by the location of guns of the same +pattern as those used in the engagement. There are thus marked +thirty-five battery positions on one side and thirty-three on the +other, mounting over two hundred guns. The restoration to the +conditions existing at the times of the battles is almost complete, +both the Northern and Southern States that had troops engaged, +actively aiding the historical labor. Lookout Mountain rises to the +south of the city, its summit being over twenty-one hundred feet high, +and it commands a superb view, extending over seven States. +Inclined-plane railways ascend it, and there is a hotel at the top, +and also another railway along the crest of the ridge. Upon the summit +of this mountain, which is almost a plateau, the boundaries of the +three States come together, and it overlooks to the northward the +plain of Chattanooga and the windings of Tennessee River, traced far +to the southwest along the base of the ridge into Alabama. The +favorite post for the magnificent view from the mountain top is Point +Rock, a jutting promontory of massive stone reared on high, and +overhanging like a balcony the deep valley. Far beneath, the river in +its grand and graceful sweeping curves forms the famous Moccasin Bend, +which almost enfolds the city of Chattanooga, and then spreads beyond, +fringed with forest and field, a waving silvery gleaming thread, until +lost to view. + +Beyond Missionary Ridge is the battlefield of Chickamauga, the "river +of death," a stream flowing up from Georgia into the Tennessee, about +twelve miles east of Chattanooga. General Rosecrans commanded the +Union forces holding Chattanooga in 1863 and General Bragg the +opposing Confederates. The conflict began September 19th by the +Confederates attempting to turn Rosecrans' left wing and get +possession of the roads leading into Chattanooga, and it continued +fiercely for two days, when the Union forces withdrew, and the result +was a nominal victory for the Confederates on the field, although +Chattanooga and East Tennessee, the prize for which the battle was +fought, remained in possession of the Union forces. This was one of +the bloodiest battles of the war, thirty-four thousand being killed +and wounded on both sides out of one hundred and twelve thousand +engaged. Immediately after the battle, Rosecrans withdrew behind the +fortifications of Chattanooga, while Bragg moved up and occupied +positions upon Missionary Ridge and Lookout Mountain, extending his +flanks to the Tennessee River above and below the city. He cut the +communications westward, and the Union army was practically blockaded +and in danger of starvation. Rosecrans was relieved and Grant took +command. He ordered Sherman to join him, coming up from the southwest, +and by the close of October had opened communication along the +Tennessee River and secured ample supplies. Bragg, who felt he was in +strong position, detached Longstreet with a large force to go +northeast in November and attack Burnside at Knoxville. Sherman's army +joined Grant on the 23d, and next day the battle began on Lookout +Mountain, continuing on the 25th on Missionary Ridge, and Bragg was +driven out of his position and his army pursued in disorder through +the mountains, over six thousand prisoners being taken. As the Union +forces ascended Lookout Mountain in the mist, this has been called the +"Battle above the Clouds." Burnside was afterwards relieved at +Knoxville, and these decisive victories, which broke the Confederate +power in Tennessee, resulted in Grant being made a Lieutenant General +the next year and placed in command of all the armies of the United +States. + +At the head of navigation for steamboats on the Tennessee River is +Knoxville, the chief city of East Tennessee, in a fine location among +the foothills of the Clinch Mountains, which are a sort of offshoot of +the Cumberland range. This was the spot where General Knox, then +Secretary of War, in the latter part of the eighteenth century made a +treaty with the Indians of the upper Tennessee, and the village which +grew there was named after him. It is the centre of the Tennessee +marble district, shipping hundreds of thousands of tons of this +beautiful stone all over the country. It also has coal and iron and +other industries, and a population of over forty thousand. Here are +the buildings of the University of Tennessee, with five hundred +students, and also an Agricultural College. Knoxville was the rallying +point of Union sentiment in East Tennessee during the Civil War, and +its most noted citizen was Parson William G. Brownlow, a Methodist +clergyman and political editor, whose caustic articles earned for him +the sobriquet of the "fighting Parson." He was Governor of Tennessee +and Senator after the war, and died in Knoxville in 1877. The famous +Davy Crockett was also a resident of that city. Twelve miles west of +Knoxville, at Low's Ferry, Admiral Farragut was born, July 5, 1801, +and a marble shaft marking the place was dedicated by Admiral Dewey in +May, 1900. A short distance above Knoxville the Tennessee River is +formed by the union of the Holston and French Broad Rivers. Following +up the Holston, we come to Morristown, and beyond to Greenville, +where, in sight of the railway, are the grave and monument of +President Andrew Johnson, who lived there the greater part of his +life, and died there in 1875. His residence and the little wooden +tailor shop where he worked are still preserved. High mountains are +all about, and to the eastward from Johnson City a narrow-gauge +railway ascends through the romantic canyon of Doe River, in places +fifteen hundred feet deep, up the Roan Mountain to Cranberry. This +line is known in the neighborhood, on account of its crookedness, as +the "Cranberry Stem-Winder." On the summit of Roan Mountain is the +Cloudland Hotel, at an elevation of more than sixty-three hundred +feet, the highest human habitation east of the Rockies, and having a +magnificent view. It is a curious circumstance that the boundary line +between Tennessee and North Carolina on the mountain top runs through +the hotel, and is painted a broad white band along the dining-room +floor, while out of the windows are views for a hundred miles in +almost every direction. + + +THE LAND OF THE SKY. + +We have come to the famous region in Western North Carolina, the +resort for health and pleasure, the "Land of the Sky," sought both in +winter and summer on account of its pure, bracing atmosphere and +equable climate, and where eighty thousand visitors go in a year. +Between the Unaka and Great Smoky range of mountains which is the +western North Carolina boundary, and the Blue Ridge to the eastward, +there is a long and diversified plateau with an average elevation of +two thousand feet, stretching two hundred and fifty miles from +northeast to southwest, and having a width of about twenty-five miles. +Various mountain spurs cross it between the ranges from one towards +the other, and numerous rivers rising in the Blue Ridge flow westward +over it and break through picturesque gorges in the Great Smoky +Mountains to reach the Tennessee River, the most noted of these +streams being the French Broad. From any commanding point along the +Great Smoky range there may be seen stretching to the east and south a +vast sea of ridges, peaks and domes. No single one dominates, but most +all of them reach nearly the same altitude, appearing like the waves +in a choppy sea, the ranges growing gradually less distinct as they +are more distant. The whole region seems to be covered with a mantle +of dark forest, excepting an occasional clearing or patch of +lighter-colored grass. Very few rocky ledges appear, so that the +slopes are smoothed and softened by the generous vegetation. The +atmosphere also tends to the same result, the blue haze, so rarely +absent, giving the names both to the Blue Ridge and the Great Smoky +Mountains. This haze softens everything and imparts the effect of +great distance to peaks but a few miles away. Thus the remarkable +atmospheric influence produces more impressive views than are got from +greater peaks and longer distances in a clearer air elsewhere. The +most elevated peak of the district, Mount Mitchell, rises four hundred +and twenty-five feet higher than Mount Washington in the White +Mountains. It was named for Professor Elisha Mitchell, who was an +early explorer, a native of Connecticut, and Professor in the +University of North Carolina, who lost his life during a storm on the +mountain in 1857, and is buried at the summit. From its sides the +beautiful Swannanoa River, the Indian "running water," flows eighteen +miles westward to fall into the French Broad at Asheville, the centre +and chief city of this charming region, whose fame has become +world-wide. + + "Land of forest-clad mountains, of fairy-like streams, + Of low, pleasant valleys where the bright sunlight gleams + Athwart fleecy clouds gliding over the hills, + 'Midst the fragrance of pines and the murmur of rills. + + "A land of bright sunsets, whose glories extend + From horizon to zenith, there richly to blend + The hues of the rainbow, with clouds passing by-- + Right well art thou christened 'The Land of the Sky.' + + "A land of pure water, as pure as the air; + A home for the feeble, a home for the fair; + Where the wild roses bloom, while their fragrance combines + With health-giving odors from balsamic pines. + + "The pure, healthful breezes, the life-giving air, + The beauteous landscapes, oft new, ever fair, + Are gifts that have come from the Father on high; + To Him be all praise for 'The Land of the Sky.'" + +In the early days of Congress, a North Carolina member, who was making +a long speech for home consumption, observed that several of his +colleagues, becoming tired, had gone out, whereupon he bluntly told +those who remained that they might go out too, if so inclined, as he +"was only talking for Buncombe." This member, whose remark has become +immortal as the title of a certain type of Congressional oratory, +represented the county of Buncombe, which embraces a large portion of +the "The Land of the Sky," and Asheville is the county-seat. This town +has a permanent population of twelve thousand, and is one of the most +elevated towns east of Denver, being at a height of nearly +twenty-three hundred feet above the sea. It is built in the +attractive valley of the French Broad River, surrounded by an +amphitheatre of magnificent hills, and commands one of the finest +mountain views in this country. The Swannanoa unites with the French +Broad just above the town in a charming locality; there are various +pleasant parks; and the tree-shaded streets are adorned by many fine +buildings. To Asheville come the Northerner for equable mildness in +winter and the Southerner for coolness in summer, the climate being +dry and bright, and most restorative in lung and other similar +troubles, while the whole surrounding region has had its scenic +attractions made available by improved roads and paths. About two +miles to the southeast is George Vanderbilt's noted chateau of +Biltmore, the finest private residence in the United States, built +upon the verge of a princely estate covering a hundred thousand acres +of these glens and mountains. The house, which commands magnificent +views, stands upon a terrace seven hundred feet long and three hundred +feet wide, and cost $4,000,000, while nearly as much more is said to +have been expended in constructing many miles of drives over the +estate and in landscape gardening and improvements, which in time will +make this one of the world's greatest show places. The building is an +extensive French baronial hall of the days of King Francis I., +elaborated from the chateaux of the Loire, exceedingly rich in every +detail, and having the general effect heightened by the free +employment of decorative sculpture. From the grand esplanade the +outlook is upon the "wild tumult of mountains stretching away in every +direction." There are various other fine houses in the Asheville +suburbs, and the locality is steadily improving through the +attractions it has for men of wealth who love a home amid the grandest +charms of Nature. Routes have been opened in various directions from +Asheville to develop the mountain district. One railroad goes for a +hundred miles through the gorges and valleys southwestward along the +base of the Great Smoky range. Another route is southeast through the +romantic pass of the Hickory-nut Gap, where the Rocky Broad River +penetrates the Blue Ridge, a splendid canyon of nine miles, with +cliffs rising fifteen hundred feet and having the remarkable Chimney +Rock built on high alongside the gorge, where it stands up an isolated +sentinel. Bald Mountain, rising opposite, is celebrated in Mrs. +Burnett's _Esmeralda_. Cæsar's Head, to the southward, is an outlier +of these mountain ranges, bordering the lowlands; and standing on top +of its southern brow, upon a precipice rising almost sheer for fifteen +hundred feet, one can overlook the lower regions of South Carolina and +Georgia for more than a hundred miles away. + +The French Broad River, the chief stream of this charming region, got +its name from the early hunters who came up from the settled regions +of Carolina nearer the coast, and penetrating the mountains explored +it. The Cherokees called it Tselica, or "The Roarer," a not +inappropriate name. The hunters who came through the Blue Ridge by the +Hickory-nut Gap in colonial times followed down the Rocky Broad that +flowed out of it into this river, which was much larger, and as the +region beyond the mountains was then controlled by the French, they +named it the French Broad. It rises in the Blue Ridge range almost on +the South Carolina boundary, and nearly interlocks its headwaters with +those of the Congaree flowing out to the Atlantic. Its upper waters +wind for forty miles through a beautiful and fertile valley, but in +approaching Asheville the scenery changes, the hills press more +closely upon the stream, its course becomes more rapid, and after a +swift turmoil it plunges down the cataract at Mountain Island. Here a +knob-topped rock rises fifty to seventy feet high, the stream forcing +its way on either hand by a channel cut through the enclosing ridge, +and it descends a cataract of forty-five feet, running away through a +deep abyss. The river passes Asheville and flows in a most picturesque +gorge through the high mountains, everywhere disclosing new beauties, +the water rushing and roaring over ledges and boulders, going around +sharp bends, receiving gushing tributaries coming down the mountain +side or trickling over the face of some broad high cliff. Massive +rocks rise on high, and the road is often on a shelf cut into their +face, the river boiling along far down below. Then the valley +broadens, and here, in a lovely vale surrounded by the mountains, are +the North Carolina Hot Springs, a popular resort, with a climate even +milder in winter than at Asheville, as the Great Smoky range protects +it from the northern blasts. The curative properties of these springs +are efficacious in rheumatic and cutaneous diseases. Beyond, the bold +precipices overhang the road and river that are known as the Paint +Rocks, where the rushing torrent forces its way through a gorge +between the Great Smoky and Bald Mountains and then emerges in +Tennessee, to finally fall into the Tennessee River at the junction +with the Holston just above Knoxville. These rocks received their name +from Indian pictures and signs painted upon them. William Gillmore +Simms, the Carolina author, tells in _Tselica_ the legend of this +spot, founded on the tradition of the Cherokees that a siren lives on +the French Broad who allures the hunter to the stream and strangles +him in her embrace. Thus have the American aborigines reproduced in +their way on this beautiful river the romantic legends of the Lorelie +Rock on the Rhine, where, the ancient German legend tells us so +interestingly, there dwelt another beautiful siren whose seductive +music lured her lovers to the rock, when she drowned them in the waves +washing its base. + + +CAROLINA AND GEORGIA. + +Eastward from the Blue Ridge the extended line of the Piedmont Branch +of the Southern Railway parallels the base of the range on its route +from Washington southwest to Atlanta. The railroad from Asheville +southeast to Columbia and Charleston crosses it at Spartansburg in +South Carolina. This is a prosperous little town in a region of iron +and gold-mines, with also a development of mineral springs, attractive +as a summer resort to the people of Charleston and residents of the +South Carolina lowlands. Ten miles northeast of Spartansburg is the +Revolutionary battlefield of the Cowpens, getting its name from the +adjacent cow-pasture in the olden time. Here on a hill-range called +the Thickety Mountain, January 17, 1781, the British under Tarleton +were signally defeated. The railway passes through a rolling country, +and thirty-three miles farther northeast is King's Mountain, where the +previous battle was fought, October 7, 1780, in which the British +under Colonel Ferguson were also defeated and a large part of their +forces captured. Beyond, the boundary is crossed from South to North +Carolina and Charlotte is reached, having cotton factories and gold +mines and twelve thousand people, the county-seat of Mecklenburg, +where the famous resolutions were passed, May 20, 1775, demanding +independence. Farther northeast is Salisbury, where was located one +of the chief Confederate prisons during the Civil War, and the +National Cemetery now contains the graves of over twelve thousand +soldiers who died there in captivity. Beyond this, the Yadkin River is +crossed, and the route enters the tobacco district. Here is +Greensboro', and near it the Revolutionary battle of Guilford Court +House was fought March 15, 1781, when Lord Cornwallis defeated General +Greene. To the eastward is Chapel Hill, the seat of the University of +North Carolina, with three hundred students. Farther east is the great +tobacco town of Durham, with large factories and six thousand people +supported by this industry, whose education is cared for by Trinity +College, which has been munificently endowed by the tobacco princes +Colonels Duke and Carr. Twenty-five miles still farther east is +Raleigh, the capital of North Carolina, a city of fifteen thousand +inhabitants, built on high ground near the Neuse River. It has a +central Union Square from which fine streets diverge, and here is +located the impressive State House, modelled after the Parthenon. +Raleigh has various public institutions, and large cemeteries where +the dead of both armies who fell in the Civil War are buried. + +The Congaree River, flowing southeast out of the Blue Ridge, +intersects the extensive Pine Barrens of South Carolina, and here on +the railway route from Asheville via Spartansburg to Charleston is the +South Carolina State capital, Columbia. It is built on the bluffs +along the river, a few miles below its falls, and in a charming +location, the view of the valley from the grounds of the Executive +Mansion and Arsenal Hill being very fine. The South Carolina State +House is a magnificent building on which a large sum has been +expended, and in the grounds is a monument to the Palmetto Regiment of +South Carolinians who served with distinction in the war with Mexico. +It was here that the Nullification Ordinance was passed in 1832, and +the Secession Ordinance in December, 1860. General Sherman, on his +march from Atlanta to the sea in February, 1865, occupied Columbia, +when, unfortunately, the city was set fire and a large portion +destroyed. The Pine Barrens and sand hills of South Carolina stretch +southwestward from the Congaree to the Savannah River, and in this +region is the popular winter resort of Aiken, surrounded by vast +forests of fragrant pines growing in a soil of white sand, the town +being a gem in the way of gardens and shrubbery which, with the balmy +atmosphere, make it additionally attractive. While Aiken does not have +a large population, yet it has very wide streets to accommodate them, +the main avenue being two hundred and five feet and the cross streets +one hundred and fifty feet wide. Its attractiveness of climate is +condensed into the statement that the Aiken winter is "four months of +June." A few miles westward is the Savannah River, and here at the +head of navigation is Augusta, Georgia, on the western bank, a great +cotton mart and seat of textile factories, which have attracted a +population of thirty-five thousand, the city being known as the +"Lowell of the South." The Sibley Cotton Mill is regarded as being +architecturally the handsomest factory in the world. The whole +surrounding district is an almost universal cotton-field, thus +furnishing the raw materials for this industry. Near this mill stands +the tall chimney of the Confederate Powder Works, left as a grim +memorial of the Civil War. The various mills are served by canals +bringing the water for power from the Savannah River at a higher level +above the city, with an ample fall. Augusta is regarded as one of the +most beautiful of the Southern cities, having wide tree-embowered +streets and many ornate buildings, and it fortunately escaped injury +during the Civil War. It was laid out by General Oglethorpe, the +Georgia founder, on the same artistic plan as Savannah, and he named +it after the English princess, Augusta. The Savannah River, the +largest of Georgia, and forming the boundary with South Carolina, +rises in the Blue Ridge in close proximity to the headwaters of the +Tennessee and the Chattahoochee. Its initial streams, the Tugaloo and +Kiowee, unite in the Piedmont district to form the Savannah, which +then flows four hundred and fifty miles past Augusta and Savannah to +the sea. + + +ATLANTA AND ITS NEIGHBORHOOD. + +The Chattahoochee was the Indian "river of the pictured rocks." Its +head-streams rise in the Blue Ridge in northeastern Georgia, and +flowing southwest and afterwards south, it forms the western boundary +of the State. Then uniting with the Flint River, the two make the +Appalachicola, which, crossing Florida, empties into the Gulf. The +Chattahoochee in its course passes, about seven miles from the Georgia +capital, Atlanta, the "Gate City," the metropolis of the "Empire State +of the South," and the chief Southern railway centre. Being largely a +growth of the railway system of the "New South," the city is +picturesquely situated on a hilly surface, elevated a thousand feet +above the sea, and is laid out in the form of a circle of about four +miles radius around the Union Passenger Depot, which is the central +point. The first house was built at this place in 1836, on an Indian +trail to the crossing of the Chattahoochee, whither a railroad was +projected, and for several years it was called, for this reason, +Terminus, being afterwards incorporated as the town of Marthasville, +and named after the Georgia Governor Lumpkin's daughter. In 1845, the +first railroads were constructed connecting it with the seaboard, and +soon becoming a tobacco and cotton-mart, it grew rapidly, and in 1847 +was incorporated as the city of Atlanta, having about twenty-five +hundred people. During the Civil War it was a leading Confederate +depot of supplies, but its great growth has come since, and largely +through the development of the railway system and manufactures, so +that now the city and suburbs, which are extensive, have a population +approximating two hundred thousand. Its State Capitol is an impressive +building, costing $1,000,000, and it has many imposing business and +public structures and fine private residences. Joel Chandler Harris, +_Uncle Remus_, is a resident of Atlanta. Its great historical event +was the memorable siege during the Civil War. The geographical +position of the city made it of vital importance to the Confederacy. +General Sherman, in his advance southward from Chattanooga in the +spring and early summer of 1864, steadily fought and outflanked the +Confederates, until in July they fell back behind the Chattahoochee +and took a line covering Atlanta, General Hood assuming command July +17th. Sherman crossed the Chattahoochee and then Hood retired to the +intrenchments around the city. For several weeks there were +manoeuvres and battles around Atlanta, until near the end of August, +when Sherman had got behind the city, cutting the railways supplying +it. On the night of September 1st, Hood evacuated Atlanta, and next +day Sherman entered. In this great siege and in the previous contests +from Chattanooga the losses of the two armies were sixty-six thousand +men, each army having been repeatedly reinforced. This capture sealed +the doom of the Confederacy, although there were subsequent battles +and movements around Atlanta until November. Then Sherman, reinforcing +General Thomas at Nashville, and leaving him to take care of Hood, ran +back all the surplus property and supplies to Chattanooga, broke up +the railway, cut the telegraph behind him, burnt Atlanta November +12th, and on the 15th started on his famous "March to the Sea," to cut +the Confederacy in two, capturing Savannah in December. The +destruction of Atlanta was almost complete, every building being burnt +excepting a few in the centre, and a number of scattered dwellings +elsewhere. After peace came, however, the restoration of Atlanta was +rapid and thorough, and it is now one of the most progressive and +wealthy Southern cities. It was Sherman's "March to the Sea" which +furnished the theme for one of the most inspiriting songs of the Civil +War, "Marching Through Georgia": + + "Bring the good old bugle, boys! we'll sing another song-- + Sing it with a spirit that will start the world along, + Sing it as we used to sing it fifty thousand strong, + While we were marching through Georgia. + + _Chorus_--"'Hurrah! Hurrah! we bring the Jubilee! + Hurrah! Hurrah! the flag that makes you free!' + So we sang the chorus from Atlanta to the sea, + While we were marching through Georgia. + + "How the darkies shouted when they heard the joyful sound! + How the turkeys gobbled which our commissary found! + How the sweet potatoes even started from the ground, + While we were marching through Georgia.--_Chorus_, + + "So we made a thoroughfare for Freedom and her train, + Sixty miles in latitude--three hundred to the main, + Treason fled before us, for resistance was in vain, + While we were marching through Georgia."--_Chorus._ + +The railway leading north from Atlanta to Chattanooga exhibits, +throughout the line, relics of Sherman's protracted struggle with the +Confederates as he pressed southward, and they opposing him were +repeatedly outflanked and retired to new defenses. Long ranges of +hills cross the country from northeast to southwest, and on their +crests are the remains of massive breastworks and battlements which +time is gradually obliterating. Dalton, Resaca and Allatoona were all +formidable defensive works, and each in turn was outflanked. Rome, the +chief town on this route, now has seven thousand people and various +factories. To the westward of Atlanta the railway leads a hundred +miles to Anniston, Alabama, in the foothills of the Blue Ridge among +the rich beds of Alabama iron-ores, and then to Talladega, the Indian +"village on the border," where General Jackson fought one of his +severest battles with the Creeks. It is now a busy manufacturing town. +Beyond is the great industrial city of Birmingham with thirty-five +thousand people, founded in 1871, a phenomenal development of the "New +South," its industry being exhibited in enormous iron and steel +mills, foundries, and similar establishments. Near the city is its El +Dorado, the Red Mountain containing vast stores of hematite iron-ores, +with abundant coal and limestone, minerals which have made Alabama the +third iron-producing commonwealth in the United States, three-fourths +of it being made in the Birmingham district. Nearby is another iron +town of recent foundation, Bessemer, and a short distance to the +southwest the old Alabama city of Tuscaloosa, the seat of the +University of Alabama. This Indian word means the "Black Warrior," and +thus was named the river, Tuscaloosa being at the head of steamboat +navigation on the Black Warrior. The tradition is that before the +white man knew this region it was held by a proud and powerful Indian +tribe. When De Soto came along in 1540, searching for gold, he +encountered these Indians, whose sachem was the fearless and haughty +black giant Tuscaloosa. By stratagem De Soto captured the giant and +carried him off a hostage down to Mobile, whence he afterwards +escaped. This old city is shown on a French map of Louisiana published +in 1720. + +Southeast of Atlanta is Macon, at the head of navigation on Ocmulgee +River, a prominent cotton-shipping city, with twenty-five thousand +people. Here is the Wesleyan Female College with four hundred +students, founded in 1836, and said to be the oldest female college in +the world. To the southward, at Andersonville, was the great Stockade +Prison of the Civil War, where large numbers of captured Union +soldiers were confined, being so badly treated that thirteen thousand +of them died. Henry Wirtz, a Swiss adventurer, was in charge, and the +Confederate authorities in two official reports attributed the +excessive mortality to the bad management of the prison. A military +court after the close of the war convicted Wirtz of excessive cruelty, +and he was executed in November, 1865. The prison-grounds are now a +park, a memorial monument has been erected, and in an extensive +National Cemetery the dead soldiers are buried. Southward of Atlanta +is Columbus, with thirty-five thousand people and large cotton, +woollen and flour-mills, one of the chief manufacturing cities of the +Southern States. It stands on the Chattahoochee, which here rushes +down rocky rapids, providing an admirable water-power improved by a +massive dam. The river is navigable to the Gulf, and its steamboats +have a large trade. + + +ATLANTA TO MOBILE. + +Proceeding southwest from Atlanta, the route crosses the Chattahoochee +at West Point, another shipping port for the vast cotton plantations +of this region, whence steamboats take the cotton-bales down to the +Gulf. Beyond is Tuskegee in Alabama, where is located the famous +Industrial and Normal Institute for colored youth, conducted by +Booker T. Washington, the distinguished colored educationalist, who +was born a slave in Virginia. It was founded in a small way by him in +1881 to meet the needs of education, and particularly to provide for +the training of teachers for the colored race, and having greatly +grown, has sent out nearly four hundred of its graduates throughout +the South, where they are teaching others of their people. It has +seventy instructors and over a thousand students; its lands cover +nearly four square miles and there are forty-two buildings, many of +them substantial brick structures erected by the students, the +property being valued at $300,000. Great attention is given to manual +training, and this institution, entirely supported by donations and +requiring $75,000 annually for its expenses, is doing a great work in +furthering the advancement of the colored race in the South. + +A short distance westward, the Alabama River is formed by the union of +the Coosa and Tallapoosa, and coming down a winding course a few miles +from the junction, sweeps around a grand bend to then go away towards +the setting sun, and ultimately seek the Gulf. The story is that a +wearied Creek Indian, seeking quiet in the far-off land, wandered out +of the mountains to the fertile plains of this attractive region. +Charmed by the scenery and the beauties of the valley, when he reached +the bank of the river he gazed about him, and then struck his spear +into the earth, saying _Alabama_--"Here we Rest." At this grand bend +of the river, upon a circle of hills surrounded by rich farming lands, +is Montgomery, the capital of Alabama. There was an Indian village +here in remote times, and traders came to the place, so that gradually +a settlement grew, which in 1817 was made a town and named after the +unfortunate General Montgomery who fell in storming Quebec. The bluffs +rise to Capitol Hill, crowned with the State House, a small but +imposing structure, having from its elevated dome an extensive view. +Here was organized the Government of the Confederate States in +February, 1861, continuing until the capital was removed to Richmond +the following May. In the grounds there is a handsome Confederate +Monument. There are thirty thousand people in Montgomery, and it has a +large trade in cotton, gathered from the adjacent districts, shipped +down the river to Mobile and also by railroad to Savannah for export. +In the suburbs are many old-fashioned plantation residences, and the +adjacent country is largely a cotton-field, the great Southern staple +growing luxuriantly on the black soils of this region. The Alabama +people devote themselves chiefly to cotton-growing, and this industry +leads throughout the vast section of the South below the Tennessee +boundary. This great product is the leading foreign export of the +United States, and being indirectly the cause of the Civil War, it +brought to the Confederacy the sympathy of the nations of Europe, +which were the chief consumers. Cotton is said to have originated in +India, and in America was first cultivated for its flowers in +Maryland. It was not until about the beginning of the nineteenth +century, however, that the invention by Eli Whitney of the cotton-gin +enabled the seeds to be easily removed from the lint, and thus +enlarged the uses of cotton, so that a rapid increase was given its +growth and also its manufacture throughout the civilized world. Both +the seed and the lint are now used, the former producing valuable oil. + +The Alabama River flows a winding course from Montgomery southwest to +Mobile Bay, first going westward to Selma. It passes a region of the +finest cotton lands, where originally the old southern plantation +system reached its richest development, and where the modern plan of +smaller farms has been making some headway since the Civil War. Selma +is the _entrepôt_ of what is known as the Alabama "Black Belt," built +on a high bluff along the river, and has cotton factories and other +industries, including large mills for crushing the cotton-seed and +producing the oil. To the westward, over the boundary of the State of +Mississippi, is Meridian, a manufacturing town of fifteen thousand +people, which has grown around a railway junction. This was the place +which General Sherman, in one of his rapid marches, captured in +February, 1864, and destroyed, the General reporting that his army +made "the most complete destruction of railways ever beheld." Farther +westward, on Pearl River, is Jackson, the capital of Mississippi, a +small city with an elaborate State House. The Alabama River flows +southwest from Selma and joins the Tombigbee River coming from the +north, the stream thus formed being the Mobile River. A few miles +below the junction it divides into two branches, of which the eastern +is called the Tensas, both then dividing into several others and +making a sort of delta, but meeting again in a common embouchure at +the head of Mobile Bay, the Mobile River being about fifty miles long. +The Tombigbee River is four hundred and fifty miles in length, and +rises in the hills of Northeastern Mississippi. The name is Indian, +and means the "coffin-makers," though why this name was given is +unknown. The Tombigbee became celebrated in politics in the early +nineteenth century, through a correspondence between the Treasury at +Washington and a customs officer at Mobile, wherein the latter, being +asked "How far does the Tombigbee River run up?" replied that "The +Tombigbee River does not run up; it runs down." He was removed from +office for his levity, and the controversy following, which became an +acrimonious partisan dispute, gave the river its celebrity. + + +MOBILE AND ITS BAY. + +When De Soto journeyed through Florida and to the Mississippi River, +he found in this region the powerful tribe of Mauvillians, and their +village of Mavilla is mentioned in early histories of Florida. From +this is derived the name of Mobile, on the western bank of the river +near the head of Mobile Bay, the only seaport of the State of Alabama, +about thirty miles from the Gulf of Mexico. This was the original seat +of French colonization in the southwest, and for a few years the +capital of their colony of Louisiana. It was settled at the beginning +of the eighteenth century. In 1710 the Sieur de Bienville transferred +the earliest French colony from Biloxi to Mobile Bay, and many of the +first settlers were French Canadians. In 1723, however, the seat of +the colonial government was removed from Mobile to New Orleans. In +1763 this region was transferred to England; in 1780 England gave it +to Spain; and in 1813 Spain made it over to the United States. The +city is laid out upon a plain having a background of low hills; its +broad and quiet streets are shaded with live oaks and magnolias; and +everywhere are gardens, luxuriant with shrubbery and flowers. There is +a population approximating thirty-five thousand, but the city does not +make much progress, owing to the difficulties of maintaining a +deep-water channel, though this has been better accomplished of late. +Cotton export is the chief trade. There are attractive parks, a +magnificent shell road along the shore of the bay for several miles, +and fine estates with beautiful villas on the hills in the suburbs. +The harbor entrance from the Gulf is protected on either hand by Fort +Morgan and Fort Gaines, while the remains can be seen of several +batteries on the shores of the bay, relics of the Civil War. Over on +Tensas River is a ruin, Spanish Fort, one of the early colonial +defenses, while in the city is the Guard House Tower, a quaint old +structure built in Spanish style. Mobile was held by the Confederates +throughout the war, not surrendering until after General Lee had done +so in April, 1865, although the Union forces had previously captured +the harbor entrance. This capture was one of Admiral Farragut's +achievements. Having opened the Mississippi River in 1863, Farragut, +in January, 1864, made a reconnoissance of the forts at the entrance +to Mobile Bay, and expressed the opinion that with a single iron-clad +and five thousand men he could take the city. Several months elapsed, +however, before the attempt was made, but in August he got together a +fleet of four iron-clads and fourteen wooden vessels, and on the 5th +ran past the forts at the entrance, after a desperate engagement, in +which one of his ships, the Tecumseh, was sunk by striking a torpedo, +and he lost three hundred and thirty-five men. During the fight, +Farragut watched it and gave his directions from a place high up in +the main rigging of his flagship, the Hartford. Shoal water and +channel obstructions prevented his ascending to the city, but in a few +days the forts surrendered, the harbor was held, and blockade-running, +which had been very profitable, ceased. + +Mobile Bay is one of the finest harbors on the coast of the Gulf of +Mexico. Its broad waters have low shores, backed by gentle slopes +leading up to forest-clad plateaus behind, a large surface being +wooded and displaying fine magnolias and yellow pines, while in the +lowland swamps and along the water-courses are cypress, and +interspersed the live oak, festooned with gray moss. But almost +everywhere Southern Alabama, like Florida, displays splendid pine +forests, reminding of Longfellow's invocation to _My Cathedral:_ + + "Like two cathedral towers these stately pines + Uplift their fretted summits tipped with cones; + The arch beneath them is not built with stones, + Not Art but Nature traced these lovely lines, + And carved this graceful arabesque of vines; + No organ but the wind here sighs and moans, + No sepulchre conceals a martyr's bones, + No marble bishop on his tomb reclines. + Enter! the pavement, carpeted with leaves, + Gives back a softened echo to thy tread! + Listen! the choir is singing; all the birds, + In leafy galleries beneath the eaves, + Are singing! Listen, ere the sound be fled, + And learn there may be worship without words." + +And in garden and grove, all about, there is a wealth of semi-tropical +flowers and shrubbery, with their rich perfumes crowned by the +delicious orange tree, whereof Hoyt thus pleasantly sings: + + "Yes, sing the song of the orange tree, + With its leaves of velvet green; + With its luscious fruit of sunset hue, + The finest that ever was seen; + The grape may have its bacchanal verse, + To praise the fig we are free; + But homage I pay to the queen of all, + The glorious orange tree." + + + + +THE VALLEY OF THE MISSISSIPPI. + + + + +XX. + +THE VALLEY OF THE MISSISSIPPI. + + The Father of Waters -- Its Drainage Area -- The Big Muddy + -- Sources of the Missouri -- The Great Falls -- Fort Benton + -- Sioux City -- Council Bluffs -- Omaha -- St. Joseph -- + Atchison -- Leavenworth -- Lawrence -- Topeka -- Osowatomie + -- John Brown -- Kansas Emigrants -- The Walls of Corn -- + Kansas City -- Wyandotte -- Chillicothe -- Florida -- Mark + Twain -- Muscatine -- Burlington -- Nauvoo -- Keokuk -- Des + Moines -- St. Louis -- Jefferson Barracks -- Egypt -- + Belmont -- Columbus -- Island No. 10 -- Fort Pillow -- The + Chickasaws -- Memphis -- Mississippi River Peculiarities -- + Its Deposits and Cut-Offs -- The Alluvial Bottom Lands -- + St. Francis Basin -- Helena -- White River -- Arkansas River + -- Fort Smith -- Little Rock -- Arkansas Hot Springs -- + Washita River -- Napoleon -- Yazoo Basin -- Vicksburg -- + Natchez Indians -- Natchez -- Red River -- Texarkana -- + Shreveport -- Red River Rafts -- Atchafalaya River -- Baton + Rouge -- Biloxi -- Beauvoir -- Pass Christian -- New Orleans + -- Battle of New Orleans -- Lake Pontchartrain -- The + Mississippi Levees -- Crevasses -- The Delta and Passes -- + The Balize -- The Forts -- South Pass -- Eads Jetties -- + Gulf of Mexico. + + +THE BIG MUDDY. + +The great "Father of Waters," with its many tributaries, drains a +territory of a million and a half square miles, in which live almost +one-half the population of the United States. The length of the +Mississippi River from Lake Itasca to the Gulf of Mexico is about +twenty-six hundred miles, the actual distance in a direct line being +but sixteen hundred and sixty miles. Its name comes from the Ojibway +words _Misi Sepe_, meaning the "great river, flowing everywhere," and +the early explorers spelled it "Mesasippi." The Iroquois called it the +Kahnahweyokah, having much the same meaning. The upper waters of the +Mississippi have already been described in a preceding chapter, and +taken in connection with its chief tributary, the Missouri, it is one +of the longest rivers in the world, the distance from the source to +the Gulf being almost forty-two hundred miles. The Dakotas called this +stream _Minni-shosha_, or the "muddy water," and its popular name +throughout the Northwest, from the turbid current it carries, has come +to be the "Big Muddy." The head streams rise in Idaho, the _Eda Hoe_ +of the Nez Perces, meaning the "Light on the Mountains," and in +Wyoming. The name of the Indian nation through whose lands its upper +waters flow--the Dakotahs--means the "Confederate People," indicating +a league of various tribes. The Mississippi drains practically the +whole country between the Appalachian Mountains on the east and the +"Continental Divide" of the Rockies on the west. + +The Missouri River is formed in southwestern Montana, by the union of +the Jefferson, Madison and Gallatin Rivers. Its length from the source +of the Madison River in the Yellowstone National Park to its +confluence with the Mississippi above St. Louis is about three +thousand miles. The first exploration of the headwaters of the +Missouri was by the famous expedition of Captains Lewis and Clark in +1805, who ascended to its sources, and crossing the Rockies descended +the Snake and Columbia Rivers into Oregon. They found the confluence +of the three rivers making the Missouri, in July, and called it "the +Three Forks," at the same time naming the rivers after President +Jefferson and his Secretaries of State and the Treasury. The Missouri, +from the junction, first flows northward through the defiles of the +Rockies, and breaks out of the mountain wall in Prickly Pear Canyon, +at the Gate of the Mountains, where the rocky cliffs rise twelve +hundred feet. Forty miles northeast it goes down its Great Falls to a +lower plateau, having a total descent of nearly five hundred feet, the +stream contracting in the gorge to a width of three hundred yards, and +tumbling over repeated cascades, with intervening rapids. The Black +Eagle descends fifty feet, Colter's Falls twelve feet, the Crooked +Falls twenty feet, the Rainbow forty-eight feet, and the Great Falls +ninety-two feet, this series of rapids and cascades covering a +distance of sixteen miles. Lewis and Clark were the first white men +who saw these magnificent cataracts of the Upper Missouri, and they +named the different falls. The Black Eagle was named from the fact +that on an island at its foot an eagle had fixed her nest on a +cottonwood tree. It is recorded by a United States Engineer officer +who was there in 1860, that the eagle's nest then still remained in +the cottonwood tree on the island, being occupied by a bald eagle of +large size. Again in 1872 the nest and the old eagle were still there, +and from the longevity of these birds, it was then believed to be the +same eagle seen in 1805. The old eagle nest and cottonwood tree are +all gone now, and in their place are a big dam, power-house and huge +ore-smelter, worked by the ample water-power of the fall. The +flourishing town of Great Falls gets its prosperity from these +cataracts and is a prominent locality for copper-smelting, having +fifteen thousand people. At the head of river navigation, some +distance farther down, is the military post of Fort Benton. The river +then flows eastward through Montana, receives the Yellowstone at Fort +Buford and turns southeast in North Dakota, passing Bismarck, the +capital, and flowing south and southeast it becomes the boundary +between Nebraska and Kansas on the west, and South Dakota, Iowa and +Missouri on the northeast. Its course is through an alluvial valley of +great fertility, from which it gathers the sediment with which its +waters are so highly charged. Much of the adjacent territory in Dakota +and Montana is covered by the extensive reservations of the Indian +tribes of the Northwest, where the remnants now live a semi-nomadic +life under military guardianship and government control. The river +flows past Yankton, a supply post for these reservations, which being +the settlement farthest up-stream, was thus named Yankton, meaning +"the village at the end." Some distance below, the Big Sioux River +flows in, forming the boundary between Dakota and Iowa, and here is +Sioux City, where there are forty thousand people, much trade, and +important manufactures. + +Below here lived the Omahas, or "up-stream" Indians, and soon the +Missouri in its onward course flows between Omaha and Council Bluffs. +Here the bluffs bordering the river recede for some distance on the +eastern bank, making a broad plain adjoining the shore, whither the +Indians of all the region formerly came to hold their councils and +make treaties. A settlement naturally grew at the Council Bluffs, +which is now a city of twenty-five thousand people on the plain and +adjacent hills, with fine residences in the numerous glens +intersecting the bluffs in every direction. Three bridges cross the +Missouri to Omaha, on the western shore, two for railways, one of them +being the great steel bridge carrying over the Union Pacific, the +pioneer railroad constructed to the Pacific Coast. Omaha is the chief +city of Nebraska, the State receiving its name from the Nebraska +river, meaning the "place of broad shallow waters." Omaha has over one +hundred and fifty thousand people and is built on a wide plateau +elevated about eighty feet above the river, from which it gradually +slopes upward. It dates from 1854, but did not receive its impetus +until the completion of the Pacific Railway converged to it various +lines bringing an enormous trade. From its position at the initial +point it is known as the "Gate City." There are large manufactures and +its meat-packing industries are of the first importance, while its +enterprise is giving it rapid growth. The Union Pacific Railroad +pursues its route westward through Nebraska, up the valley of the +Platte River for several hundred miles, and at Fort Omaha, just north +of the city, is the military headquarters of the Department. + + +THE STATE OF KANSAS. + +Various great railways bound to the West cross the Missouri in its +lower course. The river flows between Kansas and Missouri, and here +are St. Joseph with sixty thousand people, immense railway and +stock-yards, and many factories; and Atchison with twenty thousand +population and large flouring-mills, where the Atchison railway system +formerly had its initial point, though now it traverses the country +from Chicago southwest to Santa Fe and the Pacific Ocean. Leavenworth, +a city of twenty-five thousand, has grown at the site of Fort +Leavenworth, one of the important early posts on the Missouri. To the +southward the Kaw or Kansas River flows in, the Indian "Smoky Water," +coming from the west, draining the greater part of the State which it +names. Upon this river is Lawrence, the seat of the Kansas State +University, having a thousand students, and of Haskell Institute, a +Government training-school for Indian boys and girls. Westward along +the Kansas River broadly spread the vast and fertile prairies making +the agricultural wealth of the State, and sixty-seven miles from the +Missouri, built on both sides of the river, is Topeka, the capital, +having thirty-five thousand people, large mills and an extensive trade +with the surrounding farm district. In this eastern portion of Kansas, +prior to the Civil War, was fought, often with bloodshed, the +protracted border contest between the free-soil and pro-slavery +parties for the possession of the State, that had so much to do with +bringing on the greater conflict. When Congress passed the bill in +1854 organizing Nebraska and Kansas into territories, an effort began +to establish slavery, and the Missourians coming over the border tried +to control. They founded Atchison and other places and sent in +settlers. At the same time Aid Societies for anti-slavery emigrants +began colonizing from New England, large numbers thus coming to +preëmpt lands. During four years the contests went on, Lawrence and +other towns being besieged and burnt. The first Free-State +Constitution was framed at Topeka in 1855, which Congress would not +approve, and the following year the pro-slavery Constitution was +enacted at Lecompton, which the people rejected. After the Civil War +began, Kansas was admitted to the Union in 1861 with slavery +prohibited. Among the free-soilers who went out to engage in these +Kansas conflicts was old John Brown. Near the Missouri border, to the +southward of Kansas River, is the little town of Osowatomie, in the +early settlement of which Brown took part. Here he had his fights with +the slavery invaders who came over from Missouri, finally burning the +place and killing Brown's son, a tragedy said to have inspired his +subsequent crusade against Harper's Ferry, which practically opened +the Civil War. A monument is erected to John Brown's memory at +Osawatomie. The New England emigration to Kansas in those momentous +times inspired Whittier's poem, _The Kansas Emigrants_: + + "We cross the prairie as of old + The Pilgrims crossed the sea, + To make the West, as they the East, + The homestead of the free! + + "We go to rear a wall of men + On Freedom's southern line, + And plant beside the cotton-tree + The rugged Northern pine! + + "We're flowing from our native hills + As our free rivers flow; + The blessing of our Mother-land + Is on us as we go. + + "We go to plant her common schools + On distant prairie swells, + And give the Sabbaths of the wild + The music of her bells. + + "Upbearing, like the Ark of old, + The Bible in our van, + We go to test the truth of God + Against the fraud of man. + + "No pause nor rest, save where the streams + That feed the Kansas run, + Save where our Pilgrim gonfalon + Shall flout the setting sun! + + "We'll tread the prairie as of old + Our fathers sailed the sea, + And make the West, as they the East, + The homestead of the free!" + +The Civil War ended all these conflicts, and since then Kansas has +been eminently peaceful. It is now the leading State of the corn belt +which broadly crosses the middle of the United States. Its vast corn +crops make the wealth of the people, and as they may be good or poor, +the Kansan is in joy or despair. One year the farmers will be +overwhelmed with debt; the next brings an ample crop, and they pay +their debts and are in affluence. Thus throbs the pulse as the +sunshine and rains may make a corn crop in the State that sometimes +exceeds three hundred millions of bushels; and then there are not +enough railway cars available to carry away the product. In a good +crop the cornstalks grow to enormous heights, sometimes reaching +twenty feet to the surmounting tassel, and a tall man on tip-toe can +about touch the ears, while a two-pound ear is a customary weight, +with thirty-five ears to a bushel. These vast cornfields, watched +year by year and crop after crop by the hard-working wife of a Kansas +farmer, caused her to write the touching lyric which has become the +Kansas national hymn, Mrs. Ellen P. Allerton's "Walls of Corn": + + "Smiling and beautiful, heaven's dome + Bends softly over our prairie home. + + "But the wide, wide lands that stretched away + Before my eyes in the days of May; + + "The rolling prairie's billowy swell, + Breezy upland and timbered dell; + + "Stately mansion and hut forlorn-- + All are hidden by walls of corn. + + "All the wide world is narrowed down + To walls of corn, now sere and brown. + + "What do they hold--these walls of corn, + Whose banners toss in the breeze of morn? + + "He who questions may soon be told-- + A great State's wealth these walls enfold. + + "No sentinels guard these walls of corn, + Never is sounded the warder's horn; + + "Yet the pillars are hung with gleaming gold, + Left all unbarred, though thieves are bold. + + "Clothes and food for the toiling poor; + Wealth to heap at the rich man's door; + + "Meat for the healthy, and balm for him + Who moans and tosses in chamber dim; + + "Shoes for the barefoot; pearls to twine + In the scented tresses of ladies fine; + + "Things of use for the lowly cot + Where (bless the corn!) want cometh not; + + "Luxuries rare for the mansion grand, + Booty for thieves that rob the land-- + + "All these things, and so many more + It would fill a book but to name them o'er, + + "Are hid and held in these walls of corn + Whose banners toss in the breeze of morn. + + "Where do they stand, these walls of corn, + Whose banners toss in the breeze of morn? + + "Open the atlas, conned by rule, + In the olden days of the district school. + + "Point to this rich and bounteous land + That yields such fruits to the toiler's hand. + + "'Treeless desert,' they called it then, + Haunted by beasts and forsook by men. + + "Little they knew what wealth untold + Lay hid where the desolate prairies rolled. + + "Who would have dared, with brush or pen, + As this land is now, to paint it then? + + "And how would the wise ones have laughed in scorn + Had prophet foretold these walls of corn + Whose banners toss in the breeze of morn." + +The Kansas River flows into the Missouri at Kansas City, the chief +settlement of the Missouri Valley, entirely the growth of the period +since the Civil War, through the prodigious development of the +railways. There are two cities where the Missouri is crossed by three +fine bridges, and having two hundred thousand people, the larger being +Kansas City in Missouri, on the southern river bank, and the other +adjoining is Kansas City or Wyandotte, the largest city in Kansas, +through which the Kansas River flows. The two cities are separated by +the State boundary between Kansas and Missouri. Next to Chicago, this +place has the largest stock-yards and packing-house plants, and does +an enormous trade in cattle, meats and grain, many railroads radiating +in all directions. The site was originally the home of the Wyandotte +Indians who were removed here from Ohio in 1843. The town of Wyandotte +had a small population prior to the Civil War, but the growth did not +begin until after the close of that conflict had stimulated railway +building and western colonization, and being on the trail from the +Missouri River to the southwest, this gave the first impetus. These +cities now have a rapid expansion, and are the greatest railway +centres west of the Mississippi River, their lines going to the Gulf +of Mexico and the Pacific through sections of country which are +rapidly populating and developing vast agricultural and mineral +products. + +The Missouri River traverses the entire State of Missouri in winding, +turbid current from west to east. It passes Jefferson City, the State +Capital, having about seven thousand people, and just below receives +the Osage River coming up from the southwest. At Chillicothe to the +northwest is buried Nelson Kneiss, who composed the music for Thomas +Dunn English's popular ballad of _Ben Bolt_; and at Florida, to the +northeast, was born in November, 1835, the humorist, Samuel L. +Clemens, _Mark Twain_. Captain Sellers, who furnished river news to +the New Orleans _Picayune_, had used this _nom-de-plume_, and dying in +1863, Clemens adopted it. Twenty miles above St. Louis the Missouri +flows into the Mississippi, contributing the greater volume of water +to the joint stream, the clear Mississippi waters, pushed over to the +eastern bank, refusing for a long distance below to mingle with the +turbid flood of the Missouri. + + +THE CITY OF ST. LOUIS. + +The Mississippi River below the Moline Rapids at Rock Island passes +various flourishing cities, including Muscatine and Burlington, the +former having considerable trade in timber and food products, while +Burlington, a much larger place, spreads back from the bluffs and is a +busy railroad city, fronted by a beautiful reach of the river. About +thirty miles below, on the Illinois shore, is Nauvoo, a small town +chiefly raising grapes and wine, but formerly one of the leading +settlements on the river. This town was originally built by the +Mormons under the lead of their prophet, Joseph Smith, in 1838, after +they had been driven from various places in New York, Ohio and +Missouri. Nauvoo flourished greatly, reaching fifteen thousand +population, but dissensions arose and the enmity of the growing +population elsewhere caused riots, in one of which, in 1844, Smith, +who had been arrested and taken to jail at Carthage, Illinois, was +killed. Brigham Young then assumed leadership, and in 1845 removed the +colony over to the Missouri River at Council Bluffs, finally migrating +to the Great Salt Lake in Utah, two years later. Below Nauvoo are the +Lower Rapids of the Mississippi, extending twelve miles to Keokuk, a +beautiful city built partly along the river, but mostly on the summit +of the bluffs, here rising one hundred and fifty feet. Keokuk was a +noted Indian chief, his name meaning the "watchful fox." Des Moines +River, forming the boundary between Iowa and Missouri, flows in at the +lower edge of the city, having come down from the northwest and +passing the Iowa State Capital, Des Moines, at the head of navigation, +where there is a population of sixty thousand and extensive +manufactures. This city has a magnificent Capitol, erected at a cost +of $3,000,000, and its prosperity is largely due to the extensive coal +measures of the neighborhood. It has grown around the site of the +former frontier outpost of Fort Des Moines, built in the early days +for protection against the Sioux. Below are Quincy, Hannibal and +Alton, the latter being just above the confluence with the Missouri, +and then the Mississippi River flows majestically past the levee at +St. Louis, the chief city on its banks, having two great railway +bridges crossing over to the Illinois shore. + +When the French held Louisiana, a grant was made in 1762 to Pierre +Ligueste Laclede and his partners to establish, as the "Louisiana Fur +Company," trading-posts on the Mississippi. Laclede in that year came +out from France to New Orleans, and in 1764, in order to open the fur +trade with the Indians on the Missouri, he ascended the Mississippi, +and on February 15th made the first settlement on the site of St. +Louis, building a house and four stores and naming the place in honor +of King Louis XV. of France. He had frequent journeys along the river, +and died upon one of them near the mouth of the Arkansas in 1778. The +post was made the capital of Upper Louisiana, but it grew very slowly, +having only a thousand people when Louisiana was ceded to the United +States in 1803. The development of steamboating and afterwards of the +railway systems, all the great lines seeking St. Louis, gave it rapid +growth subsequently, and its population now reaches seven hundred +thousand. It spreads with its vast railway terminals for nearly twenty +miles along the Mississippi, sweeping in a grand curve past the centre +of the city, which rises in repeated terraces as it extends westward +back from the river, the highest being two hundred feet above the +water-level. It has an enormous trade and extensive manufactures, +being the largest tobacco-making city in the world, and having one of +the greatest American breweries, the Anheuser-Busch Company. Its +Chamber of Commerce, of sandstone in Renaissance, is a noted building, +and its grand Court House, erected as a Greek cross, is surmounted by +a dome three hundred feet high. It also has a new and magnificent City +Hall. St. Louis been singularly free from fires, but its great +disaster was upon May 27, 1896, when a terrific tornado swept through +the city, killing three hundred people and destroying property valued +at $10,000,000. + +The chief institution of learning is Washington University, which has +fine new buildings in Forest Park on the western verge of the city, +and cares for seventeen hundred students. The park system is very +extensive, spreading partially around the built-up portions and +embracing twenty-one hundred acres. The chief of these are the Forest +Park, with fine trees and drives, the Tower Grove Park, Lafayette and +Carondelet Parks, and in the northern suburbs O'Fallon Park, having +adjacent the spacious Bellefontaine and Calvary Cemeteries. The gem of +the system, however, is the Missouri Botanical Garden of seventy-five +acres, the best of its kind in the country, which was bequeathed to +the city by Henry Shaw, a native of Sheffield, England, who came to +St. Louis, grew up with the city, and died there in 1889. The great +attraction of St. Louis is its splendid bridge crossing the +Mississippi, built by James B. Eads and completed in 1874 at a cost of +$10,000,000, carrying a railway across, with a highway on the upper +deck, being more than two thousand yards long, and resting on arches +rising fifty-five feet above the water. The railway is tunnelled +under the city for nearly a mile, and leads to the Union Station, +which is one of the largest in the world. The Merchants' Bridge, which +cost $3,000,000, brings another railway over, three miles above, and a +third bridge is projected. The vast aggregation of railways centering +at St. Louis also uses another bridge route north of the city, +crossing the Missouri just above its mouth and then the Mississippi to +Alton on the Illinois shore. The military post of St. Louis is +Jefferson Barracks down the river, an important station of the United +States army. + + [Illustration: Bridge Crossing the Mississippi at St. Louis] + + +DESCENDING THE MISSISSIPPI. + +The scenery of the Mississippi River changes below St. Louis, and it +loses much of the picturesqueness displayed by the bluff shores above. +The mass of the waters is larger, the shores lower, and the adjacent +regions more subject to overflow. There are many bends and islands, +and the Ohio River comes in at the end of the long low peninsula of +Cairo, further adding to the enormous current. The Southern Illinois +lowlands have long been known as Egypt, and upon these bottom lands +are grown prolific crops of corn. In one field in the great crop of +1899, covering over six thousand acres south of Ava, was raised six +hundred thousand bushels, the banner American cornfield of that year. +Twenty miles below Cairo is Columbus, on a high bluff upon the +Kentucky shore, having Belmont opposite in Missouri, this having been +the scene of General Grant's first battle in the Civil War. The +Confederates in 1861 had fortified Columbus and placed twenty thousand +men there to hold the Mississippi. Grant, in November, made an attack +upon Belmont, and broke up and destroyed their outpost camp in spite +of a heavy fire from Columbus, afterwards cutting his way out and +returning to Cairo. When in the next spring Forts Henry and Donelson +were captured, the Confederates found Columbus untenable and abandoned +it without a contest. Fifty miles below is Donaldson Point, and off it +the noted Island No. 10, for all these islands below Cairo were +numbered. The Union gunboats attacked Island No. 10 in March, 1862, +and carried on a bombardment and siege for a month, when it was +captured with New Madrid on the Missouri shore several miles farther +down, they being mutually dependent. The remains of earthworks are +still visible on the island, and also the canal cut to assist in the +investment. The Mississippi beyond, skirts the various bluffs of the +Chickasaw region on the eastern bank, while on the western shore are +broad alluvial lowlands, as the great river passes between Tennessee +and Arkansas. On the first Chickasaw bluff is Fort Pillow, another +Confederate stronghold, which, however, they were compelled to abandon +in June, 1862, as the Union army had got in their rear. Here +afterwards occurred the "Fort Pillow Massacre," in April, 1864, when +the Confederates under General Forrest attacked and captured it. + +All the region hereabout was inhabited by the Chickasaw Indians, who +were so called in their language because they were "swamp-dwellers" +and "eaters of the bog-potato." This tribe long ago removed to the +Indian territory, where they are now in a prosperous condition and +successful agriculturists. On the southwestern border of Tennessee is +what is known as the fourth Chickasaw bluff, and here is the city of +Memphis, the leading town between St. Louis and New Orleans. The bluff +shore rises about eighty feet above the river at the ordinary stage of +water, and is fronted by a wide levee extending for two miles and a +broad esplanade bordered by warehouses. It was here that De Soto in +1541, with his band of adventurous explorers searching for gold, came +and first saw the great river, their chronicler writing home "the +river was so broad that if a man stood still on the other side, it +could not be told whether he was a man or no; the channel was very +deep, the current strong, the water muddy and filled with floating +trees." Memphis is a handsome city, attractively laid out, the +residential section having spacious lawn-bordered avenues, and there +being an attractive park in the centre, the Court Square inhabited by +numerous squirrels and adorned by Andrew Jackson's bust. Memphis has +seventy thousand people, and a large trade both by river and railroad, +being a leading cotton-shipping port, whence steamboats take vast +amounts down to New Orleans for foreign export. Among its attractions +are the cotton compresses and cotton-seed oil mills. In the Civil War, +Memphis was captured by the Union gunboats in June, 1862, and held +afterwards. On the outskirts, a grim memorial of the great conflict, +is the National Cemetery, with fourteen thousand Union soldiers' +graves. + + +PECULIARITIES OF THE GREAT RIVER. + +The Mississippi below the mouth of the Ohio is an entirely changed +river. Above that stream, it is similar to most other inland +waterways, having tolerably stable banks and not much change in width. +Below Cairo, however, the deposits forming the banks are composed of +alternate layers of sand and mud or clay, the sand having been +deposited by running water, and the mud in comparatively still water, +so that the sand-layers are readily washed out, thus causing the banks +to cave whenever the current sets against them. Below the influx of +the Ohio, the river traverses alluvial bottom lands of inexhaustible +fertility, and usually stretching to a width of forty miles or more. +These alluvial lands have a general southern slope of about eight +inches to the mile, and stretch five hundred miles to the southward, +the river winding through them in a devious course for eleven hundred +miles, occasionally on the eastern side washing bluffs of one to three +hundred feet. The slope is sufficient to create high velocities in the +current, making a very unstable channel, constantly shifting laterally +and causing the river to develop into a serpentine form, one bend +following another continuously. The immediate river, wherever it may +be at the time, is confined by banks of its own creation, which, like +all sediment-bearing rivers, are highest near the stream itself. Thus +apparently following a low ridge through the bottom lands, the +resistless mass of muddy water sweeps onward with swiftness, eroding +its outer banks in the bends and rebuilding them on the opposite +points, frequently forming islands by its deposits, and as frequently +removing them, as the direction of flow may be modified by the +unending changes in progress. Chief among these changes is the +formation of "cut-offs." Two vast eroding bends covering several miles +of distance gradually approach each other until the water forces a +passage across the narrow neck. As the channel distance between these +bends may have been many miles around, the sudden "cut-off" makes a +cascade of several feet, through which the torrent rushes with a roar +heard far away. The sandy banks dissolve like so much sugar, in a +single day the course of the river is radically changed, and +steamboats pass where a few hours before was cultivated land. The +checking of the current at the upper and lower mouths of the abandoned +channel soon obstructs them with the deposits, and in a few years +forms a crescent-shaped lake, of which there are so many in the +bottoms adjacent to the river. The convex bank in a bend is built up +as rapidly by the deposits as the opposite concave bank washes off, so +that the river does not usually become any wider in the bends on +account of the process. The deepest water is always next to the +concave or wasting bank, where the most current flows. It is not an +unusual sight along this extraordinary river to see an ancient and +well-constructed house hanging over the caving bank, destined +ultimately to drop into the water. It may originally have been a mile +from the river in the centre of an old plantation, but the mighty +current sweeping around and into the bend has worn away the land, +often dissolving it by acres, and as it dropped in, has piled the +sediment on the opposite point, thus steadily moving the river over +without materially changing the width, until it is ready to engulf the +house. + +While the great river above the Ohio is generally bordered by +limestone bluffs, making stable conditions, yet below, the Mississippi +flows through a region wholly formed by its own deposits. It is said +the alluvial basin below Cairo was once an estuary of the Gulf of +Mexico, and that it has been raised in level, along with the entire +southern portion of the Continent, about a hundred feet, and then +filled in with the sediment the river carries down. This alluvial +region is sometimes as much as seventy miles wide; and when not +confined to the channel by levees, the natural course of a great +Mississippi flood is to spread entirely over the basin. These floods +will rise fifty feet, and the basin then becomes a great reservoir and +storage-ground for the surplus waters, though the levee system has +much restricted this. It is estimated that the annual discharge of the +Mississippi is twenty-one million millions of cubic feet of water, and +that it carries in a year four hundred millions of tons of solid +material down to the Gulf to be deposited; thus cutting away from its +banks a space equalling ten square miles of territory eighty feet +deep. It takes one-fourth the rainfall of its valley down to the Gulf, +or water equalling a depth of seven or eight inches over its whole +drainage area, and the solid matter annually carried along and +deposited there is equal to a body a mile square and three hundred and +sixty feet high. The flow of the river is from one to six miles an +hour in different stages and sections. The flood periods are in April +and June, the river being above the mid-stage usually from January to +August; and the lowest stage comes generally in October. + + +MEMPHIS TO VICKSBURG. + +Following down the great river, its winding and varying channel south +of Memphis becomes the boundary between the States of Mississippi and +Arkansas. To the westward the Arkansas shore is a lowland and the +interior largely swamps, with many bayous and lakes, the tributaries +of St. Francis River, which, rising in the Iron Mountain district of +Missouri, flows four hundred and fifty miles, generally southward, to +fall into the Mississippi just above Helena. This river passes through +a continuous swamp after entering Arkansas, spreads into numerous +lakes, and its extensive basin is one of the great reservoirs of +overflow relieving the Mississippi in time of flood. Its port of +Helena has a trade in timber brought out of the neighboring swamps and +forests. About one hundred miles below, the White River and the +Arkansas River flow in upon the western shore. Very curiously, these +rivers, having mouths about fifteen miles apart, join some distance +above, their waters commingling in the alluvial bottom land. The White +River is nine hundred miles long, rises in the Ozark Mountains of +Northern Arkansas, makes a long circuit through Missouri and then +comes southward, being navigable some four hundred miles to +Batesville, the seat of Arkansas College. The Arkansas River, next to +the Missouri, is the greatest Mississippi tributary, being nearly +twenty-two hundred miles long and having its sources in the Rockies in +Colorado, out of which it flows in a magnificent canyon. It comes for +five hundred miles eastward through plains that are largely sterile, +enters Kansas, turns southeast in the Indian Territory, and crosses +the State of Arkansas to its mouth, being navigable for eight hundred +miles. At the western border of the State the river is guarded by Fort +Smith, where an active town has grown around the former frontier post +on the verge of the Indian Territory, having large trade and a +population of fifteen thousand. + +In the centre of Arkansas, this great river, being about four hundred +yards wide, passes the State capital Little Rock, having thirty +thousand people, its largest city, with railways radiating in all +directions, and conducting an extensive cotton trade. Its State House +is attractive, and spreading magnolias pleasantly shade many of the +streets. A spur of the Ozark Mountains comes down to the westward of +Little Rock, and its foothills are thrust out towards the Arkansas +River. In ascending it through the lowlands from the Mississippi, the +original explorers met here the only elevations of land they had seen, +the first being a rocky cliff rising about fifty feet above the water, +which they called the "Little Rock," and on it the city has been +built, while two miles above another cliff, rising five hundred feet, +is called the "Big Rock." Southwest of Little Rock, in this spur of +the Ozark Mountains, is the famous Arkansas town of Hot Springs, +having ten thousand inhabitants and many visitors. It is located in a +narrow gorge between the Hot Springs Mountain on the east and West +Mountain, the wide Main Street being flanked on one side by +bath-houses and on the other by hotels and shops. There are over +seventy springs, rising on the western slope of the Hot Springs +Mountain above the town, and discharging daily five hundred thousand +gallons of clear, tasteless and odorless waters, of varying +temperatures, the highest 158°. They contain a little silica and +carbonate of lime, but their beneficial effects in rheumatism, gout, +costiveness and other troubles are ascribed mainly to their heat and +purity. There is a large Government Hospital here for the army and +navy, the Springs being United States property. The waters flow into +the Washita River, which passes through a pleasant valley to the +southward and then goes off nearly six hundred miles down into +Louisiana to the Red River. At the mouth of Arkansas River on the +Mississippi is the town of Napoleon. + +The vast current of the Mississippi River, constantly augmented by +capacious tributaries, naturally finds outlets in times of flood +through the banks, and thus overspreads the extensive adjacent +lowlands. To the eastward, south of Memphis, and extending down almost +to Vicksburg, is the enormous Yazoo Basin, a lowland of many bayous +and lakes, making a region of excessive fertility, and its Choctaw +name has thus been naturally acquired, meaning "leafy." The river +originates in the bayous and sloughs springing from the eastern +Mississippi bank, which form the Tallahatchie River, and that stream, +uniting with the Yallabusha and the Sunflower, make the deep, winding +and very sluggish Yazoo, flowing nearly three hundred miles down to +the Mississippi, twelve miles above Vicksburg. The extensive bottom +lands of this Yazoo Delta compose about one-sixth of the State of +Mississippi, its entire northwestern portion, and being a rich +agricultural region are traversed by railways and have many +flourishing towns and villages. There is a perfect network of +waterways throughout this fertile delta, over thirty of the streams +being navigable for large steamboats, and it also has extensive +forests of valuable timber. The entire region is alluvial, the soil +having been deposited by the overflows of the Mississippi during past +ages, and now that this extensive basin is protected by an elaborate +system of levees from further overflows, almost the whole of it is +available for cultivation. There are nearly five millions of acres of +reclaimed lands here, and though less than one-fifth of this surface +is devoted to cotton, it is said to grow more of that great staple +than any other single district in the world. The malaria, often +prevalent along the Yazoo, led the Choctaws to call it the "river of +death." + +Both banks of the Mississippi below the Arkansas River are lined with +cotton plantations, giving a most interesting scene during the +harvesting of the fleecy crop in the autumn. The broad plantations +disclose the comfortable and often quaint planters' houses of the +olden time embosomed in trees, and as one progresses southward the +trees become more and more draped with the dark and sombre Spanish +moss, giving a weird appearance to the shores. The Yazoo flows in, and +the long and imposing range of the Walnut Hills rises on the eastern +bank to five hundred feet elevation. Here a planter named Vick made +the first settlement in 1836, and the city of Vicksburg has grown on +the summit and slopes of the hills, the lucrative traffic of the Yazoo +delta providing a chief source of its prosperity, making it the +largest city in the state of Mississippi, there being fifteen thousand +people. It presents a picturesque view from the river, but is chiefly +known abroad from its famous siege and capture by General Grant in +July, 1863. The Confederates, having lost Memphis and New Orleans, +made their last desperate stand to hold the Mississippi River at +Vicksburg, surrounding it with vast fortifications, crowning the hills +with batteries, not only along the river front, but up the Yazoo River +to Haines' Bluff. Several attempts were made to capture it in 1862, +Farragut's fleet running past, and Grant began operations in the +spring of 1863. After several battles, he appeared before the city in +May, assaulting and being repulsed, and then began the siege which +resulted in the surrender on July 4th. General Pemberton, commanding +Vicksburg, surrendered thirty-one thousand men, his previous losses +exceeding ten thousand. General Grant had similar losses, his forces +engaged in the siege and preliminary battles approximating seventy +thousand men. This siege greatly damaged the city, while in 1876 the +Mississippi, in one of its peculiar freaks, cut through a neck of land +opposite, took an entirely new channel, and left Vicksburg isolated on +an inland lake. The Government has since, at heavy expense, diverted +the Yazoo outflow past the city and restored the harbor. There are +beautiful views and romantic glens in the Walnut Hills, with many +traces of the old fortifications, while a favorite drive is to the +extensive National Cemetery, where seventeen thousand soldiers' graves +recall the terrific conflicts of the Civil War. + + +NATCHEZ TO NEW ORLEANS. + +When the Sieur de la Salle made his voyage of exploration down the +great Father of Waters from the Falls of St. Anthony to the Gulf of +Mexico, he found in the spring of 1682 an interesting Indian +settlement on the eastern bank a hundred miles below Vicksburg. This +settlement was under a bluff rising a hundred and fifty feet above the +river. Later, in 1699, Commander d'Iberville examined the Mississippi +delta, and having founded Fort St. Louis at Biloxi, heard of these +Indians, sought their friendship, and in 1700 came up and established +a trading-post at their village under the bluff. He described them as +numbering twelve hundred warriors, living in nine contiguous villages, +ruled by a chief of the "family of the suns," their highest caste, and +called the Natchez Indians, the word meaning "the hurrying men, +running as in war." The French kept up communication with them, and +regarded the tribe as the noblest of the many with whom they had been +brought in contact in America. These Indians had a religious creed and +ceremonies not unlike the "Fire Worshippers" of Persia. In their +"Temple of the Sun," the priests kept the sacred fire constantly +burning on the altar, their tradition being that the fire came +originally from heaven and had always been maintained. In 1713 the +Sieur de Bienville, who had succeeded his brother, d'Iberville, built +Fort Rosalie alongside the landing, and around it grew a town which +was the beginning of the city of Natchez. Unfortunately, just about +this time the Indians' sacred fire accidentally went out, and +attributing this to the coming of the white men, they became +dissatisfied and conflicts arose. There were repeated fights, and in +1729 they swooped down upon the settlement and massacred the French. +The following year troops came up from New Orleans, attacked and +scattered them, burning their villages, and the tribe ultimately +disappeared, the last small remnant of half-breed descendants +remaining in Texas until recently, when they joined the Creeks and +Cherokees. Now the city of Natchez has its business portion along the +narrow stretch of river-bank in front of the bluff, where some traces +yet remain of the earthworks of the old French fort. The greater part +of the city, however, is on the bluff, where the brow of the hill is a +wide-spreading park giving a splendid outlook. Also on the bluff is a +National Cemetery filled with soldiers' graves, the sad memorial of +the War. There is a large river-trade at Natchez, and twelve thousand +population, and in the cotton-shipping season, business along the +levee is very active. + +About seventy miles below, the Red River flows in, the last of the +great tributaries of the Mississippi. This stream is over fifteen +hundred miles long, draining a region of a hundred thousand square +miles, and gets its name from the red-colored sediment its waters +bring down. It originates in the extensive "Staked Plain" of northern +Texas, the "Lone Star State," its sources being at twenty-five hundred +feet elevation. Its flow is eastward, forming the Texan northern +boundary on the border of Oklahoma and the Indian Territory, and then +it turns south near the twin city of Texarkana, which stands on both +sides of the line between Texas and Arkansas. Coming into Louisiana it +passes Shreveport, a city of fifteen thousand people, with a large +trade in cotton and cattle, and then crosses the state to the +Mississippi. The special and curious feature of the Red River is the +formation of rafts. Its upper shores are heavily timbered, and vast +numbers of trees are engulfed by the current washing out the banks in +times of freshet, and they accumulate lower down, where the speed of +the water slackens. These rafts are formed many miles long, growing by +additions to the up-stream side, while the logs decay and are +gradually floated off and broken up on the lower extremity. This makes +the obstruction steadily move up-stream. In 1854, the great raft fifty +miles above Shreveport extended thirteen miles up the river and was +accumulating at the rate of nearly two miles annually. In colonial +times this raft was said to have been two hundred miles lower down the +river. Vegetation had taken root on the older portions, thus making a +floating forest, and the retardation of the waters above made a lake +over twenty miles long. In 1873, when the Government attacked it and +opened a navigable channel, this raft had grown to thirty-two miles +length, and the opening of the channel lowered the upper retarded +waters fifteen feet. Snag-boats have since patrolled the Red River, +pulling out thousands of trees every year, and breaking up the rafts, +to maintain navigation. The lower course of Red River is very crooked +and sluggish, through swamps and lowlands, and near its mouth part of +the current, particularly in times of freshet, is diverted into +Atchafalaya River, which flows for about two hundred miles southward +directly to the Gulf of Mexico. This stream is said to have originally +been the outlet of Red River to the Gulf, and such it seems again +coming to be, the Government having a very serious problem in dealing +with it. The Mississippi River in its earlier vagaries developed a +bend towards the west, which struck Red River, thus making it a +tributary, the former channel silting up. It was then named +Atchafalaya, meaning the "lost river." To improve navigation, some +time ago this old channel was opened, when to the general +astonishment, the Atchafalaya began absorbing the Red River waters and +developing a large river, which now carries a current more than +one-third the volume of the Mississippi, and as they all run together +at high-water stages, there is a fear that the whole Mississippi may +at some time conclude to go into the Atchafalaya, thus leaving New +Orleans on an arm of the sea. Extensive Government works are in +progress to prevent this diversion and maintain the old conditions. + +Below Red River, the Mississippi is all in Louisiana, its width barely +a half-mile, and its depth very great, in many places one to two +hundred feet, necessary to carry the vast flow of water. The banks are +throughout protected by levees, and on the last bluff rising alongside +the river, on the eastern bank, is the Louisiana state capital, Baton +Rouge, a quaint old city with ancient French and Spanish houses, +spreading over the bluff fifty feet above the water. There is a +population of about ten thousand, and overlooking the river are the +State House and the buildings of the Louisiana State University. +Below Baton Rouge, both banks of the Mississippi are bordered by +attractive gardens and extensive plantations, with sections of forest, +sombre moss-draped trees and rich vegetation, the whole of the +"coast," as the lower river banks are familiarly called, being lavish +in the display of semi-tropical luxuriance. The voyage down, skirting +the low shores and levees for a hundred and twenty miles, is most +picturesque, as the windings of the river make pleasant views. +Finally, a grand sweeping bend is rounded, where the city of New +Orleans is spread out upon both banks, the streets and buildings +stretching far inland upon the lowlands behind the great protective +embankments. + + +THE CRESCENT CITY. + +The Spanish in the sixteenth century made various evanescent +explorations of the Gulf coast and the entrances to the Mississippi, +but never gained a permanent foothold. La Salle descended the great +river to its mouth in 1682, took possession of the country for France +and named it Louisiana, in honor of his King Louis XIV. The first +colony planted in the Province by the French was at Biloxi Bay on the +Gulf coast, about eighty miles northeast of New Orleans, in February, +1699, by Commander d'Iberville. Biloxi is now a quiet town of five +thousand people, having a good trade and some manufactures. A short +distance to the westward is Beauvoir, which was the home of the +Confederate President, Jefferson Davis, where he died in 1889; and +about ten miles farther westward is the extensive Bay St. Louis, where +at Pass Christian is one of the most frequented pleasure-resorts on +the Gulf coast. The French built a fort at Biloxi, and for years +d'Iberville and his younger brother, the Sieur de Bienville, +maintained their colony under serious difficulties, de Bienville +finally deciding to change the location, and removing to Mobile bay. +After considerable exploration, however, he determined upon a +permanent location within the Mississippi River, and entering the +passes in 1718 he ascended to where he found the most eligible fast +land and founded the colony of New Orleans, naming it in honor of the +then Regent of France, the Duke of Orleans. Thus began the city, which +in 1721, being then described as "a village of trappers and gold +hunters," was made the capital of the French royal Province of +Louisiana. In 1732 it had about five thousand population, and after +the transfer of sovereignty to the United States it was chartered a +city in 1804, then having ten thousand. There are now two hundred and +seventy-five thousand people in New Orleans. + +This noted city is about one hundred and seven miles from the Gulf of +Mexico, and the older portion was built around the outer curve of a +grand crescent-shaped river bend, which gave it the popular +designation of the "Crescent City." It afterwards grew far up stream, +and stretched around another reverse bend, so that now the river +passes through in form much like the letter S. The surface descends +from the river by gentle slope towards a marshy region in the rear, +and is several feet below the level of high water, the levee being a +strong embankment about fourteen feet high and fifteen feet wide on +the surface, effectually protecting from overflow. Its magnificent +position near the mouth of the river, where an enormous interior +commerce, coming by railroad and steamboat, has to be transhipped to +ocean-going vessels, has made the prosperity of the city. Its event of +chief memory is the battle of January 8, 1815, when General Andrew +Jackson defeated the British under General Pakenham. The battlefield +was at Chalmette in the southern suburbs, on ground stretching from +the Mississippi River bank back about a mile to the cypress swamps. +The war with England had already been ended by a peace concluded at +Ghent December 24, 1814, but neither side then knew of it. The British +advanced from the eastward to attack the city, and a hastily +constructed line of breastworks formed of cotton bales was thrown up, +behind which Jackson's men were stationed to receive the attack. The +result was a most disastrous defeat, Pakenham, his second in command +and twenty-six hundred men falling, while the American loss was only +one hundred. A marble monument on the field commemorates the victory, +and a National Cemetery, with many graves of soldiers fallen in the +Civil War, now occupies a portion of the ground. In the Civil War, in +April, 1862, Admiral Farragut ran his fleet past the forts commanding +the river at the head of the Passes, and appearing before the city +compelled its surrender, when it was occupied by the accompanying land +forces under General Butler. + +There is, in the older town, so much of characteristic French and +Spanish survival, that New Orleans is a most interesting and +picturesque city, though it has not very much to show in the way of +elaborate architecture. The streets have generally French or Spanish +names, and there is a distinctive French quarter inhabited by Creoles, +where the buildings have walls of adobé and stucco, inner courts, +tiled roofs, arcades and balconies, the whole region being lavishly +supplied with semi-tropical plants. The chief business thoroughfare, +Canal Street, is at right-angles to the river bank, and borders the +French quarter. The levee for over six miles is devoted to the +shipping, and in its gathering of ocean vessels and river steamboats, +loading or unloading, is a most animated place, impressing the +observer with the idea that tributary to this great mart of trade is +the richest agricultural valley in the world. The hero of New Orleans, +General Andrew Jackson, has his equestrian statue in Jackson Square, +which was the old-time Place d'Armes, and adjoining is the French +Cathedral of St. Louis, built in the eighteenth century, but since +considerably altered. The chief institution of learning is Tulane +University, having fine buildings and a thousand students, the +benefaction of a prominent citizen. In Lafayette Square there is a +statue of John McDonough, whose legacy for school-houses has built and +equipped thirty spacious buildings, accommodating twenty thousand +pupils. Around Lafayette Square are various public edifices and +churches. + +New Orleans has two fine parks, the City Park and Audubon Park, both +displaying collections of live oaks and magnolias, which are +picturesque. The city cemeteries also have many good trees and are +attractive and peculiar. The soil being semi-fluid at a depth of two +or three feet, nearly all the tombs are above ground, some being +costly and beautiful structures. Most of them, however, are buildings +composed of cells placed one above another to the height of seven or +eight feet. The cell is only large enough to receive the coffin, and +as soon as the funeral is over, it is hermetically bricked up at the +narrow entrance. These cells are called "ovens," and bear tablets +appropriately inscribed. The Cypress Grove Cemetery, near the City +Park, is one of the most interesting. In Greenwood Cemetery, near by, +is a monument to the Confederate dead, and General Albert Sidney +Johnston is interred in Metairie Cemetery, which also has his +equestrian statue. In some cases the graves are in earthen mounds, +while occasionally, where the interment is in the ground, the +grave-digging is so arranged as to be completed just as the funeral +arrives, and the coffin thus gets placed and covered before there is +time for much water to ooze into the grave. The most uniquely +picturesque sight in the city is furnished by the old French Market, +near the levee, in the early morning, when business is in full tide, +and the mixed population in peculiar costume and language is seen to +advantage. A favorite resort of the people is Lake Pontchartrain, five +miles north, the spacious inland sea covering nearly a thousand square +miles, to which fine shell roads lead. + + +THE LEVEES AND THE DELTA. + +The whole country around New Orleans, and indeed the entire region +adjacent to the Mississippi and its bayous, would be overflowed in +times of freshet were it not for the elaborate systems of levees, +which are a special feature of the whole lower Mississippi Valley. The +work of constructing these extensive embankments began at the +foundation of the infant city of New Orleans, when a dyke a mile long +was projected to protect the settlement from overflow, and it was +built soon afterwards. In 1770 the settlements extended thirty miles +above and twenty miles below the city, the plantations being +protected by levees. By 1828, the levees, though in many places +insufficient, had become continuous nearly to the mouth of Red River. +The methods of construction were various, and the authorities +conflicting, but the Government took hold of the work in 1850, +beginning by giving the States the swamplands to provide a fund for +reclamation. When the Civil War began, the levees extended a thousand +miles along the river, and as far north as the State of Missouri. +During the war the system fell into decay, and afterwards much work of +restoration was necessary. The Mississippi River Commission now has +charge, under comprehensive methods, and large sums are devoted to the +purpose, aggregating over $4,000,000 annually from the General +Government and the States, there being continuous lines of levees from +Memphis nearly to the delta below New Orleans. Were the river left to +itself, in most of this region during the spring floods it would +overflow the banks by several feet, this being, however, prevented by +these massive earth entrenchments, through which there nevertheless +often breaks a destructive crevasse. The sediment brought down by the +river has been deposited most abundantly upon the banks, making their +front the highest surface, so that there is a gradual descent inland +and back from the river of about four feet to the mile. During the +floods, an observer standing alongside the levee has the water in the +river running high above him, and when the levee breaks the +bottom-lands are soon extensively overflowed. The estimate is that +these lands, reclaimed and protected by the levees, embrace thirty +thousand square miles of the most fertile soil in the world, about +one-sixth of it being under cultivation; and that there are altogether +twenty-six hundred miles of levees along the great river, and the +adjunct tributary bayous, lakes and other water-courses. For nine +months the water stage is low, so that very little attention is given +it, but when the spring comes, the melted snows of the Rockies and the +torrential rains come down usually in conjunction, bringing an +enormous flood, that rushes along, filling the river to the tops of +the embankments. Processes of decay and weakening are always going +on--rats and mice have their burrows, and millions of crawfish, with +claws like chisels, riddle the levees with holes. Then in some +unexpected place the dreaded alarm is sounded that the bank is giving +way and a crevasse impends. The water-soaked bank shows fissures and +help is implored--bells are rung, fleet horsemen arouse the +neighborhood, the people assemble and try to stop the break. But the +crumbling levee soon gives way, and the swollen and muddy current +pours through with a roar like Niagara, the waters spreading afar over +the lowlands, and thus by reducing the stream-level bringing relief to +the river, but converting the adjacent region for many miles into a +turbid lake and ruining the crops. + +Below New Orleans, as the river is descended, the thick forest +vegetation along the banks gradually disappears, giving place to vast +expanses of marsh and isolated patches of fast land bearing stunted +trees. The river banks grow less defined, and are finally lost in what +appears to be an interminable marsh with many waterways. This leads to +the delta, gradually built up from the sediment deposited by the +river, and demonstrating the eternal conflict and gradual encroachment +of the land upon the sea. Through the ages, this delta, steadily +constructed by the river, has been protruded into the Gulf of Mexico, +far beyond the general coast-line, and it is slowly advancing year +after year from the accumulated deposits. The delta divides into the +various channels or "passes" by which the waters seek the sea. These +are at first bordered by shore-lines of mud, which lower down dissolve +into consecutive lines of coarse grass growing from beneath the watery +surface, and then they are discernible only to the practiced eye of +the pilot by what appears to be a regular current flowing along in the +universal waste. This delta covers an area of fourteen thousand square +miles, and it divides into four separate passes, which are hardly much +more than outlet currents through the expanse of waters and marsh, +thus excavating deeper and navigable channels. There are lighthouses +at the entrances, and just inside the Northeast Pass is a spacious +mud-bank known as the Balize, where there once was a colony of +wreckers, but now are pleasant residences. Above the head of the +delta, and about seventy miles below New Orleans, located in eligible +positions at a bend, are Forts St. Philip and Jackson, the defensive +works of the river entrance, and below them the main ship channel goes +out to the Gulf through the South Pass, where the bar has been +deepened through the effective scouring produced by the famous Eads +Jetties on either side--one over two miles long and the other a mile +and a half. These jetties cost $5,000,000, and they maintain a channel +thirty feet deep. The twin lights marking their extremities can be +regarded as indicating as nearly as may be the mouth of the great +river, and beyond is the broad expanse of the Gulf of Mexico. Vast as +is the enormous outflow brought down by the Father of Waters, the +drainage of the whole broad centre of the Continent thus poured into +the Gulf, yet it has no appreciable effect upon the ocean into which +it flows. The Gulf easily swallows up all the Mississippi waters in a +way that reminds of Rossetti's dirge: + + "Why does the sea moan evermore? + Shut out from heaven it makes its moan, + It frets against the boundary shore; + All earth's full rivers cannot fill + The sea, that drinking, thirsteth still" + + + + +THE ROCKIES AND PACIFIC COAST. + + + + +XXI. + +THE ROCKIES AND PACIFIC COAST. + + The Lone Star State -- The Sunset Route -- Port Arthur -- + Galveston -- Houston -- Dallas -- Fort Worth -- Great Staked + Plain -- Austin -- San Antonio -- The Alamo -- David + Crockett -- James Bowie -- Sam Houston -- Cattle Ranches -- + Rio Grande River -- El Paso -- Arizona -- Tucson -- + Phoenix -- Prehistoric Cities -- Yuma -- Canyons of the + Colorado -- Colorado Desert -- Southern California -- San + Bernardino Valley -- San Diego -- Coronado Beach -- The + Early Missions -- Climate and Scenery -- Los Angeles -- + Santa Monica Bay -- San Gabriel Valley -- Santa Barbara -- + Monterey Bay -- Del Monte -- Santa Cruz -- Santa Clara + Valley -- San José -- Lick Observatory -- San Joaquin Valley + -- Stockton -- Gold Mining -- The Big Trees -- Yosemite + Valley -- Rocky Mountains -- The Atchison Route -- Indian + Territory -- Oklahoma -- Raton Pass -- Las Vegas -- Santa Fé + -- Albuquerque -- Mesa Encantada -- Flagstaff -- Mojave + Desert -- The Union Pacific Route -- Cheyenne -- Colorado -- + Denver -- Boulder Canyon -- Clear Creek Canyon -- Colorado + Springs -- Pike's Peak -- Manitou -- Garden of the Gods -- + Pueblo -- Veta Pass -- Cripple Creek -- Leadville -- Grand + Canyon of the Arkansas -- Marshall Pass -- Black Canyon of + the Gunnison -- Wyoming Fossils -- Utah -- Echo and Weber + Canyons -- Ogden -- Great Salt Lake -- Salt Lake City -- The + Mormons -- Promontory Point -- Nevada -- Virginia City -- + Comstock Lode -- Lake Tahoe -- Donner Lake -- Sacramento -- + The Northern Pacific Route -- Butte -- Anaconda Mine -- + Helena -- Idaho -- Spokane -- Columbia River -- Oregon -- + Snake River Canyon -- Shoshoné Falls -- The Dalles -- + Cascade Locks -- The Great Northern Route -- The Canadian + Pacific Route -- Regina -- Moose Jaw -- Medicine Hat -- + Calgary -- Banff -- Mount Stephen -- Kicking Horse Pass -- + Rogers Pass -- Mount Sir Donald -- Glacier House -- Eagle + Pass -- Great Shuswap Lake -- Kamloops -- Thompson Canyon + -- Fraser Canyon -- Vancouver -- Victoria -- Gulf of Georgia + -- Alaska -- Fort Wrangell -- Sitka -- Juneau -- Treadwell + Mine -- Muir Glacier -- Lynn Canal -- Chilkoot and Chilkat + -- Skaguay and Dyea -- The Yukon River -- The Klondyke -- + St. Michaels -- Cape Nome -- Puget Sound -- Port Townsend -- + Everett -- Seattle -- Tacoma -- Mount Tacoma -- Mount St. + Helens -- Portland -- Crater Lake -- Mount Shasta -- Benicia + -- Mare Island -- Oakland -- University of California -- + Menlo Park -- Leland Stanford, Jr., University -- San + Francisco -- Point Lobos -- The Golden Gate. + + +THE LONE STAR STATE. + +Westward from the Mississippi River the "Sunset Route" to the Pacific +leads across the sugar plantations of Louisiana. This Southern Pacific +railway passes many bayous having luxuriant growth of bordering live +oaks, magnolias and cypress, hung with festoons of Spanish moss, +crosses the Atchafalaya River at Morgan City, and beyond, skirts along +the picturesque and winding Bayou Teche in a region originally peopled +by colonies of French Acadian refugees from Nova Scotia. Ultimately +the route crosses Calcasieu River at Lake Charles, and thirty-eight +miles beyond, goes over the Sabine River into the "Lone Star State" of +Texas, the largest in the Union. The name of Texas comes from a tribe +of Indians found there when La Salle made the first European +settlement on the coast at Fort St. Louis on Lavaca River in 1685, but +after the Spanish occupation in the eighteenth century the country was +long known as the New Philippines, that being the official +designation in their records. At the mouth of Sabine River is Sabine +Lake, where Port Arthur has been established as a prosperous railway +terminal, having access to the Gulf by a ship canal with terminating +jetties, deepening the channel outlet to the sea. Farther along the +coast is Galveston, the chief Texan seaport, built on the northeastern +extremity of Galveston Island, which spreads for thirty miles in front +of the spacious Galveston Bay, covering nearly five hundred miles +surface. The entrance from the sea is obstructed by a bar through +which the Government excavated at great expense a channel, flanked by +stone jetties five miles long. It is a low-lying city with wide, +straight streets, embowered in luxuriant tropical vegetation, while +the equable winter temperature makes it a charming health-resort. A +magnificent sea-beach spreads along the Gulf front of the island for +many miles. Galveston, in September, 1900, was swept by a most +terrific cyclone and tidal wave, destroying thousands of lives and a +vast number of buildings. + +Texas was a Province of Mexico, under Spanish and afterwards Mexican +rule, and its many attractions in the early nineteenth century brought +a large accession of colonists to the eastern portions from the +adjacent parts of the United States. The Americans became so numerous +that in 1830 the Mexican Congress prohibited further immigration, and +the result was a revolt in 1835, the organization of a Provisional +Government, a war which ended in the defeat of the Mexicans in the +battle of San Jacinto in 1836, and the final independence of Texas. +The people then sought annexation to the United States, but the State +was not admitted until 1845, the Mexican War following. Two men of +that time were prominent in Texas, Stephen F. Austin, who brought the +first large colony from the United States settling on the Colorado and +Brazos Rivers, and Sam Houston, who, after being Governor of +Tennessee, migrated to Texas, led the revolt, commanded their army, +and was made the first President of the independent State. The latter +has his name preserved in the active city of Houston on Buffalo Bayou, +a tributary of Galveston Bay, and about fifty miles northwest of +Galveston. Houston is a busy railway centre, handling large amounts of +cotton, sugar and timber, and is rapidly expanding, having sixty +thousand people. + +The Trinity River is the chief affluent of Galveston Bay, flowing down +from Northern Texas, and having upon its banks another busy railway +centre, Dallas, with fifty thousand people and an extensive trade. +About thirty miles above, on Trinity River, is the old Indian frontier +post of Fort Worth, now a town of forty thousand population and the +headquarters of the cattle-raisers of Northern Texas. For many miles +in all directions are the extensive cattle ranges, and to the north +and west spreads the "Great Staked Plain," a vast plateau elevated +nearly five thousand feet above the sea, covering some fifty thousand +square miles, and being surrounded by a bordering escarpment of +erosion to the lower levels, much resembling palisades. The stakes +driven by the early Spaniards to mark their way are said to have given +this plain its name, and it has now become an almost limitless cattle +pasturage. When Austin's American colony settled on the Colorado River +west of Houston, his name was given the town which was ultimately +selected as the State Capital, where there are now twenty thousand +people who look out upon the magnificent view of the Colorado +Mountains. Here is the Texas State University with seven hundred and +fifty students, and one of the finest State Capitols in the country, a +splendid red granite structure, which was built by a syndicate in +exchange for a grant of three million acres of land, the building +occupying seven years in construction and costing $3,500,000. Two +miles above the city an enormous dam seventy feet high encloses the +waters of Colorado River for the water supply and manufacturing power, +and thus makes Lake McDonald, twenty-five miles long. A heavy storm +and flood in the spring of 1900 broke this dam and let out the lake, +causing great loss of life and damage in the city. + +Eighty miles southwest of Austin is the ancient city of San Antonio, +known as the "cradle of Texas liberty," a Spanish town upon the San +Antonio and San Pedro Rivers, small streams dividing it into +irregular parts, the former receiving the latter and flowing into the +Gulf at Espiritu Santo Bay. There are sixty thousand people in San +Antonio, of many races, chiefly Americans, Mexicans and Germans, and +it is a leading wool, cattle, horse, mule and cotton market. The +Spaniards penetrated into this region in the latter part of the +seventeenth century and established one of their usual joint +religious-military posts among the Indians upon the plan of +colonization then in vogue. The Presidio or military station was +called San Antonio de Bexar, while during the early eighteenth century +there were founded various religious Missions, the chief being by +Franciscan monks, the Mission of San Antonio de Valero. There are four +other Missions in and near the city, dating from that early period, +their ancient buildings partly restored, but some of them also +considerably in ruins. To the eastward of San Antonio River was built +in a grove of the alamo or cottonwood trees in 1744 a low, strong, +thick-walled church of adobé for the Franciscans, called from its +surroundings the Alamo. When the Texans revolted, they held San +Antonio as an outpost with a garrison of one hundred and forty-five +men, commanded by Colonel James Bowie, the famous duellist and +inventor of the "bowie knife," who was originally from Louisiana. +Bowie fell ill of typhoid fever, and Colonel Travis took command. +Among the garrison was the eccentric David Crockett of Tennessee, who +had been a member of Congress, and joined them as a volunteer. General +Santa Anna marched with a large Mexican army against them, arriving +February 22, 1836, and the little garrison retired within the church +of the Alamo, which they defended against four thousand Mexicans in a +twelve days' siege. The final assault was made at daylight, March 6th, +a lodgment was effected, and until nine o'clock a battle was fought +from room to room within the church, a desperate hand-to-hand conflict +at short range, and not ceasing until every Texan was killed; but this +was not until two thousand three hundred Mexicans had fallen. Upon the +memorial of this terrible contest, at the Texas State Capital, is the +inscription: "Thermopylæ had her messenger of defeat, but the Alamo +had none." This butchery caused a thrill of horror throughout the +United States. "Remember the Alamo" became the watchword of the +Texans, much aid was sent them, and the succor, coming from the desire +to avenge the massacre, contributed largely to their ability to defeat +the Mexicans in the subsequent decisive battle on San Jacinto River, +down near Galveston Bay, which was fought in April. The old Church of +the Alamo, since restored, is preserved as a national monument on the +spacious Alamo plaza. The name of Houston, the Texan leader, is given +to Fort Sam Houston, the United States military post on a hill north +of San Antonio. The old Alamo is the shrine of Texas; and as visitors +stroll around the place they are weirdly told how the spirits of the +departed heroes, Crockett, Bowie, Travis and others, when the storms +rage at night about the ancient building, wander through the sacristy +with the heavy measured tread of armed troopers. It was in the midst +of a storm that the Mexicans broke through a barred window and thus +gained entrance in the siege. On the southern border of San Antonio +are the extensive Fair Grounds, where Roosevelt's Rough Riders, +largely recruited from the neighboring Texan ranches, were organized +for the Spanish War in 1898. The most extensive Texas cattle ranches +are south and west of San Antonio, the largest of them, King's Ranch, +near the Gulf to the southward, covering seven hundred thousand acres, +and being stocked with three thousand brood mares and a hundred +thousand cattle. + + +ARIZONA. + +The railway from San Antonio goes westward across the cattle ranges to +the Rio Pecos, flowing for eight hundred miles down from the Rockies +in a region largely reclaimed by irrigation, and then falling into the +Rio Grande del Norte, the national boundary between Texas and Mexico. +This noble stream, the Spanish "Grand River of the North," comes out +of Colorado and New Mexico, and is eighteen hundred miles long. The +Southern Pacific Railway crosses the Pecos on a fine cantilever bridge +three hundred and twenty-eight feet high, and reaches the Rio Grande a +short distance beyond, following it up northwest and passing the +Apache Mountains, where at Paisano it crosses the summit grade at five +thousand and eight feet elevation, the highest pass on this route to +the Pacific coast. It finally reaches El Paso on the upper Rio Grande, +a town of twelve thousand people, having on the Mexican bank of the +river, with a long wooden bridge between, the twin town of Juarez, or +El Paso del Norte, the road over the bridge being the chief route of +trade into Mexico. The original Spanish explorer, Juan de Onate, named +this crossing "the Pass of the North" in 1598, and after long waiting +it has finally developed into an active town in cattle raising and +silver mining, and also a health-resort, its balmy atmosphere being +most attractive. The muddy river by its periodic inundations has made +a very fertile intervale, which has a population of sixty-five +thousand, and here are seen picturesque Mexican figures, the men in +peaked _sombreros_ and scarlet _zarapes_, and the women with blue +_rebozas_. Beyond, the route crosses the southwest corner of New +Mexico and enters Arizona, passing amid the mountain ranges to Tucson, +the chief town of the Territory, having six thousand people, a quaint +and ancient Spanish settlement, which has considerable Mexican trade. +It was originally an appanage to the old Spanish mission of St. +Xavier, nine miles southward, and it now thrives on its cattle trade, +mining and magnificent climate, being also the location of the +Territorial University. + +To the northwest, in the well-irrigated valley of Salt River, is +Phoenix, the capital of Arizona, with fifteen thousand population, +the irrigation systems having produced great fertility in the adjacent +region. The Salt River is a tributary of the Gila, the latter flowing +out westward to the Colorado. In these Arizona valleys have been +disclosed the remains of several prehistoric cities, chiefly located +on a broad and sloping plain beginning at the confluence of the Salt +with the Gila, and stretching down to the Mexican boundary. At Casa +Grande is a famous ruin of a prehistoric temple with enormous adobé +walls, the Government having made a reservation for its protection. +These people were worshippers of the sun, and there have been +discovered the remains of many towns with large population, the Gila +Valley for ninety square miles disclosing these ruins, which are +relics of the Stone age. Irrigation canals made by these prehistoric +people, the oldest in the world, are also found throughout the region. +Extensive explorations of these ancient cities have been made, and +several have been named, among them Los Acequias, Los Muertos and Los +Animos, the last being the largest, and there being strong evidence +that it was destroyed by an earthquake which killed many thousands of +the inhabitants. The railway follows the Gila Valley westward to its +confluence with the Colorado, and here at the California boundary is +Yuma, another of the early Spanish missions to the Indians, situated +just north of the Mexican border, the Yuma Indians still living on a +reservation adjoining the Colorado, their name meaning "the sons of +the river." This town has its tragic history, for in 1781 the Indians +made a savage raid upon the mission, destroyed the buildings and +massacred the missionary priests. + +The Colorado and its tributaries drain nearly the whole of Arizona, +and it is one of the most remarkable rivers in the world. Its head +branches have their sources in Wyoming, Colorado and Utah, uniting in +the latter State, flowing four hundred miles across Arizona and +seventy miles into Mexico to discharge through a delta into the Gulf +of California. The river and most of its tributaries in Arizona pass +through canyons that are among the wonders of the world, exposing to +view geological strata of all the formations in their regular places +to the thickness of twenty-five thousand feet. At first, the Colorado +flows out of Utah and south into Arizona for one hundred and eighty +miles, passing through the Marble Canyon, so called from the limestone +walls, nearly four thousand feet deep. It then turns westward by +irregular course, flowing nearly two hundred and fifty miles through +the Grand Canyon, the most stupendous in existence, and having at +places six thousand feet depth and walls spreading at the surface five +or six miles apart. These huge walls are terraced and carved into +myriads of pinnacles and towers, often brilliantly colored, and far +down in the bottom the river is seen like a silvery thread of foam. +Major Powell, who first explored it in 1869, went through in a boat. +He calls it "the most profound chasm known on the globe," and believes +the river was running there before the mountains were formed, and that +the canyon was made by the erosion of the water acting simultaneously +with the slow upheaval of the rocks. The river has a rapid flow in the +canyon, winding generally through a lower chasm and having a descent +of five to twelve feet to the mile, sometimes with placid reaches, but +frequently plunging down rapids filled with rocks. The surrounding +country is largely volcanic, with lava-beds and extinct craters. When +the visitor first approaches the brink of the great chasm, he is +almost appalled with the sight. There seem to be scores of deep +ravines and enclosed mountains, the main wall opposite being miles +away, and the intervening space filled with peaks and ridges of every +imaginable shape and color, rising from the abyss below. There is a +trail down the side of the canyon, a steep and narrow path winding +along the face of the Grand View Gorge, giving startling glimpses into +ravines thousands of feet deep, and disclosing the massive +magnificence of this enormous abyss. Down goes the trail, one gorge +opening below another until the verge of the final gorge is reached, +in which the river runs at a depth of a thousand feet farther. +Everything is desolate, the vegetation sparse, and a few stunted trees +appearing, while the river, which seemed from above to be only a far +distant silvery streak down below, is expanded by the nearer view into +large proportions. This Grand Canyon of the Colorado is one of the +most wonderful constructions of nature in its stupendous size and +extraordinary character; with the myriads of pinnacles, towers, +castles, walls, chasms and profound depths it contains and the +gorgeous coloring given most of the surfaces. It is among the greatest +of the attractions that America, the land of wonders, presents to the +seeker after the picturesque. + + +SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. + +Beyond the California boundary the Southern Pacific Railway traverses +the broad Colorado desert. This is a barren, sandy wilderness, growing +nothing but yuccas and cactus, and is depressed far below the +sea-level. It is an inland salt-water lake that has mostly dried up, +the belief being that it was formerly an extension of the Gulf of +California. The railway route beyond passes between the San Jacinto +and San Bernardino Mountains, crossing the latter. These peaks rise +over eleven thousand feet, and beyond is the pleasant fruit-growing +San Bernardino Valley, originally settled by the Mormons in 1851. To +the southward is Riverside, in the fertile district where the seedless +navel oranges are successfully cultivated, the groves giving an +attractive exhibition of orange-growing. Here is the famous Magnolia +Avenue, one hundred and thirty feet wide and ten miles long, with its +double rows of pepper trees, and extending all the way through orange +groves. In its park is one of the finest cacti collections in +existence. Adjacent is Redlands, also a flourishing orange-growing +city, its sidewalks bordered by stately palms, rose-bushes, pepper +trees and century plants, while everywhere are orange trees in their +perpetual livery of brilliant green. Around it encircle the high San +Bernardino Mountains, thoroughly protecting the fertile valley. To the +southward the route then runs out to the Pacific Ocean bound to +Southern California, and following down the coast near San Juan passes +Dana's Point, over which, in the early Californian days, the hides +were thrown for shipment, as narrated by Dana in _Two Years Before the +Mast_. Ultimately it reaches the grand bay of San Diego, near the +Mexican boundary, which, next to San Francisco, is the best harbor on +the Pacific coast. + +Here, spreading along the shores of the beautiful bay, is the ancient +Spanish town of San Diego, long sleepy, but lately enjoying a "boom" +when it found itself becoming a popular watering-place. To the +northward is the old Mission of San Diego, the first settlement by +white men in California, noted for its prolific olive groves. In the +town of adobé houses lived "Ramona" of whom Helen Hunt Jackson has +written, and there are still preserved here the original church bells +sent out from Spain to the colony. The outer arm of San Diego Bay is +Coronado Beach, a narrow tongue of sand, stretching twelve miles +northward, and ending in spacious expansions known as the North and +South Beaches. Upon the South Beach is the famous watering-place of +Coronado, with its great hotel alongside the ocean, the tower +commanding an extensive view, and its spacious surrounding +flower-gardens being magnificently brilliant. There are Botanical +Gardens, a Museum and an interesting ostrich farm, with railways for +miles along the pleasant shores, and at Point Loma are the lighthouses +guarding the entrance from the sea, the uppermost, elevated five +hundred feet, being the highest lighthouse in the world. Down near the +Mexican boundary is the suburb of National City, surrounded by olive +groves, and the visitors sometimes cross over the border to visit the +curious Mexican village of Tia Juana, a name which being freely +translated means "Aunt Jane." Extensive irrigation works serve the +country around San Diego, and the great Sweetwater Dam, ninety feet +high, closing a gorge, makes one of the largest water reservoirs in +existence. + +This wonderful land of California into which we have come has a name +the meaning of which is unknown. One Ordonez de Montalva in 1510 +published a Spanish romance wherein he referred to the "island of +California, on the right hand of the Indies, very near the Terrestrial +Paradise." When Cortez conquered Mexico, his annalist, Bernal Diaz del +Castillo, gave this name, it is said in derision, about 1535, to the +lower peninsula of California, then supposed to be an island, it +having been discovered the previous year by the Spanish explorer +Ximenes. The Jesuit missionaries came in the seventeenth century to +the lower peninsula, and in the eighteenth century to California +proper. It is an enormous State, stretching nearly eight hundred miles +along the Pacific, and inland for a width of two hundred or more +miles. It is mainly a valley, between the Coast Range of mountains on +the west and the Sierra Nevada, meaning the "snowy saw-tooth +mountains," on the east. The Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers flow in +the central valley, which stretches north and south for five hundred +miles. To the southward the mountain ranges join, and below them is +the special and favored region of Southern California. When first +settled, there were established from San Diego up to Sonoma twenty-one +Jesuit Missions, whose ruins and old buildings are now found so +interesting, and these early establishments converted the Indians, of +whom it is said that the charming climate offered them no +inducements to develop savagery, so that when the conversion time came +they were easily made serfs for the Missions, and worked in a way that +few other Indians ever did. There are two California seasons, the +rainy and the dry, the former lasting from November to May, while +there is almost unchanging dry weather from May till October. The +rainy season, however, is not as in the tropics, where there are +deluges daily, but it means that then it will rain if ever, and there +are in fact days without rain at all. California is a land of climatic +attractiveness, where, as it has been well said, "it is always +afternoon." Through vast irrigation systems, despite the dry season, +much of the surface has been made a garden. Water runs everywhere +copiously down from the mountains, and the shrubbery of all parts of +the world has been brought hither and successfully grown. The region +presents an universal landscape of foliage and flowers, luxuriant +beyond imagination. In Southern California the wild flowers, of which +the golden poppy is one of the most prominent, are extraordinary in +their number, variety and brilliancy. "The greatest surprise of the +traveller," writes Charles Dudley Warner, "is that a region which is +in perpetual bloom and fruitage, where semi-tropical fruits mature in +perfection, and the most delicate flowers dazzle the eye with color +the winter through, should have on the whole a low temperature, a +climate never enervating, and one requiring a dress of woollen in +every month." + + [Illustration: _Cloister of Mission, San Juan Capistrano_] + + +LOS ANGELES AND SAN JOAQUIN. + +The metropolis of this land of sunshine, fruits and flowers, fifteen +miles back from the sea, is _La Puebla de la Nuestra Senora la Reina +de Los Angeles_, or "the City of Our Lady, the Queen of the Angels;" a +lengthy title which the matter-of-fact Americans some time ago happily +shortened into Los Angeles. From it Los Angeles River flows south to +the sea at San Pedro Bay. The Spaniards founded the town in 1781, but +it had only a sleepy existence until 1880, when the railways came +along, and it became a centre of the pleasure and health-resorts, and +the extensive fruit growing of Southern California, expanding so +rapidly that it has seventy thousand people. Originally, the houses +were of adobé, but now it has many fine buildings and a magnificent +development of residences, the whole city being embowered in luxuriant +vegetation. In the neighborhood are petroleum wells and asphalt +deposits, while the adjacent district has many irrigation canals. Down +on the ocean shore is San Pedro, the port of Los Angeles, where the +harbor has been improved by a large outlay, and twenty miles away is +the beautiful mountainous island of Santa Catalina, a popular resort, +which is in reality an ocean mountain top. Santa Monica Bay, to the +southwest, is the coast bathing-place of Los Angeles, and near by is +the popular Redondo Beach, with its spacious Chautauqua Assembly +Building. Pasadena is a charming suburb of the city off to the +northeast, a perpetual garden and favorite place of residence. It is +in San Gabriel Valley, over which rises the great Sierra Madre Range, +eleven thousand feet high, the glossy green orange groves on its sides +gradually melting into the white snow-capped summits of this towering +mountain wall. A railway ascends Echo Mountain north of Pasadena, on +which is the Lowe Observatory. To the southeast is the old San Gabriel +Mission in the valley, surrounded by vineyards and orchards. + +San Buenaventura was another Mission, and is now a health-resort at +the coast outlet of Ventura valley, and beyond is Santa Barbara, the +"American Mentone," one of the most charming California resorts. The +old Spanish Mission, with its towers and corridors, is famous, and was +built in 1786, being well-preserved and having a few of the Franciscan +monks yet in charge. A curiosity of the neighborhood is _La Parra +Grande_, the "Great Vine," having a trunk four feet in diameter and +covering a trellis sixty feet square, its annual product being eight +thousand pounds of grapes. Farther along the coast is the charming Bay +of Monterey, with the Spanish town of Monterey on its southern shore. +In 1770 the Mission of San Carlo de Monterey was founded here, and it +was the Mexican capital of California until the American conquest in +1846, then depending chiefly on a trade in tallow and hides. It has +not grown much since, however, and the old adobé buildings have not +undergone change in a half-century. It is now a popular resort, having +the noted Hotel Del Monte, the "Hotel of the Forest," located in +spacious and exquisite grounds, the park embracing seven thousand +acres. Upon the northern side of Monterey Bay is Santa Cruz, its chief +town, also a summer-resort, having a background made by the Santa Cruz +Mountains. This was a Mission founded in 1791, and five miles +northward is the Santa Cruz grove of big trees, containing a score of +redwoods or sequoias, of a diameter of ten feet or more, the largest +being twenty-three feet. Within a hollow in one of these trees General +Fremont encamped for several days in 1847. To the northward is the +prolific fruit region, the Santa Clara Valley, where Mission Santa +Clara was founded in 1777. The city of this valley is San José, with +twenty thousand people, distantly surrounded by mountains, and, like +all these places, a popular resort. The Calaveras Mountains are to the +eastward, and here, on Mount Hamilton, twenty-six miles southeast, is +the Lick Observatory, at forty-two hundred feet elevation. It was +founded by a legacy of $700,000 left by James Lick, of San Francisco, +and is attached to the University of California, being among the +leading observatories of the world. It has one of the largest and most +powerful refracting telescopes in existence, the object-glass being +thirty-six inches in diameter. Mr. Lick is buried in the foundation +pier of this great telescope which he erected. There is a magnificent +view from the Observatory, which is exceptionally well located, its +white buildings, shining in the sunlight, seen from afar. + +Across the Coast Range of mountains, eastward from San José, is the +extensive San Joaquin Valley, noted as the "granary of California," +two hundred miles long and thirty to seventy miles wide between the +mountain ranges. It produces almost limitless crops of grain, fruits +and wines. Through this great valley the San Joaquin River flows +northward, and the Sacramento River southward in another valley as +spacious, and uniting, they go out westward to San Francisco Bay. We +are told that in the days when the earth was forming, the sea waves +beat against the slopes of the Sierra Nevada, but ultimately the +waters receded, leaving the floor of this vast valley of central +California stretching nearly five hundred miles between the mountain +ranges. The first comers among the white men dug gold out of its +soils, but now they also get an enormous revenue from the prolific +crops. Railways traverse it in all directions. The chief city is +Stockton, at the head of navigation on the San Joaquin, a town of +twenty thousand people, having numerous factories. Here in the slopes +and gulches of the Sierras, stretching far away, were the first +gold-mines of California, when the discoveries of the "Forty-niners" +set the world agog. Here, at Jackson, was tapped the famous "Mother +Lode," the most continuous and richest of the three gold belts +extending along the slope of the Sierras, and so-called by the early +miners because they regarded it as the parent source of all the gold +found in the placers. This lode is in some parts a mile wide, and +extends a hundred miles, being here a series of parallel fissures +filled with gold-bearing quartz-veins, while farther south they unite +in a single enormous fissure. The mineral belts paralleling it on both +sides are rich in copper and gold. The country all about is a mining +region with prolific "diggings" everywhere, and smokes arising from +the stamp-mills at work reducing the ores. Here are Tuttletown and +Jackass Hill, the home of "Truthful James," and the localities made +familiar by Bret Harte and Mark Twain. Here is Carson Hill, there +having been picked up on its summit the largest gold-nugget ever found +in California, worth $47,000. What this gold-mining has meant is shown +by the results, aggregating since California first produced the metal +a total of nearly $1,350,000,000 gold given the world. As the San +Joaquin Valley is ascended, it develops its wealth of grain-fields, +orchards and vineyards, and displays the grand systems of irrigation +which have contributed to produce so much fertility. + +Eastward from San Joaquin Valley are the famous groves of Big Trees, +the gigantic sequoias, which Emerson has appropriately called the +"Plantations of God." There are two forests of giants in Calaveras and +Mariposa Counties displaying these enormous trees, of which it is +significantly said that some were growing when Christ was upon the +earth. The Calaveras Grove, the northernmost, is at an elevation of +forty-seven hundred feet above the sea, upon a tract about two-thirds +of a mile long and two hundred feet wide, there being a hundred large +trees and many smaller. The tallest tree standing is the "Keystone +State," three hundred and twenty-five feet high and forty-five feet in +circumference. The "Mother of the Forest," denuded of its bark, is +three hundred and fifteen feet high and sixty-one feet girth, while +the "Father of the Forest," the biggest of all, is prostrate, and +measures one hundred and twelve feet in circumference. There are two +trees three hundred feet high, and many exceeding two hundred and +fifty feet, the bark sometimes being a foot and a half thick. This +grove, however, being less convenient, is not so much visited as the +Mariposa Grove to the southward. It is in Mariposa (the butterfly) +County, at sixty-five hundred feet elevation, and near the Yosemite +Valley. The tract of four square miles is a State Park, there being +two distinct forests a half-mile apart. The lower grove has a hundred +fine trees, the largest being the "Grizzly Giant," of ninety-four feet +circumference and thirty-one feet diameter, the main limb, at two +hundred feet elevation, being over six feet in diameter. The upper +grove contains three hundred and sixty trees, and the road between the +groves is tunnelled directly through one of them, which is +twenty-seven feet in diameter. Through this living tree, named +"Wawona," the stage-coach drives in a passage nearly ten feet wide. +These trees are not so high as in Calaveras Grove, but they are +usually of larger girth. The tallest is two hundred and seventy-two +feet, ten exceed two hundred and fifty feet, and three are over ninety +feet in circumference, while twenty are over sixty feet. Many of the +finest have been marred by fires. There are eight groves of these Big +Trees in California, these being the chief. + + +YOSEMITE VALLEY. + +Into the San Joaquin flows Merced River, coming from the eastward down +out of the Sierras through the famous Yosemite Valley. Most of its +waters are diverted by irrigation canals leading for many miles over +the floor of the broad San Joaquin Valley. The road to the Yosemite +leads eastward up the slope, crosses the crest, and at Inspiration +Point, fifty-six hundred feet elevation, gives the first view, then +steeply descending to the river bank, it enters the western portal. +Yosemite is a corruption of the Indian word "A-hom-e-tae," which means +the "full-grown grizzly bear," and is supposed to have originally +been the name of an Indian chief. This magnificent canyon, on the +western slope of the Sierra Nevada, is a deep gorge eight miles long, +traversed by Merced River, its nearly level floor being about +thirty-eight hundred feet above the sea-level. The enclosing rocky and +almost vertical walls rise from three thousand to five thousand feet +above the river, the space between varying from a half-mile to two +miles. Over the valley floor winds the beautiful green current of the +diminutive Merced, bordered by trees and vegetation, the surface being +generally grass-grown. The high vertical walls, the small amount of +_débris_ at their foot, and the character of the Yosemite chasm +itself, have led the geologists to ascribe its formation not to +erosion or glacial action, but to a mighty convulsion in the granite +rocks, whereby part of them subsided along lines of fault-crossing +nearly at right-angles. The observer, standing on the floor, can see +no outlet anywhere, the almost perpendicular walls towering on high in +every direction. + +The Valley is a Government Park, which also includes the watershed of +the streams flowing into it. Originally it was the home of the Digger +Indians, a tribe of Shoshonés, and a rather low type, of whom a few +still survive. It was first seen by white men in 1851, when a +detachment of troops pursuing these Indians came unexpectedly upon it. +The attractions soon became widely known, and visitors were numerous, +especially after the opening of the Pacific Railways. Entering the +Valley, the most striking object is its northwestern buttress, the +ponderous cliff El Capitan, rising thirty-three hundred feet, at a +very narrow part, its majestic form dominating the view. There are two +vertical mountain walls almost at right angles, these enormous bare +precipices facing west and south. On the opposite side, forming the +other portal, rise the imposing Cathedral Rocks, adjoined by the two +slender Cathedral Spires of splintered granite, nearly three thousand +feet high. Over these rocks on their western side pours the Bridal +Veil Fall, about seventy feet wide, and descending vertically six +hundred and thirty feet. As the winds often make the foaming column +flutter like a white veil, its title has been appropriately given. +Adjoining El Capitan descends the Ribbon Fall, or the Virgin's Tears, +falling two thousand feet, but losing much of its waters as the summer +advances. Eastward of El Capitan are the peaks called the Three +Brothers, the highest also named the Eagle Peak, rising three thousand +feet. To the eastward of this peak and in a recess near the centre of +the Valley are the Yosemite Falls, one of the highest waterfalls in +the world. Yosemite Creek, which comes over the brink with a breadth +of thirty-five feet, descends twenty-five hundred feet in three leaps. +It pours down a vertical wall, the Upper Fall descending nearly +fifteen hundred feet without a break, the column of water swaying as +the winds blow with marvellous grace of motion, the eddying mists +fading into light summer clouds above. The Middle Fall is a series of +cascades descending over six hundred feet, and the Lower Fall is four +hundred feet high. This is one of the grandest features of the Valley, +but its vigor, too, dwindles as the season advances. There is a high +and splendid ice cone formed at the foot of the Upper Fall in the +winter. Alongside, upon a projection called Yosemite Point, at over +thirty-two hundred feet elevation, is given one of the best views of +the famous Valley. + +At the head of the Yosemite, it divides into three narrow tributary +canyons, each discharging a stream, which uniting form the Merced. The +northernmost is the Tenaya, and overshadowing it rises the huge North +Dome, more than thirty-seven hundred feet high, having as an outlying +spur the Washington Column. Opposite, and forming the eastern boundary +of the valley, is the South or Half Dome, of singular shape, towering +almost five thousand feet, and like El Capitan, at the other +extremity, being a most remarkable granitic cliff. Its top is +inaccessible, although once it was scaled by an adventurous explorer +by means of a rope attached to pegs driven into the rock. It is one of +the most extraordinarily formed mountains in existence, standing up +tall, gaunt and almost square against the sky, the dominating pinnacle +of the upper valley. Upon the southern side rises Glacier Point, +nearly thirty-four hundred feet, giving a splendid view over the +valley, having to the westward the Sentinel Dome, nearly forty-three +hundred feet high, ending in the conspicuous face of the Sentinel +Rock. Thus environed by vast cliffs, this grand valley displays +magnificent scenery. Within the upper canyons are also attractions, +that of the Merced River, the central gorge displaying the Vernal and +Nevada waterfalls. The Vernal Fall is seventy feet wide and descends +three hundred and fifty feet, having behind it the Cap of Liberty, a +picturesque cliff. Farther up the river is the Nevada Fall, a superb +cataract, having a slightly sloping descent of six hundred feet. Just +within Tenaya Canyon is the Mirror Lake, remarkable for its wonderful +reflections of the North and South Domes and adjacent mountains. Some +distance to the eastward is the Cloud's Rest, a peak rising more than +six thousand feet above the valley and nearly ten thousand feet above +sea-level, that is ascended for its splendid view of the surrounding +mountains and the enclosing walls of the valley, which can be plainly +seen throughout its length, stretching far away towards the setting +sun. This view of the Yosemite surpasses all others in its +comprehensiveness and grandeur. + + +THE ROCKIES + +The great "backbone" of the American Continent is the Rocky Mountains, +and the summits of its main range make the parting of the waters, the +"Continental Divide." Its name of the Rockies is appropriate, for on +these mountains and their intervening plateaus, naked rocks are +developed to an extent rarely equalled elsewhere in the world. The +leading causes of this are the great elevation and extreme aridity, +the scanty moisture preventing growth of vegetation, and the high +altitudes promoting denudation of the rock-material disintegrated at +the surface. Enormous crags and bold peaks of bare rocks, mostly +compose the mountains, while the streams flow at the bases of towering +precipices in deep chasms and canyons filled with broken rocks. Being +unprotected by vegetation, the winds sweep the hills clean of soil and +sand, the steep slopes of the valleys are strewn with fragments of the +enclosing cliffs, and the rivers are usually without flood-plains or +intervales, where soils may gather. In the extensive and +highly-elevated plateaus, the streams usually run in the bottoms of +deep canyons, their channels choked with _débris_. Added to this the +whole Rocky Mountain region has in the past been a scene of great +volcanic activity, many extinct volcanoes appear, broad plains are +covered with lava, and scoria and ashes are liberally deposited all +about. The aridity is not a feature of the Pacific coast ranges, +however, for the moisture from that ocean abundantly supplies water; +there are good soils, and in the northern parts usually dense forests. +The Rocky Mountain system extends from Mexico up to Alaska and the +Arctic Ocean, its greatest development being between 38° and 42° north +latitude, where the various ranges cover a breadth of a thousand +miles. The highest peak of the Rockies is Mount Logan, in British +America, on the edge of Alaska, rising nineteen thousand five hundred +and thirty-nine feet. In the United States these mountains rise from a +general plateau extending across the country, and reaching its maximum +elevation of about ten thousand feet in Colorado, whilst towards the +north the surface descends, entering Canada at an elevation of four +thousand feet. The plateau descends westward into the basin of the +Colorado River, then the surface rises in Nevada to six thousand feet, +and thence farther westward it gradually descends to the base of the +Sierra Nevada in California. To the eastward the plateau throughout +steadily descends in the long, undulating and generally treeless slope +of the Great Plains to the Mississippi, the many tributaries of the +Father of Waters carving their valleys down through its surface. There +are numerous mountain ranges, plateaus and parks, under different +names in this extensive mountain region, and the higher peaks in the +United States generally rise to thirteen to fifteen thousand feet +elevation. These mountains and the plains to the eastward compose the +vast arid region constituting fully two-fifths of the United States, +where irrigation is necessary to agriculture, and, in consequence, +less than ten per cent. of this large surface bears forests of any +value. We are told that so scant is the moisture, if the whole current +of every water-course in this district were utilized for irrigation it +would not be possible to redeem four per cent. of the land. Some of +this surface, however, bears grasses and plants that, to an extent, +make pasturage. The precious metals and other useful minerals are +found in abundance, and various parts of the region have been +developed by the many valuable mines, making their owners enormous +fortunes. + +Through this vast mountain district, over deserts and along devious +defiles, a half-dozen great railways lead from the Mississippi Valley +to the Pacific slope. The Southern Pacific Railway we have already +followed from New Orleans across to Southern California. Northward +from its route at El Paso a railway leads through New Mexico to the +next great transcontinental line, the Atchison system, coming from +Chicago by way of Kansas City and Santa Fé southwestward The main line +traverses Kansas, and branches go south into the Indian Territory and +Oklahoma. In the former are the reservations of the civilized tribes +of Indians originally removed from east of the Mississippi--the +Choctaws, Cherokees, Creeks, Chickasaws and Seminoles, with some +others--who number nearly two hundred thousand souls, most of them +engaged in agriculture. To the westward, south of Kansas and Colorado, +is the "Boomers' Paradise" of Oklahoma, or the "Beautiful Land," a +fertile and well-watered region, originally part of the Indian +reserved lands, but bought from them by the Government. People from +Kansas long had a desire to occupy this prolific land, and only with +great difficulty were they kept out. The portion first got ready was +opened to settlement by proclamation at noon on April 22, 1889, a +large force of troops being in attendance to preserve order. Over +fifty thousand people crossed the boundaries and entered the Territory +the first day, taking up farms and starting towns. The "Cherokee +Strip" along the northern line was subsequently obtained and opened to +settlement in September, 1893, when ninety thousand people rushed in. +These great invasions of the "Oklahoma boomers" became historic, +cities of tents springing up in a night; but while there then was much +suffering and privation from want of food and shelter, yet the new +Territory has since become a most successful agricultural community. + +The Atchison route, after crossing Kansas, enters Colorado, passing La +Junta and Trinidad, and then turning southward rises to the highest +point on the line, crossing the summit of the Raton Pass, at an +elevation of seventy-six hundred and twenty feet, by going through a +tunnel, and emerging on the southern side of the mountain in New +Mexico. The railway is then laid along the slope of the Santa Fé +Mountains, and on their side are Las Vegas Hot Springs, about forty of +them being in the group, their waters used both for bathing and +drinking, and having various curative properties. The Glorieta Pass is +subsequently crossed at seventy-five hundred feet elevation, and +beyond is Santa Fé, the capital of New Mexico. This is a curious and +antique town, the oldest in the United States next to St. Augustine in +Florida. It was an Indian pueblo or town in the very early times, and +in 1605 the Spaniards came along, captured it, reduced the Indians to +slavery, and worked the valuable gold and silver mines. In 1680 the +Indians revolted, expelled the Spaniards and destroyed their churches +and buildings, but they recovered control a few years later. There are +now about seven thousand people of all races, having a good trade, and +being chiefly employed in mining. It is a quaint old place, with +crooked and narrow streets and adobé houses surrounding the central +Plaza, on one side of which is the ancient Governor's Palace, a long, +low adobé structure of one story, wherein the Governors of Spanish, +Mexican and American rule have lived for nearly three centuries. It +contains various historical paintings and relics, and here General Lew +Wallace wrote _Ben Hur_ while Governor of New Mexico in 1880. + +Beyond Santa Fé is the Rio Grande River, which the railway follows +down through a grazing country past Albuquerque, its mart for wool and +hides. Turning westward an arid region is traversed, with an +occasional pueblo, and near Laguna is the famous Mesa Encantada, or +the "Enchanted Table Land." This eminence rises precipitously four +hundred and thirty feet above the surface, and is only accessible by +ladders and ropes. The summit gives evidence of former aboriginal +occupancy, and the tradition of the neighboring Acomas Indians is that +their ancestors lived upon it, but were forced to abandon the village +when a storm had destroyed the only trail and caused those remaining +on the summit to perish. To the westward the "Continental Divide" is +crossed at seventy-three hundred feet elevation, but with nothing +indicating the change, as it is on a plateau. The Navajo Indian +Reservation is crossed, Arizona entered and traversed, and at the +Flagstaff Station is the Lowell Observatory, and here the nearest +route is taken to the Grand Canyon of the Colorado. There rises to the +northward the huge San Francisco Mountain, a fine extinct volcano, +while off to the southwest are the great United Verde Copper Mines, +among the largest in the world, and the town of Prescott, in a rich +mineral region. The Colorado River is crossed into California, and +then the railway traverses the wide Mojave Desert towards the Pacific +coast. + + +DENVER AND ITS SURROUNDINGS + +The Union Pacific Railway route across the Continent was the first +constructed, the Government giving large subsidies in money and land +grants. It was opened in 1869, and greatly encouraged travel to the +Pacific coast. The Union Pacific main line starts at Council Bluffs +and Omaha on the Missouri River and crosses Nebraska into Wyoming. +Here is Cheyenne, a leading cattle-dealers' town on the edge of the +Rockies, five hundred miles west of the Missouri, where there are +fifteen thousand people. Fort Russell, an Indian outpost at the verge +of the Black Hills, is to the northward. At Cheyenne, the main Union +Pacific line is joined by the Denver Pacific branch, which starts on +the Missouri River at Kansas City, traverses Kansas, passing Fort +Riley and the Ogden Monument there, marking the geographical centre of +the United States, and enters Colorado, and at Denver turns northward +to Cheyenne. + +Denver is the great city of the Rockies, whose snow-capped summits are +seen to the westward in a magnificent and unbroken line, extending in +view for one hundred and seventy miles from Pike's Peak north to +Long's Peak, with many intervening summits, most of them rising over +fourteen thousand feet. Denver stands on a high plateau, through which +the South Platte River flows, and it is at nearly fifty-three hundred +feet elevation. This "Queen City of the Plains" was settled by +adventurous pioneers as a mining camp in 1858, and through the +wonderful development of mining the precious metals has had rapid +growth, so that now there is one hundred and seventy thousand +population. It has many manufactures and some of the most extensive +ore-smelting works in the world, the annual output of gold and silver +being enormous. The high elevation and healthy climate make it a +favorite resort for pulmonary patients. There are many fine buildings, +and a noble State Capitol with a lofty dome, erected at a cost of +$2,500,000, and standing on a high hill, so that it gives a superb +outlook. The city was named in honor of General James W. Denver, who +was an early Governor of Kansas and served in the Civil War. He first +suggested the name of Colorado for the Territory (now a State), and +thus his name was given its capital. Denver has built for its +water-works, forty-eight miles south of the city, the highest dam in +the world, two hundred and ten feet, enclosing a gorge on the South +Platte to make an enormous reservoir holding an ample supply. + +Being so admirably located, Denver is a centre for excursions into one +of the most attractive mountain regions in America. The great Colorado +Front Range, or eastern ridge of the Rockies, stretches grandly across +the country and has behind it one range after another, extending far +westward to the Utah Basin. Towering behind the Front Range is the +Saguache Range, the chief ridge of the Rockies, which makes the +Continental Divide. Among these complicated Rocky Mountain ranges are +various extensive Parks or broad valleys, nestling amid the peaks and +ridges, which were originally the beds of inland lakes. Out of this +mountain region flow scores of rivers in all directions, the affluents +of the Mississippi to the east, the Rio Grande to the south, and the +Colorado and the Columbia westward. All of them have carved down deep +and magnificent gorges, two to five thousand feet deep, and in places +the wonderful results of ages of erosion are displayed in the peculiar +constructions of vast regions, and in special sections, where the +carvings by water, frost and wind-forces have made weird and fantastic +formations in the rocks on a colossal scale, as in the "Garden of the +Gods." These mountains and gorges are also filled with untold wealth, +and the mines, producing many millions of gold and silver, have +attracted the population chiefly since the Civil War, so that the +whole district around and beyond Denver is a region of mining towns, +which are reached by a network of railways disclosing the grandest +scenery, and in many parts the most startling and daring methods of +railroad construction. Whenever land can be reclaimed for agriculture +or grazing on the flanks of the mountains and in the protected valleys +and parks, it is done, so that the district has extensive irrigation +canals, in some parts diverting practically all the available flow of +water in the streams. This is particularly the case with the Upper +Arkansas River, such diversion of the headwaters in Colorado having +robbed the river of its water to such a degree that the people of +Kansas, whither it flows on its route to the Mississippi, are greatly +annoyed and have protracted litigation about it. + + +COLORADO ATTRACTIONS. + +Northwest from Denver is the picturesque Boulder Canyon, and here at +the mining town of Boulder is the University of Colorado, with six +hundred students. Beyond are Estes Park, one of the smaller enclosed +parks among the mountains, having Long's Peak on its verge, rising +fourteen thousand two hundred and seventy feet. Westward from Denver +is the Clear Creek Canyon, and the route in that direction leads +through great scenic attractions, past Golden, Idaho Springs and +Georgetown, where silver-mining and health-resorts divide attention, +the mountains also displaying several beautiful lakes. Beyond, the +railway threads the Devil's Gate, climbing up by remarkable loops, and +reaches Graymont at ten thousand feet elevation, having Gray's Peak +above it rising fourteen thousand four hundred and forty feet. In this +district is the mining town of Central City, while to the northwest is +the extensive Middle Park, of three thousand square miles area, a +popular resort for sportsmen. Southward from Denver the railway route +passes the splendid Casa Blanca, a huge white rock, a thousand feet +long and two hundred feet high, and crosses the watershed between the +Platte and the Arkansas, at an elevation of over seventy-two hundred +feet. Here, amid the mountains, seventy-five miles from Denver, upon a +plateau at six thousand feet elevation, is the famous city of Colorado +Springs, having twenty-five thousand people and being a noted +health-resort. It is pleasantly laid out, with wide, tree-shaded +streets, like a typical New England village spread broadly at the +eastern base of Pike's Peak. Here live large numbers of people who are +unable to stand the rigors of the climate on the Atlantic coast, and +it has been carefully preserved as a residential and educational city, +saloons being prohibited, with other restrictions calculated to +preserve its high character. The settlement began in 1871, but there +are no springs nearer than Manitou, several miles away in the spurs of +Pike's Peak. The climate of Colorado Springs is charming, and it has, +on the one hand, a magnificent mountain view, and on the other a +limitless landscape eastward and southward, across the prairie land. +Here are the Colorado College and other public institutions, and the +National Printers' Home, supported by the printers throughout the +country. In the pretty Evergreen Cemetery is buried the authoress, +Helen Hunt Jackson, who died in 1885. + +Probably the best known summit of the Rockies is Pike's Peak, rearing +its snowy top over Manitou, and about six miles westward from Colorado +Springs, to an elevation of nearly fourteen thousand two hundred +feet. As it rises almost sheer, in the Colorado Front Range, this +noble mountain can be seen from afar across the eastern plains. A +cog-wheel railway nine miles long ascends to the summit from Manitou, +rising seventy-five hundred feet. There is a small hotel at the top, +and a superb view over the mountains and glens and mining camps all +around. In 1806 General Zebulon Pike, then a captain in the army, led +an exploring expedition to this remote region and discovered this +noble mountain, which was given his name. Forests cover the lower +slopes, but the top is composed of bare rocks, usually snow-covered. +Below it a huge tunnel is being bored through the range to connect +Colorado Springs with the Cripple Creek mining district to the +westward. Manitou has a group of springs of weak compound carbonated +soda, resembling those of Ems, and beneficial to consumptive, +dyspeptic and other patients. They are at the entrance of the romantic +Ute Pass, a gorge with many attractions, which was formerly the trail +of the Ute Indians in crossing the mountains. Nearby, upon the Mesa, +or "table-land," is the "Garden of the Gods," a tract of about one +square mile, thickly studded with huge grotesque cliffs and rocks of +white and red sandstones, their unique carving being the result of the +erosive processes that have been going on for ages. They are all given +appropriate names, and its Gateway is a passage just wide enough for +the road, between two enormous bright red rocks over three +hundred feet high. Farther south on the Arkansas River is Pueblo, an +industrial city of thirty thousand people in a rich mining district, +where there is a Mineral Palace, having a wonderful ceiling formed of +twenty-eight domes, into which are worked specimens of all the +Colorado minerals. The route then crosses the Veta Pass at ninety-four +hundred feet elevation, whereon is the abrupt bend known as the "Mule +Shoe Curve," and beyond this it descends into the most extensive of +the Colorado Parks, the San Luis, covering six thousand square miles. +Sentineling its western side is the triple-peaked Sierra Blanca, the +loftiest Colorado Mountain, rising almost fourteen thousand five +hundred feet. The Rio Grande flows to the southward, and there is +Alamosa, and up in the mountains Creede, an extraordinary development +of recent silver mining, which began its career when the ore was +discovered in 1891, has seven thousand people, and has produced +$4,000,000 silver in a year. + + [Illustration: _Gateway, Garden of the Gods, Colorado_] + +Following up the Arkansas River from Pueblo, a route goes northward +behind and west of Pike's Peak into the Cripple Creek district, +situated at an elevation of nearly ten thousand feet among the +mountains, where in 1890 was a remote cattle ranch. The next year gold +was found there, a new population rushed in, and it has since become a +leading gold producer, its output of fourteen to twenty millions of +gold annually almost turning Colorado from a silver to a gold State. +There is now a population of twenty thousand, and the town has many +substantial buildings. Westward the route crosses the Continental +Divide and descends into the extensive South Park, covering two +thousand square miles, reaching Leadville beyond, renowned as a mining +camp that has developed into one of the highest cities of the world. +In the early Colorado days this was the great gold placer mining camp +of California Gulch. Afterwards it produced enormous quantities of +silver from the extensive carbonate beds discovered in 1876, and the +population expanded to thirty thousand, its name being changed to +Leadville. Of late, its gold mining has again become profitable, and +its population now is about fifteen thousand, the yield of silver, +which once reached $13,000,000 annually, being much reduced owing to +the decline in value. To the westward, the Colorado Midland Railway +crosses the Continental Divide by the Hagerman Pass, at eleven +thousand five hundred and thirty feet elevation, the highest elevation +of any railway route across the Rockies. It descends rapidly to Aspen, +where $8,000,000 of silver and gold are mined in a year. North of +Leadville is the noted Mountain of the Holy Cross, fourteen thousand +two hundred feet high, named from the impressive cruciform appearance +of two ravines crossing at right angles and always filled with snow. + +The Grand Canyon of the Arkansas is one of the most magnificent +gorges in the Rocky Mountains. This river above Pueblo forces its +passage through a deep pass known in the narrowest part as the Royal +Gorge, where the railway is laid alongside the boiling and rushing +stream, with rocky cliffs towering twenty-six hundred feet above the +line. It ascends westward, beyond the sources of the Arkansas, +crossing the Continental Divide by the Marshall Pass, at ten thousand +eight hundred and fifty-eight feet elevation, the route up there +showing, in its abrupt and bold curves, great engineering skill. The +Pass is always covered with snow, and the descent beyond it is to the +mining town of Gunnison. The Gunnison River is followed down through +its magnificent gorge, the Black Canyon giving a splendid display for +sixteen miles of some of the finest scenery of the Rockies. The river +is an alternation of foaming rapids and pleasant reaches, and within +the canyon is the lofty rock pinnacle of the Currecanti Needle. The +adjacent gorge of the Cimarron, a tributary stream, gives also a +splendid display of Rocky Mountain wildness, and below it the river +passes through the Lower Gunnison Canyon, bounded by smooth-faced +sandstone cliffs, and finally it falls into Grand River, one of the +head-streams of the Colorado. The combined magnificence of these +canyons and mountains makes the environment of the Colorado mining +region one of the most attractive scenic districts in America. The +railways have arranged a route of a thousand miles through the +mountains, starting from Denver, under the title of "Around the +Circle," which crosses and recrosses the Continental Divide, threads +the wonderful canyons, surmounts all the famous passes over the tops +of the Rocky ranges, and includes the most attractive scenery of the +district. + + +WYOMING FOSSILS. + +The Union Pacific Railway, westward from Cheyenne in Wyoming, +gradually ascends the slope and crosses the Continental Divide at +Sherman, the pass being elevated eighty-two hundred and forty-five +feet. Here, alongside the track, is the monument erected in memory of +Oakes and Oliver Ames of Massachusetts, to whose efforts the +construction of this pioneer railway across the Continent was largely +due. Upon the western slope of the mountains the descent is to the +Laramie Plains, an elevated plateau in Wyoming which is one of the +best grazing districts of the country. In the midst of the region on +the Big Laramie River is Laramie City, with ten thousand people, a +prominent wool and cattle mart. To the north and west high mountains +rise, out of which the river flows, and in this district is the great +fossil region of Wyoming. This state is the most prolific producer of +the skeletons of the enormous beasts that roamed the earth in +prehistoric times. About ninety miles northwest of Laramie City are +the greatest fossil quarries in existence, and the scientific hunters +from all the great museums have been finding rich treasures there. We +are told that in an early geological period Wyoming had numerous lakes +and swamps and a semi-tropical climate. These huge animals then +inhabited the lakes and swamps in large numbers. In dying, they sank +into the mud, and their bones were covered by other deposits and +became petrified. The extensive deposits of these bones are found +where are supposed to have been the mouths of great water-courses, the +huge animals, after death, having floated to where they are deposited +in such large numbers. The belief is that through the geological eras +these animals became covered with possibly twenty thousand feet of +rock. Afterwards, the process by which the Rocky Mountains were formed +tilted these rock beds, and the subsequent erosion of the strata +brought to light these bone-deposits, made millions of years ago. For +many years the scientists have been exhuming these skeletons, and have +recovered the bones of over three hundred different species. They are +of all sizes and characters, and here has been found the most colossal +animal ever discovered on the earth, a dinosaur, nearly one hundred +and thirty feet long, and thirty-five feet high at the hips and +twenty-five feet at the shoulders. The skeleton of this immense +creature, who is called a diplodocus, weighs twenty tons, and it is +believed that when living he weighed sixty tons, having a neck thirty +feet long and a tail twice that length. Yet his head was very small, +and the weight of the brain was not over five pounds. In comparison +with the mammoth, heretofore regarded as so large, this huge beast, +whose foot covered a square yard of earth, was in size as a horse is +compared to a dog. Such are the contributions Wyoming is making to our +great museums of science. + +To the southward of the Laramie Plains is the Colorado North Park, +among the mountains of that State, having an area of over two thousand +square miles. Beyond, the railway route goes westward among hills and +over the plateaus. This route is not as picturesque as some of the +other Pacific railways, but in crossing the Continent it discloses +very curious scenery. At places there are great Buttes, water-worn and +rounded, rising in isolated grandeur; the plains and terraces are +carved into elongated and wide depressions, as if abandoned rivers had +run through them; there are long and regular embankments, strange +hills of fantastic form, huge mounds, broken-down pyramids, vast +stone-piles, and the most strange and extraordinary fashionings of +nature, showing both water and fire to have been at work. Then the +route passes the snow-clad Uintah Mountains to the southward, and +crossing the Wahsatch range, enters Utah, traversing its remarkable +enclosed basin, where the waters have no outlet to the sea, but flow +into salt lakes which lose their surplus supplies by evaporation in +the summer. Beyond, is the wild and picturesque Echo Canyon, with the +green valley of Weber River and the Weber Canyon. Here is the gigantic +Castle Rock, a rugged stone-pile fantastically carved by nature, +having a giant doorway and all the semblance of a mountain fortress. +Here is also the "One Thousand Mile Tree," on the northern side of the +road, being that distance west of Omaha. In the Echo Gorge is the +Hanging Rock, where Brigham Young, as the Mormon Pilgrims journeyed to +their Utah home, is said to have preached the first sermon to them in +the "Promised Land." The old-time emigrant trail passes through these +canyons alongside the railway and the river. A remarkable sight within +the Weber Canyon is the Devil's Slide, where on the face of an almost +perpendicular red mountain, eight hundred feet high, there is inlaid a +brilliantly white strip of limestone about fifteen feet wide, all the +way from top to bottom, having enclosing white walls, the whole work +being as regularly constructed as if built by a stonemason. Beyond, we +come to Ogden, a busy industrial town of twenty thousand people, the +western terminus of the Union Pacific Railway, and having another +railroad leading thirty-seven miles southward to Salt Lake City. + + +GREAT SALT LAKE. + +In the centre of the Rockies, occupying a large portion of Utah and +adjacent States, is the "Great Basin," which, as remarked, has no +drainage outlet for its waters. The geologists tell us that in ancient +times this region was covered by two extensive lakes, one of them in +the Pleistocene era occupying the now desert interior basin of Utah. +This extinct lake, whose ancient shores can be distinctly traced, has +been named Lake Bonneville. When at its greatest expansion, it covered +twenty thousand square miles, and the waters were nearly a thousand +feet deep, overflowing to the northward into a branch of Shoshoné +River through a deep pass, and going thence to the Pacific. The waters +of this lake, by climatic changes, gradually dwindled, the loss by +evaporation overcame the rainfall supply, the overflow ceased, and +then the lake dried up, revealing the desert bottom. Of its waters +there now remain the Great Salt Lake of Utah, about eighty miles long +and from thirty to fifty miles wide, very shallow, averaging only +twenty feet depth, and not over fifty feet in the deepest place, +having monotonously flat shores on the desert plateau, elevated +forty-two hundred feet above the sea. Its dimensions vary according to +the rainfall, the surface rising and falling in various periods of +years. Several streams flow in, among them the Jordan River, forty +miles long, draining Utah Lake to the southward. The waters are +densely salt, varying from fourteen to twenty-two per cent. as the +lake is high or low (compared with three to four per cent. in the +ocean), and it is estimated to contain four hundred million tons of +salt. Not a fish can live there excepting a small brine shrimp. A bath +in the lake is novel, as the density makes the body very buoyant, +easily floating head and shoulders above the water. + +To this desert region, after being driven from Nauvoo on the +Mississippi, Brigham Young brought his first Mormon colony by a long +journey across the plains and mountains, a band of one hundred and +forty-three persons, arriving in July, 1847, Utah then being Mexican +territory. They organized the State of Deseret, and it afterwards +became a Territory of the United States. By prodigious labors, +constructing irrigation canals to bring in the mountain streams, they +made the soil productive, and now it is one of the most fertile +valleys in the country. Almost the whole flow of the Jordan River is +thus used for irrigation. Colonies and proselytes were brought in from +various parts of the world, until two hundred thousand Mormons came to +Utah, and after protracted conflicts with the Government, polygamy was +declared illegal, and its discontinuance was ordered by proclamation +of the Mormon President. Twelve miles from the Great Salt Lake is the +Utah capital and Mormon Zion, Salt Lake City, where the Latter-Day +Saints and Gentiles together exceed fifty thousand. Its prosperity is +largely due to the extensive mining interests of the surrounding +country. The lofty Wahsatch Mountains are close to the city on the +northern and eastern sides, while to the south, seen over a hundred +miles of almost level plain, is a magnificent range of snow-covered +mountains, this being the perpetual and awe-inspiring view from all +parts of the city. The streets are wide and lined with shade trees, +the residences surrounded by gardens, and irrigation canals border all +the thoroughfares, so that the whole place is embosomed in foliage, +and the delicious green adds to its scenic attractiveness. The Temple +Block of ten acres, the sacred square of the Mormons, is the centre +from which the streets are laid towards the four cardinal points of +the compass. A high adobé wall surrounds it, and here is the great +Mormon Temple of granite, which was forty years building, and cost +over $4,000,000, having three pointed towers at each end, the loftiest +being surmounted by a gilded figure of the Mormon angel Moroni. Here +is also the Mormon Tabernacle, a huge oval-shaped structure, +surmounted by a roof rounded like a turtle-back, the interior +accommodating twelve thousand people. This is their great +meeting-place, and they also have a smaller Assembly Hall for +religious services. These are the chief buildings of Salt Lake City. +To the eastward in the suburbs is the military post of Fort Douglas, +where the troops are barracked that guard the Mormon capital. In the +earlier period, when there were fears of trouble, a large garrison was +kept at this extensive fortification to maintain government control. + + +OGDEN TO SACRAMENTO. + +Westward from Ogden in Utah the Union Pacific route to California is +continued upon the Southern Pacific system, that company having +absorbed the original Central Pacific road. It passes Corinne, the +largest Gentile city in Utah, and then through the Promontory +Mountains, on the northern verge of Great Salt Lake. It was at +Promontory Point on May 10, 1869, that the railway builders of this +original transcontinental line, coming both ways, met, and joined the +tracks. The last tie was made of California rosewood, trimmed with +silver, and the last four spikes were of silver and gold. The final +golden spike was driven with a silver hammer in the presence of a +large and silent assemblage. The locomotives coming from the East and +the West met, as Bret Harte has written: + + "Pilots touching--head to head + Facing on the single track; + Half a world behind each back!" + +Beyond, the Great American Desert, an alkaline waste, is crossed, the +State of Nevada is entered, the Humboldt River is followed for awhile, +and then Truckee River is ascended through the Pleasant Valley, +leading into the Sierra Nevada, the lower mountain slopes covered with +magnificent forests and the railroad protected from avalanches by +snow-sheds. The Humboldt River has no outlet. It spreads out in an +extensive sheet of water known as the "Carson Sink" and evaporates. At +Reno is the Nevada State University, and as this is a silver region +there are extensive smelting mills. Thirty-one miles southward is +Carson, the capital of Nevada, and twenty-one miles farther the famous +silver-mining town of Virginia City, with ten thousand people, built +half-way up a steep mountain slope and completely surrounded by +mountains. Virginia City stands directly over the noted Comstock Lode, +and here are the Bonanza Mines, which were such prolific producers in +the great silver days. This lode has produced over $450,000,000, +chiefly silver, and it is drained by the Sutro Tunnel, nearly four +miles long, which cost $4,500,000 to construct. Nearby, on the +California boundary, and at six thousand feet elevation, is the +beautiful Lake Tahoe, one of the loveliest sheets of water in the +world, twenty-two miles long, very deep, surrounded by snow-clad +mountains, and yet it never freezes, its outlet being the Truckee +River. In a region of many lakes, it is known as "the gem of the high +Sierras." To the westward of Reno is another lovely sheet of water, +Donner Lake, embosomed in the lap of towering hills, its name coming +from an early explorer, Captain Donner, who, with many of his party, +perished on its shores during a heavy snowstorm in 1846. The top of +the Sierra Nevada is crossed through a tunnel at Summit Station, +elevated seven thousand feet, and beyond there is a complete change +both in climate and vegetation, the descent being rapid and the +transition from arctic snows to sub-tropical flowers very quick. The +line is in many places carved out of the faces of startling +precipices, and here it rounds the famous beetling promontory known as +Cape Horn. Then, coming down among the orchards and vineyards, it +enters the wide and fertile Sacramento Valley, and almost at sea-level +comes to the capital of California, the city of Sacramento, built on +the eastern bank of Sacramento River just below the mouth of the +American River. It is a busy city with thirty thousand people, and has +a large and handsome State Capitol. + + +TRANSCONTINENTAL ROUTES. + +The Northern Pacific Railway, the next route northward, after +following up the Yellowstone River to Livingston, at the entrance to +Yellowstone Park in Montana, ascends the Belt Mountains, crossing them +through Bozeman Tunnel at an elevation of nearly fifty-six hundred +feet. This range is an outlying eastern spur of the Rockies. The road +passes the mining town of Butte, there being forty thousand people in +the neighboring settlements. Here are many gold, silver and copper +mines, including the great Anaconda Mine, which was sold in 1898 to +the company at present working it for $45,000,000, the product of the +mine being silver and copper. The Butte copper output is two hundred +and fifty million pounds annually, and the smelting-works at Anaconda +are the largest in the world. At Three Forks, not far away, is the +confluence of the Madison, Jefferson and Gallatin Rivers, forming the +Missouri. Beyond is Helena, the capital of Montana, built in the +Prickly Pear Valley near the eastern base of the main Rocky Mountain +range and having fifteen thousand population. This is in another rich +mining district, and the "Last Chance Gulch," running through the +city, has yielded over $30,000,000 gold, while all around are gold, +silver, copper and lead-deposits. Twenty-four miles from Helena, the +main range of the Rockies is crossed by the Mullen's Pass tunnel at +fifty-five hundred and fifty feet elevation. At Gold Creek in the +valley beyond, the last golden spike of the Northern Pacific Railway +was driven in September, 1883, uniting the tracks which had advanced +from the east and west and met there. President Henry Villard made +this the occasion of great festivity, bringing many train-loads of +distinguished men to the ceremony, and shortly afterwards the company, +which was heavily in debt, went into a Receivership. The railroad +follows the Missoula and Pend d'Oreille (the "earring") Rivers, which +unite in Clark's Fork, a tributary of the Columbia River, and enters +Idaho, "the gem of the mountains," or, as called by the Nez Perces, +_Edah-hoe_; finally coming to Spokane in Washington State. This busy +manufacturing town of over twenty thousand people was burnt in 1889, +but has entirely recovered from the calamity. The Spokane River +descends one hundred and fifty feet in two falls within the town, +furnishing an admirable water-power. To the southwest is the +confluence of the Snake and Columbia Rivers, and beyond, the railway +penetrates the defiles of the Cascade Mountains, the northern +prolongation of the California Coast range, the Northern Pacific line +finally terminating at Tacoma on Puget Sound. + +The great Columbia is the chief river draining the western slopes of +the Rockies. It has a broad estuary, and in May, 1792, Captain Robert +Gray of Boston, coasting along the shore in his bark "Columbia +Rediviva," discovered it, was baffled more than a week before he could +cross the shallow bar at its mouth, and gave it the name of his +vessel. The Spaniards marked his discovery on one of their maps +without any head to the river, recording alongside in Spanish _y-aun +se ignora_--meaning "and it is not yet known" where the source of the +river is situated. The famous Danish geographer, Malte-Brun, reading +this, made the mistake of recognizing the word _ignora_ as Oregon, and +published it in the early nineteenth century as the name of the +country, to which it has stuck. Thus is Oregon, like California, a +name given without meaning. The Columbia is an enormous river, over +twelve hundred miles long, rising in Otter Lake, just north of the +Dominion boundary, making a long loop up into British America, then +coming down into the United States between the Rockies and the +Cascades with another broad western loop, and swinging around to the +southeast, finally turning westward to form the boundary between +Oregon and Washington State to the Pacific. The chief tributary is +Snake River, known also as Lewis Fork, which comes out of the western +verge of the Yellowstone Park, makes an extensive southern bend +through Idaho and is nine hundred miles long, being a most remarkable +river. West of the Rockies is an enormous area, estimated at two +hundred and fifty thousand square miles, that has been subjected to +volcanic action, being overflowed by what is known as the "Columbia +lava," in deposits from one-half mile to a mile in thickness. Through +this region the Snake River has carved out its extraordinary canyon in +places four thousand feet deep, and in some respects rivalling the +canyons of the Colorado. Down in the bottom of this gigantic fissure +can be seen the ancient rocky formation of the mountains, elsewhere +covered by the sheet of lava. The curious sight is also given of +various tributaries sinking under the strata of lava and ultimately +coming out through the sides of the canyon, pouring their waters down +into the main river far below. + +Within this canyon the Snake River goes over the noted Shoshoné +Falls, a series of cataracts. The first one is the Twin Falls +descending one hundred and eighty feet, then the river goes down the +Bridal Veil of eighty feet descent, and finally it pours in grandeur +over the great Shoshoné Falls, nearly a thousand feet wide, and +descending two hundred and ten feet, a most magnificent cataract. +After the confluence with the Columbia, the latter river leaves the +region of sands and lava for the rocks and mountains, and here are the +Dalles. These are mainly flagstones that make troughs and fissures, +and compress the channel. At first the river, a mile wide, goes over a +wall twenty feet high and stretching completely across, and the +enormous current is compressed not far below into a narrow pass only a +hundred and thirty feet wide and nearly three miles long, encompassed +by high perpendicular cliffs of such regular formation that they seem +as if constructed of masonry. The Dalles make crooked, trough-like +channels through which the waters wildly rush. The amazing way in +which the agile fish are able to ascend these rapids and cataract +through all the turmoil, seeking the quiet river reaches above, caused +the Indians to call the place the Salmon Falls. Here is the town of +the Dalles, the supplying market for the Idaho mining district, an +active manufacturing place with five thousand people. There are +various islands in these rapids, most of them having been used for +Indian burial-places and some having numerous graves. Below, the +Columbia presents very fine scenery in passing the defiles of the +Cascade Mountains, and to the southward is the noble form of Mount +Hood, rising over eleven thousand feet, displaying glaciers and having +snow-covered peaks all about. At the Cascade Locks the Columbia +descends another rapid, where huge rocks buffet the turbulent waters, +the whirling foaming torrent wildly rushing among them. Here the +descent is twenty-five feet, and the Government has improved the +navigation by a spacious ship canal a mile long, built at a cost of +$4,000,000. Enormous cliffs, some of grand and imposing form, environ +the river in passing through these Cascade Mountains, some rising +twenty-five hundred feet. We are told these mountains were first named +from the numerous cascades which pour in from tributary streams coming +over the cliffs and through the crevices of this tremendous chasm. +Often a dozen of these fairy waterfalls can be seen in a single river +reach, some dissolving into spray before half-way down, others +stealing through crooked crannies, and many being tiny threads of +glistening foam apparently frozen to the mountain side. Here is +Undine's Veil pouring over a broader ledge, and the Oneonta, Horse +Tail, La Tourelle and Bridal Veil cataracts, with the far-famed +Multnomah Fall, the most beautiful of all, eight hundred feet high, +descending with graceful gentleness over the massive cliffs a long and +filmy yet matchless thread of silver spray. Emerging, the Columbia +receives the Willamette River, coming up from the south on the western +verge of the Cascades, and then proceeds grandly by its broad estuary +to the Pacific. + +Near the Canadian border the Great Northern Railway crosses the +continent, surmounting the Rockies at the lowest elevation of any of +the transcontinental lines. Starting from St. Paul, it traverses the +Devil's Lake country in Montana, passes Fort Buford on the Upper +Missouri, and crosses the Rockies at fifty-two hundred feet elevation. +Beyond is the Kootenay gold district, and the road comes to Spokane, +crosses the Columbia River and surmounts the Cascades at thirty-three +hundred and seventy-five feet elevation, the mountain top being +pierced by a three-mile tunnel. Then traversing sixty miles of fine +forests, the railway terminates at Everett on Puget Sound. + + +THE CANADIAN PACIFIC ROUTE. + +The Canadian Pacific Railway, crossing the Continent in the Dominion +of Canada, west of Winnipeg traverses the prairies of Manitoba and +Assiniboia until they gradually blend into the rounded and +grass-covered foothills of Alberta, finally rising nearly a thousand +miles west of the Red River into the snow-capped peaks of the Rockies. +This is the garden region of the Canadian Northwest for wheat-growing +and cattle-grazing, and it stretches in almost limitless expanse a +fertile empire far northward to Edmonton and Prince Albert, with +branch railways leading up there, the rich black soils testifying the +wealth in the land. At Regina is the capital of the Northwest +Territory, three hundred and fifty-seven miles west of Winnipeg, the +headquarters of the Canadian "North West Mounted Police," a superb +body of one thousand picked men who control the Indians and maintain +order in the Northwest Territory. The Lieutenant-Governor residing +here is a potentate governing a wide domain spreading out to the +Rockies and up to the North Pole. The town which is his capital is +scattered rather loosely over the prairie. In early times a hardy +pioneer came to this frontier, and at the crossing of a little stream +west of Regina his cart broke down. The Cree Indians watched him mend +it, and afterwards spoke of the stream in their language as "The creek +where the white man mended the cart with a moose jawbone." This +elaborate name has since been contracted into Moose Jaw, a town where +a branch line comes into the Canadian Pacific up through Dakota from +St. Paul and Minneapolis. The route farther westward is in the land of +the Crees, and crosses the South Saskatchewan River at Medicine Hat, a +settlement which the matter-of-fact people call "The Hat" for short. +The Indians say that the Great Spirit had a breathing-place in the +river nearby, where it never was frozen even in the coldest winters. +He always appeared in the form of a serpent, and once, when a chief +was walking on the shore, the serpent came and told him if he would +throw his squaw into the opening as a sacrifice, he would become a +great warrior and medicine man. He was ambitious, but did not wish to +lose her, so he threw his dog in, but the indignant serpent demanded +the squaw. The Indian told her of the conditions, she consented to the +sacrifice, her dead body was thrown in, and after a night of vigil the +chief received from the serpent a warrior's medicine hat, handsomely +trimmed with ermine, and was always after victorious. Thus the +locality became the Medicine Hat, and the Indians watch the river in +severe winters, glad to find the spot is not frozen and that the Great +Spirit still has his breathing-place and remains with them. + +To the westward the snow-capped Rockies become visible, and here are +the reservations of the Blackfeet Indians, who were the most warlike +tribe of the region, and hunted the buffalo as far south as the +Missouri. The memory of Crowfoot, their leading chief, is preserved in +the name of the railway station. The Bow River, an affluent of the +Saskatchewan, is followed up to Calgary, the centre of the ranching +district of Alberta, a town at thirty-four hundred feet elevation, +having high mountains overhanging its western verge. Here are branch +railways north and south, leading along the eastern foothills of the +Rockies, which are filled with herds of cattle and horses, the roads +going up to Edmonton and down into the United States. The warm +"Chinook" winds from the Pacific coast, coming through the mountain +passes, temper the cold, making the balmy atmosphere favoring grass +and animals alike. The Pacific route follows the Bow River Valley into +the heart of the mountains, with magnificent snow-covered peaks all +about, their saw-like edges, gaunt crags and almost denuded surfaces +justifying their name of the Rockies. + + +BANFF. + +The display of mountain scenery along the Canadian Pacific line in +passing through the Rockies is the finest in North America, coming +largely from two causes, each contributing to the grandeur and +impressiveness of the view. The width of the Rocky Mountain ranges in +Alberta and British Columbia is not much over three hundred miles, +while in the United States they are scattered and spread over a +thousand miles of space with intervening tameness. The railway passes +also are lower in British Columbia, so that the adjacent peaks rise +higher above the valleys, making them really grander mountains for the +spectator, who is thus brought to the very bases of such stalwart +peaks as Mount Stephen and Mount Sir Donald, rearing their +snow-covered summits on high for a mile and a half above his head. +Both in concentration and elevation, as well as by the terrific +wildness of the Kicking Horse and Rogers Passes, by which the ranges +are crossed, the magnificence of this part of the Rockies is +displayed. Just within the eastern verge of the mountains are the +Banff Hot Springs, which, with their environment, make the "Canadian +Rocky Mountains Park." This reservation covers the Bow River Valley +and adjacent mountains. The winding river comes from its glacier +sources in the west through a broad deep fissure. This is crossed +almost at right angles by another valley, having the Spray River +coming up from the south through it to join the Bow, while to the +north the floor-level of this valley is higher, but without any +distinctive stream. These valleys and their enclosing peaks are all +formed on a scale of stupendous magnificence, yet so clear is the +atmosphere that distance is dwarfed, making the views perfect. Going +down to the river bank, where the deep, trough-like gorges come +together, it is found that the action of the waters has thoroughly +displayed the geological formation of these mountains, the enormous +rock strata standing up inclined from the perpendicular generally at +an angle of about 30°, being all tilted towards the eastward. Where +these strata-edges and ends are eroded, they are cut off almost +vertically, and thus they rise on high into sharp jagged peaks like +saw-teeth. Stunted firs cover much of the lower slopes, but the tops +are all bare, being rough, or denuded and smoothed rocks, snow-clad, +excepting where the slope is too steep to hold it. + +Along the winding canyon from the northwest rushes the Bow River, +sliding in noisy turmoil, with ample spray and silvery foam, down a +series of cascades, making a most beautiful cataract, then turning +sharply at a right angle to the northeast to go around the end of a +mountain. The bright green waters in full volume swiftly glide around +the bend and away through the narrow gap formed between two towering +cliffs into a deep gorge several miles long. The smaller, but even +more swiftly-darting Spray River, dashes along rapids and joins the +Bow just at the bend. Such is the scene giving the central point of +beauty within this grand amphitheatre of high mountains, overlooked +from an elevated plateau above the waterfall, where the landscape is +finest. The Rocky Mountains Park includes about two hundred and sixty +square miles of streams, lakes and enclosing mountains, improved by +many miles of good roads and bridle-paths to develop its beauties. The +original attraction was the Banff warm sulphur springs, appearing +along the side and base of Sulphur Mountain, rising on the southern +bank of Bow River above the waterfall. The temperature of the waters +changes little from 90°, and they are extensively used for bathing, +being recommended for rheumatic troubles. One spring of copious flow +is a pool within a capacious dome-shaped cavern, hollowed out of a +mound of calcareous tufa. This is the crater of an extinct geyser, the +orifice at the top, which had been its vent, being availed of for +light and ventilation. High up among the mountains to the eastward is +the Devil's Lake, a beautiful crescent-shaped sheet of water much like +a river, eleven miles long, and enclosed by towering peaks. + + +BANFF TO VANCOUVER. + +Westward from Banff the main range of the Rockies is crossed at an +elevation of fifty-three hundred feet, the Continental Divide. The Bow +River Valley is followed up to Mount Stephen, which is encircled to +the northward. This splendid duomo-like mountain rises thirteen +thousand two hundred feet, being named after George Stephen, Lord +Mountstephen, the first president of the railway. In approaching, +there are passed scores of towering snow-clad peaks. At Laggan, among +them, at more than six thousand feet elevation, are three gems of the +mountains, the Lakes of the Clouds--Louise, Mirror and Agnes. At the +summit of the pass a rustic signboard bears the words "The Great +Divide," marking the backbone of the Continent, whence tiny rills flow +alongside the railway in both directions, a little brook leading +eastward down to the Bow, whose waters go out to Hudson Bay and the +Atlantic, while to the westward another diminutive stream is the head +of Wapta River, flowing into the Columbia and thence to the Pacific. +Three pretty green lakes start the Wapta or Kicking Horse River, its +northern branch coming from a huge glacier nine miles long, and its +volume expanding from a hundred cascades and brooks tumbling down from +the snowbanks and ice-fields all about. Then it crosses the flat floor +of a deep valley, which soon develops into a series of terrific +gorges, as with rapids and cataracts the stream suddenly drops into an +abyss and foams and roars deep down in an impressive canyon. The +railway repeatedly crosses this stupendous chasm in getting down the +Kicking Horse Pass, giving grand views of high mountains all around, +and after a scene of true alpine magnificence it comes out at the +broad valley of the Columbia. This river goes northward between the +Rockies and the Selkirks, the next western range, and turning westward +penetrates them and flows southward on their western flanks into the +United States. + +Our railway route next goes up the Beaver River gorge to cross the +Selkirks through the Rogers Pass at forty-three hundred feet +elevation, where Mount Sir Donald guards the Pass. It traverses a +region displaying grand scenery, mounting high above the streams, the +gorge filled with giant trees between Mounts Sir Donald and Hermit, +with frequent airy bridges thrown across the subsidiary ravines, down +which come sparkling cataracts. This narrow gorge has frequent +avalanches, so that much of the road is covered by ponderous +snow-sheds. This is the Rogers Pass, displaying savage grandeur, and +was first entered by white men from British Columbia under Major +Rogers in 1883, when the railway route was surveyed. It is also +reserved for a Canadian National Park. The Hermit Mountain overlooks +the pass from the north, while on the south side a range extends +westward to the ponderous and lofty pyramidal top of Mount Sir Donald, +rising ten thousand seven hundred feet, named for Sir Donald Smith, +Lord Strathcona, President of the Bank of Montreal. Alongside is the +great glacier of the Selkirks, whose waters flow into the deep valley +of the Illecillewaet River, the "Dancing Water," by which the railway +goes westward out of the mountains. Having crossed the summit of the +pass, the railway makes a short curve into this valley, and gives a +grand view of the great glacier covering all of its head. Here is the +Glacier House, on a flat surface of delicious greensward alongside the +line, having a silvery cascade pouring for a thousand feet down the +opposite mountain. Beyond, the Illecillewaet descends rapids and the +railway has a difficult task in getting down the steep and contorted +gorge by startling loops until, finally emerging from the mountain +fastness on the western slope of the Selkirks, it comes a second time +to the open Columbia Valley, the river now flowing with greater volume +southward towards the United States. Across the Columbia is the Gold +range, the third mountain ridge to be crossed. This is done by the +Eagle Pass, less difficult than the other passes through the Rockies, +the crossing being made at two thousand feet elevation, and the route +descending westward along Eagle River and several pleasant lakes that +make its source and cover the floor of the higher valley. This stream +leads into the Great Shuswap Lake, the largest body of water in +British Columbia, spreading its sinuous arms like an octopus among the +mountain ridges. This lake has over two hundred miles of coast-line, +and is drained westward by Thompson River. To the southward it has a +tributary flowing out of the long and slender Okanagan Lake, a sheet +of water among the mountains extending seventy miles and having +fertile shores. + +The Coast range of the Rockies is still beyond us, the fourth and last +ridge of these wonderful mountains, through which the Canadian Pacific +makes its way by going down the remarkable canyons of Thompson and +Fraser Rivers for nearly three hundred miles. At the junction of the +two forks of the Thompson is the town of Kamloops, its Indian name +meaning "the confluence." It is in a good ranching district, and like +all the settlements in British Columbia has quite an elaborate +"China-town." Beyond Kamloops the Thompson canyon is entered, a +desolate gorge almost without vegetation, through which a rapid +torrent rushes, the high steep shores being composed of a rotten rock +which water and frost have moulded into strange and fantastic shapes, +while the stream constantly burrows more deeply into it. The +mud-colored banks are thus carved into massive turrets, cones and +pyramids, with groups of impressive columns standing on high, having +colossal ranks of ghostly statues looking down from above. In one +place a grand semicircular group of cowled and hooded monks with their +backs to the river are kneeling apparently around a gigantic altar. +Almost every conceivable form has been wrought by the running waters +on these precipitous bluffs. Not a tree is seen, and all seems bleak +desolation. At the Black Canyon the scene is mournfully terrific, the +walls composed of an almost black sand, wherein the whirling river +rapids have scooped out immense amphitheatres mounting almost +perpendicularly for a thousand feet. Then a change comes, the steep +and barren walls developing varieties of color, being streaked with +creamy white, red, purple, yellow, maroon, dark brown and black in +richest form, as the waters have run the different hued soils over +them from top to bottom, the rushing river below being a bright +emerald. It is a picture of parti-colored desolation, the gaudy hues +and strange forms of these precipitous cliffs being the gorgeous +exhibition of a most beautiful desert. This remarkable canyon is +followed nearly a hundred miles until the Thompson flows into the +Fraser River. + +The Fraser Canyon is deep, and carries a larger river among higher +mountains. Its shores are steep, but are composed of firmer rocks, +along which the railway is constructed largely on galleries, with +frequent tunnels. Deep in the fissure are Indians spearing for salmon, +and an occasional Chinaman may be seen on a sand-bar washing out the +silt to find gold, as both these rivers bring down gold-bearing sands. +The rocky development of the Fraser and the magnitude of its canyon +increase as it plunges deeper among the higher Coast range mountains. +For thirty miles below North Bend, a place where enough flat land is +left on a terrace for a little railway station, is the most impressive +portion, and the final scene of grandeur on this route through the +Rockies. Almost perpendicular enclosing mountains tower above, and the +river is compressed by high walls of black rocks, so steep that the +road is placed upon a shelf hewn out along them. Through this deep, +contracted canyon the river winds, at times confined into such narrow +crooked straits that the water rushes in swiftly-moving massive +billows like the Niagara rapids. Tunnels pierce the jutting cliffs, +bridges and walls carry the railway along, and at intervals wild +cascades leap through fissures down the mountain sides. The +ever-present and industrious Indians are seen in most perilous +positions down by the river catching the bright-colored salmon, which +they hang upon rude drying-poles among the crags. There is a brief +little village, now and then, along this dreary canyon, where there +may be a sparse bit of flat terrace, enabling a few white people to +live in company with Indians and Chinamen, the "Joss House" of the +Celestial and his queer-looking cemetery, with its tall poles and +streamers to keep away the dreaded birds and evil spirits, being +conspicuous. Thus the river forces its passage through the Coast +range, until at Yale the mountains recede, the canyon gradually +broadens into a flat intervale between distant ridges, and there are +farms and pastures. As the railway emerges from the mountains, the +gleaming white dome of the isolated snow-capped Mount Baker is seen +glistening under the sunlight sixty miles away just beyond the United +States border. The Fraser River finally flows into the Gulf of +Georgia, after a course of six hundred miles through the mountains +from the northward, the chief river of British Columbia. It was named +for Simon Fraser of the Northwest Fur Company, who explored it to its +source amid incredible hardships and difficulties in 1808. The finest +timber grows throughout this region. The railway terminates at the +city of Vancouver, on Burrard Inlet, a fine harbor of the Gulf of +Georgia, founded in 1885, and having eighteen thousand people, with +considerable manufactures and an extensive trade. The lower Fraser +River is a great salmon-canning region, the shores having many +canning-factories, while at New Westminster, the chief town, are +large sawmills, the two products of this district being fish and +lumber, and the Chinese, who are numerous, doing most of the labor. + + +BOUND TO ALASKA. + +Westward from the Gulf of Georgia is Vancouver Island, stretching +parallel to the coast and nearly three hundred miles long, the larger +part of it being composed of mountains, some reaching an elevation of +over seven thousand feet. It has fine forests and valuable coal mines +at Nanaimo and Wellington, which furnish fuel supplies along the +Pacific coast. The redoubtable Spanish adventurer, Juan de Fuca, +discovered it in 1592, and his name was given the strait at its +southern extremity, separating the island from the United States. The +Spaniards held it until near the close of the eighteenth century, when +Captain George Vancouver came with a squadron and it was surrendered +to the English by the Spanish Governor Quadra, its name afterwards +being called for many years Quadra and Vancouver, after the two +officers. Upon a little harbor at the southeastern extremity in 1842, +the Hudson Bay Company established Fort Victoria, which has since +become the capital of the Province of British Columbia. This is a +pleasant city of twenty-five thousand population, having an extensive +Chinese quarter. To the westward is the important British naval +station and dockyard of Esquimalt, upon an admirable land-locked +harbor of large capacity. + +For over a thousand miles, a series of internal waters behind large +islands, with bays, straits and archipelagoes, lead northward from the +Gulf of Georgia to Alaska, making one of the most admirable scenic +routes in America. Their shores are high mountains covered with superb +forests, and the voyage over these waters is most attractive. From the +Gulf of Georgia the route passes through Discovery Passage, the +Seymour Narrows (where the tide rushes sometimes at twelve knots an +hour), Johnstone Strait, Broughton Strait, and Queen Charlotte Sound. +North of Vancouver Island there is a short passage on the open sea and +then Fitzhugh Sound is entered, opening into the Lama Passage and +Seaforth Channel to Millbank Sound, where there is another brief open +sea journey. Then various interior waters lead to Greenville Channel +and Chatham Sound. High mountains are everywhere, and deep, narrow +fiords run far up into the land, the journey displaying so much +magnificent scenery that the mind soon becomes satiated with the +excessive supply of unadulterated grandeur. In this region is the +Nasse River, where in the spring the Indians catch the Oulichan or +"candle-fish," which gives them light, this fish being so full of oil +that when dry and provided with a wick it burns like a candle. Just +beyond is the boundary of Alaska at fifty-four degrees forty minutes +north latitude, the famous "fifty-four forty or fight" boundary of +1843, when the United States claimed that Oregon extended up to the +Russian territory at that latitude, but afterwards abandoned the +claim. Alaska is a very large country, exceeding one-sixth the area of +the United States, and was bought from Russia by Secretary Seward in +1867 for $7,200,000, a price then deemed extravagant, but the purchase +has been enormously profitable. The name is derived from the Indian +_Al-ay-ek-sha_, meaning the "Great land." Besides its large extent of +main land, it includes some fifteen thousand islands, and its enormous +river, the Yukon, flowing into the Behring Sea, has a delta sixty +miles wide at its mouth, is three thousand miles long, and is +navigable for almost two thousand miles. Although Alaska's +productiveness seems just beginning to be realized, yet it has yielded +in gold and furs, fish and other products, since the purchase, over +$150,000,000. + + [Illustration: _Sitka, Alaska, from the Sea_] + +Within Alaska, the route of exploration continues through Clarence +Strait to the Alexander Archipelago, comprising several thousand +islands, many of which are mountainous, and about eleven hundred of +the larger ones have been charted. Here is Fort Wrangell, seven +hundred miles from Victoria, on one of the islands, a little +settlement named after Baron Wrangell, the Russian Governor of Alaska +in 1834. Upon landing, the visitors see the Indians and their +chief curiosity, the "totem poles," erected in front of their houses, +and carved with rude figures emblematic of the owner and his +ancestors. These poles are twenty to sixty feet in height, and two to +five feet in diameter. The natives are divided into clans, of which +the Whale, the Eagle, the Wolf and the Raven are the chief +representatives and are said to have been the progenitors. These are +also carved on the poles and show the intermarriages of ancestors, the +leading families having the most elaborate poles. Beyond Fort Wrangell +are Soukhoi Channel and Frederick Sound, leading into Chatham Strait, +having on its western side Baranoff Island, on the outer edge of which +is Sitka Sound. Here is Sitka, the capital of Alaska, in a +well-protected bay dotted with pleasant islands in front and having +snow-covered mountains for a high background. Alexander Baranoff +founded the town in 1804, the first Russian Governor of Alaska, and +there are now about twelve hundred inhabitants, mostly Indians. The +old wooden Baranoff Castle, which was the residence of the Russian +Governors, is on a hill near the landing-place. The main street leads +past the Greek Church, surmounted with its bulbous spire, having six +sweet-toned bells brought from Moscow, and adjoining it are various +old-time log houses built by the early Russians. The church is still +maintained by the Russian Government. The visitors buy curiosities and +invest their small change in the Indians who get up monotonous dances +or exciting canoe races for their amusement. It is a curious fact +that, owing to the _Kuro Siwo_, or Japanese warm current coming across +the Pacific, Sitka has a mild and most equable climate, the summer +temperature averaging 54° and the winter 32°, the thermometer seldom +falling to zero. + +The Stephens Passage leads north from Frederick Sound, and into it +opens Taku Inlet, a large fiord displaying fine glaciers. Here at +Holkham Bay in 1876 began the first placer gold-mining in Alaska. Just +beyond is Gastineaux Channel, between the mainland and Douglas Island. +Upon its eastern bank, nine hundred miles from Victoria, is Juneau, +the largest town in Alaska, having fifteen hundred population, about +half of them whites; an American settlement, begun in 1880 under +Yankee auspices, and named after the nephew of the founder of +Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The people are mostly gold-miners. The little +white houses are on a narrow strip of comparatively level land along +the shore, having a high and precipitous mountain behind. Juneau deals +in furs and Chilkat blankets, the latter, when genuine, being made of +the hair of mountain-goats and colored with native dyes. It is also a +starting-point for the Klondyke and Yukon regions. Across the narrow +strait, upon Douglas Island, is the famous Treadwell gold-mine, having +three enormous ore-crushing mills, the largest in the world, +aggregating nearly eight hundred stamps. This is a huge mountain of +gold-ore which John Treadwell bought in 1882 from its owner for $430. +It has paid since then $9,000,000 in dividends, and now with increased +output crushes three thousand tons of ore daily, netting $4 gold per +ton, and pours into the laps of the Rothschilds, its present owners, +probably $2,000,000 annually from the enlarged product. The ore +actually in sight in the mountain is estimated to be worth five times +as much as was originally paid for the whole of Alaska. There is a +native Indian cemetery adjoining Juneau, having curious little huts +containing the cremated remains of the dead, with each one's personal +effects. + + +THE GREAT MUIR GLACIER. + +Passing west of Douglas Island and through Icy Strait to Glacier Bay, +a magnificent view is presented. Snow-covered mountains rise six and +seven thousand feet all around, and to the northwest is the imposing +Mount Fairweather range, elevated over fifteen thousand feet. Glacier +Bay extends forty-five miles up into the land, its width gradually +contracting from twelve to three miles. Small icebergs and floes cover +much of the surface, as they are constantly detached from the glaciers +descending into it. At the head of the bay is the greatest curiosity +of Alaska and the most stupendous glacier existing,--the Muir +Glacier,--named in honor of Professor John Muir, the geologist of the +Pacific coast, who first saw it in 1879 and thoroughly explored it in +1890. When Vancouver was here at the close of the eighteenth century +he wrote that a wall of ice extended across the mouth of the bay. The +belief is that the glacier once filled the entire bay and has +gradually receded. Near the middle of the bay is Willoughby Island, a +rock two miles long and fifteen hundred feet high, showing striated +and polished surfaces and glacial grooves from bottom to top. This +glacier far exceeds all the Swiss ice-fields put together, and it +enters the sea with a front one mile and a half wide and two to three +hundred feet high. Unlike the dirty terminal moraines of the Swiss +glaciers, this is a splendid wall of clear blue and white ice, built +up in columns, spires and huge crystal masses, displaying beautiful +caves and grottoes. It goes many hundreds of feet below the surface of +the water, and from its front, masses of ice constantly detach and +fall into the bay with noises like thunder or the discharge of +artillery. Huge bergs topple over, clouds of spray arise, and gigantic +waves are sent across the water. Every few minutes this goes on as the +glacier, moving forward with resistless motion, breaks to pieces at +the end. The field of ice making this wonderful glacier is formed by +nine main streams and seventeen smaller arms. It occupies a vast +amphitheatre back among the mountains, thirty to forty miles across, +and where it breaks out between the higher mountains to descend to +the sea is about three miles wide. The superficial area of this mass +of ice is three hundred and fifty square miles. It moves forward from +seven to ten feet daily at the edges and more in the centre, and in +August, when it loses the most ice, the estimate is that about two +hundred millions of cubic feet fall into the bay every day. It loses +more ice in the summer than it gains in the winter, and thus steadily +retrogrades. The visitors go up to its face, although it cannot be +ascended there, and then landing alongside approach it through a +lateral moraine, and can there ascend to the top and walk upon the +surface. The character and appearance of this famous glacier were much +changed by an earthquake in 1899. Among the attractions are the +mirages that are frequent here, which have been the origin of the +"Phantom City," which early explorers fancifully described as upon +Glacier Bay. Other huge glaciers also enter these waters, among them +the Grand Pacific, Hugh Miller and Gelkie Glaciers. + + +THE KLONDYKE AND CAPE NOME. + +Northward from the Gastineaux Channel stretches the grand fiord of the +Lynn Canal for sixty miles. Snow-crowned mountains surround it, from +whose sides many glaciers descend. At the upper end this Canal divides +into two forks--the Chilkoot and Chilkat Inlets, at 59° north +latitude. This begins the overland route to the Klondyke gold region, +and upon the eastern inlet, Chilkoot, are on either bank the two +bustling little towns that have grown out of the Klondyke +immigration--Skaguay on the eastern and Dyea on the western shore. +Each of them has three to four thousand people, with hotels, +lodging-places and miners' outfitting shops. Dyea is the United States +military post, with a garrison, and here begin the trails across the +mountain passes to the upper waters of the Yukon. A railway is +constructed over White's Pass to Bennett Lake, and is now the chief +route of travel. Pyramid Harbor and Chilkat with salmon-canning +establishments are on Chilkat Inlet. Beyond White's Pass, which +crosses the international boundary, the land descends in British +America to the headwaters of the Yukon River, which are navigated +northwest to Dawson and Circle City and other mining camps of the +Klondyke region, where the prolific gold-fields have had such rich +yields, there having been $40,000,000 gold taken out in two years. The +Yukon flows a winding course westward to Norton Sound on the Bering +Sea, discharging through a wide-spreading delta. The port of St. +Michaels is to the northward. There are two routes to the Klondyke +from San Francisco--_via_ Skaguay and overland a distance of about +twenty-three hundred miles, and _via_ St. Michaels and up the Yukon +forty-seven hundred miles. + +The Alaskan coast beyond the Muir Glacier is bordered by the great St. +Elias mountain range, rising in Mount Logan to nineteen thousand five +hundred and thirty-nine feet, the highest of the Rockies, and in Mount +St. Elias nearer the coast to eighteen thousand and twenty-four feet. +From the broad flanks of St. Elias the vast Malaspina Glacier flows +down to Icy Bay on the Pacific Ocean. There are mountains all about +this region, which the official geographers are naming after public +men, among them being Mount Dewey. To the westward the vast Alaska +peninsula projects far out, dividing the Pacific Ocean from the Bering +Sea, terminating in the Fox Islands, of which Ounalaska is the port, +and having the Aleutian Islands spreading beyond still farther +westward. It is a remarkable fact, indicating the vast extent of the +United States, that the extremity of the Aleutian group is as far in +latitude westward from San Francisco as the Penobscot River and coast +of Maine are eastward. To the north is the Bering Strait, having the +Russian East Cape of Siberia projecting opposite to the Alaskan Cape +Prince of Wales to guard the passage into the Arctic Ocean. Here, upon +the southern shore of the protruding end of Alaska, and fronting +Norton Sound up almost under the Arctic Circle, is the noted Cape +Nome, the latest discovered gold-field, about a hundred miles +northwest of St. Michaels. Fabulous golden sands are spread out in +gulches and on the beaches, and Nome City has become quite a +settlement. This is the latest El Dorado to which such an enormous +rush of prospectors and gold-hunters was made in the early spring of +1900, many thousands filling up every available steamer that could be +got to sail northward. The prolific output of these gold-bearing sands +is said to exceed the Klondyke in its yield, and this will be the +golden Mecca until somebody crosses over into Siberia or goes up +nearer the North Pole, and finds there a new deposit of treasure. +Already it is said that Nome City spreads practically for twenty miles +along the sea-beach, and that the industrious miners are getting much +gold by dredging far out under the sea, and expect to secure fifty +millions annually from this remote but extraordinary region. + +Nome City, like everywhere else that the hardy American pioneer raises +the flag for discovery and settlement, has its newspaper, the _Gold +Digger_, and this enterprising publication thus poetically describes +the new El Dorado of the Arctic seas, the "Golden Northland": + + "High o'er the tundra's wide expanse, + Mount Anvil lifts its God-wrought crown, + Bold guardian of a shining shore, + That's ever garbed in golden gown. + + "Here nature, lavish with her store + To those of nerve and strong of hand, + Outpours a glittering stream of wealth + To all the miners of the land. + + "The ledge-ribbed hills on ev'ry side, + To feasts of ore invite mankind, + Nor Bering's waves may bar the way + To golden courses milled and mined. + + "The fresh'ning breezes from the Pole + Bear far the miners' joyous cry, + As point of pick turns back the sod + 'Neath which the glist'ning nuggets lie. + + "Here may the rover of the hills + Find fickle Fortune's long sought stream, + And revel in the boundless wealth + That's ever been his life-long dream. + + "O, tundra, beach and lavish stream! + O'er thee a world expectant stands; + With Midas measure may'st thou fill + The myriad eager, outstretched hands." + +Wonderful is our latest American Continental possession--the rich +territory of Alaska. Limitless are its resources, unmatchable its +possibilities. One of its admirers thus sounds its praises: "In +scenery, Alaska dwarfs the world. Think of six hundred and seventeen +thousand square miles of landscape. Put Pike's Peak on Mount +Washington or Mount Mitchell and it would hardly even up with Mount +Logan. All the glaciers of Switzerland and the Tyrol dwindle to +pitiful summer ice-wagon chunks beside the vast ice empires of Glacier +Bay or mighty Malaspina. Think of a mass of blue-green ice forty miles +long by twenty-five miles wide, nearly the size of the whole State of +Rhode Island, and five thousand feet thick, glittering resplendently +in the weird, dazzling light of a midnight sun. Imagine cataracts by +scores from one thousand to three thousand feet high; ocean channels +thousands of feet deep, walled in by snow-capped mountains; sixty-one +volcanoes, ten of them still belching fire and smoke; boiling springs +eighteen miles in circumference, used by hundreds of Indians for all +their cooking; schools of whales spouting like huge marine +fire-engines and tumbling somersaults over each other like big +lubberly boys, weighing one hundred to two hundred thousands of pounds +each; rivers so jammed with fish that tens of thousands of them are +crowded out of the water high up on the shore; and woods alive with +elk, moose, deer, bear, and all sorts and conditions of costly +fur-clad aristocrats of the fox, wolf, lynx and beaver breeds. Growing +country, this of ours." + + +PUGET SOUND TO SAN FRANCISCO. + +Captain George Vancouver, already referred to, who named Vancouver +Island, had among his officers a Lieutenant Puget. From him came the +name of Puget Sound, stretching eighty miles southward from Vancouver +Island and the Strait of Juan de Fuca into Washington State, ramifying +into many bays and inlets, and having numerous islands. The Sound +covers two thousand square miles and has eighteen hundred miles of +coast line, being a splendid inland sea with admirable harbors. Its +peculiar configuration makes very high tides, sometimes reaching +twelve to eighteen feet. At the entrance near the head of the Strait +of Juan de Fuca is the United States port of entry, Port Townsend, in +a picturesque situation with the large graystone Custom House on the +bluff, a conspicuous structure. Three formidable forts, Wilson, Casey +and Flagler, guard the entrance from the sea. Opposite, on the eastern +shore of the Sound, is Everett with a fine harbor, the terminal of the +Great Northern Railway. To the northwest, a sentinel outpost of the +Cascade Range, rises Mount Baker, nearly eleven thousand feet high. To +the southward, on the circling shores of Elliott Bay, is Seattle, +named after an Indian chief and founded in 1852, built on a series of +terraces rising above the water, the chief commercial city of Puget +Sound, and having sixty thousand population. On the southeastern arm +of the Sound, called Commencement Bay, is Tacoma, the terminal of the +Northern Pacific Railway, with fifty thousand people. Its Indian name +comes from its great lion, Mount Tacoma (sometimes called Rainier), a +giant of the Cascades, rising fourteen thousand five hundred and +twenty feet, and in full view to the southeast of the city. Fourteen +glaciers flow down its sides, the chief one, Nisqually Glacier, seven +miles long, on the southern slope, being considered the finest on the +coast south of Alaska. This mountain, like other peaks of the +Cascades, is an extinct volcano, its crater still emitting sulphurous +fumes and heat. Mount St. Helens, not far away, which was in eruption +in 1898, is regarded as the most active volcano in the range, its +massive rounded dome rising over nine thousand feet. Across on the +southwestern shore of Puget Sound is the capital of Washington State, +Olympia, with five thousand people. + +Portland, the chief town of Oregon, is but a short distance south of +Puget Sound, on the Willamette River, twelve miles from its confluence +with the Columbia, and at the head of deep-sea navigation, one hundred +and ten miles from the ocean. This is the leading business centre of +the Pacific northwest, having seventy thousand people and extensive +trade. It is finely situated, and from the heights on its western +border is given a most superb view of the Cascades, the range grandly +stretching over a hundred miles. The Mazama Club of earnest mountain +explorers at Portland have done much to make known to the world the +scenery and grandeur of these attractive mountains. Fifteen miles up +the Willamette, at Oregon City, are the Falls, where that river +descends forty feet in a splendid horseshoe cataract, displaying great +beauty and furnishing valuable power. To the southward is Salem, on +the Willamette, the capital of Oregon, having five thousand +population. The "Oregon trail," as the route from San Francisco into +this region was called, ascends the Rogue River, so named from the +Indians of the region, crosses the Siskiyou Mountain, and descends on +the southern side to the headwaters of the Sacramento. To the +eastward, near the California boundary, high up in the Cascades, is +the strangely constructed Crater Lake. It is at over sixty-two hundred +feet elevation, and occupies an abyss produced by the subsidence of an +enormous volcano, being six miles long and four wide. A perpendicular +rocky wall one to two thousand feet high entirely surrounds it, and +the water, without outlet or apparent inflow, is fully two thousand +feet deep and densely blue in color. In the centre is Wizard Island, +rising eight hundred and fifty feet, an extinct volcanic cone, thus +presenting one crater within another. The district containing this +wonderful lake has been made a reservation called the Oregon National +Park. Some distance to the southward, the whole country being +mountainous and the lower slopes covered with forests of splendid +pines, is the grand snow-covered dome of Mount Shasta, one of the +noblest of the Cascades (in California called the Coast Range), rising +fourteen thousand four hundred and forty feet, a huge extinct volcano, +having a crater in its western peak twenty-five hundred feet deep and +three-quarters of a mile wide. Beyond, the Sacramento Valley stretches +far away southward, passing Chico and Marysville, to Sacramento. It +was to the eastward, near Coloma, that the first discovery of +California gold was made in February, 1848, on the farm of Colonel +Sutter, the county having been appropriately named El Dorado. + + +SAN FRANCISCO BAY AND CITY. + +The San Joaquin and Sacramento Rivers, having united, flow westward +into Suisun Bay, thence by a strait to the circular and expansive San +Pablo Bay, which in turn empties into San Francisco Bay. On the strait +connecting Suisun and San Pablo Bays is Benicia, where lived the +famous pugilist John C. Heenan, the "Benicia Boy," and the immense +forge-hammer he wielded is on exhibition there. At the head of San +Pablo Bay is Napa, or Mare Island, the location of the Navy Yard. Upon +the mainland opposite is Vallejo, whence a railway runs up the fertile +Napa Valley, through orchards and vineyards and among mineral springs, +to Calistoga. Near here is the strange Petrified Forest, where there +are scattered upon a tract of four square miles the remains of a +hundred petrified trees. The Bay of San Francisco is a magnificent +inland sea, fifty miles long and ten miles wide, connected with the +Pacific Ocean by the strait of the Golden Gate, five miles long and a +mile wide. The bay is separated from the ocean by a long peninsula, +having the city of San Francisco on the inside of its northern +extremity. Over opposite, on the eastern shore of the bay, is Oakland, +the terminal of the Southern Pacific Railway routes from the East, a +city of fifty thousand people, named from the numerous live-oaks +growing in its gardens and along the streets. It has extensive +manufactures and a magnificent view over the expansive bay and city of +San Francisco and the distant Golden Gate, where the enclosing rocky +shores can be seen rising boldly, the northern side to two thousand +feet height. In the Oakland suburbs is Berkeley, where are some of the +College buildings of the University of California, founded in 1868 and +having twenty-three hundred students, many of them women. The +attractive grounds cover two hundred and fifty acres, and the +endowments exceed $8,000,000. South of Oakland is the pleasant +suburban town of Alameda. On the western shore of the bay, south of +San Francisco, is Menlo Park, a favorite place of rural residence for +the wealthy San Francisco people, having many handsome villas and +estates with noble trees. Here is Palo Alto or the "tall tree," taking +its name from a fine redwood tree near the railway, an estate of over +eight thousand acres, which is the location of the noted Leland +Stanford, Jr., University. This is the greatest educational endowment +in America, having a fund of over $30,000,000, the gift of Senator and +Mrs. Leland Stanford in memory of their only son. The University has +twelve hundred students, many being women. The buildings, which in a +manner reproduce the architecture of the ancient Spanish Missions, are +of buff sandstone, surmounted by red-tiled roofs, picturesquely +contrasting with the oaks and eucalyptus trees which are so numerous +and the many tropical plants that have been brought there. The Palo +Alto estate is one of the great California stock-farms. + +Two Franciscan monks in 1776 founded on this famous bay the Indian +Mission of San Francisco de Assis, often called the Mission Dolores, +and in course of time there started upon the shore, which had much +wild mint growing about, the village of Yerba Buena, named from it the +"good herb." Just about the time this lonely little village had got a +small Spanish population and built a few houses, Richard Henry Dana +came into the bay in 1835 on the voyage which he so pleasantly +recounts in _Two Years Before the Mast_. He then prophetically wrote: +"If ever California becomes a prosperous country, this bay will be the +centre of its prosperity. The abundance of wood and water; the extreme +fertility of its shores; the excellence of its climate, which is as +near to being perfect as any in the world; and its facilities for +navigation affording the best anchoring-grounds in the whole Western +coast of America, all fit it for a place of great importance." In the +summer of 1846, during the Mexican War, the American navy made various +important occupations on the California coasts, and a man-of-war came +into San Francisco Bay and took possession for the United States. The +next year the name of the village was changed to San Francisco. There +were about six hundred inhabitants here when gold was discovered in +1848, and most of them at once left for the gold-fields; but the +favorable location for trade soon attracted a large population and an +extensive commerce. The young city had the usual mishaps from fires, +suffering from a half-dozen serious conflagrations in its early +career; while the peculiar character of the population made it then so +lawless that twice the better element had to take summary control of +the municipal government by "Vigilance Committees," who did not +hesitate to promptly execute notorious criminals. There are now three +hundred and fifty thousand people, the heterogeneous population +including almost every nationality in the world. + +San Francisco is in a fine situation on the shore of the bay and the +steep hills to the westward, and is gradually spreading across the +peninsula towards the ocean. It is, in fact, built on a succession of +hills, of which a group extends westward from the bay, varying in +height from less than two hundred to over nine hundred feet. +Conspicuous among them are the Telegraph Hill, Nob Hill, Park Peak, +the Mission Peaks and others. For the purpose of readily climbing +these hills, the cable street railway and its peculiar "grip" were +invented and first put into successful operation, and a British +visitor writes of San Francisco that "one of its most characteristic +sights is the cable cars crawling up the steep inclines like flies on +a window-pane." The country around is treeless, with little fertile +land, owing to the copious rivers of sand which steadily flow over it, +being blown from the seashore by the strong westerly trade-winds. Thus +have naturally come the historical San Francisco "sand lots," the +scene of public meetings and not infrequent disturbances in former +times. An immense amount of grading, cutting down hills, filling +gullies, and reclamations of overflowed lands was necessary in +building the city; and over $50,000,000 has been expended in improving +the site which, as nature fashioned it, was so illy fitted for a city. +The great charm is the spacious bay environed by mountains, furnishing +such an admirable harbor, and across it the ferry steamers ply in all +directions. Upon it, guarding the Golden Gate entrance, are Alcatraz +Island, Goat Island and Angel Island, strongly fortified, while Fort +Mason is on the heights north of the city, overlooking the famous +strait. The charming waters of the noble bay are thus rhythmically +described by Ada Abbott Dunton: + + "How beautiful the waters of the Bay + Lie shimmering, gem-embossed and turquoise-blue, + Rippling and twinkling! Emerald shores in view + Reflected from its surface. This calm day + Utters no note of discord. Far away + And overhead, the tireless, winged sea-mew + Skims languidly the air, sun-warmed anew + And freshly blown with each succeeding day. + + "O San Francisco Bay! Upon thy shore, + What wondrous argosies are anchored here! + What giant masts are silhouetted fair + 'Gainst the eternal blue which bendeth o'er, + As though a Titian hand were carving clear, + Majestic monuments in upper air." + +The great "Ferry Depot," an ornamental structure with a high tower, is +the centre of the San Francisco harbor front, whence the steamboats +ply across the spacious bay. From this, the chief business highway, +Market Street, stretches far southwest to the Mission Peaks, rising +over nine hundred feet and nearly four miles away. Northward, Kearney +Street with the leading stores extends past Telegraph Hill, rising +almost three hundred feet and giving a magnificent outlook from the +summit. Upon Market Street, in Yerba Buena Park, is the magnificent +City Hall, completed in 1896 at a cost of over $4,000,000 and +containing a library of one hundred thousand volumes. There is a +Branch Mint of the United States which coins much of the gold mined on +the Pacific Slope. The ancient church of the Mission Dolores, built of +adobé is still preserved with the little churchyard. Upon Nob Hill are +many of the finest residences, while to the northwestward is the +Presidio, originally the Mexican and now the United States Military +Reservation, adjoining the Golden Gate for some four miles, and a park +of almost three square miles where troops are garrisoned. Here the +military band plays in the afternoon and the walks and drives afford +beautiful views. The Chinese Quarter of San Francisco, where there is +a population of about fifteen thousand, is a characteristic feature, +the inhabitants swarming in tall tenements divided by narrow alleys. +Its attractions, however, are of a kind usually prepared with a view +to induce contributions from visitors. + + +THE GOLDEN GATE. + +The Golden Gate Park, a half-mile wide, stretches from the city three +miles to the ocean shore, the western extremity being mainly the +sand-dunes of the coast, while the eastern portions have been +reclaimed, improved and planted with trees. Here are tasteful +monuments. The author of the _Star-Spangled Banner_, Francis Scott +Key, is commemorated by Story, and the Spanish discoverer of the +Pacific Ocean, Vasco Nuñez de Balboa, by Linden, unveiled in 1898. +Here also rises Strawberry Hill, an eminence giving an unrivalled +outlook. Adjoining the park are the great cemeteries of the city, +Laurel Hill and the Lone Mountain, with others, the Presidio being to +the northward. To the westward, on the ocean front, is the historic +landmark of the coast--Point Lobos, or the "wolves"--having on its +elevated surface the Sutro Heights, where the sandhills have been +converted into a fine estate and garden, and out in the sea, a cable's +length from shore, are the celebrated Seal Rocks, which are nearly +always covered with seals basking in the sun. Some are very large, and +their movements are quite interesting, their curious barking being +distinctly heard above the roar of the surf. To the northward of Point +Lobos is the ocean entrance to the Golden Gate. The portals are a mile +apart, and seen from the sea its guardian heights rise two thousand +feet on the left hand, stretching up to the peak of Tamalpais to the +northward. On the right hand the heights are lower, but still lofty. +The slopes are bare and sandy, and between them within the strait can +be distinctly seen the island fortress of Alcatraz, guarded on the one +hand by Goat Island and on the other by the high green slopes of Angel +Island. Up on the Presidio proudly floats high above the shore the +American flag standing out in the breeze. Behind it is the great city. +This Golden Gate seen from within, looking westward, is a narrow pass, +giving a vista view of the broad Pacific, its waves rolling towards us +thousands of miles from the distant shores of China and Japan. + + * * * * * + +Here ends this pleasant recital. The desire has been to give an idea +of the vast and wonderful land we live in, and to impress the noble +and patriotic thought of Thoreau's so essential to all of us: "Nothing +can be hoped of you, if this bit of mould under your feet is not +sweeter to you than any other in the world." We have travelled over +this broad land of ours from the tropics to the Arctic Sea, and from +the Atlantic to the Pacific, and as our journey closes, with Whittier +can sing: + + "So shall the Northern pioneer go joyful on his way; + To wed Penobscot's waters to San Francisco's Bay; + To make the rugged places smooth, and sow the vale with grain; + And bear, with Liberty and Law, the Bible in his train: + The mighty West shall bless the East, and sea shall answer sea, + And mountain unto mountain call, Praise God, for we are free!" + + + + +THE END. + + + + +INDEX. + + + Abenaqui Indians, iii. 191, 256. + + Abercrombie, General James, ii. 285. + + Absecon Island, N. J., i. 192. + + Academy of Music, New York City, ii. 41. + + Acadia, iii. 261. + + Acadians, iii. 292. + + Acadie, iii. 261, 275. + + "Accommodation," the, ii. 431. + + Acker, Wolfert, ii. 142. + + Acoaksett, iii. 139. + + Acomas Indians, iii. 460. + + Acushnet River, iii. 139. + + "Adam and Eve" stoves, i. 223. + + Adams, Charles Francis, iii. 61. + + Adams, John, iii. 27, 61. + + Adams, John Quincy, i. 26, 279; iii. 27, 61, 232. + + Adams, Samuel, iii. 39, 43, 65. + + Adams Temple, Quincy, Mass., iii. 27. + + Adam's Island, N. Y., ii. 215. + + "Adder Cliff," Poughkeepsie, N. Y., ii. 174. + + Addison, N. Y., ii. 367. + + Adirondack Mountains, N. Y., ii. 272. + + "Adirondack Mountain Reserve," ii. 314. + + Adirondack Sanitarium, N. Y., ii. 322. + + "Adventure," the, ii. 121. + + Aertsen, Huyck, ii. 72. + + Agassiz Association, ii. 247. + + Agassiz, Louis J. R., iii. 59, 71. + + Agawam, iii. 78, 167. + + Agawam River, iii. 169. + + Agmaque Indians, ii. 340. + + Agricultural Department Buildings, Washington, D. C., i. 32. + + Aiken, S. C., iii. 363. + + _Alabama_, iii. 372. + + Alabama River, iii. 374. + + Alameda, Cal., iii. 515. + + Alameda, St. Augustine, Fla., i. 374. + + Alamo, Texas, iii. 432. + + Alamosa, Col., iii. 467. + + Alaska, iii. 500. + + Albany, N. Y., ii. 204. + + Albany Academy, ii. 206. + + Albany and Van Rensselaer Iron Works, ii. 215. + + Albany Medical College, ii. 206. + + "Albany Regency," ii. 219. + + Albemarle Canal, i. 78. + + Albemarle Sound, i. 345. + + Alberta, Canada, iii. 485. + + Albion, R. I., iii. 117. + + Albuquerque, N. M., iii. 459. + + Alcatraz Island, Cal., iii. 518. + + Alcazar Hotel, St. Augustine, Fla., i. 374. + + _Alciphron, or the Minute Philosopher_, iii. 133. + + Alcott, A. Bronson, iii. 69. + + Alcott, Louisa M., iii. 69. + + Aldrich Court Building, New York City, ii. 30. + + Aleutian Islands, Alaska, iii. 507. + + Alexander Archipelago, Alaska, iii. 500. + + Alexandria, Virginia, i. 41. + + Alexandria Bay, ii. 414. + + Algonquin Indians, ii. 294. + + Alhambra Cascade, N. Y., ii. 349. + + Alice Falls, Vt., ii. 306. + + Allegheny City, Pa., i. 329. + + Allegheny Mountains, i. 35; iii. 347. + + Allegheny Park, Allegheny City, Pa., i. 329. + + Allegheny River, i. 321, 335. + + Allen, Ethan, ii. 290, 303, 304. + + Allentown, Pa., i. 231. + + Allerton, Ellen P., iii. 390. + + Alliance, O., i. 402. + + Allickewany, i. 157. + + Alligators, i. 359, 384. + + Altamaha River, i. 357. + + Alton, Ill., iii. 394. + + Altoona, Pa., i. 311. + + Alvan Clark & Co., Cambridge, Mass., iii. 60. + + "Always Ready," ii. 339. + + Amagansett, N. Y., ii. 92. + + Amelia Island, Fla., i. 369. + + Amelia River, i. 369. + + "American Como," ii. 276. + + "American Mentone," iii. 445. + + American Museum of Natural History, New York City, ii. 57. + + _American Notes_, i. 287. + + American Philosophical Society, i. 163. + + American Surety Building, New York City, ii. 31. + + American Tract Society Building, New York City, ii. 35. + + American University of the Methodist Church, i. 41. + + American Waltham Watch Company, Cambridge, Mass., iii. 64. + + Ames, Oakes, iii. 470. + + Ames, Oliver, iii. 470. + + Ames Building, Boston, Mass., iii. 43. + + Amesbury, Mass., iii. 81. + + Amherst, Baron Jeffrey, ii. 228, 289, 419; iii. 315. + + Amherst College, Amherst, Mass., iii. 176. + + Amherst Island, Canada, iii. 317. + + Amherst, Mass., iii. 176. + + Amherst, N. H., iii. 80. + + Amityville, N. Y., ii. 91. + + Ammonoosuc River, iii. 189 + + _Among the Hills_, iii. 218. + + Amoskeag Falls, N. H., iii. 79. + + Ampersand Mountain, N. Y., ii. 322. + + Amsterdam, N. Y., ii. 336. + + Anaconda Mine, Butte, Montana, iii. 479. + + Anacostia River, i. 9. + + Anastasia Island, Fla., i. 372. + + "Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company," iii. 44. + + Anderson, Major Robert, i. 350. + + Andersonville, Ga., iii. 370. + + Andiatarocte, ii. 278. + + Andover, Canada, iii. 287. + + Andover, Mass., iii. 77. + + "Andover Hill," Andover, Mass., iii. 78. + + Andover Theological Seminary, Andover, Mass., iii. 77. + + André, Major John, ii. 141, 146, 147, 158. + + Andros, Sir Edmund, i. 198; ii. 8; iii. 163. + + Androscoggin River, iii. 245. + + "Angel at the Sepulchre," ii. 213. + + Angel Island, Cal., iii. 518. + + Anheuser-Busch Brewing Company, iii. 395. + + Annapolis, Md., i. 86. + + Annapolis Basin, Canada, iii. 289. + + Annapolis River, iii. 290. + + Annapolis Royal, Canada, iii. 290. + + Ann Arbor, Mich., i. 452. + + Ann Arundel Town, Md., i. 87. + + Annisquam, Mass., iii. 93. + + Anson, Admiral George, iii. 314. + + Ansonia, Conn., ii. 265. + + Anthony, Susan B., ii. 245. + + Anthony, Theophilus, ii. 173. + + Anthony the Trumpeter, ii. 152. + + "Anthony's Nose," N. Y., ii. 150. + + Anthony's Nose, Lake George, N. Y., ii. 280. + + Anticosti, Canada, ii. 511. + + "Antidote Against Pharisaic Teachers," iii. 106. + + Antietam, battle of, i. 40, 104. + + "Anti-Rent War," ii. 201. + + Antony's Gate, Yellowstone Park, i. 489. + + Apo-keep-sinck, ii. 174. + + Aponigansett, iii. 139. + + Apopka Mountains, Fla., i. 382. + + Apostle Islands, Lake Superior, i. 459. + + Appalachian System, i. 36. + + Appalachian Valley, i. 123. + + Appalachicola, Fla., i. 391. + + Appalachicola River, i. 391. + + Apple Island, Boston Harbor, Mass., iii. 33. + + Appledore, Isle of Shoals, iii. 231. + + Appomattox, Va., i. 56. + + Appomattox Court House, Va., i. 56. + + Appomattox River, i. 62. + + Aquidneck, iii. 99. + + "Arcadia of the White Hills," iii. 215. + + Ardoise Mountain, Canada, iii. 296. + + Arichat Island, Canada, iii. 306. + + "Ark," the, i. 84. + + Arkansas College, Batesville, Ark., iii. 404. + + Arkansas River, iii. 404. + + Arlington House, Washington, D. C., i. 101. + + Arlington National Cemetery, Washington, D. C., i. 14. + + "Arm of Gold," iii. 305. + + Armistead, General W. K., i. 133. + + Armory Hill, Springfield, Mass., iii. 167. + + Armstrong, Captain Jack, i. 304. + + Armstrong, Colonel John, i. 336. + + Armstrong, General John, ii. 180. + + Arnold Arboretum, Mass., iii. 49. + + Arnold, General Benedict, ii. 25, 115, 141, 146, 147, 158, 217, + 308; iii. 252, 282. + + Arnold, Governor Benedict, iii. 138. + + "Around the Circle," iii. 470. + + Arpeika Island, Fla., i. 388. + + Arthur, Chester A., ii. 42, 213. + + Arthur Kill, ii. 15. + + "Artisan's Gate," Central Park, New York City, ii. 27. + + "Artist's Gate," Central Park, New York City, ii. 27. + + Arverne, New York, ii. 85. + + Asbury Park, N. J., i. 193. + + Ascutney Mountain, Vt., iii. 180. + + Asheville, N. C., iii. 355. + + Ashland, Ky., iii. 330. + + Ashland, Va., i. 108. + + Ashland, Wis., i. 459. + + Ashley River, i. 349. + + Ashtabula, O., i. 415. + + Ashton, R. I., iii. 117. + + Ashuelot River, iii. 179. + + Aspen, Col., iii. 468. + + Assabet River, iii. 67. + + Assiniboine River, i. 479. + + Assiscunk Creek, N. J., i. 199, 200. + + Astor Fur Company, i. 453. + + Astor House, New York City, ii. 34. + + Astor, John Jacob, i. 453; ii. 29, 46, 334. + + Astor Library, New York City, ii. 38. + + Astor Place, New York City, ii. 38. + + "Astor Place Opera House," New York City, ii. 38. + + Astor, William B., ii. 29, 47, 180. + + Atchafalaya River, iii. 412. + + Atchison, Kansas, iii. 386. + + Athenæum, Boston, Mass., iii. 40. + + Athenæum, Providence, R. I., iii. 111. + + Athens, N. Y., ii. 367. + + Atlanta, Ga., iii. 365. + + "Atlantic," the, iii. 300. + + Atlantic Avenue, Boston, Mass., iii. 45. + + Atlantic City, N. J., i. 192. + + Auburn, Me., iii. 246. + + Auburn, N. Y., ii. 358. + + Auburn Prison, N. Y., ii. 358. + + Auditorium, Chicago, Ill., i. 434. + + Audubon Park, New Orleans, La., iii. 418. + + Augusta, Ga., iii. 364. + + Augusta, Me., iii. 252. + + Augustinian College, Villa Nova, Pa., i. 280. + + Aukpaque, iii. 287. + + Ausable Chasm, Vt., ii. 305. + + Ausable Forks, Vt., ii. 305. + + Ausable Lakes, N. Y., ii. 314. + + Ausable River, ii. 305. + + Austin, Stephen F., iii. 430. + + Austin, Texas, iii. 431. + + Avalon, i. 83. + + + Babylon, N. Y., ii. 91. + + "Back Bay Fens," Boston, Mass., iii. 49. + + Baddeck, Cape Breton Island, Canada, iii. 307. + + "Baden-Baden of America," i. 297. + + "Bad Lands," North Dakota, i. 482. + + Bailey, General J. W., iii. 182. + + Baird, Spencer F., i. 27. + + Baker, Captain, iii. 195. + + Baker River, iii. 195. + + Baker's Falls, N. Y., ii. 231. + + Baker's Island, Me., iii. 272. + + Balcony Falls, Virginia, i. 54. + + Bald Eagle Mountain, Pa., i. 308. + + Bald Eagle Valley, Pa., i. 308. + + Bald Head Cliff, Me., iii. 241. + + Baldwin Locomotive Works, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 174. + + Balize, Northeast Pass, La., iii. 423. + + Ball, Mary, i. 50. + + Ballston Spa, New York, ii. 219. + + _Baltimore American_, i. 95. + + Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, i. 91. + + Baltimore, Baron of, i. 83. + + Baltimore, Lord, i. 83, 87, 88. + + Baltimore, Md., i. 88. + + Banana River, i. 379. + + Bancroft, George, i. 87; ii. 277; iii. 61, 118. + + Bancroft House, Worcester, Mass., iii. 118. + + Banff Hot Springs, Canada, iii. 489. + + Bangor, Me., iii. 260, 267. + + Banks, General Nathaniel P., iii. 64. + + Bantam Lake, Conn., ii. 263. + + "Baptismal Font," Watkins Glen, N. Y., ii. 365. + + Baranoff, Alexander, iii. 501. + + Baranoff Castle, Sitka, Alaska, iii. 501. + + Baranoff Island, Alaska, iii. 501. + + Bar Harbor, Me., Mount Desert Island, iii. 269, 271. + + Barré, Charlotte, ii. 430. + + Barlow, Joel, i. 25. + + Barnegat Bay, N. J., i. 193. + + Barnum, P. T., i. 278; ii. 25, 101. + + Barrack Hill, Ottawa, Canada, ii. 452. + + Barrington, Canada, iii. 300. + + Barron, Commodore James, i. 171. + + Bartholdi, sculptor, ii. 11. + + Bartlett, Josiah, iii. 214. + + Bartram, John, i. 176. + + "Bartram's Garden," Philadelphia, Pa., i. 176. + + Bash-Bish Falls, Conn., ii. 262. + + "Basin," Baltimore, Md., i. 88. + + Bates College, Lewiston, Me., iii. 246. + + Batesville, Ark., iii. 404. + + Bath, Me., iii. 253. + + Bath, N. Y., ii. 214. + + Bath Mineral Springs, Bristol, Pa., i. 198. + + Baton Rouge, La., iii. 413. + + Battenkill, N. Y., ii. 238. + + Battery, Charleston, S. C., i. 349. + + Battery Park, New York City, ii. 24. + + "Battle above the clouds," iii. 352. + + "Battle Monument," Baltimore, Md., i. 90. + + Battle Monument, West Point, N. Y., ii. 162. + + Battles-- + Antietam, i. 40, 104. + Belmont, iii. 398. + Bennington, ii. 300. + Brandywine, i. 151. + Bull Run, i. 102. + Bunker Hill, iii. 56. + Cedar Mountain, i. 125. + Chancellorsville, i. 104. + Charles City Cross Roads, i. 119. + Chippewa, ii. 395. + Cold Harbor, i. 108, 119, 120. + Concord, iii. 66. + Cross Keys, i. 125. + Cowpens, iii. 361. + Fair Oaks, i. 118. + Fallen Timbers, i. 424. + Fort Donelson, iii. 344. + Frazier's Farm, i. 119. + Fredericksburg, i. 104. + Gaines's Mill, i. 119. + Germantown, i. 181. + Gettysburg, i. 130. + Guilford Court House, iii. 362. + Harlem Heights, ii. 60. + King's Mountain, iii. 361. + Lackawaxen, i. 261. + Lake Erie, i. 423. + Lexington, iii. 66. + Long Island, ii. 79. + Lookout Mountain, iii. 351. + Lundy's Lane, ii. 395. + Malvern Hill, i. 119. + Mine Run, i. 106. + Minisink, i. 261. + Missionary Ridge, iii. 351. + Monmouth, ii. 22. + Nashville, iii. 341. + New Orleans, iii. 416. + North Anna, i. 108. + Oriskany, ii. 345. + Paoli, i. 281. + Princeton, i. 215. + Queenston Heights, ii. 395. + San Jacinto, iii. 430, 433. + Savage Station, i. 119. + Shiloh, iii. 345. + South Mountain, i. 40, 103. + Ticonderoga, ii. 290. + Trenton, i. 213. + + Baudouin, Pierre, iii. 247. + + "Bauerie," New York City, ii. 40. + + Bay de Chaleurs, Canada, ii. 401, 503. + + Bay of Fundy, iii. 276. + + Bay of Monterey, Cal., iii. 445. + + Bay of Quinté, Canada, ii. 409. + + Bay of San Francisco, Cal., iii. 514. + + Bay of St. Paul, Canada, ii. 492. + + Bay St. Louis, La., iii. 415. + + Bayonne, N. J., ii. 15. + + Bayshore, N. Y., ii. 91. + + Bay View, Mass., iii. 93. + + Beacon Hill, Boston, Mass., iii. 29. + + Bear Island, N. Y., ii. 198. + + Bear Mountain, Mass., ii. 254. + + Bear Mountain, Pa., i. 233. + + Beaufort, S. C., i. 353. + + Beauport, Canada, ii. 480. + + Beauregard, General Peter G. T., i. 102. + + "Beautiful Fount," Pa., i. 308. + + "Beautiful Land," iii. 458. + + Beauvoir, La., iii. 415. + + Beaver River, i. 402. + + Beaver Tail Light, R. I., iii. 99. + + Beckman, William, ii. 179. + + Bedeque Bay, Prince Edward Island, iii. 304. + + Bedford, Pa., i. 306. + + Bedloe's Island, N. Y., ii. 10. + + Beech Mountain, Mount Desert Island, Me., iii. 269. + + Beecher, Catharine, ii. 92. + + Beecher, Edward, ii. 92. + + Beecher, Harriet, ii. 74, 263. + + Beecher, Henry Ward, ii. 73, 77, 242, 243, 250, 259, 262, 263, + 305, 467. + + Beecher, Lyman, ii. 92, 74, 112, 263. + + Beehive geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 499. + + Beekman, Johannes, ii. 208. + + Beeren Island, N. Y., ii. 198. + + Belfast, Me., iii. 260, 267. + + Bellamont, Earl of, ii. 121. + + Bellamy, Edward, iii. 171. + + Belle Isle, Va., i. 114. + + Belle Meade stock farm, Louisville, Ky., iii. 341. + + Bellefontaine Cemetery, St. Louis, Mo., iii. 396. + + Bellefonte, Pa., i. 308. + + Bellevue Avenue, Newport, R. I., iii. 131, 137. + + Bellows Falls, Vt., iii. 180. + + Belmont, Miss., iii. 398. + + Belt Mountains, Montana, iii. 479. + + Belvidere, N. J., i. 247. + + Bemis's Heights, N. Y., ii. 216. + + _Ben Bolt_, iii. 392. + + Benedict, Zadoc, ii. 264. + + Benefit Street, Providence, R. I., iii. 112. + + _Ben Hur_, iii. 459. + + "Benicia Boy," iii. 514. + + Benicia, Cal., iii. 514. + + Bennett, James Gordon, ii. 77. + + Bennett Lake, Alaska, iii. 506. + + Bennington, Vt., ii. 300. + + Benwood, W. Va., iii. 327. + + Berdan Horseshoe Mill, ii. 215. + + Beresford, Lady, ii. 37. + + Bergen Hill, N. J., ii. 14. + + Bergen Point, N. J., ii. 15. + + Bering Strait, Alaska, iii. 507. + + Berkeley, Cal., iii. 515. + + Berkeley, Bishop George, i. 509; iii. 132. + + Berkeley House, Harrison's Landing, Va., i. 63. + + Berkeley plantation, i. 63. + + "Berkshire Coffee House," ii. 231. + + Berkshire County, Mass., ii. 242. + + Berkshire Hills, Mass., ii. 242. + + Berlin, Conn., iii. 160. + + Bermuda Hundred, i. 61. + + "Bermuda of the North," ii. 124. + + Bernard, General Simon, i. 77. + + Berry Pond, Mass., ii. 248. + + Bessemer, Ala., iii. 269. + + Beth-Lechem, i. 227. + + Bethlehem, Pa., i. 226. + + Bethlehem Junction, N. H., iii. 189. + + Bethlehem Steel Company Works, Bethlehem, Pa., i. 226. + + Bethesda Spring, Waukesha, Wis., i. 464. + + Beverley, Mass., iii. 77. + + Beverley, Robert, i. 72. + + Beverly Cove, N. Y., ii. 158. + + Beverly House, Beverly Cove, N. Y., ii. 158. + + Beverly, N. J., i. 196. + + "Bible House," New York City, ii. 40. + + Biddeford, Me., iii. 241. + + Bienville, Sieur de, iii. 275, 410. + + Big Bushkill Creek, Pa., i. 253. + + Big Clear Pond, N. Y., ii. 323. + + Big Eddy, Pa., i. 270. + + "Big Eye," ii. 274. + + Big Horn River, i. 483. + + Big Indian Valley, N. Y., ii. 192. + + Big Laramie River, iii. 470. + + "Big Muddy," iii. 382. + + Big Round Top, Gettysburg, Pa., i. 129. + + Big Sandy River, iii. 329. + + Big Sioux River, iii. 385. + + "Big Sleep," i. 389. + + Big trees, iii. 449. + + Billings, Frederick, ii. 303. + + Billings Library, Burlington, Vt., ii. 303. + + Biloxi, La., iii. 414. + + Biltmore, N. C., iii. 357. + + Bimini, i. 361. + + Bingham, William, i. 298. + + Binghamton, N. Y., i. 298. + + Biorck, Rev. Ericus Tobias, i. 150, 171. + + Bird Isles, Canada, iii. 318. + + Birmingham, Ala., iii. 368. + + Birmingham Falls, N. Y., ii. 307. + + Biscayne Bay, Fla., i. 378, 380, 394. + + Bismarck, North Dakota, i. 481. + + "Bitter-nut Hickory," ii. 357. + + Black Bay, Lake Superior, i. 455. + + "Black Belt," iii. 373. + + Black Canyon, British Columbia, iii. 495. + + Black Canyon, Col., iii. 469. + + Black Hawk, Indian Chief, i. 278, 466. + + "Black Hawk War," i. 466. + + Black Mountain, Lake George, N. Y., ii. 279. + + "Black Nuns," ii. 433. + + Black River, Ohio, i. 421. + + Black River, N. Y., ii. 352. + + "Black River," N. Y., ii. 417. + + "Black Swamp," i. 423. + + "Blackbeard," pirate, iii. 235. + + Blackfeet Indians, iii. 487. + + Blackman, Adam, ii. 103. + + Blackstone, Rev. William, iii. 29, 115, 131. + + Blackstone, Mass., iii. 117. + + Blackstone River, iii. 108, 115. + + Blackwell's Island, N. Y., ii. 66. + + Blaine, James G., iii. 252. + + Blair, Thomas, i. 312. + + Blair's Gap, Pa., i. 312. + + Blairsville, Pa., i. 317. + + Blennerhassett's Island, Ohio River, iii. 328. + + "Blessing of the Bay," iii. 31. + + Block Island, R. I., ii. 124. + + Blockade Mountain, Pa., i. 248. + + Blok, Captain Adraien, ii. 90; iii. 158. + + Bloody Brook, battlefield, iii. 177. + + "Bloody Morning Scout," ii. 281. + + "Bloody Pond," Lake George, N. Y., ii. 281. + + Blooming Grove Creek, Pa., i. 265. + + "Blooming Grove Park Association," i. 266. + + Blooming Grove Township, Pa., i. 265. + + "Blue Grass Region," iii. 329. + + Blue Hill, Me., iii. 266. + + "Blue Hills of Milton," Mass., iii. 26. + + "Blue Hills of Southington," Conn., ii. 110; iii. 160. + + "Blue Laws," iii. 163. + + Blue Mountain, N. Y., ii. 324. + + Blue Mountain Lake, N. Y., ii. 324. + + Blue Ridge Mountains, i. 36, 123, 231, 248. + + Blue Room, Executive Mansion, Washington, D. C., i. 20. + + Blue Spring, Fla., i. 386. + + Bluff Point, Lake Champlain, N. Y., ii. 308. + + Blythe, Samuel, iii. 244. + + Board of Trade Building, Chicago, Ill., i. 437. + + "Board Walk," Atlantic City, N. J., i. 193. + + Bogardus, Anneke Jans, ii. 28, 210. + + "Bohemian," the, iii. 242. + + Bolton, Lake George, N. Y., 279. + + Bonanza Mines, Virginia City, Nevada, iii. 478. + + Bonaparte, Jerome, i. 92. + + Bonaparte, Joseph, i. 204. + + Bonaparte Park, Bordentown, N. J., i. 204. + + Bonaventure Cemetery, Savannah, Ga., i. 357. + + "Bone Yards," i. 385. + + Bones, Brom, ii. 144. + + Bonney, Anne, iii. 237. + + Bonsecours Market, Montreal, Canada, ii. 440. + + "Boomers' Paradise," iii. 458. + + Boon Island, iii. 238. + + Boone, Daniel, iii. 334. + + Booth, John Wilkes, i. 93. + + Booth, Junius Brutus, i. 93. + + Borden, Joseph, i. 203. + + Bordentown, N. J., i. 203. + + Borough of Richmond, N. Y., ii. 15. + + Boscawen, Admiral Edward, iii. 315. + + Boston and Albany Railroad, iii. 169. + + Boston Common, Boston, Mass., iii. 34. + + Boston Corner, Mass., ii. 262. + + Boston Harbor, Mass., iii. 31. + + Boston, Mass., iii. 29. + + "Boston Massacre," iii. 42. + + "Boston of Canada," ii. 407. + + Boston Public Library, Boston, Mass., iii. 46. + + Boter-Berg, ii. 163. + + Botolph's Town, iii. 30. + + Boulder, Col., iii. 464. + + Boulder Canyon, Col., iii. 464. + + Boullé, Helen, ii. 421. + + Bouquet River, ii. 312. + + Bourbon whiskies, iii. 330. + + Bourgeoys, Marguerite, ii. 429, 433, 440. + + Bourse, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 169. + + Bout, Jan Eversen, ii. 72. + + Bow River, iii. 487, 490. + + Bowditch, Nathaniel, iii. 75. + + Bowdoin College, Me., iii. 247. + + Bowdoin, James, iii. 145. + + Bowdoin (2d), James, iii. 247. + + Bowery, New York City, ii. 35. + + Bowie, Colonel James, iii. 432. + + "Bowie-knife," iii. 432. + + Bowling Green, Ky., iii. 338. + + Bowling Green, New York City, ii. 25. + + Bowling Green Building, New York City, ii. 30. + + "Boxer," the, iii. 244. + + Bozeman Tunnel, Montana, iii. 479. + + _Bracebridge Hall_, ii. 208. + + Braddock, General Edward, i. 42. + + Braddock's defeat, i. 320. + + Bradford, William, ii. 30. + + Bradford, Governor William, iii. 16, 39. + + Brady's Bend, Pa., i. 336. + + Bragg, General Braxton, iii. 350. + + Brainerd the Puritan, i. 307. + + Bramhall's Hill, Portland, Me., iii. 242. + + Brandywine, battle of, i. 151. + + Brandywine Creek, Pa., i. 281. + + Brandywine Creek, Del., i. 151. + + Brandt, Joseph, i. 261; ii. 337, 340. + + "Bras d'Or," iii. 305. + + Brattle, Colonel, iii. 178. + + Brattleborough, Vt., iii. 178. + + _Brazil_, iii. 71. + + Breakneck Hill, N. Y., ii. 163. + + Breed's Hill, Charlestown, Mass., iii. 56. + + Bremer, Fredrika, iii. 68. + + Brenton's Point, R. I., iii. 130. + + Breuckelen, ii. 72. + + Brewer Fountain, Boston, Mass., iii. 36. + + Brewster, Elder, iii. 7. + + Brewster, Mass., iii. 21. + + "Bridal Chamber," Mammoth Cave, Ky., iii. 340. + + "Bridal of Pennacook," iii. 83. + + "Bridal Veil," Havana Glen, N. Y., ii. 363. + + Bridal Veil Cataract, Cascade Mountains, iii. 484. + + Bridal Veil Fall, Yosemite Valley, Cal., iii. 452. + + "Bridge of Sighs," i. 326. + + Bridger Lake, i. 504. + + Bridgeport, Conn., ii. 100. + + Bridgewater, Canada, iii. 300. + + Brighton Beach, Coney Island, N. Y., ii. 82. + + Brighton, Mass., iii. 49. + + "Brimstone Corner," Boston, Mass., iii. 39. + + Bristol, R. I., iii. 123. + + Bristol, Pa., i. 198. + + Bristol Neck, R. I., iii. 120. + + Broad Mountain, Pa., i. 189, 232. + + Broad Street, Newark, N. J., ii. 19. + + Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 158. + + Broadway, New York City, ii. 26. + + Broadway, Saratoga, N. Y., ii. 221. + + Brock, General Sir Isaac, ii. 395, 416. + + Brocken Kill, N. Y., ii. 151. + + Brockville, Canada, ii. 415. + + Brodhead's Creek, Pa., i. 252. + + Bronx River, ii. 64. + + Bronx Park, Greater New York, ii. 63. + + Bronx, the, Greater New York, ii. 63. + + "Brook Farm," West Roxbury, Mass., iii. 49. + + "Brook Farm Institute of Agriculture and Education," iii. 50. + + "Brook Farm Phalanx," iii. 50. + + Brookfield, Mass., iii. 170. + + Brookline, Mass., iii. 49. + + Brooklyn, N. Y., ii. 71. + + Brooklyn Bridge, N. Y., ii. 69. + + Brooklyn Heights, N. Y., ii. 73. + + Brooklyn Institute, Prospect Park, Brooklyn, N. Y., ii. 79. + + Brooks, Maria, ii. 400. + + Brooms, ii. 336. + + "Brother Jonathan," ii. 97. + + Broughton Strait, iii. 499. + + Brown, Captain John, ii. 264. + + Brown, George, ii. 408. + + Brown, George L., iii. 198. + + Brown, John, ii. 319; iii. 388. + + Brown, Moses, iii. 114. + + Brown University, Providence, R. I., iii. 112. + + Brownlow, William G., iii. 351. + + Browning, Robert, ii. 292. + + Brumidi, fresco painter, i. 16. + + Brunswick, Ga., i. 369. + + Brunswick, Me., iii. 246. + + Brush Mountain, Pa., i. 311. + + Bryan, Clark W., ii. 266. + + Bryant, William Cullen, i. 100; ii. 95, 191, 245, 258, 259, 326. + + Bryn Mawr College, Pa., i. 280. + + Buchanan, James, i. 283, 292. + + Buck Island, Lake Placid, N. Y., ii. 321. + + "Buck Tail rift," i. 222. + + "Buckeye State," i. 414. + + Buckingham, Canada, ii. 447. + + Buckner, General Simon B., iii. 344. + + Bucyrus, O., i. 404. + + Buffalo, N. Y., ii. 375. + + Buffalo Bayou, Texas, iii. 430. + + Buffalo Creek, N. Y., ii. 375. + + Buford, General John, i. 129. + + _Building of the Ship_, i. 140. + + Bulkley, Peter, iii. 67. + + Bull Run, battles of, i. 102. + + "Buncombe," iii. 356. + + Bunker, Elihu S., ii. 109. + + Bunker Hill, Charlestown, Mass., iii. 56. + + Bunker Hill Monument, Charlestown, Mass., iii. 56. + + Bureau of Engraving and Printing, Washington, D. C., i. 24. + + Burgoyne, General John, ii. 216, 291. + + Burial Hill, Mass., iii. 13. + + "Buried valleys," i. 249, 253. + + Burke, Edmund, ii. 218; iii. 93, 293. + + Burlington, Iowa, iii. 393. + + Burlington, N. J., i. 199. + + Burlington, Vt., ii. 302. + + Burlington College, Burlington, N. J., i. 202. + + Burnet Woods Park, Cincinnati, O., iii. 333. + + Burnett, Mrs., iii. 358. + + Burns, Robert, i. 340. + + Burnside, General Ambrose E., i. 105; iii. 111. + + Burr, Aaron, i. 216; ii. 14, 17, 60; iii. 328. + + Burr, Rev. Aaron, i. 216. + + Burrard Inlet, British Columbia, iii. 497. + + Burritt, Elihu, iii. 166. + + Burrows, William, iii. 244. + + Bush River, i. 88. + + Bushkill, Pa., i. 254. + + Bushnell Park, Hartford, Conn., iii. 162. + + Butler, Benjamin, i. 59, 61, 348; iii. 252, 417. + + Butler, Governor, i. 70. + + Butte, Montana, iii. 479. + + "Butterfly of the Sea," iii. 12. + + Buttermilk Channel, N. Y., ii. 72. + + Buttermilk Falls, N. Y., ii. 154. + + "Butternuts," i. 354. + + Buzzard's Bay, Mass., iii. 20, 139. + + By, Colonel, ii. 449. + + Byllinge, Edward, i. 152, 199. + + Byram River, ii. 96. + + Byrd, William, i. 63, 72, 78. + + Byrds, the, i. 63. + + Bytown, Canada, ii. 449. + + + "Cabin John Bridge," i. 41. + + Cabinet Room, Executive Mansion, Washington, D. C., i. 20. + + Cabot, John, iii. 4. + + "Cacique of Garde," i. 369. + + Cackamensi, i. 195. + + Cacouna, Canada, ii. 494. + + Cæsar's Head, N. C., iii. 358. + + Cairo, Ill., iii. 342. + + Calais, Me., iii. 275. + + Calaveras Grove, Cal., iii. 449. + + Calfpasture River, i. 54. + + Calgary, Canada, iii. 487. + + Calhoun, John C., i. 26, 350; ii. 107. + + California climate, iii. 443. + + California Gulch, Col., iii. 468. + + Callowhill, Hannah, i. 198. + + "Call Rock," Poughkeepsie, N. Y., ii. 174. + + Caloosahatchie River, i. 387. + + Calvary Cemetery, St. Louis, Mo., iii. 396. + + Calvert, Cecilius, i. 83. + + Calvert, Leonard, i. 84. + + Calvert, Sir George, i. 83. + + Cambria Steel Works, Johnstown, Pa., i. 314. + + Cambridge, Mass., iii. 58. + + Camden, Me., iii. 266. + + Camden, N. J., i. 191. + + "Camden and Amboy Railroad and Transportation Company," i. 206. + + Camden Mountains, Me., iii. 265. + + Camel's Hump, Vt., ii. 301. + + Cameron, Simon, i. 285. + + Cammerhoff, Bishop, i. 230. + + "Camp Pine Knot," Adirondack Mountains, N. Y., ii. 324. + + Campbell, Hon. Hugh, i. 279. + + Campbell, Thomas, i. 241; ii. 147. + + Campbell's Ledge, Pa., i. 236, 241. + + Campobello Island, New Brunswick, iii. 274. + + Campus Martius, Detroit, Mich., i. 451. + + Camsoke, iii. 306. + + Canada Creek, N. Y., ii. 342. + + Canaderioit, ii. 278. + + "Canadian Boat Song," ii. 442. + + "Canadian Rocky Mountain Park," iii. 489. + + Canal Street, New York City, ii. 37. + + Canandaigua, N. Y., ii. 366. + + Canandaigua Lake, N. Y., ii. 355. + + Canda, Charlotte, ii. 78. + + "Candle-fish," iii. 499. + + "Cania-de-n'-qua-rante," ii. 275. + + Canister River, ii. 366. + + Canister Valley, N. Y., ii. 367. + + Cannon Mountain, N. H., iii. 193. + + Canonicus, Indian chief, ii. 116; iii. 16, 99. + + Canonsburg, Pa., i. 333. + + Canopus Valley, N. Y., ii. 150. + + Canso, Canada, iii. 304. + + Canso Strait, Canada, iii. 304. + + Canton, O., i. 402. + + Cap of Liberty, Yosemite Valley, Cal., iii. 454. + + Cape Ann, Mass., iii. 86. + + Cape Blomidon, Canada, iii. 294. + + Cape Breton Island, Canada, iii. 305. + + Cape Canso, Canada, iii. 301. + + Cape Charles, Va., i. 4. + + Cape Chatte, Canada, ii. 405, 509. + + Cape Cod, Mass., iii. 18. + + "Cape Cod Ship Canal," iii. 20. + + Cape Diamond, Canada, ii. 457, 466. + + Cape Elizabeth, Me., iii. 242. + + Cape Eternity, Canada, ii. 502. + + Cape Fear River, i. 347. + + Cape Gaspé, Canada, ii. 510. + + Cape Hatteras, N. C., i. 345. + + Cape Henlopen, Del., i. 145. + + Cape Henry, Va., i. 4. + + Cape Horn, iii. 478. + + Cape May, N. J., i. 145, 193. + + Cape Neddick, Me., iii. 240. + + Cape Nome, Alaska, iii. 507. + + Cape North, Cape Breton Island, Canada, iii. 307. + + Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska, iii. 507. + + Cape Romano, Fla., i. 394. + + Cape Rosier, Canada, ii. 510; iii. 267. + + Cape Sable, Fla., i. 394. + + Cape Sable Island, Canada, iii. 300, 301. + + Cape Sambro, Canada, iii. 300. + + Cape Tourmente, Canada, ii. 492. + + Cape Tragabizonda, iii. 86. + + Cape Trinity, Canada, ii. 501. + + Capitol, Albany, N. Y., ii. 205. + + Capitol, Annapolis, Md., i. 87. + + Capitol, Atlanta, Ga., iii. 366. + + Capitol, Columbus, O., i. 403. + + Capitol, Indianapolis, Ind., i. 409. + + Capitol, Richmond, Va., i. 110. + + Capitol, Springfield, Ill., i. 410. + + Capitol, the, Washington, D. C., i. 12. + + Capitol Hill, Montgomery, Ala., iii. 372. + + Capitol Square, Albany, N. Y., ii. 205. + + "Captain's Hill," Duxbury, Mass., iii. 18. + + Carbondale, Pa., i. 269. + + Carey House, Alexandria, Va., i. 42. + + Carillon, Canada, ii. 446. + + Carleton, Sir Guy, ii. 308; iii. 301. + + Carlisle, Pa., i. 291. + + Carnegie, Andrew, i. 327, 328. + + Carnegie Library and Museum, Pittsburg, Pa., i. 327. + + Carondelet Park, St. Louis, Mo., iii. 396. + + Carr, Colonel, iii. 362. + + Carrituck Falls, Me., iii. 248. + + Carrolton, Ky., iii. 334. + + Carson, Nevada, iii. 478. + + Carson Hill, Cal., iii. 448. + + "Carson Sink," Nevada, iii. 478. + + Carter Dome, N. H., iii. 212. + + Carter, John, i. 72. + + Carters, the, i. 61. + + Cartier, Jacques, ii. 220, 293, 400, 423, 458, 491, 509. + + Carver, John, iii. 8. + + Casa Blanca, Col., iii. 464. + + Casa Grande, Arizona, iii. 436. + + Cascade Lakes, N. Y., ii. 317. + + Cascade Locks, iii. 484. + + "Cascades," St. Lawrence River, ii, 419. + + Cascade Mountains, iii. 484. + + Cascadilla Creek, N. Y., ii. 360. + + Cascadilla Hall, Ithaca, N. Y., ii. 362. + + Cascapedia River, ii. 503. + + Casco Bay, Me., iii. 242. + + Casino, Newport, R. I., iii. 137. + + Casino, St. Augustine, Fla., i. 374. + + Castine, Me., iii. 261. + + Castle Garden, New York City, ii. 25. + + Castle geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 500. + + Castle Head, Mount Desert Island, Me., iii. 270. + + Castle Island, Boston Harbor, Mass., iii. 32. + + Castle Rock, Cayuga Lake, N. Y., ii. 360. + + Castle Rock, Utah, iii. 473. + + Castle of St. Louis, Canada, ii. 468. + + Cataraqui River, ii. 410. + + Catasauqua, Pa., i. 232. + + Catfish geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 502. + + Cathedral, Catholic, Quebec, Canada, ii. 472. + + Cathedral of All Saints, Albany, N. Y., ii. 211. + + Cathedral of Christ Church, Montreal, Canada, ii. 439. + + Cathedral of St. James, Montreal, Canada, ii. 438. + + Cathedral of St. John the Divine, New York City, ii. 57. + + Cathedral of St. Louis, New Orleans, La., iii. 418. + + Cathedral of St. Patrick, New York City, ii. 53. + + Cathedral of St. Peter and Paul, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 174. + + Cathedral of the Church of England, Quebec, Canada, ii. 473. + + Cathedral Rocks, Yosemite Valley, Cal., iii. 452. + + Cat Indians, i. 414, 422. + + Catlin Lake, N. Y., ii. 236. + + Catlin's, George, paintings, i. 29. + + Catskill flags, i. 259. + + Catskill Mountains, ii. 184. + + Catskill, N. Y., ii. 184. + + Cattapeuk, i. 69. + + Caughnawaga, Canada, ii. 420, 442. + + "Cauldron," the, ii. 450. + + Cave Hill Cemetery, Louisville, Ky., iii. 337. + + Cave of Luray, Va., i. 126. + + "Cavern Gorge," Watkins Glen, N. Y., ii. 365. + + Cayuga Indians, i. 304; ii. 337. + + Cayuga Lake, N. Y., ii. 354, 359. + + Cazenovia Lake, N. Y., ii. 352. + + Cecil, Lord, i. 83. + + Cedar Brook, i. 54. + + Cedar Island, Isles of Shoals, iii. 231. + + Cedar Mountain, Va., battle of, i. 125. + + "Cedars," St. Lawrence River, ii. 419. + + Cemetery Hill, Brattleborough, Vt., iii. 178. + + Cemetery Ridge, Gettysburg, Pa., i. 128. + + Centennial Exposition, i. 179. + + Central City, Col., iii. 464. + + Central Falls, R. I., iii. 114. + + "Central Gorge," Havana Glen, N. Y., ii. 363. + + Central National Soldiers' Home, Dayton, O., iii. 333. + + Central Park, New York City, ii. 55. + + Central Tennessee College, Ky., iii. 341. + + "Centre Church," New Haven, Conn., ii. 111. + + Centre Harbor, N. H., iii. 221. + + Centre Square, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 158. + + Chadd's Ford, Del., i. 151. + + Chambly Canal, N. Y., ii. 311. + + Champ de Mars, Montreal, Canada, ii. 440. + + Champlain Market, Quebec, Canada, ii. 477. + + Champlain Steps, Quebec, Canada, ii. 475. + + Chancellorsville, Va., battle of, i. 104. + + Channing, William Ellery, iii. 50, 61, 138. + + Chapel Hill, N. C., iii. 362. + + Chapel Island, Cape Breton, Canada, iii. 306. + + Charles I., i. 83, 345; iii. 26, 76, 86, 278. + + Charles II., i. 349, 480. + + Charles X., i. 91. + + Charles City Cross Roads, Va., battle of, i. 119. + + "Charles Evans' Cemetery," Reading, Pa., i. 189. + + Charles River, iii. 58. + + Charles Street, Baltimore, Md., i. 89. + + Charleston, S. C., i. 349. + + Charlestown, Mass., iii. 52. + + Charlestown, W. Va., iii. 329. + + Charlotte, N. Y., ii. 368. + + Charlotte, S. C., iii. 361. + + Charlotte Harbor, Fla., i. 393. + + Charlottesville, Va., i. 124. + + Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, iii. 304. + + "Charming Newport of Aquidneck," iii. 130. + + Charter Oak, Hartford, Conn., iii. 163. + + Charter Oak Bank, Hartford, Conn., iii. 164. + + Charter Oak Life Insurance Company, Hartford, Conn., iii. 164. + + Chase, Salmon P., iii. 180, 181. + + Chateau Montebello, Canada, ii. 447. + + Chateau Richer, Canada, ii. 485. + + Chateaugay Lake, N. Y., ii. 310. + + Chatham, Mass., iii. 19. + + Chatham, Lord, ii. 218. + + Chatham Sound, iii. 499. + + Chatham Square, New York City, ii. 35. + + Chatham Strait, Alaska, iii. 501. + + Chattahoochee River, iii. 365, 370. + + Chattanooga, Tenn., iii. 348. + + Chaudière Falls, Canada, ii. 445, 450. + + Chautauqua Assembly, ii. 373. + + Chautauqua Assembly Building, Redondo Beach, Cal., iii. 445. + + Chautauqua Lake, N. Y., ii. 373. + + Chazy Lake, N. Y., ii. 310. + + "Chebacco," the, iii. 87. + + Chebucto, iii. 297. + + Chebucto Head, Canada, iii. 300. + + Chedabucto Bay, Canada, iii. 301. + + "Cheecagua," i. 426. + + Cheese, ii. 342. + + Cheeves, George, iii. 244. + + Chemical Bank, New York City, ii. 36. + + Chemung River, ii. 366. + + Chemung Valley, N. Y., ii. 367. + + Chenango Canal, i. 298. + + Che-pon-tuc, ii. 233. + + Chequamegon Bay, i. 459. + + "Cherokee Strip," iii. 458. + + Cherry Valley, N. Y., i. 297. + + Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, i. 276. + + Chesapeake Bay, i. 6, 80. + + Chesapik, i. 5. + + Chestnut Hill, Mass., iii. 49. + + Chestnut Hill, Pa., i. 224. + + Chestnut Ridge, Pa., i. 316. + + Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 161. + + Chesuncook Lake, Me., iii. 268. + + Cheviot Hills, Mass., iii. 26. + + Chew House, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 181. + + Cheyenne, Wyoming, iii. 461. + + Chicago, Ill., i. 425. + + Chicago Public Library, Chicago, Ill., i. 435. + + Chicago River, i. 434. + + Chickahominy River, i. 65. + + Chickamauga and Chattanooga Military Park, iii. 349. + + Chickamauga River, iii. 350. + + Chickasaw Indians, iii. 399. + + Chico, Cal., iii. 513. + + Chicopee Falls, Mass., iii. 171. + + Chicopee River, iii. 170. + + Chicoutimi Falls, Canada, ii. 500. + + Chignecto Bay, Canada, iii. 277. + + Chignecto Isthmus, Canada, iii. 295. + + "Chignecto Ship Railway," iii. 295 + + Childs Park, Pa., i. 255. + + Chilkat, Alaska, iii. 506. + + Chilkat Inlet, Alaska, iii. 505. + + Chilkoot Inlet, Alaska, iii. 505. + + Chillicothe, Mo., iii. 392. + + Chimney Point, N. Y., ii. 296. + + Chimney Rock, N. C., iii. 358. + + "Chinatown," New York City, ii. 38. + + Chinese Quarter, San Francisco, Cal., iii. 520. + + "Chinook" winds, iii. 488. + + Choate, Rufus, iii. 40, 59, 181. + + Choptank River, i. 8. + + Christ Church, Alexandria, Va., i. 41. + + Christ Church, Boston, Mass., iii. 44. + + Christ Church, Cambridge, Mass., iii. 59. + + Christ Church, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 170. + + Christian Brothers, ii. 435. + + Christina, i. 150. + + Christinaham, i. 150. + + Church, Captain Benjamin, iii. 125. + + Church of the Gesu, Montreal, Canada, ii. 439. + + Church of the Good Shepherd, Hartford, Conn., iii. 165. + + "Church of the Pilgrims," Brooklyn, N. Y., ii. 75. + + Church of the Transfiguration, New York City, ii. 46. + + Cimarron River, iii. 469. + + Cincinnati, O., iii. 230. + + Circle City, Alaska, iii. 506. + + Citadel Hill, Halifax, Canada, iii. 297. + + Citadel of Fort George, Halifax, Canada, iii. 297. + + "City Beautiful," i. 377. + + City Hall, Baltimore, Md., i. 90. + + City Hall, Boston, Mass., iii. 41. + + City Hall, Minneapolis, Minn., i. 470. + + City Hall, New Haven, Conn., ii. 112. + + City Hall, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 159. + + City Hall, Providence, R. I., iii. 110. + + City Hall, Richmond, Va., i. 115. + + City Hall, San Francisco, Cal., iii. 519. + + City Hall, Worcester, Mass., iii. 118. + + City Hall Park, New York City, ii. 33. + + "City of Brotherly Love," i. 154. + + "City of Churches," ii. 71. + + "City of Elms," ii. 104. + + "City of Homes," i. 175. + + "City of Magnificent Distances," i. 34. + + "City of Our Lady, the Queen of the Angels," iii. 444. + + "City of the Prophet," ii. 372. + + City Park, New Orleans, La., iii. 418. + + City Point, Va., i. 62. + + Claiborne, William, i. 82. + + Clams, iii. 107. + + "Clam-bake," iii. 107. + + "Clam-chowder," ii. 81. + + "Clan Cameron," i. 286. + + Claremont. N. H., iii. 180. + + Clarence Strait, Alaska, iii. 500. + + Clark, Captain, iii. 383. + + Clarke, Colonel George Rogers, iii. 336. + + Clark's Fork, Montana, iii. 480. + + Clark's Island, Mass., iii. 9, 18. + + Clark's Point, Mass., iii. 141. + + Clay, Henry, i. 56, 109, 111, 277; iii. 330, 337. + + "Clay-eaters," i. 354. + + Claypole, John, i. 165. + + Clayton, N. Y., ii. 412. + + Clear Creek Canyon, Col., iii. 464. + + Clearfield, Pa., i. 308. + + Cleaveland, Moses, i. 417. + + Clemens, Samuel L., iii. 393. + + "Clement," the, iii. 279. + + Cleopatra's Bath, Yellowstone Park, i. 489. + + Cleopatra's Needle, Central Park, New York City, ii. 56. + + Clermont estate, ii. 183. + + "Clermont," the, ii. 183. + + Cleveland, O., i. 416. + + "Cliff Walk," Newport, R. I., iii. 135. + + Clifton, Mass., iii. 72. + + Clifton Heights, Cincinnati, O., iii. 333. + + Clifton Mansion, Windsor on the Avon, Canada, iii. 296. + + Clinch Mountains, Tennessee, iii. 352. + + Clingman's Dome, N. C., iii. 348. + + Clinton, De Witt, ii. 77, 332, 370. + + Clinton formations, i. 257. + + Clinton Mountains, N. Y., ii. 272. + + Clinton Prison, Dannemora, N. Y., ii. 311. + + Clinton, Sir Henry, i. 52, 350; ii. 22, 25, 159. + + Clinton Street, Brooklyn, N. Y., ii. 74. + + Cloudland Hotel, Roan Mountain, Tennessee, iii. 353. + + Cloud's Rest, Yosemite Valley, Cal., iii. 454. + + Clover Hill, Va., i. 56. + + "Clover Reach," ii. 195. + + Coa-coo-chee, Indian chief, i. 376, 389. + + Coal, anthracite, i. 234, 237. + + Coal, bituminous, i. 329. + + Coal deposits, iii. 308. + + "Coal-fields," i. 190. + + Coal "tipples," i. 330. + + Cobble Hill, N. Y., ii. 312. + + Cochran, Mrs. Catharine, ii. 213. + + Cochecton, i. 270. + + Cockburn, Admiral George, i. 94. + + Coddington, William, iii. 131. + + "Cod-bricks," iii. 89. + + Codfish, canned, iii. 38. + + Cod-packing, iii. 88. + + Coffin, Admiral Sir Isaac, iii. 318. + + Coffin Island, Canada, iii. 318. + + Coggins Point, Virginia, i. 64. + + Cohasset, Mass., iii. 28. + + Cohattayough, i. 69. + + Cobequid Bay, Canada, iii. 303. + + Cochituate Lake, Mass., iii. 51. + + Cohoes, ii. 330. + + Cohoes Falls, N. Y., ii. 330. + + Cohoes, N. Y., ii. 330. + + Cohonk, i. 69. + + Coke-ovens, i. 320, 330. + + Colby College, Me., iii. 252. + + Cold Harbor, Va., battle of, i. 108, 119, 120. + + "Cold Roast Boston," iii. 70. + + Cold Spring, N. Y., ii. 162. + + Colebrook, N. H., iii. 185. + + Cole's Hill, Mass., iii. 12. + + College Hill, Burlington, Vt., ii. 302. + + College of Forestry, Ithaca, N. Y., ii. 361. + + College of New Jersey, i. 215. + + College of William and Mary, Va., i. 52. + + Coloma, Cal., iii. 513. + + "Color-Bearer," ii. 246. + + Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Col., iii. 465. + + Colorado desert, iii. 439. + + Colorado North Park, iii. 472. + + Colorado River, iii. 437. + + Colorado Springs, Col., iii. 465. + + Colt Arms Company, Hartford, Conn., iii. 165. + + Colt, Colonel Samuel, ii. 98; iii. 165. + + Columbia College, New York City, ii. 57. + + Columbia Heights, Brooklyn, N. Y., ii. 73. + + Columbia Heights, Washington, D. C., i. 30. + + "Columbia lava," iii. 482. + + Columbia, Pa., i. 285. + + Columbia Railroad, i. 279. + + "Columbia Rediviva," the, iii. 481. + + Columbia River, iii. 481. + + Columbia, S. C., iii. 363. + + Columbian Spring, Saratoga, N. Y., ii. 223. + + Columbus, Ga., iii. 370. + + Columbus, Ky., iii. 397. + + Columbus Monument, N. Y. City, ii. 43. + + Columbus, O., i. 402. + + Colvin, Verplanck, ii. 315. + + Commencement Bay, Washington State, iii. 511. + + Commenius, John Amos., i. 228. + + Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Mass., iii. 47. + + Communipaw, N. J., ii. 12. + + Comstock Lode, Virginia City, Nevada, iii. 478. + + Concord, Mass., iii. 67. + + Concord, N. H., iii. 79. + + Concord River, iii. 67. + + "Concord School of Philosophy," iii. 69. + + "Concord," the, iii. 6. + + Conemaugh, Pa., i. 314. + + Conemaugh Lake, Pa., i. 315. + + Conemaugh Valley, Pa., i. 314. + + Conestoga Creek, Pa., i. 282. + + Conestoga Indians, i. 281, 288. + + Conestoga wagons, i. 277, 281. + + Conewago Creek, Pa., i. 284. + + Coney Island, ii. 10, 80. + + Confederate Cemetery, Fredericksburg, i. 50. + + Confederate Powder Works, Augusta, Ga., iii. 364. + + "Confederate White House," Richmond, Va., i. 112. + + Congaree River, iii. 362. + + "Congregation House," Bethlehem, Pa., i. 228. + + "Congregation of the United Brethren," i. 226. + + Congregational Church, Lenox, Mass., ii. 249. + + Congress Hall, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 163. + + Congress Hall, Saratoga, N. Y., ii. 221. + + "Congress" Spring, Saratoga, N. Y., ii. 222. + + Congressional Library, Washington, D. C., i. 23. + + Conkling, Roscoe, ii. 42, 343. + + Conanicut Island, R. I., iii. 130. + + Conneaut, O., i. 414. + + Connecticut, ii. 98. + + Connecticut Hall, New Haven, Conn., ii. 108. + + Connecticut Insane Asylum, Middletown, Conn., iii. 159. + + Connecticut River, iii. 158. + + "Connecticut seed-leaf," iii. 158. + + Connellsville, Pa., i. 330. + + Conococheague, i. 9. + + Coquanock, i. 154. + + Conshohocken, Pa., i. 186. + + Constitution Island, N. Y., ii. 155. + + "Constitution," the, i. 180, 203; ii. 265; iii. 53, 73. + + Constitutional Convention, first, i. 87. + + Continental Congress, i. 161. + + "Continental Divide," iii. 455. + + Continental Island, Me., iii. 228. + + Convent of Mount St. Vincent, N. Y., ii. 135. + + Convent of the Sacred Heart, Montreal, Canada, ii. 435. + + Cony-a-craga, ii. 298. + + Cooper Institute, New York City, ii. 39. + + Cooper, James Fenimore, i. 202, 230, 270, 295; ii. 107, 137, 166, + 171, 187, 191, 198, 234, 286, 411. + + Cooper, Judge William, i. 296. + + Cooper, Peter, ii. 39, 77. + + Cooper River, i. 349. + + Cooperstown, N. Y., i. 295. + + Coosa River, iii. 371. + + Coosawhatchie River, i. 354. + + Copley Square, Boston, Mass., iii. 48. + + Copp's Hill, Boston, Mass., iii. 44. + + Copper-mines, i. 458. + + Copper mining, iii. 479. + + Coral reefs, i. 394. + + Corcoran Art Gallery, Washington, D. C., i. 23. + + Corcoran, William W., i. 23. + + Cordova Hotel, St. Augustine, Fla., i. 374. + + Corinne, Utah, iii. 477. + + "Corlaer's Lake," N. Y., ii. 296. + + Corn crop, i. 442; iii. 389. + + "Corn Song," i. 443. + + Cornell, Ezra, ii. 39, 361. + + Cornell University, ii. 361. + + Cornet Geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 502. + + Corning, N. Y., ii. 367. + + Coronado, Cal., iii. 441. + + Coronado Beach, Cal., iii. 441. + + Cornplanter, Indian chief, ii. 339. + + Cornwall, Barry, ii. 85. + + Cornwall, Canada, ii. 418. + + Cornwall, N. Y., ii. 169. + + "Cornwall Ore Banks," i. 294. + + Cornwallis, General Charles, i. 52, 214; ii. 25; iii. 362. + + Corry, Pa., i. 339. + + Coteau, Canada, ii. 419. + + "Coteau," Lake, St. Lawrence River, ii. 419. + + Coté de Beaupré, ii. 485. + + Cottage City, Martha's Vineyard, Mass., iii. 147. + + Cotton, iii. 372, 407. + + Cotton manufacture, iii. 114. + + Cotuit, Mass, iii. 20. + + Coulter, hunter, i. 486. + + "Coulter's Hell," i. 486. + + Council Bluffs, Ia., iii. 385. + + "Council Chamber," Havana Glen, N. Y., ii. 363. + + "Council House of Cascadea," ii. 370. + + "Council of Good Fur," ii. 169. + + Court-house, Boston, Mass., iii. 40. + + Court-house, New York City, ii. 35. + + Court-house, Pittsburg, Pa., i. 326. + + Covington, Ky., iii. 333. + + Coweset Bay, R. I., iii. 105. + + Cowpasture River, i. 54. + + "Crackers," i. 354. + + "Cradle of Liberty," Boston, Mass., iii. 43. + + "Cradle of Texas Liberty," iii. 431. + + Craigie House, Cambridge, Mass., iii. 63. + + Cramp's Shipbuilding yards, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 174. + + Cranberry Islands, Me., iii. 272. + + "Cranberry Stem-winder," iii. 353. + + Cranberry, Tenn., iii. 353. + + Crane, Ichabod, ii. 144. + + Crater Lake, Oregon, iii. 513. + + Crawford, Abel, iii. 189. + + Crawford, Ethan Allen, iii. 203. + + Crawford's, N. H., iii. 199. + + "Cream City," the, i. 463. + + Cree Indians, iii. 486. + + Creede, Col., iii. 467. + + Creedmoor, N. Y., ii. 93. + + Crerar Library, Chicago, Ill., i. 436. + + Crescent Beach, Mass., iii. 77. + + "Crescent City," iii. 416. + + Crescentia, i. 84. + + Cresson Springs, Pa., i. 313. + + Cripple Creek, Col., iii. 467. + + Crockett, Davy, iii. 353, 433. + + Crom Elbow, ii. 177. + + Cro' Nest Mountain, N. Y., ii. 155, 161. + + Crooked Lake, N. Y., ii. 354. + + Crosby, Enoch, ii. 171. + + Crosby's Manor, N. Y., ii. 343. + + Cross Keys, Va., i. 125. + + Croton Aqueduct, N. Y., ii. 61. + + Croton Point, N. Y., ii. 146. + + Croton River, ii. 61. + + Crowfoot, Indian Chief, iii. 487. + + "Crown of New England," iii. 198. + + Crown Point, N. Y., ii. 296. + + Crystal Cascade, White Mountains, N. H., iii. 212. + + Culloden, battle of, i. 368. + + Culpepper, Va., i. 124. + + Culp's Hill, Gettysburg, Pa., i. 128. + + Cumberland Bay, N. Y., ii. 309. + + Cumberland, Duke of, i. 368. + + Cumberland Gap, iii. 346. + + Cumberland Island, Ga., i. 368. + + Cumberland Mountains, iii. 345. + + Cumberland River, iii. 343. + + Cumberland Sound, i. 368. + + Cummaquid, iii. 20. + + Cupid's Cave, Yellowstone Park, i. 489. + + Currecanti Needle, Col., iii. 469. + + Currituck Sound, i. 78. + + "Curtain Falls," Havana Glen, N. Y., ii. 363. + + Curtin, Andrew G., i. 289. + + Curtis, George William, ii. 130; iii. 50. + + Cuscatlan, ii. 492. + + "Cushatunk," i. 270. + + Cushing, Caleb, iii. 82. + + Cushing's Island, Me., iii. 243. + + Cushing, Lieutenant, i. 133. + + Cushman, Rev. Robert, ii. 227. + + Custer, General George A., i. 483. + + Custis, Eleanor Parke, i. 47. + + Custis, George Washington Parke, i. 13. + + Custom House, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 170. + + "Cut Bite rift," i. 222. + + Cuttyhunk, Mass., iii. 145. + + Cuyahoga River, i. 416. + + "Cyane," the, i. 203; iii. 73. + + Cyclones, i. 346. + + "Cypress Gate," i. 385. + + Cypress Grove Cemetery, New Orleans, La., iii. 418. + + "Cypress knees," i. 381. + + + Dade massacre, i. 375. + + Daggett, Rev. Naphtali, ii. 106. + + D'Aguillon, Duchess, ii. 475. + + Dallas, Texas, iii. 430. + + "Dalles," iii. 483. + + Dalles, Oregon, iii. 483. + + Dalrymple farm, i. 477. + + Damarine, Indian chief, iii. 253. + + Damascus, Pa., i. 370. + + Damiani, Cardinal, i. 398. + + Dana, Richard Henry, iii. 50, 440, 516. + + Dana's Point, Cal., iii. 440. + + Danbury, Conn., ii. 264. + + Dane, Nathan, iii. 77. + + Danforth, Asa, ii. 355. + + Dannemora, N. Y., ii. 311. + + Danvers, Mass., iii. 75. + + D'Anville, Duc, iii. 314. + + Dare, Mrs., i. 344. + + Dare, Virginia, i. 344. + + "Dark Day," ii. 99. + + Dartmouth, Canada, iii. 298. + + Dartmouth College, iii. 181. + + D'Assoli, Marquis, iii. 64. + + Dauversière, religious devotee, ii. 425. + + Davenport, Iowa, i. 465. + + Davenport, Colonel Abraham, ii. 99. + + Davenport, John, ii. 104, 111. + + D'Aviles, Pedro Menendez, i. 364. + + Davion, Father, ii. 463. + + Davis, Jefferson, i. 112; iii. 415. + + Davis's Island, Pa., i. 330. + + Dawson City, Alaska, iii. 506. + + Dayton, O., iii. 333. + + Daytona, Fla., i. 377. + + "Dead House," Bethlehem, Pa., i. 228. + + Deadman's Isle, Canada, iii. 319. + + Deane, Silas, ii. 116. + + De Balboa, Vasco Nuñez, iii. 519. + + De Brébeuf, Jean, ii. 475. + + De Castine, Baron, iii. 257, 262. + + Decatur, Commodore Stephen, i. 171. + + Declaration of Independence, i. 161 + + De Champlain, ii. 276, 293, 421, 424, 458, 459, 468, 472; + iii. 19, 86, 140, 233, 254, 268. + + De Charlevoix, Pierre F. X., ii. 492; iii. 318. + + De Chateaubriand, François A., ii. 151. + + De Chomedey, Paul, ii. 427. + + De Crevecoeur, St. John, iii. 183. + + De Dino, Duchess, ii. 37. + + Deep Bottom, Va., i. 61. + + Deer Island, Boston Harbor, Mass., iii. 33, 69. + + Deer Leap, Pa., i. 255. + + Deerfield River, iii. 176. + + Deering Oaks Park, Portland, Me., iii. 243. + + Deering Works, Chicago, Ill., i. 436. + + De Faucamp, Baron, ii. 440. + + De Fredenburgh, Count, ii. 309. + + De Fronsac, Count, iii. 306. + + De Frontenac, Count, ii. 414, 477. + + De Fuca, Juan, iii. 498. + + De Gourgues, Dominique, i. 364. + + De Grasse, Count, i. 53. + + De la Peltrie, Madame, ii. 429. + + De la Tour, Charles, iii. 279. + + Delaware and Hudson Canal, i. 258, 263. + + Delaware and Raritan Canal, i. 207. + + "Delaware and Raritan Canal Company," i. 206. + + Delaware Avenue, Buffalo, N. Y., ii. 378. + + Delaware Bay, i. 144. + + Delaware Breakwater, i. 146. + + Delaware flags, i. 260. + + "Delaware Indians," i. 225, 303. + + Delaware River, i. 242, 249, 257, 259, 270. + + "Delaware Water Gap," Pa., i. 231, 247. + + De la Warr, Lord, i. 144. + + Del Castillo, Bernal Diaz, iii. 442. + + De Leon, Juan Ponce, i. 360. + + "Delight," the, iii. 302. + + De Lisle, ii. 460. + + Dellius, Rev. Godfridius, ii. 227. + + De Loudonnière, René, i. 363. + + De Menon, Charles, iii. 279. + + De Montalva, Ordonez, iii. 442. + + De Montmagny, ii. 460. + + De Montmorency, Bishop Laval, ii. 459, 472. + + De Monts, iii. 275, 278, 289, 290. + + Denver, Col., iii. 461. + + Denver, General James W., iii. 462. + + De Onate, Juan, iii. 435. + + Department of the Interior Building, Washington, D. C., i. 24. + + De Peyster, Abraham, ii. 26. + + Deposit, N. Y., i. 257, 271. + + De Poutrincourt, Baron, iii. 289. + + Depui, Nicholas, i. 251. + + "Depui's Gap," Pa., i. 251. + + Derby, Conn., ii. 265. + + Des Moines, Ia., iii. 394. + + Des Moines River, iii. 394. + + De Sillery, Noel Brulart, ii. 457. + + De Soto, Hernando, i. 362, 392; iii. 369, 375, 399. + + Desplaines River, i. 431. + + De Tocqueville, Alexis C. H. C., ii. 98. + + De Trobriand, Comtesse, ii. 37. + + Detroit, Mich., i. 450. + + De Villebon, Chevalier, iii. 288. + + "Devil's Dance Chamber," ii. 172. + + Devil's Den, Gettysburg, Pa., i. 129. + + Devil's Gate, Col., iii. 464. + + Devil's Glen, Nantucket, Mass., iii. 149. + + "Devil's Hole" massacre, ii. 395. + + Devil's Lake, Canada, iii. 491. + + Devil's Slide, Weber Canyon, Utah, iii. 473. + + Devil's Well, Yellowstone Park, i. 501. + + Dewey, Admiral George, ii. 304; iii. 353. + + Dewey, Captain Samuel W., iii. 54. + + De Witt, Christopher, i. 184. + + De Witt, Simeon, ii. 344. + + Dexter, "Lord" Timothy, iii. 82. + + Dexter Mausoleum, Cincinnati, O., iii. 333. + + De Youville, Madame, ii. 434. + + Diamond Island, Lake George, N. Y., ii. 279. + + Diamond Shoals, i. 345. + + "Diamond State," i. 147. + + D'Iberville, Commander, iii. 409, 414. + + Dickens, Charles, i. 287; ii. 153, 382. + + Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pa., i. 292. + + Dickinson, John, i. 292. + + Dieskau, Baron, ii. 282. + + Digby, Canada, iii. 290. + + "Digby Chickens," iii. 290. + + Digby Gut, Canada, iii. 289. + + Digger Indians, iii. 451. + + Dighton, Mass., iii. 121. + + Dilke, Charles, ii. 466; iii. 63. + + Dingman's Ferry, Pa., i. 255. + + "Dingman's Choice," Pa., i. 254. + + Dingman's Creek, Pa., i. 254. + + Dinsmore, William B., ii. 178. + + Diplomatic Reception Room, Washington, D. C., i. 22. + + "Discovery," the, i. 4. + + Discovery Passage, iii. 499. + + Dismal Swamp, Va., i. 78. + + Dismal Swamp Canal, i. 78. + + "Dismal Wilderness," ii. 298. + + Disston Mausoleum, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 179. + + Dix Island, Me., iii. 266. + + Dixon, Jeremiah, i. 149. + + Dixville Notch, N. H., iii. 185. + + Dixwell, John, ii. 110. + + Dobbs, John, ii. 137. + + Dobb's Ferry, N. Y., ii. 137. + + Dodge, William E., ii. 43. + + Doe River, iii. 353. + + Dog Mountain, Mount Desert Island, Me., iii. 269. + + Dome Island, Lake George, N. Y., ii. 279. + + "Dome of the Taghkanics," ii. 261. + + Dominion Coal Company, iii. 308. + + Donaldson Point, iii. 398. + + Don River, ii. 407. + + Donderberg Mountain, N. Y., ii. 147. + + Donnacona, Indian chief, ii. 458. + + Donner, Captain, iii. 478. + + Donner Lake, Nevada, iii. 478. + + "Door of the Country," ii. 296. + + Dorchester Bay, Mass., iii. 31. + + "Double S Bends," i. 385. + + Douglas Island, Alaska, iii. 502. + + "Dove," the, i. 84. + + Dow, Neal, iii. 243. + + "Down East," iii. 226. + + Downie, Commodore, ii. 309. + + Drake, Colonel E. L., i. 334. + + Drake, Joseph Rodman, ii. 165. + + Drake, Sir Francis, i. 375. + + _Dred_, i. 78. + + Dresden, Lake George, N. Y., ii. 280. + + Drewry, Augustus, i. 64. + + Drewry's Bluff, Va., i. 58. + + Drexel, Anthony J., i. 168. + + Drexel Boulevard, Chicago, Ill., i. 434. + + Drexel Building, New York City, ii. 31. + + Drexel Institute, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 168. + + Druid Hill, Baltimore, Md., i. 92. + + Druid Lake, Baltimore, Md., i. 92. + + "Dry Goods District," New York City, ii. 37. + + Dry Tortugas, Fla., i. 394, 397. + + Dubuque, Iowa, i. 466. + + Dubuque, Julien, i. 466. + + Dudley Astronomical Observatory, Albany, N. Y., ii. 207. + + Dudley, Mrs. Blandina, ii. 207. + + Dudley, Thomas, iii. 29. + + Dufferin Terrace, Quebec, Canada, ii. 479. + + Du Guast, Pierre, iii. 261. + + Duke, Colonel, iii. 362. + + Du Lhut, Daniel, i. 459. + + Duluth, Minn., i. 460. + + Duncannon, Pa., i. 301. + + Duncan's Island, Pa., i. 301. + + Dungeness estate, i. 370. + + Dunkards, i. 306. + + Dunkirk, N. Y., ii. 375. + + "Dunkirk of America," iii. 310. + + Dunster, Henry, iii. 60. + + Dunton, Ada Abbott, iii. 518. + + Du Pont, Admiral S. F., i. 30, 151. + + Du Pont De Nemours, Pierre Samuel, i. 151. + + Duquesne Works, Pittsburg, Pa., i. 327. + + Durham Hills, Pa., i. 226. + + Durham, N. C., iii. 362. + + Dutch East India Company, i. 144. + + Dutch Gap, Va., i. 59. + + Dutch Gap Canal, i. 59. + + Dutch Reformed Theological Seminary, New Brunswick, N. J., ii. 22. + + _Dutch Republic_, iii. 71. + + Duxbury, Mass., iii. 17. + + Dwight, Timothy, ii. 107, 112, 118, 158; iii. 119, 132, 189. + + Dyea, Alaska, iii. 506. + + Dyer, John, ii. 345. + + + Eads, James B., iii. 396. + + Eagle Indians, iii. 501. + + Eagle Lake, N. Y., ii. 325. + + Eagle Lake, Mount Desert Island, Me., iii. 269. + + Eagle Pass, Canada, iii. 494. + + Eagle Point, Iowa, i. 466. + + Eagle River, iii. 494. + + Eagle's Nest, Adirondack Mountains, N. Y., ii. 325. + + East Albany, N. Y., ii. 214. + + East Chop, Martha's Vineyard, Mass., iii. 147. + + East Eden, Mount Desert Island, Me., iii. 271. + + East Hampton, N. Y., ii. 92. + + East India Marine Hall, Salem, Mass., iii. 75. + + "East River Islands," N. Y., ii. 66. + + East Rock, New Haven, Conn., ii. 111. + + East Room, Executive Mansion, Washington, D. C., i. 18, 19. + + Eastern Point, Gloucester, Mass., iii. 88. + + "Eastern Shore," the, i. 81. + + Eastham, Mass., iii. 21. + + Easton, Pa., i. 224. + + Ebensburg, Pa., i. 313. + + Echo Canyon, Utah, iii. 473. + + Echo Gorge, Utah, iii. 473. + + Echo Lake, N. H., iii. 191. + + Echo Mountain, Cal., iii. 445. + + "Echo River," i. 358. + + Economy, Pa., iii. 325. + + "Economy whiskey," iii. 325. + + _Eda Hoe_, iii. 382. + + Eden Park, Cincinnati, O., iii. 332. + + "Eden of America," iii. 132. + + Edgar Thomson Steel Works, i. 320, 327. + + Edgartown, Martha's Vineyard, Mass., iii. 148. + + Edgemere, N. Y., ii. 85. + + Edgewater, N. J., i. 196. + + Edison, Thomas A., ii. 20. + + Edisto River, i. 354. + + Edmonton, Canada, iii. 486. + + Edson, Calvin, ii. 206. + + Edwards, Jonathan, i. 215; ii. 107, 198, 255, 335; iii. 173. + + "Edwards's Hall," Stockbridge, Mass., ii. 256. + + Egg Islands, Canada, ii. 511. + + Egmont, Countess of, i. 370. + + Elberon, Long Branch, N. J., i. 195. + + "Elbow of the Bay of Fundy," iii. 300. + + El Capitan, Yosemite Valley, Cal., iii. 452. + + "Election Rock," iii. 9. + + _Elegy in a Country Churchyard_, ii. 471. + + Elephant's Head, White Mountains, N. H., iii. 200. + + Eliot, John, iii. 51, 125. + + Eliot's Oak, Natick, Mass., iii. 51. + + Elizabeth, N. J., ii. 20. + + Elizabeth Islands, Mass., iii. 142. + + Elizabeth River, i. 5, 8, 78. + + Elizabethport, N. J., ii. 20. + + Elizabethtown, N. Y., ii. 312. + + Elk River, i. 88. + + Ellerslie estate, ii. 180. + + Ellicott, Andrew, i. 10. + + Ellicott Square Building, Buffalo, N. Y., ii. 378. + + Elliott Bay, Washington State, iii. 511. + + Ellis River, iii. 212. + + Ellis's Island, N. Y., ii. 10. + + Elmira Female College, N. Y., ii. 367. + + Elmira, N. Y., ii. 367. + + Elmira Reformatory, N. Y., ii. 367. + + Elmwood, Cambridge, Mass., iii. 64. + + El Paso, Texas, iii. 435. + + El Paso del Norte, Mexico, iii. 435. + + Elskwatawa, Indian chief, i. 407. + + Ely, Maria, i. 421. + + Elyria, O., i. 421. + + Elysian Fields, Weehawken, N. J., ii. 14. + + Emancipation Proclamation, i. 104. + + "Emerald Pool" geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 493. + + Emerson, Ralph Waldo, ii. 464; iii. 49, 50, 62, 68, 449. + + Emerson, Parson William, iii. 68. + + Emmet, Robert, ii. 33. + + Empire Building, New York City, ii. 31. + + Empire oil well, i. 335. + + Empire Spring, Saratoga, N. Y., ii. 224. + + "Empire State of the South," iii. 365. + + "Enchanted Table Land," iii. 460. + + Endicott, John, iii. 74. + + "Endicott Rock," Weir's Landing, N. H., iii. 220. + + Enfield Rapids, Conn., iii. 166. + + English, Thomas Dunn, iii. 392. + + Enterprise, Fla., i. 386. + + "Enterprise," the, iii. 244. + + Epayquit, iii. 304. + + Episcopal Church of St. Mary, Burlington, N. J., i. 201. + + Epping Forest, Va., i. 50. + + Epps, Dr., i. 62. + + Equitable Life Building, New York City, ii. 31. + + Ericsen, Leif, i. 463; iii. 47. + + Ericsson, John, i. 75; ii. 25, 215. + + Erie Indians, i. 423. + + Erie, Pa., ii. 373. + + Erie Canal, N. Y., ii. 332. + + Erie Railway, i. 258. + + Escambia Bay, Fla., i. 391. + + _Esmeralda_, iii. 358. + + Esopus Indians, ii. 179. + + Espiritu Sancto Bay, i. 392. + + Esquimalt, British Columbia, iii. 499. + + Essex Institute, Salem, Mass., iii. 76. + + Estes Park, Col., iii. 464. + + Estey Organ Works, Brattleborough, Vt., iii. 178. + + Eternity Bay, Canada, ii. 499. + + E-Town, N. Y., ii. 312. + + Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, O., i. 419. + + Eutaw Place, Baltimore, Md., i. 92. + + Ewell, General Richard S., i. 129. + + _Evangeline_, i. 172. + + Evansville, Ind., iii. 342. + + Evarts, William M., ii. 107; iii. 180. + + Everglades, Fla., i. 388. + + Everett, Edward, i. 44, 136; iii. 59, 61, 220. + + Everett, Washington State, iii. 511. + + Excelsior Geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 496. + + Executive Mansion, Harrisburg, Pa., i. 287. + + Executive Mansion, Washington, D. C., i. 18. + + "Eye of the Adirondacks," ii. 320. + + + Fabyan House, Mount Washington, N. H., iii. 203. + + Fabyan's, N. H., iii. 199. + + Fabritius, Jacob, i. 171. + + Factory Falls, Pa., i. 255. + + "Fair Mount," i. 183. + + Fair Oaks, Va., battle of, i. 118. + + Fairbanks Scale Works, St. Johnsbury, Vt., iii. 183. + + Fairfield, Conn., ii. 100. + + Fairfax Seminary, i. 14. + + Fairhaven, Mass., iii. 139. + + Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 177. + + Fall Creek, N. Y., ii. 360. + + Fall Kill, ii. 174. + + Fall River, iii. 128. + + Falls of St. Anthony, Minn., i. 469. + + Falmouth Foreside, Me., iii. 243. + + Fan geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 503. + + Faneuil Hall, Boston, Mass., iii. 43. + + Faneuil, Peter, iii. 39, 43. + + "Farewell Address," Washington, i. 162. + + Fargo, Dakota, i. 477. + + "Farmer monks," ii. 443. + + Farmers' Loan and Trust Building, New York City, ii. 32. + + Farragut, Admiral David G., ii. 42; iii. 353, 376, 417. + + Farragut, Admiral, statue of, i. 30. + + Far Rockaway, N. Y., ii. 85. + + Far View, Pa., i. 269. + + "Father of Canada," ii. 424, 459. + + "Father of Waters," i. 465, 475; iii. 381. + + "Father of the Forest," tree, iii. 449. + + Father Point, Canada, ii. 509. + + Fayal, New Bedford, Mass., iii. 139. + + "Federal City," i. 9, 41. + + "Federal District of Columbia," i. 9. + + Federal Point, N. C., i. 347. + + Federal Steel Company, i. 436. + + Feldspar Brook, N. Y., ii. 236. + + Fenwick, Colonel George, ii. 114. + + Fenwick, John, i. 152. + + Fernandina, Fla., i. 370. + + Fern, Fanny, iii. 243. + + "Ferry Depot," San Francisco, Cal., iii. 519. + + Field, Cyrus W., ii. 255. + + Field, Darby, iii. 188. + + Field, David Dudley, ii. 255. + + Field's Hill, Stockbridge, Mass., ii. 255. + + Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church, New York City, ii. 54. + + Fifth Avenue, New York City, ii. 44. + + "Fifty-four forty or fight" boundary, iii. 500. + + "Fighting Parson," iii. 353. + + Fillmore, Millard, ii. 211. + + Findlay, O., i. 404. + + Fire Island, L. I., ii. 9. + + Fire Island, N. Y., ii. 91. + + Firehole River, i. 495. + + "Fire Lands," i. 421. + + "First Church," Salem, Mass., iii. 74, 76. + + "First Families of Virginia," i. 61. + + First Parish Church, Cambridge, Mass., iii. 59. + + First Presbyterian Church, Baltimore, Md., i. 90. + + Fish Creek, N. Y., ii. 169, 219. + + "Fish River," i. 145. + + Fisher's Island, N. Y., ii. 120. + + "Fisher's Nest," Mass., ii. 257. + + Fishkill, N. Y., ii. 169. + + Fisk, James, Jr., iii. 178. + + Fisk University, Ky., iii. 341. + + Fitch, John, iii. 166. + + Fitzhugh Sound, iii. 499. + + Fitzhugh, William, i. 72. + + Five Nations, i. 81; ii. 337. + + "Five Points," New York City, ii. 38. + + "Flag Day," i. 164. + + Flag, first American, i. 164. + + Flagstaff Hill, Boston, Mass., iii. 36. + + Flagstaff Station, iii. 460. + + "Flats of Keene," N. Y., ii. 313. + + Fleetwood estate, ii. 180. + + Fleming, Peter, ii. 334. + + "Flirtation Walk," West Point, N. Y., ii. 162. + + "Floral City," i. 390. + + Florenceville, Canada, iii. 287. + + Florida, Mo., iii. 392. + + Florida Keys, i. 394. + + "Flour City of the West," ii. 370. + + Flour mills, i. 470. + + "Flower City," i. 410. + + "Flume," Franconia Mountains, N. H., iii. 194. + + "Flying Bluenose," iii. 296. + + "Flying Dutchman of the Tappan Zee," ii. 139. + + Foley, John Henry, i. 111. + + Folly Point, Mass., iii. 93. + + Foote, Commodore Andrew H., iii. 344. + + Foraker, Joseph B., i. 405. + + "Forefathers' Day," iii. 8. + + "Forest City" (Cleveland, O.), i. 416. + + "Forest City" (Savannah, Ga.)i. 355 + + "Forest City" (Portland, Me.), iii. 243. + + "Forest City," Conn., iii. 159. + + Forest Home Cemetery, Milwaukee, Wis., i. 463. + + _Forest Hymn_, ii. 326. + + "Forest Lake Association," i. 270. + + Forest Park, St. Louis, Mo., iii. 396. + + Forked Lakes, N. Y., ii. 325. + + "Forks," Pa., i. 242. + + "Forks of the Delaware," i. 223. + + Forrest, Edwin, ii. 38, 135; iii. 128. + + Forrest, General Nathan B., iii. 399. + + Forsyth Park, Savannah, Ga., i. 357. + + Fort Adams, Brenton's Point, R. I., iii. 130. + + Fort Algernon, i. 76. + + Fort Augusta, Pa., i. 300. + + Fort Altena, i. 150. + + Fort Benton, Montana, iii. 384. + + Fort Brady, i. 457. + + Fort Carillon, Lake George, N. Y., ii. 283. + + Fort Casey, Port Townsend, Washington State, iii. 511. + + Fort Cataraqui, Canada, ii. 410. + + Fort Charlotte, Halifax, Canada, iii. 398. + + Fort Clinch, Fla., i. 369. + + Fort Custer, i. 483. + + Fort Darling, i. 58. + + "Fort de la Presque Isle," ii. 374. + + Fort Douglas, Salt Lake City, Utah, iii. 476. + + Fort Duquesne, Pa., i. 320. + + Fort Edward, N. Y., ii. 226. + + "Fort Fight in Narragansett," iii. 101. + + Fort Fisher, N. C., i. 347. + + Fort Flagler, Port Townsend, Washington State, iii. 511. + + Fort Forty, Pa., i. 241. + + Fort Frederick, Me., iii. 257. + + Fort Gaines, Ga., iii. 376. + + Fort Griswold, New London, Conn., ii. 115. + + Fort Henry, Canada, ii. 410. + + Fort Henry, Pa., i. 291. + + Fort Hill, Auburn, N. Y., ii. 338, 358. + + Fort Hill, Groton, Conn., ii. 116. + + Fort Hunter, i. 291. + + Fort Hyndshaw, Pa., i. 291. + + Fort Independence, Boston Harbor, Mass., iii. 32. + + Fort Jackson, New Orleans, La., iii. 423. + + Fort Jefferson, Fla., i. 397. + + Fort Johnson, N. C., i. 347. + + Fort Johnson, N. Y., ii. 336. + + Fort La Fayette, New York Harbor, ii. 10. + + Fort Ligonier, Pa., i. 318. + + Fort Lincoln, N. Dakota, i. 481. + + Fort Marion, Fla., i. 372. + + Fort Mason, Cal., iii. 518. + + Fort McHenry, Md., i. 93. + + Fort McRae, Fla., i. 391. + + Fort Morgan, Ga., iii. 376. + + Fort Moultrie, S. C., i. 350. + + Fort Osborne, Manitoba, i. 480. + + Fort Pentagoet, Me., iii. 261. + + Fort Pickens, Fla., i. 391. + + Fort Pierce, Fla., i. 379. + + "Fort Pillow Massacre," iii. 399. + + Fort Pitt, Pa., i. 323. + + Fort Pitt Iron Works, i. 323. + + Fort Point, Me., iii. 267. + + Fort Pond Bay, Long Island, N. Y., ii. 123. + + Fort Porter, Buffalo, N. Y., ii. 378. + + Fort Powhatan, i. 65. + + Fort Pownall, Me., iii. 267. + + Fort Preble, Me., iii. 244. + + Fort Pulaski, Ga., i. 356. + + Fort Putnam, West Point, N. Y., ii. 156. + + Fort Rouille, Canada, ii. 406. + + Fort Russell, Wyoming, iii. 461. + + Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas, iii. 433. + + Fort Severn, Annapolis, Md., i. 87. + + Fort Sewall, Marblehead, Mass., iii. 73. + + Fort Smith, Ark., iii. 405. + + Fort Snelling, Minn., i. 470. + + Fort St. Frederic, N. Y., ii. 297. + + Fort St. Philip, New Orleans, La., iii. 423. + + Fort Sumter, S. C., i. 350, 351. + + Fort Taber, Clark's Point, Mass., iii. 14. + + Fort Taylor, Key West, Fla., i. 397. + + Fort Thomas, Newport, Ky., iii. 333. + + Fort Ticonderoga, Lake George, N. Y., ii. 289. + + Fort Trumbull, New London, Conn., ii. 115. + + Fort Venango, Pa., i. 336. + + Fort Victoria, British Columbia, iii. 498. + + Fort Warren, Boston Harbor, Mass., iii. 32. + + Fort Warren, Me., iii. 252. + + Fort Wayne, Detroit, Mich., i. 452. + + Fort Wayne, Ind., i. 405. + + Fort William Henry, Lake George, N. Y., ii. 283. + + Fort Wilson, Port Townsend, Washington State, iii. 511. + + Fort Winthrop, Boston Harbor, Mass., iii. 32. + + Fort Worth, Texas, iii. 430. + + Fort Wrangell, Alaska, iii. 500. + + Fortress Monroe, Va., i. 76. + + "Forty-niners," iii. 448. + + Fossil remains, iii. 470. + + "Foul Rift," Pa., i. 242. + + Foulger, Peter, iii. 150. + + "Fountain City," i. 377. + + Fountain Geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 495. + + "Fountain of Perpetual Youth," i. 361. + + Fountain Square, Cincinnati, O., iii. 332. + + Fox, George, ii. 199. + + Fox Islands, Alaska, iii. 507. + + Franconia, N. H., iii. 190. + + Franconia Mountains, N. H., iii. 182. + + Frankfort, Ky., iii. 334. + + Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, Pa., i. 282. + + Franklin, Benjamin, i. 163, 283, 291; ii. 34, 157, 210; iii. 41, 42. + + Franklin, Benjamin, statue of, i. 30. + + Franklin Institute, i. 170. + + Franklin, Pa., i. 336. + + Franklin Park, Boston, Mass., iii. 49. + + "Franklin" stoves, i. 223. + + Franklin, William, i. 201. + + Franklin's, Benjamin, printing press, i. 29. + + Franklin, Sir John, i. 179. + + Franklin Square, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 160. + + Franklyn Cottage, Long Branch, N. J., i. 195. + + Fraser Canyon, British Columbia, iii. 496. + + Fraser, General Simon, ii. 217. + + Fraser River, iii. 494. + + Fraser, Simon, iii. 497. + + Frazier's Farm, battle of, i. 119. + + Frederick, Md., i. 40. + + Frederick Channel, Alaska, iii. 501. + + Fredericksburg, Va., i. 50. + + Fredericksburg, battle of, i. 104. + + Frederickton, Canada, iii. 287. + + Freehold, N. J., ii. 22. + + Freeman, E. A., ii. 205. + + Fremont, General John C., iii. 446. + + "French Armada," iii. 314. + + French Broad River, iii. 354, 358. + + French Creek, Pa., i. 336. + + "French-Canadian O'Connell," ii. 447. + + "French-Canadian Thermopylæ," ii. 446. + + French Market, New Orleans, La., iii. 419. + + Frenchman Bay, Me., iii. 270. + + Frietchie, Barbara, i. 40. + + "Frog Pond," Boston, Mass., iii. 36. + + Frontenac, Count, ii. 410, 472. + + Fuller, Chief Justice Melville W., iii. 247. + + Fuller, Margaret, iii. 50, 64. + + Fulmer Falls, Pa., i. 255. + + Fulton Lakes, N. Y., ii. 325. + + Fulton, Robert, i. 283; ii. 26, 30, 109. + + Fulton Street, Brooklyn, N. Y., ii. 73. + + "Fulton," the, ii. 109. + + "Fulton's Folly," ii. 183. + + + Gage, General Thomas, iii. 56. + + Gagetown, Canada, iii. 288. + + Gaines's Mill, Va., battle of, i. 119. + + Gale River, iii. 190. + + Gallatin, Albert, ii. 30. + + Gallatin River, iii. 480. + + Gallitzin, Pa., i. 312. + + Gallitzin, Demetrius Augustine, i. 313. + + "Galop," St. Lawrence River, ii. 417. + + Galveston, Texas, iii. 429. + + Galveston Bay, Texas, iii. 429. + + Galveston Island, Texas, iii. 429. + + Gamble Hill, Richmond, Va., i. 114. + + Ganniagwari, ii. 340. + + Gananoque, Canada, ii. 415. + + Ganouskie Bay, Lake George, N. Y., ii. 279. + + "Gans-howe-hanne," i. 186. + + Garden City, N. Y., ii. 93. + + Garden Key, Fla., i. 397. + + "Garden of Nova Scotia," iii. 291. + + "Garden of the Great Spirit," ii. 412. + + "Garden of the Gods," Col., iii. 466. + + Gardiner River, i. 484. + + Gardiner, Me., iii. 253. + + Gardiner, Lyon, ii. 120. + + Gardiner's Bay, N. Y., ii. 119. + + Gardiner's Island, N. Y., ii. 120. + + Garfield, James A., i. 195, 415, 420; ii. 245. + + Garrett, John W., i. 91. + + Garrett Mansion, Baltimore, Md., i. 90. + + Garrettson, Rev. Freeborn, ii. 180. + + Garrison, Commodore, ii. 77. + + Garrison, N. Y., ii. 154. + + Garrison, William Lloyd, iii. 47, 82. + + Gaspé, Canada, ii. 509. + + Gastineaux Channel, Alaska, iii. 502. + + "Gate City" (Atlanta, Ga.), iii. 365. + + "Gate City" (Omaha, Nebraska), iii. 386. + + "Gate of the Adirondacks," ii. 312. + + "Gate of the Mountain," i. 483. + + "Gate of the Notch," White Mountain, N. H., iii. 199. + + _Gates Ajar_, iii. 78. + + Gatineau River, ii. 445. + + Gaudenhutten, Pa., i. 232. + + Gay Head, Martha's Vineyard, Mass., iii. 147. + + Gee's Point, N. Y., ii. 155. + + Gelkie Glacier, Alaska, iii. 505. + + "General Tom Thumb," ii. 102. + + "General Hospital of the Gray Sisters," Montreal, Canada, ii. 434. + + "Genesee Flats," N. Y., ii. 370. + + "Genesee Level," N. Y., ii. 369. + + Genesee oil, i. 334. + + Genesee River, ii. 368. + + Geneseo, N. Y., ii. 370. + + Geneva, N. Y., ii. 365. + + "Gentilhomme," ii. 464. + + "Gentlemen of the Seminary," ii. 432. + + George I., iii. 266. + + George II., ii. 278; iii. 44. + + George III., i. 55, 163; ii. 26, 263, 452, 473. + + George, Henry, ii. 77. + + George's Island, Boston Harbor, Mass., iii. 32. + + Georgetown, Col., iii. 464. + + Georgetown, University of, i. 31. + + "Georgia," the, iii. 303. + + German Hospital, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 168. + + Germantown, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 181. + + Gerry, Elbridge, ii. 112; iii. 73. + + "Gertrude of Wyoming," i. 241. + + Gervais Rapids, Canada, ii. 498. + + Gettys, James, i. 128. + + Gettysburg, Pa., battle of, i. 130. + + "Gettysburg Battlefield Memorial Association," i. 135. + + Geyser Spring, Saratoga, N. Y., ii. 224. + + Giant geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 492. + + Giantess geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 500. + + Giant of the Valley, N. Y., ii. 274, 298, 313. + + Giant's Cauldron, Yellowstone Park, i. 505. + + "Giant's Grove," Mount Washington, N. H., iii. 203. + + Gibbon Falls, Yellowstone Park, i. 494. + + Gibbon River, i. 494. + + Gibbons, Cardinal Archbishop, i. 91. + + Gibraltar Island, Lake Erie, i. 423. + + "Giesh-gumanito," i. 317. + + "Gift of God," the, iii. 255. + + Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, i. 344; iii. 302. + + Ginter, Philip, i. 234. + + Girard Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 165. + + Girard Bank, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 165. + + Girard College, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 165. + + Girard, Stephen, i. 165. + + Glacier Bay, Alaska, iii. 503. + + Glacier Point, Yosemite Valley, Cal., iii. 454. + + Glacier Spring, Saratoga, N. Y., ii. 224. + + "Glen Alpha," Watkins Glen, N. Y., ii. 364. + + "Glen Cathedral," Watkins Glen, N. Y., ii. 365. + + Glen Eyre, Pa., i. 265. + + "Glen Obscura," Watkins Glen, N. Y., ii. 365. + + "Glen Omega," Watkins Glen, N. Y., ii. 365. + + Glen's Falls, N. Y., ii. 233. + + "Glimmerglass," the, i. 296. + + Glooscap, Indian deity, ii. 504; iii. 294. + + Gloria Dei, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 171. + + Glorieta Pass, iii. 459. + + Gloucester, Mass., iii. 86. + + Gloucester Point, Va., i. 53. + + Glover, John, iii. 47. + + Goat Island, Cal., iii. 518. + + Goat Island, Niagara Falls, ii. 389. + + Godfrey, Thomas, i. 180. + + Goethe, Johann W., ii. 379. + + Goffe, William, ii. 110; iii. 175. + + Gold Creek, Montana, iii. 480. + + _Gold Digger_, iii. 508. + + Gold in America, early ideas respecting, i. 66. + + Gold mining, iii. 448, 467, 479. + + Golden, Col., iii. 464. + + Golden Gate, Cal., iii. 514. + + "Golden Gate of the St. Lawrence Gulf," iii. 305. + + Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, Cal., iii. 520. + + Golden Hill, Bridgeport, Conn., ii. 101. + + "Golden Northland," iii. 508. + + "Goobers," i. 79. + + "Good Speed," i. 4. + + Goodyear, Charles, ii. 98. + + Gordon, Commodore, i. 43. + + Gorgues, Sir Ferdinando, iii. 240. + + Gorham, N. H., iii. 212. + + Gorton, Samuel, iii. 105. + + Goshen, N. Y., i. 262. + + Gosnold, Bartholomew, iii. 6, 19, 142. + + Gosport, Va., i. 78. + + Gosport, Star Island, Isles of Shoals, iii. 234. + + Gough, John B., iii. 82. + + Gould, Helen, ii. 53. + + Gould, Jay, ii. 54, 138. + + Government Botanical Garden, Washington, D. C., i. 13. + + Government Building, Boston, Mass., iii. 45. + + Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., i. 24. + + Governor's Island, Boston Harbor, Mass., iii. 32. + + Governor's Island, N. Y., ii. 11. + + "Governor's Room," City Hall, New York City, ii. 36. + + Grace Church, New York City, ii. 41. + + Grain elevators, ii. 376. + + "Granary of California," iii. 447. + + Grand Canyon of the Arkansas, Col., iii. 468. + + Grand Discharge, Canada, ii. 498. + + Grand River, Canada, ii. 444, 512. + + Grand River, Colorado, iii. 469. + + "Grandfather Cobb," iii. 10. + + Grand Boulevard, Chicago, Ill., i. 434. + + Grand Canyon, Arizona, iii. 437. + + Grand Falls, Canada, iii. 285. + + Grand Geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 501. + + Grand Island, Niagara Falls, ii. 380. + + Grand Isle, Lake Champlain, ii. 308. + + Grand Manan Island, Canada, iii. 274. + + Grand Pacific Glacier, Alaska, iii. 505. + + "Grand River of the North," iii. 434. + + Grand Union Hotel, Saratoga, N. Y., ii. 221. + + Grand Pre, iii. 292. + + Grant, General, i. 61, 62, 106, 120, 178, 195, 441; ii. 58, + 226; iii. 344, 351, 398, 408. + + Grant, General, statue of, i. 30. + + Grant's siege of Richmond, i. 120. + + Grant University, Tenn., iii. 349. + + Grasmere estate, ii. 180. + + "Grasshopper War," i. 303. + + "Grass water," i. 388. + + Gravesend Bay, ii. 10. + + Gravesend Bay, N. Y., ii. 80. + + Gravity railroad, i. 269. + + Gray, Captain Robert, iii. 481. + + Graymont, Col., iii. 464. + + "Gray Nunnery," Montreal, Canada, ii. 434. + + Gray's Peak, Col., iii. 464. + + Great American Desert, Utah, iii. 477. + + Great Barrington, Mass., ii. 259. + + "Great Bear Cave," Pa., i. 318. + + Great Bras d'Or, Cape Breton Island, Canada, iii. 305. + + "Great Charter," i. 70. + + Great Egg Harbor, N. J., i. 193. + + Great Falls, Va., i. 40. + + Great Falls, Montana, iii. 384. + + Great Gull Island, ii. 120. + + Great Head, Mount Desert Island, Me., iii. 270. + + Great Kanawha River, iii. 328. + + Great Lakes, i. 447. + + Great Miami River, iii. 333. + + "Great North Woods," i. 436. + + Great North Woods, N. Y., ii. 272. + + "Great River of Canada," ii. 400. + + "Great Salt Basin," Utah, iii. 474. + + Great Salt Lake, Utah, iii. 474. + + "Great Salt Pond," Block Island, ii. 124. + + Great Shuswap Lake, British Columbia, iii. 494. + + Great Smoky Mountains, N. C., iii. 354. + + Great South Bay, N. Y., ii. 91. + + Great South Beach, N. Y., ii. 91. + + "Great Staked Plain," iii. 430. + + "Great Stone Face," N. H., iii. 192. + + "Great Vine," iii. 445. + + "Greater New York," ii. 23. + + "Greatest Show on Earth," ii. 102. + + Greece City, Pa., i. 336. + + Greek Church, Sitka, Alaska, iii. 501. + + Greeley, Horace, i. 100, 254, 263; ii. 34, 43, 77; iii. 80. + + "Green Bank," Old Burlington, N. J., i. 200. + + "Green Corn Dance," i. 389. + + Green Cove Springs, i. 381. + + Green Island, N. Y., ii. 214. + + Green Mount Cemetery, Burlington, Vt., ii. 303. + + Green Mountain, Mount Desert Island, Me., iii. 269. + + Green Mountains, Vt., ii. 299. + + Green Mountain Boys, ii. 300. + + Green, Mrs. Hetty, ii. 37. + + Green River, i. 337, 485. + + Green Room, Executive Mansion, Washington, D. C., i. 20. + + Greenbush, N. Y., ii. 214. + + Greene, General Nathaniel, i. 370; iii. 106, 362. + + Greenfield, Mass., iii. 177. + + Greenleaf, Benjamin, iii. 181. + + Greenleaf's Point, i. 13. + + Greenmount, Baltimore, Md., i. 93. + + Greensboro', N. C., iii. 362. + + Greensburg, Pa., i. 318, 319. + + Greenville Channel, iii. 499. + + Greenville, Tenn., iii. 353. + + Greenwich, Conn., ii. 99. + + Greenwich Point, Conn., ii. 99. + + Greenwood Cemetery, Brooklyn, N. Y., ii. 71, 76. + + Greenwood Cemetery, New Orleans, La., iii. 418. + + Greenwood Lake, N. Y., ii. 134. + + Grenadier Island, ii. 415. + + Gridley, Captain Charles Vernon, ii. 374. + + Gridley, Colonel Richard, iii. 314. + + "Griffin," the, ii. 376. + + Grindstone Island, Canada, ii. 412. + + Grinnell Expedition, i. 179. + + "Grizzly Giant," tree, iii. 449. + + Grosse Isle, Canada, ii. 492. + + Groton, Conn., ii. 116. + + Grotto, geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 502. + + "Ground Hog rift," i. 222. + + "Guerrière," the, i. 180; iii. 73. + + Guilford, Conn., ii. 113. + + Guinney Station, Va., i. 105. + + Gulf stream, i. 395. + + Gulf of Georgia, British Columbia, iii. 497. + + Gulf of St. Lawrence, ii. 404. + + Gunnison, Col., iii. 469. + + Gunnison River, iii. 469. + + Gunpowder River, i. 88. + + Gurnet, Duxbury, Mass., iii. 18. + + Guyart, Marie, ii. 474. + + + _Habitans_, ii. 48, 440, 447. + + Hackensack River, ii. 18. + + Hadley Falls, Mass., iii. 171. + + Hadley Street, Northampton, Mass., iii. 174. + + Hagerman Pass, Col., iii. 468. + + Ha Ha Bay, Canada, ii. 500. + + Haines's Falls, N. Y., ii. 192. + + Hale, Nathan, ii. 36, 95, 115; iii. 162. + + Haley's Island, Isles of Shoals, iii. 231. + + "Half Moon," the, ii. 4, 136, 169. + + Half Moon Island, Boston Harbor, Mass., iii. 33. + + Haliburton, Thomas C., iii. 296. + + Halibut Point, Mass., iii. 92. + + Halifax, Canada, iii. 297. + + Halifax River, i. 377. + + Hall, Dr. John, ii. 54. + + Halleck, Fitz Greene, ii. 113, 166, 168. + + Hall of the Carpenters' Company, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 164. + + Hallowell, Me., iii. 253. + + Hamersley, Mrs., ii. 37. + + Hamilton, Alexander, i. 213; ii. 10, 14, 18, 30, 60, 75, 158, + 211; iii. 47. + + Hamilton, Canada, ii. 405. + + Hamilton Spring, Saratoga, N. Y., ii. 224. + + Hammondsport, N. Y., ii. 366. + + Hampton, Va., i. 75. + + Hampton Beach, N. H., iii. 227. + + Hampton Roads, i. 75. + + Hancock, John, iii. 27, 37, 39, 65. + + Hancock, Pa., i. 271. + + Hancock, General W. S., i. 130. + + Hancock, General W. S., statue of, i. 30. + + Hanging Rock, Echo Gorge, Utah, iii. 473. + + "Hanging Rock," Newport, R. I., iii. 133. + + Hanging Spear, N. Y., ii. 236. + + Hanlon, sculler, ii. 409. + + Hanlon's Point, Toronto, Canada, ii. 409. + + Hanna, Robert, i. 318. + + "Hannah's Hill," N. Y., i. 296. + + Hannastown, Pa., i. 318. + + Hannibal, Mo., iii. 394. + + Hanover, N. H., iii. 181. + + Hanover Court House, Va., i. 108. + + Harbor Hill, Long Island, N. Y., ii. 94. + + Hardenburgh, Captain, ii. 358. + + "Hardenburgh's Corners," N. Y., ii. 358. + + "Harmonists," iii. 325. + + "Harmony Knitting Mills," Cohoes, N. Y., ii. 330. + + Harper's Ferry, W. Va., i. 38. + + Harrietstown, N. Y., ii. 322. + + "Harris cassimere," iii. 117. + + Harris, Joel Chandler, iii. 366. + + Harris, John, i. 287. + + Harris Lake, N. Y., ii. 236. + + "Harris Park," Harrisburg, Pa., i. 288. + + Harrisburg, Pa., i. 286. + + Harrison, Benjamin, iii. 334. + + Harrison, General William Henry, i. 20, 63, 279, 407; iii. 333. + + Harrison, John Scott, iii. 334. + + Harrison's Landing, Va., i. 63. + + Hart, Colonel, i. 381. + + Harte, Bret, iii. 448, 477. + + Hart's Island, N. Y., ii. 67. + + Hartford, Conn., iii. 161. + + "Hartford," the, iii. 377. + + Harvard Hall, Cambridge, Mass., iii. 62. + + Harvard, John, iii. 60. + + Harvard University, iii. 59. + + Harvey's Lake, Pa., i. 238. + + Harwich, Mass., iii. 19. + + Hasbrouck House, Newburg, N. Y., ii. 170. + + Hasbrouck, Jonathan, ii. 170. + + Haskell Institute, Lawrence, Kan., iii. 387. + + Hastings-on-the-Hudson, N. Y., ii. 137. + + Hat-factories, ii. 264. + + Hathorn, Colonel, i. 261. + + "Hathorn" Spring, Saratoga, N. Y., ii. 222. + + Havana Glen, N. Y., ii. 362. + + Haverford College, i. 280. + + Haverhill, Mass., iii. 81. + + Haverstraw Bay, N. Y., ii. 146. + + Hawk Island, Lake Placid, N. Y., ii. 321. + + "Hawkeye State," the, i. 466. + + Hawley, Pa., i. 267. + + "Hawk's Nest," N. Y., i. 260. + + Hawthorne, Nathaniel, ii. 252, 257; iii. 50, 68, 75, 192, 195, + 233, 247. + + Hayden, Prof. Ferdinand V., i. 486. + + Hays, Mary, ii. 22. + + Hazardville Powder Works, Conn., iii. 166. + + Hazel Tree Island, Canada, ii. 492. + + Healy, George P. A., iii. 44. + + "Heart of Berkshire," ii. 246. + + "Heart of the Commonwealth," iii. 117. + + Hecla Copper Company, i. 459. + + Heenan, John C., iii. 514. + + Heine, Heinrich, ii. 85. + + Helena, Ark., iii. 404. + + Helena, Montana, iii. 480. + + "Hell Gate," N. Y., ii. 12, 67. + + Hell's Half Acre, Yellowstone Park, i. 496. + + "Hell's half acres," i. 385. + + Hemans, Mrs., iii. 11. + + Hempstead, N. Y., ii. 93. + + Hempstead Bay, N. Y., ii. 91. + + Hendrick, Indian chief, ii. 281. + + "Hendrick Spring," N. Y., ii. 235. + + Hennepin, Louis, i. 427, 467; ii. 382, 459. + + Henry, Patrick, i. 111, 113. + + Henry, Professor Joseph, i. 27; ii. 207. + + Henry VII., iii. 4. + + Herkimer, N. Y., ii. 342. + + _Hermit_, iii. 12. + + Hermit Mountain, Canada, iii. 493. + + "Hermit of the Wissahickon," i. 184. + + "Hermit's Pool," i. 184. + + "Hermitage," Nashville, Ky., iii. 341. + + Hertzog Hall, New Brunswick, N. J., ii. 22. + + Heth, Joyce, ii. 101. + + "Het Klauver Rack," ii. 195. + + Hewitt, Abram S., ii. 39. + + _Hiawatha_, i. 458; iii. 71. + + Hickory-nut Gap, N. C., iii. 358. + + Hickory Town, Pa., i. 282. + + Hicks, Elias, ii. 93. + + Hicksville, N. Y., ii. 93. + + "Higgins's Island," ii. 65. + + High Bridge, N. Y., ii. 61. + + High Falls, N. Y., ii. 348. + + High Falls, Pa., i. 255. + + "High Knob," Pa., i. 266. + + Highland Light, Truro, Mass., iii. 22. + + High Peak, N. Y., ii. 184. + + High Point, N. J., i. 258. + + High Point, Pa., i. 255. + + High Pole Hill, Mass., iii. 25. + + "High Rock Spring," Saratoga, N. Y., ii. 220, 222. + + High Street, Newburyport, Mass., iii. 81. + + High Street, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 158. + + High Tom, N. Y., ii. 147. + + "High-water Mark Monument," i. 134. + + Hill, General A. P., i. 115. + + Hill, James J., i. 470. + + Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, Conn., ii. 112. + + Hillhouse, James, ii. 112. + + _Hills of the Shatemuc_, ii. 156. + + Hillsborough Bay, Prince Edward Island, iii. 304. + + Hillsborough Bay, Fla., i. 392. + + Hillsborough River, i. 392. + + Hillside, Pa., i. 318. + + Hilton, Judge Henry, ii. 226. + + Hingham, Mass., iii. 28. + + Hingham Harbor, Mass., iii. 28. + + "History of the Plimouth Plantation," iii. 39. + + Hitchcock, Dr. Edward, ii. 261. + + Hobart College, Geneva, N. Y., ii. 366. + + Hoboken, N. J., ii. 13. + + Hochelaga, ii. 423. + + Hochelaga Convent, Montreal, Canada, ii. 435. + + Hodenosaunee, ii. 337. + + Hodges, James, ii. 432. + + Hoey, John, ii. 178. + + "Hog's Back," Pa., i. 253. + + Hokendauqua, i. 219, 232. + + Holcroft, John, i. 293. + + Holden University, Syracuse, N. Y., ii. 357. + + Holkham Bay, Alaska, iii. 502. + + Hollidaysburg, Pa., i. 309. + + Holliman, Ezekiel, iii. 110. + + Holmden farm, i. 337. + + Holmes, Oliver Wendell, i. 92; ii. 131, 252; iii. 53, 59, 61, 62, 79. + + Holston River, iii. 353. + + Holy Trinity Church, Brooklyn, N. Y., ii. 75. + + Holyoke, Mass., iii. 171. + + Hollywood Cemetery, Richmond, Va., i. 115. + + "Hollywood," Long Branch, N. J., i. 195. + + _Home, Sweet Home_, i. 32, 169; ii. 79, 93. + + Homestead Works, Pittsburg, Pa., i. 327. + + Homosassa, Fla., i. 392. + + Hone, Philip, i. 268. + + Honesdale, Pa., i. 258, 268. + + Hood, General John B., ii. 366; iii. 342. + + Hook Mountain, N. Y., ii. 145. + + Hooker, General Joseph, i. 105, 127; iii. 175. + + Hooker, Thomas, iii. 161. + + Hoosac Tunnel, ii. 244. + + Hopkins, Dr. Samuel, ii. 259. + + Hopkins, Johns, i. 91. + + Hopkins, Monk, ii. 260. + + Hopkins Memorial Manse, Great Barrington, Mass., ii. 260. + + Hopkins-Searles, Mrs., ii. 259. + + Horicon, ii. 277. + + Hornellsville, N. Y., ii. 367. + + Horseshoe Bend, Delaware River, i. 157. + + "Horse Race," Long Island Sound, ii. 120. + + "Horse-Shoe," Pa., i. 311. + + Horse Tail Cataract, Cascade Mountains, iii. 484. + + Horticultural Hall, Boston, Mass., iii. 40. + + Horticultural Hall, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 179. + + "Hospital of the Hôtel-Dieu de Ville Marie," Montreal, Canada, + ii. 433. + + Hot Springs, Ark., iii. 405. + + Hot Springs, N. C., iii. 360. + + Hotel Champlain, Lake Champlain, N. Y., ii. 308. + + Hotel de Ville, Montreal, Canada, ii. 440. + + Hotel del Monte, Monterey, Cal., iii. 446. + + Hôtel Dieu, Quebec, Canada, ii. 473, 475. + + Hotel Royal Poinciana, Palm Beach, Fla., i. 379. + + Houdon, Jean Antoine, i. 111. + + Houghton, Mich., i. 459. + + Housatonic Dam, Conn., ii. 265. + + Housatonic River, ii. 102, 242, 254. + + "House of Burgesses," i. 70. + + "House of the Seven Gables," ii. 252. + + Houston, Samuel, iii. 430. + + Houston, Texas, iii. 430. + + Howard, General Oliver O., iii. 246. + + Howard University, i. 14. + + Howe, Elias, ii. 77; iii. 170. + + Howe, General William, i. 181; ii. 25, 286. + + Howe Island, Canada, ii. 412. + + Howe Sewing-Machine Works, Bridgeport, Conn., ii. 101. + + Howe's Cave, N. Y., i. 298. + + Hoyt, poet, iii. 378. + + Hudson Bay Company, i. 480. + + Hudson, Hendrick, i. 144; ii. 4, 136, 169, 199. + + Hudson, N. Y., ii. 193. + + Hudson River, ii. 7, 130, 235. + + Hudson River Highlands, ii. 146. + + Huguenots, i. 363, 369. + + Hugh Miller Glacier, Alaska, iii. 505. + + Hull, Canada, ii. 451. + + Hull, Commodore Isaac, i. 180; ii. 265. + + Hull, John, iii. 99. + + Hull, Mass., iii. 28. + + Humber River, ii. 406. + + Humboldt River, iii. 477. + + "Hundred Acre Tract," ii. 370. + + "Hundred-harbored Maine," iii. 239. + + "Hunter's Island," ii. 65. + + Hunting Creek, Va., i. 42. + + "Hunting Creek Estate," i. 42. + + Huntingdon, N. Y., ii. 96. + + Huntingdon, Pa., i. 305. + + Huntington, Collis P., i. 428. + + Huntington, W. Va., iii. 329. + + Huron Indians, ii. 294, 505. + + Huss, John, i. 226. + + Hutchinson, Anne, ii. 66. + + Hutchinson River, ii. 66. + + Hyannis, Mass., iii. 20. + + "Hymn of the Moravian Nuns," i. 231. + + + "Ice Age," i. 210, 242. + + "Ice-shove," ii. 422. + + Icy Bay, Alaska, iii. 507. + + Idaho Springs, Col., iii. 464. + + Illecillewaet River, iii. 493. + + Illinois River, i. 430. + + "Inauguration Ball," i. 23. + + Inauguration, presidential, i. 15. + + "Independence bell," i. 162. + + Independence Hall, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 161. + + Independence Square, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 161. + + Indian corn, i. 68. + + Indian Island, Me., iii. 265. + + "Indian Killer," i. 256. + + Indian Mound, Moundsville, W. Va., iii. 327. + + "Indian Orchard," Pa., i. 267. + + Indian Pass, N. Y., ii. 236, 321. + + Indian River, i. 378. + + Indian Training School, Carlisle, Pa., i. 291. + + Indiana, Pa., i. 317. + + Indianapolis, Ind., i. 408. + + Indians, habits of, i. 68. + + Industrial and Normal Institute for Colored Youth, Tuskegee, + Ala., iii. 370. + + Ingersoll, Robert G., ii. 265. + + Inglis, Dr., ii. 29. + + "Inspiration community," ii. 352. + + Inspiration Point, Cal., iii. 450. + + Intervale, White Mountains, N. H., iii. 214. + + Ipswich Bay, Mass., iii. 77. + + Ipswich Female Seminary, Ipswich, Mass., iii. 78. + + Ipswich River, iii. 77. + + Iron manufactures, i. 232. + + Iron Mountain, N. H., iii. 213. + + Iron ore, i. 294, 461. + + "Iroquois," horse, iii. 341. + + Iroquois Indians, i. 81, 155, 221, 239; ii. 294, 337. + + "Iroquois Sea," N. Y., ii. 296. + + Irving Cliff, Pa., i. 268. + + Irving, Washington, i. 50, 268; ii. 5, 40, 139, 141, 142, 148, + 152, 188, 208; iii. 128. + + Irvington, N. Y., ii. 138. + + Island No. 10, Mississippi River, iii. 398. + + "Island of Desert Mountains," iii. 269. + + Island of the Seven Cities, iii. 4. + + _Isle des Monts déserts_, iii. 269. + + Isle au Haut, Me., iii. 267. + + Isle aux Coudres, Canada, ii. 492. + + Isle Madame, Canada, iii. 306. + + Isle of Manisees, ii. 124. + + Isle of Nassau, N. Y., ii. 91. + + Isle of Orleans, Canada, ii. 465, 490. + + "Isle of Peace," iii. 132. + + Isle of Shoals, iii. 231. + + "Isle the Little God," ii. 124. + + Islesboro, Me., iii. 266. + + Islip, N. Y., ii. 96. + + "Israel of Jerusalem," iii. 208. + + Itasca Lake, Minn., i. 475. + + Itascan plateau, i. 474. + + Ithaca, N. Y., ii. 359. + + Ithaca Fall, N. Y., ii. 360. + + Ivins Syndicate Building, New York City, ii. 34. + + + Jackass Hill, Cal., iii. 448. + + Jack's Mountain, Pa., i. 304. + + "Jack's Narrows," Pa., i. 304. + + Jackson, Cal., iii. 448. + + Jackson, Andrew, i. 51, 278, 358; ii. 391; iii. 104, 340, 368, + 399, 416, 418. + + Jackson, General Andrew, statue of, i. 22. + + Jackson, General Thomas J. (Stonewall), i. 40, 103, 104, 105, + 111, 118, 123. + + Jackson, Helen Hunt, iii. 441, 465. + + Jackson, Miss., iii. 374. + + Jackson Square, New Orleans, La., iii. 418. + + Jackson's, President, farewell reception, i. 19. + + Jackson River, i. 54. + + Jackson, White Mountains, N. H., iii. 213. + + Jacksonville, Fla., i. 358. + + "Jacob's Ladder," Mount Washington, N. H., iii. 204. + + Jacques Cartier River, ii. 456. + + Jaffrey, Vt., iii. 180. + + Jahns, Joseph, i. 314. + + Jamaica Plain, Mass., iii. 49. + + Jamaica Pond, Mass., iii. 49. + + James I., i. 4, 5, 82, 83. + + James River, i. 7, 54, 56. + + Jamestown, Va., i. 4, 5, 65, 69, 70. + + "Jean Baptiste," Montreal, Canada, ii. 437. + + Jefferson Barracks, St. Louis, Mo., iii. 397. + + Jefferson City, Mo., iii. 392. + + Jefferson River, iii. 480. + + Jefferson Theological Seminary, Canonsburg, Pa., i. 333. + + Jefferson, Thomas, i. 38, 55, 110, 111, 124, 304. + + Jefferson, N. H., iii. 198. + + Jeffersonville, Ind., iii. 335. + + Jekyll Island, i. 368. + + Jemseg River, iii. 288. + + Jenny Lind, i. 278; ii. 25, 102. + + Jenny Jump Mountain, N. J., i. 242. + + Jericho, N. Y., ii. 93. + + Jericho Run Canal, i. 78. + + Jersey City, N. J., ii. 12. + + Jerusalem, N. Y., ii. 96. + + Jerusalem Road, Cohasset, Mass., iii. 28. + + Jesuits' College, Quebec, Canada, ii. 461. + + Jesuit Fathers, ii. 459. + + Jogues, Father Isaac, ii. 233, 278. + + "John Brown's Fort," i. 40. + + "John Brown's Raid," i. 39. + + "John Bull," locomotive, i. 29, 205. + + Johnson, Andrew, iii. 353. + + Johnson City, Tenn., iii. 353. + + Johnson, Sir William, ii. 220, 228, 278, 281, 336. + + Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Md., i. 91. + + Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md., i. 91. + + Johnston, General Albert Sidney, iii. 419. + + Johnston, General Joseph E., i. 118. + + Johnstone Strait, iii. 499. + + Johnstown, N. Y., ii. 337. + + Johnstown, Pa., i. 314. + + Joliet, Louis, i. 427. + + Jones, Colonel David, i. 89. + + Jones, Peter, i. 64. + + Jones, Sir William, i. 153. + + Jones's Beach, N. Y., ii. 91. + + Jones's Falls, Md., i. 89. + + Jonestown, Md., i. 89. + + Jordan Creek, Pa., i. 231. + + Jordan River, iii. 474. + + Jorisz, Captain, i. 147. + + "Josh Billings," ii. 245. + + Josselyn, John, iii. 207. + + Juarez, Mexico, iii. 435. + + Judd Hall, Middletown, Conn., iii. 159. + + Judd, Orange, iii. 159. + + Judge's Cave, New Haven, Conn., ii. 110. + + Jumel, Madame, ii. 60. + + Jumbo oil well, i. 333. + + Juneau, Alaska, iii. 502. + + Juneau Park, Milwaukee, Wis., i. 463. + + Juneau, Solomon, i. 463. + + Juniata River, i. 300. + + Junto Club, i. 163. + + Jupiter Inlet, Fla., i. 378. + + + Kaaterskill Clove, N. Y., ii. 190. + + Kaaterskill Falls, N. Y., ii. 190. + + Kaatskills, ii. 185. + + Kahnata, ii. 346. + + Kakabika Falls, Canada, i. 456. + + Kalm, Peter, ii. 454. + + Kaministiquia River, i. 455. + + Kamloops, British Columbia, iii. 494. + + Kamouraska, Canada, ii. 494. + + Kanawha Canal, i. 114. + + Kane, Elisha Kent, i. 179. + + Kankakee River, i. 431. + + Kansas City, Kan., iii. 391. + + Kansas City, Mo., iii. 391. + + Kansas River, iii. 386, 391. + + Kansas State University, Lawrence, Kansas, iii. 386. + + Kauy-a-hoo-ra, ii. 346. + + Karns City, Pa., i. 336. + + Kaw River, iii. 386. + + Kayaderosseras Creek, N. Y., ii. 219. + + Kayandorossa Cataract, ii. 233. + + Kearney, General Philip, i. 103; ii. 20, 30. + + Kearney Street, San Francisco, Cal., iii. 519. + + "Kearsarge," the, iii. 228. + + "Kebic," ii. 457. + + Keene, Sir Benjamin, iii. 179. + + Keene, Vt., iii. 179. + + Keene Valley, N. Y., ii. 305. + + Keeseville, N. Y., ii. 306. + + Keewatin, Canada, i. 479. + + Kellogg Terrace, Great Barrington, Mass., ii. 259. + + Kelly's Island, Lake Erie, i. 423. + + "Kelpians," i. 184. + + Kelpius, Johannes, i. 182. + + Kemble, Fanny, ii. 243, 250. + + Kendall, Amos, iii. 181. + + Kennebec River, iii. 247. + + Kennebunk River, iii. 241. + + Kennebunkport, Me., iii. 241. + + Kent, Duke of, iii. 298. + + Kent Island, Md., i. 83. + + Kent, James, ii. 107. + + "Kent," the, i. 200. + + _Kentake_, iii. 334. + + "Kentucky Horse-breeders' Association," iii. 330. + + Kentucky River, iii. 334. + + Kentucky whiskies, iii. 336. + + Keokuk, Iowa, iii. 394. + + Keokuk, Indian chief, iii. 394. + + "Keokuk," the, i. 352. + + "Kettle," Pa., i. 311. + + Keuka Lake, N. Y., ii. 354. + + Keweenaw Peninsula, i. 458. + + Keweenaw Point, Michigan, i. 454. + + Key, Francis Scott, i. 40, 92, 94; iii. 520. + + Key of the Bastille, i. 46. + + "Key to New France," iii. 310. + + Key West, Fla., i. 396. + + Keystone Bridge Works, Pittsburg, Pa., i. 327. + + "Keystone State," tree, iii. 449. + + "Kickenapawling's Old Town," i. 314. + + Kicking Horse Pass, Canada, iii. 489. + + Kicking Horse River, iii. 492. + + Kidd, Captain William, ii. 113, 121; iii. 235. + + Kieft, Governor, ii. 72. + + Kill von Kull, ii. 11. + + Killington Peak, Vt., ii. 300. + + Kinderhook, N. J., ii. 197. + + "Kingdom of Fish," iii. 317. + + "King of the Rolling Land," ii. 21. + + King Philip, Indian chief, iii. 101, 123, 125, 165, 167. + + "King Philip's Seat," iii. 123. + + "King Philip's Throne," iii. 124. + + King, Thomas Starr, iii. 193, 205, 219. + + "King's Farm," New York City, ii. 28. + + King's Mountain, S. C., iii. 361. + + King's Ranch, Texas, iii. 434. + + "Kingsland," ii. 336. + + Kingston, Canada, ii. 405, 409. + + Kingston, N. Y., ii. 178. + + Kiowee River, iii. 364. + + Kipling, Rudyard, iii. 179. + + Kishicoquillas Valley, Pa., i. 303. + + Kiskiminetas River, i. 317. + + Kissimmee City, Fla., i. 387. + + Kissimmee River, i. 387. + + Kittanning, Pa., i. 336. + + "Kittanning Path," i. 312. + + Kittanning Point, Pa., i. 311. + + Kittatinny Mountains, Pa., i. 247, 254. + + Kittery Navy Yard, Me., iii. 228. + + Knapp, Ural, ii. 170. + + Kneiss, Nelson, iii. 392. + + "Knickerbockers," ii. 7. + + "Knights of St. Crispin," iii. 70. + + Knox, General Henry, ii. 160; iii. 266, 352. + + Knoxville, Tenn., iii. 352. + + Kosciusko, General Thaddeus, ii. 155, 157. + + Kosciusko's Garden, West Point, N. Y., ii. 162. + + Kroon, Nicholas, ii. 199. + + Krueger's Island, N. Y., ii. 181. + + Kahnahweyokah, iii. 382. + + _Kuro Siwo_, iii. 502. + + + "L'Africaine," iii. 303. + + _La Belle Riviere_, iii. 323. + + "La Bonne Sainte Anne de Beaupré," ii. 485. + + Lachine, Canada, ii. 442. + + Lachine Canal, Canada, ii. 420. + + Lachine Rapids, Canada, ii. 420. + + Lackawannock Gap, Pa., i. 236, 241. + + Lackawaxen, Pa., battle of, i. 261. + + Lackawaxen River, i. 261, 265. + + Laclede, Pierre Ligueste, iii. 394. + + La Crosse, Wisconsin, i. 467. + + Lafayette College, Easton, Pa., i. 224. + + Lafayette, General, i. 45, 47, 111, 278; ii. 41, 158, 303; iii. 57. + + Lafayette Park, St. Louis, Mo., iii. 396. + + Lafayette Place, New York City, ii. 38. + + Lafayette Square, New Orleans, La., iii. 418. + + Lafayette Square, Washington, D. C., i. 22. + + Laggan Mountain, Canada, iii. 491. + + La Grande Mere, Canada, ii. 456. + + Laguna, iii. 460. + + La Junta, Colorado, iii. 458. + + La Jonquiere, iii. 314. + + Lake Agassiz, Minn., i. 476. + + Lake Agnes, Canada, iii. 491. + + Lake Apopka, Florida, i. 382. + + Lake Bonneville, Utah, iii. 474. + + Lake Champlain, N. Y., ii. 275, 292, 402. + + Lake Dora, Florida, i. 382. + + Lake Drummond, Va., i. 78. + + Lake Erie, i. 413; ii. 402. + + Lake Eustis, Florida, i. 382. + + Lake George, Florida, i. 386. + + Lake George, N. Y., ii. 276. + + Lake Giles, Pa., i. 266. + + Lake Gogebic, Mich., i. 459. + + Lake Griffin, Florida, i. 382. + + Lake Harris, Florida, i. 382. + + Lake Helen, Florida, i. 378. + + Lake Hopatcong, N. J., i. 225. + + Lake Huron, i. 449; ii. 402. + + Lake Jackson, Florida, i. 368. + + Lake Kenoza, Mass., iii. 81. + + Lake Macopin, N. J., ii. 134. + + Lake Mahkeenac, Mass., ii. 252. + + Lake Manitoba, Canada, i. 478. + + Lake McDonald, Texas, iii. 431. + + Lake Memphremagog, Canada, ii. 455; iii. 183. + + Lake Mendota, Wis., i. 464. + + Lake Miccosukie, Florida, i. 390. + + Lake Michigan, i. 430; ii. 402. + + Lake Minnetonka, Minn., i. 472. + + Lake Minnewaska, N. Y., ii. 176. + + Lake Mohawk, N. Y., ii. 176. + + Lake Monona, Wis., i. 464. + + Lake Monroe, Florida, i. 386. + + Lake Nepigon, i. 455; ii. 402. + + Lake Nipissing, Canada, ii. 442. + + Lakes of the Clouds, Canada, iii. 491. + + "Lake of the Thousand Islands," ii. 410. + + "Lake of the Two Mountains," ii. 442, 445. + + Lake of the Woods, i. 478. + + Lake Okeechobee, Florida, i. 366, 387. + + Lake Ontario, ii. 351, 405. + + Lake Park, Chicago, Ill., i. 434. + + Lake Pepin, Minn., i. 467. + + Lake Placid, N. Y., ii. 274, 318, 320. + + Lake Pontchartrain, La., iii. 419. + + Lake Potoubouque, N. Y., ii. 296. + + Lake Quinsigamond, R. I., iii. 118. + + "Lake Ridge," N. Y., ii. 351. + + Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Ill., i. 434. + + Lake Sodom, N. Y., ii. 352. + + Lake St. Clair, i. 448. + + Lake St. Francis, Canada, ii. 418. + + Lake St. John, Canada, ii. 496, 506. + + Lake St. Louis, Canada, ii. 419. + + Lake St. Peter, Canada, ii. 455. + + Lake Sterling, N. Y., ii. 134. + + Lake Sunapee, Vt., iii. 180. + + Lake Superior, i. 453; ii. 402. + + Lake Tahoe, Nevada, iii. 478. + + Lake Temiscamingue, Canada, ii. 444. + + Lake Tohopekaliga, Florida, i. 387. + + Lake Traverse, Minn., i. 476. + + Lake Utsyanthia, N. Y., i. 272. + + Lake View Cemetery, Cleveland, O., i. 420. + + Lake Wawayanda, N. Y., ii. 134. + + Lake Winnipeg, British North America, i. 476. + + Lake Winnepesaukee, N. H., iii. 216. + + Lake Worth, Florida, i. 379. + + Lake Yale, Florida, i. 382. + + Lalemont, Gabriel, ii. 476. + + Lancaster, N. H., iii. 199. + + Lancaster, Pa., i. 282. + + Land, early value of in Virginia, i. 72. + + "Land of Steady Habits," ii. 97. + + "Land of the Codfish," iii. 5. + + "Landing of the Loyalists," iii. 282. + + "Land of the Sky," iii. 354. + + Land's End, Mass., iii. 92. + + Lanesville, Mass., iii. 93. + + L'Ange Gardien, Canada, ii. 485. + + Langley, Samuel P., i. 27. + + Lanier Hill, Mass., ii. 253. + + Lankenau, John D., i. 168. + + Lansingburgh, N. Y., ii. 214. + + _La Parra Grande_, iii. 445. + + Lappawinzoe, i. 219. + + Lama Passage, iii. 499. + + Lamb, General John, ii. 160. + + Lamon, Ward H., i. 289. + + La Mothe Cadillac, Sieur de, i. 450. + + Laramie City, Wyoming, iii. 470. + + Laramie Plains, Wyoming, iii. 470. + + Larcom, Lucy, iii. 71. + + La Salle, René Robert Cavelier de, i. 404, 410, 411, 447; + ii. 375, 410, 459; iii. 409, 414, 428. + + "Last Chance Gulch," Helena, Montana, iii. 480. + + _Last of the Mohicans_, ii. 198, 234. + + "Last of the Wampanoags," iii. 124. + + Las Vegas Hot Springs, New Mexico, iii. 459. + + Lathrop, Captain, iii. 177. + + "Latimer slave case," ii. 246. + + La Tourelle Cataract, Cascade Mountains, iii. 484. + + Laurel Hill Cemetery, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 179. + + Laurel Hill Cemetery, San Francisco, Cal., iii. 520. + + Laurel Hill, Mass., ii. 253. + + Laurel Mountain, Pa., i. 316. + + Laurentian Mountains, Canada, ii. 496. + + Laval University, Quebec, Canada, ii. 473. + + Lawrence, Abbott, iii. 80. + + Lawrence, Captain James, ii. 30. + + Lawrence, Kan., iii. 386. + + Lawrence, Mass., iii. 80. + + Leadville, Col., iii. 468. + + League Island, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 177. + + League of the Six Nations, ii. 337. + + "Leap of St. Mary," i. 453. + + Lear, Tobias, i. 11. + + "Learned Blacksmith," iii. 166. + + "Leatherstocking," i. 296. + + "Leather Stocking Tales," ii. 187. + + Leavenworth, Kan., iii. 386. + + Lebanon Springs, N. Y., ii. 195. + + Le Bar, Abraham, i. 251. + + Le Bar, Charles, i. 251. + + Le Bar, George, i. 251. + + Le Bar, Peter, i. 251. + + "Le Beau Port," iii. 87. + + Le Bon Homme, ii. 456. + + "Lechau-hanne," i. 263. + + "Lechau-weksink," i. 263. + + Lechwiechink, i. 223. + + Lee, Ann, ii. 196. + + Lee, General Fitz Hugh, i. 113. + + Lee, General Charles, ii. 22. + + Lee, General Henry, i. 293, 371; ii. 13, 254. + + Lee, General Robert E., i. 13, 42, 56, 101, 102, 109, 112, 120, 127. + + Lee, Mass., ii. 253. + + Lee, Richard, i. 72. + + Leeds, Me., iii. 246. + + Leesburg, Va., i. 124. + + "Legend of the Sleepy Hollow," ii. 143. + + "Le Gros Bourdon," Montreal, Canada, ii. 436. + + "Lehigh Gap," Pa., i. 231. + + Lehigh River, i. 223, 231, 235. + + Lehigh University, South Bethlehem, Pa., i. 226. + + Le Jeune, Father, ii. 459, 462. + + Leland Stanford, Jr., University, Menlo Park, Cal., iii. 515. + + L'Enfant, Major, i. 10. + + Lenni Lenape Indians, i. 154, 217; ii. 41. + + Lennox Passage, Cape Breton Island, Canada, iii. 306. + + Lenox Library, New York City, ii. 55. + + Lenox, Mass, ii. 248. + + Lenox, James, ii. 55. + + "Leon Couchant," Vt., ii. 301. + + Leonardstown, Md., i. 86. + + "Les Milles Isles," ii. 411. + + Le Tableau, ii. 499. + + Leutze, Emmanuel, iii. 133. + + "Levant," the, i. 203; iii. 73. + + Lewis, Andrew, i. 111. + + Lewis, Captain Meriwether, iii. 383. + + Lewis, Prof. H. Carvill, i. 244. + + Lewiston, Me., iii. 246. + + Lewiston, N. Y., ii. 384. + + Lewiston Falls, Me., iii. 246. + + Lewistown, Pa., i. 303. + + "Lewistown or Long Narrows," Pa., i. 303. + + Lexington, Ky., iii. 330. + + Lexington, Mass., iii. 65. + + Libby Hill, Richmond, Va., i. 113. + + Libby, Luther, i. 113. + + Libby Prison, i. 114. + + "Liberty Bell," i. 162, 232. + + Liberty Island, N. Y., ii. 10. + + Liberty Statue, Bedloe's Island, N. Y., ii. 10. + + Library Executive Mansion, Washington, D. C., i. 21. + + Lick, James, iii. 446. + + Lick Observatory, Cal., iii. 446. + + Licking River, iii. 330. + + "Light Horse Harry," (General Henry Lee), i. 371; ii. 254. + + Lighthouse Island, Boston Harbor, Mass., iii. 32. + + Ligonier Valley, Pa., i. 317. + + "Lily Bowl," Mass., ii. 248. + + "Limestone City," ii. 409. + + Lincoln, Abraham, i. 136, 178, 411, 440; ii. 41. 79. + + Lincoln, General Benjamin, iii. 266. + + Lincoln's midnight ride, i. 288. + + Lindenhurst, N. Y., ii. 91. + + Linden, sculptor, iii. 520. + + Lindenwold estate, ii. 197. + + Lion Geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 500. + + Lioness Geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 500. + + Litchfield, Conn., ii. 263. + + Little Bras d'Or, Cape Breton Island, Canada, iii. 307. + + Little Brewster Island, Boston Harbor, Mass., iii. 32. + + "Little Brother," Niagara Falls, ii. 391. + + Little Bushkill Creek, Pa., i. 253. + + Little Bushkill Falls, Pa., i. 254. + + "Little Church Around the Corner," New York City, ii. 46. + + Little Discharge, Canada, ii. 498. + + Little Esquimau River, ii. 503. + + Little Falls, N. Y., ii. 341. + + Little Juniata River, i. 307. + + Little Kanawha River, iii. 328. + + Little Neck Bay, N. Y., ii. 94. + + Little Rock, Ark., iii. 405. + + Little Round Top, Gettysburg, Pa., i. 129. + + Little Schuylkill River, i. 189. + + _Little Women_, iii. 69. + + "Little Water Gap," Pa., i. 242. + + Littleton, N. H., iii. 189. + + Livermore Falls, Me., iii. 245. + + Liverpool, Canada, iii. 300. + + Livingston, Montana, i. 483; iii. 479. + + Livingston, Philip, ii. 208. + + Livingston, Robert R., ii. 182. + + Lloyd's Neck, Long Island, N. Y., ii. 95. + + Lochiel estate, i. 285. + + Lockport, N. Y., ii. 372. + + Locust Grove, ii. 173. + + Locust Point, Md., i. 93. + + "Log College," i. 197. + + "Log Jams," i. 385. + + "Log of the Mayflower," iii. 39. + + Logan, General John A., i. 30, 31, 434. + + Logan, Indian chief, i. 304. + + Logan Square, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 160. + + Loggerhead Key, Florida, i. 397. + + _London Times_, i. 10. + + Lone Mountain Cemetery, San Francisco, Cal., iii. 520. + + "Lone Star State," iii. 411, 428. + + Long Beach, N. Y., ii. 85. + + Long Branch, N. J., i. 194. + + "Long Bridge," i. 101. + + Longfellow, Henry W., i. 140, 172, 230, 472; ii. 143, 247; + iii. 18, 51, 59, 61, 64, 71, 90, 122, 138, 168, 229, 243, + 244, 247, 254, 262, 291, 377. + + Longstreet, General James, i. 131. + + Long Island, Boston Harbor, Mass., iii. 32. + + Long Lake, Me., iii. 245. + + Long Lake, N. Y., ii. 235. + + "Long Leap," St. Lawrence River, ii. 417. + + Long's Peak, Col., iii. 464. + + Long Pond Mountain, N. Y., ii. 316. + + "Long Sault," St. Lawrence River, ii. 417. + + "Long tidal river," iii. 158. + + Lonsdale, R. I., iii. 117. + + _Looking Backward_, iii. 171. + + Lookout Hill, Brooklyn, N. Y., ii. 79. + + Los Angeles, Cal., iii. 444. + + Los Angeles River, iii. 444. + + Losantiville, iii. 331. + + Loskiel the Moravian, i. 307. + + Lossing, Benson J., ii. 395. + + Lorette, Canada, ii. 505. + + Loretto, Pa., i. 312. + + Lorne, Marquis of, iii. 291. + + Loudon Heights, i. 38. + + Louis XIV., iii. 414. + + Louis XV., iii. 395. + + Louis XVI., i. 91; iii. 336. + + Louisbourg, Cape Breton Island, Canada, iii. 310. + + Louise Lake, Canada, iii. 491. + + "Louisiana Fur Company," iii. 395. + + Louisiana State University, iii. 414. + + Louisville, Ky., iii. 335. + + "Lovers' Walk," Lynn, Mass., iii. 70. + + Low, Captain, pirate, iii. 236. + + Lowe Observatory, Cal., iii. 445. + + Lowell, James Russell, iii. 59, 61, 62, 64, 240. + + Lowell, Mass., iii. 80. + + Lowell Observatory, Flagstaff Station, Arizona, iii. 460. + + "Lowell of the South," iii. 364. + + Lower Ausable Lake, N. Y., ii. 314. + + Lower Bartlett, White Mountains, N. H., iii. 214. + + Lower Brandon, Va., i. 63. + + Lower Geyser Basin, Yellowstone Park, i. 495. + + Lower Gunnison Canyon, Col., iii. 469. + + Lower Saranac Lake, N. Y., ii. 322. + + Low's Ferry, Ky., iii. 353. + + Loyalhanna Creek, Pa., i. 317. + + Lubec, Me., iii. 274. + + Lumber industry, i. 447, 471. + + Luna Island, Niagara Falls, ii. 390. + + Lunenburg, Canada, iii. 300. + + Luther, Martin, statue of, i. 30. + + Lydius, Balthazar, ii. 209. + + "Lydius House," Albany, N. Y., ii. 208. + + Lydius, Rev. John, ii. 208, 227. + + Lynchburg, Va., i. 56. + + Lynn Canal, Alaska, iii. 505. + + Lyon, Mary, iii. 177. + + Lyon Mountain, N. Y., ii. 310. + + Lynn, Mass., iii. 70. + + + Machigonne, iii. 243. + + Mackinac Island, Mich., i. 453. + + Macomb, General Alexander, ii. 309. + + Macon, Ga., iii. 369. + + Macie, Louis, i. 25. + + Macready, William C., ii. 38. + + "Macready riots," ii. 38. + + Macungie, Pa., i. 232. + + Macy, Thomas, iii. 150. + + Mad River, New Hampshire, iii. 195. + + Mad River, Ohio, iii. 233. + + Madison, Indiana, iii. 335. + + Madison, James, i. 41. + + Madison, Wis., i. 464. + + Madison Square, New York City, ii. 42. + + Madison Square Garden, New York City, ii. 43. + + Madockawando, Indian chief, iii. 256, 262. + + Magdalen Islands, Canada, iii. 317. + + Maiden Rock, Minn., i. 467. + + Magnolia Avenue, Riverside, Cal., iii. 440. + + Magnolia, Fla., i. 381. + + Magnolia, Mass., iii. 77. + + Magnolia Point, Mass., iii. 89. + + Magog River, iii. 184. + + Maguire, Michael, i. 312. + + Mahak-Neminea, Indian chief, ii. 188. + + Mahone Bay, Canada, iii. 300. + + Mahoning River, i. 402. + + Main Street, Buffalo, N. Y., ii. 378. + + Maison Carrée, i. 110. + + Maisonneuve, Sieur de, ii. 427. + + Maize, i. 68. + + Malaga Island, Isles of Shoals, iii. 231. + + Malaspina Glacier, Alaska, iii. 507. + + Malbone, Edward Greene, iii. 111. + + Malbaie, Canada, ii. 493. + + Mall, Central Park, New York City, ii. 56. + + Mall, the, Washington, D. C., i. 13. + + Malte-Brun, iii. 481. + + Malvern Hill, Va., i. 61, 119. + + "Mammies," i. 80. + + Mammoth Cave, Ky., iii. 238. + + Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone Park, i. 486. + + Mamaroneck, ii. 96. + + Manahatouh, i. 156. + + Manassas, Va., i. 102, 124. + + Manatoana, ii. 412. + + Manayunk, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 178. + + Mance, Mademoiselle Jeanne, ii. 428. + + Manchester, Mass., iii. 77. + + Manchester, N. H., iii. 79. + + Mandarin, Fla., i. 381. + + Manhasset Indians, ii. 119. + + Manhattan Beach, Coney Island, N. Y., ii. 82. + + Manhattan Life Building, New York City, ii. 31. + + Manhattan Trust Building, New York City, ii. 31. + + Manhattan, origin of name, ii. 5. + + Manitou, Col., iii. 466. + + "Man-of-War rift," i. 222. + + Mann, Horace, iii. 38. + + "Manor of Pennsbury," i. 203. + + Mansfield Mountain, Vt., ii. 300. + + Manshope, Indian giant, iii. 149. + + Manunka Chunk Mountain, N. J., i. 247. + + Manville, R. I., iii. 117. + + "Many-spired Gloucester," iii. 88. + + Maple sugar, ii. 302. + + Marble Canyon, Arizona, iii. 437. + + Marble Hall, Capitol, Washington, D. C., i. 17. + + Marblehead, Mass., iii. 72. + + Marblehead Neck, Mass., iii. 72. + + Marble quarries, ii. 254, 300. + + Marcellus shales, i. 255, 257. + + "Marching through Georgia," iii. 367. + + "March to the Sea," iii. 367. + + Mare Island, Cal., iii. 514. + + Marietta, O., iii. 327. + + Mariposa Grove, Cal., iii. 449. + + Market, Norfolk, Va., i. 80. + + Market Street, Newark, N. J., ii. 19. + + Market Street, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 158. + + Market Street, San Francisco, Cal., iii. 519. + + Markham, Captain William, i. 154, 183. + + _Mark Twain_, iii. 393. + + Marlborough, Dowager Duchess of, ii. 37. + + Marquette, Father Jacques, i. 410, 427, 458. + + Marquette, Michigan, i. 458. + + Marsh, George P., iii. 181. + + Marshall, Edward, i. 216. + + Marshall, Chief Justice John, i. 56, 111. + + Marshall Pass, Col., iii. 469. + + Marshall's Creek, Pa., i. 252. + + Marshall's Falls, Pa., i. 253. + + "Marshall's walk," i. 216. + + Marshfield, Mass., iii. 26. + + Marshpee, Mass., iii. 20. + + Martha's Vineyard, Mass., iii. 142, 146. + + "Martha's Vineyard Camp Meeting Association," iii. 148. + + Martin, Abraham, ii. 471. + + Martin Luther Orphan Home, West Roxbury, Mass., iii. 49. + + "Martyrs' Monument," New York City, ii. 29. + + "Mary and John," the, iii. 255. + + Mary J. Drexel Home, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 168. + + Marye's Heights, Va., i. 50. + + Maryland Heights, W. Va., i. 38. + + _Maryland, My Maryland_, i. 92. + + Maryland, Palatinate of, i. 85. + + "Mary, the Mother of Washington," i. 51. + + "Mary's Land," i. 84. + + Marysville, Cal., iii. 513. + + Mason, Captain John, iii. 228. + + Mason, Charles, i. 149. + + Mason, Colonel John, ii. 116. + + Mason, George, i. 111. + + "Mason and Dixon's Line," i. 148. + + Masonic Temple, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 160. + + Massachusetts Hall, Cambridge, Mass., iii. 62. + + Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Mass., iii. 48. + + _Massachusetts Spy_, iii. 117. + + Massapequa, N. Y., ii. 91. + + Massasoit, Indian chief, iii. 16. + + Massillon, Jean Baptiste, i. 402. + + Massillon, Ohio, i. 402. + + Mast Hope, Pa., i. 270. + + Mastodon, ii. 172, 330. + + Matanzas River, i. 372. + + Mather, Cotton, ii. 103, 117; iii. 17, 19, 45, 76, 103, 121, + 162, 236, 279. + + Mather, Increase, iii. 45. + + Mather, Samuel, iii. 45. + + Matinecock Indians, ii. 95. + + Mattaneag, Conn., iii. 166. + + Mattapony, King of, i. 72. + + Mattapony River, i. 51. + + Mattawamkeag River, iii. 268. + + Matteawan, ii. 169. + + "Matthew," iii. 4. + + Mauch Chunk, Pa., i. 233. + + Maugerville, Canada, iii. 288. + + Maughwauwama, i. 237. + + Maumee River, i. 406, 423. + + Maurice River Cove, N. J., i. 147. + + Maury, Commodore Matthew F., i. 116. + + Mauvillian Indians, iii. 375. + + Mavilla, iii. 375. + + "Mayflower," the, i. 47; iii. 7, 23. + + "Mayflower Compact," iii. 7. + + Mayhew, Thomas, iii. 147. + + Maysville, Ky., iii. 329. + + Mazama Club, iii. 512. + + Mazeen, Indian chief, iii. 104. + + McClellan, General George B., i. 52, 54, 61, 103, 117. + + McClellan's siege of Richmond, i. 117. + + McCormick Harvesting Machine Company, Chicago, Ill., i. 436. + + McCrea, Jenny, ii. 229. + + McDonough, Commodore Thomas, ii. 295, 309. + + McDonough, John, iii. 418. + + McDowell, General Irwin, i. 102. + + McGill, James, ii. 435. + + McGill University, Montreal, Canada, ii. 435. + + McGinnis, Lieutenant, ii. 232. + + McGraw College, Ithaca, N. Y., ii. 362. + + McGraw, John, ii. 362. + + McHenry, James, i. 94. + + McKay Mountain, Michigan, i. 455. + + McKeesport, Pa., i. 330. + + McKinley, William, i. 402. + + McMaster Hall, Toronto, Canada, ii. 408. + + Mead, Larkin G., ii. 304; iii. 178. + + Meade, General George G., i. 106, 128, 179. + + Medicine Hat, Canada, iii. 486. + + Medina, N. Y., ii. 372. + + "Mediterranean of America," ii. 90. + + Meduxnekeag River, iii. 287. + + Melville, Herman, ii. 248. + + Memorial Arch, Prospect Park, Brooklyn, N. Y., ii. 79. + + Memorial Art Gallery, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 179. + + Memorial Hall, Boston, Mass., iii. 38. + + Memorial Hall, Cambridge, Mass., iii. 62. + + Memorial Hall, Lexington, Mass., iii. 65. + + Memorial Hall, Middletown, Conn., iii. 159. + + Memphis, Tenn., iii. 399. + + Menlo Park, Cal., iii. 515. + + Menlo Park, N. J., ii. 20. + + "Men of the Mountain," ii. 357. + + Mentor, Ohio, i. 415. + + Mercantile Library, New York City, ii. 38. + + Merced River, iii. 450. + + Mercer, General Hugh, i. 180, 214. + + Merchant's Bridge, St. Louis, Mo., iii. 397. + + "Merchant's Gate," Central Park, New York City, ii. 27. + + Meriden Britannia Company, Meriden, Conn., iii. 160. + + Meriden, Conn., iii. 160. + + Meridian, Miss., iii. 373. + + Merrimack River, iii. 78. + + "Merrimac," the, i. 75. + + Merry Meeting Bay, Me., iii. 246, 247. + + Mesa Encantada, iii. 460. + + Metacomet, Indian chief, iii. 124. + + Metairie Cemetery, New Orleans, La., iii. 419. + + Metapedia River, ii. 503. + + "Methodist Book Concern," New York City, ii. 45. + + Metis, Canada, ii. 490, 509. + + Metis, half-breeds, ii. 448. + + Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City, ii. 55. + + Metropolitan Opera House, New York City, ii. 43. + + Metuchen, N. J., ii. 21. + + Metuching, Indian chief, ii. 21. + + Mey, Carolis Jacobsen, i. 144, 147. + + Miami, Fla., i. 380. + + Miami Indians, i. 406. + + Miami River, i. 380. + + Miantonomoh, Indian chief, ii. 116; iii. 101. + + Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Ill., i. 434. + + "Michigan," the, ii. 391. + + Micmac Indians, ii. 504, 509; iii. 286, 294, 306. + + Middle Park, Col., iii. 464. + + Middletown, Conn., iii. 159. + + Middle Geyser Basin, Yellowstone Park, i. 496. + + Mifflin, Pa., i. 303. + + Mignon, Indian name for William Penn, i. 155. + + Milford, Conn., ii. 103. + + Milford, Pa., i. 255. + + Milk Island, Mass., iii. 92. + + Millbank Sound, iii. 499. + + Milldam Fall, N. Y., ii. 349. + + Mill River, ii. 111. + + Mills Building, New York City, ii. 31. + + Mills, Clark, i. 23. + + Milmore, Martin, iii. 36. + + Milwaukee, Wis., i. 462. + + Minas Basin, Canada, iii. 277. + + Mine Hill, Pa., i. 281. + + Mineral Palace, Pueblo, Col., iii. 467. + + Mine Run, Va., battle of, i. 106. + + Mingan River, ii. 511. + + Mingo Indians, i. 304. + + "Minisink," i. 246. + + Minisink, Pa., battle of, i. 261. + + Minisink River, i. 249. + + _Minister's Wooing_, ii. 259. + + Minneapolis, Minn., i. 470. + + Minnehaha Falls, Minn., i. 472. + + Minnehaha River, i. 472. + + _Minni-shosha_, iii. 382. + + Minnesota River, i. 476. + + Minot's Ledge, Mass., iii. 28. + + Minsi, i. 157. + + Minsis Indians, i. 249; ii. 169, 172. + + Minuit, Peter, i. 149; ii. 7, 52. + + "Minute Man," geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 493. + + "Minute Man of 1775," iii. 65. + + Mirror Lake, Canada, iii. 491. + + Mirror Lake, N. Y., ii. 318, 321. + + Mirror Lake, Yosemite Valley, Cal., iii. 454. + + "Misconsin," i. 462. + + _Misi Sepe_, iii. 382. + + Mishekonequah, Indian chief, i. 407. + + Mission of San Carlo de Monterey, Cal., iii. 445. + + Mission Peak, San Francisco, Cal., iii. 517. + + Mississippi River, i. 362, 465, 475. + + Missoula River, iii. 480. + + Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Mo., iii. 396. + + Missouri River, iii. 382, 400. + + Mistassini River, ii. 506. + + Mitchell, Prof. Elisha, iii. 355. + + Moat Mountain, N. H., iii. 213. + + Mobile, Ala., iii. 375. + + Mobile Bay, Ga., iii. 377. + + Mobile River, iii. 374. + + "Modern Athens," iii. 47. + + Modoc City, Pa., i. 336. + + Modoc oil district, Pa., i. 336. + + _Mogg Megone_, iii. 248. + + Mohawk and Hudson Company, ii. 334. + + Mohawk Indians, ii. 220, 294, 311, 337, 442; iii. 286. + + Mohawk River, ii. 215, 341. + + Mohican Indians, ii. 198. + + Mohock River, i. 271, 272. + + Mojave Desert, Cal., iii. 460. + + Moline Rapids, Ill., i. 465. + + "Molly Pitcher," ii. 22. + + "Monarch," geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 494. + + Monchonock, ii. 120. + + "Monitor," the, i. 75. + + Monhegan, Me., iii. 254. + + "Monk Lands," Montreal, Canada, ii. 434. + + Monmouth, N. J., ii. 22. + + Monocacy Creek, Pa., i. 226. + + Monomoy, iii. 20. + + Monongahela River, i. 321. + + Monroe, James, i. 115. + + Montagu, George, iii. 298. + + Montauk, N. Y., ii. 92. + + Montauk Indians, ii. 92, 122. + + Montauk Point, N. Y., ii. 119. + + Montaignais Indians, ii. 458, 495. + + Montcalm, General Louis, ii. 283, 475. + + Monterey, Cal., iii. 445. + + Montez, Lola, ii. 77. + + Montgomery, Ala., iii. 372. + + Montgomery Creek, N. Y., ii. 153. + + Montgomery, General Richard, ii. 33, 181, 438, 470; iii. 372. + + Monticello, Va., i. 125. + + Montmagny, ii. 429. + + Montmorency River, ii. 484. + + Montpelier, Vt., ii. 304. + + Montreal, Canada, ii. 421. + + "Montreal," the, ii. 456. + + "Mont Real," ii. 293. + + "Monts Verts," ii. 424. + + Monument Mountain, Mass., ii. 257. + + Monument Square, Baltimore, Md., i. 90. + + "Monumental City," i. 89. + + Monumental Park, Cleveland, O., i. 418. + + Monumet River, iii. 20. + + Mooanum, Indian chief, iii. 124. + + Moody, Dwight L., iii. 178. + + Moore, Thomas, i. 185; ii. 442; iii. 319. + + Moosehead Lake, Me., iii. 247. + + Moose Island, Lake Placid, N. Y., ii. 321. + + Moose Jaw, Canada, iii. 486. + + Moosic Mountain, Pa., i. 236, 262. + + Moosilauke Mountain, N. H., iii. 182. + + Moravian Church, Bethlehem, Pa., i. 228. + + "Moravian Sun Inn," i. 227. + + Moravian "Young Ladies' Seminary," Bethlehem, Pa., i. 228. + + Moravians, i. 226. + + Moreau, General J. V., i. 214. + + Morgan, Colonel Daniel, ii. 217. + + Morgan, J. Pierpont, ii. 31. + + Morgan, Miles, iii. 167. + + Moriches, N. Y., ii. 92. + + Mormon Tabernacle, Salt Lake City, Utah, iii. 476. + + Mormon Temple, Salt Lake City, Utah, iii. 476. + + Mormons, iii. 475. + + Morning Glory Spring, Yellowstone Park, i. 503. + + Morningside Park, New York City, ii. 57. + + Morris Canal, i. 225. + + Morris, George P., ii. 163. + + Morris, Gouverneur, ii. 60. + + Morris, Lewis, ii. 60. + + Morris, Robert, i. 214. + + Morrisania, N. Y., ii. 60. + + Morrison oil well, i. 336. + + Morrison's Cove, Pa., i. 306. + + Morristown, N. Y., ii. 416. + + Morristown, Tenn., iii. 353. + + Morrisville, Pa., i. 214. + + Morse, Samuel F. B., ii. 77, 107, 112, 173. + + Morton, Levi P., ii. 180. + + Morton, Thomas, iii. 27. + + "Mosses from an Old Manse," iii. 68. + + "Mother Ann," Shaker, ii. 195, 216. + + "Mother Ann," Gloucester, Mass., iii. 89. + + "Mother Lode," iii. 448. + + "Mother of the Forest," tree, iii. 449. + + "Mother of Waters," i. 82. + + Motley, John Lothrop, iii. 59, 62, 71. + + Moulson, Lady, iii. 63. + + Moultrie, Colonel William, i. 349. + + Moundsville, W. Va., iii. 327. + + Mount Agamenticus, Me., iii. 240. + + Mount Agassiz, N. H., iii. 190. + + Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge, Mass., iii. 59. + + Mount Auburn, Cincinnati, O., iii. 333. + + Mount Baker, British Columbia, iii. 497. + + Mount Baker, Washington State, iii. 511. + + Mount Belknap, N. Y., iii. 220. + + Mount Bulwagga, N. Y., ii. 296. + + Mount Calvary, Montreal, Canada, ii. 443. + + Mount Cannon, N. H., iii. 191. + + Mount Chocorua, N. H., iii. 217. + + Mount Colden, N. Y., ii. 274. + + Mount Colvin, N. Y., ii. 314. + + Mount Defiance, Lake George, N. Y., ii. 289. + + Mount Desert Island, Me., iii. 268. + + Mount Dewey, Alaska, iii. 507. + + Mount Dix, N. Y., ii. 313. + + Mount Eboulements, Canada, ii. 492. + + Mount Ephraim, Mass., ii. 250. + + Mount Everett, Mass., ii. 259, 261. + + Mount Grandfather, N. C., iii. 348. + + Mount Guyot, N. C., iii. 348. + + Mount Hamilton, Cal., iii. 446. + + Mount Holyoke, Mass., iii. 171, 175. + + Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, Mass., iii. 175. + + Mount Hood, Oregon, iii. 484. + + Mount Hope, Rhode Island, iii. 123. + + Mount Hope Bay, iii. 119. + + Mount Hurricane, N. Y., ii. 312. + + Mount Ida, Mass., iii. 51. + + Mount Ida, N. Y., ii. 214. + + Mount Jefferson, Pa., i. 234. + + Mount Katahdin, Me., iii. 248. + + Mount Kineo, Me., iii. 248. + + Mount Lafayette, N. H., iii. 191. + + Mount Lamentation, Meriden, Conn., iii. 160. + + Mount Liberty, N. H., iii. 194. + + Mount Lincoln, N. H., iii. 194. + + Mount Logan, Alaska, iii. 507. + + Mount Logan, Rocky Mountains, iii. 456. + + Mount Marcy, N. Y., ii. 237, 274. + + Mount Marshall, Virginia, i. 123. + + Mount McIntyre, N. Y., ii. 237, 272. + + Mount Megunticook, Me., iii. 266. + + Mount Minsi, Pa., i. 248. + + Mount Mitchell, N. C., iii. 348, 355. + + Mount Monadnock Vt., iii. 179. + + Mount Morris, N. Y., ii. 370. + + Mount Olympus, N. Y., ii. 214. + + Mount Parnassus, Pa., i. 224. + + Mount Passaconaway, N. H., iii. 217. + + Mount Pisgah, Pa., i. 233, 234. + + Mount Real, Canada, ii. 422. + + Mount Royal Canada, ii. 422. + + Mount Sainte Anne, Canada, ii. 491. + + Mount St. Elias, Alaska, iii. 507. + + Mount St. Helen's, Washington State, iii. 512. + + Mount Seward, N. Y., ii. 274. + + Mount Shasta, Cal., iii. 513. + + "Mount Sinai," Mass., ii. 197. + + Mount Sir Donald, iii. 488. + + Mount Stephen, Canada, iii. 488, 491. + + Mount Tacoma, Washington State, iii. 511. + + Mount Tahawus, N. Y., ii. 272. + + Mount Tammany, N. J., i. 249. + + Mount Taurus, N. Y., ii. 161. + + Mount Tecumseh, N. H., iii. 217. + + Mount Tripyramid, N. H., iii. 217. + + Mount Toby, Mass., iii. 177. + + Mount Tom, Mass., iii. 171. + + Mount Uniacke, Canada, iii. 297. + + Mount Union, Pa., i. 305. + + "Mount Vernon Association," i. 44. + + Mount Vernon Methodist Church, Baltimore, Md., i. 90. + + Mount Vernon Place, Baltimore, Md., i. 90. + + Mount Vernon, Va., i. 42. + + Mount Washington, N. H., iii. 203. + + Mount Washington, Mass., ii. 261. + + Mount Washington, Pa., i. 324. + + Mount Webster, N. H., iii. 200. + + Mount Whiteface, N. H., iii. 217. + + Mount Whiteface, N. Y., ii. 273. + + Mount Willard, N. H., iii. 200, 201. + + Mount Willey, N. H., iii. 200. + + Mountain Island, N. C., iii. 359. + + Mountain, Jacob, ii. 473. + + Mountain of the Holy Cross, Col., iii. 468. + + "Mountain of the Sky," ii. 185. + + _Mourt's Relation_, iii. 9, 13. + + "Mrs. Partington," iii. 228. + + "Muddy Little York," ii. 406. + + Muhhekanew Indians, ii. 255. + + Muir Glacier, Alaska, iii. 503. + + Muir, Prof. John, iii. 504. + + "Mule Shoe Curve," Col., iii. 467. + + Mullins, Priscilla, iii. 17. + + Multnomah Fall, Cascade Mountains, iii. 484. + + Munjoy's Hill, Portland, Me., iii. 242. + + Murat, Prince Achille, i. 390. + + Murat, Prince, i. 204. + + Murderer's Creek, N. Y., ii. 171. + + Murray Bay, Canada, ii. 493. + + Murray, George, ii. 446. + + Murray Hill, New York City, ii. 45. + + Murray River, ii. 493. + + Murraysville, Pa., i. 332. + + Muscatine, Iowa, iii. 393. + + Musconetcong Mountain, N. J., i. 223. + + Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Mass., iii. 49. + + Museum of Natural History, Boston, Mass., iii. 48. + + Music Hall, Boston, Mass., iii. 40. + + Muskingum River, iii. 327. + + Musquidoboit, Canada, iii. 301. + + Mutual Life Building, New York City, ii. 31. + + _Mya Arenaria_, ii. 81. + + _My Cathedral_, iii. 377. + + Mystic, Conn., ii. 116. + + Mystic Island, Conn., ii. 116. + + + Nahant, Mass., iii. 70. + + Nanaimo, Vancouver Island, iii. 498. + + Nansemond River, i. 78. + + Nantasket Beach, Mass., iii. 28, 69. + + Nanticoke, Pa., i. 237. + + Nanticoke Gap, Pa., i. 236. + + Nanticoke Indians, i. 81. + + Nantucket, Mass., iii. 148. + + Nantucquet, iii. 150. + + Nantukes, iii. 150. + + Nanunteno, Indian chief, iii. 103. + + Napa, Cal., iii. 514. + + Napoleon, Ark., iii. 406. + + Napoleon III., i. 204. + + Narragansett Bay, iii. 98. + + Narragansett Indians, iii. 100. + + Narragansett Pier, R. I., iii. 104. + + Narrows, Lake George, N. Y., ii. 279. + + Narrows, Pa., i. 222. + + "Narrows," St. Lawrence River, ii. 465. + + Narrowsburg, N. Y., i. 259, 270. + + Nashawena, Mass., iii. 145. + + Nashua, N. H., iii. 80. + + Nashua River, iii. 80. + + Nashville, Tenn., iii. 340. + + Nashwaak River, iii. 288. + + Nasquapee Indians, ii. 495. + + Nassau, Bahama Islands, i. 347, 380. + + Nassau Hall, Princeton, N. J., i. 215. + + Nasse River, iii. 499. + + Natashquin River, ii. 503. + + Natchez Indians, iii. 410. + + Natchez, Miss., iii. 411. + + Natick, Mass., iii. 51. + + National Cemetery, Fredericksburg, Va., i. 50. + + National Cemetery, Gettysburg, Pa., i. 136. + + National Cemetery, Memphis, Tenn., iii. 400. + + National Cemetery, Nashville, Ky., iii. 341. + + National Cemetery, Natchez, Miss., iii. 411. + + National Cemetery, New Orleans, La., iii. 417. + + National Cemetery, Salisbury, N. C., iii. 362. + + National Cemetery, Vicksburg, Miss., iii. 409. + + National City, Cal., iii. 441. + + National City Bank, New York City, ii. 32. + + National Monument, Plymouth, Mass., iii. 15. + + National Museum, Washington, D. C., i. 27. + + National Printers' Home, Colorado Springs, Col., iii. 465. + + "National Road," i. 276, 333. + + Natocko, iii. 150. + + Natural Bridge, Va., i. 54. + + Natural Gas, i. 319, 331, 405. + + Naugatuck River, ii. 265. + + Naumkeag, iii. 74. + + Nauset, iii. 20. + + Nauset Beach, Mass., iii. 21. + + Naushon, Mass., iii. 145. + + Nautikon, iii. 150. + + Naval Hospital, Newport, R. I., iii. 138. + + Nauvoo, Ill., iii. 393. + + Navy Department Building, Washington, D. C., i. 22. + + Navy Yard, Charlestown, Mass., iii. 52. + + Navy Yard, Gosport, Va., i. 78. + + Nebraska River, iii. 385. + + "Ned Buntline," ii. 325. + + Negroes, first arrival of, in Virginia, i. 72. + + Nelson, Thomas, i. 111. + + Nepenough, i. 69. + + Neperhan River, ii. 135. + + Nepigon River, i. 455. + + Nescopec Mountain, Pa., i. 235, 236. + + Neshaminy Creek, Pa., i. 196. + + Neuse River, i. 347. + + Neutral Island, iii. 275. + + Neversink Mountain, Pa., i. 187. + + Neversink River, i. 257. + + Nevada Fall, Yosemite Valley, Cal., iii. 454. + + Nevada State University, iii. 478. + + New Albany, Ind., iii. 337. + + New Amstel, i. 148. + + Newark, N. J., ii. 19. + + New Bedford, Mass., iii. 139. + + Newberry Library, Chicago, Ill., i. 436. + + Newberry, Prof. John S., ii. 403. + + New Britain, Conn., iii. 165. + + New Brunswick, N. J., ii. 21. + + Newburg Bay, N. Y., ii. 169. + + Newburg, N. Y., ii. 169. + + Newbury, Mass., iii. 81. + + Newbury, Vt., iii. 182. + + Newburyport Marine Museum, Newburyport, Mass., iii. 81. + + Newburyport, Mass., iii. 81. + + Newcastle, Del., i. 147. + + Newcastle Island, N. H., iii. 229. + + New Dorp, S. I., ii. 17. + + _New England Canaan_, iii. 27. + + "Newe Towne," iii. 58. + + Newfoundland, iii. 317. + + New Found Land, iii. 4. + + "New France," ii. 425, 458. + + New Haven, Conn., ii. 104. + + New London, Conn., ii. 115. + + Newman, Cardinal John Henry, ii. 484. + + "New Old South Church," Boston, Mass., iii. 41, 49. + + New Orleans, La., iii. 414. + + Newport, Captain Christopher, i. 4, 76. + + Newport Cliffs, Newport, R. I., iii. 138. + + _Newport Mercury_, iii. 133. + + Newport Mountain, Mount Desert Island, Me., iii. 269. + + Newport News, Va., i. 5, 75. + + Newport, Vermont, iii. 183. + + Newport, R. I., iii. 129. + + "Newport of the Berkshires," ii. 251. + + New Philippines, iii. 428. + + "New road to Cathay," ii. 401. + + New Smyrna, Fla., i. 378. + + New Sweden, i. 147. + + Newton Corner, Newton, Mass., iii. 51. + + Newton, General, ii. 68. + + Newton, Mass., iii. 50. + + New Town, Md., i. 89. + + New Westminster, British Columbia, iii. 498. + + New York Central Railroad, ii. 334. + + _New York Herald_, ii. 43. + + New York Public Library, ii. 52. + + _New York Tribune_, i. 100. + + "New York Yankees," ii. 366. + + Niagara Falls, ii. 379, 394. + + Niagara River, ii. 380. + + Niantic Indians, ii. 116. + + Nieu Amsterdam, ii. 6. + + Nieu Netherlands, ii. 6. + + Ninigret, Indian chief, ii. 116. + + Nischam-hanne, i. 197. + + Nisqually Glacier, Washington State, iii. 511. + + Nitschman, Bishop John, i. 229. + + Nitschman, Juliana, i. 229. + + Nix's Mate, Boston Harbor, Mass., ii. 33. + + Nob Hill, San Francisco, Cal., iii. 517. + + Noble, Rev. Seth, iii. 268. + + Nobska Hill, Mass., iii. 145. + + Nockamixon Rocks, Pa., i. 222. + + Nome City, Alaska, iii. 508. + + Nonamesset, Mass., iii. 145. + + Nonatum Hill, Newton, Mass., iii. 51. + + Nonatum Indians, iii. 51. + + Nonotuck, iii. 172. + + Nonquitt, Mass., iii. 141. + + Noon Mark Mountain, N. Y., ii. 313. + + Norfolk, Va., i. 78. + + Normal and Agricultural Institute for Negroes and Indians, + Hampton, Va., i. 75. + + Norman's Woe, Mass., iii. 77, 90. + + Norridgewock Indians, iii. 248. + + Norridgewock, Me., iii. 248. + + Norris Geyser Basin, Yellowstone Park, i. 492. + + Norristown, Pa., i. 186. + + North Adams, Mass., ii. 245. + + Northampton, Mass., iii. 172. + + North Anna, Va., battle of, i. 108. + + North Bend, British Columbia, iii. 496. + + North Bend, O., iii. 233. + + North Conway, White Mountains, N. H., iii. 214. + + North Dome, Yosemite Valley, Cal., iii. 453. + + North East Harbor, Mount Desert Island, Me., iii. 273. + + North Elba, N. Y., ii. 318. + + Northfield, Mass., iii. 178. + + North Haven, Me., iii. 267. + + North Hero Island, Lake Champlain, N. Y., ii. 308. + + "North Knob," Pa., i. 266. + + North Lisbon, N. H., iii. 189. + + North Mountain, Pa., i. 236. + + North Perry, Me., iii. 276. + + "North Shore," Mass., iii. 71. + + "North Star State," i. 467. + + Northumberland, Pa., i. 299. + + Northumberland Strait, Canada, iii. 303. + + Northwest Arm, Halifax, Canada, iii. 297. + + Northwest Bay, N. Y., ii. 299. + + "North West Mounted Police," iii. 486. + + "Northwest passage," i. 5, 67; ii. 4, 401. + + Northwest Territory, Canada, i. 404; iii. 486. + + North Woodstock, N. H., iii. 194. + + Norton's Falls, Conn., ii. 262. + + Norton's Point, Coney Island, N. Y., ii. 82. + + Norton Sound, Alaska, iii. 506, 507. + + Notre Dame de Bonsecours, Montreal, Canada, ii. 440. + + Notre Dame de Lourdes, Montreal, Canada, ii. 439. + + Notre Dame des Victoires, Quebec, Canada, ii. 477. + + Notre Dame, Montreal, Canada, ii. 436. + + Notre Dame Mountains, Canada, ii. 510. + + Nott, Eliphalet, ii. 335. + + Norumbega, iii. 259. + + Norumbega Hall, Bangor, Me., iii. 267. + + Norwalk, Conn., ii. 100. + + Norwich, Conn., iii. 104. + + Noyes, John Humphrey, ii. 353. + + "Nullification Ordinance," iii. 363. + + Nyack, N. Y., ii. 138. + + Nya Sveriga, i. 147. + + + "Oak Bluff Association," iii. 148. + + Oak Hill Cemetery, Georgetown, D. C., i. 31. + + Oak Island, N. Y., ii. 91. + + Oakland, Cal., iii. 514. + + Oak Ridge Cemetery, Springfield, Ill., i. 411. + + Oberlin, O., i. 421. + + Oberlin College, Oberlin, O., i. 421. + + Observatory, Coney Island, N. Y., ii. 84. + + Obsidian Cliff, Yellowstone Park, i. 491. + + Ocala, Fla., i. 382. + + Occuna, Indian warrior, ii. 331. + + Occoquan River, i. 102. + + Ocean Avenue, Long Branch, N. J., i. 195. + + Ocean Grove, N. J., i. 193. + + Ocean Parkway, Brooklyn, N. Y., ii. 78. + + Ockanickon, Indian chief, i. 200. + + Ocklawaha River, i. 382, 383. + + Ocmulgee River, iii. 369. + + O'Donnell, James, ii. 437. + + O'Fallon Park, St. Louis, Mo., iii. 396. + + Ogden, Utah, iii. 473. + + Ogdensburg, Canada, ii. 416. + + Ogeechee River, i. 357. + + Oglethorpe, General J. E., i. 356; iii. 364. + + "Ohio Company," iii. 327. + + Ohio River, i. 322; iii. 323. + + Ohio State University, Columbus, O., i. 403. + + Oil City, Pa., i. 337. + + "Oil Dorado," i. 339. + + "Oi-o-gue," ii. 234. + + Oka village, Montreal, Canada, ii. 443. + + Okanagan Lake, British Columbia, iii. 494. + + Okifenokee Swamp, Ga., i. 358. + + Oklahoma, iii. 458. + + Old Beacon, N. Y., ii. 163. + + "Old Brick Church," New York City, ii. 50. + + "Old Clock on the Stairs," ii. 247. + + "Old Colony," iii. 7. + + "Old Corner Book Store," Boston, Mass., iii. 44. + + "Old Deerfield," Mass., iii. 176. + + Oldenbarneveld, ii. 346. + + "Old Elm Tree Corner," Albany, N. Y., ii. 208. + + "Old Faithful" geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 497. + + _Old Folks at Home_, i. 390. + + "Old Granary Burying-Ground," Boston, Mass., iii. 39. + + Old Graylock, Mass., ii. 244. + + "Old Hadley," Northampton, Mass., iii. 174. + + Oldham, Canada, iii. 303. + + "Old Hickory," ii. 391. + + "Old Ironsides," i. 203; iii. 53. + + "Old John Brown of Osawatomie," i. 39; ii. 264, 318. + + "Old Lancaster Road," i. 279. + + "Old Man of the Mountain," iii. 192. + + "Old Man's Washbowl," iii. 191. + + "Old Manse," Concord, Mass., iii. 68. + + "Old Mortality," i. 180. + + _Old Oaken Bucket_, iii. 28. + + Old Orchard Beach, Me., iii. 241. + + "Old Pike," i. 277. + + Old Point Comfort, Va., i. 76. + + Old Point, Me., iii. 248. + + "Old South Church," Boston, Mass., iii. 41. + + Old South Presbyterian Church, Newburyport, Mass., iii. 82. + + "Old Sow rift," i. 222. + + "Old Stone Mill," Newport, R. I., iii. 138. + + "Old State House," Boston, Mass., iii. 42. + + "Old Swedes'" Church, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 171. + + Old Tampa Bay, Fla., i. 392. + + Old Town, Md., i. 89. + + Old Town, Me., iii. 268. + + "Old Tippecanoe," i. 20, 407. + + Old Warwick, R. I., iii. 105. + + Olentangy River, i. 402. + + Oleopolis, Pa., i. 337. + + Olier, Jean Jacques, ii. 426, 428. + + "Olympia," the, ii. 374. + + Olympia, Washington State, iii. 512. + + Omaha Indians, iii. 385. + + Omaha, Nebraska, iii. 385. + + Onas, Indian name for William Penn., i. 155. + + Oneida Community, ii. 353. + + Oneida Indians, i. 305; ii. 377. + + Oneida Lake, N. Y., ii. 352. + + Oneonta Cataract, Cascade Mountains, iii. 484. + + Onion River, ii. 303. + + "One Thousand Mile Tree," Utah, iii. 473. + + Onondaga Creek, N. Y., ii. 357. + + "Onondaga Factory-filled Salt," ii. 356. + + Onondaga Indians, ii. 337, 357. + + Onondaga Lake, N. Y., ii. 354. + + Ononta Lake, Mass., ii. 248. + + "Onrest," the, ii. 90. + + Onti Ora, ii. 185. + + "On to Richmond," i. 100. + + Opalescent River, ii. 236. + + "Opes," ii. 248. + + "Ope of Promise," Mass., ii. 248. + + Oquaga Creek, N. Y., i. 271. + + Orange, Va., i. 124. + + Orange Geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 489. + + Orchard House, Concord, Mass., iii. 69. + + Order of Ursulines, ii. 429. + + Oregon City, Oregon, iii. 512. + + Oregon National Park, iii. 513. + + "Oregon Trail," iii. 512. + + Orient Point, Long Island, N. Y., ii. 118. + + Orlando, Fla., i. 387. + + Ormeau, Dullard des, ii. 446. + + Ormond, Fla., i. 377. + + Ortiz, Juan, i. 362. + + Osceola, Indian chief, i. 350, 389. + + Osage River, iii. 392. + + Osgoode Hall, Toronto, Canada, ii. 408. + + Osawatomie, Kan., iii. 388. + + Ossipee Mountains, N. H., iii. 216. + + Oswego, N. Y., ii. 353. + + Oswego River, ii. 353. + + Oswegatchie River, ii. 417. + + "Ote-sa-ga rock," i. 295. + + "Ote-se-on-teo," i. 272. + + Otetiani, Indian chief, ii. 339. + + "Otis Elevating Railway," ii. 184. + + Otis, James, iii. 39. + + Otisco Lake, N. Y., ii. 357. + + Otsego Lake, N. Y., i. 295. + + Ottawa, Canada, ii. 450. + + Ottawa River, ii. 420, 421, 444. + + Otter Lake, iii. 482. + + Ouananiche, ii. 507. + + Ouiatchouan River, ii. 506. + + "Ouisconsing," i. 462. + + Oulichan, the, iii. 499. + + Oonalaska, Alaska, iii. 507. + + "Our Country's Call," i. 100. + + "Our Lady of Roberval," Canada, ii. 505. + + "Overslaugh," ii. 199. + + "Over the Rhine," iii. 332. + + Owasco Lake, N. Y., ii. 358. + + Owen, William Fitzwilliam, iii. 274. + + Owl's Head, Canada, iii. 183. + + Oyster Bay, N. Y., ii. 95. + + "Oyster Navy," i. 81. + + "Oyster Pond Point," Long Island, N. Y., ii. 118. + + "Oyster war," i. 81. + + Oysters, i. 81, 87. + + Ozark Mountains, Ark., iii. 404. + + + Pabst Brewery, Milwaukee, Wis., i. 464. + + Pacific Mills, Lawrence, Mass., iii. 80. + + Packer, Asa, i. 224, 226, 233, 235. + + Packsaddle Narrows, Pa., i. 316. + + Paddy, William, iii. 40. + + Paducah, Ky., iii. 342. + + Page, John, i. 72. + + "Pa-ha-yo-kee," i. 366. + + Paine, Thomas, i. 47, 415. + + "Pain-killer," iii. 113. + + Painesville, Ohio, i. 415. + + Painted Post, N. Y., ii. 367. + + Paint Rocks, N. C., iii. 360. + + Paisano, Texas, iii. 435. + + Pakenham, General Edward M., iii. 416. + + Palatka, Fla., i. 381. + + "Palatine Parish of Quassaic," ii. 169. + + Palisades, the, ii. 14, 132. + + Palm Beach, Fla., i. 379. + + Palm Beach Inn, Palm Beach, Fla., i. 379. + + "Palmetto State," i. 349. + + Palmyra, N. Y., ii. 344. + + Palo Alto, tree, iii. 515. + + Paltz Point, N. Y., ii. 176. + + Pamlico Sound, N. C., i. 345. + + Pamunkey River, i. 51. + + "Panhandle Railroad," i. 332. + + Panther Creek Valley, Pa., i. 235. + + Paoli, Pa., i. 281. + + Papineau, Louis Joseph, ii. 447. + + Pardee, Ario, i. 224, 235. + + Pardee Hall, Easton, Pa., i. 224. + + Park Bank Building, New York City, ii. 33. + + Park Peak, San Francisco, Cal., iii. 517. + + Park River, iii. 162. + + Park Row, New York City, ii. 34. + + Park Street Church, Boston, Mass., iii. 39. + + Parkhurst, Dr., ii. 43. + + Parkersburg, W. Va., iii. 328. + + Parkman, Francis, Jr., ii. 430, 433, 459, 462, 470. + + Parliament House, Ottawa, Canada, ii. 452. + + Parnell, Charles Stewart, i. 204. + + Parton, Mrs., iii. 243. + + Partridge Island, Canada, iii. 278. + + Partridge, Ralph, iii. 17. + + Pasadena, Cal., iii. 445. + + "Pasqua, Florida," i. 361. + + Pasque Island, Mass., iii. 145. + + Pasquotank River, i. 78. + + Pass Christian, Miss., iii. 415. + + "Pass of the North," iii. 435. + + Passaconaway, Indian chief, iii. 84, 207. + + Passaic River, ii. 18. + + Passamaquoddy Bay, Me., iii. 261. + + Passumpsic River, iii. 182. + + Pastorius, Daniel, i. 182. + + Patapedia River, ii. 503. + + Patapsco River, i. 8, 88. + + Patch, Sam, ii. 371, 389. + + Patchogue Indians, ii. 96. + + Patchogue, N. Y., ii. 92. + + Patent Office, Washington, D. C., i. 24. + + Paterson, N. J., ii. 18. + + Paterson, William, ii. 18. + + _Pathfinder_, ii. 411. + + Patterson-Bonaparte, Madame, i. 93. + + Patuxent River, i. 8, 86. + + Paugusset Indians, ii. 101. + + Paulding, John, ii. 142. + + Paul Smith's, Adirondack Mountains, N. Y., ii. 324. + + Paupack Falls, Pa., i. 267. + + Pauw, Michael, ii. 12. + + Pawcatuck, ii. 117. + + Pawtucket, R. I., iii. 114. + + Pawtucket Falls, Mass., iii. 80. + + Pawtucket Falls, R. I., iii. 114. + + Pawtucket River, iii. 108. + + "Paxinosa Inn," i. 224. + + Paxanose, i. 224. + + "Paxton Boys," i. 282. + + Payne, John Howard, i. 32; ii. 79, 93. + + Peabody, George, iii. 75, 81. + + Peabody Institute, Baltimore, Md., i. 90. + + Peabody Institute, Danvers, Mass., iii. 75. + + Peabody, Mass., iii. 75. + + Peabody Museum, New Haven, Conn., ii. 108. + + Peabody River, iii. 212. + + Peaks of Otter, Va., i. 54, 123. + + Peale Rembrandt, i. 48. + + Peanuts, i. 79. + + "Pea Patch," i. 147. + + Pechequeolin, i. 223. + + Peconic Bay, N. Y., ii. 119. + + Peekskill, N. Y., ii. 150. + + Pejepscot, iii. 246. + + Pelham Bay Park, Greater New York, ii. 63. + + Pell's apple orchard, ii. 178. + + _Pemaquid_, iii. 258. + + Pemaquid Point, Me., iii. 254. + + Pemberton, General John C., iii. 408. + + Pemetic, iii. 270. + + Pemigewasset River, iii. 191, 195. + + Pend d'Oreille River, iii. 480. + + Penikese Island, Mass., iii. 145. + + "Peninsula," the, i. 52. + + Penn, Admiral Sir William, i. 152. + + Penn, John, i. 223. + + Penn, Richard, i. 217. + + Penn, Thomas, i. 117. + + Penn, William, i. 151, 163, 181; ii. 16. + + Pennacook Indians, iii. 207. + + Penn's Mount, Pa., i. 187. + + Penn's Neck, N. J., i. 202. + + "Penn's Treaty with the Indians," painting, i. 163. + + "Pennsylvania Dutch," i. 186. + + Pennsylvania Historical Society, i. 169. + + Pennsylvania Hospital, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 168. + + "Pennsylvania Palisades," i. 222. + + Pennsylvania Railroad, i. 310. + + Pennsylvania Railroad Station, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 160. + + "Pennsylvania Triangle," ii. 373. + + Penn Yan, N. Y., ii. 366. + + Penobscot Bay, Me., iii. 254. + + Pensacola, Fla., i. 391. + + Pension Building, Washington, D. C., i. 23. + + Pentagoet, iii. 261. + + "Penungauchung," i. 247. + + Peoria, Ill., i. 411. + + Peoria Lake, Ill., i. 411. + + Pepperell, Sir William, iii. 228, 312. + + Pequannock River, ii. 100. + + Pequawket, iii. 215. + + Pequawket Indians, iii. 217. + + Pequea Valley, Pa., i. 281. + + Pequest Creek, N. J., i. 247. + + Pequot Hill, Conn., ii. 116. + + Pequot Indians, ii. 100. + + Peribonka River, ii. 506. + + Perry, Commodore M. C., iii. 105, 138. + + Perry, Commodore Oliver Hazard, i. 418, 423; ii. 374; iii. 105, 138. + + Perth Amboy, N. J., ii. 15. + + "Peter the Headstrong," ii. 40. + + "Petomok," i. 35. + + Petrified Forest, Cal., iii. 514. + + Petroleum, i. 332. + + Petrolia, Pa., i. 336. + + Petty Island, Delaware River, i. 195. + + "Phantom City," Alaska, iii. 505. + + Phelps, Elizabeth Stuart, iii. 78. + + Philadelphia, Pa., i. 157. + + Philadelphia and Reading Railway, i. 188. + + Philadelphia Library, i. 169. + + Philipse, Fredericke, ii. 136. + + Philipse, Mary, ii. 136. + + "Philip's Spring," iii. 124. + + Phillips oil well, i. 335. + + Phillips, pirate, iii. 237. + + Phillipsburg, Pa., i. 224. + + Phips, Sir William, ii. 477; iii. 301. + + Phoenix, Arizona, iii. 436. + + Phoenixville, Pa., i. 187. + + Pickersgill, Mrs. Mary, i. 95. + + Pickett, General G. E., i. 115, 133. + + Pictou, Canada, iii. 303. + + Pictured Rocks, Michigan, i. 457. + + _Pictures from Appledore_, iii. 240. + + Piedmont region, i. 123. + + Piermont, N. Y., ii. 133. + + Pierce, Franklin, iii. 247. + + Pierpont, John, ii. 107. + + Pierson, Abraham, ii. 19, 108. + + "Pietists," i. 182. + + Pigeon Cove, Land's End, Mass., iii. 92. + + Pike, General Zebulon, iii. 466. + + Pike's Peak, Col., iii. 465. + + Pilgrim Hall, Plymouth, Mass., iii. 9. + + Pillsbury Washburn Flour Mills Company, i. 471. + + Pine Barrens, S. C., iii. 362. + + "Pinchot's Castle," Milford, Pa., i. 257. + + Pine, Miss, ii. 37. + + "Pine Tree State," iii. 239. + + Pinkham Notch, Mount Washington, N. H., iii. 211. + + Pinnacle Mountain, N. C., iii. 348. + + Pinnacle, Trenton Falls, N. Y., ii. 347. + + "Pioneer," sleeping-car, i. 440. + + Piper, James, i. 55. + + Piscataqua River, iii. 227. + + Piscataquis River, iii. 268. + + Pitcairn, Major John, iii. 65. + + Pitch, i. 347. + + Pitch-Off Mountain, N. Y., ii. 316. + + Pithole City, Pa., i. 337. + + Pitt, William, i. 352; ii. 471. + + Pitt, William (elder), ii. 246. + + Pittsburg, Pa., i. 323. + + Pittsburg City Hall, Pa., i. 326. + + "Pittsburg Coal District," i. 316. + + Pittsfield, Mass., ii. 246. + + Pittston, Pa., i. 237. + + Place d'Armes, Montreal, Canada, ii. 432. + + Plains of Abraham, Canada, ii. 471. + + "Plains of Abraham," N. Y., ii. 318. + + "Plat," St. Lawrence River, ii. 417. + + Platt, Zephaniah, ii. 309. + + Plattsburg, N. Y., ii. 309. + + Pleasant Valley, Nevada, iii. 477. + + _Pleasures of Hope_, ii. 147. + + Plum Island, ii. 118. + + Plymouth, Mass., iii. 8. + + Plymouth, N. H., iii. 195. + + Plymouth Church, Brooklyn, N. Y., ii. 73. + + "Plymouth of the Western Reserve", i. 415. + + "Plymouth Rock," ii. 75; iii. 11. + + Pocahontas, Indian Princess, i. 59. + + Pocomtuck, iii. 176. + + Pocomtuck Mountain, Mass., iii. 177. + + Pocono Knob, Pa., i. 253. + + Poe, Edgar Allan, i. 92, 125. + + Poetquessink, i. 196. + + "Pohoqualin," i. 248. + + Poinciana, tree, i. 379. + + Poindexter, John, iii. 214. + + Point Allerton, Mass., iii. 28. + + Point Comfort, Va., i. 5, 76. + + Point de Monts, Canada, ii. 511. + + "Pointe de la Couronne," ii. 297. + + Point Judith, Narragansett Bay, ii. 124; iii. 98. + + Point Levis, Canada, ii. 457, 479. + + Point Lobos, San Francisco, Cal., iii. 520. + + Point Loma, Cal., iii. 441. + + Point Lookout, Maryland, i. 84. + + Point-no-Point, N. Y., ii. 139. + + Point of Rocks, Maryland, i. 40. + + Point Peter, N. Y., i. 258. + + Point Pleasant, W. Va., iii. 328. + + Point Shirley, Mass., iii. 69. + + Poke o' Moonshine Pass, N. Y., ii. 313. + + Pokiok River, iii. 287. + + Poland Springs, Me., iii. 245. + + Polk, James K., i. 279; iii. 340. + + Pollopell's Island, N. Y., ii. 161. + + Ponce de Leon Hotel, St. Augustine, Fla., i. 375. + + Pontiac, Indian chief, i. 451, 453. + + Pontoosuc, Indian chief, ii. 247. + + Pontoosuc Lake, Mass., ii. 248. + + Pool, Elizabeth, iii. 121. + + Popacton River, i. 271. + + Pope Bicycle Works, Hartford, Conn., iii. 165. + + Pope, General John, i. 102. + + Popham, Chief Justice George, iii. 255. + + Poquanum, Indian chief, iii. 70. + + Poquessing Creek, Pa., i. 196. + + Porcupine Islands, Me., iii. 271. + + Port Arthur, Canada, i. 456. + + Port Arthur, Texas, iii. 429. + + Port Clinton, Pa., i. 189. + + Port Clinton Gap, Pa., i. 189. + + Port Hastings, Canada, iii. 305. + + Port Hawkesbury, Canada, iii. 305. + + Port Henry, N. Y., ii. 297. + + Port Jefferson, N. Y., ii. 96. + + Port Jervis, N. Y., i. 257. + + Port Mulgrave, Canada, iii. 305. + + Port Richmond, S. I., ii. 17. + + Port Royal Sound, S. C., i. 353. + + Port Tampa, Fla., i. 393. + + Port Townsend, Washington State, iii. 511. + + Portage, N. Y., ii. 368. + + Portage Falls, N. Y., ii. 369. + + Portage Lake, Michigan, i. 458. + + Portage Railroad, i. 310. + + Porter, Admiral David S., i. 348. + + Portland, Me., iii. 242. + + Portland, Oregon, iii. 512. + + Portsmouth, Va., i. 78, 79. + + Portsmouth, N. H., iii. 228. + + Portsmouth, Ohio, iii. 329. + + Post-Office Building, Washington, D. C., i. 24. + + Post-office, New York City, ii. 34. + + Post-office, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 170. + + Potato, i. 345. + + Potomac River, i. 7, 35. + + Pott, John, i. 190. + + Pottawatomi Indians, i. 427, 430. + + Potter, John, i. 208. + + Potteries, i. 212. + + "Potter's Field," New York City, ii. 44. + + Pottsville, Pa., i. 190. + + Pottstown, Pa., i. 187. + + Poughkeepsie, N. Y., ii. 173. + + Powder-mills, i. 151. + + Powell, Elizabeth, i. 200. + + Powell, Major John W., iii. 438. + + Powhatan, Indian chief, i. 57, 113. + + Powhatan River, i. 57. + + Pow-wow River, iii. 81. + + "Prairie City," i. 479. + + Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, i. 466. + + "Prairie State," i. 410. + + Pratt, Charles, ii. 75. + + Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, N. Y., ii. 75. + + Pratt Street, Baltimore, Md., i. 88. + + "Praying Indians," ii. 442. + + Preble, Commodore Edward, iii. 243. + + Prentice, George D., iii. 337. + + Presbyterian College of Montreal, ii. 435. + + Prescott, Arizona, iii. 460. + + Prescott, Canada, ii. 417. + + Prescott, Colonel William, iii. 56. + + Prescott, William H., iii. 59, 62, 71, 75. + + President's Room, Capitol, Washington, D. C., i. 17. + + "Presque Isle," ii. 373. + + Preston, Richard, i. 86. + + Prevost, Sir George, ii. 309. + + Priestley, Joseph, i. 299. + + "Priests' Farm," Montreal, Canada, ii. 433. + + "Prince Rupert's Land," i. 480. + + Prince Albert, Canada, iii. 486. + + Prince Edward Island, iii. 304. + + Princeton, N. J., i. 215. + + Princeton University, N. J., i. 215. + + Printing House Square, New York City, ii. 34. + + Prison-ships, ii. 72. + + Prisoners' Island, Lake George, N. Y., ii. 288. + + Proctor, Vt., ii. 300. + + Produce Exchange, New York City, ii. 26. + + Profile House, Franconia Mountains, N. H., iii. 191. + + Profile Lake, N. H., iii. 191. + + Promontory Mountains, Utah, iii. 477. + + Prospect Falls, N. Y., ii. 350. + + Prospect Hill, Baltimore, Md., i. 93. + + Prospect Hill, N. Y., ii. 194. + + Prospect Park, Brooklyn, N. Y., ii. 79. + + Prospect Park, Buffalo, N. Y., ii. 378. + + Providence, Md., i. 86. + + Providence, R. I., iii. 110. + + Province of Manitoba, i. 478. + + Provincetown, Mass., iii. 19, 23. + + Public Garden, Boston, Mass., iii. 35. + + Public Green, New Haven, Conn., ii. 104. + + Public Green, Pittsfield, Mass., ii. 246. + + Public Library, Newburyport, Mass., iii. 81. + + Pueblo, Col., iii. 467. + + Puget, Lieutenant, iii. 510. + + Puget Sound, iii. 510. + + Pulaski, Count, i. 230, 356. + + Pulitzer Building, New York City, ii. 34. + + Pullman, George M., i. 428, 439. + + Pullman, Ill., i. 411. + + "Pulpit," Monument Mountain, Mass., ii. 257. + + "Pulpit Rock," Watkins Glen, N. Y., ii. 365. + + Pulpit Terrace, Yellowstone Park, i. 490. + + Punch Bowl geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 503. + + Punta Gorda, Fla., i. 394. + + Punta Rassa, Fla., i. 394. + + "Puritan Compact," iii. 24. + + Puritans, i. 86. + + Put-in-Bay Island, Ohio, i. 423. + + Putnam, General Israel, ii. 99, 228, 288; iii. 75, 162, 165. + + "Putnam Phalanx," iii. 162. + + Putnam Spring, Saratoga, N. Y., ii. 224. + + Pynchon, William, iii. 167. + + Pyramid geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 503. + + Pyramid Harbor, Alaska, iii. 506. + + + Quaker Bridge dam, N. Y., ii. 62. + + "Quaker City," i. 157. + + Quaker Meeting House, Bristol, Pa., i. 198. + + Quatawamkedgewick River, ii. 503. + + Quebec, Canada, ii. 457. + + Quebec Citadel, ii. 468. + + Queen Anne, i. 87, 198, 201. + + Queen Charlotte Sound, British Columbia, iii. 499. + + "Queen City" (Cincinnati, O.), iii. 330. + + "Queen City" (Hartford, Conn.), iii. 162. + + "Queen City" (Toronto, Canada), ii. 407. + + "Queen City of the Plains," iii. 461. + + Queen Elizabeth, i. 344. + + "Queen Esther's Rock," i. 241. + + Queen Henrietta Maria, i. 84. + + "Queen of the St. Lawrence," ii. 431. + + Queen Victoria, ii. 452; iii. 75. + + Queen's Park, Toronto, Canada, ii. 408. + + Queenstown, Canada, ii. 384. + + Quick, Thomas, Sr., i. 256. + + "Quincy granites," iii. 26. + + Quincy, Josiah, iii. 41, 59, 62. + + Quincy, Judith, iii. 99. + + Quincy, Illinois, iii. 394. + + Quincy Market, Boston, Mass., iii. 44. + + Quincy, Mass., iii. 26. + + Quinnebaug River, ii. 115. + + Quinnepiack, ii. 104. + + Quoddy Head, Me., iii. 274. + + Quogue, N. Y., ii. 92. + + Quonektakat, iii. 158. + + + "Rabbit Island," ii. 80. + + Race Point, Mass., iii. 23. + + Racquette River, ii. 418. + + Radcliffe College, Cambridge, Mass., iii. 63. + + Radcliffe, Lady Anne, iii. 63. + + Rafe's Chasm, Mass., iii. 77. + + Rahwack, Indian chief, ii. 20. + + Rahway, N. J., ii. 20. + + Rainsford Island, Boston Harbor, Mass., iii. 33. + + Rale, Sebastian, iii. 249. + + Raleigh, N. C., iii. 362. + + Raleigh, Sir Walter, i. 5, 344. + + Ram Islands, Mass., iii. 145. + + "Ramona," iii. 441. + + Ramsay, Allan, i. 163. + + Rancocas Creek, i. 196. + + Randall, James R., i. 92. + + Randall's Island, N. Y., ii. 67. + + Randolph, John, i. 116. + + Randolph Macon College, Ashland, Va., i. 109. + + Rankokas Indians, i. 196. + + Rapidan River, i. 49. + + Rapid Ann River, i. 49. + + Rapp, George, iii. 325. + + Rappahannock River, i. 8, 49. + + Raquette Lake, N. Y., ii. 273, 324. + + Raquette River, ii. 273, 324. + + Raritan River, ii. 21. + + Rat Portage, Canada, i. 478. + + Ratcliffe, Philip, iii. 74. + + Raton Pass, Col., iii. 458. + + "Rattlesnake flags," i. 162. + + Rattlesnakes, i. 264. + + _Raven_, i. 92. + + Raven Indians, iii. 501. + + Raven Pass, Adirondack Mountains, N. Y., ii. 312. + + Rawlins, General John A., statue of, i. 30. + + Raymondskill River, i. 255. + + Read, Thomas Buchanan, i. 180. + + Reading, Pa., i. 187. + + Reading Terminal Station, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 160. + + Recluse Island, Lake George, N. Y., ii. 279. + + Recollet Fathers, ii. 459. + + Red Hill, N. H., iii. 221. + + Red Jacket, Indian chief, ii. 339. + + Red Lake, Minn., i. 474. + + Red Mountain, Ala., iii. 369. + + Red River, iii. 411. + + Red River of the North, i. 476. + + Red Room, Executive Mansion, Washington, D. C., i. 20. + + Red Spring, Saratoga, N. Y., ii. 224. + + Redlands, Cal., iii. 440. + + Redondo Beach, Cal., iii. 445. + + Reed, Thomas B., iii. 243. + + Regina, Canada, iii. 486. + + Reigelsville, N. J. and Pa., i. 223. + + Renfrew, Canada, iii. 303. + + Rensselaerstein, ii. 199. + + Reno, Nevada, iii. 478. + + Repentigny, explorer, ii. 460. + + Representatives' chamber, Boston, Mass., iii. 38. + + Representatives' Hall, Capitol, Washington, D. C., i. 16. + + "Resolute," the, i. 21. + + Restigouche River, ii. 503. + + "Restigouche Salmon Club," ii. 504. + + Revere, Paul, iii. 39, 44. + + Reynolds, General John F., i. 130, 139. + + Rhinebeck, N. Y., ii. 180. + + Rhinecliff estate, ii. 180. + + Rhode Island State House, Providence, R. I., iii. 113. + + Ribbon Fall, Yosemite Valley, Cal., iii. 452. + + Richelieu, Cardinal Armand J. D., ii. 455. + + Richelieu River, ii. 311, 455. + + Richmond, Duke of, ii. 250. + + _Richmond Enquirer_, i. 116. + + Richmond, Va., i. 109. + + Richfield Springs, N. Y., i. 297. + + Rideau Canal, Canada, ii. 410, 451. + + Rideau Hall, Ottawa, Canada, ii. 453. + + Rideau River, ii. 410, 445. + + "Ridge of Rocks and Roses," iii. 86. + + Riel, Louis, i. 478. + + Riggs Bank, Washington, D. C., i. 23. + + Rimouski, ii. 509. + + Rio Grande, iii. 459. + + Rio Pecos, iii. 434. + + Ripley, George, iii. 50. + + Rip Van Winkle, ii. 188. + + Ritchie, Thomas, i. 116. + + Rittenhouse Square, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 160. + + "River of the Mountains," ii. 6. + + River St. John, iii. 282. + + Riviere aux Lièvres, ii. 447. + + Riviere de Loup, Canada, ii. 494. + + Riverside, Cal., iii. 440. + + Riverside Park, New York City, ii. 58. + + Riverside Press, Cambridge, Mass., iii. 60. + + Roan Mountain, Tenn., iii. 353. + + Roanoke Island, Va., i. 344. + + Roanoke, Va., i. 5. + + Roberval, Canada, ii. 507. + + Robinson, Colonel Beverly, ii. 58. + + Rochester, N. Y., ii. 370. + + Rochester Fall, N. Y., ii. 371. + + Rochester, Nathaniel, ii. 370. + + Rochester University, N. Y., ii. 372. + + "Rock City," iii. 340. + + Rock Hill, Pa., i. 222. + + Rock Island, Ill., i. 465. + + Rock Reggio, N. Y., ii. 299. + + Rockaway, N. Y., ii. 85. + + Rockefeller, John D., i. 435, 461. + + "Rocketts," Richmond, Va., i. 115. + + Rockham, Captain, pirate, iii. 237. + + Rockland Lake, N. Y., ii. 145. + + Rockland, Me., iii. 266. + + Rockledge, Fla., i. 378. + + Rockomeka, iii. 246. + + Rockport, Mass., iii. 92. + + Rocky Heart, Trenton Falls, N. Y., ii. 349. + + Rocky Mountains, iii. 454. + + Roebling, John A., ii. 70. + + Roebling, Washington, ii. 70. + + "Roeleffe Jansen's Kill," ii. 182. + + "Roger Williams House," Salem, Mass., iii. 76. + + Roger Williams Park, Providence, R. I., iii. 113. + + Roger Williams University, Ky., iii. 341. + + Rogers, Major, iii. 493. + + Rogers, Major Robert, ii. 287. + + Rogers Pass, Canada, iii. 489, 493. + + Rogers's Slide, Lake George, N. Y., ii. 280, 287. + + Rogue River, iii. 513. + + Rokeby estate, ii. 180, 181. + + Rolfe, John, i. 59. + + Rolfe, Thomas, i. 61. + + Rollaway Mountain, N. Y., ii. 342. + + "Rolling Rock," Wickford, R. I., iii. 105. + + Roman Catholics, i. 84. + + Roman Catholic Cathedral, Baltimore, Md., i. 90. + + Rome, Ga., iii. 368. + + Rome, N. Y., ii. 344. + + Rondout, N. Y., ii. 178. + + Rondout Creek, N. Y., i. 258. + + Ronkonkoma Lake, N. Y., ii. 96. + + Rookwood Pottery, Cincinnati, O., iii. 332. + + Roosevelt, Thaddeus, iii. 434. + + Rosecrans, General William S., iii. 350. + + Rosendale cement, ii. 179. + + Rosin, i. 347. + + Roslyn, N. Y., ii. 94. + + Ross, Betsy, i. 95, 164. + + Rossetti, William M., iii. 423. + + Rotunda, Mammoth Cave, Ky., iii. 339. + + "Rough and Ready," iii. 337. + + Rough Riders, iii. 434. + + Round Island, N. Y., ii. 412. + + Round Lake, N. Y., ii. 219, 323. + + Round Top, N. Y., ii. 184. + + Rouse's Point, N. Y., ii. 311. + + Rowe, patriot, iii. 38. + + Roxbury, Mass., iii. 49. + + Royal Gorge, Col., iii. 469. + + "Royal Grant," ii. 336. + + Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, Canada, ii. 440. + + Rudman, Rev. Andrew, i. 171. + + Rugueneau, missionary, ii. 382. + + Rumford Falls, Me., iii. 245. + + Rush, Benjamin, i. 215. + + Rush, James, i. 169. + + Rush, Richard, i. 26. + + Ruskin, John, ii. 325. + + Rutgers College, New Brunswick, N. J., ii. 21. + + Rutland, Vt., ii. 300. + + Rye Beach, N. H., iii. 227. + + + Sabbath Day Point, Lake George, N. Y., ii. 280. + + Sabine Lake, Texas, iii. 429. + + Sabine River, iii. 429. + + Sachem's Head, Saybrook, Conn., ii. 113. + + Sachem's Plain, Norwich, Conn., iii. 102. + + "Sachem's Wood," ii. 112. + + Saco, Me., iii. 241. + + Saco River, iii. 214, 241. + + Sacramento, Cal., iii. 479. + + Sacramento River, iii. 447, 479. + + Sadawga Lake, Vt., iii. 179. + + Safe Harbor, Pa., i. 282. + + Sag Harbor, N. Y., ii. 122. + + Sagadahoc, iii. 253. + + Sage College, Ithaca, N. Y., ii. 362. + + "Sage of Concord," iii. 68. + + Sage's Ravine, Conn., ii. 262. + + Saguenay River, ii. 456, 496. + + St. Agnes, Canada, ii. 493. + + St. Albans, Vt., ii. 305. + + St. Andrew Channel, Cape Breton Island, Canada, iii. 307. + + St. Andrews, Canada, iii. 275. + + St. Aniset Church, St. Regis, Canada, ii. 419. + + St. Anne Rapids, Canada, ii. 442. + + St. Anne's Episcopal Church, Brooklyn, N. Y., ii. 75. + + St. Augustin, Canada, ii. 456. + + St. Augustine, Fla., i. 371. + + St. Charles River, ii. 465. + + St. Clair, General Arthur, i. 318; iii. 331. + + St. Clair River, i. 449. + + St. Croix Lake, i. 467. + + St. Croix River, iii. 275. + + St. Elias Mountains, Alaska, iii. 507. + + St. Estienne, Claude de, iii. 278. + + St. Francis Barracks, St. Augustine, Fla., i. 373. + + St. Francis River, Canada, ii. 455. + + St. Francis River, Missouri, iii. 404. + + St. François du Lac, Canada, ii. 455. + + St. George's Island, Halifax, Canada, iii. 298. + + "St. Germain carry," Adirondack Mountains, N. Y., ii. 323. + + St. Helena Island, S. C., i. 353. + + St. Helena Sound, S. C., i. 353. + + St. Helen's Island, Canada, ii. 421. + + St. Inigoe's, Md., i. 86. + + St. James' Cathedral, Toronto, Canada, ii. 408. + + St. James' Episcopal Church, Bristol, Pa., i. 198. + + St. Jean, explorer, ii. 460. + + St. Joachim, Canada, ii. 487. + + _St. John_, iii. 280. + + St. John, Canada, iii. 278. + + "St. John in the Wilderness," Adirondack Mountains, ii. 324. + + St. John's Church, Richmond, Va., i. 113. + + St. John River, iii. 282. + + St. John's River, i. 358, 359, 380, 386. + + St. Johnsbury, Vt., iii. 183. + + St. Joseph, Missouri, iii. 386. + + St. Joseph River, i. 425. + + St. Joseph's Theological Seminary, Troy, N. Y., ii. 214. + + St. Laurent Church, Isle of Orleans, Canada, ii. 491. + + St. Lawrence River, ii. 402, 490. + + St. Louis, Mo., iii. 363. + + St. Louis River, i. 475. + + St. Lucie River, i. 379. + + St. Luke's Episcopal Church, Mauch Chunk, Pa., i. 233. + + St. Luke's Hospital, New York City, ii. 57. + + St. Margaret's Bay, Canada, iii. 300. + + "St. Mark's Church in the Bowerie," New York City, ii. 40. + + St. Mary's, Md., i. 86. + + St. Mary's Church, Burlington, N. J., i. 201. + + St. Mary's Church, Cold Spring, N. Y., ii. 162. + + St. Mary's College, Montreal, Canada, ii. 435, 439. + + St. Mary's County, Md., i. 86. + + St. Mary's Hall, Burlington, N. J., i. 202. + + St. Mary's River, Florida, i. 358. + + St. Mary's River, Canada, ii. 421. + + St. Maurice River, ii. 455. + + St. Michaels, Alaska, iii. 506. + + St. Michael's Church, Charleston, S. C., i. 352. + + St. Michael's Church of Loretto, Pa., i. 313. + + St. Patrick's Channel, Cape Breton Island, Canada, iii. 307. + + St. Paul, Minn., i. 469. + + St. Paul Building, New York City, ii. 33. + + St. Paul's Church, New York City, ii. 33. + + St. Paul's Church, Norfolk, Va., i. 79. + + St. Paul's Episcopal Church, Richmond, Va., i. 112. + + "St. Peter at the Gate," Cape Breton Island, Canada, iii. 306. + + St. Peter's Church, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 171. + + St. Peter's Inlet, Cape Breton Island, Canada, iii. 306. + + St. Peter's, Montreal, Canada, ii. 438. + + St. Pierre Church, Isle of Orleans, Canada, ii. 491. + + St. Regis, Canada, ii. 418. + + St. Regis Mountain, N. Y., ii. 323. + + St. Regis River, ii. 418. + + St. Simon's Bay, i. 368. + + St. Stephen, Canada, iii. 275. + + St. Tammany, i. 195; ii. 41. + + "St. Theresa of the New World," ii. 475. + + St. Xavier, Arizona, iii. 436. + + Sainte Anne's River, ii. 485. + + Salem, Mass., iii. 74. + + Salem, Ohio, i. 402. + + Salem, Oregon, iii. 512. + + Salina, N. Y., ii. 355. + + Salisbury, Conn., ii. 262. + + Salisbury, N. C., iii. 361. + + Salisbury, N. H., iii. 79. + + Salisbury Beach, N. H., iii. 227. + + Salmon fishing, iii. 496. + + Salon of the Ambassadors, Washington, D. C., i. 22. + + Salt Lake City, Utah, iii. 475. + + Salt Point, N. Y., ii. 355. + + Salt River, iii. 436. + + "Salt-Water Indians," ii. 504. + + Salt wells, ii. 355. + + _Sam Slick_, iii. 296. + + Samoset, Indian chief, iii. 16, 256. + + San Antonio River, iii. 431. + + San Antonio, Texas, iii. 431. + + San Bernardino Mountains, iii. 439. + + San Bernardino Valley, Cal., iii. 440. + + San Buenaventura, Cal., iii. 445. + + San Diego, Cal., iii. 440. + + San Diego Bay, Cal., iii. 440. + + San Gabriel Mission, Cal., iii. 445. + + San Luis Park, Col., iii. 467. + + San Jacinto Mountains, iii. 439. + + San Joaquin River, iii. 447. + + San Joaquin Valley, Cal., iii. 447. + + San José, Cal., iii. 446. + + San Pablo Bay, Cal., iii. 514. + + San Pedro, Cal., iii. 444. + + San Pedro River, iii. 432. + + San Sebastian River, i. 372. + + Sand Key, Fla., i. 397. + + "Sand Lots," iii. 518. + + Sandford Lake, N. Y., ii. 237. + + Sandhuken, i. 148. + + Sand's Key, i. 394. + + Sands Point, N. Y., ii. 94. + + Sandusky, Ohio, i. 421. + + Sandusky Bay, Ohio, i. 422. + + Sandusky River, i. 404. + + Sandwich Mountains, N. H., iii. 216. + + Sandy Bay, Land's End, Mass., iii. 92. + + Sandy Hill, N. Y., ii. 231. + + Sandy Hook, N. J., i. 148; ii. 9. + + Sanford, Fla., i. 386. + + Sangamon River, i. 410. + + Santa Anna, General Antonio L., iii. 433. + + Santa Barbara, Cal., iii. 445. + + Santa Catalina, Cal., iii. 444. + + Santa Cruz, Cal., iii. 446. + + Santa Fé, New Mexico, iii. 459. + + Santa Monica Bay, Cal., iii. 444. + + Saquish, Duxbury, Mass., iii. 18. + + "Sara Maria," the, i. 182. + + Saranac River, ii. 308. + + Saratoga "A" Spring, Saratoga, N. Y., ii. 224. + + "Saratoga chips," ii. 225. + + Saratoga, N. Y., ii. 219. + + "Saratoga," the, ii. 310. + + Saratoga River, ii. 310. + + Sashaway River, iii. 170. + + Sassacus, Indian chief, ii. 116. + + _Satanstoe_, ii. 286. + + Saucon Creek, i. 226. + + "Sauerkraut," i. 187. + + Saugerties, N. Y., ii. 182. + + Sault Sainte Marie, Michigan, i. 456. + + Sault Sainte Marie Strait, Michigan, i. 453. + + Saunders Theatre, Memorial Hall, Cambridge, Mass., iii. 62. + + Savage Station, Va., battle of, i. 119. + + Savannah, Ga., i. 355. + + Savannah River, i. 354; iii. 363. + + Savin Rock, New Haven, Conn., ii. 112. + + Sawkill River, i. 255. + + Saw-Mill geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 500. + + "Saw-mill rift," i. 259. + + Sawmill River, ii. 135. + + "Saybrook Platform," ii. 114. + + Saybrook Point, Conn., ii. 112. + + Scarborough Beach, Me., iii. 242. + + Schaats, Rev. Gideon, ii. 209. + + "Schakamo-kink," i. 300. + + Schenectady, N. Y., ii. 335. + + Schenley Park, Pittsburg, Pa., i. 326. + + Schodack Landing, N. Y., ii. 198. + + "Scholar's Gate," Central Park, New York City, ii. 27, 56. + + Schoodic Lakes, Canada, iii. 275. + + Schoolcraft, Henry R., i. 475. + + "Schooner," origin of name, iii. 87. + + Schooner Head, Mount Desert Island, Me., iii. 270. + + Schroon Lake, N. Y., ii. 238, 273. + + Schuyler, Elizabeth, ii. 211. + + Schuyler, General Philip, ii. 194, 211, 216, 343. + + Schuyler Mansion, Albany, N. Y., ii. 211. + + Schuyler, Peter, ii. 211. + + Schuylerville, N. Y., ii. 216. + + Schuylkill Haven, Pa., i. 190. + + Schuylkill River, i. 184. + + Scioto River, i. 402. + + Scituate, Mass., iii. 28. + + "Scotch-Irish Indians," ii. 504. + + Scott, General Winfield, i. 288; ii. 162. + + Scott, General Winfield, statues of, i. 30, 31. + + Scott, Sir Walter, i. 180; ii. 142. + + Scott, Thomas A., i. 289, 328. + + Scranton, Pa., i. 238. + + "Scrapple," i. 187. + + Scribner tomb, Greenwood Cemetery, N. Y., ii. 77. + + Scusset River, iii. 20. + + "Scylla of the St. Lawrence," ii. 511. + + "Sea Horse," the, i. 43. + + Seaforth Channel, iii. 499. + + "Sea-island cotton," i. 353. + + Seal Harbor, Mount Desert Island, Me., iii. 273. + + Seal Island, Canada, iii. 300. + + Seal Rocks, San Francisco, Cal., iii. 520. + + Searight, Thomas B., i. 277. + + Searles, architect, ii. 260. + + Sears Building, Boston, Mass., iii. 43. + + Searsport, Me., iii. 267. + + Seaside Park, Bridgeport, Conn., ii. 101. + + _Seasons_, ii. 326. + + Seasons, Indian division of, i. 69. + + Seattle, Washington State, iii. 511. + + Sebago Lake, Me., iii. 245. + + Seboois River, iii. 268. + + Secatogue Indians, ii. 96. + + "Secession Ordinance," iii. 363. + + Second Unitarian Church, Boston, Mass., iii. 48. + + Sedgwick, Catherine Maria, ii. 242, 257. + + Sedgwick, Judge Theodore, ii. 257. + + Sedgwick mansion, Stockbridge, Mass., ii. 257. + + Seeconk River, iii. 108. + + Seed-growing, ii. 365, 372. + + Selina, Countess of Huntingdon, i. 306. + + Selkirks, Canada, iii. 493. + + Sellers, Captain, iii. 393. + + Selma, Ala., iii. 373. + + Seltzer Spring, Saratoga, N. Y., ii. 224. + + Seminary Ridge, Gettysburg, Pa., i. 128. + + Seminary of St. Sulpice, Montreal, Canada, ii. 432, 436. + + Seminary of St. Thomas Aquinas, St. Paul, Minn., i. 470. + + Seminole Indians, i. 366, 376, 388. + + Senate Chamber, Capitol, Washington, D. C., i. 16. + + Seneca Indians, ii. 337. + + Seneca Lake, N. Y., ii. 354, 362. + + Seneca oil, i. 334. + + Seneca Valley, N. Y., ii. 362. + + Sentinel Rock, Yosemite Valley, Cal., iii. 454. + + "Sepessing," i. 203. + + "Sequoia Tree Tower," i. 32. + + Sergeant, John, ii. 255. + + Setauket, N. Y., ii. 96. + + "Seven Days' Battles," i. 118. + + "Seven Years' War," ii. 289. + + Sever, William R., iii. 10. + + Severn River, i. 86. + + Seward, William H., i. 288; ii. 42, 203, 358. + + Seymour, Horatio, ii. 343. + + Seymour Narrows, iii. 499. + + Shackamaxon Island, Delaware River, i. 195. + + "Shackamaxon, neutral land of," i. 155. + + "Shakers," ii. 216, 336. + + Sharon Springs, N. Y., i. 297. + + Sharp Mountain, Pa., i. 189, 234. + + Sharp's Rifle Factory, Bridgeport, Conn., ii. 101. + + Shaw, Henry, iii. 396. + + Shaw, H. W., ii. 245. + + Shawanagan Fall, Canada, ii. 455. + + Shawangunk Mountain, N. Y., i. 258. + + Shawmut, iii. 29. + + Shawneetown, Ill., iii. 342. + + Shawomet, R. I., iii. 105. + + Sheepscot Bay, Me., iii. 254. + + Sheepshead Bay, N. Y., ii. 80. + + Sheffield, Mass., ii. 260. + + "Sheffield Elm," Great Barrington, Mass., ii. 261. + + Sheffield Scientific School, New Haven, Conn., ii. 108. + + Shelburne, Canada, iii. 300. + + Shelburne Falls, Mass., iii. 177. + + Shelley, Percy B., i. 340. + + Shelter Island, N. Y., ii. 119. + + Shelving Falls, Lake George, N. Y., ii. 279. + + Shelving Rock, Lake George, N. Y., ii. 279. + + Shenandoah River, i. 38. + + Shenandoah Valley, i. 123. + + Sherbrooke, Canada, iii. 301. + + Sheridan, General Philip H., i. 32, 56, 126; iii. 141. + + Sherman Fall, N. Y., ii. 347. + + Sherman, General William S., i. 32, 356; iii. 341, 363, 366, 374. + + Sherman, John, i. 405. + + Sherman, Roger, ii. 112. + + Sherman, Wyoming, iii. 470. + + "Shield," the, i. 154. + + Shillaber, B. P., iii. 228. + + Shinnecock Hills, N. Y., ii. 92. + + Shinnecock Indians, ii. 92. + + Shinnecock Neck, N. Y., ii. 92. + + Ship Harbor, Canada, iii. 301. + + Shipley, William, i. 150. + + Shirley, plantation, i. 61. + + Shockoe Hill, Richmond, Va., i. 110. + + Shoe factories, iii. 70. + + Shohola Creek, Pa., i. 260. + + Shohola Falls, Pa., i. 261. + + "Shohola Glen," Pa., i. 260. + + Shohola Township, Pa., i. 260. + + "Sho-ka-kin," i. 271. + + Shooters' Hill, Alexandria, Va., i. 41. + + Shoshoné Falls, Idaho, iii. 483. + + Shoshone Lake, Montana, i. 509. + + Shoshoné River, iii. 474. + + Shreveport, La., iii. 411. + + Shubenacadie River, iii. 303. + + Siasconset, Nantucket, Mass., iii. 152. + + Sibley Building, Ithaca, N. Y., ii. 362. + + Sibley Cotton Mill, Augusta, Ga., iii. 364. + + Sibley, Sam, i. 277. + + Sickles, General Daniel E., i. 131. + + Sidney, Algernon, i. 153. + + Sidney, Henry i. 153. + + Siege of Richmond, i. 117, 120. + + Sierra Blanca, Col., iii. 467. + + Sierra Madre, iii. 445. + + Sierra Nevada, Cal., iii. 477. + + Sigourney, Mrs. Lydia H., ii. 123, 396; iii. 71, 104, 165. + + Silliman, Benjamin, ii. 107, 112, 248. + + Silver Lake, Pa., i. 255. + + Silver mining, iii. 478, 479. + + Silver Spring, Fla., i. 367, 383. + + Silver Thread River, Pa., i. 255. + + Simcoe, General John G., ii. 406. + + Simms, William Gillmore, iii. 360. + + "Simplicities Defence Against Seven-Headed Policy," iii. 106. + + "Singing Beach," Manchester, Mass., iii. 77. + + "Single Sisters," i. 230. + + "Single Sisters' House," Bethlehem, Pa., i. 228. + + Sing Sing Prison, N. Y., ii. 145. + + Sing Sing Village, N. Y., ii. 145. + + Sinking Spring, Pa., i. 307. + + "Sinnekaas," ii. 338. + + Sioux City, Iowa, i. 477; iii. 385. + + Sioux Falls, South Dakota, i. 477. + + Sisters Islands, Lake George, N. Y., ii. 279. + + "Sisters of the Congregation of Notre Dame," ii. 433. + + Sitka, Alaska, iii. 501. + + Sitka Sound, Alaska, iii. 501. + + Six Nations, i. 81, 239, 302; ii. 337. + + Skaguay, Alaska, iii. 506. + + Skaneateles Lake, N. Y., ii. 357. + + Skaunoghtada, ii. 335. + + _Skeleton in Armor_, iii. 138. + + "Skipper Ireson's Ride," iii. 73. + + Skowhegan Falls, Me., iii. 251. + + "Sky-scrapers," i. 429. + + Sky Top, N. Y., ii. 176. + + Slaeperigh Haven, Sunnyside, N. Y., ii. 143. + + Slate factories, i. 232. + + Slater, Samuel, iii. 114. + + Slaves, negro, early prices of, i. 73. + + Sleeping-car, history of, i. 439. + + Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, Concord, Mass., iii. 68. + + Slide Mountain, N. Y., ii. 189. + + Sliding Fall, Pa., i. 267. + + Sloop Island, Lake George, N. Y., ii. 279. + + Smith, Apollus, ii. 324. + + Smith, Captain John, i. 4, 6, 57, 59, 66, 67, 68, 76, 82; + iii. 78, 86, 233, 254. + + Smith College, Northampton, Mass., iii. 173. + + Smith, Dr. William, i. 306. + + Smith, Gerrit, ii. 319. + + Smith, Joseph, iii. 393. + + Smith, Sir Donald, iii. 493. + + Smith, Sophia, iii. 173. + + "Smith the Tory," ii. 147. + + Smith & Wesson Company, Springfield, Mass., iii. 167. + + Smithson, James, i. 25. + + Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., i. 24. + + "Smoky City," i. 325. + + "Smuggler's Notch," Vt., ii. 304. + + Snake River, i. 485; iii. 482. + + "Snow Arch," Mount Washington, N. H., iii. 211. + + Snow Lake, Canada, ii. 484. + + _Snowbound_, iii. 81. + + Soap Trough, Pa., i. 255. + + "Society of Notre Dame de Montreal," ii. 427. + + Society of the Cincinnati, ii. 171. + + "Society of the First Baptist Church," iii. 109. + + Soldiers' Cemetery, Alexandria, Va., i. 42. + + Soldiers' Cemetery, Hampton, Va., i. 75. + + Soldiers' Home, Hampton, Va., i. 75. + + Soldiers' Home, Milwaukee, Wis., i. 463. + + Soldiers' Home, Washington, D. C., i. 31. + + Soldiers' Monument, Allegheny City, Pa., i. 329. + + Soldiers' Monument, Boston, Mass., iii. 36. + + Soldiers' Monument, Cleveland, O., i. 418. + + Soldiers' Monument, Detroit, Mich., i. 451. + + Soldiers' Monument, Harrisburg, Pa., i. 287. + + Soldiers' Monument, Lancaster, Pa., i. 282. + + Soldiers' Monument, New Haven, Conn., ii. 111. + + Soldiers' Monument, Savannah, Ga., i. 357. + + Soldiers' Monument, St. Augustine, Fla., i. 374. + + Soldiers' Monument, Worcester, Mass., iii. 118. + + Soldiers' Monument, Yonkers, N. Y., ii. 136. + + Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument, Indianapolis, Ind., i. 409. + + Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument, Providence, R. I., iii. 111. + + Solon, Me., iii. 248. + + Somes, Abraham, iii. 271. + + Somes' Sound, Me., iii. 269. + + Somesville, Mount Desert Island, Me., iii. 271. + + "Song of the Clam," ii. 81. + + Songo River, iii. 245. + + "Sons of Freedom," iii. 117. + + "Soo," i. 456. + + Sorel, Canada, ii. 455. + + Sorel, Captain, ii. 455. + + Sorel River, ii. 311. + + Soukhoi Channel, Alaska, iii. 501. + + South Bend, Ind., i. 425. + + South Boston Bay, Mass., iii. 31. + + South Dome, Yosemite Valley, Cal., iii. 453. + + South Hero Island, Lake Champlain, N. Y., ii. 308. + + South Mountain, Pa., i. 224, 231. + + South Mountain, Md., battle of, i. 40. + + South Park, Col., iii. 468. + + South Platte River, iii. 461. + + South Saskatchewan River, iii. 486. + + South West Harbor, Mount Desert Island, Me., iii. 273. + + South Windsor, Conn., iii. 166. + + "Southern Cassadaga," i. 378. + + Southey, Robert, iii. 128. + + Spanish Bay, iii. 308. + + Spanish Fort, Georgia, iii. 376. + + Sparks, Jared, i. 50; iii. 61. + + Spartansburg, S. C., iii. 361. + + Spectacle Island, Boston Harbor, Mass., iii. 33. + + "Speedwell," the, iii. 7. + + Spencer, Mass., iii. 170. + + Spencer Mountain, Me., iii. 248. + + "Sphinx in Concord," iii. 68. + + Spiritualists' Assembly, i. 378. + + Splendid geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 503. + + Split Rock Mountain, N. Y., ii. 299. + + "Split Rock," St. Lawrence River, ii. 419. + + Spokane, Washington State, iii. 481. + + Spokane River, iii. 481. + + Spray River, iii. 489. + + Spring Grove Cemetery, Cincinnati, O., iii. 333. + + Springfield, Ill., i. 410. + + Springfield, Mass., iii. 166. + + Spuyten Duyvel Creek, N. Y., ii. 58. + + Squam Lake, N. H., iii. 195. + + Squam River, iii. 93. + + Squantum, Boston Harbor, Mass., iii. 29. + + Squantum, Indian chief, iii. 29. + + "Squirrel," the, iii. 302. + + Staaten Bay, Mass., iii. 19. + + Staaten Hoeck, Mass., iii. 19. + + Stacy, Mahlon, i. 211. + + Stadacona, ii. 425, 458. + + "Staked Plain," iii. 411. + + Stalactite Cave, Yellowstone Park, i. 489. + + Stamford, Conn., ii. 99. + + Standard Oil Building, New York City, ii. 30. + + Standard Oil Company, i. 332, 339, 417. + + "Standing Stone," i. 305. + + Standish, Captain Miles, iii. 12, 17. + + Stanford, Mrs. Leland, iii. 515. + + Stapleton, L. I., ii. 17. + + Star Island, Isles of Shoals, iii. 234. + + "Star of the West," the, i. 351. + + "Star-spangled Banner," i. 40, 92, 95, 169; iii. 520. + + Stark, Colonel John, ii. 300. + + Starucca flags, i. 260. + + State Capitol, Hartford, Conn., iii. 162. + + State Capitol, Denver, Col., iii. 462. + + State Department Building, Washington, D. C., i. 22. + + State Dining Hall, Executive Mansion, Washington, D. C., i. 20. + + State House, Boston, Mass., iii. 37. + + State House, Columbia, S. C., iii. 363. + + State House, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 161. + + State House, Trenton, N. J., i. 212. + + State Lunatic Asylum, Utica, N. Y., ii. 343. + + State Normal College, Stroudsburg, Pa., i. 252. + + State of Deseret, iii. 475. + + State Street, Albany, N. Y., ii. 208. + + Staten Island, N. Y., ii. 16. + + "State Rights," i. 350. + + "Steamboat" geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 492. + + Steinways, tomb of, Greenwood Cemetery, Brooklyn, N. Y., ii. 77. + + Stephen, George, iii. 491. + + Stephens Passage, Alaska, iii. 502. + + Stephenson, David, i. 309. + + Stephenson, Robert, ii. 431. + + Steuben, Baron Friedrich, ii. 148, 171. + + Steubenville, O., i. 402. + + "Stevens Battery," ii. 14. + + "Stevens Castle," Hoboken, N. J., ii. 13. + + Stevens, Edwin A., ii. 13. + + Stevens, General Isaac I., i. 103. + + Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, N. J., ii. 13. + + Stevens, John, i. 206. + + Stevens, Robert L., i. 206. + + Stevens, Thaddeus, i. 283; iii. 181. + + Stewart, Admiral Charles, i. 203. + + Stewart, Alexander T., ii. 37, 47, 93. + + "Stewart's Store," New York City, ii. 37. + + "Stewart's Up-town Store," New York City, ii. 41. + + Stillwater, N. Y., ii. 216. + + Stock Exchange Building, New York City, ii. 31. + + "Stockade Prison," iii. 370. + + Stockbridge, Mass., ii. 254. + + "Stockbridge Bowl," Mass., ii. 252. + + Stockbridge Indians, ii. 255. + + Stockton, Cal., iii. 447. + + Stockton, Commodore Robert F., i. 206. + + Stockton, Richard, i. 215. + + Stoddart, Solomon, iii. 172. + + Stone, Lucy, iii. 170. + + "Stone coal," i. 234. + + Stonington, Conn., ii. 117. + + Stony Point, N. Y., ii. 147. + + Storm King Mountain, N. Y., ii. 161. + + Storrs, Dr. Richard Salter, ii. 75. + + Story, William W., iii. 75, 520. + + "Stourbridge Lion," i. 269. + + Stoves, i. 223. + + Stowe, Harriet Beecher, i. 78, 381; ii. 259; iii. 78, 165, 247. + + Stowe, Rev. Calvin, ii. 263. + + Strait of Barra, Canada, iii. 307. + + Strait of Belle Isle, Canada, ii. 511. + + Strait of Juan de Fuca, iii. 510. + + Strait of Mackinac, i. 453. + + Straits of Florida, i. 394. + + Straitsmouth Island, Mass., iii. 92. + + Stranahan, James, ii. 79. + + Stratford, Conn., ii. 102. + + Stratford Point, Conn., ii. 102. + + Stratton, Charles S., ii. 102. + + Strawberry Hill, San Francisco, Cal., iii. 520. + + Street, Alfred B., ii. 316. + + Streight, Colonel A. D., i. 114. + + Stroud, Jacob, i. 252. + + Stroudsburg, Pa., i. 252. + + Stryker, General, ii. 194. + + Stuart, General James E. B., i. 102, 115. + + Stuart, Gilbert, iii. 37, 105. + + Stuyvesant, Peter, ii. 7, 40, 58, 173. + + Stuyvesant Landing, N. Y., ii. 197. + + Sutherland Falls Quarry, Proctor, Vt., ii. 300. + + Subway, Boston, Mass., iii. 37. + + Succotash, iii. 109. + + Suckiang, iii. 161. + + Sudbury, Mass., iii. 51. + + Sudbury River, iii. 51, 67. + + Suffolk, Va., i. 78. + + Sugar Hill, N. H., iii. 190. + + Sugar Loaf Hill, Lake George, N. Y., ii. 289. + + Sugar Loaf Mountain, Mass., iii. 176. + + Sugar Loaf Mountain, N. Y., ii. 154, 158. + + Sugar Notch, Pa., i. 235, 236. + + Sugar River, iii. 180. + + Suisun Bay, Cal., iii. 514. + + Sullivan's Island, S. C., i. 350. + + Sulphur Mountain, Canada, iii. 490. + + "Summer School of Philosophy," ii. 373. + + Sulpician Order, ii. 432. + + "Summit City," i. 406. + + Summit Hill, Pa., i. 234. + + Summit Station, Cal., iii. 479. + + Summerside, Prince Edward Island, iii. 304. + + Sumner, Charles, iii. 59, 62. + + Sunbury, Pa., i. 299. + + Sunflower River, iii. 407. + + Sunnyside, N. Y., ii. 142. + + "Sunset Route," iii. 428. + + Superior City, Minnesota, i. 460. + + "Suppawn bell," ii. 210. + + "Susan Constant," i. 4. + + Susquehanna River, i. 7, 80, 236, 237, 284. + + Sutro Heights, San Francisco, Cal., iii. 520. + + Sutro Tunnel, Virginia City, Nevada, iii. 478. + + Sutter, Colonel John A., iii. 514. + + Suwanee River, i. 358, 390. + + "Swamp Angel," i. 212, 352. + + Swampscott, Mass., iii. 72. + + Swannanoa River, iii. 355. + + Swatara Creek, Pa., i. 285. + + Swedes' Church of the Holy Trinity, Wilmington, Del., i. 150. + + Swedish West India Company, i. 146. + + Sweetwater Dam, Cal., iii. 441. + + "Switchback," Pa., i. 234. + + Sydney, Cape Breton Island, Canada, iii. 308. + + "Sylvan Gorge," Watkins Glen, N. Y., ii. 365. + + "Sylvania Society," i. 263. + + Symmes, John Cleves, iii. 330. + + "Symmes' Purchase," iii. 331. + + Syracuse, N. Y., ii. 355. + + Syracuse University, N. Y., ii. 357. + + + Table Rock, Niagara Falls, ii. 390. + + Table Rock, N. H., iii. 185. + + Tacoma, Washington State, iii. 511. + + Tacoma Falls, Me., iii. 251. + + Tacony Creek, Pa., i. 196. + + Tadousac, Canada, ii. 490, 495. + + Taghanic Falls, N. Y., ii. 360. + + Tahawus, ii. 237. + + Taku Inlet, Alaska, iii. 502. + + "Tales of a Wayside Inn," iii. 51. + + Talladega, Alabama, iii. 368. + + Tallahassee, Fla., i. 390. + + Tallahassee, Indian chief, i. 389. + + Tallahatchie River, iii. 407. + + Tallapoosa River, iii. 371. + + Tamanend, Indian chief, i. 154, 195. + + Tammany Hall, New York City, ii. 41. + + Tammany, Indian chief, ii. 41. + + Tammany Society, i. 195; ii. 41. + + Tampa, Fla., i. 392. + + Tampa Inn, Port Tampa, Fla., i. 393. + + Taney, Roger B., i. 87, 292. + + Taokanink, i. 196. + + Tappan Village, N. Y., ii. 140. + + Tappan Zee, N. Y., ii. 138. + + Taquetock, i. 69. + + Tar, i. 347. + + "Tar-heels," i. 347, 354. + + Tar River, i. 347. + + Tarratine Indians, iii. 260. + + Tarrytown, N. Y., ii. 140. + + Tatamy, Moses Fonda, i. 248. + + "Tat's Gap," Pa., i. 248. + + Taunton, Mass., iii. 121. + + Taunton Great River, iii. 120. + + Taylor, General Zachary, i. 279; iii. 337. + + Taylor, Bayard, i. 271, 397; ii. 499; iii. 340. + + Tea Island, Lake George, N. Y., ii. 279. + + Teach, Captain, pirate, iii. 235. + + "Tear of the Clouds," N. Y., ii. 236, 273. + + Tecumseh, Indian chief, i. 408. + + "Tecumseh," the, iii. 376. + + Teedyuscung, i. 224, 230. + + Telegraph Hill, San Francisco, Cal., iii. 517. + + Teller's Point, N. Y., ii. 146. + + Temple Block, Salt Lake City, Utah, iii. 476. + + Temple, Charlotte, ii. 29. + + Temple Emanu-El, New York City, ii. 52. + + "Temple of the Sun," iii. 410. + + Tenaya Cañon, Yosemite Valley, Cal., iii. 453. + + Tennessee River, iii. 343. + + Tennyson, Alfred, i. 272. + + Ten Pound Island, Gloucester, Mass., iii. 87. + + Tennent, Rev. William, i. 197. + + Tensas River, iii. 376. + + _Tent on the Beach_, iii. 227. + + "Terminal Moraine," i. 242. + + _Terra Mariæ_, i. 84. + + Terrapin Rocks, Niagara Falls, ii. 390. + + Terra Haute, Ind., i. 409. + + Terry, General Alfred H., i. 348. + + Texas State University, Austin, Texas, iii. 431. + + Thames River, ii. 115. + + Thanksgiving Festival Day, iii. 16. + + Thatcher, Anthony, iii. 92. + + Thatcher's Island, Cape Ann, Mass., iii. 86, 92. + + Thaxter, Celia, iii. 233. + + Thayendanega, Indian chief, ii. 340. + + "The Christian or Purple and Royal Democracy," iii. 208. + + "The Culprit Fay," ii. 165. + + _The Deer-Slayer_, i. 297. + + _The Freedom of the Will_, ii. 255. + + "The Great Divide," iii. 491. + + "The Hat," Canada, iii. 486. + + "The Hours," picture, iii. 111. + + _The Kansas Emigrants_, iii. 388. + + _The Last of the Mohicans_, i. 270. + + _The Problem_, ii. 464. + + _The Spy_, ii. 137, 171. + + _The School Boy_, iii. 79. + + "The Skeleton in Armor," iii. 122. + + "The Thunder of Waters," ii. 379. + + _The Wayside Inn_, iii. 229, 262. + + _The Wide, Wide World_, ii. 156. + + "The Woman of the Wilderness," i. 183. + + _The Wreck of the Hesperus_, iii. 90. + + "Theological Seminary," Bethlehem, Pa., i. 228. + + "Theory of Concentric Spheres," iii. 331. + + "Thermopylæ of New England," ii. 245. + + Thickety Mountain, S. C., iii. 361. + + Thimble Islands, Conn., ii. 113. + + Thomas, David, i. 232. + + Thomas, General George H., iii. 342. + + Thomas, General George H., statue of, i. 30. + + Thomaston, Me., iii. 266. + + Thompson Canyon, British Columbia, iii. 494. + + Thompson Island, Boston Harbor, Mass., iii. 33. + + Thompson, Launt, ii. 246. + + Thompson River, iii. 494. + + Thompsonville, Conn., iii. 166. + + Thomson, Charles, i. 180. + + Thomson, James, ii. 326. + + Thoreau, Henry D., ii. 403, 437; iii. 18, 22, 50, 62, 68, 196, 521. + + Thorn Mountain, N. H., iii. 213. + + Thoroughfare Gap, Va., i. 103. + + "Thousand Islands," ii. 411. + + Thousand Island Park, ii. 414. + + Three Brothers, Yosemite Valley, Cal., iii. 452. + + "Three Forks," iii. 383, 480. + + Three Rivers, Canada, ii. 455. + + "Three Sisters," Niagara Falls, ii. 391. + + "Three Sisters," Canada, ii. 415. + + "Three Turks' Heads," iii. 86. + + Throgg's Neck, N. Y., ii. 65, 94. + + "Thud" Geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 495. + + Thunder Bay, i. 455. + + Thunder Cape, i. 455. + + Thunder Mountain, N. Y., ii. 148. + + Thunderbolt River, i. 357. + + Thunderbolt Shell Road, Savannah, Ga., i. 357. + + Tia Juana, Mexico, iii. 441. + + Ticknor, George, ii. 5; iii. 181. + + Ticonderoga, N. Y., ii. 291. + + Ticonderoga Creek, N. Y., ii. 285. + + "Tidewater Indians," i. 81. + + Tiffany's, New York City, ii. 41. + + Tilden, Samuel J., ii. 107. + + Timber, i. 347. + + Tin Mountain, N. H., iii. 213. + + Tippecanoe River, i. 407. + + Tip Top House, Mount Washington, N. H., iii. 206. + + Titusville, Fla., i. 378. + + Titusville, Pa., i. 334, 339. + + Tivoli, N. Y., ii. 182. + + Tobacco, i. 115, 345. + + Tobacco Exchange, Richmond, Va., i. 115. + + Tobacco, use of as medium of exchange, i. 71. + + Tobique River, iii. 286. + + Tohick-hanne, i. 222. + + Tohickon Creek, Pa., i. 222. + + Tohopekaliga, Indian chief, i. 387, 389. + + Toledo, O., i. 424. + + _Toledo Blade_, i. 424. + + "Tom Quick," i. 256. + + "Tom the Tinker," i. 293. + + "Tom Kedgewick" River, ii. 503. + + Tombigbee River, iii. 274. + + Tombs City Prison, New York City, ii. 38. + + Tomoka River, i. 377. + + Tompkins, Daniel D., ii. 10. + + Topeka, Kan., iii. 387. + + Toronto, Canada, ii. 406. + + _Toronto Globe_, ii. 407. + + Torpedo Station, Newport, R. I., iii. 138. + + "Torwen-Dorp," ii. 140. + + "Totem poles," iii. 501. + + Touro, Judah, iii. 137. + + Touro Park, Newport, R. I., iii. 137. + + Tower Building, New York City, ii. 30. + + Tower Creek, Yellowstone Park, i. 485. + + Tower Grove Park, St. Louis, Mo., iii. 396. + + "Tower of Victory," Newburg, N. Y., ii. 171. + + Tower Rock, Cayuga Lake, N. Y., ii. 360. + + Training Station, Newport, R. I., iii. 138. + + Trappists, ii. 443. + + Travis, Colonel, iii. 432. + + Treadwell, John, iii. 503. + + Treadwell gold mine, Douglas Island, Alaska, iii. 502. + + "Treason Hill," ii. 147. + + "Treason House," ii. 147. + + Treasury Building, Washington, D. C., i. 22. + + "Treaty Elm," i. 155. + + Tredegar Iron Works, Richmond, Va., i. 114. + + Tremont Street, Boston, Mass., iii. 41. + + Tremont Temple, Boston, Mass., iii. 40. + + Trempealeau Island, Wisconsin, i. 467. + + Trent, William, i. 212. + + Trenton, N. J., i. 211. + + Trenton Falls, N. Y., ii. 345. + + "Trenton gravel," i. 208. + + _Tribune_ Building, New York City, ii. 34. + + "Tri-mountain," iii. 30. + + Trinidad, Col., iii. 458. + + Trinity Church, New York City, ii. 28. + + Trinity Church Cemetery, Washington Heights, N. Y., ii. 60. + + Trinity College, Durham, N. C., iii. 362. + + Trinity College, Hartford, Conn., iii. 161. + + Trinity Episcopal Church, Boston, Mass., iii. 48. + + "Trinity Height," iii. 208. + + Trinity River, iii. 430. + + Triphammer Fall, N. Y., ii. 360. + + "Tri-States Corner," i. 257, 258. + + "Tri-States Rock," i. 288. + + Trois Pistoles, Canada, ii. 508. + + Trollope. Anthony, ii. 377, 383; iii. 202. + + "Trombone choir," i. 228. + + Troy. N. Y., ii. 214. + + Truckee River, iii. 477. + + Trumbull, Jonathan, ii. 97. + + Truro, Canada, iii. 303. + + Truro, Mass., iii. 21. + + "Truthful James," iii. 448. + + "Tschoop of the Mohicans," i. 229. + + Tselica river, iii. 359. + + _Tselica_, iii. 360. + + "Tsonnundawaonos," ii. 338. + + Tuckahoe Valley. Pa., i. 308. + + Tuckerman's Ravine, Mount Washington. N. H., iii. 211. + + Tucson. Arizona, iii. 435. + + Tugaloo River, iii. 364. + + Tulane University, New Orleans, La., iii. 418. + + Tupper Lakes. N. Y., ii. 323, 325. + + Turkey Bend. Va., i. 61. + + "Turkey bends," i. 385. + + Turkey Mountain. Pa., i. 303. + + Turpentine, i. 347. + + Tuscaloosa, Ala., iii. 369. + + Tuscaloosa. Indian chief, iii. 369. + + Tuscaloosa River, iii. 369. + + Tuscarawas River, i. 402. + + Tuscarora Gap. Pa., i. 302. + + Tuscarora Indians, i. 302, 303; ii. 337. + + Tuscarora Mountain, Pa., i. 302. + + Tuskegee, Ala., iii. 370. + + Tusket Islands, Canada, iii. 300. + + Tusket River, iii. 300. + + Tusten, Colonel, i. 261. + + Tuttletown, Cal., iii. 448. + + Tuxedo Lake, N. Y., ii. 134. + + Twain, Mark, iii. 163, 448. + + "Tweed Ring," ii. 35. + + "Twin Cities," i. 468. + + "Two-Ocean Pond," i. 509. + + _Two Years Before the Mast_, iii. 440, 516. + + Tybee Roads, Ga., i. 356. + + Tyler, John, i. 115. + + Tyler-Davidson Fountain, Cincinnati, O., iii. 332. + + Tyndall, Prof. John, ii. 382. + + Tyrone, Pa., i. 308. + + + Unaka Mountains, N. C., iii. 354. + + Uncas, Indian chief, i. 230; ii. 113; iii. 102. + + Uncatina, Mass., iii. 145. + + _Uncle Remus_, iii. 366. + + _Uncle Tom's Cabin_, ii. 74; iii. 78, 247. + + "Underground Railroad," i. 285. + + Undine's Veil, Cascade Mountains, iii. 484. + + Union College, Schenectady, N. Y., ii. 335. + + "Union Line," i. 206. + + Union Metallic Cartridge Company's Works, Bridgeport, Conn., ii. 101. + + "United Nieu Nederlandts Company," ii. 199. + + Union Pacific Railway, iii. 460. + + Union Square, New York City, ii. 41. + + Union Station, St. Louis, Mo., iii. 397. + + Union Stock Yards, Chicago, Ill., i. 436. + + Union Trust Building, New York City, ii. 31. + + "United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing," ii. 196. + + United States Armory, Springfield, Mass., iii. 167. + + United States Hotel, Saratoga, N. Y., ii. 221. + + United States Mint Philadelphia, Pa., i. 169. + + United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Md., i. 87. + + United States oil well, i. 337. + + United States Spring, Saratoga, N. Y., ii. 224. + + United States Treasury, New York City, ii. 31. + + United Verde Copper Mines, Arizona, iii. 460. + + University Hall, Cambridge, Mass., iii. 62. + + University Hill, Syracuse, N. Y., ii. 357. + + University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, iii. 369. + + University of California, San Francisco, Cal., iii. 515. + + University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill., i. 435. + + University of Colorado, Boulder, Col., iii. 464. + + University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, iii. 330. + + University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich., i. 452. + + University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn., i. 470. + + University of New Brunswick, Canada, iii. 287. + + University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N. C., iii. 362. + + University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 174. + + University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tenn., iii. 352. + + University of Toronto, Canada, ii. 407, 408. + + University of Vermont, Burlington, Vt., ii. 302. + + University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va., i. 124. + + University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis., i. 464. + + University Press, Cambridge, Mass., iii. 60. + + Upland, i. 153. + + Upper Ausable Lake, N. Y., ii. 314. + + Upper Firehole Basin, Yellowstone Park, ii. 497. + + Upper Saranac Lake. N. Y., ii. 323. + + Upsalquitch River, ii. 503. + + Ursuline Convent, Quebec, Canada, ii. 473. + + Utah Lake, iii. 474. + + Ute Pass, Col., iii. 466. + + Utica, N. Y., ii. 343. + + Utter's Peak, Pa., i. 255. + + + Vale of Tempe, N. Y., ii. 165. + + Vale of Wyoming, Pa., i. 236. + + Valeur Island, Lake Champlain, N. Y., ii. 308. + + Vallejo, Cal., iii. 514. + + Valley Creek, Pa., i. 281. + + Valley Falls, R. I., iii. 114. + + Valley Forge, Pa., i. 187. + + "Valley of Virginia," i. 38, 123. + + Van Buren, Martin, i. 19; ii. 194, 198. + + Van Corlaer, Arent, ii. 335. + + Van Cortlandt Park, Greater New York, ii. 63. + + Van Cortlandts, the, ii. 63. + + Vancouver, British Columbia, iii. 497. + + Vancouver, Captain George, iii. 498, 504, 510. + + Vancouver Island, British Columbia, iii. 498. + + Van Dam, Rambout, ii. 139. + + Vanderbilt, Commodore Cornelius, ii. 17, 51; iii. 341. + + Vanderbilt, George, iii. 357. + + Vanderbilt University, Ky., iii. 341. + + Vanderbilt, William H., ii. 17, 51. + + Vanderbilt, William K., ii. 52. + + Vanderdonck, patroon, ii. 136. + + Vanderheyden, Derick, ii. 214. + + Vanderheyden, Jacob, ii. 208. + + "Vanderheyden Palace," Albany, N. Y., ii. 208. + + Van Dyck, Sir Anthony, i. 63. + + Van Dyke, Henry A., ii. 194. + + Van Rensselaer, Colonel Henry K., ii. 194. + + Van Rensselaer, General Stephen, ii. 201, 215. + + Van Rensselaer, Killian, ii. 198. + + Van Rensselaer mansion, Albany, N. Y., ii. 207. + + Van Schaick's Island, N. Y., ii. 215. + + Van Tassel, Baltus, ii. 142. + + Van Tassel, Jacob, ii. 142. + + Van Tassel, Katrina, ii. 144. + + Van Wart Isaac, ii. 142. + + Varennes, Canada, ii. 454. + + Varina, plantation, i. 59. + + Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, N. Y., ii. 176. + + Vassar, Matthew, ii. 39. 176. + + Vauban, Sebastien le P., iii. 311. + + Vaughan, Samuel, i. 48. + + Vernal Fall Yosemite Valley, Cal., iii. 454. + + Vernon, Admiral Edward, i. 43. + + Verplanck House, Fishkill, N. Y., ii. 171. + + Verplanck, Philip, ii. 148. + + Verplanck's Point, N. Y., ii. 147. + + "Verts Monts," ii. 293. + + Vestibule, Memorial Hall, Cambridge, Mass., iii. 62. + + Veta Pass, Col., iii. 467. + + Vicksburg, Miss., iii. 408. + + Victoria Tubular Bridge, Montreal, Canada, ii. 431. + + Victoria Skating Rink, Montreal, Canada, ii. 440. + + Victoria Tower, Ottawa, Canada, ii. 453. + + "Vigilance Committees," iii. 517. + + Villard, Henry, iii. 480. + + "Ville Marie de Montreal," ii. 428. + + "Ville Marie," Montreal, Canada, ii. 434. + + Vimont, Father, ii. 429. + + Vinalhaven Island, Me., iii. 266. + + Vineyard Haven, Martha's Vineyard, Mass., iii. 147. + + Vineyard Sound, Mass., iii. 143. + + "Virginia," the, iii. 255. + + Virginia City, Nevada, iii. 478. + + "Virginia Company," i. 4, 5. + + Virgin's Tears, Yosemite Valley, Cal., iii. 452. + + Vis Kill, N. Y., ii. 69. + + "Vixen" Geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 493. + + Voltaire, François-Marie A., ii. 474. + + "Volunteer of 1861," iii. 65. + + Volusia, Fla., i. 386. + + Von Corlaer, Anthony, ii. 58. + + Von Humboldt, Baron Karl W., i. 14. + + Von Kleek, Baltus, ii. 175. + + "Vulture," the, ii. 146, 159. + + + Waal-bogt, ii. 72. + + Wabash River, i. 409; iii. 342. + + Wabasha, Minn., i. 467. + + Wade, Jenny, i. 136. + + Wade Park, Cleveland, O., i. 420. + + Wahsatch Mountains, Utah, iii. 475. + + Wahunsonacock, Indian chief, i. 57. + + Wakulla Spring, Fla., i. 390. + + Walden Pond, Concord, Mass., iii. 68. + + Waldo, Samuel, iii. 266. + + Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, New York City, ii. 46. + + "Walink-papeek," i. 267. + + Walker, Admiral Hovenden, ii. 478; iii. 309. + + "Walking skeleton," ii. 206. + + Wall Street, New York City, ii. 31. + + Wallabout, Brooklyn, N. Y., ii. 72. + + Wallabout Market, Brooklyn, N. Y., ii. 73. + + Wallace, General Lew, iii. 459. + + Wallenpaupack Creek, Pa., i. 266. + + Wallface Mountain, N. Y., ii. 237. + + Wallingford, Conn., ii. 111. + + Wallkill River, ii. 176. + + Walloons, ii. 72. + + "Walls of Corn," iii. 390. + + Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 161. + + Walnut Hills, Vicksburg, Miss., iii. 408. + + Walpack Bend, Pa., i. 253. + + Walter, Thomas U., i. 14, 167. + + Walters, Henry, i. 92. + + Waltham, Mass., iii. 64. + + Wampanoag Indians, iii. 124. + + Wamsutta muslins, iii. 140. + + Wanamaker, John, ii. 41. + + Wapanachki, i. 156. + + Wap-o-wang River, ii. 103. + + Wapta River, iii. 491. + + War College, Newport, R. I., iii. 138. + + War Department Building, Washington, D. C., i. 22. + + Ware, Mass., iii. 119. + + Ware River, iii. 119. + + Warham, John, iii. 166. + + Warner, Charles Dudley, ii. 315; iii. 443. + + Warner, Susan, ii. 156. + + Warren, Admiral John B., iii. 312, 314. + + Warren, Dr. Joseph, iii. 42, 57. + + Warren, Lavinia, ii. 102. + + Warren, R. I., iii. 123. + + Warrenton, Va., i. 124. + + Warrior Ridge, Pa., i. 306. + + "Warrior's Path," i. 232. + + Wash Tubs, geysers, Yellowstone Park, i. 501. + + Washburn & Moen Wire Works, Worchester, Mass., iii. 118. + + Washburn Observatory, Madison, Wis., i. 464. + + Washburne, Cadwalader C., iii. 246. + + Washburne, Elihu B., iii. 246. + + Washburne, Israel, iii. 246. + + Washington Aqueduct, D. C., i. 41. + + Washington, Augustine, i. 43, 50. + + Washington, Booker T., iii. 371. + + Washington Bridge, N. Y., ii. 61. + + Washington Building, New York City, ii. 26. + + Washington, Bushrod, i. 43. + + Washington Centennial Memorial Arch, New York City, ii. 44. + + Washington, D. C., i. 8. + + "Washington Elm," Cambridge, Mass., iii. 58. + + Washington, George, i. 30, 42, 43, 44, 55, 87, 89, 111, 162, 178, + 181, 213, 276, 292, 321, 322; ii. 15, 22, 25, 29, 32, 36, 41, + 97, 137, 159, 170; iii. 36, 58, 63, 159. + + Washington Heights, N. Y., ii. 60. + + Washington, Lawrence, i. 43, 45. + + Washington, Martha, i. 45, 48. + + Washington Monument, Washington, D. C., i. 32. + + Washington, Pa., i. 333. + + Washington Park, Albany, N. Y., ii. 207. + + _Washington Post_, i. 34. + + Washington relics, i. 46. + + Washington Square, New York City, ii. 44. + + Washington Square, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 160. + + Washington Street, Boston, Mass., iii. 41. + + Washington University, Mo., iii. 396. + + Washington's Farewell Address, i. 48. + + Washita River, iii. 406. + + Watch Hill Point, R. I., ii. 118. + + "Watch House," Plymouth, Mass., iii. 15. + + Waterbury River, ii. 304. + + "Water cures," ii. 367. + + Waterford, N. Y., ii. 214. + + Waterford, R. I., iii. 117. + + Waterville, Me., iii. 251. + + Watervliet Arsenal, N. Y., ii. 214. + + Watkins Glen, N. Y., ii. 362, 364. + + Watuppa Lakes, Fall River, Mass., iii. 128. + + Waukawan Lake, N. H., iii. 195. + + Waverley, Canada, iii. 303. + + "Wawona," tree, iii. 450. + + Waycross, Georgia, i. 357. + + Wayne, General Anthony, i. 281, 406, 424. + + Webb, Captain, ii. 393. + + Weber Canyon, Utah, iii. 473. + + Weber River, iii. 473. + + Webster, Daniel, ii. 92; iii. 26, 38, 44, 57, 79, 181, 195. + + Webster, Edward, iii. 26. + + Webster, Fletcher, iii. 26. + + Webster, Noah, ii. 107, 112. + + Weehawken, N. J., ii. 14. + + Weetamoo, Indian princess, iii. 84. + + Weirs Landing, N. H., iii. 220. + + "We-la-ka," i. 381. + + Welaka, Fla., i. 382. + + "Welcome," the, i. 154. + + Welfleet, Mass., iii. 21. + + Wellington, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, iii. 498. + + Welles Building, New York City, ii. 30. + + Wellesley Female College, Wellesley, Mass., iii. 51. + + Wellesley, Mass., iii. 51. + + Wells, Me., iii. 241. + + Wells River, iii. 182. + + Wells River (village), Vt., iii. 182. + + Welsh Mountain, Pa., i. 281. + + Wenawmien, i. 157. + + Wenham Lake, Mass., iii. 77. + + Wentworth, Benning, iii. 229. + + Wentworth Hotel, Newcastle Island, N. H., iii. 229. + + Wepecket, Mass., iii. 145. + + Wequash, Indian chief, ii. 117. + + Wesco, iii. 150. + + Wesley, Charles, i. 356. + + Wesley, John, i. 356. + + Wesleyan Female College, Macon, Ga., iii. 369. + + Wesleyan Methodist College, Middletown, Conn., iii. 159. + + West, Benjamin, i. 163. + + West Brighton Beach, Coney Island, N. Y., ii. 82. + + West Canada Creek, N. Y., ii. 345. + + West Chop, Martha's Vineyard, Mass., iii. 147. + + West End, Boston, Mass., iii. 47. + + West End, Long Branch, N. J., i. 194. + + West Florida Seminary, Tallahassee, Fla., i. 390. + + West Peak, Meriden, Conn., iii. 160. + + West Point, Ga., iii. 370. + + West Point, N. Y., ii. 153. + + West Point Cemetery, West Point, N. Y., ii. 162. + + West, Thomas, i. 144. + + Westerly, Conn., ii. 118. + + Western Mountain, Mount Desert Island, Me., iii. 269. + + "Western Reserve," i. 416. + + Western Reserve University, Cleveland, O., i. 420. + + Westfield, Mass., iii. 169. + + Westinghouse Air-Brake Works, Pittsburg, Pa., i. 328. + + Westinghouse Electrical Works, Pittsburg, Pa., i. 327. + + Westinghouse, George, i. 328. + + Westminster Park, Thousand Island Park, N. Y., ii. 414. + + _Westminster Review_, i. 136. + + Westover House, i. 63. + + _Westover Manuscripts_, i. 64. + + Westover, plantation, i. 63. + + Westport, N. Y., ii. 311. + + Westport Landing, N. Y., ii. 299. + + Wethersfield, Conn., iii. 159. + + Weymouth, Indian trader, iii. 254, 255, 260. + + Whale Cove, Land's End, Mass., iii. 92. + + Whale Indians, iii. 501. + + Whaling industry, decline of, iii. 140. + + Whalley, regicide, ii. 110; iii. 175. + + "What Cheer Cottage," Providence, R. I., iii. 113. + + "What Cheer Rock," Providence, R. I., iii. 108. + + Wheat, i. 281. + + "Wheat-Town," ii. 140. + + Wheat, first crop of, in the United States, i. 68. + + Wheaton House, Newburg, N. Y., ii. 171. + + Wheeler and Wilson Sewing-Machine Works, Bridgeport, Conn., ii. 101. + + Wheeling, W. Va., iii. 327. + + Wheelock, Rev. Eleazer, iii. 181. + + Whetstone Brook, Vt., iii. 178. + + Whetstone Point, Md., i. 93. + + Whetstone River, i. 403. + + Whirlpool, Niagara Falls, ii. 392. + + "Whisky boys," i. 292. + + "Whisky Insurrection," i. 292. + + Whispering Gallery, Capitol, Washington, D. C., i. 16. + + White Hill, N. J., i. 203. + + White House, Washington, D. C., i. 18. + + "White Mountain Giant," iii. 203. + + White Mountain Notch, N. H., iii. 197. + + White Mountains, N. H., iii. 187. + + White, Peregrine, iii. 9. + + White River, Vermont, iii. 181. + + White River, Arkansas, iii. 404. + + "White Spot," Penn's Mount, Pa., i. 189. + + White, William, i. 170. + + Whitefield, George, i. 19, 356; ii. 119; iii. 35, 42, 73, 82, 312. + + Whitehall Slip, New York City, ii. 25. + + Whitingham, Vt., iii. 179. + + Whitney, Eli, ii. 98, 107, 112; iii. 373. + + White's Island, Isles of Shoals, iii. 233. + + White's Pass, Alaska, iii. 506. + + Whittier, John G., i. 40, 443, 481; ii. 100, 125, 246, 512; + iii. 71, 73, 81, 82, 94, 150, 151, 196, 218, 221, 222, 227, + 248, 250, 258, 272, 280, 388, 522. + + Wickford, R. I., iii. 105. + + "Widows' House," Bethlehem, Pa., i. 228. + + "Wild Cat," i. 376. + + Wild Cat Ridge, N. H., iii. 212. + + Wildercliff estate, ii. 180. + + Wilderstein estate, ii. 180. + + Wilderness, Va., battle of, i. 104. + + Wilkesbarre, Pa., i. 238. + + Willamette River, iii. 485. + + Willett's Point, N. Y., ii. 94. + + Willey House, White Mountain Notch, N. H., iii. 201. + + Willey, Samuel, iii. 201. + + William IV., ii. 95. + + Williams, Betsy, iii. 113. + + Williams College, Williamstown, Mass., ii. 245, 281. + + Williams, Colonel Ephraim, ii. 281. + + Williams, David, ii. 142. + + Williams River, iii. 180. + + Williams, Robert, ii. 93. + + Williams, Roger, ii. 77; iii. 76, 99, 100, 108, 113. + + Williamsburg, Va., i. 52. + + Williamsport, Pa., i. 299. + + Williamstown, Mass., ii. 245. + + "Williams' Rock," Lake George, N. Y., ii. 281. + + Willis, Nathaniel P., i. 255; ii. 172; iii. 71, 243. + + Willoughby Island, Alaska, iii. 504. + + Wilmington, Del., i. 150. + + Wilmington, N. C., i. 347. + + Wilmington Notch, N. Y., ii. 305. + + Wilmington Pass, N. Y., ii. 321. + + Wilson, Alexander, i. 173. + + Wilson, Judge James, i. 267. + + Winchester, Va., i. 102. + + "Wind Gap," Pa., i. 231, 248. + + Windsor, Vt., iii. 180. + + Windsor Locks, Conn., iii. 166. + + Windsor on the Avon, Canada, iii. 295. + + Wingaersheek, iii. 86. + + Winnakee Brook, N. Y., ii. 174. + + Winnepurkit, Indian chief, iii. 83. + + Winnipeg, Canada, i. 479; iii. 485. + + Winnipeg River, i. 479. + + Winona, Minn., i. 467. + + Winooski River, ii. 303. + + Winslow, Governor Edward, iii. 26. + + "Winterberg," ii. 262. + + Winter Park, Fla., i. 387. + + Winthrop, Governor John, ii. 120; iii. 29, 31, 40, 74. + + Winthrop, Theodore, iii. 185. + + Wirtz, Henry, iii. 370. + + "Wisdom stone," i. 184. + + Wise, Henry A., i. 116. + + Wissahickon Creek, Pa., i. 180. + + Witch Hill, Salem, Mass., iii. 76. + + Witherspoon, Dr. John, i. 215. + + Wizard Island, Oregon, iii. 513. + + "Wizard of Menlo Park," ii. 21. + + Wolcott, Oliver, ii. 263. + + Wolcottville, Conn., ii. 264. + + Wolf Indians, iii. 501. + + Wolfboro', N. H., iii. 219. + + Wolfe, General James, i. 252; iii. 315. + + Wolfe Island, Canada, ii. 411. + + Wolfe monument, Quebec, Canada, ii. 471. + + Wolfe-Montcalm monument, Quebec, Canada, ii. 470. + + Wolfe's Cove, Canada, ii. 471. + + "Wolfert's Roost," ii. 142 + + Wolseley, Lord Garnet J., i. 478. + + _Wood Giant_, iii. 196. + + Woodbury, Levi, iii. 181. + + Woodlawn Park, N. Y., ii. 226. + + Woodruff, Theodore T., i. 439. + + "Wooden-nutmeg State," ii. 97. + + Wood's Holl, Mass, iii. 144. + + Woodstock, Canada, iii. 287. + + Woodward Hill Cemetery, Lancaster, Pa., i. 282. + + Woodworth, Samuel, iii. 28. + + Wool, General John E., ii. 170. + + Woolsey, Theodore D., ii. 107. + + Woonsocket Hill, R. I., iii. 117. + + Wooster, General David, ii. 264. + + Worcester, Mass., iii. 117. + + Wordsworth, William, i. 442. + + Wordsworth Athenæum, Hartford, Conn., iii. 164. + + World's Columbian Exhibition, Chicago, Ill., i. 429. + + Woronoco, iii. 169. + + Worth, General William J., i. 377; ii. 42, 194. + + Wrangell, Baron Ferdinand, iii. 500. + + Wright, Harry, i. 180. + + Wright, Philemon, ii. 449. + + Wright, Silas, ii. 203. + + "Writing Rock," Taunton, Mass., iii. 121. + + Wyandance, Indian chief, ii. 122. + + Wyandot Indians, i. 319; iii. 392. + + Wyandotte, Kan., iii. 391. + + Wyoming coal measures, i. 237. + + Wyoming massacre, i. 241. + + Wyoming Vale, Pa., i. 237. + + + Ximenes, Francisco, iii. 442. + + + Yadkin River, iii. 362. + + Yale, British Columbia, iii. 497. + + Yale College, New Haven, Conn., ii. 106, 114. + + Yale, Elihu, ii. 107. + + Yallabusha River, iii. 407. + + "Yankee notions," ii. 97. + + Yankton, South Dakota, iii. 384. + + Yantic Falls, Conn., iii. 104. + + Yarmouth, Canada, iii. 290. + + Yarmouth, Mass., iii. 21. + + Yazoo Basin, iii. 406. + + Yazoo Indians, ii. 463. + + Yazoo River, iii. 407. + + "Ye Governour's Farme of Fyscher's Island," ii. 120. + + Yeardley, Sir George, i. 69. + + Yellowstone Canyon, i. 508. + + Yellowstone Falls, i. 505. + + Yellowstone Lake, i. 485, 504. + + Yellowstone National Park, i. 484. + + Yellowstone River, i. 483, 504. + + Yerba Buena, iii. 516. + + Yerba Buena Park, San Francisco, Cal., iii. 519. + + Yerkes Observatory, Lake Geneva, Wis., i. 435. + + Yoacamoco, i. 85. + + Yokun-town, Mass., ii. 250. + + Yonge Street, Toronto, Canada, ii. 408. + + Yonkers, N. Y., ii. 135. + + York, Me., iii. 240. + + York Beach, Me., iii. 240. + + York River, i. 8, 51. + + Yorktown, Va., i. 52. + + Yorktown, Va., sieges of, i. 53, 54. + + Yosemite Creek, Cal., iii. 452. + + Yosemite Falls, Cal., iii. 452. + + Yosemite Point, Cal., iii. 453. + + Yosemite Valley, Cal., iii. 450. + + Young, Brigham, iii. 179, 394, 473, 475. + + Young, John, ii. 203. + + Youngstown, Ohio, i. 402. + + Youghiogheny River, i. 320, 330. + + Yukon River, iii. 500. + + Yuma, Arizona, iii. 437. + + Yuma Indians, iii. 437. + + + Zaeger's Kill, ii. 182. + + "Zenith City of the Unsalted Seas," i. 460. + + Zinzendorf, Count Nikolaus L., i. 227, 239. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of America, Volume 6 (of 6), by Joel Cook + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 42872 *** |