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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 42872 ***
+
+Transcriber's Note:
+
+  Inconsistent hyphenation and spelling in the original document have
+  been preserved. Obvious typographical errors have been corrected.
+
+  Italic text is denoted by _underscores_.
+
+  This book was printed in a 6-volume set and a 3-volume set. Although
+  this e-book was from the 6-volume set, the title page refers
+  to "Vol. III."  The index references are to the 3-volume set.
+
+
+
+
+     FROM THE OHIO TO THE GULF.
+
+     VOL. III.
+
+
+
+
+  [Illustration: _Pack Train on the Skaguay Trail, Alaska_]
+
+
+
+
+     _EDITION ARTISTIQUE_
+
+     The World's Famous
+     Places and Peoples
+
+     AMERICA
+
+     BY
+     JOEL COOK
+
+     In Six Volumes
+
+     Volume VI.
+
+     MERRILL AND BAKER
+     New York    London
+
+
+
+
+THIS EDITION ARTISTIQUE OF THE WORLD'S FAMOUS PLACES AND PEOPLES IS
+LIMITED TO ONE THOUSAND NUMBERED AND REGISTERED COPIES, OF WHICH THIS
+COPY IS NO. ____
+
+
+     Copyright, Henry T. Coates & Co., 1900
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+VOLUME VI
+
+
+                                                            PAGE
+
+     PACK TRAIN ON THE SKAGUAY TRAIL, ALASKA      _Frontispiece_
+
+     TYLER-DAVIDSON FOUNTAIN, CINCINNATI, OHIO               332
+
+     BRIDGE CROSSING THE MISSISSIPPI AT ST. LOUIS            396
+
+     CLOISTER OF MISSION, SAN JUAN CAPISTRANO                442
+
+     GATEWAY, GARDEN OF THE GODS, COLORADO                   466
+
+     SITKA, ALASKA, FROM THE SEA                             500
+
+
+
+
+XIX.
+
+FROM THE OHIO TO THE GULF.
+
+     The Ohio River -- Economy -- The Harmonists -- Columbiana --
+     Wheeling -- Moundsville -- Marietta -- Parkersburg --
+     Blennerhassett's Island -- Point Pleasant -- Maysville --
+     Blue Grass -- Lexington -- Cincinnati -- Covington --
+     Newport -- Dayton -- North Bend -- Carrolton -- Frankfort --
+     Kentucky River -- Daniel Boone -- Louisville --
+     Jeffersonville -- Bowling Green -- Mammoth Cave -- Nashville
+     -- Battle of Nashville -- Evansville -- Cairo -- Cumberland
+     River -- Tennessee River -- Forts Henry and Donelson --
+     Battle of Shiloh -- Cumberland Mountains -- Cumberland Gap
+     -- Mount Mitchell -- Chattanooga -- Missionary Ridge --
+     Lookout Mountain -- Chickamauga Park -- The Chickamauga
+     Battles -- Rosecrans against Bragg -- Battle Above the
+     Clouds -- Grant Defeats Bragg -- Knoxville -- Parson
+     Brownlow -- Greenville -- Andrew Johnson -- Roan Mountain --
+     Land of the Sky -- Swannanoa River -- Buncombe -- Asheville
+     -- Biltmore -- Hickory-Nut Gap -- French Broad River -- Hot
+     Springs -- Spartansburg -- Cowpens -- King's Mountain --
+     Charlotte -- Mecklenburg -- Salisbury Prison -- Guilford
+     Court House -- Chapel Hill -- Durham -- Raleigh -- Columbia
+     -- Aiken -- Augusta -- Chattahoochee River -- Atlanta -- Its
+     Siege and Capture -- Sherman's March to the Sea -- Rome --
+     Anniston -- Talladega -- Birmingham -- Tuscaloosa -- Macon
+     -- Andersonville Prison -- Columbus -- West Point --
+     Tuskegee -- Alabama River -- Montgomery -- Cotton
+     Plantations -- Selma -- Meridian -- Jackson -- Tombigbee
+     River -- Mobile and Its Bay -- Admiral Farragut -- Capture
+     of Mobile Forts -- The Pine and the Orange.
+
+
+THE OHIO RIVER.
+
+The Ohio--the Indian "stream white with froth," the French _La Belle
+Riviere_--is the greatest river draining the western slopes of the
+Alleghenies. Its basin embraces over two hundred thousand square
+miles, and it flows for a thousand miles from Pittsburg to the
+Mississippi at Cairo. In the upper reaches the Ohio is about twelve
+hundred feet wide, broadening below to twenty-four hundred feet, its
+depth varying fifty to sixty feet in the stages between low and high
+water, and it goes along with smooth and placid current at one to
+three miles an hour, having no fall excepting a rocky rapid of
+twenty-six feet descent in two miles at Louisville. From Pittsburg it
+flows northwest about twenty-six miles at the bottom of a deep canyon
+it has carved down in the table land, so that steep and lofty hills
+enclose it. Then the river turns west and finally south around the
+long and narrow "Panhandle" protruding northward from the State of
+West Virginia. It passes through a thriving agricultural region, with
+many prosperous cities on its banks, almost everyone having a great
+railway bridge carrying over the many lines seeking the west and
+south. In its whole course it descends some four hundred feet; its
+scenery is largely pastoral and gentle, without the grandeur given by
+bold cliffs, although much of the shores are beautiful, and its banks
+in various places disclose elevated terraces, indicating that it
+formerly flowed at much higher levels, whilst its winding route gives
+a constant succession of curves that add to the attractiveness.
+
+Eighteen miles from Pittsburg is the town of Economy, where are the
+fine farms and oil-wells of the quaint community of "Harmonists."
+Georg Rapp, of Wurtumberg, believing he was divinely called to restore
+the Christian religion to its original purity, established a colony
+there on the model of the primitive church, with goods held in common,
+which in 1803 he transplanted to Pennsylvania, settling in Butler
+County. A few years later they removed to Indiana, but soon came back,
+and founded their settlement of Economy in Beaver County in 1824.
+Originally they numbered six hundred, and grew very rich, but being
+celibates, their community dwindled until there were only eighteen,
+who owned a tract of twenty-five hundred acres with valuable buildings
+and much personal property, so that if divided it was estimated each
+would have more than $100,000. The baby "Harmonist" then was over
+sixty years old, and to perpetuate the community, in 1888 they began
+accepting proselytes, who assumed all the obligations with vows of
+celibacy, and thus the number was increased to fifty. Economy is a
+sleepy village, its vine-covered houses built with gables towards the
+street and without front doors, all being entered from side-yards.
+They now labor but little themselves, their factories are silent, and
+their noted brand of Pennsylvania "Economy whiskey" is no longer
+distilled. Their church-bell rings them up at five o'clock in the
+morning, they breakfast at six, and at seven the bell again rings for
+the farmhands to go to work. At nine the bell summons them to lunch,
+at twelve to dinner, at three to lunch again, at six to supper, and at
+nine in the evening it finally warns the village to go to bed. They
+have a noted wine-cellar, and none drink water, but they give all the
+hands wine and cider, and present cake and wine to every visitor. At
+the church service, the men sit on one side and the women on the
+other, and when a "Harmonist" dies he is wrapped in a winding-sheet
+and buried in the "white graveyard," no tombstone marking the grave.
+They have recently suffered from litigation, others trying to get a
+share of their wealth, but they live quietly, awaiting the final
+summons, firm in their faith, and thoroughly believing its cardinal
+principle that their last survivor will see the end of the world.
+
+
+GOING DOWN THE OHIO.
+
+Having crossed the Pennsylvania western boundary, the Ohio River
+separates West Virginia from the State of Ohio, passing a region which
+seems mournful from the many abandoned oil-derricks displayed near the
+banks for a long distance. The Ohio shore is Columbiana County, a name
+fancifully compounded by an early State Legislature from "Columbus"
+and "Anna;" and it is recorded that when the subject was pending one
+member proposed to add "Maria," so that the euphonious whole would be
+"Columbianamaria." His effort failed, however. At the various towns,
+the railroads come out from the mountain regions of West Virginia,
+bringing the bituminous coal for shipment. Ninety-four miles below
+Pittsburg is Wheeling, the metropolis of West Virginia, a busy
+manufacturing city of forty thousand people. Farther down, in the
+midst of the flats adjoining the river, at Moundsville, is the great
+Indian Mound, a relic of the prehistoric inhabitants of this region
+standing up eighty feet high and being eight hundred and twenty feet
+in circumference at the base. In this mound were found two sepulchral
+chambers containing three skeletons. At Benwood, near by, one branch
+of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad crosses the river to Bellaire in
+Ohio. The Muskingum River, coming out of the heart of the State, flows
+in at Marietta, a stream thus named by the Delaware Indians when they
+first came to this region, from the abundance of elk and deer who
+could be approached near enough to see their eyes, Muskingum meaning
+"elk's eyes." Marietta is the oldest town in Ohio, settled in 1788 by
+a colony sent out by the "Ohio Company" of New England, which had been
+granted many square miles of land along the river. This colony of
+forty-seven Yankee pioneers marched over the Alleghenies, floated down
+the Ohio on a flatboat which they called the "Mayflower," and landing
+at the mouth of the Muskingum, their first act was writing a set of
+laws and nailing them to a tree, and in this code naming their
+settlement in honor of Marie Antoinette, the Queen of France. A
+company of troops in a little stockade fort protected them from the
+Indians. Here they found a curious mass of ancient fortifications,
+relics of the prehistoric mound-builders--a square enclosed by a wall
+of earth ten feet high, having twelve entrances, a covered way,
+bulwarks to defend the gateways, and other elaborate works, including
+a moat fifteen feet wide defended by a parapet. Thirteen miles below,
+the Little Kanawha River flows in at Parkersburg, and here the other
+branch of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad crosses on a massive bridge,
+a mile and a half long, over the river and lowlands. This is the
+entrepot of a great petroleum district which gives the town a large
+trade, and they are said to be still striking in the Ritchie County
+oilfield thousand-barrel wells. In the river two miles below is the
+noted Blennerhassett's Island, where that gentleman, an Irishman of
+distinction, built himself a splendid mansion and made a fine estate
+in 1798. When Aaron Burr afterwards concocted his notorious
+conspiracy, he induced Blennerhassett to invest his fortune in the
+scheme. Whilst not convicted of treason, Burr's dupe was irretrievably
+ruined and his house and estate fell into decay.
+
+The Great Kanawha flows in, the chief river of West Virginia, at Point
+Pleasant, the Indian "rapid river," and it is now the outlet of one of
+the leading coal-fields, the New River district, in its upper waters,
+the navigation being maintained by an elaborate system of locks and
+movable dams. At the mouth was fought the severest battle with the
+Indians in the Ohio Valley, the tribes from beyond the river attacking
+the troops, but being beaten off after great bloodshed. Huntington is
+beyond, where the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway comes out to the Ohio,
+after having passed Charleston, the West Virginia State capital, fifty
+miles up the Kanawha. The Big Sandy River enters below, the boundary
+of Kentucky, and beyond is the mouth of the Scioto on the Ohio bank,
+where the terminus of the Lake Erie and Ohio Canal gave the start to
+the city of Portsmouth, having twenty thousand people. Maysville, to
+the westward on the Kentucky shore, is a leading hemp-market, and one
+of the towns supplying the famous "Blue Grass Region." The river banks
+here are very attractive and are backed by ranges of hills. Stretching
+southward from the shores are extensive green parks, with few fences
+and only occasional green fields, displaying majestic trees, one of
+the best grazing districts in America, the wealth of the inhabitants
+being in their flocks. Some distance back from the river the blue
+grass begins, so named from its blue tinge when in blossom, the
+district occupying ten thousand square miles in five Kentucky
+counties, the soil being very rich and the extensive pastures lined by
+hemp and tobacco fields. Stock farms abound, and Lexington is the
+metropolis of the district, a thriving town of twenty-five thousand
+people, about eighty miles south of the Ohio, an important horse and
+cattle market, and also famous for its distilleries of the native
+Bourbon whiskies. Here is the noted race-track of the "Kentucky
+Horse-Breeders' Association," and in this district are raised the
+greatest racing horses of America. Probably the leading stock farm is
+at Ashland, a short distance out of town, where Henry Clay long had
+his home. Lexington received its name from having been founded in 1775
+about the time of the battle of Lexington. It has a fine monument to
+Henry Clay, who died in 1852, and it is also the seat of the
+University of Kentucky, with eight hundred students.
+
+
+THE CITY OF CINCINNATI.
+
+Sixty miles below Maysville the Licking River flows out of Kentucky,
+and on the opposite Ohio shore, built upon the magnificent
+amphitheatre of hills rising tier upon tier, and surrounded by
+villa-crowned heights elevated five hundred feet as a background, is
+Ohio's metropolis, Cincinnati, the Queen City. It spreads fourteen
+miles along the river, one of the most important manufacturing and
+commercial centres of the West, and is fronted by Covington and
+Newport on the Kentucky shore, the Licking River dividing them. John
+Cleves Symmes, a prominent American in the eighteenth century, bought
+from the Government after the Revolution a large tract of land in Ohio
+between the Great and Little Miami Rivers, known as "Symmes'
+Purchase." His nephew and namesake was the noted author of the "Theory
+of Concentric Spheres," which was called in derision "Symmes's Hole,"
+and he afterwards died on this tract, being buried there with a
+monument surmounted, according to his pet theory, by a globe open at
+the poles. The people interested in the land purchase decided to
+establish a settlement opposite the mouth of the Licking, and they
+gave it the pedantic name of Losantiville, a word ingeniously
+contrived to describe its position by using the "L" signifying Licking
+River, "os" the mouth, "anti" opposite, and "ville" a city. General
+St. Clair, however, came along afterwards to establish a military post
+in his campaign against the Indians, and being prominently identified
+with the Society of the Cincinnati, he gave the place that name. It
+was for many years a small collection of log cabins, and had only slow
+growth until steamboating began on the Ohio, when it rapidly expanded,
+receiving an additional impetus from the opening of the Miami Canal
+connecting with Lake Erie in 1830 and from the great development of
+the western railway systems after 1840. Its earlier inhabitants came
+largely from the Atlantic States and Kentucky, but subsequently there
+was a great German influx, so that a considerable district north of
+the Miami Canal is their special home, and is familiarly known as
+"Over the Rhine." The Civil War gave the city a serious set-back by
+destroying its extensive Southern trade, but it has since greatly
+grown, and now has a population of four hundred thousand. The
+immediate advantage of location comes from having around it a district
+of a hundred miles radius which is one of the most fertile in America.
+
+The Fountain Square at Fifth Street may be regarded as the business
+centre of Cincinnati, this being an expansion of the street, having
+upon a spacious esplanade the grand bronze Tyler-Davidson Fountain,
+the gift of a prominent townsman, which was cast at the Royal Bronze
+Foundry in Munich and is one of the noblest fountains existing. To the
+northward is the granite United States Government Building which cost
+$5,000,000, while farther inland is the red Romanesque City Hall, with
+a lofty tower, erected at an expense of $1,600,000. The high hills
+enclosing Cincinnati give grand outlooks, and upon them are the finest
+parts of the city. They are reached by inclined-plane railways from
+the lower grounds, as well as by winding roadways. Upon these hills to
+the eastward is Eden Park, a fine pleasure-ground of over two hundred
+acres containing the water reservoirs and an elaborate Art Museum, of
+handsome architecture, surmounted by a red-tiled roof. The famous
+Rookwood Pottery is also on these eastern hills. To the northward
+is Mount Auburn, and beyond, the Clifton Heights with the Burnet
+Woods Park, a fine natural forest. These high encircling hills,
+diversified by ravines, give to suburban Cincinnati a singularly
+picturesque and beautiful environment, being covered by attractive and
+costly villas surrounded by lawns and gardens, making throughout a
+most delicious park. The Spring Grove Cemetery, about five miles to
+the northwest, covers a square mile, and is an appropriate home of the
+dead, having elaborate monuments, of which the finest is the Dexter
+Mausoleum, a Gothic chapel of grand proportions and splendid
+decoration. Five great bridges span the Ohio in front of Cincinnati,
+crossing over to the Kentucky shore at Covington and Newport, where
+there are seventy thousand people, the United States military post of
+Fort Thomas being upon the hills behind Newport. Up the Great Miami,
+sixty miles to the northward, and at its confluence with Mad River, is
+Dayton, a busy manufacturing and railway centre, having seventy
+thousand people. It is the location of the Central National Soldiers'
+Home, where there are several thousand old soldiers, the spacious
+buildings, in an attractive park of seven hundred acres, standing
+prominently on the hills sloping up from the Miami River to the
+westward of the city.
+
+  [Illustration: Tyler-Davidson Fountain, Cincinnati, O.]
+
+
+CINCINNATI TO LOUISVILLE.
+
+North Bend on the Ohio River, fifteen miles from Cincinnati, was the
+home of General William Henry Harrison, and upon a commanding hill is
+his tomb, a modest structure of brick. The family mansion built in
+1814, to which he brought his bride, is still preserved, and in it
+were born his son John Scott Harrison and his grandson, President
+Benjamin Harrison. To the westward the Great Miami River flows in at
+the boundary between Ohio and Indiana. Some distance farther down, at
+Carrolton, is the mouth of the Kentucky River, which named the "Blue
+Grass State," a beautiful stream, having upon its banks, sixty miles
+south of the Ohio, the Kentucky capital, Frankfort. The name of this
+river comes from the Iroquois word _Kentake_, meaning "among the
+meadows," in allusion to a large and almost treeless tract in the
+southern part of the State from which the river flows, called by the
+pioneers "the Barrens." To this region first came the famous hunter
+Daniel Boone, who had been born in Berks County, Pennsylvania, in
+1735, but went in early life to North Carolina. In 1769, being of a
+roving disposition, he crossed the mountains with five companions and
+penetrated the forests of Kentucky, the first white men who trod them.
+He was captured by the Indians, but escaped, returning to North
+Carolina after wandering and hunting through Kentucky over a year. He
+finally moved with some others, all taking their families, into
+Kentucky in 1773, settling on the upper Kentucky River, and building a
+defensive fort there at Boonesborough in 1775. The Indians repeatedly
+attacked the place and were repulsed, but finally, in 1778, they
+captured Boone, taking him northward to Detroit. Again he escaped,
+returning later in the year, having another combat with the Indians at
+his fort and defeating them. For seventeen years afterwards he hunted
+in Kentucky, and his name and exploits became a household word; but
+there was a large migration into the region from Virginia and
+elsewhere, and the increased population was crowding the old hunter
+too much, so he went west in 1795 to Missouri, settling beyond St.
+Louis. He had received large land grants in both States, and had
+various legal conflicts, losing much of his property, but he lived in
+Missouri the remainder of his life, dying there on his farm in 1820 at
+the age of eighty-five. Being the founder of Kentucky, that State in
+1845, as the result of a popular movement, brought back the remains of
+the old hunter, and they were interred near Frankfort, alongside the
+river he loved so well.
+
+The Ohio River flows westward past Madison, a thriving manufacturing
+town on the Indiana bank, and then sweeps around a grand curve to the
+south in its approach to the Kentucky metropolis, Louisville. The view
+of Louisville and Jeffersonville, opposite in Indiana, is very fine,
+as the visitor comes towards them down the river. The Ohio is a mile
+wide, and the Kentucky hills which lined it above, here recede from
+the bank, and do not come out to it again for twenty miles, leaving
+an almost level plain several miles in width, and elevated some
+distance above the water, upon which Louisville is built, spreading
+along the shore for eight miles in a graceful crescent. The rapids at
+the lower end of the city cover the whole width of the river, and go
+down twenty-six feet in two miles, making a series of foaming cascades
+in ordinary stages of water, but being almost entirely obliterated in
+times of freshet, when the steamboats can pass down them. A long canal
+cut through the rocks provides safe navigation around them. An
+expedition of thirteen families of Virginia, under Colonel George
+Rogers Clarke, floated down the Ohio on flatboats in 1778, and halting
+at the falls, settled there, at first on an island, but afterwards on
+the southern shore. This began the town which in 1780 was named by the
+Virginia Legislature in honor of the French King Louis XVI., who was
+then actively aiding the American Revolution. The Ohio River
+steamboating began the city's rapid growth, which was further swelled
+by the later development of railway traffic, and it now has two
+hundred and fifty thousand population. There is a large southern trade
+in provisions and supplies, and it is probably the greatest
+leaf-tobacco market in the world, being also the distributing depot
+for the Kentucky whiskies. There are, besides, other prominent
+branches of manufacture. Its foliage-lined and lawn-bordered streets
+in the residential section are very attractive and a notable feature.
+The chief public buildings are the Court House and the City Hall, the
+former adorned by a statue of the Kentucky statesman Henry Clay. Its
+great disaster was a frightful tornado, which swept a path of
+desolation through the heart of the city in March, 1900, killing
+seventy-six persons and destroying property estimated at $3,000,000.
+Its most famous citizen was George D. Prentice, poet, editor and
+politician, whose monument, a Grecian canopy of marble, is in Cave
+Hill Cemetery, prettily laid out on the hills to the eastward. The
+city has an environment of pleasant parks, and three fine bridges span
+the Ohio in front, crossing to the suburban towns of Jeffersonville
+and New Albany over on the Indiana shore. Five miles east of
+Louisville lived General Zachary Taylor, old "Rough and Ready," who
+commanded the army of the United States in the conquest of Mexico, and
+died while President in 1850. He is buried near his old home.
+
+
+LOUISVILLE TO NASHVILLE.
+
+Southward from Louisville runs the railroad to Nashville, and
+proceeding along it, Green River is reached, which, flowing northwest,
+falls into the Ohio near Evansville. At the Green River crossing were
+fought the initial skirmishes of the Civil War, in various conflicts
+between the western armies of Generals Buell and Bragg in 1862.
+Farther southwestward is Bowling Green, now a quiet agricultural town,
+but then a location at the crossing of Barren River of great strategic
+importance, it having been occupied and strongly fortified by the
+Confederates in 1861, to defend the approach to Nashville. But after
+the capture of Forts Henry and Donelson in February, 1862, the
+Confederates being outflanked abandoned the town, retiring southward.
+Between these places, and adjoining Green River, about ninety miles
+south of Louisville, is the famous Mammoth Cave of Kentucky. This is
+the largest known cavern in the world, extending for a distance of
+nine or ten miles, the various avenues that have been explored having
+a total length approximating two hundred miles. The carboniferous
+limestones of Kentucky, in which the cave is located, occupy an area
+of eight thousand square miles, and the geologists estimate that there
+are probably a hundred thousand miles of open caverns beneath this
+surface. There is a hotel near the cave entrance, and it has several
+thousand visitors annually. Its mouth is reached by passing down a
+rocky ravine through the forest, and is a sort of funnel-shaped
+opening about a hundred feet in diameter at the top, with steep walls
+fifty feet high. A hunter accidentally discovered the cave in 1809,
+and for years afterwards it was entered chiefly to obtain nitre for
+the manufacture of gunpowder, especially during the War of 1812, the
+nitre being found in deposits on the cave floor, mainly near the
+entrance, and owing its origin to the accumulation of animal remains,
+mostly of bats, in which the cave abounds. It subsequently became a
+resort for sight-seers, and yields its owners a good revenue.
+
+Upon entering the cave, the first impression is made by a chaos of
+limestone formations, moist with water oozing from above, and then is
+immediately felt what is known as "the breath" of the cave. It has
+pure air and an even temperature of 52° to 56°, and this is maintained
+all the year round. In summer the relatively cooler air flows out of
+the entrance, while in winter the colder air outside is drawn in, and
+this makes the movement of "the breath," at once apparent from the
+difference of temperature and currents of wind when passing the
+entrance. For nearly a half-mile within are seen the remains of the
+Government nitre-works, the vats being undecayed, while ruts of
+cart-wheels are traceable on the floor. The Rotunda is then entered, a
+hall seventy-five feet high and one hundred and sixty feet across,
+beginning the main cave, and out of which avenues lead in various
+directions. The vast interior beyond contains a succession of
+wonderful avenues, chambers, domes, abysses, grottoes, lakes, rivers,
+cataracts, stalactites, etc., remarkable for size and extraordinary
+appearance, though they are neither as brilliant nor as beautiful as
+similar things seen in some other caves. But their gigantic scale is
+elsewhere unsurpassed. There are eyeless fish and crawfish, and a
+prolific population of bats. In the subterranean explorations there
+are two routes usually followed, a short one of eight miles and
+another of twenty miles. Various appropriate names are given the
+different parts of the cave, and curious and interesting legends are
+told about them, one of the tales being of the "Bridal Chamber," which
+got its name because an ingenious maiden who had promised at the
+deathbed of her mother she would not marry any man on the face of the
+earth, came down here and was wedded. Bayard Taylor wrote of this
+Mammoth Cave, "No description can do justice to its sublimity, or
+present a fair picture of its manifold wonders; it is the greatest
+natural curiosity I have ever visited, Niagara not excepted."
+
+Seventy miles south of Bowling Green, at the Cumberland River, and
+occupying the hills adjoining both banks, is Nashville, the capital
+and largest city of Tennessee, having eighty thousand population. It
+is in an admirable situation, and is known as the "Rock City," its
+most prominent building, the State Capitol, standing upon an abrupt
+yet symmetrical hill, rising like an Indian mound and overlooking the
+entire city, its high tower seen from afar. In the grounds are the
+tomb of President James K. Polk, who died in 1849 and whose home was
+in Nashville, and a fine bronze equestrian statue of General Andrew
+Jackson, the most famous Tennesseean, whose residence, the Hermitage,
+was eleven miles to the eastward. Nashville has considerable
+manufactures, but is chiefly known as the leading educational city of
+the South. The most prominent institution is the Vanderbilt
+University, attended by eight hundred students and endowed by
+Commodore Cornelius Vanderbilt with $1,000,000, his colossal statue,
+unveiled in 1897, standing on the campus. The University of Nashville,
+originally begun by charter of the North Carolina Legislature as an
+Academy in 1785, has four hundred students in its Normal Department,
+which trains teachers for Southern schools, and as many more in its
+Medical Department. There are also the Fisk University, Roger Williams
+University, and Central Tennessee College, all endowments for colored
+students and having about thirteen hundred in attendance. The city has
+various other educational institutions and public buildings, and in
+the southwestern suburbs is the famous Belle Meade stock-farm, where
+was bred Iroquois, the only American horse that was a winner of the
+English Derby. Nashville was in the midst of the Civil War, and four
+miles to the northward is a National Cemetery with over sixteen
+thousand soldiers' graves. The great battle of Nashville was fought
+just south of the city December 15 and 16, 1864. In November of that
+year General Sherman had captured Atlanta, Georgia, to the southeast,
+and the Confederate General Hood, who had lost it, marched in
+Sherman's rear northward and began an invasion of Tennessee, advancing
+upon Nashville and forcing General George H. Thomas to fall back
+within its fortifications south of the Cumberland. For two weeks
+little was done, the weather preventing, but Thomas suddenly attacked,
+and in the two days' battle worsted Hood and put his army to flight,
+pursuing them over the boundary into Alabama, where the remnants
+escaped across the Tennessee River, a demoralized rabble. Hood's army
+being thus destroyed, Sherman, who had been waiting at Atlanta, began
+his famous march to the sea.
+
+The Ohio River below Louisville passes Evansville, the chief town of
+southwestern Indiana, having sixty thousand people and a large trade.
+A short distance beyond, the Wabash River flows in, the boundary
+between Indiana and Illinois. Shawneetown in southern Illinois and
+Paducah in Kentucky are passed, and the Ohio River finally discharges
+its waters into the Mississippi at Cairo, the southern extremity of
+Illinois, the town being built upon a long, low peninsula protruding
+between the two great rivers, around which extensive levees have been
+constructed to prevent inundation. The place has about twelve thousand
+people and considerable manufacturing industry. All about is an
+extensive prairie land, which in times of great spring freshets is
+generally overflowed.
+
+
+CUMBERLAND AND TENNESSEE RIVERS.
+
+A large portion of the waters brought down by the Ohio come from its
+two great affluents flowing in almost alongside each other on the
+southern bank, just above Paducah, the Cumberland and Tennessee
+Rivers. The Cumberland has its sources in the Cumberland Mountains,
+the eastern boundary of Kentucky, and flows for six hundred and fifty
+miles, the whole length of that State, making a wide, sweeping circuit
+down into Tennessee, where it passes Nashville, at the head of
+steamboat navigation, two hundred miles from its mouth. For twenty
+miles above their mouths, in their lower courses, these two great
+rivers are rarely more than three miles apart. The Tennessee is twelve
+hundred miles long from its head stream, the Holston River, rising in
+the mountains east of Kentucky and Tennessee. It comes through East
+Tennessee, makes a great bend down into Alabama, and then coming up
+northward flows through Tennessee and Kentucky to the Ohio. It is
+navigable for nearly three hundred miles to the Mussel Shoals at
+Florence, Alabama, where canals and locks have improved the navigation
+for twenty miles past the shoals, and it can also be navigated for
+eight hundred miles above, excepting at very low stages of water. Its
+name signifies "the river of the Great Bend," and it was also called
+in early times the "river of the Cherokees."
+
+It was by the capture of Fort Donelson, near the mouth of the
+Cumberland River, that General Grant gained his early fame in the
+Civil War. The Confederates erected strong defensive works on the two
+rivers in order to prevent an invasion of Western Kentucky and
+Tennessee. The places selected were about forty miles south of the
+Ohio--Fort Henry being built on the eastern bank of the Tennessee
+River and Fort Donelson on the western bank of the Cumberland, twelve
+miles apart, and connected by a direct road. A combined land and naval
+attack was made on these forts in February, 1862, under command of
+General Grant and Commodore Foote. Fort Henry was easily captured by
+Foote's gunboats on February 6th after an hour's action, most of the
+garrison retreating across the neck of land to Fort Donelson. Grant
+then invested Fort Donelson, being reinforced until he had
+twenty-seven thousand men, and he attacked so vigorously that after a
+severe battle on the 15th he effected a lodgement in the Confederate
+lines and severely crippled them. Part of the garrison escaped
+southward during the night, and in the morning General Buckner,
+commanding, asked for an armistice and commissioners to arrange a
+capitulation. To this Grant made his noted reply, "No terms except
+unconditional and immediate surrender can be accepted; I propose to
+move immediately upon your works." Having no alternative, Buckner
+surrendered. The Union army captured fourteen thousand prisoners, a
+vast amount of small arms and stores, and sixty-five cannon. Almost
+immediately afterwards the Confederates practically abandoned Western
+Kentucky and Tennessee, and Grant moved his army up the Tennessee
+River, and by the middle of March it was encamped to the westward and
+along the banks, near the southern Tennessee border, the lines
+extending several miles from Shiloh Church to Pittsburg Landing. The
+Confederates under A. S. Johnston and Beauregard were at Corinth,
+Mississippi, about twenty miles to the southwest. The Union plan was
+that General Buell, who was coming southwestward from Nashville,
+should join Grant, and then an advance southward be made. The
+Confederates, having learned of the plan, early in April decided to
+attack Grant before Buell could join him, and on the morning of the
+6th the onslaught began, the Union army being surprised. This was the
+great battle of Shiloh, in which the Union forces were pushed back
+with heavy loss on the first day. Buell arrived, however, crossing the
+Tennessee that night and joining, so that next day, after a stubborn
+battle, Grant recovered his position, and the Confederates retreated
+to Corinth. In this battle the losses were about twenty-five thousand
+killed, wounded and missing, including three thousand Union prisoners
+taken.
+
+The Cumberland Mountains, dividing Virginia from Kentucky, and
+extending farther southwest to separate East from Middle Tennessee,
+are the main watershed between the upper waters and sources of the two
+great rivers. This range is an elevated plateau rising about a
+thousand feet above the neighboring country and two thousand feet
+above the sea, the flat top being in some parts fifty miles across. On
+both sides the cliffs are precipitous, being much notched on the
+western declivities. Pioneer hunters coming out of Virginia discovered
+these mountains and the river in 1748, giving them the name of the
+Duke of Cumberland, the hero of Culloden, then the prominent military
+leader of England. These explorers came through the remarkable notch
+cut part way down in the range on the Kentucky-Tennessee boundary,
+just at the western extremity of Virginia,--the Cumberland Gap. This
+cleft, five hundred feet deep, is in some places only wide enough for
+a road, and extends for six miles through the ridge. It was for over a
+century the highway from southwestern Virginia into East Tennessee and
+southeastern Kentucky, being previously the trail followed by the
+Cherokees and other Indians in their movements east and west of the
+mountains. Through it came Daniel Boone and his companions from North
+Carolina into Kentucky, and the pass naturally became a great
+battleground of the Civil War. It is now utilized as the route for a
+branch of the Southern Railway from East Tennessee into Kentucky,
+traversing the Gap at about sixteen hundred feet elevation. In one
+place this road passes through a tunnel of over a half-mile, beginning
+in Tennessee, going under the corner of Virginia, and coming out in
+Kentucky. Iron is in abundance all about the Gap. During the war it
+was fortified by the Confederates, but in June, 1862, they were
+compelled to abandon it, and the Union troops took possession, being
+in turn forced out the following September. In September, 1863, the
+Union armies besieged and captured it, holding the Gap till the end of
+the war. The great curiosity of Cumberland Gap was the Pinnacle Rock,
+overhanging the narrow pass in a commanding position. This huge rock,
+weighing hundreds of tons, fell on Christmas night, 1899, awakening
+the village at the Gap as if by an earthquake, though no one was
+injured.
+
+
+CHATTANOOGA AND ITS BATTLES.
+
+The great Allegheny ranges, stretching from northeast to southwest,
+attain their highest altitude in western North Carolina. They come
+down southwestward out of Virginia in the Blue Ridge and other ranges,
+forming a high plateau, having the Blue Ridge on the eastern side, and
+on the western, forming the boundary between North Carolina and
+Tennessee, the chain known in various parts as the Stony, Iron, Great
+Smoky and Unaka Mountains, while beyond, to the northwest, the
+Cumberland Mountains extend in a parallel range through East
+Tennessee. There are also various cross-chains, among them the Black
+Mountains. In these ranges are eighty-two peaks that rise above five
+thousand feet and forty-three exceeding six thousand feet. The highest
+mountains of the Blue Ridge in North Carolina are the Grandfather and
+the Pinnacle, rising nearly six thousand feet. In the Great Smoky
+Mountains, Clingman's Dome is sixty-six hundred and sixty feet high
+and Mount Guyot sixty-six hundred and thirty-six feet. The highest
+peak of all is in the Black Mountains, and it is the highest east of
+the Rockies, Mount Mitchell rising sixty-six hundred and eighty-eight
+feet. Between and among these ranges are the sources of Tennessee
+River, in the Clinch River, the Holston and its North Fork, and the
+French Broad, their head streams coming westward out of Virginia and
+North Carolina through the mountain passes. The extensive mountain
+region they drain in North Carolina and East Tennessee is a most
+attractive district, noted as a health resort, and famous for the
+sturdy independence of its people, while along the Tennessee and upon
+the mountains near it were fought some of the greatest battles of the
+Civil War.
+
+Upon the Tennessee River, at the head of navigation, and near the
+junction-point of the three States, Tennessee, Alabama and Georgia, is
+Chattanooga, the Indian "crow's nest," now a busy manufacturing city
+and a great railroad centre, served by no less than nine different
+roads diverging in all directions, the iron, coal and timber of the
+neighboring country having given it an impetus that has brought a
+population of fifty thousand. This city has had all its development
+since the Civil War, and is the seat of Grant University of the
+Methodist Church, attended by six hundred students. It borders the
+river winding along the base of the Missionary Ridge and the famous
+Lookout Mountain. The battlefields upon them have been placed in
+control of a Government Commission, who have laid out the Chickamauga
+and Chattanooga Military Park, restoring all the roads used by troops
+during the battles, and marking the points of interest and the
+locations of regiments and batteries by tablets and monuments. There
+are sixty miles of driveways on the field, which embraces over five
+thousand acres of woodland cleared of underbrush and fifteen hundred
+acres of open ground. Here have been identified and accurately laid
+down the brigade lines of battle of seven distinct and successive
+engagements in the series of terrific contests that were fought, all
+of them being plainly marked. The fighting positions of batteries for
+both sides have been indicated by the location of guns of the same
+pattern as those used in the engagement. There are thus marked
+thirty-five battery positions on one side and thirty-three on the
+other, mounting over two hundred guns. The restoration to the
+conditions existing at the times of the battles is almost complete,
+both the Northern and Southern States that had troops engaged,
+actively aiding the historical labor. Lookout Mountain rises to the
+south of the city, its summit being over twenty-one hundred feet high,
+and it commands a superb view, extending over seven States.
+Inclined-plane railways ascend it, and there is a hotel at the top,
+and also another railway along the crest of the ridge. Upon the summit
+of this mountain, which is almost a plateau, the boundaries of the
+three States come together, and it overlooks to the northward the
+plain of Chattanooga and the windings of Tennessee River, traced far
+to the southwest along the base of the ridge into Alabama. The
+favorite post for the magnificent view from the mountain top is Point
+Rock, a jutting promontory of massive stone reared on high, and
+overhanging like a balcony the deep valley. Far beneath, the river in
+its grand and graceful sweeping curves forms the famous Moccasin Bend,
+which almost enfolds the city of Chattanooga, and then spreads beyond,
+fringed with forest and field, a waving silvery gleaming thread, until
+lost to view.
+
+Beyond Missionary Ridge is the battlefield of Chickamauga, the "river
+of death," a stream flowing up from Georgia into the Tennessee, about
+twelve miles east of Chattanooga. General Rosecrans commanded the
+Union forces holding Chattanooga in 1863 and General Bragg the
+opposing Confederates. The conflict began September 19th by the
+Confederates attempting to turn Rosecrans' left wing and get
+possession of the roads leading into Chattanooga, and it continued
+fiercely for two days, when the Union forces withdrew, and the result
+was a nominal victory for the Confederates on the field, although
+Chattanooga and East Tennessee, the prize for which the battle was
+fought, remained in possession of the Union forces. This was one of
+the bloodiest battles of the war, thirty-four thousand being killed
+and wounded on both sides out of one hundred and twelve thousand
+engaged. Immediately after the battle, Rosecrans withdrew behind the
+fortifications of Chattanooga, while Bragg moved up and occupied
+positions upon Missionary Ridge and Lookout Mountain, extending his
+flanks to the Tennessee River above and below the city. He cut the
+communications westward, and the Union army was practically blockaded
+and in danger of starvation. Rosecrans was relieved and Grant took
+command. He ordered Sherman to join him, coming up from the southwest,
+and by the close of October had opened communication along the
+Tennessee River and secured ample supplies. Bragg, who felt he was in
+strong position, detached Longstreet with a large force to go
+northeast in November and attack Burnside at Knoxville. Sherman's army
+joined Grant on the 23d, and next day the battle began on Lookout
+Mountain, continuing on the 25th on Missionary Ridge, and Bragg was
+driven out of his position and his army pursued in disorder through
+the mountains, over six thousand prisoners being taken. As the Union
+forces ascended Lookout Mountain in the mist, this has been called the
+"Battle above the Clouds." Burnside was afterwards relieved at
+Knoxville, and these decisive victories, which broke the Confederate
+power in Tennessee, resulted in Grant being made a Lieutenant General
+the next year and placed in command of all the armies of the United
+States.
+
+At the head of navigation for steamboats on the Tennessee River is
+Knoxville, the chief city of East Tennessee, in a fine location among
+the foothills of the Clinch Mountains, which are a sort of offshoot of
+the Cumberland range. This was the spot where General Knox, then
+Secretary of War, in the latter part of the eighteenth century made a
+treaty with the Indians of the upper Tennessee, and the village which
+grew there was named after him. It is the centre of the Tennessee
+marble district, shipping hundreds of thousands of tons of this
+beautiful stone all over the country. It also has coal and iron and
+other industries, and a population of over forty thousand. Here are
+the buildings of the University of Tennessee, with five hundred
+students, and also an Agricultural College. Knoxville was the rallying
+point of Union sentiment in East Tennessee during the Civil War, and
+its most noted citizen was Parson William G. Brownlow, a Methodist
+clergyman and political editor, whose caustic articles earned for him
+the sobriquet of the "fighting Parson." He was Governor of Tennessee
+and Senator after the war, and died in Knoxville in 1877. The famous
+Davy Crockett was also a resident of that city. Twelve miles west of
+Knoxville, at Low's Ferry, Admiral Farragut was born, July 5, 1801,
+and a marble shaft marking the place was dedicated by Admiral Dewey in
+May, 1900. A short distance above Knoxville the Tennessee River is
+formed by the union of the Holston and French Broad Rivers. Following
+up the Holston, we come to Morristown, and beyond to Greenville,
+where, in sight of the railway, are the grave and monument of
+President Andrew Johnson, who lived there the greater part of his
+life, and died there in 1875. His residence and the little wooden
+tailor shop where he worked are still preserved. High mountains are
+all about, and to the eastward from Johnson City a narrow-gauge
+railway ascends through the romantic canyon of Doe River, in places
+fifteen hundred feet deep, up the Roan Mountain to Cranberry. This
+line is known in the neighborhood, on account of its crookedness, as
+the "Cranberry Stem-Winder." On the summit of Roan Mountain is the
+Cloudland Hotel, at an elevation of more than sixty-three hundred
+feet, the highest human habitation east of the Rockies, and having a
+magnificent view. It is a curious circumstance that the boundary line
+between Tennessee and North Carolina on the mountain top runs through
+the hotel, and is painted a broad white band along the dining-room
+floor, while out of the windows are views for a hundred miles in
+almost every direction.
+
+
+THE LAND OF THE SKY.
+
+We have come to the famous region in Western North Carolina, the
+resort for health and pleasure, the "Land of the Sky," sought both in
+winter and summer on account of its pure, bracing atmosphere and
+equable climate, and where eighty thousand visitors go in a year.
+Between the Unaka and Great Smoky range of mountains which is the
+western North Carolina boundary, and the Blue Ridge to the eastward,
+there is a long and diversified plateau with an average elevation of
+two thousand feet, stretching two hundred and fifty miles from
+northeast to southwest, and having a width of about twenty-five miles.
+Various mountain spurs cross it between the ranges from one towards
+the other, and numerous rivers rising in the Blue Ridge flow westward
+over it and break through picturesque gorges in the Great Smoky
+Mountains to reach the Tennessee River, the most noted of these
+streams being the French Broad. From any commanding point along the
+Great Smoky range there may be seen stretching to the east and south a
+vast sea of ridges, peaks and domes. No single one dominates, but most
+all of them reach nearly the same altitude, appearing like the waves
+in a choppy sea, the ranges growing gradually less distinct as they
+are more distant. The whole region seems to be covered with a mantle
+of dark forest, excepting an occasional clearing or patch of
+lighter-colored grass. Very few rocky ledges appear, so that the
+slopes are smoothed and softened by the generous vegetation. The
+atmosphere also tends to the same result, the blue haze, so rarely
+absent, giving the names both to the Blue Ridge and the Great Smoky
+Mountains. This haze softens everything and imparts the effect of
+great distance to peaks but a few miles away. Thus the remarkable
+atmospheric influence produces more impressive views than are got from
+greater peaks and longer distances in a clearer air elsewhere. The
+most elevated peak of the district, Mount Mitchell, rises four hundred
+and twenty-five feet higher than Mount Washington in the White
+Mountains. It was named for Professor Elisha Mitchell, who was an
+early explorer, a native of Connecticut, and Professor in the
+University of North Carolina, who lost his life during a storm on the
+mountain in 1857, and is buried at the summit. From its sides the
+beautiful Swannanoa River, the Indian "running water," flows eighteen
+miles westward to fall into the French Broad at Asheville, the centre
+and chief city of this charming region, whose fame has become
+world-wide.
+
+     "Land of forest-clad mountains, of fairy-like streams,
+     Of low, pleasant valleys where the bright sunlight gleams
+     Athwart fleecy clouds gliding over the hills,
+     'Midst the fragrance of pines and the murmur of rills.
+
+     "A land of bright sunsets, whose glories extend
+     From horizon to zenith, there richly to blend
+     The hues of the rainbow, with clouds passing by--
+     Right well art thou christened 'The Land of the Sky.'
+
+     "A land of pure water, as pure as the air;
+     A home for the feeble, a home for the fair;
+     Where the wild roses bloom, while their fragrance combines
+     With health-giving odors from balsamic pines.
+
+     "The pure, healthful breezes, the life-giving air,
+     The beauteous landscapes, oft new, ever fair,
+     Are gifts that have come from the Father on high;
+     To Him be all praise for 'The Land of the Sky.'"
+
+In the early days of Congress, a North Carolina member, who was making
+a long speech for home consumption, observed that several of his
+colleagues, becoming tired, had gone out, whereupon he bluntly told
+those who remained that they might go out too, if so inclined, as he
+"was only talking for Buncombe." This member, whose remark has become
+immortal as the title of a certain type of Congressional oratory,
+represented the county of Buncombe, which embraces a large portion of
+the "The Land of the Sky," and Asheville is the county-seat. This town
+has a permanent population of twelve thousand, and is one of the most
+elevated towns east of Denver, being at a height of nearly
+twenty-three hundred feet above the sea. It is built in the
+attractive valley of the French Broad River, surrounded by an
+amphitheatre of magnificent hills, and commands one of the finest
+mountain views in this country. The Swannanoa unites with the French
+Broad just above the town in a charming locality; there are various
+pleasant parks; and the tree-shaded streets are adorned by many fine
+buildings. To Asheville come the Northerner for equable mildness in
+winter and the Southerner for coolness in summer, the climate being
+dry and bright, and most restorative in lung and other similar
+troubles, while the whole surrounding region has had its scenic
+attractions made available by improved roads and paths. About two
+miles to the southeast is George Vanderbilt's noted chateau of
+Biltmore, the finest private residence in the United States, built
+upon the verge of a princely estate covering a hundred thousand acres
+of these glens and mountains. The house, which commands magnificent
+views, stands upon a terrace seven hundred feet long and three hundred
+feet wide, and cost $4,000,000, while nearly as much more is said to
+have been expended in constructing many miles of drives over the
+estate and in landscape gardening and improvements, which in time will
+make this one of the world's greatest show places. The building is an
+extensive French baronial hall of the days of King Francis I.,
+elaborated from the chateaux of the Loire, exceedingly rich in every
+detail, and having the general effect heightened by the free
+employment of decorative sculpture. From the grand esplanade the
+outlook is upon the "wild tumult of mountains stretching away in every
+direction." There are various other fine houses in the Asheville
+suburbs, and the locality is steadily improving through the
+attractions it has for men of wealth who love a home amid the grandest
+charms of Nature. Routes have been opened in various directions from
+Asheville to develop the mountain district. One railroad goes for a
+hundred miles through the gorges and valleys southwestward along the
+base of the Great Smoky range. Another route is southeast through the
+romantic pass of the Hickory-nut Gap, where the Rocky Broad River
+penetrates the Blue Ridge, a splendid canyon of nine miles, with
+cliffs rising fifteen hundred feet and having the remarkable Chimney
+Rock built on high alongside the gorge, where it stands up an isolated
+sentinel. Bald Mountain, rising opposite, is celebrated in Mrs.
+Burnett's _Esmeralda_. Cæsar's Head, to the southward, is an outlier
+of these mountain ranges, bordering the lowlands; and standing on top
+of its southern brow, upon a precipice rising almost sheer for fifteen
+hundred feet, one can overlook the lower regions of South Carolina and
+Georgia for more than a hundred miles away.
+
+The French Broad River, the chief stream of this charming region, got
+its name from the early hunters who came up from the settled regions
+of Carolina nearer the coast, and penetrating the mountains explored
+it. The Cherokees called it Tselica, or "The Roarer," a not
+inappropriate name. The hunters who came through the Blue Ridge by the
+Hickory-nut Gap in colonial times followed down the Rocky Broad that
+flowed out of it into this river, which was much larger, and as the
+region beyond the mountains was then controlled by the French, they
+named it the French Broad. It rises in the Blue Ridge range almost on
+the South Carolina boundary, and nearly interlocks its headwaters with
+those of the Congaree flowing out to the Atlantic. Its upper waters
+wind for forty miles through a beautiful and fertile valley, but in
+approaching Asheville the scenery changes, the hills press more
+closely upon the stream, its course becomes more rapid, and after a
+swift turmoil it plunges down the cataract at Mountain Island. Here a
+knob-topped rock rises fifty to seventy feet high, the stream forcing
+its way on either hand by a channel cut through the enclosing ridge,
+and it descends a cataract of forty-five feet, running away through a
+deep abyss. The river passes Asheville and flows in a most picturesque
+gorge through the high mountains, everywhere disclosing new beauties,
+the water rushing and roaring over ledges and boulders, going around
+sharp bends, receiving gushing tributaries coming down the mountain
+side or trickling over the face of some broad high cliff. Massive
+rocks rise on high, and the road is often on a shelf cut into their
+face, the river boiling along far down below. Then the valley
+broadens, and here, in a lovely vale surrounded by the mountains, are
+the North Carolina Hot Springs, a popular resort, with a climate even
+milder in winter than at Asheville, as the Great Smoky range protects
+it from the northern blasts. The curative properties of these springs
+are efficacious in rheumatic and cutaneous diseases. Beyond, the bold
+precipices overhang the road and river that are known as the Paint
+Rocks, where the rushing torrent forces its way through a gorge
+between the Great Smoky and Bald Mountains and then emerges in
+Tennessee, to finally fall into the Tennessee River at the junction
+with the Holston just above Knoxville. These rocks received their name
+from Indian pictures and signs painted upon them. William Gillmore
+Simms, the Carolina author, tells in _Tselica_ the legend of this
+spot, founded on the tradition of the Cherokees that a siren lives on
+the French Broad who allures the hunter to the stream and strangles
+him in her embrace. Thus have the American aborigines reproduced in
+their way on this beautiful river the romantic legends of the Lorelie
+Rock on the Rhine, where, the ancient German legend tells us so
+interestingly, there dwelt another beautiful siren whose seductive
+music lured her lovers to the rock, when she drowned them in the waves
+washing its base.
+
+
+CAROLINA AND GEORGIA.
+
+Eastward from the Blue Ridge the extended line of the Piedmont Branch
+of the Southern Railway parallels the base of the range on its route
+from Washington southwest to Atlanta. The railroad from Asheville
+southeast to Columbia and Charleston crosses it at Spartansburg in
+South Carolina. This is a prosperous little town in a region of iron
+and gold-mines, with also a development of mineral springs, attractive
+as a summer resort to the people of Charleston and residents of the
+South Carolina lowlands. Ten miles northeast of Spartansburg is the
+Revolutionary battlefield of the Cowpens, getting its name from the
+adjacent cow-pasture in the olden time. Here on a hill-range called
+the Thickety Mountain, January 17, 1781, the British under Tarleton
+were signally defeated. The railway passes through a rolling country,
+and thirty-three miles farther northeast is King's Mountain, where the
+previous battle was fought, October 7, 1780, in which the British
+under Colonel Ferguson were also defeated and a large part of their
+forces captured. Beyond, the boundary is crossed from South to North
+Carolina and Charlotte is reached, having cotton factories and gold
+mines and twelve thousand people, the county-seat of Mecklenburg,
+where the famous resolutions were passed, May 20, 1775, demanding
+independence. Farther northeast is Salisbury, where was located one
+of the chief Confederate prisons during the Civil War, and the
+National Cemetery now contains the graves of over twelve thousand
+soldiers who died there in captivity. Beyond this, the Yadkin River is
+crossed, and the route enters the tobacco district. Here is
+Greensboro', and near it the Revolutionary battle of Guilford Court
+House was fought March 15, 1781, when Lord Cornwallis defeated General
+Greene. To the eastward is Chapel Hill, the seat of the University of
+North Carolina, with three hundred students. Farther east is the great
+tobacco town of Durham, with large factories and six thousand people
+supported by this industry, whose education is cared for by Trinity
+College, which has been munificently endowed by the tobacco princes
+Colonels Duke and Carr. Twenty-five miles still farther east is
+Raleigh, the capital of North Carolina, a city of fifteen thousand
+inhabitants, built on high ground near the Neuse River. It has a
+central Union Square from which fine streets diverge, and here is
+located the impressive State House, modelled after the Parthenon.
+Raleigh has various public institutions, and large cemeteries where
+the dead of both armies who fell in the Civil War are buried.
+
+The Congaree River, flowing southeast out of the Blue Ridge,
+intersects the extensive Pine Barrens of South Carolina, and here on
+the railway route from Asheville via Spartansburg to Charleston is the
+South Carolina State capital, Columbia. It is built on the bluffs
+along the river, a few miles below its falls, and in a charming
+location, the view of the valley from the grounds of the Executive
+Mansion and Arsenal Hill being very fine. The South Carolina State
+House is a magnificent building on which a large sum has been
+expended, and in the grounds is a monument to the Palmetto Regiment of
+South Carolinians who served with distinction in the war with Mexico.
+It was here that the Nullification Ordinance was passed in 1832, and
+the Secession Ordinance in December, 1860. General Sherman, on his
+march from Atlanta to the sea in February, 1865, occupied Columbia,
+when, unfortunately, the city was set fire and a large portion
+destroyed. The Pine Barrens and sand hills of South Carolina stretch
+southwestward from the Congaree to the Savannah River, and in this
+region is the popular winter resort of Aiken, surrounded by vast
+forests of fragrant pines growing in a soil of white sand, the town
+being a gem in the way of gardens and shrubbery which, with the balmy
+atmosphere, make it additionally attractive. While Aiken does not have
+a large population, yet it has very wide streets to accommodate them,
+the main avenue being two hundred and five feet and the cross streets
+one hundred and fifty feet wide. Its attractiveness of climate is
+condensed into the statement that the Aiken winter is "four months of
+June." A few miles westward is the Savannah River, and here at the
+head of navigation is Augusta, Georgia, on the western bank, a great
+cotton mart and seat of textile factories, which have attracted a
+population of thirty-five thousand, the city being known as the
+"Lowell of the South." The Sibley Cotton Mill is regarded as being
+architecturally the handsomest factory in the world. The whole
+surrounding district is an almost universal cotton-field, thus
+furnishing the raw materials for this industry. Near this mill stands
+the tall chimney of the Confederate Powder Works, left as a grim
+memorial of the Civil War. The various mills are served by canals
+bringing the water for power from the Savannah River at a higher level
+above the city, with an ample fall. Augusta is regarded as one of the
+most beautiful of the Southern cities, having wide tree-embowered
+streets and many ornate buildings, and it fortunately escaped injury
+during the Civil War. It was laid out by General Oglethorpe, the
+Georgia founder, on the same artistic plan as Savannah, and he named
+it after the English princess, Augusta. The Savannah River, the
+largest of Georgia, and forming the boundary with South Carolina,
+rises in the Blue Ridge in close proximity to the headwaters of the
+Tennessee and the Chattahoochee. Its initial streams, the Tugaloo and
+Kiowee, unite in the Piedmont district to form the Savannah, which
+then flows four hundred and fifty miles past Augusta and Savannah to
+the sea.
+
+
+ATLANTA AND ITS NEIGHBORHOOD.
+
+The Chattahoochee was the Indian "river of the pictured rocks." Its
+head-streams rise in the Blue Ridge in northeastern Georgia, and
+flowing southwest and afterwards south, it forms the western boundary
+of the State. Then uniting with the Flint River, the two make the
+Appalachicola, which, crossing Florida, empties into the Gulf. The
+Chattahoochee in its course passes, about seven miles from the Georgia
+capital, Atlanta, the "Gate City," the metropolis of the "Empire State
+of the South," and the chief Southern railway centre. Being largely a
+growth of the railway system of the "New South," the city is
+picturesquely situated on a hilly surface, elevated a thousand feet
+above the sea, and is laid out in the form of a circle of about four
+miles radius around the Union Passenger Depot, which is the central
+point. The first house was built at this place in 1836, on an Indian
+trail to the crossing of the Chattahoochee, whither a railroad was
+projected, and for several years it was called, for this reason,
+Terminus, being afterwards incorporated as the town of Marthasville,
+and named after the Georgia Governor Lumpkin's daughter. In 1845, the
+first railroads were constructed connecting it with the seaboard, and
+soon becoming a tobacco and cotton-mart, it grew rapidly, and in 1847
+was incorporated as the city of Atlanta, having about twenty-five
+hundred people. During the Civil War it was a leading Confederate
+depot of supplies, but its great growth has come since, and largely
+through the development of the railway system and manufactures, so
+that now the city and suburbs, which are extensive, have a population
+approximating two hundred thousand. Its State Capitol is an impressive
+building, costing $1,000,000, and it has many imposing business and
+public structures and fine private residences. Joel Chandler Harris,
+_Uncle Remus_, is a resident of Atlanta. Its great historical event
+was the memorable siege during the Civil War. The geographical
+position of the city made it of vital importance to the Confederacy.
+General Sherman, in his advance southward from Chattanooga in the
+spring and early summer of 1864, steadily fought and outflanked the
+Confederates, until in July they fell back behind the Chattahoochee
+and took a line covering Atlanta, General Hood assuming command July
+17th. Sherman crossed the Chattahoochee and then Hood retired to the
+intrenchments around the city. For several weeks there were
+manoeuvres and battles around Atlanta, until near the end of August,
+when Sherman had got behind the city, cutting the railways supplying
+it. On the night of September 1st, Hood evacuated Atlanta, and next
+day Sherman entered. In this great siege and in the previous contests
+from Chattanooga the losses of the two armies were sixty-six thousand
+men, each army having been repeatedly reinforced. This capture sealed
+the doom of the Confederacy, although there were subsequent battles
+and movements around Atlanta until November. Then Sherman, reinforcing
+General Thomas at Nashville, and leaving him to take care of Hood, ran
+back all the surplus property and supplies to Chattanooga, broke up
+the railway, cut the telegraph behind him, burnt Atlanta November
+12th, and on the 15th started on his famous "March to the Sea," to cut
+the Confederacy in two, capturing Savannah in December. The
+destruction of Atlanta was almost complete, every building being burnt
+excepting a few in the centre, and a number of scattered dwellings
+elsewhere. After peace came, however, the restoration of Atlanta was
+rapid and thorough, and it is now one of the most progressive and
+wealthy Southern cities. It was Sherman's "March to the Sea" which
+furnished the theme for one of the most inspiriting songs of the Civil
+War, "Marching Through Georgia":
+
+     "Bring the good old bugle, boys! we'll sing another song--
+     Sing it with a spirit that will start the world along,
+     Sing it as we used to sing it fifty thousand strong,
+     While we were marching through Georgia.
+
+     _Chorus_--"'Hurrah! Hurrah! we bring the Jubilee!
+               Hurrah! Hurrah! the flag that makes you free!'
+               So we sang the chorus from Atlanta to the sea,
+               While we were marching through Georgia.
+
+     "How the darkies shouted when they heard the joyful sound!
+     How the turkeys gobbled which our commissary found!
+     How the sweet potatoes even started from the ground,
+     While we were marching through Georgia.--_Chorus_,
+
+     "So we made a thoroughfare for Freedom and her train,
+     Sixty miles in latitude--three hundred to the main,
+     Treason fled before us, for resistance was in vain,
+     While we were marching through Georgia."--_Chorus._
+
+The railway leading north from Atlanta to Chattanooga exhibits,
+throughout the line, relics of Sherman's protracted struggle with the
+Confederates as he pressed southward, and they opposing him were
+repeatedly outflanked and retired to new defenses. Long ranges of
+hills cross the country from northeast to southwest, and on their
+crests are the remains of massive breastworks and battlements which
+time is gradually obliterating. Dalton, Resaca and Allatoona were all
+formidable defensive works, and each in turn was outflanked. Rome, the
+chief town on this route, now has seven thousand people and various
+factories. To the westward of Atlanta the railway leads a hundred
+miles to Anniston, Alabama, in the foothills of the Blue Ridge among
+the rich beds of Alabama iron-ores, and then to Talladega, the Indian
+"village on the border," where General Jackson fought one of his
+severest battles with the Creeks. It is now a busy manufacturing town.
+Beyond is the great industrial city of Birmingham with thirty-five
+thousand people, founded in 1871, a phenomenal development of the "New
+South," its industry being exhibited in enormous iron and steel
+mills, foundries, and similar establishments. Near the city is its El
+Dorado, the Red Mountain containing vast stores of hematite iron-ores,
+with abundant coal and limestone, minerals which have made Alabama the
+third iron-producing commonwealth in the United States, three-fourths
+of it being made in the Birmingham district. Nearby is another iron
+town of recent foundation, Bessemer, and a short distance to the
+southwest the old Alabama city of Tuscaloosa, the seat of the
+University of Alabama. This Indian word means the "Black Warrior," and
+thus was named the river, Tuscaloosa being at the head of steamboat
+navigation on the Black Warrior. The tradition is that before the
+white man knew this region it was held by a proud and powerful Indian
+tribe. When De Soto came along in 1540, searching for gold, he
+encountered these Indians, whose sachem was the fearless and haughty
+black giant Tuscaloosa. By stratagem De Soto captured the giant and
+carried him off a hostage down to Mobile, whence he afterwards
+escaped. This old city is shown on a French map of Louisiana published
+in 1720.
+
+Southeast of Atlanta is Macon, at the head of navigation on Ocmulgee
+River, a prominent cotton-shipping city, with twenty-five thousand
+people. Here is the Wesleyan Female College with four hundred
+students, founded in 1836, and said to be the oldest female college in
+the world. To the southward, at Andersonville, was the great Stockade
+Prison of the Civil War, where large numbers of captured Union
+soldiers were confined, being so badly treated that thirteen thousand
+of them died. Henry Wirtz, a Swiss adventurer, was in charge, and the
+Confederate authorities in two official reports attributed the
+excessive mortality to the bad management of the prison. A military
+court after the close of the war convicted Wirtz of excessive cruelty,
+and he was executed in November, 1865. The prison-grounds are now a
+park, a memorial monument has been erected, and in an extensive
+National Cemetery the dead soldiers are buried. Southward of Atlanta
+is Columbus, with thirty-five thousand people and large cotton,
+woollen and flour-mills, one of the chief manufacturing cities of the
+Southern States. It stands on the Chattahoochee, which here rushes
+down rocky rapids, providing an admirable water-power improved by a
+massive dam. The river is navigable to the Gulf, and its steamboats
+have a large trade.
+
+
+ATLANTA TO MOBILE.
+
+Proceeding southwest from Atlanta, the route crosses the Chattahoochee
+at West Point, another shipping port for the vast cotton plantations
+of this region, whence steamboats take the cotton-bales down to the
+Gulf. Beyond is Tuskegee in Alabama, where is located the famous
+Industrial and Normal Institute for colored youth, conducted by
+Booker T. Washington, the distinguished colored educationalist, who
+was born a slave in Virginia. It was founded in a small way by him in
+1881 to meet the needs of education, and particularly to provide for
+the training of teachers for the colored race, and having greatly
+grown, has sent out nearly four hundred of its graduates throughout
+the South, where they are teaching others of their people. It has
+seventy instructors and over a thousand students; its lands cover
+nearly four square miles and there are forty-two buildings, many of
+them substantial brick structures erected by the students, the
+property being valued at $300,000. Great attention is given to manual
+training, and this institution, entirely supported by donations and
+requiring $75,000 annually for its expenses, is doing a great work in
+furthering the advancement of the colored race in the South.
+
+A short distance westward, the Alabama River is formed by the union of
+the Coosa and Tallapoosa, and coming down a winding course a few miles
+from the junction, sweeps around a grand bend to then go away towards
+the setting sun, and ultimately seek the Gulf. The story is that a
+wearied Creek Indian, seeking quiet in the far-off land, wandered out
+of the mountains to the fertile plains of this attractive region.
+Charmed by the scenery and the beauties of the valley, when he reached
+the bank of the river he gazed about him, and then struck his spear
+into the earth, saying _Alabama_--"Here we Rest." At this grand bend
+of the river, upon a circle of hills surrounded by rich farming lands,
+is Montgomery, the capital of Alabama. There was an Indian village
+here in remote times, and traders came to the place, so that gradually
+a settlement grew, which in 1817 was made a town and named after the
+unfortunate General Montgomery who fell in storming Quebec. The bluffs
+rise to Capitol Hill, crowned with the State House, a small but
+imposing structure, having from its elevated dome an extensive view.
+Here was organized the Government of the Confederate States in
+February, 1861, continuing until the capital was removed to Richmond
+the following May. In the grounds there is a handsome Confederate
+Monument. There are thirty thousand people in Montgomery, and it has a
+large trade in cotton, gathered from the adjacent districts, shipped
+down the river to Mobile and also by railroad to Savannah for export.
+In the suburbs are many old-fashioned plantation residences, and the
+adjacent country is largely a cotton-field, the great Southern staple
+growing luxuriantly on the black soils of this region. The Alabama
+people devote themselves chiefly to cotton-growing, and this industry
+leads throughout the vast section of the South below the Tennessee
+boundary. This great product is the leading foreign export of the
+United States, and being indirectly the cause of the Civil War, it
+brought to the Confederacy the sympathy of the nations of Europe,
+which were the chief consumers. Cotton is said to have originated in
+India, and in America was first cultivated for its flowers in
+Maryland. It was not until about the beginning of the nineteenth
+century, however, that the invention by Eli Whitney of the cotton-gin
+enabled the seeds to be easily removed from the lint, and thus
+enlarged the uses of cotton, so that a rapid increase was given its
+growth and also its manufacture throughout the civilized world. Both
+the seed and the lint are now used, the former producing valuable oil.
+
+The Alabama River flows a winding course from Montgomery southwest to
+Mobile Bay, first going westward to Selma. It passes a region of the
+finest cotton lands, where originally the old southern plantation
+system reached its richest development, and where the modern plan of
+smaller farms has been making some headway since the Civil War. Selma
+is the _entrepôt_ of what is known as the Alabama "Black Belt," built
+on a high bluff along the river, and has cotton factories and other
+industries, including large mills for crushing the cotton-seed and
+producing the oil. To the westward, over the boundary of the State of
+Mississippi, is Meridian, a manufacturing town of fifteen thousand
+people, which has grown around a railway junction. This was the place
+which General Sherman, in one of his rapid marches, captured in
+February, 1864, and destroyed, the General reporting that his army
+made "the most complete destruction of railways ever beheld." Farther
+westward, on Pearl River, is Jackson, the capital of Mississippi, a
+small city with an elaborate State House. The Alabama River flows
+southwest from Selma and joins the Tombigbee River coming from the
+north, the stream thus formed being the Mobile River. A few miles
+below the junction it divides into two branches, of which the eastern
+is called the Tensas, both then dividing into several others and
+making a sort of delta, but meeting again in a common embouchure at
+the head of Mobile Bay, the Mobile River being about fifty miles long.
+The Tombigbee River is four hundred and fifty miles in length, and
+rises in the hills of Northeastern Mississippi. The name is Indian,
+and means the "coffin-makers," though why this name was given is
+unknown. The Tombigbee became celebrated in politics in the early
+nineteenth century, through a correspondence between the Treasury at
+Washington and a customs officer at Mobile, wherein the latter, being
+asked "How far does the Tombigbee River run up?" replied that "The
+Tombigbee River does not run up; it runs down." He was removed from
+office for his levity, and the controversy following, which became an
+acrimonious partisan dispute, gave the river its celebrity.
+
+
+MOBILE AND ITS BAY.
+
+When De Soto journeyed through Florida and to the Mississippi River,
+he found in this region the powerful tribe of Mauvillians, and their
+village of Mavilla is mentioned in early histories of Florida. From
+this is derived the name of Mobile, on the western bank of the river
+near the head of Mobile Bay, the only seaport of the State of Alabama,
+about thirty miles from the Gulf of Mexico. This was the original seat
+of French colonization in the southwest, and for a few years the
+capital of their colony of Louisiana. It was settled at the beginning
+of the eighteenth century. In 1710 the Sieur de Bienville transferred
+the earliest French colony from Biloxi to Mobile Bay, and many of the
+first settlers were French Canadians. In 1723, however, the seat of
+the colonial government was removed from Mobile to New Orleans. In
+1763 this region was transferred to England; in 1780 England gave it
+to Spain; and in 1813 Spain made it over to the United States. The
+city is laid out upon a plain having a background of low hills; its
+broad and quiet streets are shaded with live oaks and magnolias; and
+everywhere are gardens, luxuriant with shrubbery and flowers. There is
+a population approximating thirty-five thousand, but the city does not
+make much progress, owing to the difficulties of maintaining a
+deep-water channel, though this has been better accomplished of late.
+Cotton export is the chief trade. There are attractive parks, a
+magnificent shell road along the shore of the bay for several miles,
+and fine estates with beautiful villas on the hills in the suburbs.
+The harbor entrance from the Gulf is protected on either hand by Fort
+Morgan and Fort Gaines, while the remains can be seen of several
+batteries on the shores of the bay, relics of the Civil War. Over on
+Tensas River is a ruin, Spanish Fort, one of the early colonial
+defenses, while in the city is the Guard House Tower, a quaint old
+structure built in Spanish style. Mobile was held by the Confederates
+throughout the war, not surrendering until after General Lee had done
+so in April, 1865, although the Union forces had previously captured
+the harbor entrance. This capture was one of Admiral Farragut's
+achievements. Having opened the Mississippi River in 1863, Farragut,
+in January, 1864, made a reconnoissance of the forts at the entrance
+to Mobile Bay, and expressed the opinion that with a single iron-clad
+and five thousand men he could take the city. Several months elapsed,
+however, before the attempt was made, but in August he got together a
+fleet of four iron-clads and fourteen wooden vessels, and on the 5th
+ran past the forts at the entrance, after a desperate engagement, in
+which one of his ships, the Tecumseh, was sunk by striking a torpedo,
+and he lost three hundred and thirty-five men. During the fight,
+Farragut watched it and gave his directions from a place high up in
+the main rigging of his flagship, the Hartford. Shoal water and
+channel obstructions prevented his ascending to the city, but in a few
+days the forts surrendered, the harbor was held, and blockade-running,
+which had been very profitable, ceased.
+
+Mobile Bay is one of the finest harbors on the coast of the Gulf of
+Mexico. Its broad waters have low shores, backed by gentle slopes
+leading up to forest-clad plateaus behind, a large surface being
+wooded and displaying fine magnolias and yellow pines, while in the
+lowland swamps and along the water-courses are cypress, and
+interspersed the live oak, festooned with gray moss. But almost
+everywhere Southern Alabama, like Florida, displays splendid pine
+forests, reminding of Longfellow's invocation to _My Cathedral:_
+
+     "Like two cathedral towers these stately pines
+       Uplift their fretted summits tipped with cones;
+       The arch beneath them is not built with stones,
+     Not Art but Nature traced these lovely lines,
+     And carved this graceful arabesque of vines;
+       No organ but the wind here sighs and moans,
+       No sepulchre conceals a martyr's bones,
+     No marble bishop on his tomb reclines.
+     Enter! the pavement, carpeted with leaves,
+       Gives back a softened echo to thy tread!
+         Listen! the choir is singing; all the birds,
+     In leafy galleries beneath the eaves,
+       Are singing! Listen, ere the sound be fled,
+         And learn there may be worship without words."
+
+And in garden and grove, all about, there is a wealth of semi-tropical
+flowers and shrubbery, with their rich perfumes crowned by the
+delicious orange tree, whereof Hoyt thus pleasantly sings:
+
+     "Yes, sing the song of the orange tree,
+       With its leaves of velvet green;
+     With its luscious fruit of sunset hue,
+       The finest that ever was seen;
+     The grape may have its bacchanal verse,
+       To praise the fig we are free;
+     But homage I pay to the queen of all,
+       The glorious orange tree."
+
+
+
+
+THE VALLEY OF THE MISSISSIPPI.
+
+
+
+
+XX.
+
+THE VALLEY OF THE MISSISSIPPI.
+
+     The Father of Waters -- Its Drainage Area -- The Big Muddy
+     -- Sources of the Missouri -- The Great Falls -- Fort Benton
+     -- Sioux City -- Council Bluffs -- Omaha -- St. Joseph --
+     Atchison -- Leavenworth -- Lawrence -- Topeka -- Osowatomie
+     -- John Brown -- Kansas Emigrants -- The Walls of Corn --
+     Kansas City -- Wyandotte -- Chillicothe -- Florida -- Mark
+     Twain -- Muscatine -- Burlington -- Nauvoo -- Keokuk -- Des
+     Moines -- St. Louis -- Jefferson Barracks -- Egypt --
+     Belmont -- Columbus -- Island No. 10 -- Fort Pillow -- The
+     Chickasaws -- Memphis -- Mississippi River Peculiarities --
+     Its Deposits and Cut-Offs -- The Alluvial Bottom Lands --
+     St. Francis Basin -- Helena -- White River -- Arkansas River
+     -- Fort Smith -- Little Rock -- Arkansas Hot Springs --
+     Washita River -- Napoleon -- Yazoo Basin -- Vicksburg --
+     Natchez Indians -- Natchez -- Red River -- Texarkana --
+     Shreveport -- Red River Rafts -- Atchafalaya River -- Baton
+     Rouge -- Biloxi -- Beauvoir -- Pass Christian -- New Orleans
+     -- Battle of New Orleans -- Lake Pontchartrain -- The
+     Mississippi Levees -- Crevasses -- The Delta and Passes --
+     The Balize -- The Forts -- South Pass -- Eads Jetties --
+     Gulf of Mexico.
+
+
+THE BIG MUDDY.
+
+The great "Father of Waters," with its many tributaries, drains a
+territory of a million and a half square miles, in which live almost
+one-half the population of the United States. The length of the
+Mississippi River from Lake Itasca to the Gulf of Mexico is about
+twenty-six hundred miles, the actual distance in a direct line being
+but sixteen hundred and sixty miles. Its name comes from the Ojibway
+words _Misi Sepe_, meaning the "great river, flowing everywhere," and
+the early explorers spelled it "Mesasippi." The Iroquois called it the
+Kahnahweyokah, having much the same meaning. The upper waters of the
+Mississippi have already been described in a preceding chapter, and
+taken in connection with its chief tributary, the Missouri, it is one
+of the longest rivers in the world, the distance from the source to
+the Gulf being almost forty-two hundred miles. The Dakotas called this
+stream _Minni-shosha_, or the "muddy water," and its popular name
+throughout the Northwest, from the turbid current it carries, has come
+to be the "Big Muddy." The head streams rise in Idaho, the _Eda Hoe_
+of the Nez Perces, meaning the "Light on the Mountains," and in
+Wyoming. The name of the Indian nation through whose lands its upper
+waters flow--the Dakotahs--means the "Confederate People," indicating
+a league of various tribes. The Mississippi drains practically the
+whole country between the Appalachian Mountains on the east and the
+"Continental Divide" of the Rockies on the west.
+
+The Missouri River is formed in southwestern Montana, by the union of
+the Jefferson, Madison and Gallatin Rivers. Its length from the source
+of the Madison River in the Yellowstone National Park to its
+confluence with the Mississippi above St. Louis is about three
+thousand miles. The first exploration of the headwaters of the
+Missouri was by the famous expedition of Captains Lewis and Clark in
+1805, who ascended to its sources, and crossing the Rockies descended
+the Snake and Columbia Rivers into Oregon. They found the confluence
+of the three rivers making the Missouri, in July, and called it "the
+Three Forks," at the same time naming the rivers after President
+Jefferson and his Secretaries of State and the Treasury. The Missouri,
+from the junction, first flows northward through the defiles of the
+Rockies, and breaks out of the mountain wall in Prickly Pear Canyon,
+at the Gate of the Mountains, where the rocky cliffs rise twelve
+hundred feet. Forty miles northeast it goes down its Great Falls to a
+lower plateau, having a total descent of nearly five hundred feet, the
+stream contracting in the gorge to a width of three hundred yards, and
+tumbling over repeated cascades, with intervening rapids. The Black
+Eagle descends fifty feet, Colter's Falls twelve feet, the Crooked
+Falls twenty feet, the Rainbow forty-eight feet, and the Great Falls
+ninety-two feet, this series of rapids and cascades covering a
+distance of sixteen miles. Lewis and Clark were the first white men
+who saw these magnificent cataracts of the Upper Missouri, and they
+named the different falls. The Black Eagle was named from the fact
+that on an island at its foot an eagle had fixed her nest on a
+cottonwood tree. It is recorded by a United States Engineer officer
+who was there in 1860, that the eagle's nest then still remained in
+the cottonwood tree on the island, being occupied by a bald eagle of
+large size. Again in 1872 the nest and the old eagle were still there,
+and from the longevity of these birds, it was then believed to be the
+same eagle seen in 1805. The old eagle nest and cottonwood tree are
+all gone now, and in their place are a big dam, power-house and huge
+ore-smelter, worked by the ample water-power of the fall. The
+flourishing town of Great Falls gets its prosperity from these
+cataracts and is a prominent locality for copper-smelting, having
+fifteen thousand people. At the head of river navigation, some
+distance farther down, is the military post of Fort Benton. The river
+then flows eastward through Montana, receives the Yellowstone at Fort
+Buford and turns southeast in North Dakota, passing Bismarck, the
+capital, and flowing south and southeast it becomes the boundary
+between Nebraska and Kansas on the west, and South Dakota, Iowa and
+Missouri on the northeast. Its course is through an alluvial valley of
+great fertility, from which it gathers the sediment with which its
+waters are so highly charged. Much of the adjacent territory in Dakota
+and Montana is covered by the extensive reservations of the Indian
+tribes of the Northwest, where the remnants now live a semi-nomadic
+life under military guardianship and government control. The river
+flows past Yankton, a supply post for these reservations, which being
+the settlement farthest up-stream, was thus named Yankton, meaning
+"the village at the end." Some distance below, the Big Sioux River
+flows in, forming the boundary between Dakota and Iowa, and here is
+Sioux City, where there are forty thousand people, much trade, and
+important manufactures.
+
+Below here lived the Omahas, or "up-stream" Indians, and soon the
+Missouri in its onward course flows between Omaha and Council Bluffs.
+Here the bluffs bordering the river recede for some distance on the
+eastern bank, making a broad plain adjoining the shore, whither the
+Indians of all the region formerly came to hold their councils and
+make treaties. A settlement naturally grew at the Council Bluffs,
+which is now a city of twenty-five thousand people on the plain and
+adjacent hills, with fine residences in the numerous glens
+intersecting the bluffs in every direction. Three bridges cross the
+Missouri to Omaha, on the western shore, two for railways, one of them
+being the great steel bridge carrying over the Union Pacific, the
+pioneer railroad constructed to the Pacific Coast. Omaha is the chief
+city of Nebraska, the State receiving its name from the Nebraska
+river, meaning the "place of broad shallow waters." Omaha has over one
+hundred and fifty thousand people and is built on a wide plateau
+elevated about eighty feet above the river, from which it gradually
+slopes upward. It dates from 1854, but did not receive its impetus
+until the completion of the Pacific Railway converged to it various
+lines bringing an enormous trade. From its position at the initial
+point it is known as the "Gate City." There are large manufactures and
+its meat-packing industries are of the first importance, while its
+enterprise is giving it rapid growth. The Union Pacific Railroad
+pursues its route westward through Nebraska, up the valley of the
+Platte River for several hundred miles, and at Fort Omaha, just north
+of the city, is the military headquarters of the Department.
+
+
+THE STATE OF KANSAS.
+
+Various great railways bound to the West cross the Missouri in its
+lower course. The river flows between Kansas and Missouri, and here
+are St. Joseph with sixty thousand people, immense railway and
+stock-yards, and many factories; and Atchison with twenty thousand
+population and large flouring-mills, where the Atchison railway system
+formerly had its initial point, though now it traverses the country
+from Chicago southwest to Santa Fe and the Pacific Ocean. Leavenworth,
+a city of twenty-five thousand, has grown at the site of Fort
+Leavenworth, one of the important early posts on the Missouri. To the
+southward the Kaw or Kansas River flows in, the Indian "Smoky Water,"
+coming from the west, draining the greater part of the State which it
+names. Upon this river is Lawrence, the seat of the Kansas State
+University, having a thousand students, and of Haskell Institute, a
+Government training-school for Indian boys and girls. Westward along
+the Kansas River broadly spread the vast and fertile prairies making
+the agricultural wealth of the State, and sixty-seven miles from the
+Missouri, built on both sides of the river, is Topeka, the capital,
+having thirty-five thousand people, large mills and an extensive trade
+with the surrounding farm district. In this eastern portion of Kansas,
+prior to the Civil War, was fought, often with bloodshed, the
+protracted border contest between the free-soil and pro-slavery
+parties for the possession of the State, that had so much to do with
+bringing on the greater conflict. When Congress passed the bill in
+1854 organizing Nebraska and Kansas into territories, an effort began
+to establish slavery, and the Missourians coming over the border tried
+to control. They founded Atchison and other places and sent in
+settlers. At the same time Aid Societies for anti-slavery emigrants
+began colonizing from New England, large numbers thus coming to
+preëmpt lands. During four years the contests went on, Lawrence and
+other towns being besieged and burnt. The first Free-State
+Constitution was framed at Topeka in 1855, which Congress would not
+approve, and the following year the pro-slavery Constitution was
+enacted at Lecompton, which the people rejected. After the Civil War
+began, Kansas was admitted to the Union in 1861 with slavery
+prohibited. Among the free-soilers who went out to engage in these
+Kansas conflicts was old John Brown. Near the Missouri border, to the
+southward of Kansas River, is the little town of Osowatomie, in the
+early settlement of which Brown took part. Here he had his fights with
+the slavery invaders who came over from Missouri, finally burning the
+place and killing Brown's son, a tragedy said to have inspired his
+subsequent crusade against Harper's Ferry, which practically opened
+the Civil War. A monument is erected to John Brown's memory at
+Osawatomie. The New England emigration to Kansas in those momentous
+times inspired Whittier's poem, _The Kansas Emigrants_:
+
+     "We cross the prairie as of old
+       The Pilgrims crossed the sea,
+     To make the West, as they the East,
+       The homestead of the free!
+
+     "We go to rear a wall of men
+       On Freedom's southern line,
+     And plant beside the cotton-tree
+       The rugged Northern pine!
+
+     "We're flowing from our native hills
+       As our free rivers flow;
+     The blessing of our Mother-land
+       Is on us as we go.
+
+     "We go to plant her common schools
+       On distant prairie swells,
+     And give the Sabbaths of the wild
+       The music of her bells.
+
+     "Upbearing, like the Ark of old,
+       The Bible in our van,
+     We go to test the truth of God
+       Against the fraud of man.
+
+     "No pause nor rest, save where the streams
+       That feed the Kansas run,
+     Save where our Pilgrim gonfalon
+       Shall flout the setting sun!
+
+     "We'll tread the prairie as of old
+       Our fathers sailed the sea,
+     And make the West, as they the East,
+       The homestead of the free!"
+
+The Civil War ended all these conflicts, and since then Kansas has
+been eminently peaceful. It is now the leading State of the corn belt
+which broadly crosses the middle of the United States. Its vast corn
+crops make the wealth of the people, and as they may be good or poor,
+the Kansan is in joy or despair. One year the farmers will be
+overwhelmed with debt; the next brings an ample crop, and they pay
+their debts and are in affluence. Thus throbs the pulse as the
+sunshine and rains may make a corn crop in the State that sometimes
+exceeds three hundred millions of bushels; and then there are not
+enough railway cars available to carry away the product. In a good
+crop the cornstalks grow to enormous heights, sometimes reaching
+twenty feet to the surmounting tassel, and a tall man on tip-toe can
+about touch the ears, while a two-pound ear is a customary weight,
+with thirty-five ears to a bushel. These vast cornfields, watched
+year by year and crop after crop by the hard-working wife of a Kansas
+farmer, caused her to write the touching lyric which has become the
+Kansas national hymn, Mrs. Ellen P. Allerton's "Walls of Corn":
+
+     "Smiling and beautiful, heaven's dome
+     Bends softly over our prairie home.
+
+     "But the wide, wide lands that stretched away
+     Before my eyes in the days of May;
+
+     "The rolling prairie's billowy swell,
+     Breezy upland and timbered dell;
+
+     "Stately mansion and hut forlorn--
+     All are hidden by walls of corn.
+
+     "All the wide world is narrowed down
+     To walls of corn, now sere and brown.
+
+     "What do they hold--these walls of corn,
+     Whose banners toss in the breeze of morn?
+
+     "He who questions may soon be told--
+     A great State's wealth these walls enfold.
+
+     "No sentinels guard these walls of corn,
+     Never is sounded the warder's horn;
+
+     "Yet the pillars are hung with gleaming gold,
+     Left all unbarred, though thieves are bold.
+
+     "Clothes and food for the toiling poor;
+     Wealth to heap at the rich man's door;
+
+     "Meat for the healthy, and balm for him
+     Who moans and tosses in chamber dim;
+
+     "Shoes for the barefoot; pearls to twine
+     In the scented tresses of ladies fine;
+
+     "Things of use for the lowly cot
+     Where (bless the corn!) want cometh not;
+
+     "Luxuries rare for the mansion grand,
+     Booty for thieves that rob the land--
+
+     "All these things, and so many more
+     It would fill a book but to name them o'er,
+
+     "Are hid and held in these walls of corn
+     Whose banners toss in the breeze of morn.
+
+     "Where do they stand, these walls of corn,
+     Whose banners toss in the breeze of morn?
+
+     "Open the atlas, conned by rule,
+     In the olden days of the district school.
+
+     "Point to this rich and bounteous land
+     That yields such fruits to the toiler's hand.
+
+     "'Treeless desert,' they called it then,
+     Haunted by beasts and forsook by men.
+
+     "Little they knew what wealth untold
+     Lay hid where the desolate prairies rolled.
+
+     "Who would have dared, with brush or pen,
+     As this land is now, to paint it then?
+
+     "And how would the wise ones have laughed in scorn
+     Had prophet foretold these walls of corn
+     Whose banners toss in the breeze of morn."
+
+The Kansas River flows into the Missouri at Kansas City, the chief
+settlement of the Missouri Valley, entirely the growth of the period
+since the Civil War, through the prodigious development of the
+railways. There are two cities where the Missouri is crossed by three
+fine bridges, and having two hundred thousand people, the larger being
+Kansas City in Missouri, on the southern river bank, and the other
+adjoining is Kansas City or Wyandotte, the largest city in Kansas,
+through which the Kansas River flows. The two cities are separated by
+the State boundary between Kansas and Missouri. Next to Chicago, this
+place has the largest stock-yards and packing-house plants, and does
+an enormous trade in cattle, meats and grain, many railroads radiating
+in all directions. The site was originally the home of the Wyandotte
+Indians who were removed here from Ohio in 1843. The town of Wyandotte
+had a small population prior to the Civil War, but the growth did not
+begin until after the close of that conflict had stimulated railway
+building and western colonization, and being on the trail from the
+Missouri River to the southwest, this gave the first impetus. These
+cities now have a rapid expansion, and are the greatest railway
+centres west of the Mississippi River, their lines going to the Gulf
+of Mexico and the Pacific through sections of country which are
+rapidly populating and developing vast agricultural and mineral
+products.
+
+The Missouri River traverses the entire State of Missouri in winding,
+turbid current from west to east. It passes Jefferson City, the State
+Capital, having about seven thousand people, and just below receives
+the Osage River coming up from the southwest. At Chillicothe to the
+northwest is buried Nelson Kneiss, who composed the music for Thomas
+Dunn English's popular ballad of _Ben Bolt_; and at Florida, to the
+northeast, was born in November, 1835, the humorist, Samuel L.
+Clemens, _Mark Twain_. Captain Sellers, who furnished river news to
+the New Orleans _Picayune_, had used this _nom-de-plume_, and dying in
+1863, Clemens adopted it. Twenty miles above St. Louis the Missouri
+flows into the Mississippi, contributing the greater volume of water
+to the joint stream, the clear Mississippi waters, pushed over to the
+eastern bank, refusing for a long distance below to mingle with the
+turbid flood of the Missouri.
+
+
+THE CITY OF ST. LOUIS.
+
+The Mississippi River below the Moline Rapids at Rock Island passes
+various flourishing cities, including Muscatine and Burlington, the
+former having considerable trade in timber and food products, while
+Burlington, a much larger place, spreads back from the bluffs and is a
+busy railroad city, fronted by a beautiful reach of the river. About
+thirty miles below, on the Illinois shore, is Nauvoo, a small town
+chiefly raising grapes and wine, but formerly one of the leading
+settlements on the river. This town was originally built by the
+Mormons under the lead of their prophet, Joseph Smith, in 1838, after
+they had been driven from various places in New York, Ohio and
+Missouri. Nauvoo flourished greatly, reaching fifteen thousand
+population, but dissensions arose and the enmity of the growing
+population elsewhere caused riots, in one of which, in 1844, Smith,
+who had been arrested and taken to jail at Carthage, Illinois, was
+killed. Brigham Young then assumed leadership, and in 1845 removed the
+colony over to the Missouri River at Council Bluffs, finally migrating
+to the Great Salt Lake in Utah, two years later. Below Nauvoo are the
+Lower Rapids of the Mississippi, extending twelve miles to Keokuk, a
+beautiful city built partly along the river, but mostly on the summit
+of the bluffs, here rising one hundred and fifty feet. Keokuk was a
+noted Indian chief, his name meaning the "watchful fox." Des Moines
+River, forming the boundary between Iowa and Missouri, flows in at the
+lower edge of the city, having come down from the northwest and
+passing the Iowa State Capital, Des Moines, at the head of navigation,
+where there is a population of sixty thousand and extensive
+manufactures. This city has a magnificent Capitol, erected at a cost
+of $3,000,000, and its prosperity is largely due to the extensive coal
+measures of the neighborhood. It has grown around the site of the
+former frontier outpost of Fort Des Moines, built in the early days
+for protection against the Sioux. Below are Quincy, Hannibal and
+Alton, the latter being just above the confluence with the Missouri,
+and then the Mississippi River flows majestically past the levee at
+St. Louis, the chief city on its banks, having two great railway
+bridges crossing over to the Illinois shore.
+
+When the French held Louisiana, a grant was made in 1762 to Pierre
+Ligueste Laclede and his partners to establish, as the "Louisiana Fur
+Company," trading-posts on the Mississippi. Laclede in that year came
+out from France to New Orleans, and in 1764, in order to open the fur
+trade with the Indians on the Missouri, he ascended the Mississippi,
+and on February 15th made the first settlement on the site of St.
+Louis, building a house and four stores and naming the place in honor
+of King Louis XV. of France. He had frequent journeys along the river,
+and died upon one of them near the mouth of the Arkansas in 1778. The
+post was made the capital of Upper Louisiana, but it grew very slowly,
+having only a thousand people when Louisiana was ceded to the United
+States in 1803. The development of steamboating and afterwards of the
+railway systems, all the great lines seeking St. Louis, gave it rapid
+growth subsequently, and its population now reaches seven hundred
+thousand. It spreads with its vast railway terminals for nearly twenty
+miles along the Mississippi, sweeping in a grand curve past the centre
+of the city, which rises in repeated terraces as it extends westward
+back from the river, the highest being two hundred feet above the
+water-level. It has an enormous trade and extensive manufactures,
+being the largest tobacco-making city in the world, and having one of
+the greatest American breweries, the Anheuser-Busch Company. Its
+Chamber of Commerce, of sandstone in Renaissance, is a noted building,
+and its grand Court House, erected as a Greek cross, is surmounted by
+a dome three hundred feet high. It also has a new and magnificent City
+Hall. St. Louis been singularly free from fires, but its great
+disaster was upon May 27, 1896, when a terrific tornado swept through
+the city, killing three hundred people and destroying property valued
+at $10,000,000.
+
+The chief institution of learning is Washington University, which has
+fine new buildings in Forest Park on the western verge of the city,
+and cares for seventeen hundred students. The park system is very
+extensive, spreading partially around the built-up portions and
+embracing twenty-one hundred acres. The chief of these are the Forest
+Park, with fine trees and drives, the Tower Grove Park, Lafayette and
+Carondelet Parks, and in the northern suburbs O'Fallon Park, having
+adjacent the spacious Bellefontaine and Calvary Cemeteries. The gem of
+the system, however, is the Missouri Botanical Garden of seventy-five
+acres, the best of its kind in the country, which was bequeathed to
+the city by Henry Shaw, a native of Sheffield, England, who came to
+St. Louis, grew up with the city, and died there in 1889. The great
+attraction of St. Louis is its splendid bridge crossing the
+Mississippi, built by James B. Eads and completed in 1874 at a cost of
+$10,000,000, carrying a railway across, with a highway on the upper
+deck, being more than two thousand yards long, and resting on arches
+rising fifty-five feet above the water. The railway is tunnelled
+under the city for nearly a mile, and leads to the Union Station,
+which is one of the largest in the world. The Merchants' Bridge, which
+cost $3,000,000, brings another railway over, three miles above, and a
+third bridge is projected. The vast aggregation of railways centering
+at St. Louis also uses another bridge route north of the city,
+crossing the Missouri just above its mouth and then the Mississippi to
+Alton on the Illinois shore. The military post of St. Louis is
+Jefferson Barracks down the river, an important station of the United
+States army.
+
+  [Illustration: Bridge Crossing the Mississippi at St. Louis]
+
+
+DESCENDING THE MISSISSIPPI.
+
+The scenery of the Mississippi River changes below St. Louis, and it
+loses much of the picturesqueness displayed by the bluff shores above.
+The mass of the waters is larger, the shores lower, and the adjacent
+regions more subject to overflow. There are many bends and islands,
+and the Ohio River comes in at the end of the long low peninsula of
+Cairo, further adding to the enormous current. The Southern Illinois
+lowlands have long been known as Egypt, and upon these bottom lands
+are grown prolific crops of corn. In one field in the great crop of
+1899, covering over six thousand acres south of Ava, was raised six
+hundred thousand bushels, the banner American cornfield of that year.
+Twenty miles below Cairo is Columbus, on a high bluff upon the
+Kentucky shore, having Belmont opposite in Missouri, this having been
+the scene of General Grant's first battle in the Civil War. The
+Confederates in 1861 had fortified Columbus and placed twenty thousand
+men there to hold the Mississippi. Grant, in November, made an attack
+upon Belmont, and broke up and destroyed their outpost camp in spite
+of a heavy fire from Columbus, afterwards cutting his way out and
+returning to Cairo. When in the next spring Forts Henry and Donelson
+were captured, the Confederates found Columbus untenable and abandoned
+it without a contest. Fifty miles below is Donaldson Point, and off it
+the noted Island No. 10, for all these islands below Cairo were
+numbered. The Union gunboats attacked Island No. 10 in March, 1862,
+and carried on a bombardment and siege for a month, when it was
+captured with New Madrid on the Missouri shore several miles farther
+down, they being mutually dependent. The remains of earthworks are
+still visible on the island, and also the canal cut to assist in the
+investment. The Mississippi beyond, skirts the various bluffs of the
+Chickasaw region on the eastern bank, while on the western shore are
+broad alluvial lowlands, as the great river passes between Tennessee
+and Arkansas. On the first Chickasaw bluff is Fort Pillow, another
+Confederate stronghold, which, however, they were compelled to abandon
+in June, 1862, as the Union army had got in their rear. Here
+afterwards occurred the "Fort Pillow Massacre," in April, 1864, when
+the Confederates under General Forrest attacked and captured it.
+
+All the region hereabout was inhabited by the Chickasaw Indians, who
+were so called in their language because they were "swamp-dwellers"
+and "eaters of the bog-potato." This tribe long ago removed to the
+Indian territory, where they are now in a prosperous condition and
+successful agriculturists. On the southwestern border of Tennessee is
+what is known as the fourth Chickasaw bluff, and here is the city of
+Memphis, the leading town between St. Louis and New Orleans. The bluff
+shore rises about eighty feet above the river at the ordinary stage of
+water, and is fronted by a wide levee extending for two miles and a
+broad esplanade bordered by warehouses. It was here that De Soto in
+1541, with his band of adventurous explorers searching for gold, came
+and first saw the great river, their chronicler writing home "the
+river was so broad that if a man stood still on the other side, it
+could not be told whether he was a man or no; the channel was very
+deep, the current strong, the water muddy and filled with floating
+trees." Memphis is a handsome city, attractively laid out, the
+residential section having spacious lawn-bordered avenues, and there
+being an attractive park in the centre, the Court Square inhabited by
+numerous squirrels and adorned by Andrew Jackson's bust. Memphis has
+seventy thousand people, and a large trade both by river and railroad,
+being a leading cotton-shipping port, whence steamboats take vast
+amounts down to New Orleans for foreign export. Among its attractions
+are the cotton compresses and cotton-seed oil mills. In the Civil War,
+Memphis was captured by the Union gunboats in June, 1862, and held
+afterwards. On the outskirts, a grim memorial of the great conflict,
+is the National Cemetery, with fourteen thousand Union soldiers'
+graves.
+
+
+PECULIARITIES OF THE GREAT RIVER.
+
+The Mississippi below the mouth of the Ohio is an entirely changed
+river. Above that stream, it is similar to most other inland
+waterways, having tolerably stable banks and not much change in width.
+Below Cairo, however, the deposits forming the banks are composed of
+alternate layers of sand and mud or clay, the sand having been
+deposited by running water, and the mud in comparatively still water,
+so that the sand-layers are readily washed out, thus causing the banks
+to cave whenever the current sets against them. Below the influx of
+the Ohio, the river traverses alluvial bottom lands of inexhaustible
+fertility, and usually stretching to a width of forty miles or more.
+These alluvial lands have a general southern slope of about eight
+inches to the mile, and stretch five hundred miles to the southward,
+the river winding through them in a devious course for eleven hundred
+miles, occasionally on the eastern side washing bluffs of one to three
+hundred feet. The slope is sufficient to create high velocities in the
+current, making a very unstable channel, constantly shifting laterally
+and causing the river to develop into a serpentine form, one bend
+following another continuously. The immediate river, wherever it may
+be at the time, is confined by banks of its own creation, which, like
+all sediment-bearing rivers, are highest near the stream itself. Thus
+apparently following a low ridge through the bottom lands, the
+resistless mass of muddy water sweeps onward with swiftness, eroding
+its outer banks in the bends and rebuilding them on the opposite
+points, frequently forming islands by its deposits, and as frequently
+removing them, as the direction of flow may be modified by the
+unending changes in progress. Chief among these changes is the
+formation of "cut-offs." Two vast eroding bends covering several miles
+of distance gradually approach each other until the water forces a
+passage across the narrow neck. As the channel distance between these
+bends may have been many miles around, the sudden "cut-off" makes a
+cascade of several feet, through which the torrent rushes with a roar
+heard far away. The sandy banks dissolve like so much sugar, in a
+single day the course of the river is radically changed, and
+steamboats pass where a few hours before was cultivated land. The
+checking of the current at the upper and lower mouths of the abandoned
+channel soon obstructs them with the deposits, and in a few years
+forms a crescent-shaped lake, of which there are so many in the
+bottoms adjacent to the river. The convex bank in a bend is built up
+as rapidly by the deposits as the opposite concave bank washes off, so
+that the river does not usually become any wider in the bends on
+account of the process. The deepest water is always next to the
+concave or wasting bank, where the most current flows. It is not an
+unusual sight along this extraordinary river to see an ancient and
+well-constructed house hanging over the caving bank, destined
+ultimately to drop into the water. It may originally have been a mile
+from the river in the centre of an old plantation, but the mighty
+current sweeping around and into the bend has worn away the land,
+often dissolving it by acres, and as it dropped in, has piled the
+sediment on the opposite point, thus steadily moving the river over
+without materially changing the width, until it is ready to engulf the
+house.
+
+While the great river above the Ohio is generally bordered by
+limestone bluffs, making stable conditions, yet below, the Mississippi
+flows through a region wholly formed by its own deposits. It is said
+the alluvial basin below Cairo was once an estuary of the Gulf of
+Mexico, and that it has been raised in level, along with the entire
+southern portion of the Continent, about a hundred feet, and then
+filled in with the sediment the river carries down. This alluvial
+region is sometimes as much as seventy miles wide; and when not
+confined to the channel by levees, the natural course of a great
+Mississippi flood is to spread entirely over the basin. These floods
+will rise fifty feet, and the basin then becomes a great reservoir and
+storage-ground for the surplus waters, though the levee system has
+much restricted this. It is estimated that the annual discharge of the
+Mississippi is twenty-one million millions of cubic feet of water, and
+that it carries in a year four hundred millions of tons of solid
+material down to the Gulf to be deposited; thus cutting away from its
+banks a space equalling ten square miles of territory eighty feet
+deep. It takes one-fourth the rainfall of its valley down to the Gulf,
+or water equalling a depth of seven or eight inches over its whole
+drainage area, and the solid matter annually carried along and
+deposited there is equal to a body a mile square and three hundred and
+sixty feet high. The flow of the river is from one to six miles an
+hour in different stages and sections. The flood periods are in April
+and June, the river being above the mid-stage usually from January to
+August; and the lowest stage comes generally in October.
+
+
+MEMPHIS TO VICKSBURG.
+
+Following down the great river, its winding and varying channel south
+of Memphis becomes the boundary between the States of Mississippi and
+Arkansas. To the westward the Arkansas shore is a lowland and the
+interior largely swamps, with many bayous and lakes, the tributaries
+of St. Francis River, which, rising in the Iron Mountain district of
+Missouri, flows four hundred and fifty miles, generally southward, to
+fall into the Mississippi just above Helena. This river passes through
+a continuous swamp after entering Arkansas, spreads into numerous
+lakes, and its extensive basin is one of the great reservoirs of
+overflow relieving the Mississippi in time of flood. Its port of
+Helena has a trade in timber brought out of the neighboring swamps and
+forests. About one hundred miles below, the White River and the
+Arkansas River flow in upon the western shore. Very curiously, these
+rivers, having mouths about fifteen miles apart, join some distance
+above, their waters commingling in the alluvial bottom land. The White
+River is nine hundred miles long, rises in the Ozark Mountains of
+Northern Arkansas, makes a long circuit through Missouri and then
+comes southward, being navigable some four hundred miles to
+Batesville, the seat of Arkansas College. The Arkansas River, next to
+the Missouri, is the greatest Mississippi tributary, being nearly
+twenty-two hundred miles long and having its sources in the Rockies in
+Colorado, out of which it flows in a magnificent canyon. It comes for
+five hundred miles eastward through plains that are largely sterile,
+enters Kansas, turns southeast in the Indian Territory, and crosses
+the State of Arkansas to its mouth, being navigable for eight hundred
+miles. At the western border of the State the river is guarded by Fort
+Smith, where an active town has grown around the former frontier post
+on the verge of the Indian Territory, having large trade and a
+population of fifteen thousand.
+
+In the centre of Arkansas, this great river, being about four hundred
+yards wide, passes the State capital Little Rock, having thirty
+thousand people, its largest city, with railways radiating in all
+directions, and conducting an extensive cotton trade. Its State House
+is attractive, and spreading magnolias pleasantly shade many of the
+streets. A spur of the Ozark Mountains comes down to the westward of
+Little Rock, and its foothills are thrust out towards the Arkansas
+River. In ascending it through the lowlands from the Mississippi, the
+original explorers met here the only elevations of land they had seen,
+the first being a rocky cliff rising about fifty feet above the water,
+which they called the "Little Rock," and on it the city has been
+built, while two miles above another cliff, rising five hundred feet,
+is called the "Big Rock." Southwest of Little Rock, in this spur of
+the Ozark Mountains, is the famous Arkansas town of Hot Springs,
+having ten thousand inhabitants and many visitors. It is located in a
+narrow gorge between the Hot Springs Mountain on the east and West
+Mountain, the wide Main Street being flanked on one side by
+bath-houses and on the other by hotels and shops. There are over
+seventy springs, rising on the western slope of the Hot Springs
+Mountain above the town, and discharging daily five hundred thousand
+gallons of clear, tasteless and odorless waters, of varying
+temperatures, the highest 158°. They contain a little silica and
+carbonate of lime, but their beneficial effects in rheumatism, gout,
+costiveness and other troubles are ascribed mainly to their heat and
+purity. There is a large Government Hospital here for the army and
+navy, the Springs being United States property. The waters flow into
+the Washita River, which passes through a pleasant valley to the
+southward and then goes off nearly six hundred miles down into
+Louisiana to the Red River. At the mouth of Arkansas River on the
+Mississippi is the town of Napoleon.
+
+The vast current of the Mississippi River, constantly augmented by
+capacious tributaries, naturally finds outlets in times of flood
+through the banks, and thus overspreads the extensive adjacent
+lowlands. To the eastward, south of Memphis, and extending down almost
+to Vicksburg, is the enormous Yazoo Basin, a lowland of many bayous
+and lakes, making a region of excessive fertility, and its Choctaw
+name has thus been naturally acquired, meaning "leafy." The river
+originates in the bayous and sloughs springing from the eastern
+Mississippi bank, which form the Tallahatchie River, and that stream,
+uniting with the Yallabusha and the Sunflower, make the deep, winding
+and very sluggish Yazoo, flowing nearly three hundred miles down to
+the Mississippi, twelve miles above Vicksburg. The extensive bottom
+lands of this Yazoo Delta compose about one-sixth of the State of
+Mississippi, its entire northwestern portion, and being a rich
+agricultural region are traversed by railways and have many
+flourishing towns and villages. There is a perfect network of
+waterways throughout this fertile delta, over thirty of the streams
+being navigable for large steamboats, and it also has extensive
+forests of valuable timber. The entire region is alluvial, the soil
+having been deposited by the overflows of the Mississippi during past
+ages, and now that this extensive basin is protected by an elaborate
+system of levees from further overflows, almost the whole of it is
+available for cultivation. There are nearly five millions of acres of
+reclaimed lands here, and though less than one-fifth of this surface
+is devoted to cotton, it is said to grow more of that great staple
+than any other single district in the world. The malaria, often
+prevalent along the Yazoo, led the Choctaws to call it the "river of
+death."
+
+Both banks of the Mississippi below the Arkansas River are lined with
+cotton plantations, giving a most interesting scene during the
+harvesting of the fleecy crop in the autumn. The broad plantations
+disclose the comfortable and often quaint planters' houses of the
+olden time embosomed in trees, and as one progresses southward the
+trees become more and more draped with the dark and sombre Spanish
+moss, giving a weird appearance to the shores. The Yazoo flows in, and
+the long and imposing range of the Walnut Hills rises on the eastern
+bank to five hundred feet elevation. Here a planter named Vick made
+the first settlement in 1836, and the city of Vicksburg has grown on
+the summit and slopes of the hills, the lucrative traffic of the Yazoo
+delta providing a chief source of its prosperity, making it the
+largest city in the state of Mississippi, there being fifteen thousand
+people. It presents a picturesque view from the river, but is chiefly
+known abroad from its famous siege and capture by General Grant in
+July, 1863. The Confederates, having lost Memphis and New Orleans,
+made their last desperate stand to hold the Mississippi River at
+Vicksburg, surrounding it with vast fortifications, crowning the hills
+with batteries, not only along the river front, but up the Yazoo River
+to Haines' Bluff. Several attempts were made to capture it in 1862,
+Farragut's fleet running past, and Grant began operations in the
+spring of 1863. After several battles, he appeared before the city in
+May, assaulting and being repulsed, and then began the siege which
+resulted in the surrender on July 4th. General Pemberton, commanding
+Vicksburg, surrendered thirty-one thousand men, his previous losses
+exceeding ten thousand. General Grant had similar losses, his forces
+engaged in the siege and preliminary battles approximating seventy
+thousand men. This siege greatly damaged the city, while in 1876 the
+Mississippi, in one of its peculiar freaks, cut through a neck of land
+opposite, took an entirely new channel, and left Vicksburg isolated on
+an inland lake. The Government has since, at heavy expense, diverted
+the Yazoo outflow past the city and restored the harbor. There are
+beautiful views and romantic glens in the Walnut Hills, with many
+traces of the old fortifications, while a favorite drive is to the
+extensive National Cemetery, where seventeen thousand soldiers' graves
+recall the terrific conflicts of the Civil War.
+
+
+NATCHEZ TO NEW ORLEANS.
+
+When the Sieur de la Salle made his voyage of exploration down the
+great Father of Waters from the Falls of St. Anthony to the Gulf of
+Mexico, he found in the spring of 1682 an interesting Indian
+settlement on the eastern bank a hundred miles below Vicksburg. This
+settlement was under a bluff rising a hundred and fifty feet above the
+river. Later, in 1699, Commander d'Iberville examined the Mississippi
+delta, and having founded Fort St. Louis at Biloxi, heard of these
+Indians, sought their friendship, and in 1700 came up and established
+a trading-post at their village under the bluff. He described them as
+numbering twelve hundred warriors, living in nine contiguous villages,
+ruled by a chief of the "family of the suns," their highest caste, and
+called the Natchez Indians, the word meaning "the hurrying men,
+running as in war." The French kept up communication with them, and
+regarded the tribe as the noblest of the many with whom they had been
+brought in contact in America. These Indians had a religious creed and
+ceremonies not unlike the "Fire Worshippers" of Persia. In their
+"Temple of the Sun," the priests kept the sacred fire constantly
+burning on the altar, their tradition being that the fire came
+originally from heaven and had always been maintained. In 1713 the
+Sieur de Bienville, who had succeeded his brother, d'Iberville, built
+Fort Rosalie alongside the landing, and around it grew a town which
+was the beginning of the city of Natchez. Unfortunately, just about
+this time the Indians' sacred fire accidentally went out, and
+attributing this to the coming of the white men, they became
+dissatisfied and conflicts arose. There were repeated fights, and in
+1729 they swooped down upon the settlement and massacred the French.
+The following year troops came up from New Orleans, attacked and
+scattered them, burning their villages, and the tribe ultimately
+disappeared, the last small remnant of half-breed descendants
+remaining in Texas until recently, when they joined the Creeks and
+Cherokees. Now the city of Natchez has its business portion along the
+narrow stretch of river-bank in front of the bluff, where some traces
+yet remain of the earthworks of the old French fort. The greater part
+of the city, however, is on the bluff, where the brow of the hill is a
+wide-spreading park giving a splendid outlook. Also on the bluff is a
+National Cemetery filled with soldiers' graves, the sad memorial of
+the War. There is a large river-trade at Natchez, and twelve thousand
+population, and in the cotton-shipping season, business along the
+levee is very active.
+
+About seventy miles below, the Red River flows in, the last of the
+great tributaries of the Mississippi. This stream is over fifteen
+hundred miles long, draining a region of a hundred thousand square
+miles, and gets its name from the red-colored sediment its waters
+bring down. It originates in the extensive "Staked Plain" of northern
+Texas, the "Lone Star State," its sources being at twenty-five hundred
+feet elevation. Its flow is eastward, forming the Texan northern
+boundary on the border of Oklahoma and the Indian Territory, and then
+it turns south near the twin city of Texarkana, which stands on both
+sides of the line between Texas and Arkansas. Coming into Louisiana it
+passes Shreveport, a city of fifteen thousand people, with a large
+trade in cotton and cattle, and then crosses the state to the
+Mississippi. The special and curious feature of the Red River is the
+formation of rafts. Its upper shores are heavily timbered, and vast
+numbers of trees are engulfed by the current washing out the banks in
+times of freshet, and they accumulate lower down, where the speed of
+the water slackens. These rafts are formed many miles long, growing by
+additions to the up-stream side, while the logs decay and are
+gradually floated off and broken up on the lower extremity. This makes
+the obstruction steadily move up-stream. In 1854, the great raft fifty
+miles above Shreveport extended thirteen miles up the river and was
+accumulating at the rate of nearly two miles annually. In colonial
+times this raft was said to have been two hundred miles lower down the
+river. Vegetation had taken root on the older portions, thus making a
+floating forest, and the retardation of the waters above made a lake
+over twenty miles long. In 1873, when the Government attacked it and
+opened a navigable channel, this raft had grown to thirty-two miles
+length, and the opening of the channel lowered the upper retarded
+waters fifteen feet. Snag-boats have since patrolled the Red River,
+pulling out thousands of trees every year, and breaking up the rafts,
+to maintain navigation. The lower course of Red River is very crooked
+and sluggish, through swamps and lowlands, and near its mouth part of
+the current, particularly in times of freshet, is diverted into
+Atchafalaya River, which flows for about two hundred miles southward
+directly to the Gulf of Mexico. This stream is said to have originally
+been the outlet of Red River to the Gulf, and such it seems again
+coming to be, the Government having a very serious problem in dealing
+with it. The Mississippi River in its earlier vagaries developed a
+bend towards the west, which struck Red River, thus making it a
+tributary, the former channel silting up. It was then named
+Atchafalaya, meaning the "lost river." To improve navigation, some
+time ago this old channel was opened, when to the general
+astonishment, the Atchafalaya began absorbing the Red River waters and
+developing a large river, which now carries a current more than
+one-third the volume of the Mississippi, and as they all run together
+at high-water stages, there is a fear that the whole Mississippi may
+at some time conclude to go into the Atchafalaya, thus leaving New
+Orleans on an arm of the sea. Extensive Government works are in
+progress to prevent this diversion and maintain the old conditions.
+
+Below Red River, the Mississippi is all in Louisiana, its width barely
+a half-mile, and its depth very great, in many places one to two
+hundred feet, necessary to carry the vast flow of water. The banks are
+throughout protected by levees, and on the last bluff rising alongside
+the river, on the eastern bank, is the Louisiana state capital, Baton
+Rouge, a quaint old city with ancient French and Spanish houses,
+spreading over the bluff fifty feet above the water. There is a
+population of about ten thousand, and overlooking the river are the
+State House and the buildings of the Louisiana State University.
+Below Baton Rouge, both banks of the Mississippi are bordered by
+attractive gardens and extensive plantations, with sections of forest,
+sombre moss-draped trees and rich vegetation, the whole of the
+"coast," as the lower river banks are familiarly called, being lavish
+in the display of semi-tropical luxuriance. The voyage down, skirting
+the low shores and levees for a hundred and twenty miles, is most
+picturesque, as the windings of the river make pleasant views.
+Finally, a grand sweeping bend is rounded, where the city of New
+Orleans is spread out upon both banks, the streets and buildings
+stretching far inland upon the lowlands behind the great protective
+embankments.
+
+
+THE CRESCENT CITY.
+
+The Spanish in the sixteenth century made various evanescent
+explorations of the Gulf coast and the entrances to the Mississippi,
+but never gained a permanent foothold. La Salle descended the great
+river to its mouth in 1682, took possession of the country for France
+and named it Louisiana, in honor of his King Louis XIV. The first
+colony planted in the Province by the French was at Biloxi Bay on the
+Gulf coast, about eighty miles northeast of New Orleans, in February,
+1699, by Commander d'Iberville. Biloxi is now a quiet town of five
+thousand people, having a good trade and some manufactures. A short
+distance to the westward is Beauvoir, which was the home of the
+Confederate President, Jefferson Davis, where he died in 1889; and
+about ten miles farther westward is the extensive Bay St. Louis, where
+at Pass Christian is one of the most frequented pleasure-resorts on
+the Gulf coast. The French built a fort at Biloxi, and for years
+d'Iberville and his younger brother, the Sieur de Bienville,
+maintained their colony under serious difficulties, de Bienville
+finally deciding to change the location, and removing to Mobile bay.
+After considerable exploration, however, he determined upon a
+permanent location within the Mississippi River, and entering the
+passes in 1718 he ascended to where he found the most eligible fast
+land and founded the colony of New Orleans, naming it in honor of the
+then Regent of France, the Duke of Orleans. Thus began the city, which
+in 1721, being then described as "a village of trappers and gold
+hunters," was made the capital of the French royal Province of
+Louisiana. In 1732 it had about five thousand population, and after
+the transfer of sovereignty to the United States it was chartered a
+city in 1804, then having ten thousand. There are now two hundred and
+seventy-five thousand people in New Orleans.
+
+This noted city is about one hundred and seven miles from the Gulf of
+Mexico, and the older portion was built around the outer curve of a
+grand crescent-shaped river bend, which gave it the popular
+designation of the "Crescent City." It afterwards grew far up stream,
+and stretched around another reverse bend, so that now the river
+passes through in form much like the letter S. The surface descends
+from the river by gentle slope towards a marshy region in the rear,
+and is several feet below the level of high water, the levee being a
+strong embankment about fourteen feet high and fifteen feet wide on
+the surface, effectually protecting from overflow. Its magnificent
+position near the mouth of the river, where an enormous interior
+commerce, coming by railroad and steamboat, has to be transhipped to
+ocean-going vessels, has made the prosperity of the city. Its event of
+chief memory is the battle of January 8, 1815, when General Andrew
+Jackson defeated the British under General Pakenham. The battlefield
+was at Chalmette in the southern suburbs, on ground stretching from
+the Mississippi River bank back about a mile to the cypress swamps.
+The war with England had already been ended by a peace concluded at
+Ghent December 24, 1814, but neither side then knew of it. The British
+advanced from the eastward to attack the city, and a hastily
+constructed line of breastworks formed of cotton bales was thrown up,
+behind which Jackson's men were stationed to receive the attack. The
+result was a most disastrous defeat, Pakenham, his second in command
+and twenty-six hundred men falling, while the American loss was only
+one hundred. A marble monument on the field commemorates the victory,
+and a National Cemetery, with many graves of soldiers fallen in the
+Civil War, now occupies a portion of the ground. In the Civil War, in
+April, 1862, Admiral Farragut ran his fleet past the forts commanding
+the river at the head of the Passes, and appearing before the city
+compelled its surrender, when it was occupied by the accompanying land
+forces under General Butler.
+
+There is, in the older town, so much of characteristic French and
+Spanish survival, that New Orleans is a most interesting and
+picturesque city, though it has not very much to show in the way of
+elaborate architecture. The streets have generally French or Spanish
+names, and there is a distinctive French quarter inhabited by Creoles,
+where the buildings have walls of adobé and stucco, inner courts,
+tiled roofs, arcades and balconies, the whole region being lavishly
+supplied with semi-tropical plants. The chief business thoroughfare,
+Canal Street, is at right-angles to the river bank, and borders the
+French quarter. The levee for over six miles is devoted to the
+shipping, and in its gathering of ocean vessels and river steamboats,
+loading or unloading, is a most animated place, impressing the
+observer with the idea that tributary to this great mart of trade is
+the richest agricultural valley in the world. The hero of New Orleans,
+General Andrew Jackson, has his equestrian statue in Jackson Square,
+which was the old-time Place d'Armes, and adjoining is the French
+Cathedral of St. Louis, built in the eighteenth century, but since
+considerably altered. The chief institution of learning is Tulane
+University, having fine buildings and a thousand students, the
+benefaction of a prominent citizen. In Lafayette Square there is a
+statue of John McDonough, whose legacy for school-houses has built and
+equipped thirty spacious buildings, accommodating twenty thousand
+pupils. Around Lafayette Square are various public edifices and
+churches.
+
+New Orleans has two fine parks, the City Park and Audubon Park, both
+displaying collections of live oaks and magnolias, which are
+picturesque. The city cemeteries also have many good trees and are
+attractive and peculiar. The soil being semi-fluid at a depth of two
+or three feet, nearly all the tombs are above ground, some being
+costly and beautiful structures. Most of them, however, are buildings
+composed of cells placed one above another to the height of seven or
+eight feet. The cell is only large enough to receive the coffin, and
+as soon as the funeral is over, it is hermetically bricked up at the
+narrow entrance. These cells are called "ovens," and bear tablets
+appropriately inscribed. The Cypress Grove Cemetery, near the City
+Park, is one of the most interesting. In Greenwood Cemetery, near by,
+is a monument to the Confederate dead, and General Albert Sidney
+Johnston is interred in Metairie Cemetery, which also has his
+equestrian statue. In some cases the graves are in earthen mounds,
+while occasionally, where the interment is in the ground, the
+grave-digging is so arranged as to be completed just as the funeral
+arrives, and the coffin thus gets placed and covered before there is
+time for much water to ooze into the grave. The most uniquely
+picturesque sight in the city is furnished by the old French Market,
+near the levee, in the early morning, when business is in full tide,
+and the mixed population in peculiar costume and language is seen to
+advantage. A favorite resort of the people is Lake Pontchartrain, five
+miles north, the spacious inland sea covering nearly a thousand square
+miles, to which fine shell roads lead.
+
+
+THE LEVEES AND THE DELTA.
+
+The whole country around New Orleans, and indeed the entire region
+adjacent to the Mississippi and its bayous, would be overflowed in
+times of freshet were it not for the elaborate systems of levees,
+which are a special feature of the whole lower Mississippi Valley. The
+work of constructing these extensive embankments began at the
+foundation of the infant city of New Orleans, when a dyke a mile long
+was projected to protect the settlement from overflow, and it was
+built soon afterwards. In 1770 the settlements extended thirty miles
+above and twenty miles below the city, the plantations being
+protected by levees. By 1828, the levees, though in many places
+insufficient, had become continuous nearly to the mouth of Red River.
+The methods of construction were various, and the authorities
+conflicting, but the Government took hold of the work in 1850,
+beginning by giving the States the swamplands to provide a fund for
+reclamation. When the Civil War began, the levees extended a thousand
+miles along the river, and as far north as the State of Missouri.
+During the war the system fell into decay, and afterwards much work of
+restoration was necessary. The Mississippi River Commission now has
+charge, under comprehensive methods, and large sums are devoted to the
+purpose, aggregating over $4,000,000 annually from the General
+Government and the States, there being continuous lines of levees from
+Memphis nearly to the delta below New Orleans. Were the river left to
+itself, in most of this region during the spring floods it would
+overflow the banks by several feet, this being, however, prevented by
+these massive earth entrenchments, through which there nevertheless
+often breaks a destructive crevasse. The sediment brought down by the
+river has been deposited most abundantly upon the banks, making their
+front the highest surface, so that there is a gradual descent inland
+and back from the river of about four feet to the mile. During the
+floods, an observer standing alongside the levee has the water in the
+river running high above him, and when the levee breaks the
+bottom-lands are soon extensively overflowed. The estimate is that
+these lands, reclaimed and protected by the levees, embrace thirty
+thousand square miles of the most fertile soil in the world, about
+one-sixth of it being under cultivation; and that there are altogether
+twenty-six hundred miles of levees along the great river, and the
+adjunct tributary bayous, lakes and other water-courses. For nine
+months the water stage is low, so that very little attention is given
+it, but when the spring comes, the melted snows of the Rockies and the
+torrential rains come down usually in conjunction, bringing an
+enormous flood, that rushes along, filling the river to the tops of
+the embankments. Processes of decay and weakening are always going
+on--rats and mice have their burrows, and millions of crawfish, with
+claws like chisels, riddle the levees with holes. Then in some
+unexpected place the dreaded alarm is sounded that the bank is giving
+way and a crevasse impends. The water-soaked bank shows fissures and
+help is implored--bells are rung, fleet horsemen arouse the
+neighborhood, the people assemble and try to stop the break. But the
+crumbling levee soon gives way, and the swollen and muddy current
+pours through with a roar like Niagara, the waters spreading afar over
+the lowlands, and thus by reducing the stream-level bringing relief to
+the river, but converting the adjacent region for many miles into a
+turbid lake and ruining the crops.
+
+Below New Orleans, as the river is descended, the thick forest
+vegetation along the banks gradually disappears, giving place to vast
+expanses of marsh and isolated patches of fast land bearing stunted
+trees. The river banks grow less defined, and are finally lost in what
+appears to be an interminable marsh with many waterways. This leads to
+the delta, gradually built up from the sediment deposited by the
+river, and demonstrating the eternal conflict and gradual encroachment
+of the land upon the sea. Through the ages, this delta, steadily
+constructed by the river, has been protruded into the Gulf of Mexico,
+far beyond the general coast-line, and it is slowly advancing year
+after year from the accumulated deposits. The delta divides into the
+various channels or "passes" by which the waters seek the sea. These
+are at first bordered by shore-lines of mud, which lower down dissolve
+into consecutive lines of coarse grass growing from beneath the watery
+surface, and then they are discernible only to the practiced eye of
+the pilot by what appears to be a regular current flowing along in the
+universal waste. This delta covers an area of fourteen thousand square
+miles, and it divides into four separate passes, which are hardly much
+more than outlet currents through the expanse of waters and marsh,
+thus excavating deeper and navigable channels. There are lighthouses
+at the entrances, and just inside the Northeast Pass is a spacious
+mud-bank known as the Balize, where there once was a colony of
+wreckers, but now are pleasant residences. Above the head of the
+delta, and about seventy miles below New Orleans, located in eligible
+positions at a bend, are Forts St. Philip and Jackson, the defensive
+works of the river entrance, and below them the main ship channel goes
+out to the Gulf through the South Pass, where the bar has been
+deepened through the effective scouring produced by the famous Eads
+Jetties on either side--one over two miles long and the other a mile
+and a half. These jetties cost $5,000,000, and they maintain a channel
+thirty feet deep. The twin lights marking their extremities can be
+regarded as indicating as nearly as may be the mouth of the great
+river, and beyond is the broad expanse of the Gulf of Mexico. Vast as
+is the enormous outflow brought down by the Father of Waters, the
+drainage of the whole broad centre of the Continent thus poured into
+the Gulf, yet it has no appreciable effect upon the ocean into which
+it flows. The Gulf easily swallows up all the Mississippi waters in a
+way that reminds of Rossetti's dirge:
+
+     "Why does the sea moan evermore?
+     Shut out from heaven it makes its moan,
+     It frets against the boundary shore;
+     All earth's full rivers cannot fill
+     The sea, that drinking, thirsteth still"
+
+
+
+
+THE ROCKIES AND PACIFIC COAST.
+
+
+
+
+XXI.
+
+THE ROCKIES AND PACIFIC COAST.
+
+     The Lone Star State -- The Sunset Route -- Port Arthur --
+     Galveston -- Houston -- Dallas -- Fort Worth -- Great Staked
+     Plain -- Austin -- San Antonio -- The Alamo -- David
+     Crockett -- James Bowie -- Sam Houston -- Cattle Ranches --
+     Rio Grande River -- El Paso -- Arizona -- Tucson --
+     Phoenix -- Prehistoric Cities -- Yuma -- Canyons of the
+     Colorado -- Colorado Desert -- Southern California -- San
+     Bernardino Valley -- San Diego -- Coronado Beach -- The
+     Early Missions -- Climate and Scenery -- Los Angeles --
+     Santa Monica Bay -- San Gabriel Valley -- Santa Barbara --
+     Monterey Bay -- Del Monte -- Santa Cruz -- Santa Clara
+     Valley -- San José -- Lick Observatory -- San Joaquin Valley
+     -- Stockton -- Gold Mining -- The Big Trees -- Yosemite
+     Valley -- Rocky Mountains -- The Atchison Route -- Indian
+     Territory -- Oklahoma -- Raton Pass -- Las Vegas -- Santa Fé
+     -- Albuquerque -- Mesa Encantada -- Flagstaff -- Mojave
+     Desert -- The Union Pacific Route -- Cheyenne -- Colorado --
+     Denver -- Boulder Canyon -- Clear Creek Canyon -- Colorado
+     Springs -- Pike's Peak -- Manitou -- Garden of the Gods --
+     Pueblo -- Veta Pass -- Cripple Creek -- Leadville -- Grand
+     Canyon of the Arkansas -- Marshall Pass -- Black Canyon of
+     the Gunnison -- Wyoming Fossils -- Utah -- Echo and Weber
+     Canyons -- Ogden -- Great Salt Lake -- Salt Lake City -- The
+     Mormons -- Promontory Point -- Nevada -- Virginia City --
+     Comstock Lode -- Lake Tahoe -- Donner Lake -- Sacramento --
+     The Northern Pacific Route -- Butte -- Anaconda Mine --
+     Helena -- Idaho -- Spokane -- Columbia River -- Oregon --
+     Snake River Canyon -- Shoshoné Falls -- The Dalles --
+     Cascade Locks -- The Great Northern Route -- The Canadian
+     Pacific Route -- Regina -- Moose Jaw -- Medicine Hat --
+     Calgary -- Banff -- Mount Stephen -- Kicking Horse Pass --
+     Rogers Pass -- Mount Sir Donald -- Glacier House -- Eagle
+     Pass -- Great Shuswap Lake -- Kamloops -- Thompson  Canyon
+     -- Fraser Canyon -- Vancouver -- Victoria -- Gulf of Georgia
+     -- Alaska -- Fort Wrangell -- Sitka -- Juneau -- Treadwell
+     Mine -- Muir Glacier -- Lynn Canal -- Chilkoot and Chilkat
+     -- Skaguay and Dyea -- The Yukon River -- The Klondyke --
+     St. Michaels -- Cape Nome -- Puget Sound -- Port Townsend --
+     Everett -- Seattle -- Tacoma -- Mount Tacoma -- Mount St.
+     Helens -- Portland -- Crater Lake -- Mount Shasta -- Benicia
+     -- Mare Island -- Oakland -- University of California --
+     Menlo Park -- Leland Stanford, Jr., University -- San
+     Francisco -- Point Lobos -- The Golden Gate.
+
+
+THE LONE STAR STATE.
+
+Westward from the Mississippi River the "Sunset Route" to the Pacific
+leads across the sugar plantations of Louisiana. This Southern Pacific
+railway passes many bayous having luxuriant growth of bordering live
+oaks, magnolias and cypress, hung with festoons of Spanish moss,
+crosses the Atchafalaya River at Morgan City, and beyond, skirts along
+the picturesque and winding Bayou Teche in a region originally peopled
+by colonies of French Acadian refugees from Nova Scotia. Ultimately
+the route crosses Calcasieu River at Lake Charles, and thirty-eight
+miles beyond, goes over the Sabine River into the "Lone Star State" of
+Texas, the largest in the Union. The name of Texas comes from a tribe
+of Indians found there when La Salle made the first European
+settlement on the coast at Fort St. Louis on Lavaca River in 1685, but
+after the Spanish occupation in the eighteenth century the country was
+long known as the New Philippines, that being the official
+designation in their records. At the mouth of Sabine River is Sabine
+Lake, where Port Arthur has been established as a prosperous railway
+terminal, having access to the Gulf by a ship canal with terminating
+jetties, deepening the channel outlet to the sea. Farther along the
+coast is Galveston, the chief Texan seaport, built on the northeastern
+extremity of Galveston Island, which spreads for thirty miles in front
+of the spacious Galveston Bay, covering nearly five hundred miles
+surface. The entrance from the sea is obstructed by a bar through
+which the Government excavated at great expense a channel, flanked by
+stone jetties five miles long. It is a low-lying city with wide,
+straight streets, embowered in luxuriant tropical vegetation, while
+the equable winter temperature makes it a charming health-resort. A
+magnificent sea-beach spreads along the Gulf front of the island for
+many miles. Galveston, in September, 1900, was swept by a most
+terrific cyclone and tidal wave, destroying thousands of lives and a
+vast number of buildings.
+
+Texas was a Province of Mexico, under Spanish and afterwards Mexican
+rule, and its many attractions in the early nineteenth century brought
+a large accession of colonists to the eastern portions from the
+adjacent parts of the United States. The Americans became so numerous
+that in 1830 the Mexican Congress prohibited further immigration, and
+the result was a revolt in 1835, the organization of a Provisional
+Government, a war which ended in the defeat of the Mexicans in the
+battle of San Jacinto in 1836, and the final independence of Texas.
+The people then sought annexation to the United States, but the State
+was not admitted until 1845, the Mexican War following. Two men of
+that time were prominent in Texas, Stephen F. Austin, who brought the
+first large colony from the United States settling on the Colorado and
+Brazos Rivers, and Sam Houston, who, after being Governor of
+Tennessee, migrated to Texas, led the revolt, commanded their army,
+and was made the first President of the independent State. The latter
+has his name preserved in the active city of Houston on Buffalo Bayou,
+a tributary of Galveston Bay, and about fifty miles northwest of
+Galveston. Houston is a busy railway centre, handling large amounts of
+cotton, sugar and timber, and is rapidly expanding, having sixty
+thousand people.
+
+The Trinity River is the chief affluent of Galveston Bay, flowing down
+from Northern Texas, and having upon its banks another busy railway
+centre, Dallas, with fifty thousand people and an extensive trade.
+About thirty miles above, on Trinity River, is the old Indian frontier
+post of Fort Worth, now a town of forty thousand population and the
+headquarters of the cattle-raisers of Northern Texas. For many miles
+in all directions are the extensive cattle ranges, and to the north
+and west spreads the "Great Staked Plain," a vast plateau elevated
+nearly five thousand feet above the sea, covering some fifty thousand
+square miles, and being surrounded by a bordering escarpment of
+erosion to the lower levels, much resembling palisades. The stakes
+driven by the early Spaniards to mark their way are said to have given
+this plain its name, and it has now become an almost limitless cattle
+pasturage. When Austin's American colony settled on the Colorado River
+west of Houston, his name was given the town which was ultimately
+selected as the State Capital, where there are now twenty thousand
+people who look out upon the magnificent view of the Colorado
+Mountains. Here is the Texas State University with seven hundred and
+fifty students, and one of the finest State Capitols in the country, a
+splendid red granite structure, which was built by a syndicate in
+exchange for a grant of three million acres of land, the building
+occupying seven years in construction and costing $3,500,000. Two
+miles above the city an enormous dam seventy feet high encloses the
+waters of Colorado River for the water supply and manufacturing power,
+and thus makes Lake McDonald, twenty-five miles long. A heavy storm
+and flood in the spring of 1900 broke this dam and let out the lake,
+causing great loss of life and damage in the city.
+
+Eighty miles southwest of Austin is the ancient city of San Antonio,
+known as the "cradle of Texas liberty," a Spanish town upon the San
+Antonio and San Pedro Rivers, small streams dividing it into
+irregular parts, the former receiving the latter and flowing into the
+Gulf at Espiritu Santo Bay. There are sixty thousand people in San
+Antonio, of many races, chiefly Americans, Mexicans and Germans, and
+it is a leading wool, cattle, horse, mule and cotton market. The
+Spaniards penetrated into this region in the latter part of the
+seventeenth century and established one of their usual joint
+religious-military posts among the Indians upon the plan of
+colonization then in vogue. The Presidio or military station was
+called San Antonio de Bexar, while during the early eighteenth century
+there were founded various religious Missions, the chief being by
+Franciscan monks, the Mission of San Antonio de Valero. There are four
+other Missions in and near the city, dating from that early period,
+their ancient buildings partly restored, but some of them also
+considerably in ruins. To the eastward of San Antonio River was built
+in a grove of the alamo or cottonwood trees in 1744 a low, strong,
+thick-walled church of adobé for the Franciscans, called from its
+surroundings the Alamo. When the Texans revolted, they held San
+Antonio as an outpost with a garrison of one hundred and forty-five
+men, commanded by Colonel James Bowie, the famous duellist and
+inventor of the "bowie knife," who was originally from Louisiana.
+Bowie fell ill of typhoid fever, and Colonel Travis took command.
+Among the garrison was the eccentric David Crockett of Tennessee, who
+had been a member of Congress, and joined them as a volunteer. General
+Santa Anna marched with a large Mexican army against them, arriving
+February 22, 1836, and the little garrison retired within the church
+of the Alamo, which they defended against four thousand Mexicans in a
+twelve days' siege. The final assault was made at daylight, March 6th,
+a lodgment was effected, and until nine o'clock a battle was fought
+from room to room within the church, a desperate hand-to-hand conflict
+at short range, and not ceasing until every Texan was killed; but this
+was not until two thousand three hundred Mexicans had fallen. Upon the
+memorial of this terrible contest, at the Texas State Capital, is the
+inscription: "Thermopylæ had her messenger of defeat, but the Alamo
+had none." This butchery caused a thrill of horror throughout the
+United States. "Remember the Alamo" became the watchword of the
+Texans, much aid was sent them, and the succor, coming from the desire
+to avenge the massacre, contributed largely to their ability to defeat
+the Mexicans in the subsequent decisive battle on San Jacinto River,
+down near Galveston Bay, which was fought in April. The old Church of
+the Alamo, since restored, is preserved as a national monument on the
+spacious Alamo plaza. The name of Houston, the Texan leader, is given
+to Fort Sam Houston, the United States military post on a hill north
+of San Antonio. The old Alamo is the shrine of Texas; and as visitors
+stroll around the place they are weirdly told how the spirits of the
+departed heroes, Crockett, Bowie, Travis and others, when the storms
+rage at night about the ancient building, wander through the sacristy
+with the heavy measured tread of armed troopers. It was in the midst
+of a storm that the Mexicans broke through a barred window and thus
+gained entrance in the siege. On the southern border of San Antonio
+are the extensive Fair Grounds, where Roosevelt's Rough Riders,
+largely recruited from the neighboring Texan ranches, were organized
+for the Spanish War in 1898. The most extensive Texas cattle ranches
+are south and west of San Antonio, the largest of them, King's Ranch,
+near the Gulf to the southward, covering seven hundred thousand acres,
+and being stocked with three thousand brood mares and a hundred
+thousand cattle.
+
+
+ARIZONA.
+
+The railway from San Antonio goes westward across the cattle ranges to
+the Rio Pecos, flowing for eight hundred miles down from the Rockies
+in a region largely reclaimed by irrigation, and then falling into the
+Rio Grande del Norte, the national boundary between Texas and Mexico.
+This noble stream, the Spanish "Grand River of the North," comes out
+of Colorado and New Mexico, and is eighteen hundred miles long. The
+Southern Pacific Railway crosses the Pecos on a fine cantilever bridge
+three hundred and twenty-eight feet high, and reaches the Rio Grande a
+short distance beyond, following it up northwest and passing the
+Apache Mountains, where at Paisano it crosses the summit grade at five
+thousand and eight feet elevation, the highest pass on this route to
+the Pacific coast. It finally reaches El Paso on the upper Rio Grande,
+a town of twelve thousand people, having on the Mexican bank of the
+river, with a long wooden bridge between, the twin town of Juarez, or
+El Paso del Norte, the road over the bridge being the chief route of
+trade into Mexico. The original Spanish explorer, Juan de Onate, named
+this crossing "the Pass of the North" in 1598, and after long waiting
+it has finally developed into an active town in cattle raising and
+silver mining, and also a health-resort, its balmy atmosphere being
+most attractive. The muddy river by its periodic inundations has made
+a very fertile intervale, which has a population of sixty-five
+thousand, and here are seen picturesque Mexican figures, the men in
+peaked _sombreros_ and scarlet _zarapes_, and the women with blue
+_rebozas_. Beyond, the route crosses the southwest corner of New
+Mexico and enters Arizona, passing amid the mountain ranges to Tucson,
+the chief town of the Territory, having six thousand people, a quaint
+and ancient Spanish settlement, which has considerable Mexican trade.
+It was originally an appanage to the old Spanish mission of St.
+Xavier, nine miles southward, and it now thrives on its cattle trade,
+mining and magnificent climate, being also the location of the
+Territorial University.
+
+To the northwest, in the well-irrigated valley of Salt River, is
+Phoenix, the capital of Arizona, with fifteen thousand population,
+the irrigation systems having produced great fertility in the adjacent
+region. The Salt River is a tributary of the Gila, the latter flowing
+out westward to the Colorado. In these Arizona valleys have been
+disclosed the remains of several prehistoric cities, chiefly located
+on a broad and sloping plain beginning at the confluence of the Salt
+with the Gila, and stretching down to the Mexican boundary. At Casa
+Grande is a famous ruin of a prehistoric temple with enormous adobé
+walls, the Government having made a reservation for its protection.
+These people were worshippers of the sun, and there have been
+discovered the remains of many towns with large population, the Gila
+Valley for ninety square miles disclosing these ruins, which are
+relics of the Stone age. Irrigation canals made by these prehistoric
+people, the oldest in the world, are also found throughout the region.
+Extensive explorations of these ancient cities have been made, and
+several have been named, among them Los Acequias, Los Muertos and Los
+Animos, the last being the largest, and there being strong evidence
+that it was destroyed by an earthquake which killed many thousands of
+the inhabitants. The railway follows the Gila Valley westward to its
+confluence with the Colorado, and here at the California boundary is
+Yuma, another of the early Spanish missions to the Indians, situated
+just north of the Mexican border, the Yuma Indians still living on a
+reservation adjoining the Colorado, their name meaning "the sons of
+the river." This town has its tragic history, for in 1781 the Indians
+made a savage raid upon the mission, destroyed the buildings and
+massacred the missionary priests.
+
+The Colorado and its tributaries drain nearly the whole of Arizona,
+and it is one of the most remarkable rivers in the world. Its head
+branches have their sources in Wyoming, Colorado and Utah, uniting in
+the latter State, flowing four hundred miles across Arizona and
+seventy miles into Mexico to discharge through a delta into the Gulf
+of California. The river and most of its tributaries in Arizona pass
+through canyons that are among the wonders of the world, exposing to
+view geological strata of all the formations in their regular places
+to the thickness of twenty-five thousand feet. At first, the Colorado
+flows out of Utah and south into Arizona for one hundred and eighty
+miles, passing through the Marble Canyon, so called from the limestone
+walls, nearly four thousand feet deep. It then turns westward by
+irregular course, flowing nearly two hundred and fifty miles through
+the Grand Canyon, the most stupendous in existence, and having at
+places six thousand feet depth and walls spreading at the surface five
+or six miles apart. These huge walls are terraced and carved into
+myriads of pinnacles and towers, often brilliantly colored, and far
+down in the bottom the river is seen like a silvery thread of foam.
+Major Powell, who first explored it in 1869, went through in a boat.
+He calls it "the most profound chasm known on the globe," and believes
+the river was running there before the mountains were formed, and that
+the canyon was made by the erosion of the water acting simultaneously
+with the slow upheaval of the rocks. The river has a rapid flow in the
+canyon, winding generally through a lower chasm and having a descent
+of five to twelve feet to the mile, sometimes with placid reaches, but
+frequently plunging down rapids filled with rocks. The surrounding
+country is largely volcanic, with lava-beds and extinct craters. When
+the visitor first approaches the brink of the great chasm, he is
+almost appalled with the sight. There seem to be scores of deep
+ravines and enclosed mountains, the main wall opposite being miles
+away, and the intervening space filled with peaks and ridges of every
+imaginable shape and color, rising from the abyss below. There is a
+trail down the side of the canyon, a steep and narrow path winding
+along the face of the Grand View Gorge, giving startling glimpses into
+ravines thousands of feet deep, and disclosing the massive
+magnificence of this enormous abyss. Down goes the trail, one gorge
+opening below another until the verge of the final gorge is reached,
+in which the river runs at a depth of a thousand feet farther.
+Everything is desolate, the vegetation sparse, and a few stunted trees
+appearing, while the river, which seemed from above to be only a far
+distant silvery streak down below, is expanded by the nearer view into
+large proportions. This Grand Canyon of the Colorado is one of the
+most wonderful constructions of nature in its stupendous size and
+extraordinary character; with the myriads of pinnacles, towers,
+castles, walls, chasms and profound depths it contains and the
+gorgeous coloring given most of the surfaces. It is among the greatest
+of the attractions that America, the land of wonders, presents to the
+seeker after the picturesque.
+
+
+SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.
+
+Beyond the California boundary the Southern Pacific Railway traverses
+the broad Colorado desert. This is a barren, sandy wilderness, growing
+nothing but yuccas and cactus, and is depressed far below the
+sea-level. It is an inland salt-water lake that has mostly dried up,
+the belief being that it was formerly an extension of the Gulf of
+California. The railway route beyond passes between the San Jacinto
+and San Bernardino Mountains, crossing the latter. These peaks rise
+over eleven thousand feet, and beyond is the pleasant fruit-growing
+San Bernardino Valley, originally settled by the Mormons in 1851. To
+the southward is Riverside, in the fertile district where the seedless
+navel oranges are successfully cultivated, the groves giving an
+attractive exhibition of orange-growing. Here is the famous Magnolia
+Avenue, one hundred and thirty feet wide and ten miles long, with its
+double rows of pepper trees, and extending all the way through orange
+groves. In its park is one of the finest cacti collections in
+existence. Adjacent is Redlands, also a flourishing orange-growing
+city, its sidewalks bordered by stately palms, rose-bushes, pepper
+trees and century plants, while everywhere are orange trees in their
+perpetual livery of brilliant green. Around it encircle the high San
+Bernardino Mountains, thoroughly protecting the fertile valley. To the
+southward the route then runs out to the Pacific Ocean bound to
+Southern California, and following down the coast near San Juan passes
+Dana's Point, over which, in the early Californian days, the hides
+were thrown for shipment, as narrated by Dana in _Two Years Before the
+Mast_. Ultimately it reaches the grand bay of San Diego, near the
+Mexican boundary, which, next to San Francisco, is the best harbor on
+the Pacific coast.
+
+Here, spreading along the shores of the beautiful bay, is the ancient
+Spanish town of San Diego, long sleepy, but lately enjoying a "boom"
+when it found itself becoming a popular watering-place. To the
+northward is the old Mission of San Diego, the first settlement by
+white men in California, noted for its prolific olive groves. In the
+town of adobé houses lived "Ramona" of whom Helen Hunt Jackson has
+written, and there are still preserved here the original church bells
+sent out from Spain to the colony. The outer arm of San Diego Bay is
+Coronado Beach, a narrow tongue of sand, stretching twelve miles
+northward, and ending in spacious expansions known as the North and
+South Beaches. Upon the South Beach is the famous watering-place of
+Coronado, with its great hotel alongside the ocean, the tower
+commanding an extensive view, and its spacious surrounding
+flower-gardens being magnificently brilliant. There are Botanical
+Gardens, a Museum and an interesting ostrich farm, with railways for
+miles along the pleasant shores, and at Point Loma are the lighthouses
+guarding the entrance from the sea, the uppermost, elevated five
+hundred feet, being the highest lighthouse in the world. Down near the
+Mexican boundary is the suburb of National City, surrounded by olive
+groves, and the visitors sometimes cross over the border to visit the
+curious Mexican village of Tia Juana, a name which being freely
+translated means "Aunt Jane." Extensive irrigation works serve the
+country around San Diego, and the great Sweetwater Dam, ninety feet
+high, closing a gorge, makes one of the largest water reservoirs in
+existence.
+
+This wonderful land of California into which we have come has a name
+the meaning of which is unknown. One Ordonez de Montalva in 1510
+published a Spanish romance wherein he referred to the "island of
+California, on the right hand of the Indies, very near the Terrestrial
+Paradise." When Cortez conquered Mexico, his annalist, Bernal Diaz del
+Castillo, gave this name, it is said in derision, about 1535, to the
+lower peninsula of California, then supposed to be an island, it
+having been discovered the previous year by the Spanish explorer
+Ximenes. The Jesuit missionaries came in the seventeenth century to
+the lower peninsula, and in the eighteenth century to California
+proper. It is an enormous State, stretching nearly eight hundred miles
+along the Pacific, and inland for a width of two hundred or more
+miles. It is mainly a valley, between the Coast Range of mountains on
+the west and the Sierra Nevada, meaning the "snowy saw-tooth
+mountains," on the east. The Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers flow in
+the central valley, which stretches north and south for five hundred
+miles. To the southward the mountain ranges join, and below them is
+the special and favored region of Southern California. When first
+settled, there were established from San Diego up to Sonoma twenty-one
+Jesuit Missions, whose ruins and old buildings are now found so
+interesting, and these early establishments converted the Indians, of
+whom it is said that the charming climate offered them no
+inducements to develop savagery, so that when the conversion time came
+they were easily made serfs for the Missions, and worked in a way that
+few other Indians ever did. There are two California seasons, the
+rainy and the dry, the former lasting from November to May, while
+there is almost unchanging dry weather from May till October. The
+rainy season, however, is not as in the tropics, where there are
+deluges daily, but it means that then it will rain if ever, and there
+are in fact days without rain at all. California is a land of climatic
+attractiveness, where, as it has been well said, "it is always
+afternoon." Through vast irrigation systems, despite the dry season,
+much of the surface has been made a garden. Water runs everywhere
+copiously down from the mountains, and the shrubbery of all parts of
+the world has been brought hither and successfully grown. The region
+presents an universal landscape of foliage and flowers, luxuriant
+beyond imagination. In Southern California the wild flowers, of which
+the golden poppy is one of the most prominent, are extraordinary in
+their number, variety and brilliancy. "The greatest surprise of the
+traveller," writes Charles Dudley Warner, "is that a region which is
+in perpetual bloom and fruitage, where semi-tropical fruits mature in
+perfection, and the most delicate flowers dazzle the eye with color
+the winter through, should have on the whole a low temperature, a
+climate never enervating, and one requiring a dress of woollen in
+every month."
+
+  [Illustration: _Cloister of Mission, San Juan Capistrano_]
+
+
+LOS ANGELES AND SAN JOAQUIN.
+
+The metropolis of this land of sunshine, fruits and flowers, fifteen
+miles back from the sea, is _La Puebla de la Nuestra Senora la Reina
+de Los Angeles_, or "the City of Our Lady, the Queen of the Angels;" a
+lengthy title which the matter-of-fact Americans some time ago happily
+shortened into Los Angeles. From it Los Angeles River flows south to
+the sea at San Pedro Bay. The Spaniards founded the town in 1781, but
+it had only a sleepy existence until 1880, when the railways came
+along, and it became a centre of the pleasure and health-resorts, and
+the extensive fruit growing of Southern California, expanding so
+rapidly that it has seventy thousand people. Originally, the houses
+were of adobé, but now it has many fine buildings and a magnificent
+development of residences, the whole city being embowered in luxuriant
+vegetation. In the neighborhood are petroleum wells and asphalt
+deposits, while the adjacent district has many irrigation canals. Down
+on the ocean shore is San Pedro, the port of Los Angeles, where the
+harbor has been improved by a large outlay, and twenty miles away is
+the beautiful mountainous island of Santa Catalina, a popular resort,
+which is in reality an ocean mountain top. Santa Monica Bay, to the
+southwest, is the coast bathing-place of Los Angeles, and near by is
+the popular Redondo Beach, with its spacious Chautauqua Assembly
+Building. Pasadena is a charming suburb of the city off to the
+northeast, a perpetual garden and favorite place of residence. It is
+in San Gabriel Valley, over which rises the great Sierra Madre Range,
+eleven thousand feet high, the glossy green orange groves on its sides
+gradually melting into the white snow-capped summits of this towering
+mountain wall. A railway ascends Echo Mountain north of Pasadena, on
+which is the Lowe Observatory. To the southeast is the old San Gabriel
+Mission in the valley, surrounded by vineyards and orchards.
+
+San Buenaventura was another Mission, and is now a health-resort at
+the coast outlet of Ventura valley, and beyond is Santa Barbara, the
+"American Mentone," one of the most charming California resorts. The
+old Spanish Mission, with its towers and corridors, is famous, and was
+built in 1786, being well-preserved and having a few of the Franciscan
+monks yet in charge. A curiosity of the neighborhood is _La Parra
+Grande_, the "Great Vine," having a trunk four feet in diameter and
+covering a trellis sixty feet square, its annual product being eight
+thousand pounds of grapes. Farther along the coast is the charming Bay
+of Monterey, with the Spanish town of Monterey on its southern shore.
+In 1770 the Mission of San Carlo de Monterey was founded here, and it
+was the Mexican capital of California until the American conquest in
+1846, then depending chiefly on a trade in tallow and hides. It has
+not grown much since, however, and the old adobé buildings have not
+undergone change in a half-century. It is now a popular resort, having
+the noted Hotel Del Monte, the "Hotel of the Forest," located in
+spacious and exquisite grounds, the park embracing seven thousand
+acres. Upon the northern side of Monterey Bay is Santa Cruz, its chief
+town, also a summer-resort, having a background made by the Santa Cruz
+Mountains. This was a Mission founded in 1791, and five miles
+northward is the Santa Cruz grove of big trees, containing a score of
+redwoods or sequoias, of a diameter of ten feet or more, the largest
+being twenty-three feet. Within a hollow in one of these trees General
+Fremont encamped for several days in 1847. To the northward is the
+prolific fruit region, the Santa Clara Valley, where Mission Santa
+Clara was founded in 1777. The city of this valley is San José, with
+twenty thousand people, distantly surrounded by mountains, and, like
+all these places, a popular resort. The Calaveras Mountains are to the
+eastward, and here, on Mount Hamilton, twenty-six miles southeast, is
+the Lick Observatory, at forty-two hundred feet elevation. It was
+founded by a legacy of $700,000 left by James Lick, of San Francisco,
+and is attached to the University of California, being among the
+leading observatories of the world. It has one of the largest and most
+powerful refracting telescopes in existence, the object-glass being
+thirty-six inches in diameter. Mr. Lick is buried in the foundation
+pier of this great telescope which he erected. There is a magnificent
+view from the Observatory, which is exceptionally well located, its
+white buildings, shining in the sunlight, seen from afar.
+
+Across the Coast Range of mountains, eastward from San José, is the
+extensive San Joaquin Valley, noted as the "granary of California,"
+two hundred miles long and thirty to seventy miles wide between the
+mountain ranges. It produces almost limitless crops of grain, fruits
+and wines. Through this great valley the San Joaquin River flows
+northward, and the Sacramento River southward in another valley as
+spacious, and uniting, they go out westward to San Francisco Bay. We
+are told that in the days when the earth was forming, the sea waves
+beat against the slopes of the Sierra Nevada, but ultimately the
+waters receded, leaving the floor of this vast valley of central
+California stretching nearly five hundred miles between the mountain
+ranges. The first comers among the white men dug gold out of its
+soils, but now they also get an enormous revenue from the prolific
+crops. Railways traverse it in all directions. The chief city is
+Stockton, at the head of navigation on the San Joaquin, a town of
+twenty thousand people, having numerous factories. Here in the slopes
+and gulches of the Sierras, stretching far away, were the first
+gold-mines of California, when the discoveries of the "Forty-niners"
+set the world agog. Here, at Jackson, was tapped the famous "Mother
+Lode," the most continuous and richest of the three gold belts
+extending along the slope of the Sierras, and so-called by the early
+miners because they regarded it as the parent source of all the gold
+found in the placers. This lode is in some parts a mile wide, and
+extends a hundred miles, being here a series of parallel fissures
+filled with gold-bearing quartz-veins, while farther south they unite
+in a single enormous fissure. The mineral belts paralleling it on both
+sides are rich in copper and gold. The country all about is a mining
+region with prolific "diggings" everywhere, and smokes arising from
+the stamp-mills at work reducing the ores. Here are Tuttletown and
+Jackass Hill, the home of "Truthful James," and the localities made
+familiar by Bret Harte and Mark Twain. Here is Carson Hill, there
+having been picked up on its summit the largest gold-nugget ever found
+in California, worth $47,000. What this gold-mining has meant is shown
+by the results, aggregating since California first produced the metal
+a total of nearly $1,350,000,000 gold given the world. As the San
+Joaquin Valley is ascended, it develops its wealth of grain-fields,
+orchards and vineyards, and displays the grand systems of irrigation
+which have contributed to produce so much fertility.
+
+Eastward from San Joaquin Valley are the famous groves of Big Trees,
+the gigantic sequoias, which Emerson has appropriately called the
+"Plantations of God." There are two forests of giants in Calaveras and
+Mariposa Counties displaying these enormous trees, of which it is
+significantly said that some were growing when Christ was upon the
+earth. The Calaveras Grove, the northernmost, is at an elevation of
+forty-seven hundred feet above the sea, upon a tract about two-thirds
+of a mile long and two hundred feet wide, there being a hundred large
+trees and many smaller. The tallest tree standing is the "Keystone
+State," three hundred and twenty-five feet high and forty-five feet in
+circumference. The "Mother of the Forest," denuded of its bark, is
+three hundred and fifteen feet high and sixty-one feet girth, while
+the "Father of the Forest," the biggest of all, is prostrate, and
+measures one hundred and twelve feet in circumference. There are two
+trees three hundred feet high, and many exceeding two hundred and
+fifty feet, the bark sometimes being a foot and a half thick. This
+grove, however, being less convenient, is not so much visited as the
+Mariposa Grove to the southward. It is in Mariposa (the butterfly)
+County, at sixty-five hundred feet elevation, and near the Yosemite
+Valley. The tract of four square miles is a State Park, there being
+two distinct forests a half-mile apart. The lower grove has a hundred
+fine trees, the largest being the "Grizzly Giant," of ninety-four feet
+circumference and thirty-one feet diameter, the main limb, at two
+hundred feet elevation, being over six feet in diameter. The upper
+grove contains three hundred and sixty trees, and the road between the
+groves is tunnelled directly through one of them, which is
+twenty-seven feet in diameter. Through this living tree, named
+"Wawona," the stage-coach drives in a passage nearly ten feet wide.
+These trees are not so high as in Calaveras Grove, but they are
+usually of larger girth. The tallest is two hundred and seventy-two
+feet, ten exceed two hundred and fifty feet, and three are over ninety
+feet in circumference, while twenty are over sixty feet. Many of the
+finest have been marred by fires. There are eight groves of these Big
+Trees in California, these being the chief.
+
+
+YOSEMITE VALLEY.
+
+Into the San Joaquin flows Merced River, coming from the eastward down
+out of the Sierras through the famous Yosemite Valley. Most of its
+waters are diverted by irrigation canals leading for many miles over
+the floor of the broad San Joaquin Valley. The road to the Yosemite
+leads eastward up the slope, crosses the crest, and at Inspiration
+Point, fifty-six hundred feet elevation, gives the first view, then
+steeply descending to the river bank, it enters the western portal.
+Yosemite is a corruption of the Indian word "A-hom-e-tae," which means
+the "full-grown grizzly bear," and is supposed to have originally
+been the name of an Indian chief. This magnificent canyon, on the
+western slope of the Sierra Nevada, is a deep gorge eight miles long,
+traversed by Merced River, its nearly level floor being about
+thirty-eight hundred feet above the sea-level. The enclosing rocky and
+almost vertical walls rise from three thousand to five thousand feet
+above the river, the space between varying from a half-mile to two
+miles. Over the valley floor winds the beautiful green current of the
+diminutive Merced, bordered by trees and vegetation, the surface being
+generally grass-grown. The high vertical walls, the small amount of
+_débris_ at their foot, and the character of the Yosemite chasm
+itself, have led the geologists to ascribe its formation not to
+erosion or glacial action, but to a mighty convulsion in the granite
+rocks, whereby part of them subsided along lines of fault-crossing
+nearly at right-angles. The observer, standing on the floor, can see
+no outlet anywhere, the almost perpendicular walls towering on high in
+every direction.
+
+The Valley is a Government Park, which also includes the watershed of
+the streams flowing into it. Originally it was the home of the Digger
+Indians, a tribe of Shoshonés, and a rather low type, of whom a few
+still survive. It was first seen by white men in 1851, when a
+detachment of troops pursuing these Indians came unexpectedly upon it.
+The attractions soon became widely known, and visitors were numerous,
+especially after the opening of the Pacific Railways. Entering the
+Valley, the most striking object is its northwestern buttress, the
+ponderous cliff El Capitan, rising thirty-three hundred feet, at a
+very narrow part, its majestic form dominating the view. There are two
+vertical mountain walls almost at right angles, these enormous bare
+precipices facing west and south. On the opposite side, forming the
+other portal, rise the imposing Cathedral Rocks, adjoined by the two
+slender Cathedral Spires of splintered granite, nearly three thousand
+feet high. Over these rocks on their western side pours the Bridal
+Veil Fall, about seventy feet wide, and descending vertically six
+hundred and thirty feet. As the winds often make the foaming column
+flutter like a white veil, its title has been appropriately given.
+Adjoining El Capitan descends the Ribbon Fall, or the Virgin's Tears,
+falling two thousand feet, but losing much of its waters as the summer
+advances. Eastward of El Capitan are the peaks called the Three
+Brothers, the highest also named the Eagle Peak, rising three thousand
+feet. To the eastward of this peak and in a recess near the centre of
+the Valley are the Yosemite Falls, one of the highest waterfalls in
+the world. Yosemite Creek, which comes over the brink with a breadth
+of thirty-five feet, descends twenty-five hundred feet in three leaps.
+It pours down a vertical wall, the Upper Fall descending nearly
+fifteen hundred feet without a break, the column of water swaying as
+the winds blow with marvellous grace of motion, the eddying mists
+fading into light summer clouds above. The Middle Fall is a series of
+cascades descending over six hundred feet, and the Lower Fall is four
+hundred feet high. This is one of the grandest features of the Valley,
+but its vigor, too, dwindles as the season advances. There is a high
+and splendid ice cone formed at the foot of the Upper Fall in the
+winter. Alongside, upon a projection called Yosemite Point, at over
+thirty-two hundred feet elevation, is given one of the best views of
+the famous Valley.
+
+At the head of the Yosemite, it divides into three narrow tributary
+canyons, each discharging a stream, which uniting form the Merced. The
+northernmost is the Tenaya, and overshadowing it rises the huge North
+Dome, more than thirty-seven hundred feet high, having as an outlying
+spur the Washington Column. Opposite, and forming the eastern boundary
+of the valley, is the South or Half Dome, of singular shape, towering
+almost five thousand feet, and like El Capitan, at the other
+extremity, being a most remarkable granitic cliff. Its top is
+inaccessible, although once it was scaled by an adventurous explorer
+by means of a rope attached to pegs driven into the rock. It is one of
+the most extraordinarily formed mountains in existence, standing up
+tall, gaunt and almost square against the sky, the dominating pinnacle
+of the upper valley. Upon the southern side rises Glacier Point,
+nearly thirty-four hundred feet, giving a splendid view over the
+valley, having to the westward the Sentinel Dome, nearly forty-three
+hundred feet high, ending in the conspicuous face of the Sentinel
+Rock. Thus environed by vast cliffs, this grand valley displays
+magnificent scenery. Within the upper canyons are also attractions,
+that of the Merced River, the central gorge displaying the Vernal and
+Nevada waterfalls. The Vernal Fall is seventy feet wide and descends
+three hundred and fifty feet, having behind it the Cap of Liberty, a
+picturesque cliff. Farther up the river is the Nevada Fall, a superb
+cataract, having a slightly sloping descent of six hundred feet. Just
+within Tenaya Canyon is the Mirror Lake, remarkable for its wonderful
+reflections of the North and South Domes and adjacent mountains. Some
+distance to the eastward is the Cloud's Rest, a peak rising more than
+six thousand feet above the valley and nearly ten thousand feet above
+sea-level, that is ascended for its splendid view of the surrounding
+mountains and the enclosing walls of the valley, which can be plainly
+seen throughout its length, stretching far away towards the setting
+sun. This view of the Yosemite surpasses all others in its
+comprehensiveness and grandeur.
+
+
+THE ROCKIES
+
+The great "backbone" of the American Continent is the Rocky Mountains,
+and the summits of its main range make the parting of the waters, the
+"Continental Divide." Its name of the Rockies is appropriate, for on
+these mountains and their intervening plateaus, naked rocks are
+developed to an extent rarely equalled elsewhere in the world. The
+leading causes of this are the great elevation and extreme aridity,
+the scanty moisture preventing growth of vegetation, and the high
+altitudes promoting denudation of the rock-material disintegrated at
+the surface. Enormous crags and bold peaks of bare rocks, mostly
+compose the mountains, while the streams flow at the bases of towering
+precipices in deep chasms and canyons filled with broken rocks. Being
+unprotected by vegetation, the winds sweep the hills clean of soil and
+sand, the steep slopes of the valleys are strewn with fragments of the
+enclosing cliffs, and the rivers are usually without flood-plains or
+intervales, where soils may gather. In the extensive and
+highly-elevated plateaus, the streams usually run in the bottoms of
+deep canyons, their channels choked with _débris_. Added to this the
+whole Rocky Mountain region has in the past been a scene of great
+volcanic activity, many extinct volcanoes appear, broad plains are
+covered with lava, and scoria and ashes are liberally deposited all
+about. The aridity is not a feature of the Pacific coast ranges,
+however, for the moisture from that ocean abundantly supplies water;
+there are good soils, and in the northern parts usually dense forests.
+The Rocky Mountain system extends from Mexico up to Alaska and the
+Arctic Ocean, its greatest development being between 38° and 42° north
+latitude, where the various ranges cover a breadth of a thousand
+miles. The highest peak of the Rockies is Mount Logan, in British
+America, on the edge of Alaska, rising nineteen thousand five hundred
+and thirty-nine feet. In the United States these mountains rise from a
+general plateau extending across the country, and reaching its maximum
+elevation of about ten thousand feet in Colorado, whilst towards the
+north the surface descends, entering Canada at an elevation of four
+thousand feet. The plateau descends westward into the basin of the
+Colorado River, then the surface rises in Nevada to six thousand feet,
+and thence farther westward it gradually descends to the base of the
+Sierra Nevada in California. To the eastward the plateau throughout
+steadily descends in the long, undulating and generally treeless slope
+of the Great Plains to the Mississippi, the many tributaries of the
+Father of Waters carving their valleys down through its surface. There
+are numerous mountain ranges, plateaus and parks, under different
+names in this extensive mountain region, and the higher peaks in the
+United States generally rise to thirteen to fifteen thousand feet
+elevation. These mountains and the plains to the eastward compose the
+vast arid region constituting fully two-fifths of the United States,
+where irrigation is necessary to agriculture, and, in consequence,
+less than ten per cent. of this large surface bears forests of any
+value. We are told that so scant is the moisture, if the whole current
+of every water-course in this district were utilized for irrigation it
+would not be possible to redeem four per cent. of the land. Some of
+this surface, however, bears grasses and plants that, to an extent,
+make pasturage. The precious metals and other useful minerals are
+found in abundance, and various parts of the region have been
+developed by the many valuable mines, making their owners enormous
+fortunes.
+
+Through this vast mountain district, over deserts and along devious
+defiles, a half-dozen great railways lead from the Mississippi Valley
+to the Pacific slope. The Southern Pacific Railway we have already
+followed from New Orleans across to Southern California. Northward
+from its route at El Paso a railway leads through New Mexico to the
+next great transcontinental line, the Atchison system, coming from
+Chicago by way of Kansas City and Santa Fé southwestward The main line
+traverses Kansas, and branches go south into the Indian Territory and
+Oklahoma. In the former are the reservations of the civilized tribes
+of Indians originally removed from east of the Mississippi--the
+Choctaws, Cherokees, Creeks, Chickasaws and Seminoles, with some
+others--who number nearly two hundred thousand souls, most of them
+engaged in agriculture. To the westward, south of Kansas and Colorado,
+is the "Boomers' Paradise" of Oklahoma, or the "Beautiful Land," a
+fertile and well-watered region, originally part of the Indian
+reserved lands, but bought from them by the Government. People from
+Kansas long had a desire to occupy this prolific land, and only with
+great difficulty were they kept out. The portion first got ready was
+opened to settlement by proclamation at noon on April 22, 1889, a
+large force of troops being in attendance to preserve order. Over
+fifty thousand people crossed the boundaries and entered the Territory
+the first day, taking up farms and starting towns. The "Cherokee
+Strip" along the northern line was subsequently obtained and opened to
+settlement in September, 1893, when ninety thousand people rushed in.
+These great invasions of the "Oklahoma boomers" became historic,
+cities of tents springing up in a night; but while there then was much
+suffering and privation from want of food and shelter, yet the new
+Territory has since become a most successful agricultural community.
+
+The Atchison route, after crossing Kansas, enters Colorado, passing La
+Junta and Trinidad, and then turning southward rises to the highest
+point on the line, crossing the summit of the Raton Pass, at an
+elevation of seventy-six hundred and twenty feet, by going through a
+tunnel, and emerging on the southern side of the mountain in New
+Mexico. The railway is then laid along the slope of the Santa Fé
+Mountains, and on their side are Las Vegas Hot Springs, about forty of
+them being in the group, their waters used both for bathing and
+drinking, and having various curative properties. The Glorieta Pass is
+subsequently crossed at seventy-five hundred feet elevation, and
+beyond is Santa Fé, the capital of New Mexico. This is a curious and
+antique town, the oldest in the United States next to St. Augustine in
+Florida. It was an Indian pueblo or town in the very early times, and
+in 1605 the Spaniards came along, captured it, reduced the Indians to
+slavery, and worked the valuable gold and silver mines. In 1680 the
+Indians revolted, expelled the Spaniards and destroyed their churches
+and buildings, but they recovered control a few years later. There are
+now about seven thousand people of all races, having a good trade, and
+being chiefly employed in mining. It is a quaint old place, with
+crooked and narrow streets and adobé houses surrounding the central
+Plaza, on one side of which is the ancient Governor's Palace, a long,
+low adobé structure of one story, wherein the Governors of Spanish,
+Mexican and American rule have lived for nearly three centuries. It
+contains various historical paintings and relics, and here General Lew
+Wallace wrote _Ben Hur_ while Governor of New Mexico in 1880.
+
+Beyond Santa Fé is the Rio Grande River, which the railway follows
+down through a grazing country past Albuquerque, its mart for wool and
+hides. Turning westward an arid region is traversed, with an
+occasional pueblo, and near Laguna is the famous Mesa Encantada, or
+the "Enchanted Table Land." This eminence rises precipitously four
+hundred and thirty feet above the surface, and is only accessible by
+ladders and ropes. The summit gives evidence of former aboriginal
+occupancy, and the tradition of the neighboring Acomas Indians is that
+their ancestors lived upon it, but were forced to abandon the village
+when a storm had destroyed the only trail and caused those remaining
+on the summit to perish. To the westward the "Continental Divide" is
+crossed at seventy-three hundred feet elevation, but with nothing
+indicating the change, as it is on a plateau. The Navajo Indian
+Reservation is crossed, Arizona entered and traversed, and at the
+Flagstaff Station is the Lowell Observatory, and here the nearest
+route is taken to the Grand Canyon of the Colorado. There rises to the
+northward the huge San Francisco Mountain, a fine extinct volcano,
+while off to the southwest are the great United Verde Copper Mines,
+among the largest in the world, and the town of Prescott, in a rich
+mineral region. The Colorado River is crossed into California, and
+then the railway traverses the wide Mojave Desert towards the Pacific
+coast.
+
+
+DENVER AND ITS SURROUNDINGS
+
+The Union Pacific Railway route across the Continent was the first
+constructed, the Government giving large subsidies in money and land
+grants. It was opened in 1869, and greatly encouraged travel to the
+Pacific coast. The Union Pacific main line starts at Council Bluffs
+and Omaha on the Missouri River and crosses Nebraska into Wyoming.
+Here is Cheyenne, a leading cattle-dealers' town on the edge of the
+Rockies, five hundred miles west of the Missouri, where there are
+fifteen thousand people. Fort Russell, an Indian outpost at the verge
+of the Black Hills, is to the northward. At Cheyenne, the main Union
+Pacific line is joined by the Denver Pacific branch, which starts on
+the Missouri River at Kansas City, traverses Kansas, passing Fort
+Riley and the Ogden Monument there, marking the geographical centre of
+the United States, and enters Colorado, and at Denver turns northward
+to Cheyenne.
+
+Denver is the great city of the Rockies, whose snow-capped summits are
+seen to the westward in a magnificent and unbroken line, extending in
+view for one hundred and seventy miles from Pike's Peak north to
+Long's Peak, with many intervening summits, most of them rising over
+fourteen thousand feet. Denver stands on a high plateau, through which
+the South Platte River flows, and it is at nearly fifty-three hundred
+feet elevation. This "Queen City of the Plains" was settled by
+adventurous pioneers as a mining camp in 1858, and through the
+wonderful development of mining the precious metals has had rapid
+growth, so that now there is one hundred and seventy thousand
+population. It has many manufactures and some of the most extensive
+ore-smelting works in the world, the annual output of gold and silver
+being enormous. The high elevation and healthy climate make it a
+favorite resort for pulmonary patients. There are many fine buildings,
+and a noble State Capitol with a lofty dome, erected at a cost of
+$2,500,000, and standing on a high hill, so that it gives a superb
+outlook. The city was named in honor of General James W. Denver, who
+was an early Governor of Kansas and served in the Civil War. He first
+suggested the name of Colorado for the Territory (now a State), and
+thus his name was given its capital. Denver has built for its
+water-works, forty-eight miles south of the city, the highest dam in
+the world, two hundred and ten feet, enclosing a gorge on the South
+Platte to make an enormous reservoir holding an ample supply.
+
+Being so admirably located, Denver is a centre for excursions into one
+of the most attractive mountain regions in America. The great Colorado
+Front Range, or eastern ridge of the Rockies, stretches grandly across
+the country and has behind it one range after another, extending far
+westward to the Utah Basin. Towering behind the Front Range is the
+Saguache Range, the chief ridge of the Rockies, which makes the
+Continental Divide. Among these complicated Rocky Mountain ranges are
+various extensive Parks or broad valleys, nestling amid the peaks and
+ridges, which were originally the beds of inland lakes. Out of this
+mountain region flow scores of rivers in all directions, the affluents
+of the Mississippi to the east, the Rio Grande to the south, and the
+Colorado and the Columbia westward. All of them have carved down deep
+and magnificent gorges, two to five thousand feet deep, and in places
+the wonderful results of ages of erosion are displayed in the peculiar
+constructions of vast regions, and in special sections, where the
+carvings by water, frost and wind-forces have made weird and fantastic
+formations in the rocks on a colossal scale, as in the "Garden of the
+Gods." These mountains and gorges are also filled with untold wealth,
+and the mines, producing many millions of gold and silver, have
+attracted the population chiefly since the Civil War, so that the
+whole district around and beyond Denver is a region of mining towns,
+which are reached by a network of railways disclosing the grandest
+scenery, and in many parts the most startling and daring methods of
+railroad construction. Whenever land can be reclaimed for agriculture
+or grazing on the flanks of the mountains and in the protected valleys
+and parks, it is done, so that the district has extensive irrigation
+canals, in some parts diverting practically all the available flow of
+water in the streams. This is particularly the case with the Upper
+Arkansas River, such diversion of the headwaters in Colorado having
+robbed the river of its water to such a degree that the people of
+Kansas, whither it flows on its route to the Mississippi, are greatly
+annoyed and have protracted litigation about it.
+
+
+COLORADO ATTRACTIONS.
+
+Northwest from Denver is the picturesque Boulder Canyon, and here at
+the mining town of Boulder is the University of Colorado, with six
+hundred students. Beyond are Estes Park, one of the smaller enclosed
+parks among the mountains, having Long's Peak on its verge, rising
+fourteen thousand two hundred and seventy feet. Westward from Denver
+is the Clear Creek Canyon, and the route in that direction leads
+through great scenic attractions, past Golden, Idaho Springs and
+Georgetown, where silver-mining and health-resorts divide attention,
+the mountains also displaying several beautiful lakes. Beyond, the
+railway threads the Devil's Gate, climbing up by remarkable loops, and
+reaches Graymont at ten thousand feet elevation, having Gray's Peak
+above it rising fourteen thousand four hundred and forty feet. In this
+district is the mining town of Central City, while to the northwest is
+the extensive Middle Park, of three thousand square miles area, a
+popular resort for sportsmen. Southward from Denver the railway route
+passes the splendid Casa Blanca, a huge white rock, a thousand feet
+long and two hundred feet high, and crosses the watershed between the
+Platte and the Arkansas, at an elevation of over seventy-two hundred
+feet. Here, amid the mountains, seventy-five miles from Denver, upon a
+plateau at six thousand feet elevation, is the famous city of Colorado
+Springs, having twenty-five thousand people and being a noted
+health-resort. It is pleasantly laid out, with wide, tree-shaded
+streets, like a typical New England village spread broadly at the
+eastern base of Pike's Peak. Here live large numbers of people who are
+unable to stand the rigors of the climate on the Atlantic coast, and
+it has been carefully preserved as a residential and educational city,
+saloons being prohibited, with other restrictions calculated to
+preserve its high character. The settlement began in 1871, but there
+are no springs nearer than Manitou, several miles away in the spurs of
+Pike's Peak. The climate of Colorado Springs is charming, and it has,
+on the one hand, a magnificent mountain view, and on the other a
+limitless landscape eastward and southward, across the prairie land.
+Here are the Colorado College and other public institutions, and the
+National Printers' Home, supported by the printers throughout the
+country. In the pretty Evergreen Cemetery is buried the authoress,
+Helen Hunt Jackson, who died in 1885.
+
+Probably the best known summit of the Rockies is Pike's Peak, rearing
+its snowy top over Manitou, and about six miles westward from Colorado
+Springs, to an elevation of nearly fourteen thousand two hundred
+feet. As it rises almost sheer, in the Colorado Front Range, this
+noble mountain can be seen from afar across the eastern plains. A
+cog-wheel railway nine miles long ascends to the summit from Manitou,
+rising seventy-five hundred feet. There is a small hotel at the top,
+and a superb view over the mountains and glens and mining camps all
+around. In 1806 General Zebulon Pike, then a captain in the army, led
+an exploring expedition to this remote region and discovered this
+noble mountain, which was given his name. Forests cover the lower
+slopes, but the top is composed of bare rocks, usually snow-covered.
+Below it a huge tunnel is being bored through the range to connect
+Colorado Springs with the Cripple Creek mining district to the
+westward. Manitou has a group of springs of weak compound carbonated
+soda, resembling those of Ems, and beneficial to consumptive,
+dyspeptic and other patients. They are at the entrance of the romantic
+Ute Pass, a gorge with many attractions, which was formerly the trail
+of the Ute Indians in crossing the mountains. Nearby, upon the Mesa,
+or "table-land," is the "Garden of the Gods," a tract of about one
+square mile, thickly studded with huge grotesque cliffs and rocks of
+white and red sandstones, their unique carving being the result of the
+erosive processes that have been going on for ages. They are all given
+appropriate names, and its Gateway is a passage just wide enough for
+the road, between two enormous bright red rocks over three
+hundred feet high. Farther south on the Arkansas River is Pueblo, an
+industrial city of thirty thousand people in a rich mining district,
+where there is a Mineral Palace, having a wonderful ceiling formed of
+twenty-eight domes, into which are worked specimens of all the
+Colorado minerals. The route then crosses the Veta Pass at ninety-four
+hundred feet elevation, whereon is the abrupt bend known as the "Mule
+Shoe Curve," and beyond this it descends into the most extensive of
+the Colorado Parks, the San Luis, covering six thousand square miles.
+Sentineling its western side is the triple-peaked Sierra Blanca, the
+loftiest Colorado Mountain, rising almost fourteen thousand five
+hundred feet. The Rio Grande flows to the southward, and there is
+Alamosa, and up in the mountains Creede, an extraordinary development
+of recent silver mining, which began its career when the ore was
+discovered in 1891, has seven thousand people, and has produced
+$4,000,000 silver in a year.
+
+  [Illustration: _Gateway, Garden of the Gods, Colorado_]
+
+Following up the Arkansas River from Pueblo, a route goes northward
+behind and west of Pike's Peak into the Cripple Creek district,
+situated at an elevation of nearly ten thousand feet among the
+mountains, where in 1890 was a remote cattle ranch. The next year gold
+was found there, a new population rushed in, and it has since become a
+leading gold producer, its output of fourteen to twenty millions of
+gold annually almost turning Colorado from a silver to a gold State.
+There is now a population of twenty thousand, and the town has many
+substantial buildings. Westward the route crosses the Continental
+Divide and descends into the extensive South Park, covering two
+thousand square miles, reaching Leadville beyond, renowned as a mining
+camp that has developed into one of the highest cities of the world.
+In the early Colorado days this was the great gold placer mining camp
+of California Gulch. Afterwards it produced enormous quantities of
+silver from the extensive carbonate beds discovered in 1876, and the
+population expanded to thirty thousand, its name being changed to
+Leadville. Of late, its gold mining has again become profitable, and
+its population now is about fifteen thousand, the yield of silver,
+which once reached $13,000,000 annually, being much reduced owing to
+the decline in value. To the westward, the Colorado Midland Railway
+crosses the Continental Divide by the Hagerman Pass, at eleven
+thousand five hundred and thirty feet elevation, the highest elevation
+of any railway route across the Rockies. It descends rapidly to Aspen,
+where $8,000,000 of silver and gold are mined in a year. North of
+Leadville is the noted Mountain of the Holy Cross, fourteen thousand
+two hundred feet high, named from the impressive cruciform appearance
+of two ravines crossing at right angles and always filled with snow.
+
+The Grand Canyon of the Arkansas is one of the most magnificent
+gorges in the Rocky Mountains. This river above Pueblo forces its
+passage through a deep pass known in the narrowest part as the Royal
+Gorge, where the railway is laid alongside the boiling and rushing
+stream, with rocky cliffs towering twenty-six hundred feet above the
+line. It ascends westward, beyond the sources of the Arkansas,
+crossing the Continental Divide by the Marshall Pass, at ten thousand
+eight hundred and fifty-eight feet elevation, the route up there
+showing, in its abrupt and bold curves, great engineering skill. The
+Pass is always covered with snow, and the descent beyond it is to the
+mining town of Gunnison. The Gunnison River is followed down through
+its magnificent gorge, the Black Canyon giving a splendid display for
+sixteen miles of some of the finest scenery of the Rockies. The river
+is an alternation of foaming rapids and pleasant reaches, and within
+the canyon is the lofty rock pinnacle of the Currecanti Needle. The
+adjacent gorge of the Cimarron, a tributary stream, gives also a
+splendid display of Rocky Mountain wildness, and below it the river
+passes through the Lower Gunnison Canyon, bounded by smooth-faced
+sandstone cliffs, and finally it falls into Grand River, one of the
+head-streams of the Colorado. The combined magnificence of these
+canyons and mountains makes the environment of the Colorado mining
+region one of the most attractive scenic districts in America. The
+railways have arranged a route of a thousand miles through the
+mountains, starting from Denver, under the title of "Around the
+Circle," which crosses and recrosses the Continental Divide, threads
+the wonderful canyons, surmounts all the famous passes over the tops
+of the Rocky ranges, and includes the most attractive scenery of the
+district.
+
+
+WYOMING FOSSILS.
+
+The Union Pacific Railway, westward from Cheyenne in Wyoming,
+gradually ascends the slope and crosses the Continental Divide at
+Sherman, the pass being elevated eighty-two hundred and forty-five
+feet. Here, alongside the track, is the monument erected in memory of
+Oakes and Oliver Ames of Massachusetts, to whose efforts the
+construction of this pioneer railway across the Continent was largely
+due. Upon the western slope of the mountains the descent is to the
+Laramie Plains, an elevated plateau in Wyoming which is one of the
+best grazing districts of the country. In the midst of the region on
+the Big Laramie River is Laramie City, with ten thousand people, a
+prominent wool and cattle mart. To the north and west high mountains
+rise, out of which the river flows, and in this district is the great
+fossil region of Wyoming. This state is the most prolific producer of
+the skeletons of the enormous beasts that roamed the earth in
+prehistoric times. About ninety miles northwest of Laramie City are
+the greatest fossil quarries in existence, and the scientific hunters
+from all the great museums have been finding rich treasures there. We
+are told that in an early geological period Wyoming had numerous lakes
+and swamps and a semi-tropical climate. These huge animals then
+inhabited the lakes and swamps in large numbers. In dying, they sank
+into the mud, and their bones were covered by other deposits and
+became petrified. The extensive deposits of these bones are found
+where are supposed to have been the mouths of great water-courses, the
+huge animals, after death, having floated to where they are deposited
+in such large numbers. The belief is that through the geological eras
+these animals became covered with possibly twenty thousand feet of
+rock. Afterwards, the process by which the Rocky Mountains were formed
+tilted these rock beds, and the subsequent erosion of the strata
+brought to light these bone-deposits, made millions of years ago. For
+many years the scientists have been exhuming these skeletons, and have
+recovered the bones of over three hundred different species. They are
+of all sizes and characters, and here has been found the most colossal
+animal ever discovered on the earth, a dinosaur, nearly one hundred
+and thirty feet long, and thirty-five feet high at the hips and
+twenty-five feet at the shoulders. The skeleton of this immense
+creature, who is called a diplodocus, weighs twenty tons, and it is
+believed that when living he weighed sixty tons, having a neck thirty
+feet long and a tail twice that length. Yet his head was very small,
+and the weight of the brain was not over five pounds. In comparison
+with the mammoth, heretofore regarded as so large, this huge beast,
+whose foot covered a square yard of earth, was in size as a horse is
+compared to a dog. Such are the contributions Wyoming is making to our
+great museums of science.
+
+To the southward of the Laramie Plains is the Colorado North Park,
+among the mountains of that State, having an area of over two thousand
+square miles. Beyond, the railway route goes westward among hills and
+over the plateaus. This route is not as picturesque as some of the
+other Pacific railways, but in crossing the Continent it discloses
+very curious scenery. At places there are great Buttes, water-worn and
+rounded, rising in isolated grandeur; the plains and terraces are
+carved into elongated and wide depressions, as if abandoned rivers had
+run through them; there are long and regular embankments, strange
+hills of fantastic form, huge mounds, broken-down pyramids, vast
+stone-piles, and the most strange and extraordinary fashionings of
+nature, showing both water and fire to have been at work. Then the
+route passes the snow-clad Uintah Mountains to the southward, and
+crossing the Wahsatch range, enters Utah, traversing its remarkable
+enclosed basin, where the waters have no outlet to the sea, but flow
+into salt lakes which lose their surplus supplies by evaporation in
+the summer. Beyond, is the wild and picturesque Echo Canyon, with the
+green valley of Weber River and the Weber Canyon. Here is the gigantic
+Castle Rock, a rugged stone-pile fantastically carved by nature,
+having a giant doorway and all the semblance of a mountain fortress.
+Here is also the "One Thousand Mile Tree," on the northern side of the
+road, being that distance west of Omaha. In the Echo Gorge is the
+Hanging Rock, where Brigham Young, as the Mormon Pilgrims journeyed to
+their Utah home, is said to have preached the first sermon to them in
+the "Promised Land." The old-time emigrant trail passes through these
+canyons alongside the railway and the river. A remarkable sight within
+the Weber Canyon is the Devil's Slide, where on the face of an almost
+perpendicular red mountain, eight hundred feet high, there is inlaid a
+brilliantly white strip of limestone about fifteen feet wide, all the
+way from top to bottom, having enclosing white walls, the whole work
+being as regularly constructed as if built by a stonemason. Beyond, we
+come to Ogden, a busy industrial town of twenty thousand people, the
+western terminus of the Union Pacific Railway, and having another
+railroad leading thirty-seven miles southward to Salt Lake City.
+
+
+GREAT SALT LAKE.
+
+In the centre of the Rockies, occupying a large portion of Utah and
+adjacent States, is the "Great Basin," which, as remarked, has no
+drainage outlet for its waters. The geologists tell us that in ancient
+times this region was covered by two extensive lakes, one of them in
+the Pleistocene era occupying the now desert interior basin of Utah.
+This extinct lake, whose ancient shores can be distinctly traced, has
+been named Lake Bonneville. When at its greatest expansion, it covered
+twenty thousand square miles, and the waters were nearly a thousand
+feet deep, overflowing to the northward into a branch of Shoshoné
+River through a deep pass, and going thence to the Pacific. The waters
+of this lake, by climatic changes, gradually dwindled, the loss by
+evaporation overcame the rainfall supply, the overflow ceased, and
+then the lake dried up, revealing the desert bottom. Of its waters
+there now remain the Great Salt Lake of Utah, about eighty miles long
+and from thirty to fifty miles wide, very shallow, averaging only
+twenty feet depth, and not over fifty feet in the deepest place,
+having monotonously flat shores on the desert plateau, elevated
+forty-two hundred feet above the sea. Its dimensions vary according to
+the rainfall, the surface rising and falling in various periods of
+years. Several streams flow in, among them the Jordan River, forty
+miles long, draining Utah Lake to the southward. The waters are
+densely salt, varying from fourteen to twenty-two per cent. as the
+lake is high or low (compared with three to four per cent. in the
+ocean), and it is estimated to contain four hundred million tons of
+salt. Not a fish can live there excepting a small brine shrimp. A bath
+in the lake is novel, as the density makes the body very buoyant,
+easily floating head and shoulders above the water.
+
+To this desert region, after being driven from Nauvoo on the
+Mississippi, Brigham Young brought his first Mormon colony by a long
+journey across the plains and mountains, a band of one hundred and
+forty-three persons, arriving in July, 1847, Utah then being Mexican
+territory. They organized the State of Deseret, and it afterwards
+became a Territory of the United States. By prodigious labors,
+constructing irrigation canals to bring in the mountain streams, they
+made the soil productive, and now it is one of the most fertile
+valleys in the country. Almost the whole flow of the Jordan River is
+thus used for irrigation. Colonies and proselytes were brought in from
+various parts of the world, until two hundred thousand Mormons came to
+Utah, and after protracted conflicts with the Government, polygamy was
+declared illegal, and its discontinuance was ordered by proclamation
+of the Mormon President. Twelve miles from the Great Salt Lake is the
+Utah capital and Mormon Zion, Salt Lake City, where the Latter-Day
+Saints and Gentiles together exceed fifty thousand. Its prosperity is
+largely due to the extensive mining interests of the surrounding
+country. The lofty Wahsatch Mountains are close to the city on the
+northern and eastern sides, while to the south, seen over a hundred
+miles of almost level plain, is a magnificent range of snow-covered
+mountains, this being the perpetual and awe-inspiring view from all
+parts of the city. The streets are wide and lined with shade trees,
+the residences surrounded by gardens, and irrigation canals border all
+the thoroughfares, so that the whole place is embosomed in foliage,
+and the delicious green adds to its scenic attractiveness. The Temple
+Block of ten acres, the sacred square of the Mormons, is the centre
+from which the streets are laid towards the four cardinal points of
+the compass. A high adobé wall surrounds it, and here is the great
+Mormon Temple of granite, which was forty years building, and cost
+over $4,000,000, having three pointed towers at each end, the loftiest
+being surmounted by a gilded figure of the Mormon angel Moroni. Here
+is also the Mormon Tabernacle, a huge oval-shaped structure,
+surmounted by a roof rounded like a turtle-back, the interior
+accommodating twelve thousand people. This is their great
+meeting-place, and they also have a smaller Assembly Hall for
+religious services. These are the chief buildings of Salt Lake City.
+To the eastward in the suburbs is the military post of Fort Douglas,
+where the troops are barracked that guard the Mormon capital. In the
+earlier period, when there were fears of trouble, a large garrison was
+kept at this extensive fortification to maintain government control.
+
+
+OGDEN TO SACRAMENTO.
+
+Westward from Ogden in Utah the Union Pacific route to California is
+continued upon the Southern Pacific system, that company having
+absorbed the original Central Pacific road. It passes Corinne, the
+largest Gentile city in Utah, and then through the Promontory
+Mountains, on the northern verge of Great Salt Lake. It was at
+Promontory Point on May 10, 1869, that the railway builders of this
+original transcontinental line, coming both ways, met, and joined the
+tracks. The last tie was made of California rosewood, trimmed with
+silver, and the last four spikes were of silver and gold. The final
+golden spike was driven with a silver hammer in the presence of a
+large and silent assemblage. The locomotives coming from the East and
+the West met, as Bret Harte has written:
+
+     "Pilots touching--head to head
+     Facing on the single track;
+     Half a world behind each back!"
+
+Beyond, the Great American Desert, an alkaline waste, is crossed, the
+State of Nevada is entered, the Humboldt River is followed for awhile,
+and then Truckee River is ascended through the Pleasant Valley,
+leading into the Sierra Nevada, the lower mountain slopes covered with
+magnificent forests and the railroad protected from avalanches by
+snow-sheds. The Humboldt River has no outlet. It spreads out in an
+extensive sheet of water known as the "Carson Sink" and evaporates. At
+Reno is the Nevada State University, and as this is a silver region
+there are extensive smelting mills. Thirty-one miles southward is
+Carson, the capital of Nevada, and twenty-one miles farther the famous
+silver-mining town of Virginia City, with ten thousand people, built
+half-way up a steep mountain slope and completely surrounded by
+mountains. Virginia City stands directly over the noted Comstock Lode,
+and here are the Bonanza Mines, which were such prolific producers in
+the great silver days. This lode has produced over $450,000,000,
+chiefly silver, and it is drained by the Sutro Tunnel, nearly four
+miles long, which cost $4,500,000 to construct. Nearby, on the
+California boundary, and at six thousand feet elevation, is the
+beautiful Lake Tahoe, one of the loveliest sheets of water in the
+world, twenty-two miles long, very deep, surrounded by snow-clad
+mountains, and yet it never freezes, its outlet being the Truckee
+River. In a region of many lakes, it is known as "the gem of the high
+Sierras." To the westward of Reno is another lovely sheet of water,
+Donner Lake, embosomed in the lap of towering hills, its name coming
+from an early explorer, Captain Donner, who, with many of his party,
+perished on its shores during a heavy snowstorm in 1846. The top of
+the Sierra Nevada is crossed through a tunnel at Summit Station,
+elevated seven thousand feet, and beyond there is a complete change
+both in climate and vegetation, the descent being rapid and the
+transition from arctic snows to sub-tropical flowers very quick. The
+line is in many places carved out of the faces of startling
+precipices, and here it rounds the famous beetling promontory known as
+Cape Horn. Then, coming down among the orchards and vineyards, it
+enters the wide and fertile Sacramento Valley, and almost at sea-level
+comes to the capital of California, the city of Sacramento, built on
+the eastern bank of Sacramento River just below the mouth of the
+American River. It is a busy city with thirty thousand people, and has
+a large and handsome State Capitol.
+
+
+TRANSCONTINENTAL ROUTES.
+
+The Northern Pacific Railway, the next route northward, after
+following up the Yellowstone River to Livingston, at the entrance to
+Yellowstone Park in Montana, ascends the Belt Mountains, crossing them
+through Bozeman Tunnel at an elevation of nearly fifty-six hundred
+feet. This range is an outlying eastern spur of the Rockies. The road
+passes the mining town of Butte, there being forty thousand people in
+the neighboring settlements. Here are many gold, silver and copper
+mines, including the great Anaconda Mine, which was sold in 1898 to
+the company at present working it for $45,000,000, the product of the
+mine being silver and copper. The Butte copper output is two hundred
+and fifty million pounds annually, and the smelting-works at Anaconda
+are the largest in the world. At Three Forks, not far away, is the
+confluence of the Madison, Jefferson and Gallatin Rivers, forming the
+Missouri. Beyond is Helena, the capital of Montana, built in the
+Prickly Pear Valley near the eastern base of the main Rocky Mountain
+range and having fifteen thousand population. This is in another rich
+mining district, and the "Last Chance Gulch," running through the
+city, has yielded over $30,000,000 gold, while all around are gold,
+silver, copper and lead-deposits. Twenty-four miles from Helena, the
+main range of the Rockies is crossed by the Mullen's Pass tunnel at
+fifty-five hundred and fifty feet elevation. At Gold Creek in the
+valley beyond, the last golden spike of the Northern Pacific Railway
+was driven in September, 1883, uniting the tracks which had advanced
+from the east and west and met there. President Henry Villard made
+this the occasion of great festivity, bringing many train-loads of
+distinguished men to the ceremony, and shortly afterwards the company,
+which was heavily in debt, went into a Receivership. The railroad
+follows the Missoula and Pend d'Oreille (the "earring") Rivers, which
+unite in Clark's Fork, a tributary of the Columbia River, and enters
+Idaho, "the gem of the mountains," or, as called by the Nez Perces,
+_Edah-hoe_; finally coming to Spokane in Washington State. This busy
+manufacturing town of over twenty thousand people was burnt in 1889,
+but has entirely recovered from the calamity. The Spokane River
+descends one hundred and fifty feet in two falls within the town,
+furnishing an admirable water-power. To the southwest is the
+confluence of the Snake and Columbia Rivers, and beyond, the railway
+penetrates the defiles of the Cascade Mountains, the northern
+prolongation of the California Coast range, the Northern Pacific line
+finally terminating at Tacoma on Puget Sound.
+
+The great Columbia is the chief river draining the western slopes of
+the Rockies. It has a broad estuary, and in May, 1792, Captain Robert
+Gray of Boston, coasting along the shore in his bark "Columbia
+Rediviva," discovered it, was baffled more than a week before he could
+cross the shallow bar at its mouth, and gave it the name of his
+vessel. The Spaniards marked his discovery on one of their maps
+without any head to the river, recording alongside in Spanish _y-aun
+se ignora_--meaning "and it is not yet known" where the source of the
+river is situated. The famous Danish geographer, Malte-Brun, reading
+this, made the mistake of recognizing the word _ignora_ as Oregon, and
+published it in the early nineteenth century as the name of the
+country, to which it has stuck. Thus is Oregon, like California, a
+name given without meaning. The Columbia is an enormous river, over
+twelve hundred miles long, rising in Otter Lake, just north of the
+Dominion boundary, making a long loop up into British America, then
+coming down into the United States between the Rockies and the
+Cascades with another broad western loop, and swinging around to the
+southeast, finally turning westward to form the boundary between
+Oregon and Washington State to the Pacific. The chief tributary is
+Snake River, known also as Lewis Fork, which comes out of the western
+verge of the Yellowstone Park, makes an extensive southern bend
+through Idaho and is nine hundred miles long, being a most remarkable
+river. West of the Rockies is an enormous area, estimated at two
+hundred and fifty thousand square miles, that has been subjected to
+volcanic action, being overflowed by what is known as the "Columbia
+lava," in deposits from one-half mile to a mile in thickness. Through
+this region the Snake River has carved out its extraordinary canyon in
+places four thousand feet deep, and in some respects rivalling the
+canyons of the Colorado. Down in the bottom of this gigantic fissure
+can be seen the ancient rocky formation of the mountains, elsewhere
+covered by the sheet of lava. The curious sight is also given of
+various tributaries sinking under the strata of lava and ultimately
+coming out through the sides of the canyon, pouring their waters down
+into the main river far below.
+
+Within this canyon the Snake River goes over the noted Shoshoné
+Falls, a series of cataracts. The first one is the Twin Falls
+descending one hundred and eighty feet, then the river goes down the
+Bridal Veil of eighty feet descent, and finally it pours in grandeur
+over the great Shoshoné Falls, nearly a thousand feet wide, and
+descending two hundred and ten feet, a most magnificent cataract.
+After the confluence with the Columbia, the latter river leaves the
+region of sands and lava for the rocks and mountains, and here are the
+Dalles. These are mainly flagstones that make troughs and fissures,
+and compress the channel. At first the river, a mile wide, goes over a
+wall twenty feet high and stretching completely across, and the
+enormous current is compressed not far below into a narrow pass only a
+hundred and thirty feet wide and nearly three miles long, encompassed
+by high perpendicular cliffs of such regular formation that they seem
+as if constructed of masonry. The Dalles make crooked, trough-like
+channels through which the waters wildly rush. The amazing way in
+which the agile fish are able to ascend these rapids and cataract
+through all the turmoil, seeking the quiet river reaches above, caused
+the Indians to call the place the Salmon Falls. Here is the town of
+the Dalles, the supplying market for the Idaho mining district, an
+active manufacturing place with five thousand people. There are
+various islands in these rapids, most of them having been used for
+Indian burial-places and some having numerous graves. Below, the
+Columbia presents very fine scenery in passing the defiles of the
+Cascade Mountains, and to the southward is the noble form of Mount
+Hood, rising over eleven thousand feet, displaying glaciers and having
+snow-covered peaks all about. At the Cascade Locks the Columbia
+descends another rapid, where huge rocks buffet the turbulent waters,
+the whirling foaming torrent wildly rushing among them. Here the
+descent is twenty-five feet, and the Government has improved the
+navigation by a spacious ship canal a mile long, built at a cost of
+$4,000,000. Enormous cliffs, some of grand and imposing form, environ
+the river in passing through these Cascade Mountains, some rising
+twenty-five hundred feet. We are told these mountains were first named
+from the numerous cascades which pour in from tributary streams coming
+over the cliffs and through the crevices of this tremendous chasm.
+Often a dozen of these fairy waterfalls can be seen in a single river
+reach, some dissolving into spray before half-way down, others
+stealing through crooked crannies, and many being tiny threads of
+glistening foam apparently frozen to the mountain side. Here is
+Undine's Veil pouring over a broader ledge, and the Oneonta, Horse
+Tail, La Tourelle and Bridal Veil cataracts, with the far-famed
+Multnomah Fall, the most beautiful of all, eight hundred feet high,
+descending with graceful gentleness over the massive cliffs a long and
+filmy yet matchless thread of silver spray. Emerging, the Columbia
+receives the Willamette River, coming up from the south on the western
+verge of the Cascades, and then proceeds grandly by its broad estuary
+to the Pacific.
+
+Near the Canadian border the Great Northern Railway crosses the
+continent, surmounting the Rockies at the lowest elevation of any of
+the transcontinental lines. Starting from St. Paul, it traverses the
+Devil's Lake country in Montana, passes Fort Buford on the Upper
+Missouri, and crosses the Rockies at fifty-two hundred feet elevation.
+Beyond is the Kootenay gold district, and the road comes to Spokane,
+crosses the Columbia River and surmounts the Cascades at thirty-three
+hundred and seventy-five feet elevation, the mountain top being
+pierced by a three-mile tunnel. Then traversing sixty miles of fine
+forests, the railway terminates at Everett on Puget Sound.
+
+
+THE CANADIAN PACIFIC ROUTE.
+
+The Canadian Pacific Railway, crossing the Continent in the Dominion
+of Canada, west of Winnipeg traverses the prairies of Manitoba and
+Assiniboia until they gradually blend into the rounded and
+grass-covered foothills of Alberta, finally rising nearly a thousand
+miles west of the Red River into the snow-capped peaks of the Rockies.
+This is the garden region of the Canadian Northwest for wheat-growing
+and cattle-grazing, and it stretches in almost limitless expanse a
+fertile empire far northward to Edmonton and Prince Albert, with
+branch railways leading up there, the rich black soils testifying the
+wealth in the land. At Regina is the capital of the Northwest
+Territory, three hundred and fifty-seven miles west of Winnipeg, the
+headquarters of the Canadian "North West Mounted Police," a superb
+body of one thousand picked men who control the Indians and maintain
+order in the Northwest Territory. The Lieutenant-Governor residing
+here is a potentate governing a wide domain spreading out to the
+Rockies and up to the North Pole. The town which is his capital is
+scattered rather loosely over the prairie. In early times a hardy
+pioneer came to this frontier, and at the crossing of a little stream
+west of Regina his cart broke down. The Cree Indians watched him mend
+it, and afterwards spoke of the stream in their language as "The creek
+where the white man mended the cart with a moose jawbone." This
+elaborate name has since been contracted into Moose Jaw, a town where
+a branch line comes into the Canadian Pacific up through Dakota from
+St. Paul and Minneapolis. The route farther westward is in the land of
+the Crees, and crosses the South Saskatchewan River at Medicine Hat, a
+settlement which the matter-of-fact people call "The Hat" for short.
+The Indians say that the Great Spirit had a breathing-place in the
+river nearby, where it never was frozen even in the coldest winters.
+He always appeared in the form of a serpent, and once, when a chief
+was walking on the shore, the serpent came and told him if he would
+throw his squaw into the opening as a sacrifice, he would become a
+great warrior and medicine man. He was ambitious, but did not wish to
+lose her, so he threw his dog in, but the indignant serpent demanded
+the squaw. The Indian told her of the conditions, she consented to the
+sacrifice, her dead body was thrown in, and after a night of vigil the
+chief received from the serpent a warrior's medicine hat, handsomely
+trimmed with ermine, and was always after victorious. Thus the
+locality became the Medicine Hat, and the Indians watch the river in
+severe winters, glad to find the spot is not frozen and that the Great
+Spirit still has his breathing-place and remains with them.
+
+To the westward the snow-capped Rockies become visible, and here are
+the reservations of the Blackfeet Indians, who were the most warlike
+tribe of the region, and hunted the buffalo as far south as the
+Missouri. The memory of Crowfoot, their leading chief, is preserved in
+the name of the railway station. The Bow River, an affluent of the
+Saskatchewan, is followed up to Calgary, the centre of the ranching
+district of Alberta, a town at thirty-four hundred feet elevation,
+having high mountains overhanging its western verge. Here are branch
+railways north and south, leading along the eastern foothills of the
+Rockies, which are filled with herds of cattle and horses, the roads
+going up to Edmonton and down into the United States. The warm
+"Chinook" winds from the Pacific coast, coming through the mountain
+passes, temper the cold, making the balmy atmosphere favoring grass
+and animals alike. The Pacific route follows the Bow River Valley into
+the heart of the mountains, with magnificent snow-covered peaks all
+about, their saw-like edges, gaunt crags and almost denuded surfaces
+justifying their name of the Rockies.
+
+
+BANFF.
+
+The display of mountain scenery along the Canadian Pacific line in
+passing through the Rockies is the finest in North America, coming
+largely from two causes, each contributing to the grandeur and
+impressiveness of the view. The width of the Rocky Mountain ranges in
+Alberta and British Columbia is not much over three hundred miles,
+while in the United States they are scattered and spread over a
+thousand miles of space with intervening tameness. The railway passes
+also are lower in British Columbia, so that the adjacent peaks rise
+higher above the valleys, making them really grander mountains for the
+spectator, who is thus brought to the very bases of such stalwart
+peaks as Mount Stephen and Mount Sir Donald, rearing their
+snow-covered summits on high for a mile and a half above his head.
+Both in concentration and elevation, as well as by the terrific
+wildness of the Kicking Horse and Rogers Passes, by which the ranges
+are crossed, the magnificence of this part of the Rockies is
+displayed. Just within the eastern verge of the mountains are the
+Banff Hot Springs, which, with their environment, make the "Canadian
+Rocky Mountains Park." This reservation covers the Bow River Valley
+and adjacent mountains. The winding river comes from its glacier
+sources in the west through a broad deep fissure. This is crossed
+almost at right angles by another valley, having the Spray River
+coming up from the south through it to join the Bow, while to the
+north the floor-level of this valley is higher, but without any
+distinctive stream. These valleys and their enclosing peaks are all
+formed on a scale of stupendous magnificence, yet so clear is the
+atmosphere that distance is dwarfed, making the views perfect. Going
+down to the river bank, where the deep, trough-like gorges come
+together, it is found that the action of the waters has thoroughly
+displayed the geological formation of these mountains, the enormous
+rock strata standing up inclined from the perpendicular generally at
+an angle of about 30°, being all tilted towards the eastward. Where
+these strata-edges and ends are eroded, they are cut off almost
+vertically, and thus they rise on high into sharp jagged peaks like
+saw-teeth. Stunted firs cover much of the lower slopes, but the tops
+are all bare, being rough, or denuded and smoothed rocks, snow-clad,
+excepting where the slope is too steep to hold it.
+
+Along the winding canyon from the northwest rushes the Bow River,
+sliding in noisy turmoil, with ample spray and silvery foam, down a
+series of cascades, making a most beautiful cataract, then turning
+sharply at a right angle to the northeast to go around the end of a
+mountain. The bright green waters in full volume swiftly glide around
+the bend and away through the narrow gap formed between two towering
+cliffs into a deep gorge several miles long. The smaller, but even
+more swiftly-darting Spray River, dashes along rapids and joins the
+Bow just at the bend. Such is the scene giving the central point of
+beauty within this grand amphitheatre of high mountains, overlooked
+from an elevated plateau above the waterfall, where the landscape is
+finest. The Rocky Mountains Park includes about two hundred and sixty
+square miles of streams, lakes and enclosing mountains, improved by
+many miles of good roads and bridle-paths to develop its beauties. The
+original attraction was the Banff warm sulphur springs, appearing
+along the side and base of Sulphur Mountain, rising on the southern
+bank of Bow River above the waterfall. The temperature of the waters
+changes little from 90°, and they are extensively used for bathing,
+being recommended for rheumatic troubles. One spring of copious flow
+is a pool within a capacious dome-shaped cavern, hollowed out of a
+mound of calcareous tufa. This is the crater of an extinct geyser, the
+orifice at the top, which had been its vent, being availed of for
+light and ventilation. High up among the mountains to the eastward is
+the Devil's Lake, a beautiful crescent-shaped sheet of water much like
+a river, eleven miles long, and enclosed by towering peaks.
+
+
+BANFF TO VANCOUVER.
+
+Westward from Banff the main range of the Rockies is crossed at an
+elevation of fifty-three hundred feet, the Continental Divide. The Bow
+River Valley is followed up to Mount Stephen, which is encircled to
+the northward. This splendid duomo-like mountain rises thirteen
+thousand two hundred feet, being named after George Stephen, Lord
+Mountstephen, the first president of the railway. In approaching,
+there are passed scores of towering snow-clad peaks. At Laggan, among
+them, at more than six thousand feet elevation, are three gems of the
+mountains, the Lakes of the Clouds--Louise, Mirror and Agnes. At the
+summit of the pass a rustic signboard bears the words "The Great
+Divide," marking the backbone of the Continent, whence tiny rills flow
+alongside the railway in both directions, a little brook leading
+eastward down to the Bow, whose waters go out to Hudson Bay and the
+Atlantic, while to the westward another diminutive stream is the head
+of Wapta River, flowing into the Columbia and thence to the Pacific.
+Three pretty green lakes start the Wapta or Kicking Horse River, its
+northern branch coming from a huge glacier nine miles long, and its
+volume expanding from a hundred cascades and brooks tumbling down from
+the snowbanks and ice-fields all about. Then it crosses the flat floor
+of a deep valley, which soon develops into a series of terrific
+gorges, as with rapids and cataracts the stream suddenly drops into an
+abyss and foams and roars deep down in an impressive canyon. The
+railway repeatedly crosses this stupendous chasm in getting down the
+Kicking Horse Pass, giving grand views of high mountains all around,
+and after a scene of true alpine magnificence it comes out at the
+broad valley of the Columbia. This river goes northward between the
+Rockies and the Selkirks, the next western range, and turning westward
+penetrates them and flows southward on their western flanks into the
+United States.
+
+Our railway route next goes up the Beaver River gorge to cross the
+Selkirks through the Rogers Pass at forty-three hundred feet
+elevation, where Mount Sir Donald guards the Pass. It traverses a
+region displaying grand scenery, mounting high above the streams, the
+gorge filled with giant trees between Mounts Sir Donald and Hermit,
+with frequent airy bridges thrown across the subsidiary ravines, down
+which come sparkling cataracts. This narrow gorge has frequent
+avalanches, so that much of the road is covered by ponderous
+snow-sheds. This is the Rogers Pass, displaying savage grandeur, and
+was first entered by white men from British Columbia under Major
+Rogers in 1883, when the railway route was surveyed. It is also
+reserved for a Canadian National Park. The Hermit Mountain overlooks
+the pass from the north, while on the south side a range extends
+westward to the ponderous and lofty pyramidal top of Mount Sir Donald,
+rising ten thousand seven hundred feet, named for Sir Donald Smith,
+Lord Strathcona, President of the Bank of Montreal. Alongside is the
+great glacier of the Selkirks, whose waters flow into the deep valley
+of the Illecillewaet River, the "Dancing Water," by which the railway
+goes westward out of the mountains. Having crossed the summit of the
+pass, the railway makes a short curve into this valley, and gives a
+grand view of the great glacier covering all of its head. Here is the
+Glacier House, on a flat surface of delicious greensward alongside the
+line, having a silvery cascade pouring for a thousand feet down the
+opposite mountain. Beyond, the Illecillewaet descends rapids and the
+railway has a difficult task in getting down the steep and contorted
+gorge by startling loops until, finally emerging from the mountain
+fastness on the western slope of the Selkirks, it comes a second time
+to the open Columbia Valley, the river now flowing with greater volume
+southward towards the United States. Across the Columbia is the Gold
+range, the third mountain ridge to be crossed. This is done by the
+Eagle Pass, less difficult than the other passes through the Rockies,
+the crossing being made at two thousand feet elevation, and the route
+descending westward along Eagle River and several pleasant lakes that
+make its source and cover the floor of the higher valley. This stream
+leads into the Great Shuswap Lake, the largest body of water in
+British Columbia, spreading its sinuous arms like an octopus among the
+mountain ridges. This lake has over two hundred miles of coast-line,
+and is drained westward by Thompson River. To the southward it has a
+tributary flowing out of the long and slender Okanagan Lake, a sheet
+of water among the mountains extending seventy miles and having
+fertile shores.
+
+The Coast range of the Rockies is still beyond us, the fourth and last
+ridge of these wonderful mountains, through which the Canadian Pacific
+makes its way by going down the remarkable canyons of Thompson and
+Fraser Rivers for nearly three hundred miles. At the junction of the
+two forks of the Thompson is the town of Kamloops, its Indian name
+meaning "the confluence." It is in a good ranching district, and like
+all the settlements in British Columbia has quite an elaborate
+"China-town." Beyond Kamloops the Thompson canyon is entered, a
+desolate gorge almost without vegetation, through which a rapid
+torrent rushes, the high steep shores being composed of a rotten rock
+which water and frost have moulded into strange and fantastic shapes,
+while the stream constantly burrows more deeply into it. The
+mud-colored banks are thus carved into massive turrets, cones and
+pyramids, with groups of impressive columns standing on high, having
+colossal ranks of ghostly statues looking down from above. In one
+place a grand semicircular group of cowled and hooded monks with their
+backs to the river are kneeling apparently around a gigantic altar.
+Almost every conceivable form has been wrought by the running waters
+on these precipitous bluffs. Not a tree is seen, and all seems bleak
+desolation. At the Black Canyon the scene is mournfully terrific, the
+walls composed of an almost black sand, wherein the whirling river
+rapids have scooped out immense amphitheatres mounting almost
+perpendicularly for a thousand feet. Then a change comes, the steep
+and barren walls developing varieties of color, being streaked with
+creamy white, red, purple, yellow, maroon, dark brown and black in
+richest form, as the waters have run the different hued soils over
+them from top to bottom, the rushing river below being a bright
+emerald. It is a picture of parti-colored desolation, the gaudy hues
+and strange forms of these precipitous cliffs being the gorgeous
+exhibition of a most beautiful desert. This remarkable canyon is
+followed nearly a hundred miles until the Thompson flows into the
+Fraser River.
+
+The Fraser Canyon is deep, and carries a larger river among higher
+mountains. Its shores are steep, but are composed of firmer rocks,
+along which the railway is constructed largely on galleries, with
+frequent tunnels. Deep in the fissure are Indians spearing for salmon,
+and an occasional Chinaman may be seen on a sand-bar washing out the
+silt to find gold, as both these rivers bring down gold-bearing sands.
+The rocky development of the Fraser and the magnitude of its canyon
+increase as it plunges deeper among the higher Coast range mountains.
+For thirty miles below North Bend, a place where enough flat land is
+left on a terrace for a little railway station, is the most impressive
+portion, and the final scene of grandeur on this route through the
+Rockies. Almost perpendicular enclosing mountains tower above, and the
+river is compressed by high walls of black rocks, so steep that the
+road is placed upon a shelf hewn out along them. Through this deep,
+contracted canyon the river winds, at times confined into such narrow
+crooked straits that the water rushes in swiftly-moving massive
+billows like the Niagara rapids. Tunnels pierce the jutting cliffs,
+bridges and walls carry the railway along, and at intervals wild
+cascades leap through fissures down the mountain sides. The
+ever-present and industrious Indians are seen in most perilous
+positions down by the river catching the bright-colored salmon, which
+they hang upon rude drying-poles among the crags. There is a brief
+little village, now and then, along this dreary canyon, where there
+may be a sparse bit of flat terrace, enabling a few white people to
+live in company with Indians and Chinamen, the "Joss House" of the
+Celestial and his queer-looking cemetery, with its tall poles and
+streamers to keep away the dreaded birds and evil spirits, being
+conspicuous. Thus the river forces its passage through the Coast
+range, until at Yale the mountains recede, the canyon gradually
+broadens into a flat intervale between distant ridges, and there are
+farms and pastures. As the railway emerges from the mountains, the
+gleaming white dome of the isolated snow-capped Mount Baker is seen
+glistening under the sunlight sixty miles away just beyond the United
+States border. The Fraser River finally flows into the Gulf of
+Georgia, after a course of six hundred miles through the mountains
+from the northward, the chief river of British Columbia. It was named
+for Simon Fraser of the Northwest Fur Company, who explored it to its
+source amid incredible hardships and difficulties in 1808. The finest
+timber grows throughout this region. The railway terminates at the
+city of Vancouver, on Burrard Inlet, a fine harbor of the Gulf of
+Georgia, founded in 1885, and having eighteen thousand people, with
+considerable manufactures and an extensive trade. The lower Fraser
+River is a great salmon-canning region, the shores having many
+canning-factories, while at New Westminster, the chief town, are
+large sawmills, the two products of this district being fish and
+lumber, and the Chinese, who are numerous, doing most of the labor.
+
+
+BOUND TO ALASKA.
+
+Westward from the Gulf of Georgia is Vancouver Island, stretching
+parallel to the coast and nearly three hundred miles long, the larger
+part of it being composed of mountains, some reaching an elevation of
+over seven thousand feet. It has fine forests and valuable coal mines
+at Nanaimo and Wellington, which furnish fuel supplies along the
+Pacific coast. The redoubtable Spanish adventurer, Juan de Fuca,
+discovered it in 1592, and his name was given the strait at its
+southern extremity, separating the island from the United States. The
+Spaniards held it until near the close of the eighteenth century, when
+Captain George Vancouver came with a squadron and it was surrendered
+to the English by the Spanish Governor Quadra, its name afterwards
+being called for many years Quadra and Vancouver, after the two
+officers. Upon a little harbor at the southeastern extremity in 1842,
+the Hudson Bay Company established Fort Victoria, which has since
+become the capital of the Province of British Columbia. This is a
+pleasant city of twenty-five thousand population, having an extensive
+Chinese quarter. To the westward is the important British naval
+station and dockyard of Esquimalt, upon an admirable land-locked
+harbor of large capacity.
+
+For over a thousand miles, a series of internal waters behind large
+islands, with bays, straits and archipelagoes, lead northward from the
+Gulf of Georgia to Alaska, making one of the most admirable scenic
+routes in America. Their shores are high mountains covered with superb
+forests, and the voyage over these waters is most attractive. From the
+Gulf of Georgia the route passes through Discovery Passage, the
+Seymour Narrows (where the tide rushes sometimes at twelve knots an
+hour), Johnstone Strait, Broughton Strait, and Queen Charlotte Sound.
+North of Vancouver Island there is a short passage on the open sea and
+then Fitzhugh Sound is entered, opening into the Lama Passage and
+Seaforth Channel to Millbank Sound, where there is another brief open
+sea journey. Then various interior waters lead to Greenville Channel
+and Chatham Sound. High mountains are everywhere, and deep, narrow
+fiords run far up into the land, the journey displaying so much
+magnificent scenery that the mind soon becomes satiated with the
+excessive supply of unadulterated grandeur. In this region is the
+Nasse River, where in the spring the Indians catch the Oulichan or
+"candle-fish," which gives them light, this fish being so full of oil
+that when dry and provided with a wick it burns like a candle. Just
+beyond is the boundary of Alaska at fifty-four degrees forty minutes
+north latitude, the famous "fifty-four forty or fight" boundary of
+1843, when the United States claimed that Oregon extended up to the
+Russian territory at that latitude, but afterwards abandoned the
+claim. Alaska is a very large country, exceeding one-sixth the area of
+the United States, and was bought from Russia by Secretary Seward in
+1867 for $7,200,000, a price then deemed extravagant, but the purchase
+has been enormously profitable. The name is derived from the Indian
+_Al-ay-ek-sha_, meaning the "Great land." Besides its large extent of
+main land, it includes some fifteen thousand islands, and its enormous
+river, the Yukon, flowing into the Behring Sea, has a delta sixty
+miles wide at its mouth, is three thousand miles long, and is
+navigable for almost two thousand miles. Although Alaska's
+productiveness seems just beginning to be realized, yet it has yielded
+in gold and furs, fish and other products, since the purchase, over
+$150,000,000.
+
+  [Illustration: _Sitka, Alaska, from the Sea_]
+
+Within Alaska, the route of exploration continues through Clarence
+Strait to the Alexander Archipelago, comprising several thousand
+islands, many of which are mountainous, and about eleven hundred of
+the larger ones have been charted. Here is Fort Wrangell, seven
+hundred miles from Victoria, on one of the islands, a little
+settlement named after Baron Wrangell, the Russian Governor of Alaska
+in 1834. Upon landing, the visitors see the Indians and their
+chief curiosity, the "totem poles," erected in front of their houses,
+and carved with rude figures emblematic of the owner and his
+ancestors. These poles are twenty to sixty feet in height, and two to
+five feet in diameter. The natives are divided into clans, of which
+the Whale, the Eagle, the Wolf and the Raven are the chief
+representatives and are said to have been the progenitors. These are
+also carved on the poles and show the intermarriages of ancestors, the
+leading families having the most elaborate poles. Beyond Fort Wrangell
+are Soukhoi Channel and Frederick Sound, leading into Chatham Strait,
+having on its western side Baranoff Island, on the outer edge of which
+is Sitka Sound. Here is Sitka, the capital of Alaska, in a
+well-protected bay dotted with pleasant islands in front and having
+snow-covered mountains for a high background. Alexander Baranoff
+founded the town in 1804, the first Russian Governor of Alaska, and
+there are now about twelve hundred inhabitants, mostly Indians. The
+old wooden Baranoff Castle, which was the residence of the Russian
+Governors, is on a hill near the landing-place. The main street leads
+past the Greek Church, surmounted with its bulbous spire, having six
+sweet-toned bells brought from Moscow, and adjoining it are various
+old-time log houses built by the early Russians. The church is still
+maintained by the Russian Government. The visitors buy curiosities and
+invest their small change in the Indians who get up monotonous dances
+or exciting canoe races for their amusement. It is a curious fact
+that, owing to the _Kuro Siwo_, or Japanese warm current coming across
+the Pacific, Sitka has a mild and most equable climate, the summer
+temperature averaging 54° and the winter 32°, the thermometer seldom
+falling to zero.
+
+The Stephens Passage leads north from Frederick Sound, and into it
+opens Taku Inlet, a large fiord displaying fine glaciers. Here at
+Holkham Bay in 1876 began the first placer gold-mining in Alaska. Just
+beyond is Gastineaux Channel, between the mainland and Douglas Island.
+Upon its eastern bank, nine hundred miles from Victoria, is Juneau,
+the largest town in Alaska, having fifteen hundred population, about
+half of them whites; an American settlement, begun in 1880 under
+Yankee auspices, and named after the nephew of the founder of
+Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The people are mostly gold-miners. The little
+white houses are on a narrow strip of comparatively level land along
+the shore, having a high and precipitous mountain behind. Juneau deals
+in furs and Chilkat blankets, the latter, when genuine, being made of
+the hair of mountain-goats and colored with native dyes. It is also a
+starting-point for the Klondyke and Yukon regions. Across the narrow
+strait, upon Douglas Island, is the famous Treadwell gold-mine, having
+three enormous ore-crushing mills, the largest in the world,
+aggregating nearly eight hundred stamps. This is a huge mountain of
+gold-ore which John Treadwell bought in 1882 from its owner for $430.
+It has paid since then $9,000,000 in dividends, and now with increased
+output crushes three thousand tons of ore daily, netting $4 gold per
+ton, and pours into the laps of the Rothschilds, its present owners,
+probably $2,000,000 annually from the enlarged product. The ore
+actually in sight in the mountain is estimated to be worth five times
+as much as was originally paid for the whole of Alaska. There is a
+native Indian cemetery adjoining Juneau, having curious little huts
+containing the cremated remains of the dead, with each one's personal
+effects.
+
+
+THE GREAT MUIR GLACIER.
+
+Passing west of Douglas Island and through Icy Strait to Glacier Bay,
+a magnificent view is presented. Snow-covered mountains rise six and
+seven thousand feet all around, and to the northwest is the imposing
+Mount Fairweather range, elevated over fifteen thousand feet. Glacier
+Bay extends forty-five miles up into the land, its width gradually
+contracting from twelve to three miles. Small icebergs and floes cover
+much of the surface, as they are constantly detached from the glaciers
+descending into it. At the head of the bay is the greatest curiosity
+of Alaska and the most stupendous glacier existing,--the Muir
+Glacier,--named in honor of Professor John Muir, the geologist of the
+Pacific coast, who first saw it in 1879 and thoroughly explored it in
+1890. When Vancouver was here at the close of the eighteenth century
+he wrote that a wall of ice extended across the mouth of the bay. The
+belief is that the glacier once filled the entire bay and has
+gradually receded. Near the middle of the bay is Willoughby Island, a
+rock two miles long and fifteen hundred feet high, showing striated
+and polished surfaces and glacial grooves from bottom to top. This
+glacier far exceeds all the Swiss ice-fields put together, and it
+enters the sea with a front one mile and a half wide and two to three
+hundred feet high. Unlike the dirty terminal moraines of the Swiss
+glaciers, this is a splendid wall of clear blue and white ice, built
+up in columns, spires and huge crystal masses, displaying beautiful
+caves and grottoes. It goes many hundreds of feet below the surface of
+the water, and from its front, masses of ice constantly detach and
+fall into the bay with noises like thunder or the discharge of
+artillery. Huge bergs topple over, clouds of spray arise, and gigantic
+waves are sent across the water. Every few minutes this goes on as the
+glacier, moving forward with resistless motion, breaks to pieces at
+the end. The field of ice making this wonderful glacier is formed by
+nine main streams and seventeen smaller arms. It occupies a vast
+amphitheatre back among the mountains, thirty to forty miles across,
+and where it breaks out between the higher mountains to descend to
+the sea is about three miles wide. The superficial area of this mass
+of ice is three hundred and fifty square miles. It moves forward from
+seven to ten feet daily at the edges and more in the centre, and in
+August, when it loses the most ice, the estimate is that about two
+hundred millions of cubic feet fall into the bay every day. It loses
+more ice in the summer than it gains in the winter, and thus steadily
+retrogrades. The visitors go up to its face, although it cannot be
+ascended there, and then landing alongside approach it through a
+lateral moraine, and can there ascend to the top and walk upon the
+surface. The character and appearance of this famous glacier were much
+changed by an earthquake in 1899. Among the attractions are the
+mirages that are frequent here, which have been the origin of the
+"Phantom City," which early explorers fancifully described as upon
+Glacier Bay. Other huge glaciers also enter these waters, among them
+the Grand Pacific, Hugh Miller and Gelkie Glaciers.
+
+
+THE KLONDYKE AND CAPE NOME.
+
+Northward from the Gastineaux Channel stretches the grand fiord of the
+Lynn Canal for sixty miles. Snow-crowned mountains surround it, from
+whose sides many glaciers descend. At the upper end this Canal divides
+into two forks--the Chilkoot and Chilkat Inlets, at 59° north
+latitude. This begins the overland route to the Klondyke gold region,
+and upon the eastern inlet, Chilkoot, are on either bank the two
+bustling little towns that have grown out of the Klondyke
+immigration--Skaguay on the eastern and Dyea on the western shore.
+Each of them has three to four thousand people, with hotels,
+lodging-places and miners' outfitting shops. Dyea is the United States
+military post, with a garrison, and here begin the trails across the
+mountain passes to the upper waters of the Yukon. A railway is
+constructed over White's Pass to Bennett Lake, and is now the chief
+route of travel. Pyramid Harbor and Chilkat with salmon-canning
+establishments are on Chilkat Inlet. Beyond White's Pass, which
+crosses the international boundary, the land descends in British
+America to the headwaters of the Yukon River, which are navigated
+northwest to Dawson and Circle City and other mining camps of the
+Klondyke region, where the prolific gold-fields have had such rich
+yields, there having been $40,000,000 gold taken out in two years. The
+Yukon flows a winding course westward to Norton Sound on the Bering
+Sea, discharging through a wide-spreading delta. The port of St.
+Michaels is to the northward. There are two routes to the Klondyke
+from San Francisco--_via_ Skaguay and overland a distance of about
+twenty-three hundred miles, and _via_ St. Michaels and up the Yukon
+forty-seven hundred miles.
+
+The Alaskan coast beyond the Muir Glacier is bordered by the great St.
+Elias mountain range, rising in Mount Logan to nineteen thousand five
+hundred and thirty-nine feet, the highest of the Rockies, and in Mount
+St. Elias nearer the coast to eighteen thousand and twenty-four feet.
+From the broad flanks of St. Elias the vast Malaspina Glacier flows
+down to Icy Bay on the Pacific Ocean. There are mountains all about
+this region, which the official geographers are naming after public
+men, among them being Mount Dewey. To the westward the vast Alaska
+peninsula projects far out, dividing the Pacific Ocean from the Bering
+Sea, terminating in the Fox Islands, of which Ounalaska is the port,
+and having the Aleutian Islands spreading beyond still farther
+westward. It is a remarkable fact, indicating the vast extent of the
+United States, that the extremity of the Aleutian group is as far in
+latitude westward from San Francisco as the Penobscot River and coast
+of Maine are eastward. To the north is the Bering Strait, having the
+Russian East Cape of Siberia projecting opposite to the Alaskan Cape
+Prince of Wales to guard the passage into the Arctic Ocean. Here, upon
+the southern shore of the protruding end of Alaska, and fronting
+Norton Sound up almost under the Arctic Circle, is the noted Cape
+Nome, the latest discovered gold-field, about a hundred miles
+northwest of St. Michaels. Fabulous golden sands are spread out in
+gulches and on the beaches, and Nome City has become quite a
+settlement. This is the latest El Dorado to which such an enormous
+rush of prospectors and gold-hunters was made in the early spring of
+1900, many thousands filling up every available steamer that could be
+got to sail northward. The prolific output of these gold-bearing sands
+is said to exceed the Klondyke in its yield, and this will be the
+golden Mecca until somebody crosses over into Siberia or goes up
+nearer the North Pole, and finds there a new deposit of treasure.
+Already it is said that Nome City spreads practically for twenty miles
+along the sea-beach, and that the industrious miners are getting much
+gold by dredging far out under the sea, and expect to secure fifty
+millions annually from this remote but extraordinary region.
+
+Nome City, like everywhere else that the hardy American pioneer raises
+the flag for discovery and settlement, has its newspaper, the _Gold
+Digger_, and this enterprising publication thus poetically describes
+the new El Dorado of the Arctic seas, the "Golden Northland":
+
+     "High o'er the tundra's wide expanse,
+       Mount Anvil lifts its God-wrought crown,
+     Bold guardian of a shining shore,
+       That's ever garbed in golden gown.
+
+     "Here nature, lavish with her store
+       To those of nerve and strong of hand,
+     Outpours a glittering stream of wealth
+       To all the miners of the land.
+
+     "The ledge-ribbed hills on ev'ry side,
+       To feasts of ore invite mankind,
+     Nor Bering's waves may bar the way
+       To golden courses milled and mined.
+
+     "The fresh'ning breezes from the Pole
+       Bear far the miners' joyous cry,
+     As point of pick turns back the sod
+       'Neath which the glist'ning nuggets lie.
+
+     "Here may the rover of the hills
+       Find fickle Fortune's long sought stream,
+     And revel in the boundless wealth
+       That's ever been his life-long dream.
+
+     "O, tundra, beach and lavish stream!
+       O'er thee a world expectant stands;
+     With Midas measure may'st thou fill
+       The myriad eager, outstretched hands."
+
+Wonderful is our latest American Continental possession--the rich
+territory of Alaska. Limitless are its resources, unmatchable its
+possibilities. One of its admirers thus sounds its praises: "In
+scenery, Alaska dwarfs the world. Think of six hundred and seventeen
+thousand square miles of landscape. Put Pike's Peak on Mount
+Washington or Mount Mitchell and it would hardly even up with Mount
+Logan. All the glaciers of Switzerland and the Tyrol dwindle to
+pitiful summer ice-wagon chunks beside the vast ice empires of Glacier
+Bay or mighty Malaspina. Think of a mass of blue-green ice forty miles
+long by twenty-five miles wide, nearly the size of the whole State of
+Rhode Island, and five thousand feet thick, glittering resplendently
+in the weird, dazzling light of a midnight sun. Imagine cataracts by
+scores from one thousand to three thousand feet high; ocean channels
+thousands of feet deep, walled in by snow-capped mountains; sixty-one
+volcanoes, ten of them still belching fire and smoke; boiling springs
+eighteen miles in circumference, used by hundreds of Indians for all
+their cooking; schools of whales spouting like huge marine
+fire-engines and tumbling somersaults over each other like big
+lubberly boys, weighing one hundred to two hundred thousands of pounds
+each; rivers so jammed with fish that tens of thousands of them are
+crowded out of the water high up on the shore; and woods alive with
+elk, moose, deer, bear, and all sorts and conditions of costly
+fur-clad aristocrats of the fox, wolf, lynx and beaver breeds. Growing
+country, this of ours."
+
+
+PUGET SOUND TO SAN FRANCISCO.
+
+Captain George Vancouver, already referred to, who named Vancouver
+Island, had among his officers a Lieutenant Puget. From him came the
+name of Puget Sound, stretching eighty miles southward from Vancouver
+Island and the Strait of Juan de Fuca into Washington State, ramifying
+into many bays and inlets, and having numerous islands. The Sound
+covers two thousand square miles and has eighteen hundred miles of
+coast line, being a splendid inland sea with admirable harbors. Its
+peculiar configuration makes very high tides, sometimes reaching
+twelve to eighteen feet. At the entrance near the head of the Strait
+of Juan de Fuca is the United States port of entry, Port Townsend, in
+a picturesque situation with the large graystone Custom House on the
+bluff, a conspicuous structure. Three formidable forts, Wilson, Casey
+and Flagler, guard the entrance from the sea. Opposite, on the eastern
+shore of the Sound, is Everett with a fine harbor, the terminal of the
+Great Northern Railway. To the northwest, a sentinel outpost of the
+Cascade Range, rises Mount Baker, nearly eleven thousand feet high. To
+the southward, on the circling shores of Elliott Bay, is Seattle,
+named after an Indian chief and founded in 1852, built on a series of
+terraces rising above the water, the chief commercial city of Puget
+Sound, and having sixty thousand population. On the southeastern arm
+of the Sound, called Commencement Bay, is Tacoma, the terminal of the
+Northern Pacific Railway, with fifty thousand people. Its Indian name
+comes from its great lion, Mount Tacoma (sometimes called Rainier), a
+giant of the Cascades, rising fourteen thousand five hundred and
+twenty feet, and in full view to the southeast of the city. Fourteen
+glaciers flow down its sides, the chief one, Nisqually Glacier, seven
+miles long, on the southern slope, being considered the finest on the
+coast south of Alaska. This mountain, like other peaks of the
+Cascades, is an extinct volcano, its crater still emitting sulphurous
+fumes and heat. Mount St. Helens, not far away, which was in eruption
+in 1898, is regarded as the most active volcano in the range, its
+massive rounded dome rising over nine thousand feet. Across on the
+southwestern shore of Puget Sound is the capital of Washington State,
+Olympia, with five thousand people.
+
+Portland, the chief town of Oregon, is but a short distance south of
+Puget Sound, on the Willamette River, twelve miles from its confluence
+with the Columbia, and at the head of deep-sea navigation, one hundred
+and ten miles from the ocean. This is the leading business centre of
+the Pacific northwest, having seventy thousand people and extensive
+trade. It is finely situated, and from the heights on its western
+border is given a most superb view of the Cascades, the range grandly
+stretching over a hundred miles. The Mazama Club of earnest mountain
+explorers at Portland have done much to make known to the world the
+scenery and grandeur of these attractive mountains. Fifteen miles up
+the Willamette, at Oregon City, are the Falls, where that river
+descends forty feet in a splendid horseshoe cataract, displaying great
+beauty and furnishing valuable power. To the southward is Salem, on
+the Willamette, the capital of Oregon, having five thousand
+population. The "Oregon trail," as the route from San Francisco into
+this region was called, ascends the Rogue River, so named from the
+Indians of the region, crosses the Siskiyou Mountain, and descends on
+the southern side to the headwaters of the Sacramento. To the
+eastward, near the California boundary, high up in the Cascades, is
+the strangely constructed Crater Lake. It is at over sixty-two hundred
+feet elevation, and occupies an abyss produced by the subsidence of an
+enormous volcano, being six miles long and four wide. A perpendicular
+rocky wall one to two thousand feet high entirely surrounds it, and
+the water, without outlet or apparent inflow, is fully two thousand
+feet deep and densely blue in color. In the centre is Wizard Island,
+rising eight hundred and fifty feet, an extinct volcanic cone, thus
+presenting one crater within another. The district containing this
+wonderful lake has been made a reservation called the Oregon National
+Park. Some distance to the southward, the whole country being
+mountainous and the lower slopes covered with forests of splendid
+pines, is the grand snow-covered dome of Mount Shasta, one of the
+noblest of the Cascades (in California called the Coast Range), rising
+fourteen thousand four hundred and forty feet, a huge extinct volcano,
+having a crater in its western peak twenty-five hundred feet deep and
+three-quarters of a mile wide. Beyond, the Sacramento Valley stretches
+far away southward, passing Chico and Marysville, to Sacramento. It
+was to the eastward, near Coloma, that the first discovery of
+California gold was made in February, 1848, on the farm of Colonel
+Sutter, the county having been appropriately named El Dorado.
+
+
+SAN FRANCISCO BAY AND CITY.
+
+The San Joaquin and Sacramento Rivers, having united, flow westward
+into Suisun Bay, thence by a strait to the circular and expansive San
+Pablo Bay, which in turn empties into San Francisco Bay. On the strait
+connecting Suisun and San Pablo Bays is Benicia, where lived the
+famous pugilist John C. Heenan, the "Benicia Boy," and the immense
+forge-hammer he wielded is on exhibition there. At the head of San
+Pablo Bay is Napa, or Mare Island, the location of the Navy Yard. Upon
+the mainland opposite is Vallejo, whence a railway runs up the fertile
+Napa Valley, through orchards and vineyards and among mineral springs,
+to Calistoga. Near here is the strange Petrified Forest, where there
+are scattered upon a tract of four square miles the remains of a
+hundred petrified trees. The Bay of San Francisco is a magnificent
+inland sea, fifty miles long and ten miles wide, connected with the
+Pacific Ocean by the strait of the Golden Gate, five miles long and a
+mile wide. The bay is separated from the ocean by a long peninsula,
+having the city of San Francisco on the inside of its northern
+extremity. Over opposite, on the eastern shore of the bay, is Oakland,
+the terminal of the Southern Pacific Railway routes from the East, a
+city of fifty thousand people, named from the numerous live-oaks
+growing in its gardens and along the streets. It has extensive
+manufactures and a magnificent view over the expansive bay and city of
+San Francisco and the distant Golden Gate, where the enclosing rocky
+shores can be seen rising boldly, the northern side to two thousand
+feet height. In the Oakland suburbs is Berkeley, where are some of the
+College buildings of the University of California, founded in 1868 and
+having twenty-three hundred students, many of them women. The
+attractive grounds cover two hundred and fifty acres, and the
+endowments exceed $8,000,000. South of Oakland is the pleasant
+suburban town of Alameda. On the western shore of the bay, south of
+San Francisco, is Menlo Park, a favorite place of rural residence for
+the wealthy San Francisco people, having many handsome villas and
+estates with noble trees. Here is Palo Alto or the "tall tree," taking
+its name from a fine redwood tree near the railway, an estate of over
+eight thousand acres, which is the location of the noted Leland
+Stanford, Jr., University. This is the greatest educational endowment
+in America, having a fund of over $30,000,000, the gift of Senator and
+Mrs. Leland Stanford in memory of their only son. The University has
+twelve hundred students, many being women. The buildings, which in a
+manner reproduce the architecture of the ancient Spanish Missions, are
+of buff sandstone, surmounted by red-tiled roofs, picturesquely
+contrasting with the oaks and eucalyptus trees which are so numerous
+and the many tropical plants that have been brought there. The Palo
+Alto estate is one of the great California stock-farms.
+
+Two Franciscan monks in 1776 founded on this famous bay the Indian
+Mission of San Francisco de Assis, often called the Mission Dolores,
+and in course of time there started upon the shore, which had much
+wild mint growing about, the village of Yerba Buena, named from it the
+"good herb." Just about the time this lonely little village had got a
+small Spanish population and built a few houses, Richard Henry Dana
+came into the bay in 1835 on the voyage which he so pleasantly
+recounts in _Two Years Before the Mast_. He then prophetically wrote:
+"If ever California becomes a prosperous country, this bay will be the
+centre of its prosperity. The abundance of wood and water; the extreme
+fertility of its shores; the excellence of its climate, which is as
+near to being perfect as any in the world; and its facilities for
+navigation affording the best anchoring-grounds in the whole Western
+coast of America, all fit it for a place of great importance." In the
+summer of 1846, during the Mexican War, the American navy made various
+important occupations on the California coasts, and a man-of-war came
+into San Francisco Bay and took possession for the United States. The
+next year the name of the village was changed to San Francisco. There
+were about six hundred inhabitants here when gold was discovered in
+1848, and most of them at once left for the gold-fields; but the
+favorable location for trade soon attracted a large population and an
+extensive commerce. The young city had the usual mishaps from fires,
+suffering from a half-dozen serious conflagrations in its early
+career; while the peculiar character of the population made it then so
+lawless that twice the better element had to take summary control of
+the municipal government by "Vigilance Committees," who did not
+hesitate to promptly execute notorious criminals. There are now three
+hundred and fifty thousand people, the heterogeneous population
+including almost every nationality in the world.
+
+San Francisco is in a fine situation on the shore of the bay and the
+steep hills to the westward, and is gradually spreading across the
+peninsula towards the ocean. It is, in fact, built on a succession of
+hills, of which a group extends westward from the bay, varying in
+height from less than two hundred to over nine hundred feet.
+Conspicuous among them are the Telegraph Hill, Nob Hill, Park Peak,
+the Mission Peaks and others. For the purpose of readily climbing
+these hills, the cable street railway and its peculiar "grip" were
+invented and first put into successful operation, and a British
+visitor writes of San Francisco that "one of its most characteristic
+sights is the cable cars crawling up the steep inclines like flies on
+a window-pane." The country around is treeless, with little fertile
+land, owing to the copious rivers of sand which steadily flow over it,
+being blown from the seashore by the strong westerly trade-winds. Thus
+have naturally come the historical San Francisco "sand lots," the
+scene of public meetings and not infrequent disturbances in former
+times. An immense amount of grading, cutting down hills, filling
+gullies, and reclamations of overflowed lands was necessary in
+building the city; and over $50,000,000 has been expended in improving
+the site which, as nature fashioned it, was so illy fitted for a city.
+The great charm is the spacious bay environed by mountains, furnishing
+such an admirable harbor, and across it the ferry steamers ply in all
+directions. Upon it, guarding the Golden Gate entrance, are Alcatraz
+Island, Goat Island and Angel Island, strongly fortified, while Fort
+Mason is on the heights north of the city, overlooking the famous
+strait. The charming waters of the noble bay are thus rhythmically
+described by Ada Abbott Dunton:
+
+     "How beautiful the waters of the Bay
+       Lie shimmering, gem-embossed and turquoise-blue,
+       Rippling and twinkling! Emerald shores in view
+     Reflected from its surface. This calm day
+     Utters no note of discord. Far away
+       And overhead, the tireless, winged sea-mew
+       Skims languidly the air, sun-warmed anew
+     And freshly blown with each succeeding day.
+
+     "O San Francisco Bay! Upon thy shore,
+       What wondrous argosies are anchored here!
+         What giant masts are silhouetted fair
+     'Gainst the eternal blue which bendeth o'er,
+       As though a Titian hand were carving clear,
+         Majestic monuments in upper air."
+
+The great "Ferry Depot," an ornamental structure with a high tower, is
+the centre of the San Francisco harbor front, whence the steamboats
+ply across the spacious bay. From this, the chief business highway,
+Market Street, stretches far southwest to the Mission Peaks, rising
+over nine hundred feet and nearly four miles away. Northward, Kearney
+Street with the leading stores extends past Telegraph Hill, rising
+almost three hundred feet and giving a magnificent outlook from the
+summit. Upon Market Street, in Yerba Buena Park, is the magnificent
+City Hall, completed in 1896 at a cost of over $4,000,000 and
+containing a library of one hundred thousand volumes. There is a
+Branch Mint of the United States which coins much of the gold mined on
+the Pacific Slope. The ancient church of the Mission Dolores, built of
+adobé is still preserved with the little churchyard. Upon Nob Hill are
+many of the finest residences, while to the northwestward is the
+Presidio, originally the Mexican and now the United States Military
+Reservation, adjoining the Golden Gate for some four miles, and a park
+of almost three square miles where troops are garrisoned. Here the
+military band plays in the afternoon and the walks and drives afford
+beautiful views. The Chinese Quarter of San Francisco, where there is
+a population of about fifteen thousand, is a characteristic feature,
+the inhabitants swarming in tall tenements divided by narrow alleys.
+Its attractions, however, are of a kind usually prepared with a view
+to induce contributions from visitors.
+
+
+THE GOLDEN GATE.
+
+The Golden Gate Park, a half-mile wide, stretches from the city three
+miles to the ocean shore, the western extremity being mainly the
+sand-dunes of the coast, while the eastern portions have been
+reclaimed, improved and planted with trees. Here are tasteful
+monuments. The author of the _Star-Spangled Banner_, Francis Scott
+Key, is commemorated by Story, and the Spanish discoverer of the
+Pacific Ocean, Vasco Nuñez de Balboa, by Linden, unveiled in 1898.
+Here also rises Strawberry Hill, an eminence giving an unrivalled
+outlook. Adjoining the park are the great cemeteries of the city,
+Laurel Hill and the Lone Mountain, with others, the Presidio being to
+the northward. To the westward, on the ocean front, is the historic
+landmark of the coast--Point Lobos, or the "wolves"--having on its
+elevated surface the Sutro Heights, where the sandhills have been
+converted into a fine estate and garden, and out in the sea, a cable's
+length from shore, are the celebrated Seal Rocks, which are nearly
+always covered with seals basking in the sun. Some are very large, and
+their movements are quite interesting, their curious barking being
+distinctly heard above the roar of the surf. To the northward of Point
+Lobos is the ocean entrance to the Golden Gate. The portals are a mile
+apart, and seen from the sea its guardian heights rise two thousand
+feet on the left hand, stretching up to the peak of Tamalpais to the
+northward. On the right hand the heights are lower, but still lofty.
+The slopes are bare and sandy, and between them within the strait can
+be distinctly seen the island fortress of Alcatraz, guarded on the one
+hand by Goat Island and on the other by the high green slopes of Angel
+Island. Up on the Presidio proudly floats high above the shore the
+American flag standing out in the breeze. Behind it is the great city.
+This Golden Gate seen from within, looking westward, is a narrow pass,
+giving a vista view of the broad Pacific, its waves rolling towards us
+thousands of miles from the distant shores of China and Japan.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Here ends this pleasant recital. The desire has been to give an idea
+of the vast and wonderful land we live in, and to impress the noble
+and patriotic thought of Thoreau's so essential to all of us: "Nothing
+can be hoped of you, if this bit of mould under your feet is not
+sweeter to you than any other in the world." We have travelled over
+this broad land of ours from the tropics to the Arctic Sea, and from
+the Atlantic to the Pacific, and as our journey closes, with Whittier
+can sing:
+
+     "So shall the Northern pioneer go joyful on his way;
+     To wed Penobscot's waters to San Francisco's Bay;
+     To make the rugged places smooth, and sow the vale with grain;
+     And bear, with Liberty and Law, the Bible in his train:
+     The mighty West shall bless the East, and sea shall answer sea,
+     And mountain unto mountain call, Praise God, for we are free!"
+
+
+
+
+THE END.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+
+     Abenaqui Indians, iii. 191, 256.
+
+     Abercrombie, General James, ii. 285.
+
+     Absecon Island, N. J., i. 192.
+
+     Academy of Music, New York City, ii. 41.
+
+     Acadia, iii. 261.
+
+     Acadians, iii. 292.
+
+     Acadie, iii. 261, 275.
+
+     "Accommodation," the, ii. 431.
+
+     Acker, Wolfert, ii. 142.
+
+     Acoaksett, iii. 139.
+
+     Acomas Indians, iii. 460.
+
+     Acushnet River, iii. 139.
+
+     "Adam and Eve" stoves, i. 223.
+
+     Adams, Charles Francis, iii. 61.
+
+     Adams, John, iii. 27, 61.
+
+     Adams, John Quincy, i. 26, 279; iii. 27, 61, 232.
+
+     Adams, Samuel, iii. 39, 43, 65.
+
+     Adams Temple, Quincy, Mass., iii. 27.
+
+     Adam's Island, N. Y., ii. 215.
+
+     "Adder Cliff," Poughkeepsie, N. Y., ii. 174.
+
+     Addison, N. Y., ii. 367.
+
+     Adirondack Mountains, N. Y., ii. 272.
+
+     "Adirondack Mountain Reserve," ii. 314.
+
+     Adirondack Sanitarium, N. Y., ii. 322.
+
+     "Adventure," the, ii. 121.
+
+     Aertsen, Huyck, ii. 72.
+
+     Agassiz Association, ii. 247.
+
+     Agassiz, Louis J. R., iii. 59, 71.
+
+     Agawam, iii. 78, 167.
+
+     Agawam River, iii. 169.
+
+     Agmaque Indians, ii. 340.
+
+     Agricultural Department Buildings, Washington, D. C., i. 32.
+
+     Aiken, S. C., iii. 363.
+
+     _Alabama_, iii. 372.
+
+     Alabama River, iii. 374.
+
+     Alameda, Cal., iii. 515.
+
+     Alameda, St. Augustine, Fla., i. 374.
+
+     Alamo, Texas, iii. 432.
+
+     Alamosa, Col., iii. 467.
+
+     Alaska, iii. 500.
+
+     Albany, N. Y., ii. 204.
+
+     Albany Academy, ii. 206.
+
+     Albany and Van Rensselaer Iron Works, ii. 215.
+
+     Albany Medical College, ii. 206.
+
+     "Albany Regency," ii. 219.
+
+     Albemarle Canal, i. 78.
+
+     Albemarle Sound, i. 345.
+
+     Alberta, Canada, iii. 485.
+
+     Albion, R. I., iii. 117.
+
+     Albuquerque, N. M., iii. 459.
+
+     Alcatraz Island, Cal., iii. 518.
+
+     Alcazar Hotel, St. Augustine, Fla., i. 374.
+
+     _Alciphron, or the Minute Philosopher_, iii. 133.
+
+     Alcott, A. Bronson, iii. 69.
+
+     Alcott, Louisa M., iii. 69.
+
+     Aldrich Court Building, New York City, ii. 30.
+
+     Aleutian Islands, Alaska, iii. 507.
+
+     Alexander Archipelago, Alaska, iii. 500.
+
+     Alexandria, Virginia, i. 41.
+
+     Alexandria Bay, ii. 414.
+
+     Algonquin Indians, ii. 294.
+
+     Alhambra Cascade, N. Y., ii. 349.
+
+     Alice Falls, Vt., ii. 306.
+
+     Allegheny City, Pa., i. 329.
+
+     Allegheny Mountains, i. 35; iii. 347.
+
+     Allegheny Park, Allegheny City, Pa., i. 329.
+
+     Allegheny River, i. 321, 335.
+
+     Allen, Ethan, ii. 290, 303, 304.
+
+     Allentown, Pa., i. 231.
+
+     Allerton, Ellen P., iii. 390.
+
+     Alliance, O., i. 402.
+
+     Allickewany, i. 157.
+
+     Alligators, i. 359, 384.
+
+     Altamaha River, i. 357.
+
+     Alton, Ill., iii. 394.
+
+     Altoona, Pa., i. 311.
+
+     Alvan Clark & Co., Cambridge, Mass., iii. 60.
+
+     "Always Ready," ii. 339.
+
+     Amagansett, N. Y., ii. 92.
+
+     Amelia Island, Fla., i. 369.
+
+     Amelia River, i. 369.
+
+     "American Como," ii. 276.
+
+     "American Mentone," iii. 445.
+
+     American Museum of Natural History, New York City, ii. 57.
+
+     _American Notes_, i. 287.
+
+     American Philosophical Society, i. 163.
+
+     American Surety Building, New York City, ii. 31.
+
+     American Tract Society Building, New York City, ii. 35.
+
+     American University of the Methodist Church, i. 41.
+
+     American Waltham Watch Company, Cambridge, Mass., iii. 64.
+
+     Ames, Oakes, iii. 470.
+
+     Ames, Oliver, iii. 470.
+
+     Ames Building, Boston, Mass., iii. 43.
+
+     Amesbury, Mass., iii. 81.
+
+     Amherst, Baron Jeffrey, ii. 228, 289, 419; iii. 315.
+
+     Amherst College, Amherst, Mass., iii. 176.
+
+     Amherst Island, Canada, iii. 317.
+
+     Amherst, Mass., iii. 176.
+
+     Amherst, N. H., iii. 80.
+
+     Amityville, N. Y., ii. 91.
+
+     Ammonoosuc River, iii. 189
+
+     _Among the Hills_, iii. 218.
+
+     Amoskeag Falls, N. H., iii. 79.
+
+     Ampersand Mountain, N. Y., ii. 322.
+
+     Amsterdam, N. Y., ii. 336.
+
+     Anaconda Mine, Butte, Montana, iii. 479.
+
+     Anacostia River, i. 9.
+
+     Anastasia Island, Fla., i. 372.
+
+     "Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company," iii. 44.
+
+     Anderson, Major Robert, i. 350.
+
+     Andersonville, Ga., iii. 370.
+
+     Andiatarocte, ii. 278.
+
+     Andover, Canada, iii. 287.
+
+     Andover, Mass., iii. 77.
+
+     "Andover Hill," Andover, Mass., iii. 78.
+
+     Andover Theological Seminary, Andover, Mass., iii. 77.
+
+     André, Major John, ii. 141, 146, 147, 158.
+
+     Andros, Sir Edmund, i. 198; ii. 8; iii. 163.
+
+     Androscoggin River, iii. 245.
+
+     "Angel at the Sepulchre," ii. 213.
+
+     Angel Island, Cal., iii. 518.
+
+     Anheuser-Busch Brewing Company, iii. 395.
+
+     Annapolis, Md., i. 86.
+
+     Annapolis Basin, Canada, iii. 289.
+
+     Annapolis River, iii. 290.
+
+     Annapolis Royal, Canada, iii. 290.
+
+     Ann Arbor, Mich., i. 452.
+
+     Ann Arundel Town, Md., i. 87.
+
+     Annisquam, Mass., iii. 93.
+
+     Anson, Admiral George, iii. 314.
+
+     Ansonia, Conn., ii. 265.
+
+     Anthony, Susan B., ii. 245.
+
+     Anthony, Theophilus, ii. 173.
+
+     Anthony the Trumpeter, ii. 152.
+
+     "Anthony's Nose," N. Y., ii. 150.
+
+     Anthony's Nose, Lake George, N. Y., ii. 280.
+
+     Anticosti, Canada, ii. 511.
+
+     "Antidote Against Pharisaic Teachers," iii. 106.
+
+     Antietam, battle of, i. 40, 104.
+
+     "Anti-Rent War," ii. 201.
+
+     Antony's Gate, Yellowstone Park, i. 489.
+
+     Apo-keep-sinck, ii. 174.
+
+     Aponigansett, iii. 139.
+
+     Apopka Mountains, Fla., i. 382.
+
+     Apostle Islands, Lake Superior, i. 459.
+
+     Appalachian System, i. 36.
+
+     Appalachian Valley, i. 123.
+
+     Appalachicola, Fla., i. 391.
+
+     Appalachicola River, i. 391.
+
+     Apple Island, Boston Harbor, Mass., iii. 33.
+
+     Appledore, Isle of Shoals, iii. 231.
+
+     Appomattox, Va., i. 56.
+
+     Appomattox Court House, Va., i. 56.
+
+     Appomattox River, i. 62.
+
+     Aquidneck, iii. 99.
+
+     "Arcadia of the White Hills," iii. 215.
+
+     Ardoise Mountain, Canada, iii. 296.
+
+     Arichat Island, Canada, iii. 306.
+
+     "Ark," the, i. 84.
+
+     Arkansas College, Batesville, Ark., iii. 404.
+
+     Arkansas River, iii. 404.
+
+     Arlington House, Washington, D. C., i. 101.
+
+     Arlington National Cemetery, Washington, D. C., i. 14.
+
+     "Arm of Gold," iii. 305.
+
+     Armistead, General W. K., i. 133.
+
+     Armory Hill, Springfield, Mass., iii. 167.
+
+     Armstrong, Captain Jack, i. 304.
+
+     Armstrong, Colonel John, i. 336.
+
+     Armstrong, General John, ii. 180.
+
+     Arnold Arboretum, Mass., iii. 49.
+
+     Arnold, General Benedict, ii. 25, 115, 141, 146, 147, 158, 217,
+       308; iii. 252, 282.
+
+     Arnold, Governor Benedict, iii. 138.
+
+     "Around the Circle," iii. 470.
+
+     Arpeika Island, Fla., i. 388.
+
+     Arthur, Chester A., ii. 42, 213.
+
+     Arthur Kill, ii. 15.
+
+     "Artisan's Gate," Central Park, New York City, ii. 27.
+
+     "Artist's Gate," Central Park, New York City, ii. 27.
+
+     Arverne, New York, ii. 85.
+
+     Asbury Park, N. J., i. 193.
+
+     Ascutney Mountain, Vt., iii. 180.
+
+     Asheville, N. C., iii. 355.
+
+     Ashland, Ky., iii. 330.
+
+     Ashland, Va., i. 108.
+
+     Ashland, Wis., i. 459.
+
+     Ashley River, i. 349.
+
+     Ashtabula, O., i. 415.
+
+     Ashton, R. I., iii. 117.
+
+     Ashuelot River, iii. 179.
+
+     Aspen, Col., iii. 468.
+
+     Assabet River, iii. 67.
+
+     Assiniboine River, i. 479.
+
+     Assiscunk Creek, N. J., i. 199, 200.
+
+     Astor Fur Company, i. 453.
+
+     Astor House, New York City, ii. 34.
+
+     Astor, John Jacob, i. 453; ii. 29, 46, 334.
+
+     Astor Library, New York City, ii. 38.
+
+     Astor Place, New York City, ii. 38.
+
+     "Astor Place Opera House," New York City, ii. 38.
+
+     Astor, William B., ii. 29, 47, 180.
+
+     Atchafalaya River, iii. 412.
+
+     Atchison, Kansas, iii. 386.
+
+     Athenæum, Boston, Mass., iii. 40.
+
+     Athenæum, Providence, R. I., iii. 111.
+
+     Athens, N. Y., ii. 367.
+
+     Atlanta, Ga., iii. 365.
+
+     "Atlantic," the, iii. 300.
+
+     Atlantic Avenue, Boston, Mass., iii. 45.
+
+     Atlantic City, N. J., i. 192.
+
+     Auburn, Me., iii. 246.
+
+     Auburn, N. Y., ii. 358.
+
+     Auburn Prison, N. Y., ii. 358.
+
+     Auditorium, Chicago, Ill., i. 434.
+
+     Audubon Park, New Orleans, La., iii. 418.
+
+     Augusta, Ga., iii. 364.
+
+     Augusta, Me., iii. 252.
+
+     Augustinian College, Villa Nova, Pa., i. 280.
+
+     Aukpaque, iii. 287.
+
+     Ausable Chasm, Vt., ii. 305.
+
+     Ausable Forks, Vt., ii. 305.
+
+     Ausable Lakes, N. Y., ii. 314.
+
+     Ausable River, ii. 305.
+
+     Austin, Stephen F., iii. 430.
+
+     Austin, Texas, iii. 431.
+
+     Avalon, i. 83.
+
+
+     Babylon, N. Y., ii. 91.
+
+     "Back Bay Fens," Boston, Mass., iii. 49.
+
+     Baddeck, Cape Breton Island, Canada, iii. 307.
+
+     "Baden-Baden of America," i. 297.
+
+     "Bad Lands," North Dakota, i. 482.
+
+     Bailey, General J. W., iii. 182.
+
+     Baird, Spencer F., i. 27.
+
+     Baker, Captain, iii. 195.
+
+     Baker River, iii. 195.
+
+     Baker's Falls, N. Y., ii. 231.
+
+     Baker's Island, Me., iii. 272.
+
+     Balcony Falls, Virginia, i. 54.
+
+     Bald Eagle Mountain, Pa., i. 308.
+
+     Bald Eagle Valley, Pa., i. 308.
+
+     Bald Head Cliff, Me., iii. 241.
+
+     Baldwin Locomotive Works, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 174.
+
+     Balize, Northeast Pass, La., iii. 423.
+
+     Ball, Mary, i. 50.
+
+     Ballston Spa, New York, ii. 219.
+
+     _Baltimore American_, i. 95.
+
+     Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, i. 91.
+
+     Baltimore, Baron of, i. 83.
+
+     Baltimore, Lord, i. 83, 87, 88.
+
+     Baltimore, Md., i. 88.
+
+     Banana River, i. 379.
+
+     Bancroft, George, i. 87; ii. 277; iii. 61, 118.
+
+     Bancroft House, Worcester, Mass., iii. 118.
+
+     Banff Hot Springs, Canada, iii. 489.
+
+     Bangor, Me., iii. 260, 267.
+
+     Banks, General Nathaniel P., iii. 64.
+
+     Bantam Lake, Conn., ii. 263.
+
+     "Baptismal Font," Watkins Glen, N. Y., ii. 365.
+
+     Baranoff, Alexander, iii. 501.
+
+     Baranoff Castle, Sitka, Alaska, iii. 501.
+
+     Baranoff Island, Alaska, iii. 501.
+
+     Bar Harbor, Me., Mount Desert Island, iii. 269, 271.
+
+     Barré, Charlotte, ii. 430.
+
+     Barlow, Joel, i. 25.
+
+     Barnegat Bay, N. J., i. 193.
+
+     Barnum, P. T., i. 278; ii. 25, 101.
+
+     Barrack Hill, Ottawa, Canada, ii. 452.
+
+     Barrington, Canada, iii. 300.
+
+     Barron, Commodore James, i. 171.
+
+     Bartholdi, sculptor, ii. 11.
+
+     Bartlett, Josiah, iii. 214.
+
+     Bartram, John, i. 176.
+
+     "Bartram's Garden," Philadelphia, Pa., i. 176.
+
+     Bash-Bish Falls, Conn., ii. 262.
+
+     "Basin," Baltimore, Md., i. 88.
+
+     Bates College, Lewiston, Me., iii. 246.
+
+     Batesville, Ark., iii. 404.
+
+     Bath, Me., iii. 253.
+
+     Bath, N. Y., ii. 214.
+
+     Bath Mineral Springs, Bristol, Pa., i. 198.
+
+     Baton Rouge, La., iii. 413.
+
+     Battenkill, N. Y., ii. 238.
+
+     Battery, Charleston, S. C., i. 349.
+
+     Battery Park, New York City, ii. 24.
+
+     "Battle above the clouds," iii. 352.
+
+     "Battle Monument," Baltimore, Md., i. 90.
+
+     Battle Monument, West Point, N. Y., ii. 162.
+
+     Battles--
+       Antietam, i. 40, 104.
+       Belmont, iii. 398.
+       Bennington, ii. 300.
+       Brandywine, i. 151.
+       Bull Run, i. 102.
+       Bunker Hill, iii. 56.
+       Cedar Mountain, i. 125.
+       Chancellorsville, i. 104.
+       Charles City Cross Roads, i. 119.
+       Chippewa, ii. 395.
+       Cold Harbor, i. 108, 119, 120.
+       Concord, iii. 66.
+       Cross Keys, i. 125.
+       Cowpens, iii. 361.
+       Fair Oaks, i. 118.
+       Fallen Timbers, i. 424.
+       Fort Donelson, iii. 344.
+       Frazier's Farm, i. 119.
+       Fredericksburg, i. 104.
+       Gaines's Mill, i. 119.
+       Germantown, i. 181.
+       Gettysburg, i. 130.
+       Guilford Court House, iii. 362.
+       Harlem Heights, ii. 60.
+       King's Mountain, iii. 361.
+       Lackawaxen, i. 261.
+       Lake Erie, i. 423.
+       Lexington, iii. 66.
+       Long Island, ii. 79.
+       Lookout Mountain, iii. 351.
+       Lundy's Lane, ii. 395.
+       Malvern Hill, i. 119.
+       Mine Run, i. 106.
+       Minisink, i. 261.
+       Missionary Ridge, iii. 351.
+       Monmouth, ii. 22.
+       Nashville, iii. 341.
+       New Orleans, iii. 416.
+       North Anna, i. 108.
+       Oriskany, ii. 345.
+       Paoli, i. 281.
+       Princeton, i. 215.
+       Queenston Heights, ii. 395.
+       San Jacinto, iii. 430, 433.
+       Savage Station, i. 119.
+       Shiloh, iii. 345.
+       South Mountain, i. 40, 103.
+       Ticonderoga, ii. 290.
+       Trenton, i. 213.
+
+     Baudouin, Pierre, iii. 247.
+
+     "Bauerie," New York City, ii. 40.
+
+     Bay de Chaleurs, Canada, ii. 401, 503.
+
+     Bay of Fundy, iii. 276.
+
+     Bay of Monterey, Cal., iii. 445.
+
+     Bay of Quinté, Canada, ii. 409.
+
+     Bay of San Francisco, Cal., iii. 514.
+
+     Bay of St. Paul, Canada, ii. 492.
+
+     Bay St. Louis, La., iii. 415.
+
+     Bayonne, N. J., ii. 15.
+
+     Bayshore, N. Y., ii. 91.
+
+     Bay View, Mass., iii. 93.
+
+     Beacon Hill, Boston, Mass., iii. 29.
+
+     Bear Island, N. Y., ii. 198.
+
+     Bear Mountain, Mass., ii. 254.
+
+     Bear Mountain, Pa., i. 233.
+
+     Beaufort, S. C., i. 353.
+
+     Beauport, Canada, ii. 480.
+
+     Beauregard, General Peter G. T., i. 102.
+
+     "Beautiful Fount," Pa., i. 308.
+
+     "Beautiful Land," iii. 458.
+
+     Beauvoir, La., iii. 415.
+
+     Beaver River, i. 402.
+
+     Beaver Tail Light, R. I., iii. 99.
+
+     Beckman, William, ii. 179.
+
+     Bedeque Bay, Prince Edward Island, iii. 304.
+
+     Bedford, Pa., i. 306.
+
+     Bedloe's Island, N. Y., ii. 10.
+
+     Beech Mountain, Mount Desert Island, Me., iii. 269.
+
+     Beecher, Catharine, ii. 92.
+
+     Beecher, Edward, ii. 92.
+
+     Beecher, Harriet, ii. 74, 263.
+
+     Beecher, Henry Ward, ii. 73, 77, 242, 243, 250, 259, 262, 263,
+       305, 467.
+
+     Beecher, Lyman, ii. 92, 74, 112, 263.
+
+     Beehive geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 499.
+
+     Beekman, Johannes, ii. 208.
+
+     Beeren Island, N. Y., ii. 198.
+
+     Belfast, Me., iii. 260, 267.
+
+     Bellamont, Earl of, ii. 121.
+
+     Bellamy, Edward, iii. 171.
+
+     Belle Isle, Va., i. 114.
+
+     Belle Meade stock farm, Louisville, Ky., iii. 341.
+
+     Bellefontaine Cemetery, St. Louis, Mo., iii. 396.
+
+     Bellefonte, Pa., i. 308.
+
+     Bellevue Avenue, Newport, R. I., iii. 131, 137.
+
+     Bellows Falls, Vt., iii. 180.
+
+     Belmont, Miss., iii. 398.
+
+     Belt Mountains, Montana, iii. 479.
+
+     Belvidere, N. J., i. 247.
+
+     Bemis's Heights, N. Y., ii. 216.
+
+     _Ben Bolt_, iii. 392.
+
+     Benedict, Zadoc, ii. 264.
+
+     Benefit Street, Providence, R. I., iii. 112.
+
+     _Ben Hur_, iii. 459.
+
+     "Benicia Boy," iii. 514.
+
+     Benicia, Cal., iii. 514.
+
+     Bennett, James Gordon, ii. 77.
+
+     Bennett Lake, Alaska, iii. 506.
+
+     Bennington, Vt., ii. 300.
+
+     Benwood, W. Va., iii. 327.
+
+     Berdan Horseshoe Mill, ii. 215.
+
+     Beresford, Lady, ii. 37.
+
+     Bergen Hill, N. J., ii. 14.
+
+     Bergen Point, N. J., ii. 15.
+
+     Bering Strait, Alaska, iii. 507.
+
+     Berkeley, Cal., iii. 515.
+
+     Berkeley, Bishop George, i. 509; iii. 132.
+
+     Berkeley House, Harrison's Landing, Va., i. 63.
+
+     Berkeley plantation, i. 63.
+
+     "Berkshire Coffee House," ii. 231.
+
+     Berkshire County, Mass., ii. 242.
+
+     Berkshire Hills, Mass., ii. 242.
+
+     Berlin, Conn., iii. 160.
+
+     Bermuda Hundred, i. 61.
+
+     "Bermuda of the North," ii. 124.
+
+     Bernard, General Simon, i. 77.
+
+     Berry Pond, Mass., ii. 248.
+
+     Bessemer, Ala., iii. 269.
+
+     Beth-Lechem, i. 227.
+
+     Bethlehem, Pa., i. 226.
+
+     Bethlehem Junction, N. H., iii. 189.
+
+     Bethlehem Steel Company Works, Bethlehem, Pa., i. 226.
+
+     Bethesda Spring, Waukesha, Wis., i. 464.
+
+     Beverley, Mass., iii. 77.
+
+     Beverley, Robert, i. 72.
+
+     Beverly Cove, N. Y., ii. 158.
+
+     Beverly House, Beverly Cove, N. Y., ii. 158.
+
+     Beverly, N. J., i. 196.
+
+     "Bible House," New York City, ii. 40.
+
+     Biddeford, Me., iii. 241.
+
+     Bienville, Sieur de, iii. 275, 410.
+
+     Big Bushkill Creek, Pa., i. 253.
+
+     Big Clear Pond, N. Y., ii. 323.
+
+     Big Eddy, Pa., i. 270.
+
+     "Big Eye," ii. 274.
+
+     Big Horn River, i. 483.
+
+     Big Indian Valley, N. Y., ii. 192.
+
+     Big Laramie River, iii. 470.
+
+     "Big Muddy," iii. 382.
+
+     Big Round Top, Gettysburg, Pa., i. 129.
+
+     Big Sandy River, iii. 329.
+
+     Big Sioux River, iii. 385.
+
+     "Big Sleep," i. 389.
+
+     Big trees, iii. 449.
+
+     Billings, Frederick, ii. 303.
+
+     Billings Library, Burlington, Vt., ii. 303.
+
+     Biloxi, La., iii. 414.
+
+     Biltmore, N. C., iii. 357.
+
+     Bimini, i. 361.
+
+     Bingham, William, i. 298.
+
+     Binghamton, N. Y., i. 298.
+
+     Biorck, Rev. Ericus Tobias, i. 150, 171.
+
+     Bird Isles, Canada, iii. 318.
+
+     Birmingham, Ala., iii. 368.
+
+     Birmingham Falls, N. Y., ii. 307.
+
+     Biscayne Bay, Fla., i. 378, 380, 394.
+
+     Bismarck, North Dakota, i. 481.
+
+     "Bitter-nut Hickory," ii. 357.
+
+     Black Bay, Lake Superior, i. 455.
+
+     "Black Belt," iii. 373.
+
+     Black Canyon, British Columbia, iii. 495.
+
+     Black Canyon, Col., iii. 469.
+
+     Black Hawk, Indian Chief, i. 278, 466.
+
+     "Black Hawk War," i. 466.
+
+     Black Mountain, Lake George, N. Y., ii. 279.
+
+     "Black Nuns," ii. 433.
+
+     Black River, Ohio, i. 421.
+
+     Black River, N. Y., ii. 352.
+
+     "Black River," N. Y., ii. 417.
+
+     "Black Swamp," i. 423.
+
+     "Blackbeard," pirate, iii. 235.
+
+     Blackfeet Indians, iii. 487.
+
+     Blackman, Adam, ii. 103.
+
+     Blackstone, Rev. William, iii. 29, 115, 131.
+
+     Blackstone, Mass., iii. 117.
+
+     Blackstone River, iii. 108, 115.
+
+     Blackwell's Island, N. Y., ii. 66.
+
+     Blaine, James G., iii. 252.
+
+     Blair, Thomas, i. 312.
+
+     Blair's Gap, Pa., i. 312.
+
+     Blairsville, Pa., i. 317.
+
+     Blennerhassett's Island, Ohio River, iii. 328.
+
+     "Blessing of the Bay," iii. 31.
+
+     Block Island, R. I., ii. 124.
+
+     Blockade Mountain, Pa., i. 248.
+
+     Blok, Captain Adraien, ii. 90; iii. 158.
+
+     Bloody Brook, battlefield, iii. 177.
+
+     "Bloody Morning Scout," ii. 281.
+
+     "Bloody Pond," Lake George, N. Y., ii. 281.
+
+     Blooming Grove Creek, Pa., i. 265.
+
+     "Blooming Grove Park Association," i. 266.
+
+     Blooming Grove Township, Pa., i. 265.
+
+     "Blue Grass Region," iii. 329.
+
+     Blue Hill, Me., iii. 266.
+
+     "Blue Hills of Milton," Mass., iii. 26.
+
+     "Blue Hills of Southington," Conn., ii. 110; iii. 160.
+
+     "Blue Laws," iii. 163.
+
+     Blue Mountain, N. Y., ii. 324.
+
+     Blue Mountain Lake, N. Y., ii. 324.
+
+     Blue Ridge Mountains, i. 36, 123, 231, 248.
+
+     Blue Room, Executive Mansion, Washington, D. C., i. 20.
+
+     Blue Spring, Fla., i. 386.
+
+     Bluff Point, Lake Champlain, N. Y., ii. 308.
+
+     Blythe, Samuel, iii. 244.
+
+     Board of Trade Building, Chicago, Ill., i. 437.
+
+     "Board Walk," Atlantic City, N. J., i. 193.
+
+     Bogardus, Anneke Jans, ii. 28, 210.
+
+     "Bohemian," the, iii. 242.
+
+     Bolton, Lake George, N. Y., 279.
+
+     Bonanza Mines, Virginia City, Nevada, iii. 478.
+
+     Bonaparte, Jerome, i. 92.
+
+     Bonaparte, Joseph, i. 204.
+
+     Bonaparte Park, Bordentown, N. J., i. 204.
+
+     Bonaventure Cemetery, Savannah, Ga., i. 357.
+
+     "Bone Yards," i. 385.
+
+     Bones, Brom, ii. 144.
+
+     Bonney, Anne, iii. 237.
+
+     Bonsecours Market, Montreal, Canada, ii. 440.
+
+     "Boomers' Paradise," iii. 458.
+
+     Boon Island, iii. 238.
+
+     Boone, Daniel, iii. 334.
+
+     Booth, John Wilkes, i. 93.
+
+     Booth, Junius Brutus, i. 93.
+
+     Borden, Joseph, i. 203.
+
+     Bordentown, N. J., i. 203.
+
+     Borough of Richmond, N. Y., ii. 15.
+
+     Boscawen, Admiral Edward, iii. 315.
+
+     Boston and Albany Railroad, iii. 169.
+
+     Boston Common, Boston, Mass., iii. 34.
+
+     Boston Corner, Mass., ii. 262.
+
+     Boston Harbor, Mass., iii. 31.
+
+     Boston, Mass., iii. 29.
+
+     "Boston Massacre," iii. 42.
+
+     "Boston of Canada," ii. 407.
+
+     Boston Public Library, Boston, Mass., iii. 46.
+
+     Boter-Berg, ii. 163.
+
+     Botolph's Town, iii. 30.
+
+     Boulder, Col., iii. 464.
+
+     Boulder Canyon, Col., iii. 464.
+
+     Boullé, Helen, ii. 421.
+
+     Bouquet River, ii. 312.
+
+     Bourbon whiskies, iii. 330.
+
+     Bourgeoys, Marguerite, ii. 429, 433, 440.
+
+     Bourse, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 169.
+
+     Bout, Jan Eversen, ii. 72.
+
+     Bow River, iii. 487, 490.
+
+     Bowditch, Nathaniel, iii. 75.
+
+     Bowdoin College, Me., iii. 247.
+
+     Bowdoin, James, iii. 145.
+
+     Bowdoin (2d), James, iii. 247.
+
+     Bowery, New York City, ii. 35.
+
+     Bowie, Colonel James, iii. 432.
+
+     "Bowie-knife," iii. 432.
+
+     Bowling Green, Ky., iii. 338.
+
+     Bowling Green, New York City, ii. 25.
+
+     Bowling Green Building, New York City, ii. 30.
+
+     "Boxer," the, iii. 244.
+
+     Bozeman Tunnel, Montana, iii. 479.
+
+     _Bracebridge Hall_, ii. 208.
+
+     Braddock, General Edward, i. 42.
+
+     Braddock's defeat, i. 320.
+
+     Bradford, William, ii. 30.
+
+     Bradford, Governor William, iii. 16, 39.
+
+     Brady's Bend, Pa., i. 336.
+
+     Bragg, General Braxton, iii. 350.
+
+     Brainerd the Puritan, i. 307.
+
+     Bramhall's Hill, Portland, Me., iii. 242.
+
+     Brandywine, battle of, i. 151.
+
+     Brandywine Creek, Pa., i. 281.
+
+     Brandywine Creek, Del., i. 151.
+
+     Brandt, Joseph, i. 261; ii. 337, 340.
+
+     "Bras d'Or," iii. 305.
+
+     Brattle, Colonel, iii. 178.
+
+     Brattleborough, Vt., iii. 178.
+
+     _Brazil_, iii. 71.
+
+     Breakneck Hill, N. Y., ii. 163.
+
+     Breed's Hill, Charlestown, Mass., iii. 56.
+
+     Bremer, Fredrika, iii. 68.
+
+     Brenton's Point, R. I., iii. 130.
+
+     Breuckelen, ii. 72.
+
+     Brewer Fountain, Boston, Mass., iii. 36.
+
+     Brewster, Elder, iii. 7.
+
+     Brewster, Mass., iii. 21.
+
+     "Bridal Chamber," Mammoth Cave, Ky., iii. 340.
+
+     "Bridal of Pennacook," iii. 83.
+
+     "Bridal Veil," Havana Glen, N. Y., ii. 363.
+
+     Bridal Veil Cataract, Cascade Mountains, iii. 484.
+
+     Bridal Veil Fall, Yosemite Valley, Cal., iii. 452.
+
+     "Bridge of Sighs," i. 326.
+
+     Bridger Lake, i. 504.
+
+     Bridgeport, Conn., ii. 100.
+
+     Bridgewater, Canada, iii. 300.
+
+     Brighton Beach, Coney Island, N. Y., ii. 82.
+
+     Brighton, Mass., iii. 49.
+
+     "Brimstone Corner," Boston, Mass., iii. 39.
+
+     Bristol, R. I., iii. 123.
+
+     Bristol, Pa., i. 198.
+
+     Bristol Neck, R. I., iii. 120.
+
+     Broad Mountain, Pa., i. 189, 232.
+
+     Broad Street, Newark, N. J., ii. 19.
+
+     Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 158.
+
+     Broadway, New York City, ii. 26.
+
+     Broadway, Saratoga, N. Y., ii. 221.
+
+     Brock, General Sir Isaac, ii. 395, 416.
+
+     Brocken Kill, N. Y., ii. 151.
+
+     Brockville, Canada, ii. 415.
+
+     Brodhead's Creek, Pa., i. 252.
+
+     Bronx River, ii. 64.
+
+     Bronx Park, Greater New York, ii. 63.
+
+     Bronx, the, Greater New York, ii. 63.
+
+     "Brook Farm," West Roxbury, Mass., iii. 49.
+
+     "Brook Farm Institute of Agriculture and Education," iii. 50.
+
+     "Brook Farm Phalanx," iii. 50.
+
+     Brookfield, Mass., iii. 170.
+
+     Brookline, Mass., iii. 49.
+
+     Brooklyn, N. Y., ii. 71.
+
+     Brooklyn Bridge, N. Y., ii. 69.
+
+     Brooklyn Heights, N. Y., ii. 73.
+
+     Brooklyn Institute, Prospect Park, Brooklyn, N. Y., ii. 79.
+
+     Brooks, Maria, ii. 400.
+
+     Brooms, ii. 336.
+
+     "Brother Jonathan," ii. 97.
+
+     Broughton Strait, iii. 499.
+
+     Brown, Captain John, ii. 264.
+
+     Brown, George, ii. 408.
+
+     Brown, George L., iii. 198.
+
+     Brown, John, ii. 319; iii. 388.
+
+     Brown, Moses, iii. 114.
+
+     Brown University, Providence, R. I., iii. 112.
+
+     Brownlow, William G., iii. 351.
+
+     Browning, Robert, ii. 292.
+
+     Brumidi, fresco painter, i. 16.
+
+     Brunswick, Ga., i. 369.
+
+     Brunswick, Me., iii. 246.
+
+     Brush Mountain, Pa., i. 311.
+
+     Bryan, Clark W., ii. 266.
+
+     Bryant, William Cullen, i. 100; ii. 95, 191, 245, 258, 259, 326.
+
+     Bryn Mawr College, Pa., i. 280.
+
+     Buchanan, James, i. 283, 292.
+
+     Buck Island, Lake Placid, N. Y., ii. 321.
+
+     "Buck Tail rift," i. 222.
+
+     "Buckeye State," i. 414.
+
+     Buckingham, Canada, ii. 447.
+
+     Buckner, General Simon B., iii. 344.
+
+     Bucyrus, O., i. 404.
+
+     Buffalo, N. Y., ii. 375.
+
+     Buffalo Bayou, Texas, iii. 430.
+
+     Buffalo Creek, N. Y., ii. 375.
+
+     Buford, General John, i. 129.
+
+     _Building of the Ship_, i. 140.
+
+     Bulkley, Peter, iii. 67.
+
+     Bull Run, battles of, i. 102.
+
+     "Buncombe," iii. 356.
+
+     Bunker, Elihu S., ii. 109.
+
+     Bunker Hill, Charlestown, Mass., iii. 56.
+
+     Bunker Hill Monument, Charlestown, Mass., iii. 56.
+
+     Bureau of Engraving and Printing, Washington, D. C., i. 24.
+
+     Burgoyne, General John, ii. 216, 291.
+
+     Burial Hill, Mass., iii. 13.
+
+     "Buried valleys," i. 249, 253.
+
+     Burke, Edmund, ii. 218; iii. 93, 293.
+
+     Burlington, Iowa, iii. 393.
+
+     Burlington, N. J., i. 199.
+
+     Burlington, Vt., ii. 302.
+
+     Burlington College, Burlington, N. J., i. 202.
+
+     Burnet Woods Park, Cincinnati, O., iii. 333.
+
+     Burnett, Mrs., iii. 358.
+
+     Burns, Robert, i. 340.
+
+     Burnside, General Ambrose E., i. 105; iii. 111.
+
+     Burr, Aaron, i. 216; ii. 14, 17, 60; iii. 328.
+
+     Burr, Rev. Aaron, i. 216.
+
+     Burrard Inlet, British Columbia, iii. 497.
+
+     Burritt, Elihu, iii. 166.
+
+     Burrows, William, iii. 244.
+
+     Bush River, i. 88.
+
+     Bushkill, Pa., i. 254.
+
+     Bushnell Park, Hartford, Conn., iii. 162.
+
+     Butler, Benjamin, i. 59, 61, 348; iii. 252, 417.
+
+     Butler, Governor, i. 70.
+
+     Butte, Montana, iii. 479.
+
+     "Butterfly of the Sea," iii. 12.
+
+     Buttermilk Channel, N. Y., ii. 72.
+
+     Buttermilk Falls, N. Y., ii. 154.
+
+     "Butternuts," i. 354.
+
+     Buzzard's Bay, Mass., iii. 20, 139.
+
+     By, Colonel, ii. 449.
+
+     Byllinge, Edward, i. 152, 199.
+
+     Byram River, ii. 96.
+
+     Byrd, William, i. 63, 72, 78.
+
+     Byrds, the, i. 63.
+
+     Bytown, Canada, ii. 449.
+
+
+     "Cabin John Bridge," i. 41.
+
+     Cabinet Room, Executive Mansion, Washington, D. C., i. 20.
+
+     Cabot, John, iii. 4.
+
+     "Cacique of Garde," i. 369.
+
+     Cackamensi, i. 195.
+
+     Cacouna, Canada, ii. 494.
+
+     Cæsar's Head, N. C., iii. 358.
+
+     Cairo, Ill., iii. 342.
+
+     Calais, Me., iii. 275.
+
+     Calaveras Grove, Cal., iii. 449.
+
+     Calfpasture River, i. 54.
+
+     Calgary, Canada, iii. 487.
+
+     Calhoun, John C., i. 26, 350; ii. 107.
+
+     California climate, iii. 443.
+
+     California Gulch, Col., iii. 468.
+
+     Callowhill, Hannah, i. 198.
+
+     "Call Rock," Poughkeepsie, N. Y., ii. 174.
+
+     Caloosahatchie River, i. 387.
+
+     Calvary Cemetery, St. Louis, Mo., iii. 396.
+
+     Calvert, Cecilius, i. 83.
+
+     Calvert, Leonard, i. 84.
+
+     Calvert, Sir George, i. 83.
+
+     Cambria Steel Works, Johnstown, Pa., i. 314.
+
+     Cambridge, Mass., iii. 58.
+
+     Camden, Me., iii. 266.
+
+     Camden, N. J., i. 191.
+
+     "Camden and Amboy Railroad and Transportation Company," i. 206.
+
+     Camden Mountains, Me., iii. 265.
+
+     Camel's Hump, Vt., ii. 301.
+
+     Cameron, Simon, i. 285.
+
+     Cammerhoff, Bishop, i. 230.
+
+     "Camp Pine Knot," Adirondack Mountains, N. Y., ii. 324.
+
+     Campbell, Hon. Hugh, i. 279.
+
+     Campbell, Thomas, i. 241; ii. 147.
+
+     Campbell's Ledge, Pa., i. 236, 241.
+
+     Campobello Island, New Brunswick, iii. 274.
+
+     Campus Martius, Detroit, Mich., i. 451.
+
+     Camsoke, iii. 306.
+
+     Canada Creek, N. Y., ii. 342.
+
+     Canaderioit, ii. 278.
+
+     "Canadian Boat Song," ii. 442.
+
+     "Canadian Rocky Mountain Park," iii. 489.
+
+     Canal Street, New York City, ii. 37.
+
+     Canandaigua, N. Y., ii. 366.
+
+     Canandaigua Lake, N. Y., ii. 355.
+
+     Canda, Charlotte, ii. 78.
+
+     "Candle-fish," iii. 499.
+
+     "Cania-de-n'-qua-rante," ii. 275.
+
+     Canister River, ii. 366.
+
+     Canister Valley, N. Y., ii. 367.
+
+     Cannon Mountain, N. H., iii. 193.
+
+     Canonicus, Indian chief, ii. 116; iii. 16, 99.
+
+     Canonsburg, Pa., i. 333.
+
+     Canopus Valley, N. Y., ii. 150.
+
+     Canso, Canada, iii. 304.
+
+     Canso Strait, Canada, iii. 304.
+
+     Canton, O., i. 402.
+
+     Cap of Liberty, Yosemite Valley, Cal., iii. 454.
+
+     Cape Ann, Mass., iii. 86.
+
+     Cape Blomidon, Canada, iii. 294.
+
+     Cape Breton Island, Canada, iii. 305.
+
+     Cape Canso, Canada, iii. 301.
+
+     Cape Charles, Va., i. 4.
+
+     Cape Chatte, Canada, ii. 405, 509.
+
+     Cape Cod, Mass., iii. 18.
+
+     "Cape Cod Ship Canal," iii. 20.
+
+     Cape Diamond, Canada, ii. 457, 466.
+
+     Cape Elizabeth, Me., iii. 242.
+
+     Cape Eternity, Canada, ii. 502.
+
+     Cape Fear River, i. 347.
+
+     Cape Gaspé, Canada, ii. 510.
+
+     Cape Hatteras, N. C., i. 345.
+
+     Cape Henlopen, Del., i. 145.
+
+     Cape Henry, Va., i. 4.
+
+     Cape Horn, iii. 478.
+
+     Cape May, N. J., i. 145, 193.
+
+     Cape Neddick, Me., iii. 240.
+
+     Cape Nome, Alaska, iii. 507.
+
+     Cape North, Cape Breton Island, Canada, iii. 307.
+
+     Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska, iii. 507.
+
+     Cape Romano, Fla., i. 394.
+
+     Cape Rosier, Canada, ii. 510; iii. 267.
+
+     Cape Sable, Fla., i. 394.
+
+     Cape Sable Island, Canada, iii. 300, 301.
+
+     Cape Sambro, Canada, iii. 300.
+
+     Cape Tourmente, Canada, ii. 492.
+
+     Cape Tragabizonda, iii. 86.
+
+     Cape Trinity, Canada, ii. 501.
+
+     Capitol, Albany, N. Y., ii. 205.
+
+     Capitol, Annapolis, Md., i. 87.
+
+     Capitol, Atlanta, Ga., iii. 366.
+
+     Capitol, Columbus, O., i. 403.
+
+     Capitol, Indianapolis, Ind., i. 409.
+
+     Capitol, Richmond, Va., i. 110.
+
+     Capitol, Springfield, Ill., i. 410.
+
+     Capitol, the, Washington, D. C., i. 12.
+
+     Capitol Hill, Montgomery, Ala., iii. 372.
+
+     Capitol Square, Albany, N. Y., ii. 205.
+
+     "Captain's Hill," Duxbury, Mass., iii. 18.
+
+     Carbondale, Pa., i. 269.
+
+     Carey House, Alexandria, Va., i. 42.
+
+     Carillon, Canada, ii. 446.
+
+     Carleton, Sir Guy, ii. 308; iii. 301.
+
+     Carlisle, Pa., i. 291.
+
+     Carnegie, Andrew, i. 327, 328.
+
+     Carnegie Library and Museum, Pittsburg, Pa., i. 327.
+
+     Carondelet Park, St. Louis, Mo., iii. 396.
+
+     Carr, Colonel, iii. 362.
+
+     Carrituck Falls, Me., iii. 248.
+
+     Carrolton, Ky., iii. 334.
+
+     Carson, Nevada, iii. 478.
+
+     Carson Hill, Cal., iii. 448.
+
+     "Carson Sink," Nevada, iii. 478.
+
+     Carter Dome, N. H., iii. 212.
+
+     Carter, John, i. 72.
+
+     Carters, the, i. 61.
+
+     Cartier, Jacques, ii. 220, 293, 400, 423, 458, 491, 509.
+
+     Carver, John, iii. 8.
+
+     Casa Blanca, Col., iii. 464.
+
+     Casa Grande, Arizona, iii. 436.
+
+     Cascade Lakes, N. Y., ii. 317.
+
+     Cascade Locks, iii. 484.
+
+     "Cascades," St. Lawrence River, ii, 419.
+
+     Cascade Mountains, iii. 484.
+
+     Cascadilla Creek, N. Y., ii. 360.
+
+     Cascadilla Hall, Ithaca, N. Y., ii. 362.
+
+     Cascapedia River, ii. 503.
+
+     Casco Bay, Me., iii. 242.
+
+     Casino, Newport, R. I., iii. 137.
+
+     Casino, St. Augustine, Fla., i. 374.
+
+     Castine, Me., iii. 261.
+
+     Castle Garden, New York City, ii. 25.
+
+     Castle geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 500.
+
+     Castle Head, Mount Desert Island, Me., iii. 270.
+
+     Castle Island, Boston Harbor, Mass., iii. 32.
+
+     Castle Rock, Cayuga Lake, N. Y., ii. 360.
+
+     Castle Rock, Utah, iii. 473.
+
+     Castle of St. Louis, Canada, ii. 468.
+
+     Cataraqui River, ii. 410.
+
+     Catasauqua, Pa., i. 232.
+
+     Catfish geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 502.
+
+     Cathedral, Catholic, Quebec, Canada, ii. 472.
+
+     Cathedral of All Saints, Albany, N. Y., ii. 211.
+
+     Cathedral of Christ Church, Montreal, Canada, ii. 439.
+
+     Cathedral of St. James, Montreal, Canada, ii. 438.
+
+     Cathedral of St. John the Divine, New York City, ii. 57.
+
+     Cathedral of St. Louis, New Orleans, La., iii. 418.
+
+     Cathedral of St. Patrick, New York City, ii. 53.
+
+     Cathedral of St. Peter and Paul, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 174.
+
+     Cathedral of the Church of England, Quebec, Canada, ii. 473.
+
+     Cathedral Rocks, Yosemite Valley, Cal., iii. 452.
+
+     Cat Indians, i. 414, 422.
+
+     Catlin Lake, N. Y., ii. 236.
+
+     Catlin's, George, paintings, i. 29.
+
+     Catskill flags, i. 259.
+
+     Catskill Mountains, ii. 184.
+
+     Catskill, N. Y., ii. 184.
+
+     Cattapeuk, i. 69.
+
+     Caughnawaga, Canada, ii. 420, 442.
+
+     "Cauldron," the, ii. 450.
+
+     Cave Hill Cemetery, Louisville, Ky., iii. 337.
+
+     Cave of Luray, Va., i. 126.
+
+     "Cavern Gorge," Watkins Glen, N. Y., ii. 365.
+
+     Cayuga Indians, i. 304; ii. 337.
+
+     Cayuga Lake, N. Y., ii. 354, 359.
+
+     Cazenovia Lake, N. Y., ii. 352.
+
+     Cecil, Lord, i. 83.
+
+     Cedar Brook, i. 54.
+
+     Cedar Island, Isles of Shoals, iii. 231.
+
+     Cedar Mountain, Va., battle of, i. 125.
+
+     "Cedars," St. Lawrence River, ii. 419.
+
+     Cemetery Hill, Brattleborough, Vt., iii. 178.
+
+     Cemetery Ridge, Gettysburg, Pa., i. 128.
+
+     Centennial Exposition, i. 179.
+
+     Central City, Col., iii. 464.
+
+     Central Falls, R. I., iii. 114.
+
+     "Central Gorge," Havana Glen, N. Y., ii. 363.
+
+     Central National Soldiers' Home, Dayton, O., iii. 333.
+
+     Central Park, New York City, ii. 55.
+
+     Central Tennessee College, Ky., iii. 341.
+
+     "Centre Church," New Haven, Conn., ii. 111.
+
+     Centre Harbor, N. H., iii. 221.
+
+     Centre Square, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 158.
+
+     Chadd's Ford, Del., i. 151.
+
+     Chambly Canal, N. Y., ii. 311.
+
+     Champ de Mars, Montreal, Canada, ii. 440.
+
+     Champlain Market, Quebec, Canada, ii. 477.
+
+     Champlain Steps, Quebec, Canada, ii. 475.
+
+     Chancellorsville, Va., battle of, i. 104.
+
+     Channing, William Ellery, iii. 50, 61, 138.
+
+     Chapel Hill, N. C., iii. 362.
+
+     Chapel Island, Cape Breton, Canada, iii. 306.
+
+     Charles I., i. 83, 345; iii. 26, 76, 86, 278.
+
+     Charles II., i. 349, 480.
+
+     Charles X., i. 91.
+
+     Charles City Cross Roads, Va., battle of, i. 119.
+
+     "Charles Evans' Cemetery," Reading, Pa., i. 189.
+
+     Charles River, iii. 58.
+
+     Charles Street, Baltimore, Md., i. 89.
+
+     Charleston, S. C., i. 349.
+
+     Charlestown, Mass., iii. 52.
+
+     Charlestown, W. Va., iii. 329.
+
+     Charlotte, N. Y., ii. 368.
+
+     Charlotte, S. C., iii. 361.
+
+     Charlotte Harbor, Fla., i. 393.
+
+     Charlottesville, Va., i. 124.
+
+     Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, iii. 304.
+
+     "Charming Newport of Aquidneck," iii. 130.
+
+     Charter Oak, Hartford, Conn., iii. 163.
+
+     Charter Oak Bank, Hartford, Conn., iii. 164.
+
+     Charter Oak Life Insurance Company, Hartford, Conn., iii. 164.
+
+     Chase, Salmon P., iii. 180, 181.
+
+     Chateau Montebello, Canada, ii. 447.
+
+     Chateau Richer, Canada, ii. 485.
+
+     Chateaugay Lake, N. Y., ii. 310.
+
+     Chatham, Mass., iii. 19.
+
+     Chatham, Lord, ii. 218.
+
+     Chatham Sound, iii. 499.
+
+     Chatham Square, New York City, ii. 35.
+
+     Chatham Strait, Alaska, iii. 501.
+
+     Chattahoochee River, iii. 365, 370.
+
+     Chattanooga, Tenn., iii. 348.
+
+     Chaudière Falls, Canada, ii. 445, 450.
+
+     Chautauqua Assembly, ii. 373.
+
+     Chautauqua Assembly Building, Redondo Beach, Cal., iii. 445.
+
+     Chautauqua Lake, N. Y., ii. 373.
+
+     Chazy Lake, N. Y., ii. 310.
+
+     "Chebacco," the, iii. 87.
+
+     Chebucto, iii. 297.
+
+     Chebucto Head, Canada, iii. 300.
+
+     Chedabucto Bay, Canada, iii. 301.
+
+     "Cheecagua," i. 426.
+
+     Cheese, ii. 342.
+
+     Cheeves, George, iii. 244.
+
+     Chemical Bank, New York City, ii. 36.
+
+     Chemung River, ii. 366.
+
+     Chemung Valley, N. Y., ii. 367.
+
+     Chenango Canal, i. 298.
+
+     Che-pon-tuc, ii. 233.
+
+     Chequamegon Bay, i. 459.
+
+     "Cherokee Strip," iii. 458.
+
+     Cherry Valley, N. Y., i. 297.
+
+     Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, i. 276.
+
+     Chesapeake Bay, i. 6, 80.
+
+     Chesapik, i. 5.
+
+     Chestnut Hill, Mass., iii. 49.
+
+     Chestnut Hill, Pa., i. 224.
+
+     Chestnut Ridge, Pa., i. 316.
+
+     Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 161.
+
+     Chesuncook Lake, Me., iii. 268.
+
+     Cheviot Hills, Mass., iii. 26.
+
+     Chew House, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 181.
+
+     Cheyenne, Wyoming, iii. 461.
+
+     Chicago, Ill., i. 425.
+
+     Chicago Public Library, Chicago, Ill., i. 435.
+
+     Chicago River, i. 434.
+
+     Chickahominy River, i. 65.
+
+     Chickamauga and Chattanooga Military Park, iii. 349.
+
+     Chickamauga River, iii. 350.
+
+     Chickasaw Indians, iii. 399.
+
+     Chico, Cal., iii. 513.
+
+     Chicopee Falls, Mass., iii. 171.
+
+     Chicopee River, iii. 170.
+
+     Chicoutimi Falls, Canada, ii. 500.
+
+     Chignecto Bay, Canada, iii. 277.
+
+     Chignecto Isthmus, Canada, iii. 295.
+
+     "Chignecto Ship Railway," iii. 295
+
+     Childs Park, Pa., i. 255.
+
+     Chilkat, Alaska, iii. 506.
+
+     Chilkat Inlet, Alaska, iii. 505.
+
+     Chilkoot Inlet, Alaska, iii. 505.
+
+     Chillicothe, Mo., iii. 392.
+
+     Chimney Point, N. Y., ii. 296.
+
+     Chimney Rock, N. C., iii. 358.
+
+     "Chinatown," New York City, ii. 38.
+
+     Chinese Quarter, San Francisco, Cal., iii. 520.
+
+     "Chinook" winds, iii. 488.
+
+     Choate, Rufus, iii. 40, 59, 181.
+
+     Choptank River, i. 8.
+
+     Christ Church, Alexandria, Va., i. 41.
+
+     Christ Church, Boston, Mass., iii. 44.
+
+     Christ Church, Cambridge, Mass., iii. 59.
+
+     Christ Church, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 170.
+
+     Christian Brothers, ii. 435.
+
+     Christina, i. 150.
+
+     Christinaham, i. 150.
+
+     Church, Captain Benjamin, iii. 125.
+
+     Church of the Gesu, Montreal, Canada, ii. 439.
+
+     Church of the Good Shepherd, Hartford, Conn., iii. 165.
+
+     "Church of the Pilgrims," Brooklyn, N. Y., ii. 75.
+
+     Church of the Transfiguration, New York City, ii. 46.
+
+     Cimarron River, iii. 469.
+
+     Cincinnati, O., iii. 230.
+
+     Circle City, Alaska, iii. 506.
+
+     Citadel Hill, Halifax, Canada, iii. 297.
+
+     Citadel of Fort George, Halifax, Canada, iii. 297.
+
+     "City Beautiful," i. 377.
+
+     City Hall, Baltimore, Md., i. 90.
+
+     City Hall, Boston, Mass., iii. 41.
+
+     City Hall, Minneapolis, Minn., i. 470.
+
+     City Hall, New Haven, Conn., ii. 112.
+
+     City Hall, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 159.
+
+     City Hall, Providence, R. I., iii. 110.
+
+     City Hall, Richmond, Va., i. 115.
+
+     City Hall, San Francisco, Cal., iii. 519.
+
+     City Hall, Worcester, Mass., iii. 118.
+
+     City Hall Park, New York City, ii. 33.
+
+     "City of Brotherly Love," i. 154.
+
+     "City of Churches," ii. 71.
+
+     "City of Elms," ii. 104.
+
+     "City of Homes," i. 175.
+
+     "City of Magnificent Distances," i. 34.
+
+     "City of Our Lady, the Queen of the Angels," iii. 444.
+
+     "City of the Prophet," ii. 372.
+
+     City Park, New Orleans, La., iii. 418.
+
+     City Point, Va., i. 62.
+
+     Claiborne, William, i. 82.
+
+     Clams, iii. 107.
+
+     "Clam-bake," iii. 107.
+
+     "Clam-chowder," ii. 81.
+
+     "Clan Cameron," i. 286.
+
+     Claremont. N. H., iii. 180.
+
+     Clarence Strait, Alaska, iii. 500.
+
+     Clark, Captain, iii. 383.
+
+     Clarke, Colonel George Rogers, iii. 336.
+
+     Clark's Fork, Montana, iii. 480.
+
+     Clark's Island, Mass., iii. 9, 18.
+
+     Clark's Point, Mass., iii. 141.
+
+     Clay, Henry, i. 56, 109, 111, 277; iii. 330, 337.
+
+     "Clay-eaters," i. 354.
+
+     Claypole, John, i. 165.
+
+     Clayton, N. Y., ii. 412.
+
+     Clear Creek Canyon, Col., iii. 464.
+
+     Clearfield, Pa., i. 308.
+
+     Cleaveland, Moses, i. 417.
+
+     Clemens, Samuel L., iii. 393.
+
+     "Clement," the, iii. 279.
+
+     Cleopatra's Bath, Yellowstone Park, i. 489.
+
+     Cleopatra's Needle, Central Park, New York City, ii. 56.
+
+     Clermont estate, ii. 183.
+
+     "Clermont," the, ii. 183.
+
+     Cleveland, O., i. 416.
+
+     "Cliff Walk," Newport, R. I., iii. 135.
+
+     Clifton, Mass., iii. 72.
+
+     Clifton Heights, Cincinnati, O., iii. 333.
+
+     Clifton Mansion, Windsor on the Avon, Canada, iii. 296.
+
+     Clinch Mountains, Tennessee, iii. 352.
+
+     Clingman's Dome, N. C., iii. 348.
+
+     Clinton, De Witt, ii. 77, 332, 370.
+
+     Clinton formations, i. 257.
+
+     Clinton Mountains, N. Y., ii. 272.
+
+     Clinton Prison, Dannemora, N. Y., ii. 311.
+
+     Clinton, Sir Henry, i. 52, 350; ii. 22, 25, 159.
+
+     Clinton Street, Brooklyn, N. Y., ii. 74.
+
+     Cloudland Hotel, Roan Mountain, Tennessee, iii. 353.
+
+     Cloud's Rest, Yosemite Valley, Cal., iii. 454.
+
+     Clover Hill, Va., i. 56.
+
+     "Clover Reach," ii. 195.
+
+     Coa-coo-chee, Indian chief, i. 376, 389.
+
+     Coal, anthracite, i. 234, 237.
+
+     Coal, bituminous, i. 329.
+
+     Coal deposits, iii. 308.
+
+     "Coal-fields," i. 190.
+
+     Coal "tipples," i. 330.
+
+     Cobble Hill, N. Y., ii. 312.
+
+     Cochran, Mrs. Catharine, ii. 213.
+
+     Cochecton, i. 270.
+
+     Cockburn, Admiral George, i. 94.
+
+     Coddington, William, iii. 131.
+
+     "Cod-bricks," iii. 89.
+
+     Codfish, canned, iii. 38.
+
+     Cod-packing, iii. 88.
+
+     Coffin, Admiral Sir Isaac, iii. 318.
+
+     Coffin Island, Canada, iii. 318.
+
+     Coggins Point, Virginia, i. 64.
+
+     Cohasset, Mass., iii. 28.
+
+     Cohattayough, i. 69.
+
+     Cobequid Bay, Canada, iii. 303.
+
+     Cochituate Lake, Mass., iii. 51.
+
+     Cohoes, ii. 330.
+
+     Cohoes Falls, N. Y., ii. 330.
+
+     Cohoes, N. Y., ii. 330.
+
+     Cohonk, i. 69.
+
+     Coke-ovens, i. 320, 330.
+
+     Colby College, Me., iii. 252.
+
+     Cold Harbor, Va., battle of, i. 108, 119, 120.
+
+     "Cold Roast Boston," iii. 70.
+
+     Cold Spring, N. Y., ii. 162.
+
+     Colebrook, N. H., iii. 185.
+
+     Cole's Hill, Mass., iii. 12.
+
+     College Hill, Burlington, Vt., ii. 302.
+
+     College of Forestry, Ithaca, N. Y., ii. 361.
+
+     College of New Jersey, i. 215.
+
+     College of William and Mary, Va., i. 52.
+
+     Coloma, Cal., iii. 513.
+
+     "Color-Bearer," ii. 246.
+
+     Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Col., iii. 465.
+
+     Colorado desert, iii. 439.
+
+     Colorado North Park, iii. 472.
+
+     Colorado River, iii. 437.
+
+     Colorado Springs, Col., iii. 465.
+
+     Colt Arms Company, Hartford, Conn., iii. 165.
+
+     Colt, Colonel Samuel, ii. 98; iii. 165.
+
+     Columbia College, New York City, ii. 57.
+
+     Columbia Heights, Brooklyn, N. Y., ii. 73.
+
+     Columbia Heights, Washington, D. C., i. 30.
+
+     "Columbia lava," iii. 482.
+
+     Columbia, Pa., i. 285.
+
+     Columbia Railroad, i. 279.
+
+     "Columbia Rediviva," the, iii. 481.
+
+     Columbia River, iii. 481.
+
+     Columbia, S. C., iii. 363.
+
+     Columbian Spring, Saratoga, N. Y., ii. 223.
+
+     Columbus, Ga., iii. 370.
+
+     Columbus, Ky., iii. 397.
+
+     Columbus Monument, N. Y. City, ii. 43.
+
+     Columbus, O., i. 402.
+
+     Colvin, Verplanck, ii. 315.
+
+     Commencement Bay, Washington State, iii. 511.
+
+     Commenius, John Amos., i. 228.
+
+     Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Mass., iii. 47.
+
+     Communipaw, N. J., ii. 12.
+
+     Comstock Lode, Virginia City, Nevada, iii. 478.
+
+     Concord, Mass., iii. 67.
+
+     Concord, N. H., iii. 79.
+
+     Concord River, iii. 67.
+
+     "Concord School of Philosophy," iii. 69.
+
+     "Concord," the, iii. 6.
+
+     Conemaugh, Pa., i. 314.
+
+     Conemaugh Lake, Pa., i. 315.
+
+     Conemaugh Valley, Pa., i. 314.
+
+     Conestoga Creek, Pa., i. 282.
+
+     Conestoga Indians, i. 281, 288.
+
+     Conestoga wagons, i. 277, 281.
+
+     Conewago Creek, Pa., i. 284.
+
+     Coney Island, ii. 10, 80.
+
+     Confederate Cemetery, Fredericksburg, i. 50.
+
+     Confederate Powder Works, Augusta, Ga., iii. 364.
+
+     "Confederate White House," Richmond, Va., i. 112.
+
+     Congaree River, iii. 362.
+
+     "Congregation House," Bethlehem, Pa., i. 228.
+
+     "Congregation of the United Brethren," i. 226.
+
+     Congregational Church, Lenox, Mass., ii. 249.
+
+     Congress Hall, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 163.
+
+     Congress Hall, Saratoga, N. Y., ii. 221.
+
+     "Congress" Spring, Saratoga, N. Y., ii. 222.
+
+     Congressional Library, Washington, D. C., i. 23.
+
+     Conkling, Roscoe, ii. 42, 343.
+
+     Conanicut Island, R. I., iii. 130.
+
+     Conneaut, O., i. 414.
+
+     Connecticut, ii. 98.
+
+     Connecticut Hall, New Haven, Conn., ii. 108.
+
+     Connecticut Insane Asylum, Middletown, Conn., iii. 159.
+
+     Connecticut River, iii. 158.
+
+     "Connecticut seed-leaf," iii. 158.
+
+     Connellsville, Pa., i. 330.
+
+     Conococheague, i. 9.
+
+     Coquanock, i. 154.
+
+     Conshohocken, Pa., i. 186.
+
+     Constitution Island, N. Y., ii. 155.
+
+     "Constitution," the, i. 180, 203; ii. 265; iii. 53, 73.
+
+     Constitutional Convention, first, i. 87.
+
+     Continental Congress, i. 161.
+
+     "Continental Divide," iii. 455.
+
+     Continental Island, Me., iii. 228.
+
+     Convent of Mount St. Vincent, N. Y., ii. 135.
+
+     Convent of the Sacred Heart, Montreal, Canada, ii. 435.
+
+     Cony-a-craga, ii. 298.
+
+     Cooper Institute, New York City, ii. 39.
+
+     Cooper, James Fenimore, i. 202, 230, 270, 295; ii. 107, 137, 166,
+       171, 187, 191, 198, 234, 286, 411.
+
+     Cooper, Judge William, i. 296.
+
+     Cooper, Peter, ii. 39, 77.
+
+     Cooper River, i. 349.
+
+     Cooperstown, N. Y., i. 295.
+
+     Coosa River, iii. 371.
+
+     Coosawhatchie River, i. 354.
+
+     Copley Square, Boston, Mass., iii. 48.
+
+     Copp's Hill, Boston, Mass., iii. 44.
+
+     Copper-mines, i. 458.
+
+     Copper mining, iii. 479.
+
+     Coral reefs, i. 394.
+
+     Corcoran Art Gallery, Washington, D. C., i. 23.
+
+     Corcoran, William W., i. 23.
+
+     Cordova Hotel, St. Augustine, Fla., i. 374.
+
+     Corinne, Utah, iii. 477.
+
+     "Corlaer's Lake," N. Y., ii. 296.
+
+     Corn crop, i. 442; iii. 389.
+
+     "Corn Song," i. 443.
+
+     Cornell, Ezra, ii. 39, 361.
+
+     Cornell University, ii. 361.
+
+     Cornet Geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 502.
+
+     Corning, N. Y., ii. 367.
+
+     Coronado, Cal., iii. 441.
+
+     Coronado Beach, Cal., iii. 441.
+
+     Cornplanter, Indian chief, ii. 339.
+
+     Cornwall, Barry, ii. 85.
+
+     Cornwall, Canada, ii. 418.
+
+     Cornwall, N. Y., ii. 169.
+
+     "Cornwall Ore Banks," i. 294.
+
+     Cornwallis, General Charles, i. 52, 214; ii. 25; iii. 362.
+
+     Corry, Pa., i. 339.
+
+     Coteau, Canada, ii. 419.
+
+     "Coteau," Lake, St. Lawrence River, ii. 419.
+
+     Coté de Beaupré, ii. 485.
+
+     Cottage City, Martha's Vineyard, Mass., iii. 147.
+
+     Cotton, iii. 372, 407.
+
+     Cotton manufacture, iii. 114.
+
+     Cotuit, Mass, iii. 20.
+
+     Coulter, hunter, i. 486.
+
+     "Coulter's Hell," i. 486.
+
+     Council Bluffs, Ia., iii. 385.
+
+     "Council Chamber," Havana Glen, N. Y., ii. 363.
+
+     "Council House of Cascadea," ii. 370.
+
+     "Council of Good Fur," ii. 169.
+
+     Court-house, Boston, Mass., iii. 40.
+
+     Court-house, New York City, ii. 35.
+
+     Court-house, Pittsburg, Pa., i. 326.
+
+     Covington, Ky., iii. 333.
+
+     Coweset Bay, R. I., iii. 105.
+
+     Cowpasture River, i. 54.
+
+     "Crackers," i. 354.
+
+     "Cradle of Liberty," Boston, Mass., iii. 43.
+
+     "Cradle of Texas Liberty," iii. 431.
+
+     Craigie House, Cambridge, Mass., iii. 63.
+
+     Cramp's Shipbuilding yards, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 174.
+
+     Cranberry Islands, Me., iii. 272.
+
+     "Cranberry Stem-winder," iii. 353.
+
+     Cranberry, Tenn., iii. 353.
+
+     Crane, Ichabod, ii. 144.
+
+     Crater Lake, Oregon, iii. 513.
+
+     Crawford, Abel, iii. 189.
+
+     Crawford, Ethan Allen, iii. 203.
+
+     Crawford's, N. H., iii. 199.
+
+     "Cream City," the, i. 463.
+
+     Cree Indians, iii. 486.
+
+     Creede, Col., iii. 467.
+
+     Creedmoor, N. Y., ii. 93.
+
+     Crerar Library, Chicago, Ill., i. 436.
+
+     Crescent Beach, Mass., iii. 77.
+
+     "Crescent City," iii. 416.
+
+     Crescentia, i. 84.
+
+     Cresson Springs, Pa., i. 313.
+
+     Cripple Creek, Col., iii. 467.
+
+     Crockett, Davy, iii. 353, 433.
+
+     Crom Elbow, ii. 177.
+
+     Cro' Nest Mountain, N. Y., ii. 155, 161.
+
+     Crooked Lake, N. Y., ii. 354.
+
+     Crosby, Enoch, ii. 171.
+
+     Crosby's Manor, N. Y., ii. 343.
+
+     Cross Keys, Va., i. 125.
+
+     Croton Aqueduct, N. Y., ii. 61.
+
+     Croton Point, N. Y., ii. 146.
+
+     Croton River, ii. 61.
+
+     Crowfoot, Indian Chief, iii. 487.
+
+     "Crown of New England," iii. 198.
+
+     Crown Point, N. Y., ii. 296.
+
+     Crystal Cascade, White Mountains, N. H., iii. 212.
+
+     Culloden, battle of, i. 368.
+
+     Culpepper, Va., i. 124.
+
+     Culp's Hill, Gettysburg, Pa., i. 128.
+
+     Cumberland Bay, N. Y., ii. 309.
+
+     Cumberland, Duke of, i. 368.
+
+     Cumberland Gap, iii. 346.
+
+     Cumberland Island, Ga., i. 368.
+
+     Cumberland Mountains, iii. 345.
+
+     Cumberland River, iii. 343.
+
+     Cumberland Sound, i. 368.
+
+     Cummaquid, iii. 20.
+
+     Cupid's Cave, Yellowstone Park, i. 489.
+
+     Currecanti Needle, Col., iii. 469.
+
+     Currituck Sound, i. 78.
+
+     "Curtain Falls," Havana Glen, N. Y., ii. 363.
+
+     Curtin, Andrew G., i. 289.
+
+     Curtis, George William, ii. 130; iii. 50.
+
+     Cuscatlan, ii. 492.
+
+     "Cushatunk," i. 270.
+
+     Cushing, Caleb, iii. 82.
+
+     Cushing's Island, Me., iii. 243.
+
+     Cushing, Lieutenant, i. 133.
+
+     Cushman, Rev. Robert, ii. 227.
+
+     Custer, General George A., i. 483.
+
+     Custis, Eleanor Parke, i. 47.
+
+     Custis, George Washington Parke, i. 13.
+
+     Custom House, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 170.
+
+     "Cut Bite rift," i. 222.
+
+     Cuttyhunk, Mass., iii. 145.
+
+     Cuyahoga River, i. 416.
+
+     "Cyane," the, i. 203; iii. 73.
+
+     Cyclones, i. 346.
+
+     "Cypress Gate," i. 385.
+
+     Cypress Grove Cemetery, New Orleans, La., iii. 418.
+
+     "Cypress knees," i. 381.
+
+
+     Dade massacre, i. 375.
+
+     Daggett, Rev. Naphtali, ii. 106.
+
+     D'Aguillon, Duchess, ii. 475.
+
+     Dallas, Texas, iii. 430.
+
+     "Dalles," iii. 483.
+
+     Dalles, Oregon, iii. 483.
+
+     Dalrymple farm, i. 477.
+
+     Damarine, Indian chief, iii. 253.
+
+     Damascus, Pa., i. 370.
+
+     Damiani, Cardinal, i. 398.
+
+     Dana, Richard Henry, iii. 50, 440, 516.
+
+     Dana's Point, Cal., iii. 440.
+
+     Danbury, Conn., ii. 264.
+
+     Dane, Nathan, iii. 77.
+
+     Danforth, Asa, ii. 355.
+
+     Dannemora, N. Y., ii. 311.
+
+     Danvers, Mass., iii. 75.
+
+     D'Anville, Duc, iii. 314.
+
+     Dare, Mrs., i. 344.
+
+     Dare, Virginia, i. 344.
+
+     "Dark Day," ii. 99.
+
+     Dartmouth, Canada, iii. 298.
+
+     Dartmouth College, iii. 181.
+
+     D'Assoli, Marquis, iii. 64.
+
+     Dauversière, religious devotee, ii. 425.
+
+     Davenport, Iowa, i. 465.
+
+     Davenport, Colonel Abraham, ii. 99.
+
+     Davenport, John, ii. 104, 111.
+
+     D'Aviles, Pedro Menendez, i. 364.
+
+     Davion, Father, ii. 463.
+
+     Davis, Jefferson, i. 112; iii. 415.
+
+     Davis's Island, Pa., i. 330.
+
+     Dawson City, Alaska, iii. 506.
+
+     Dayton, O., iii. 333.
+
+     Daytona, Fla., i. 377.
+
+     "Dead House," Bethlehem, Pa., i. 228.
+
+     Deadman's Isle, Canada, iii. 319.
+
+     Deane, Silas, ii. 116.
+
+     De Balboa, Vasco Nuñez, iii. 519.
+
+     De Brébeuf, Jean, ii. 475.
+
+     De Castine, Baron, iii. 257, 262.
+
+     Decatur, Commodore Stephen, i. 171.
+
+     Declaration of Independence, i. 161
+
+     De Champlain, ii. 276, 293, 421, 424, 458, 459, 468, 472;
+       iii. 19, 86, 140, 233, 254, 268.
+
+     De Charlevoix, Pierre F. X., ii. 492; iii. 318.
+
+     De Chateaubriand, François A., ii. 151.
+
+     De Chomedey, Paul, ii. 427.
+
+     De Crevecoeur, St. John, iii. 183.
+
+     De Dino, Duchess, ii. 37.
+
+     Deep Bottom, Va., i. 61.
+
+     Deer Island, Boston Harbor, Mass., iii. 33, 69.
+
+     Deer Leap, Pa., i. 255.
+
+     Deerfield River, iii. 176.
+
+     Deering Oaks Park, Portland, Me., iii. 243.
+
+     Deering Works, Chicago, Ill., i. 436.
+
+     De Faucamp, Baron, ii. 440.
+
+     De Fredenburgh, Count, ii. 309.
+
+     De Fronsac, Count, iii. 306.
+
+     De Frontenac, Count, ii. 414, 477.
+
+     De Fuca, Juan, iii. 498.
+
+     De Gourgues, Dominique, i. 364.
+
+     De Grasse, Count, i. 53.
+
+     De la Peltrie, Madame, ii. 429.
+
+     De la Tour, Charles, iii. 279.
+
+     Delaware and Hudson Canal, i. 258, 263.
+
+     Delaware and Raritan Canal, i. 207.
+
+     "Delaware and Raritan Canal Company," i. 206.
+
+     Delaware Avenue, Buffalo, N. Y., ii. 378.
+
+     Delaware Bay, i. 144.
+
+     Delaware Breakwater, i. 146.
+
+     Delaware flags, i. 260.
+
+     "Delaware Indians," i. 225, 303.
+
+     Delaware River, i. 242, 249, 257, 259, 270.
+
+     "Delaware Water Gap," Pa., i. 231, 247.
+
+     De la Warr, Lord, i. 144.
+
+     Del Castillo, Bernal Diaz, iii. 442.
+
+     De Leon, Juan Ponce, i. 360.
+
+     "Delight," the, iii. 302.
+
+     De Lisle, ii. 460.
+
+     Dellius, Rev. Godfridius, ii. 227.
+
+     De Loudonnière, René, i. 363.
+
+     De Menon, Charles, iii. 279.
+
+     De Montalva, Ordonez, iii. 442.
+
+     De Montmagny, ii. 460.
+
+     De Montmorency, Bishop Laval, ii. 459, 472.
+
+     De Monts, iii. 275, 278, 289, 290.
+
+     Denver, Col., iii. 461.
+
+     Denver, General James W., iii. 462.
+
+     De Onate, Juan, iii. 435.
+
+     Department of the Interior Building, Washington, D. C., i. 24.
+
+     De Peyster, Abraham, ii. 26.
+
+     Deposit, N. Y., i. 257, 271.
+
+     De Poutrincourt, Baron, iii. 289.
+
+     Depui, Nicholas, i. 251.
+
+     "Depui's Gap," Pa., i. 251.
+
+     Derby, Conn., ii. 265.
+
+     Des Moines, Ia., iii. 394.
+
+     Des Moines River, iii. 394.
+
+     De Sillery, Noel Brulart, ii. 457.
+
+     De Soto, Hernando, i. 362, 392; iii. 369, 375, 399.
+
+     Desplaines River, i. 431.
+
+     De Tocqueville, Alexis C. H. C., ii. 98.
+
+     De Trobriand, Comtesse, ii. 37.
+
+     Detroit, Mich., i. 450.
+
+     De Villebon, Chevalier, iii. 288.
+
+     "Devil's Dance Chamber," ii. 172.
+
+     Devil's Den, Gettysburg, Pa., i. 129.
+
+     Devil's Gate, Col., iii. 464.
+
+     Devil's Glen, Nantucket, Mass., iii. 149.
+
+     "Devil's Hole" massacre, ii. 395.
+
+     Devil's Lake, Canada, iii. 491.
+
+     Devil's Slide, Weber Canyon, Utah, iii. 473.
+
+     Devil's Well, Yellowstone Park, i. 501.
+
+     Dewey, Admiral George, ii. 304; iii. 353.
+
+     Dewey, Captain Samuel W., iii. 54.
+
+     De Witt, Christopher, i. 184.
+
+     De Witt, Simeon, ii. 344.
+
+     Dexter, "Lord" Timothy, iii. 82.
+
+     Dexter Mausoleum, Cincinnati, O., iii. 333.
+
+     De Youville, Madame, ii. 434.
+
+     Diamond Island, Lake George, N. Y., ii. 279.
+
+     Diamond Shoals, i. 345.
+
+     "Diamond State," i. 147.
+
+     D'Iberville, Commander, iii. 409, 414.
+
+     Dickens, Charles, i. 287; ii. 153, 382.
+
+     Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pa., i. 292.
+
+     Dickinson, John, i. 292.
+
+     Dieskau, Baron, ii. 282.
+
+     Digby, Canada, iii. 290.
+
+     "Digby Chickens," iii. 290.
+
+     Digby Gut, Canada, iii. 289.
+
+     Digger Indians, iii. 451.
+
+     Dighton, Mass., iii. 121.
+
+     Dilke, Charles, ii. 466; iii. 63.
+
+     Dingman's Ferry, Pa., i. 255.
+
+     "Dingman's Choice," Pa., i. 254.
+
+     Dingman's Creek, Pa., i. 254.
+
+     Dinsmore, William B., ii. 178.
+
+     Diplomatic Reception Room, Washington, D. C., i. 22.
+
+     "Discovery," the, i. 4.
+
+     Discovery Passage, iii. 499.
+
+     Dismal Swamp, Va., i. 78.
+
+     Dismal Swamp Canal, i. 78.
+
+     "Dismal Wilderness," ii. 298.
+
+     Disston Mausoleum, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 179.
+
+     Dix Island, Me., iii. 266.
+
+     Dixon, Jeremiah, i. 149.
+
+     Dixville Notch, N. H., iii. 185.
+
+     Dixwell, John, ii. 110.
+
+     Dobbs, John, ii. 137.
+
+     Dobb's Ferry, N. Y., ii. 137.
+
+     Dodge, William E., ii. 43.
+
+     Doe River, iii. 353.
+
+     Dog Mountain, Mount Desert Island, Me., iii. 269.
+
+     Dome Island, Lake George, N. Y., ii. 279.
+
+     "Dome of the Taghkanics," ii. 261.
+
+     Dominion Coal Company, iii. 308.
+
+     Donaldson Point, iii. 398.
+
+     Don River, ii. 407.
+
+     Donderberg Mountain, N. Y., ii. 147.
+
+     Donnacona, Indian chief, ii. 458.
+
+     Donner, Captain, iii. 478.
+
+     Donner Lake, Nevada, iii. 478.
+
+     "Door of the Country," ii. 296.
+
+     Dorchester Bay, Mass., iii. 31.
+
+     "Double S Bends," i. 385.
+
+     Douglas Island, Alaska, iii. 502.
+
+     "Dove," the, i. 84.
+
+     Dow, Neal, iii. 243.
+
+     "Down East," iii. 226.
+
+     Downie, Commodore, ii. 309.
+
+     Drake, Colonel E. L., i. 334.
+
+     Drake, Joseph Rodman, ii. 165.
+
+     Drake, Sir Francis, i. 375.
+
+     _Dred_, i. 78.
+
+     Dresden, Lake George, N. Y., ii. 280.
+
+     Drewry, Augustus, i. 64.
+
+     Drewry's Bluff, Va., i. 58.
+
+     Drexel, Anthony J., i. 168.
+
+     Drexel Boulevard, Chicago, Ill., i. 434.
+
+     Drexel Building, New York City, ii. 31.
+
+     Drexel Institute, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 168.
+
+     Druid Hill, Baltimore, Md., i. 92.
+
+     Druid Lake, Baltimore, Md., i. 92.
+
+     "Dry Goods District," New York City, ii. 37.
+
+     Dry Tortugas, Fla., i. 394, 397.
+
+     Dubuque, Iowa, i. 466.
+
+     Dubuque, Julien, i. 466.
+
+     Dudley Astronomical Observatory, Albany, N. Y., ii. 207.
+
+     Dudley, Mrs. Blandina, ii. 207.
+
+     Dudley, Thomas, iii. 29.
+
+     Dufferin Terrace, Quebec, Canada, ii. 479.
+
+     Du Guast, Pierre, iii. 261.
+
+     Duke, Colonel, iii. 362.
+
+     Du Lhut, Daniel, i. 459.
+
+     Duluth, Minn., i. 460.
+
+     Duncannon, Pa., i. 301.
+
+     Duncan's Island, Pa., i. 301.
+
+     Dungeness estate, i. 370.
+
+     Dunkards, i. 306.
+
+     Dunkirk, N. Y., ii. 375.
+
+     "Dunkirk of America," iii. 310.
+
+     Dunster, Henry, iii. 60.
+
+     Dunton, Ada Abbott, iii. 518.
+
+     Du Pont, Admiral S. F., i. 30, 151.
+
+     Du Pont De Nemours, Pierre Samuel, i. 151.
+
+     Duquesne Works, Pittsburg, Pa., i. 327.
+
+     Durham Hills, Pa., i. 226.
+
+     Durham, N. C., iii. 362.
+
+     Dutch East India Company, i. 144.
+
+     Dutch Gap, Va., i. 59.
+
+     Dutch Gap Canal, i. 59.
+
+     Dutch Reformed Theological Seminary, New Brunswick, N. J., ii. 22.
+
+     _Dutch Republic_, iii. 71.
+
+     Duxbury, Mass., iii. 17.
+
+     Dwight, Timothy, ii. 107, 112, 118, 158; iii. 119, 132, 189.
+
+     Dyea, Alaska, iii. 506.
+
+     Dyer, John, ii. 345.
+
+
+     Eads, James B., iii. 396.
+
+     Eagle Indians, iii. 501.
+
+     Eagle Lake, N. Y., ii. 325.
+
+     Eagle Lake, Mount Desert Island, Me., iii. 269.
+
+     Eagle Pass, Canada, iii. 494.
+
+     Eagle Point, Iowa, i. 466.
+
+     Eagle River, iii. 494.
+
+     Eagle's Nest, Adirondack Mountains, N. Y., ii. 325.
+
+     East Albany, N. Y., ii. 214.
+
+     East Chop, Martha's Vineyard, Mass., iii. 147.
+
+     East Eden, Mount Desert Island, Me., iii. 271.
+
+     East Hampton, N. Y., ii. 92.
+
+     East India Marine Hall, Salem, Mass., iii. 75.
+
+     "East River Islands," N. Y., ii. 66.
+
+     East Rock, New Haven, Conn., ii. 111.
+
+     East Room, Executive Mansion, Washington, D. C., i. 18, 19.
+
+     Eastern Point, Gloucester, Mass., iii. 88.
+
+     "Eastern Shore," the, i. 81.
+
+     Eastham, Mass., iii. 21.
+
+     Easton, Pa., i. 224.
+
+     Ebensburg, Pa., i. 313.
+
+     Echo Canyon, Utah, iii. 473.
+
+     Echo Gorge, Utah, iii. 473.
+
+     Echo Lake, N. H., iii. 191.
+
+     Echo Mountain, Cal., iii. 445.
+
+     "Echo River," i. 358.
+
+     Economy, Pa., iii. 325.
+
+     "Economy whiskey," iii. 325.
+
+     _Eda Hoe_, iii. 382.
+
+     Eden Park, Cincinnati, O., iii. 332.
+
+     "Eden of America," iii. 132.
+
+     Edgar Thomson Steel Works, i. 320, 327.
+
+     Edgartown, Martha's Vineyard, Mass., iii. 148.
+
+     Edgemere, N. Y., ii. 85.
+
+     Edgewater, N. J., i. 196.
+
+     Edison, Thomas A., ii. 20.
+
+     Edisto River, i. 354.
+
+     Edmonton, Canada, iii. 486.
+
+     Edson, Calvin, ii. 206.
+
+     Edwards, Jonathan, i. 215; ii. 107, 198, 255, 335; iii. 173.
+
+     "Edwards's Hall," Stockbridge, Mass., ii. 256.
+
+     Egg Islands, Canada, ii. 511.
+
+     Egmont, Countess of, i. 370.
+
+     Elberon, Long Branch, N. J., i. 195.
+
+     "Elbow of the Bay of Fundy," iii. 300.
+
+     El Capitan, Yosemite Valley, Cal., iii. 452.
+
+     "Election Rock," iii. 9.
+
+     _Elegy in a Country Churchyard_, ii. 471.
+
+     Elephant's Head, White Mountains, N. H., iii. 200.
+
+     Eliot, John, iii. 51, 125.
+
+     Eliot's Oak, Natick, Mass., iii. 51.
+
+     Elizabeth, N. J., ii. 20.
+
+     Elizabeth Islands, Mass., iii. 142.
+
+     Elizabeth River, i. 5, 8, 78.
+
+     Elizabethport, N. J., ii. 20.
+
+     Elizabethtown, N. Y., ii. 312.
+
+     Elk River, i. 88.
+
+     Ellerslie estate, ii. 180.
+
+     Ellicott, Andrew, i. 10.
+
+     Ellicott Square Building, Buffalo, N. Y., ii. 378.
+
+     Elliott Bay, Washington State, iii. 511.
+
+     Ellis River, iii. 212.
+
+     Ellis's Island, N. Y., ii. 10.
+
+     Elmira Female College, N. Y., ii. 367.
+
+     Elmira, N. Y., ii. 367.
+
+     Elmira Reformatory, N. Y., ii. 367.
+
+     Elmwood, Cambridge, Mass., iii. 64.
+
+     El Paso, Texas, iii. 435.
+
+     El Paso del Norte, Mexico, iii. 435.
+
+     Elskwatawa, Indian chief, i. 407.
+
+     Ely, Maria, i. 421.
+
+     Elyria, O., i. 421.
+
+     Elysian Fields, Weehawken, N. J., ii. 14.
+
+     Emancipation Proclamation, i. 104.
+
+     "Emerald Pool" geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 493.
+
+     Emerson, Ralph Waldo, ii. 464; iii. 49, 50, 62, 68, 449.
+
+     Emerson, Parson William, iii. 68.
+
+     Emmet, Robert, ii. 33.
+
+     Empire Building, New York City, ii. 31.
+
+     Empire oil well, i. 335.
+
+     Empire Spring, Saratoga, N. Y., ii. 224.
+
+     "Empire State of the South," iii. 365.
+
+     "Enchanted Table Land," iii. 460.
+
+     Endicott, John, iii. 74.
+
+     "Endicott Rock," Weir's Landing, N. H., iii. 220.
+
+     Enfield Rapids, Conn., iii. 166.
+
+     English, Thomas Dunn, iii. 392.
+
+     Enterprise, Fla., i. 386.
+
+     "Enterprise," the, iii. 244.
+
+     Epayquit, iii. 304.
+
+     Episcopal Church of St. Mary, Burlington, N. J., i. 201.
+
+     Epping Forest, Va., i. 50.
+
+     Epps, Dr., i. 62.
+
+     Equitable Life Building, New York City, ii. 31.
+
+     Ericsen, Leif, i. 463; iii. 47.
+
+     Ericsson, John, i. 75; ii. 25, 215.
+
+     Erie Indians, i. 423.
+
+     Erie, Pa., ii. 373.
+
+     Erie Canal, N. Y., ii. 332.
+
+     Erie Railway, i. 258.
+
+     Escambia Bay, Fla., i. 391.
+
+     _Esmeralda_, iii. 358.
+
+     Esopus Indians, ii. 179.
+
+     Espiritu Sancto Bay, i. 392.
+
+     Esquimalt, British Columbia, iii. 499.
+
+     Essex Institute, Salem, Mass., iii. 76.
+
+     Estes Park, Col., iii. 464.
+
+     Estey Organ Works, Brattleborough, Vt., iii. 178.
+
+     Eternity Bay, Canada, ii. 499.
+
+     E-Town, N. Y., ii. 312.
+
+     Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, O., i. 419.
+
+     Eutaw Place, Baltimore, Md., i. 92.
+
+     Ewell, General Richard S., i. 129.
+
+     _Evangeline_, i. 172.
+
+     Evansville, Ind., iii. 342.
+
+     Evarts, William M., ii. 107; iii. 180.
+
+     Everglades, Fla., i. 388.
+
+     Everett, Edward, i. 44, 136; iii. 59, 61, 220.
+
+     Everett, Washington State, iii. 511.
+
+     Excelsior Geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 496.
+
+     Executive Mansion, Harrisburg, Pa., i. 287.
+
+     Executive Mansion, Washington, D. C., i. 18.
+
+     "Eye of the Adirondacks," ii. 320.
+
+
+     Fabyan House, Mount Washington, N. H., iii. 203.
+
+     Fabyan's, N. H., iii. 199.
+
+     Fabritius, Jacob, i. 171.
+
+     Factory Falls, Pa., i. 255.
+
+     "Fair Mount," i. 183.
+
+     Fair Oaks, Va., battle of, i. 118.
+
+     Fairbanks Scale Works, St. Johnsbury, Vt., iii. 183.
+
+     Fairfield, Conn., ii. 100.
+
+     Fairfax Seminary, i. 14.
+
+     Fairhaven, Mass., iii. 139.
+
+     Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 177.
+
+     Fall Creek, N. Y., ii. 360.
+
+     Fall Kill, ii. 174.
+
+     Fall River, iii. 128.
+
+     Falls of St. Anthony, Minn., i. 469.
+
+     Falmouth Foreside, Me., iii. 243.
+
+     Fan geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 503.
+
+     Faneuil Hall, Boston, Mass., iii. 43.
+
+     Faneuil, Peter, iii. 39, 43.
+
+     "Farewell Address," Washington, i. 162.
+
+     Fargo, Dakota, i. 477.
+
+     "Farmer monks," ii. 443.
+
+     Farmers' Loan and Trust Building, New York City, ii. 32.
+
+     Farragut, Admiral David G., ii. 42; iii. 353, 376, 417.
+
+     Farragut, Admiral, statue of, i. 30.
+
+     Far Rockaway, N. Y., ii. 85.
+
+     Far View, Pa., i. 269.
+
+     "Father of Canada," ii. 424, 459.
+
+     "Father of Waters," i. 465, 475; iii. 381.
+
+     "Father of the Forest," tree, iii. 449.
+
+     Father Point, Canada, ii. 509.
+
+     Fayal, New Bedford, Mass., iii. 139.
+
+     "Federal City," i. 9, 41.
+
+     "Federal District of Columbia," i. 9.
+
+     Federal Point, N. C., i. 347.
+
+     Federal Steel Company, i. 436.
+
+     Feldspar Brook, N. Y., ii. 236.
+
+     Fenwick, Colonel George, ii. 114.
+
+     Fenwick, John, i. 152.
+
+     Fernandina, Fla., i. 370.
+
+     Fern, Fanny, iii. 243.
+
+     "Ferry Depot," San Francisco, Cal., iii. 519.
+
+     Field, Cyrus W., ii. 255.
+
+     Field, Darby, iii. 188.
+
+     Field, David Dudley, ii. 255.
+
+     Field's Hill, Stockbridge, Mass., ii. 255.
+
+     Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church, New York City, ii. 54.
+
+     Fifth Avenue, New York City, ii. 44.
+
+     "Fifty-four forty or fight" boundary, iii. 500.
+
+     "Fighting Parson," iii. 353.
+
+     Fillmore, Millard, ii. 211.
+
+     Findlay, O., i. 404.
+
+     Fire Island, L. I., ii. 9.
+
+     Fire Island, N. Y., ii. 91.
+
+     Firehole River, i. 495.
+
+     "Fire Lands," i. 421.
+
+     "First Church," Salem, Mass., iii. 74, 76.
+
+     "First Families of Virginia," i. 61.
+
+     First Parish Church, Cambridge, Mass., iii. 59.
+
+     First Presbyterian Church, Baltimore, Md., i. 90.
+
+     Fish Creek, N. Y., ii. 169, 219.
+
+     "Fish River," i. 145.
+
+     Fisher's Island, N. Y., ii. 120.
+
+     "Fisher's Nest," Mass., ii. 257.
+
+     Fishkill, N. Y., ii. 169.
+
+     Fisk, James, Jr., iii. 178.
+
+     Fisk University, Ky., iii. 341.
+
+     Fitch, John, iii. 166.
+
+     Fitzhugh Sound, iii. 499.
+
+     Fitzhugh, William, i. 72.
+
+     Five Nations, i. 81; ii. 337.
+
+     "Five Points," New York City, ii. 38.
+
+     "Flag Day," i. 164.
+
+     Flag, first American, i. 164.
+
+     Flagstaff Hill, Boston, Mass., iii. 36.
+
+     Flagstaff Station, iii. 460.
+
+     "Flats of Keene," N. Y., ii. 313.
+
+     Fleetwood estate, ii. 180.
+
+     Fleming, Peter, ii. 334.
+
+     "Flirtation Walk," West Point, N. Y., ii. 162.
+
+     "Floral City," i. 390.
+
+     Florenceville, Canada, iii. 287.
+
+     Florida, Mo., iii. 392.
+
+     Florida Keys, i. 394.
+
+     "Flour City of the West," ii. 370.
+
+     Flour mills, i. 470.
+
+     "Flower City," i. 410.
+
+     "Flume," Franconia Mountains, N. H., iii. 194.
+
+     "Flying Bluenose," iii. 296.
+
+     "Flying Dutchman of the Tappan Zee," ii. 139.
+
+     Foley, John Henry, i. 111.
+
+     Folly Point, Mass., iii. 93.
+
+     Foote, Commodore Andrew H., iii. 344.
+
+     Foraker, Joseph B., i. 405.
+
+     "Forefathers' Day," iii. 8.
+
+     "Forest City" (Cleveland, O.), i. 416.
+
+     "Forest City" (Savannah, Ga.)i. 355
+
+     "Forest City" (Portland, Me.), iii. 243.
+
+     "Forest City," Conn., iii. 159.
+
+     Forest Home Cemetery, Milwaukee, Wis., i. 463.
+
+     _Forest Hymn_, ii. 326.
+
+     "Forest Lake Association," i. 270.
+
+     Forest Park, St. Louis, Mo., iii. 396.
+
+     Forked Lakes, N. Y., ii. 325.
+
+     "Forks," Pa., i. 242.
+
+     "Forks of the Delaware," i. 223.
+
+     Forrest, Edwin, ii. 38, 135; iii. 128.
+
+     Forrest, General Nathan B., iii. 399.
+
+     Forsyth Park, Savannah, Ga., i. 357.
+
+     Fort Adams, Brenton's Point, R. I., iii. 130.
+
+     Fort Algernon, i. 76.
+
+     Fort Augusta, Pa., i. 300.
+
+     Fort Altena, i. 150.
+
+     Fort Benton, Montana, iii. 384.
+
+     Fort Brady, i. 457.
+
+     Fort Carillon, Lake George, N. Y., ii. 283.
+
+     Fort Casey, Port Townsend, Washington State, iii. 511.
+
+     Fort Cataraqui, Canada, ii. 410.
+
+     Fort Charlotte, Halifax, Canada, iii. 398.
+
+     Fort Clinch, Fla., i. 369.
+
+     Fort Custer, i. 483.
+
+     Fort Darling, i. 58.
+
+     "Fort de la Presque Isle," ii. 374.
+
+     Fort Douglas, Salt Lake City, Utah, iii. 476.
+
+     Fort Duquesne, Pa., i. 320.
+
+     Fort Edward, N. Y., ii. 226.
+
+     "Fort Fight in Narragansett," iii. 101.
+
+     Fort Fisher, N. C., i. 347.
+
+     Fort Flagler, Port Townsend, Washington State, iii. 511.
+
+     Fort Forty, Pa., i. 241.
+
+     Fort Frederick, Me., iii. 257.
+
+     Fort Gaines, Ga., iii. 376.
+
+     Fort Griswold, New London, Conn., ii. 115.
+
+     Fort Henry, Canada, ii. 410.
+
+     Fort Henry, Pa., i. 291.
+
+     Fort Hill, Auburn, N. Y., ii. 338, 358.
+
+     Fort Hill, Groton, Conn., ii. 116.
+
+     Fort Hunter, i. 291.
+
+     Fort Hyndshaw, Pa., i. 291.
+
+     Fort Independence, Boston Harbor, Mass., iii. 32.
+
+     Fort Jackson, New Orleans, La., iii. 423.
+
+     Fort Jefferson, Fla., i. 397.
+
+     Fort Johnson, N. C., i. 347.
+
+     Fort Johnson, N. Y., ii. 336.
+
+     Fort La Fayette, New York Harbor, ii. 10.
+
+     Fort Ligonier, Pa., i. 318.
+
+     Fort Lincoln, N. Dakota, i. 481.
+
+     Fort Marion, Fla., i. 372.
+
+     Fort Mason, Cal., iii. 518.
+
+     Fort McHenry, Md., i. 93.
+
+     Fort McRae, Fla., i. 391.
+
+     Fort Morgan, Ga., iii. 376.
+
+     Fort Moultrie, S. C., i. 350.
+
+     Fort Osborne, Manitoba, i. 480.
+
+     Fort Pentagoet, Me., iii. 261.
+
+     Fort Pickens, Fla., i. 391.
+
+     Fort Pierce, Fla., i. 379.
+
+     "Fort Pillow Massacre," iii. 399.
+
+     Fort Pitt, Pa., i. 323.
+
+     Fort Pitt Iron Works, i. 323.
+
+     Fort Point, Me., iii. 267.
+
+     Fort Pond Bay, Long Island, N. Y., ii. 123.
+
+     Fort Porter, Buffalo, N. Y., ii. 378.
+
+     Fort Powhatan, i. 65.
+
+     Fort Pownall, Me., iii. 267.
+
+     Fort Preble, Me., iii. 244.
+
+     Fort Pulaski, Ga., i. 356.
+
+     Fort Putnam, West Point, N. Y., ii. 156.
+
+     Fort Rouille, Canada, ii. 406.
+
+     Fort Russell, Wyoming, iii. 461.
+
+     Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas, iii. 433.
+
+     Fort Severn, Annapolis, Md., i. 87.
+
+     Fort Sewall, Marblehead, Mass., iii. 73.
+
+     Fort Smith, Ark., iii. 405.
+
+     Fort Snelling, Minn., i. 470.
+
+     Fort St. Frederic, N. Y., ii. 297.
+
+     Fort St. Philip, New Orleans, La., iii. 423.
+
+     Fort Sumter, S. C., i. 350, 351.
+
+     Fort Taber, Clark's Point, Mass., iii. 14.
+
+     Fort Taylor, Key West, Fla., i. 397.
+
+     Fort Thomas, Newport, Ky., iii. 333.
+
+     Fort Ticonderoga, Lake George, N. Y., ii. 289.
+
+     Fort Trumbull, New London, Conn., ii. 115.
+
+     Fort Venango, Pa., i. 336.
+
+     Fort Victoria, British Columbia, iii. 498.
+
+     Fort Warren, Boston Harbor, Mass., iii. 32.
+
+     Fort Warren, Me., iii. 252.
+
+     Fort Wayne, Detroit, Mich., i. 452.
+
+     Fort Wayne, Ind., i. 405.
+
+     Fort William Henry, Lake George, N. Y., ii. 283.
+
+     Fort Wilson, Port Townsend, Washington State, iii. 511.
+
+     Fort Winthrop, Boston Harbor, Mass., iii. 32.
+
+     Fort Worth, Texas, iii. 430.
+
+     Fort Wrangell, Alaska, iii. 500.
+
+     Fortress Monroe, Va., i. 76.
+
+     "Forty-niners," iii. 448.
+
+     Fossil remains, iii. 470.
+
+     "Foul Rift," Pa., i. 242.
+
+     Foulger, Peter, iii. 150.
+
+     "Fountain City," i. 377.
+
+     Fountain Geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 495.
+
+     "Fountain of Perpetual Youth," i. 361.
+
+     Fountain Square, Cincinnati, O., iii. 332.
+
+     Fox, George, ii. 199.
+
+     Fox Islands, Alaska, iii. 507.
+
+     Franconia, N. H., iii. 190.
+
+     Franconia Mountains, N. H., iii. 182.
+
+     Frankfort, Ky., iii. 334.
+
+     Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, Pa., i. 282.
+
+     Franklin, Benjamin, i. 163, 283, 291; ii. 34, 157, 210; iii. 41, 42.
+
+     Franklin, Benjamin, statue of, i. 30.
+
+     Franklin Institute, i. 170.
+
+     Franklin, Pa., i. 336.
+
+     Franklin Park, Boston, Mass., iii. 49.
+
+     "Franklin" stoves, i. 223.
+
+     Franklin, William, i. 201.
+
+     Franklin's, Benjamin, printing press, i. 29.
+
+     Franklin, Sir John, i. 179.
+
+     Franklin Square, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 160.
+
+     Franklyn Cottage, Long Branch, N. J., i. 195.
+
+     Fraser Canyon, British Columbia, iii. 496.
+
+     Fraser, General Simon, ii. 217.
+
+     Fraser River, iii. 494.
+
+     Fraser, Simon, iii. 497.
+
+     Frazier's Farm, battle of, i. 119.
+
+     Frederick, Md., i. 40.
+
+     Frederick Channel, Alaska, iii. 501.
+
+     Fredericksburg, Va., i. 50.
+
+     Fredericksburg, battle of, i. 104.
+
+     Frederickton, Canada, iii. 287.
+
+     Freehold, N. J., ii. 22.
+
+     Freeman, E. A., ii. 205.
+
+     Fremont, General John C., iii. 446.
+
+     "French Armada," iii. 314.
+
+     French Broad River, iii. 354, 358.
+
+     French Creek, Pa., i. 336.
+
+     "French-Canadian O'Connell," ii. 447.
+
+     "French-Canadian Thermopylæ," ii. 446.
+
+     French Market, New Orleans, La., iii. 419.
+
+     Frenchman Bay, Me., iii. 270.
+
+     Frietchie, Barbara, i. 40.
+
+     "Frog Pond," Boston, Mass., iii. 36.
+
+     Frontenac, Count, ii. 410, 472.
+
+     Fuller, Chief Justice Melville W., iii. 247.
+
+     Fuller, Margaret, iii. 50, 64.
+
+     Fulmer Falls, Pa., i. 255.
+
+     Fulton Lakes, N. Y., ii. 325.
+
+     Fulton, Robert, i. 283; ii. 26, 30, 109.
+
+     Fulton Street, Brooklyn, N. Y., ii. 73.
+
+     "Fulton," the, ii. 109.
+
+     "Fulton's Folly," ii. 183.
+
+
+     Gage, General Thomas, iii. 56.
+
+     Gagetown, Canada, iii. 288.
+
+     Gaines's Mill, Va., battle of, i. 119.
+
+     Gale River, iii. 190.
+
+     Gallatin, Albert, ii. 30.
+
+     Gallatin River, iii. 480.
+
+     Gallitzin, Pa., i. 312.
+
+     Gallitzin, Demetrius Augustine, i. 313.
+
+     "Galop," St. Lawrence River, ii. 417.
+
+     Galveston, Texas, iii. 429.
+
+     Galveston Bay, Texas, iii. 429.
+
+     Galveston Island, Texas, iii. 429.
+
+     Gamble Hill, Richmond, Va., i. 114.
+
+     Ganniagwari, ii. 340.
+
+     Gananoque, Canada, ii. 415.
+
+     Ganouskie Bay, Lake George, N. Y., ii. 279.
+
+     "Gans-howe-hanne," i. 186.
+
+     Garden City, N. Y., ii. 93.
+
+     Garden Key, Fla., i. 397.
+
+     "Garden of Nova Scotia," iii. 291.
+
+     "Garden of the Great Spirit," ii. 412.
+
+     "Garden of the Gods," Col., iii. 466.
+
+     Gardiner River, i. 484.
+
+     Gardiner, Me., iii. 253.
+
+     Gardiner, Lyon, ii. 120.
+
+     Gardiner's Bay, N. Y., ii. 119.
+
+     Gardiner's Island, N. Y., ii. 120.
+
+     Garfield, James A., i. 195, 415, 420; ii. 245.
+
+     Garrett, John W., i. 91.
+
+     Garrett Mansion, Baltimore, Md., i. 90.
+
+     Garrettson, Rev. Freeborn, ii. 180.
+
+     Garrison, Commodore, ii. 77.
+
+     Garrison, N. Y., ii. 154.
+
+     Garrison, William Lloyd, iii. 47, 82.
+
+     Gaspé, Canada, ii. 509.
+
+     Gastineaux Channel, Alaska, iii. 502.
+
+     "Gate City" (Atlanta, Ga.), iii. 365.
+
+     "Gate City" (Omaha, Nebraska), iii. 386.
+
+     "Gate of the Adirondacks," ii. 312.
+
+     "Gate of the Mountain," i. 483.
+
+     "Gate of the Notch," White Mountain, N. H., iii. 199.
+
+     _Gates Ajar_, iii. 78.
+
+     Gatineau River, ii. 445.
+
+     Gaudenhutten, Pa., i. 232.
+
+     Gay Head, Martha's Vineyard, Mass., iii. 147.
+
+     Gee's Point, N. Y., ii. 155.
+
+     Gelkie Glacier, Alaska, iii. 505.
+
+     "General Tom Thumb," ii. 102.
+
+     "General Hospital of the Gray Sisters," Montreal, Canada, ii. 434.
+
+     "Genesee Flats," N. Y., ii. 370.
+
+     "Genesee Level," N. Y., ii. 369.
+
+     Genesee oil, i. 334.
+
+     Genesee River, ii. 368.
+
+     Geneseo, N. Y., ii. 370.
+
+     Geneva, N. Y., ii. 365.
+
+     "Gentilhomme," ii. 464.
+
+     "Gentlemen of the Seminary," ii. 432.
+
+     George I., iii. 266.
+
+     George II., ii. 278; iii. 44.
+
+     George III., i. 55, 163; ii. 26, 263, 452, 473.
+
+     George, Henry, ii. 77.
+
+     George's Island, Boston Harbor, Mass., iii. 32.
+
+     Georgetown, Col., iii. 464.
+
+     Georgetown, University of, i. 31.
+
+     "Georgia," the, iii. 303.
+
+     German Hospital, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 168.
+
+     Germantown, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 181.
+
+     Gerry, Elbridge, ii. 112; iii. 73.
+
+     "Gertrude of Wyoming," i. 241.
+
+     Gervais Rapids, Canada, ii. 498.
+
+     Gettys, James, i. 128.
+
+     Gettysburg, Pa., battle of, i. 130.
+
+     "Gettysburg Battlefield Memorial Association," i. 135.
+
+     Geyser Spring, Saratoga, N. Y., ii. 224.
+
+     Giant geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 492.
+
+     Giantess geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 500.
+
+     Giant of the Valley, N. Y., ii. 274, 298, 313.
+
+     Giant's Cauldron, Yellowstone Park, i. 505.
+
+     "Giant's Grove," Mount Washington, N. H., iii. 203.
+
+     Gibbon Falls, Yellowstone Park, i. 494.
+
+     Gibbon River, i. 494.
+
+     Gibbons, Cardinal Archbishop, i. 91.
+
+     Gibraltar Island, Lake Erie, i. 423.
+
+     "Giesh-gumanito," i. 317.
+
+     "Gift of God," the, iii. 255.
+
+     Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, i. 344; iii. 302.
+
+     Ginter, Philip, i. 234.
+
+     Girard Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 165.
+
+     Girard Bank, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 165.
+
+     Girard College, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 165.
+
+     Girard, Stephen, i. 165.
+
+     Glacier Bay, Alaska, iii. 503.
+
+     Glacier Point, Yosemite Valley, Cal., iii. 454.
+
+     Glacier Spring, Saratoga, N. Y., ii. 224.
+
+     "Glen Alpha," Watkins Glen, N. Y., ii. 364.
+
+     "Glen Cathedral," Watkins Glen, N. Y., ii. 365.
+
+     Glen Eyre, Pa., i. 265.
+
+     "Glen Obscura," Watkins Glen, N. Y., ii. 365.
+
+     "Glen Omega," Watkins Glen, N. Y., ii. 365.
+
+     Glen's Falls, N. Y., ii. 233.
+
+     "Glimmerglass," the, i. 296.
+
+     Glooscap, Indian deity, ii. 504; iii. 294.
+
+     Gloria Dei, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 171.
+
+     Glorieta Pass, iii. 459.
+
+     Gloucester, Mass., iii. 86.
+
+     Gloucester Point, Va., i. 53.
+
+     Glover, John, iii. 47.
+
+     Goat Island, Cal., iii. 518.
+
+     Goat Island, Niagara Falls, ii. 389.
+
+     Godfrey, Thomas, i. 180.
+
+     Goethe, Johann W., ii. 379.
+
+     Goffe, William, ii. 110; iii. 175.
+
+     Gold Creek, Montana, iii. 480.
+
+     _Gold Digger_, iii. 508.
+
+     Gold in America, early ideas respecting, i. 66.
+
+     Gold mining, iii. 448, 467, 479.
+
+     Golden, Col., iii. 464.
+
+     Golden Gate, Cal., iii. 514.
+
+     "Golden Gate of the St. Lawrence Gulf," iii. 305.
+
+     Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, Cal., iii. 520.
+
+     Golden Hill, Bridgeport, Conn., ii. 101.
+
+     "Golden Northland," iii. 508.
+
+     "Goobers," i. 79.
+
+     "Good Speed," i. 4.
+
+     Goodyear, Charles, ii. 98.
+
+     Gordon, Commodore, i. 43.
+
+     Gorgues, Sir Ferdinando, iii. 240.
+
+     Gorham, N. H., iii. 212.
+
+     Gorton, Samuel, iii. 105.
+
+     Goshen, N. Y., i. 262.
+
+     Gosnold, Bartholomew, iii. 6, 19, 142.
+
+     Gosport, Va., i. 78.
+
+     Gosport, Star Island, Isles of Shoals, iii. 234.
+
+     Gough, John B., iii. 82.
+
+     Gould, Helen, ii. 53.
+
+     Gould, Jay, ii. 54, 138.
+
+     Government Botanical Garden, Washington, D. C., i. 13.
+
+     Government Building, Boston, Mass., iii. 45.
+
+     Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., i. 24.
+
+     Governor's Island, Boston Harbor, Mass., iii. 32.
+
+     Governor's Island, N. Y., ii. 11.
+
+     "Governor's Room," City Hall, New York City, ii. 36.
+
+     Grace Church, New York City, ii. 41.
+
+     Grain elevators, ii. 376.
+
+     "Granary of California," iii. 447.
+
+     Grand Canyon of the Arkansas, Col., iii. 468.
+
+     Grand Discharge, Canada, ii. 498.
+
+     Grand River, Canada, ii. 444, 512.
+
+     Grand River, Colorado, iii. 469.
+
+     "Grandfather Cobb," iii. 10.
+
+     Grand Boulevard, Chicago, Ill., i. 434.
+
+     Grand Canyon, Arizona, iii. 437.
+
+     Grand Falls, Canada, iii. 285.
+
+     Grand Geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 501.
+
+     Grand Island, Niagara Falls, ii. 380.
+
+     Grand Isle, Lake Champlain, ii. 308.
+
+     Grand Manan Island, Canada, iii. 274.
+
+     Grand Pacific Glacier, Alaska, iii. 505.
+
+     "Grand River of the North," iii. 434.
+
+     Grand Union Hotel, Saratoga, N. Y., ii. 221.
+
+     Grand Pre, iii. 292.
+
+     Grant, General, i. 61, 62, 106, 120, 178, 195, 441; ii. 58,
+       226; iii. 344, 351, 398, 408.
+
+     Grant, General, statue of, i. 30.
+
+     Grant's siege of Richmond, i. 120.
+
+     Grant University, Tenn., iii. 349.
+
+     Grasmere estate, ii. 180.
+
+     "Grasshopper War," i. 303.
+
+     "Grass water," i. 388.
+
+     Gravesend Bay, ii. 10.
+
+     Gravesend Bay, N. Y., ii. 80.
+
+     Gravity railroad, i. 269.
+
+     Gray, Captain Robert, iii. 481.
+
+     Graymont, Col., iii. 464.
+
+     "Gray Nunnery," Montreal, Canada, ii. 434.
+
+     Gray's Peak, Col., iii. 464.
+
+     Great American Desert, Utah, iii. 477.
+
+     Great Barrington, Mass., ii. 259.
+
+     "Great Bear Cave," Pa., i. 318.
+
+     Great Bras d'Or, Cape Breton Island, Canada, iii. 305.
+
+     "Great Charter," i. 70.
+
+     Great Egg Harbor, N. J., i. 193.
+
+     Great Falls, Va., i. 40.
+
+     Great Falls, Montana, iii. 384.
+
+     Great Gull Island, ii. 120.
+
+     Great Head, Mount Desert Island, Me., iii. 270.
+
+     Great Kanawha River, iii. 328.
+
+     Great Lakes, i. 447.
+
+     Great Miami River, iii. 333.
+
+     "Great North Woods," i. 436.
+
+     Great North Woods, N. Y., ii. 272.
+
+     "Great River of Canada," ii. 400.
+
+     "Great Salt Basin," Utah, iii. 474.
+
+     Great Salt Lake, Utah, iii. 474.
+
+     "Great Salt Pond," Block Island, ii. 124.
+
+     Great Shuswap Lake, British Columbia, iii. 494.
+
+     Great Smoky Mountains, N. C., iii. 354.
+
+     Great South Bay, N. Y., ii. 91.
+
+     Great South Beach, N. Y., ii. 91.
+
+     "Great Staked Plain," iii. 430.
+
+     "Great Stone Face," N. H., iii. 192.
+
+     "Great Vine," iii. 445.
+
+     "Greater New York," ii. 23.
+
+     "Greatest Show on Earth," ii. 102.
+
+     Greece City, Pa., i. 336.
+
+     Greek Church, Sitka, Alaska, iii. 501.
+
+     Greeley, Horace, i. 100, 254, 263; ii. 34, 43, 77; iii. 80.
+
+     "Green Bank," Old Burlington, N. J., i. 200.
+
+     "Green Corn Dance," i. 389.
+
+     Green Cove Springs, i. 381.
+
+     Green Island, N. Y., ii. 214.
+
+     Green Mount Cemetery, Burlington, Vt., ii. 303.
+
+     Green Mountain, Mount Desert Island, Me., iii. 269.
+
+     Green Mountains, Vt., ii. 299.
+
+     Green Mountain Boys, ii. 300.
+
+     Green, Mrs. Hetty, ii. 37.
+
+     Green River, i. 337, 485.
+
+     Green Room, Executive Mansion, Washington, D. C., i. 20.
+
+     Greenbush, N. Y., ii. 214.
+
+     Greene, General Nathaniel, i. 370; iii. 106, 362.
+
+     Greenfield, Mass., iii. 177.
+
+     Greenleaf, Benjamin, iii. 181.
+
+     Greenleaf's Point, i. 13.
+
+     Greenmount, Baltimore, Md., i. 93.
+
+     Greensboro', N. C., iii. 362.
+
+     Greensburg, Pa., i. 318, 319.
+
+     Greenville Channel, iii. 499.
+
+     Greenville, Tenn., iii. 353.
+
+     Greenwich, Conn., ii. 99.
+
+     Greenwich Point, Conn., ii. 99.
+
+     Greenwood Cemetery, Brooklyn, N. Y., ii. 71, 76.
+
+     Greenwood Cemetery, New Orleans, La., iii. 418.
+
+     Greenwood Lake, N. Y., ii. 134.
+
+     Grenadier Island, ii. 415.
+
+     Gridley, Captain Charles Vernon, ii. 374.
+
+     Gridley, Colonel Richard, iii. 314.
+
+     "Griffin," the, ii. 376.
+
+     Grindstone Island, Canada, ii. 412.
+
+     Grinnell Expedition, i. 179.
+
+     "Grizzly Giant," tree, iii. 449.
+
+     Grosse Isle, Canada, ii. 492.
+
+     Groton, Conn., ii. 116.
+
+     Grotto, geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 502.
+
+     "Ground Hog rift," i. 222.
+
+     "Guerrière," the, i. 180; iii. 73.
+
+     Guilford, Conn., ii. 113.
+
+     Guinney Station, Va., i. 105.
+
+     Gulf stream, i. 395.
+
+     Gulf of Georgia, British Columbia, iii. 497.
+
+     Gulf of St. Lawrence, ii. 404.
+
+     Gunnison, Col., iii. 469.
+
+     Gunnison River, iii. 469.
+
+     Gunpowder River, i. 88.
+
+     Gurnet, Duxbury, Mass., iii. 18.
+
+     Guyart, Marie, ii. 474.
+
+
+     _Habitans_, ii. 48, 440, 447.
+
+     Hackensack River, ii. 18.
+
+     Hadley Falls, Mass., iii. 171.
+
+     Hadley Street, Northampton, Mass., iii. 174.
+
+     Hagerman Pass, Col., iii. 468.
+
+     Ha Ha Bay, Canada, ii. 500.
+
+     Haines's Falls, N. Y., ii. 192.
+
+     Hale, Nathan, ii. 36, 95, 115; iii. 162.
+
+     Haley's Island, Isles of Shoals, iii. 231.
+
+     "Half Moon," the, ii. 4, 136, 169.
+
+     Half Moon Island, Boston Harbor, Mass., iii. 33.
+
+     Haliburton, Thomas C., iii. 296.
+
+     Halibut Point, Mass., iii. 92.
+
+     Halifax, Canada, iii. 297.
+
+     Halifax River, i. 377.
+
+     Hall, Dr. John, ii. 54.
+
+     Halleck, Fitz Greene, ii. 113, 166, 168.
+
+     Hall of the Carpenters' Company, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 164.
+
+     Hallowell, Me., iii. 253.
+
+     Hamersley, Mrs., ii. 37.
+
+     Hamilton, Alexander, i. 213; ii. 10, 14, 18, 30, 60, 75, 158,
+       211; iii. 47.
+
+     Hamilton, Canada, ii. 405.
+
+     Hamilton Spring, Saratoga, N. Y., ii. 224.
+
+     Hammondsport, N. Y., ii. 366.
+
+     Hampton, Va., i. 75.
+
+     Hampton Beach, N. H., iii. 227.
+
+     Hampton Roads, i. 75.
+
+     Hancock, John, iii. 27, 37, 39, 65.
+
+     Hancock, Pa., i. 271.
+
+     Hancock, General W. S., i. 130.
+
+     Hancock, General W. S., statue of, i. 30.
+
+     Hanging Rock, Echo Gorge, Utah, iii. 473.
+
+     "Hanging Rock," Newport, R. I., iii. 133.
+
+     Hanging Spear, N. Y., ii. 236.
+
+     Hanlon, sculler, ii. 409.
+
+     Hanlon's Point, Toronto, Canada, ii. 409.
+
+     Hanna, Robert, i. 318.
+
+     "Hannah's Hill," N. Y., i. 296.
+
+     Hannastown, Pa., i. 318.
+
+     Hannibal, Mo., iii. 394.
+
+     Hanover, N. H., iii. 181.
+
+     Hanover Court House, Va., i. 108.
+
+     Harbor Hill, Long Island, N. Y., ii. 94.
+
+     Hardenburgh, Captain, ii. 358.
+
+     "Hardenburgh's Corners," N. Y., ii. 358.
+
+     "Harmonists," iii. 325.
+
+     "Harmony Knitting Mills," Cohoes, N. Y., ii. 330.
+
+     Harper's Ferry, W. Va., i. 38.
+
+     Harrietstown, N. Y., ii. 322.
+
+     "Harris cassimere," iii. 117.
+
+     Harris, Joel Chandler, iii. 366.
+
+     Harris, John, i. 287.
+
+     Harris Lake, N. Y., ii. 236.
+
+     "Harris Park," Harrisburg, Pa., i. 288.
+
+     Harrisburg, Pa., i. 286.
+
+     Harrison, Benjamin, iii. 334.
+
+     Harrison, General William Henry, i. 20, 63, 279, 407; iii. 333.
+
+     Harrison, John Scott, iii. 334.
+
+     Harrison's Landing, Va., i. 63.
+
+     Hart, Colonel, i. 381.
+
+     Harte, Bret, iii. 448, 477.
+
+     Hart's Island, N. Y., ii. 67.
+
+     Hartford, Conn., iii. 161.
+
+     "Hartford," the, iii. 377.
+
+     Harvard Hall, Cambridge, Mass., iii. 62.
+
+     Harvard, John, iii. 60.
+
+     Harvard University, iii. 59.
+
+     Harvey's Lake, Pa., i. 238.
+
+     Harwich, Mass., iii. 19.
+
+     Hasbrouck House, Newburg, N. Y., ii. 170.
+
+     Hasbrouck, Jonathan, ii. 170.
+
+     Haskell Institute, Lawrence, Kan., iii. 387.
+
+     Hastings-on-the-Hudson, N. Y., ii. 137.
+
+     Hat-factories, ii. 264.
+
+     Hathorn, Colonel, i. 261.
+
+     "Hathorn" Spring, Saratoga, N. Y., ii. 222.
+
+     Havana Glen, N. Y., ii. 362.
+
+     Haverford College, i. 280.
+
+     Haverhill, Mass., iii. 81.
+
+     Haverstraw Bay, N. Y., ii. 146.
+
+     Hawk Island, Lake Placid, N. Y., ii. 321.
+
+     "Hawkeye State," the, i. 466.
+
+     Hawley, Pa., i. 267.
+
+     "Hawk's Nest," N. Y., i. 260.
+
+     Hawthorne, Nathaniel, ii. 252, 257; iii. 50, 68, 75, 192, 195,
+       233, 247.
+
+     Hayden, Prof. Ferdinand V., i. 486.
+
+     Hays, Mary, ii. 22.
+
+     Hazardville Powder Works, Conn., iii. 166.
+
+     Hazel Tree Island, Canada, ii. 492.
+
+     Healy, George P. A., iii. 44.
+
+     "Heart of Berkshire," ii. 246.
+
+     "Heart of the Commonwealth," iii. 117.
+
+     Hecla Copper Company, i. 459.
+
+     Heenan, John C., iii. 514.
+
+     Heine, Heinrich, ii. 85.
+
+     Helena, Ark., iii. 404.
+
+     Helena, Montana, iii. 480.
+
+     "Hell Gate," N. Y., ii. 12, 67.
+
+     Hell's Half Acre, Yellowstone Park, i. 496.
+
+     "Hell's half acres," i. 385.
+
+     Hemans, Mrs., iii. 11.
+
+     Hempstead, N. Y., ii. 93.
+
+     Hempstead Bay, N. Y., ii. 91.
+
+     Hendrick, Indian chief, ii. 281.
+
+     "Hendrick Spring," N. Y., ii. 235.
+
+     Hennepin, Louis, i. 427, 467; ii. 382, 459.
+
+     Henry, Patrick, i. 111, 113.
+
+     Henry, Professor Joseph, i. 27; ii. 207.
+
+     Henry VII., iii. 4.
+
+     Herkimer, N. Y., ii. 342.
+
+     _Hermit_, iii. 12.
+
+     Hermit Mountain, Canada, iii. 493.
+
+     "Hermit of the Wissahickon," i. 184.
+
+     "Hermit's Pool," i. 184.
+
+     "Hermitage," Nashville, Ky., iii. 341.
+
+     Hertzog Hall, New Brunswick, N. J., ii. 22.
+
+     Heth, Joyce, ii. 101.
+
+     "Het Klauver Rack," ii. 195.
+
+     Hewitt, Abram S., ii. 39.
+
+     _Hiawatha_, i. 458; iii. 71.
+
+     Hickory-nut Gap, N. C., iii. 358.
+
+     Hickory Town, Pa., i. 282.
+
+     Hicks, Elias, ii. 93.
+
+     Hicksville, N. Y., ii. 93.
+
+     "Higgins's Island," ii. 65.
+
+     High Bridge, N. Y., ii. 61.
+
+     High Falls, N. Y., ii. 348.
+
+     High Falls, Pa., i. 255.
+
+     "High Knob," Pa., i. 266.
+
+     Highland Light, Truro, Mass., iii. 22.
+
+     High Peak, N. Y., ii. 184.
+
+     High Point, N. J., i. 258.
+
+     High Point, Pa., i. 255.
+
+     High Pole Hill, Mass., iii. 25.
+
+     "High Rock Spring," Saratoga, N. Y., ii. 220, 222.
+
+     High Street, Newburyport, Mass., iii. 81.
+
+     High Street, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 158.
+
+     High Tom, N. Y., ii. 147.
+
+     "High-water Mark Monument," i. 134.
+
+     Hill, General A. P., i. 115.
+
+     Hill, James J., i. 470.
+
+     Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, Conn., ii. 112.
+
+     Hillhouse, James, ii. 112.
+
+     _Hills of the Shatemuc_, ii. 156.
+
+     Hillsborough Bay, Prince Edward Island, iii. 304.
+
+     Hillsborough Bay, Fla., i. 392.
+
+     Hillsborough River, i. 392.
+
+     Hillside, Pa., i. 318.
+
+     Hilton, Judge Henry, ii. 226.
+
+     Hingham, Mass., iii. 28.
+
+     Hingham Harbor, Mass., iii. 28.
+
+     "History of the Plimouth Plantation," iii. 39.
+
+     Hitchcock, Dr. Edward, ii. 261.
+
+     Hobart College, Geneva, N. Y., ii. 366.
+
+     Hoboken, N. J., ii. 13.
+
+     Hochelaga, ii. 423.
+
+     Hochelaga Convent, Montreal, Canada, ii. 435.
+
+     Hodenosaunee, ii. 337.
+
+     Hodges, James, ii. 432.
+
+     Hoey, John, ii. 178.
+
+     "Hog's Back," Pa., i. 253.
+
+     Hokendauqua, i. 219, 232.
+
+     Holcroft, John, i. 293.
+
+     Holden University, Syracuse, N. Y., ii. 357.
+
+     Holkham Bay, Alaska, iii. 502.
+
+     Hollidaysburg, Pa., i. 309.
+
+     Holliman, Ezekiel, iii. 110.
+
+     Holmden farm, i. 337.
+
+     Holmes, Oliver Wendell, i. 92; ii. 131, 252; iii. 53, 59, 61, 62, 79.
+
+     Holston River, iii. 353.
+
+     Holy Trinity Church, Brooklyn, N. Y., ii. 75.
+
+     Holyoke, Mass., iii. 171.
+
+     Hollywood Cemetery, Richmond, Va., i. 115.
+
+     "Hollywood," Long Branch, N. J., i. 195.
+
+     _Home, Sweet Home_, i. 32, 169; ii. 79, 93.
+
+     Homestead Works, Pittsburg, Pa., i. 327.
+
+     Homosassa, Fla., i. 392.
+
+     Hone, Philip, i. 268.
+
+     Honesdale, Pa., i. 258, 268.
+
+     Hood, General John B., ii. 366; iii. 342.
+
+     Hook Mountain, N. Y., ii. 145.
+
+     Hooker, General Joseph, i. 105, 127; iii. 175.
+
+     Hooker, Thomas, iii. 161.
+
+     Hoosac Tunnel, ii. 244.
+
+     Hopkins, Dr. Samuel, ii. 259.
+
+     Hopkins, Johns, i. 91.
+
+     Hopkins, Monk, ii. 260.
+
+     Hopkins Memorial Manse, Great Barrington, Mass., ii. 260.
+
+     Hopkins-Searles, Mrs., ii. 259.
+
+     Horicon, ii. 277.
+
+     Hornellsville, N. Y., ii. 367.
+
+     Horseshoe Bend, Delaware River, i. 157.
+
+     "Horse Race," Long Island Sound, ii. 120.
+
+     "Horse-Shoe," Pa., i. 311.
+
+     Horse Tail Cataract, Cascade Mountains, iii. 484.
+
+     Horticultural Hall, Boston, Mass., iii. 40.
+
+     Horticultural Hall, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 179.
+
+     "Hospital of the Hôtel-Dieu de Ville Marie," Montreal, Canada,
+       ii. 433.
+
+     Hot Springs, Ark., iii. 405.
+
+     Hot Springs, N. C., iii. 360.
+
+     Hotel Champlain, Lake Champlain, N. Y., ii. 308.
+
+     Hotel de Ville, Montreal, Canada, ii. 440.
+
+     Hotel del Monte, Monterey, Cal., iii. 446.
+
+     Hôtel Dieu, Quebec, Canada, ii. 473, 475.
+
+     Hotel Royal Poinciana, Palm Beach, Fla., i. 379.
+
+     Houdon, Jean Antoine, i. 111.
+
+     Houghton, Mich., i. 459.
+
+     Housatonic Dam, Conn., ii. 265.
+
+     Housatonic River, ii. 102, 242, 254.
+
+     "House of Burgesses," i. 70.
+
+     "House of the Seven Gables," ii. 252.
+
+     Houston, Samuel, iii. 430.
+
+     Houston, Texas, iii. 430.
+
+     Howard, General Oliver O., iii. 246.
+
+     Howard University, i. 14.
+
+     Howe, Elias, ii. 77; iii. 170.
+
+     Howe, General William, i. 181; ii. 25, 286.
+
+     Howe Island, Canada, ii. 412.
+
+     Howe Sewing-Machine Works, Bridgeport, Conn., ii. 101.
+
+     Howe's Cave, N. Y., i. 298.
+
+     Hoyt, poet, iii. 378.
+
+     Hudson Bay Company, i. 480.
+
+     Hudson, Hendrick, i. 144; ii. 4, 136, 169, 199.
+
+     Hudson, N. Y., ii. 193.
+
+     Hudson River, ii. 7, 130, 235.
+
+     Hudson River Highlands, ii. 146.
+
+     Huguenots, i. 363, 369.
+
+     Hugh Miller Glacier, Alaska, iii. 505.
+
+     Hull, Canada, ii. 451.
+
+     Hull, Commodore Isaac, i. 180; ii. 265.
+
+     Hull, John, iii. 99.
+
+     Hull, Mass., iii. 28.
+
+     Humber River, ii. 406.
+
+     Humboldt River, iii. 477.
+
+     "Hundred Acre Tract," ii. 370.
+
+     "Hundred-harbored Maine," iii. 239.
+
+     "Hunter's Island," ii. 65.
+
+     Hunting Creek, Va., i. 42.
+
+     "Hunting Creek Estate," i. 42.
+
+     Huntingdon, N. Y., ii. 96.
+
+     Huntingdon, Pa., i. 305.
+
+     Huntington, Collis P., i. 428.
+
+     Huntington, W. Va., iii. 329.
+
+     Huron Indians, ii. 294, 505.
+
+     Huss, John, i. 226.
+
+     Hutchinson, Anne, ii. 66.
+
+     Hutchinson River, ii. 66.
+
+     Hyannis, Mass., iii. 20.
+
+     "Hymn of the Moravian Nuns," i. 231.
+
+
+     "Ice Age," i. 210, 242.
+
+     "Ice-shove," ii. 422.
+
+     Icy Bay, Alaska, iii. 507.
+
+     Idaho Springs, Col., iii. 464.
+
+     Illecillewaet River, iii. 493.
+
+     Illinois River, i. 430.
+
+     "Inauguration Ball," i. 23.
+
+     Inauguration, presidential, i. 15.
+
+     "Independence bell," i. 162.
+
+     Independence Hall, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 161.
+
+     Independence Square, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 161.
+
+     Indian corn, i. 68.
+
+     Indian Island, Me., iii. 265.
+
+     "Indian Killer," i. 256.
+
+     Indian Mound, Moundsville, W. Va., iii. 327.
+
+     "Indian Orchard," Pa., i. 267.
+
+     Indian Pass, N. Y., ii. 236, 321.
+
+     Indian River, i. 378.
+
+     Indian Training School, Carlisle, Pa., i. 291.
+
+     Indiana, Pa., i. 317.
+
+     Indianapolis, Ind., i. 408.
+
+     Indians, habits of, i. 68.
+
+     Industrial and Normal Institute for Colored Youth, Tuskegee,
+       Ala., iii. 370.
+
+     Ingersoll, Robert G., ii. 265.
+
+     Inglis, Dr., ii. 29.
+
+     "Inspiration community," ii. 352.
+
+     Inspiration Point, Cal., iii. 450.
+
+     Intervale, White Mountains, N. H., iii. 214.
+
+     Ipswich Bay, Mass., iii. 77.
+
+     Ipswich Female Seminary, Ipswich, Mass., iii. 78.
+
+     Ipswich River, iii. 77.
+
+     Iron manufactures, i. 232.
+
+     Iron Mountain, N. H., iii. 213.
+
+     Iron ore, i. 294, 461.
+
+     "Iroquois," horse, iii. 341.
+
+     Iroquois Indians, i. 81, 155, 221, 239; ii. 294, 337.
+
+     "Iroquois Sea," N. Y., ii. 296.
+
+     Irving Cliff, Pa., i. 268.
+
+     Irving, Washington, i. 50, 268; ii. 5, 40, 139, 141, 142, 148,
+       152, 188, 208; iii. 128.
+
+     Irvington, N. Y., ii. 138.
+
+     Island No. 10, Mississippi River, iii. 398.
+
+     "Island of Desert Mountains," iii. 269.
+
+     Island of the Seven Cities, iii. 4.
+
+     _Isle des Monts déserts_, iii. 269.
+
+     Isle au Haut, Me., iii. 267.
+
+     Isle aux Coudres, Canada, ii. 492.
+
+     Isle Madame, Canada, iii. 306.
+
+     Isle of Manisees, ii. 124.
+
+     Isle of Nassau, N. Y., ii. 91.
+
+     Isle of Orleans, Canada, ii. 465, 490.
+
+     "Isle of Peace," iii. 132.
+
+     Isle of Shoals, iii. 231.
+
+     "Isle the Little God," ii. 124.
+
+     Islesboro, Me., iii. 266.
+
+     Islip, N. Y., ii. 96.
+
+     "Israel of Jerusalem," iii. 208.
+
+     Itasca Lake, Minn., i. 475.
+
+     Itascan plateau, i. 474.
+
+     Ithaca, N. Y., ii. 359.
+
+     Ithaca Fall, N. Y., ii. 360.
+
+     Ivins Syndicate Building, New York City, ii. 34.
+
+
+     Jackass Hill, Cal., iii. 448.
+
+     Jack's Mountain, Pa., i. 304.
+
+     "Jack's Narrows," Pa., i. 304.
+
+     Jackson, Cal., iii. 448.
+
+     Jackson, Andrew, i. 51, 278, 358; ii. 391; iii. 104, 340, 368,
+       399, 416, 418.
+
+     Jackson, General Andrew, statue of, i. 22.
+
+     Jackson, General Thomas J. (Stonewall), i. 40, 103, 104, 105,
+       111, 118, 123.
+
+     Jackson, Helen Hunt, iii. 441, 465.
+
+     Jackson, Miss., iii. 374.
+
+     Jackson Square, New Orleans, La., iii. 418.
+
+     Jackson's, President, farewell reception, i. 19.
+
+     Jackson River, i. 54.
+
+     Jackson, White Mountains, N. H., iii. 213.
+
+     Jacksonville, Fla., i. 358.
+
+     "Jacob's Ladder," Mount Washington, N. H., iii. 204.
+
+     Jacques Cartier River, ii. 456.
+
+     Jaffrey, Vt., iii. 180.
+
+     Jahns, Joseph, i. 314.
+
+     Jamaica Plain, Mass., iii. 49.
+
+     Jamaica Pond, Mass., iii. 49.
+
+     James I., i. 4, 5, 82, 83.
+
+     James River, i. 7, 54, 56.
+
+     Jamestown, Va., i. 4, 5, 65, 69, 70.
+
+     "Jean Baptiste," Montreal, Canada, ii. 437.
+
+     Jefferson Barracks, St. Louis, Mo., iii. 397.
+
+     Jefferson City, Mo., iii. 392.
+
+     Jefferson River, iii. 480.
+
+     Jefferson Theological Seminary, Canonsburg, Pa., i. 333.
+
+     Jefferson, Thomas, i. 38, 55, 110, 111, 124, 304.
+
+     Jefferson, N. H., iii. 198.
+
+     Jeffersonville, Ind., iii. 335.
+
+     Jekyll Island, i. 368.
+
+     Jemseg River, iii. 288.
+
+     Jenny Lind, i. 278; ii. 25, 102.
+
+     Jenny Jump Mountain, N. J., i. 242.
+
+     Jericho, N. Y., ii. 93.
+
+     Jericho Run Canal, i. 78.
+
+     Jersey City, N. J., ii. 12.
+
+     Jerusalem, N. Y., ii. 96.
+
+     Jerusalem Road, Cohasset, Mass., iii. 28.
+
+     Jesuits' College, Quebec, Canada, ii. 461.
+
+     Jesuit Fathers, ii. 459.
+
+     Jogues, Father Isaac, ii. 233, 278.
+
+     "John Brown's Fort," i. 40.
+
+     "John Brown's Raid," i. 39.
+
+     "John Bull," locomotive, i. 29, 205.
+
+     Johnson, Andrew, iii. 353.
+
+     Johnson City, Tenn., iii. 353.
+
+     Johnson, Sir William, ii. 220, 228, 278, 281, 336.
+
+     Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Md., i. 91.
+
+     Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md., i. 91.
+
+     Johnston, General Albert Sidney, iii. 419.
+
+     Johnston, General Joseph E., i. 118.
+
+     Johnstone Strait, iii. 499.
+
+     Johnstown, N. Y., ii. 337.
+
+     Johnstown, Pa., i. 314.
+
+     Joliet, Louis, i. 427.
+
+     Jones, Colonel David, i. 89.
+
+     Jones, Peter, i. 64.
+
+     Jones, Sir William, i. 153.
+
+     Jones's Beach, N. Y., ii. 91.
+
+     Jones's Falls, Md., i. 89.
+
+     Jonestown, Md., i. 89.
+
+     Jordan Creek, Pa., i. 231.
+
+     Jordan River, iii. 474.
+
+     Jorisz, Captain, i. 147.
+
+     "Josh Billings," ii. 245.
+
+     Josselyn, John, iii. 207.
+
+     Juarez, Mexico, iii. 435.
+
+     Judd Hall, Middletown, Conn., iii. 159.
+
+     Judd, Orange, iii. 159.
+
+     Judge's Cave, New Haven, Conn., ii. 110.
+
+     Jumel, Madame, ii. 60.
+
+     Jumbo oil well, i. 333.
+
+     Juneau, Alaska, iii. 502.
+
+     Juneau Park, Milwaukee, Wis., i. 463.
+
+     Juneau, Solomon, i. 463.
+
+     Juniata River, i. 300.
+
+     Junto Club, i. 163.
+
+     Jupiter Inlet, Fla., i. 378.
+
+
+     Kaaterskill Clove, N. Y., ii. 190.
+
+     Kaaterskill Falls, N. Y., ii. 190.
+
+     Kaatskills, ii. 185.
+
+     Kahnata, ii. 346.
+
+     Kakabika Falls, Canada, i. 456.
+
+     Kalm, Peter, ii. 454.
+
+     Kaministiquia River, i. 455.
+
+     Kamloops, British Columbia, iii. 494.
+
+     Kamouraska, Canada, ii. 494.
+
+     Kanawha Canal, i. 114.
+
+     Kane, Elisha Kent, i. 179.
+
+     Kankakee River, i. 431.
+
+     Kansas City, Kan., iii. 391.
+
+     Kansas City, Mo., iii. 391.
+
+     Kansas River, iii. 386, 391.
+
+     Kansas State University, Lawrence, Kansas, iii. 386.
+
+     Kauy-a-hoo-ra, ii. 346.
+
+     Karns City, Pa., i. 336.
+
+     Kaw River, iii. 386.
+
+     Kayaderosseras Creek, N. Y., ii. 219.
+
+     Kayandorossa Cataract, ii. 233.
+
+     Kearney, General Philip, i. 103; ii. 20, 30.
+
+     Kearney Street, San Francisco, Cal., iii. 519.
+
+     "Kearsarge," the, iii. 228.
+
+     "Kebic," ii. 457.
+
+     Keene, Sir Benjamin, iii. 179.
+
+     Keene, Vt., iii. 179.
+
+     Keene Valley, N. Y., ii. 305.
+
+     Keeseville, N. Y., ii. 306.
+
+     Keewatin, Canada, i. 479.
+
+     Kellogg Terrace, Great Barrington, Mass., ii. 259.
+
+     Kelly's Island, Lake Erie, i. 423.
+
+     "Kelpians," i. 184.
+
+     Kelpius, Johannes, i. 182.
+
+     Kemble, Fanny, ii. 243, 250.
+
+     Kendall, Amos, iii. 181.
+
+     Kennebec River, iii. 247.
+
+     Kennebunk River, iii. 241.
+
+     Kennebunkport, Me., iii. 241.
+
+     Kent, Duke of, iii. 298.
+
+     Kent Island, Md., i. 83.
+
+     Kent, James, ii. 107.
+
+     "Kent," the, i. 200.
+
+     _Kentake_, iii. 334.
+
+     "Kentucky Horse-breeders' Association," iii. 330.
+
+     Kentucky River, iii. 334.
+
+     Kentucky whiskies, iii. 336.
+
+     Keokuk, Iowa, iii. 394.
+
+     Keokuk, Indian chief, iii. 394.
+
+     "Keokuk," the, i. 352.
+
+     "Kettle," Pa., i. 311.
+
+     Keuka Lake, N. Y., ii. 354.
+
+     Keweenaw Peninsula, i. 458.
+
+     Keweenaw Point, Michigan, i. 454.
+
+     Key, Francis Scott, i. 40, 92, 94; iii. 520.
+
+     Key of the Bastille, i. 46.
+
+     "Key to New France," iii. 310.
+
+     Key West, Fla., i. 396.
+
+     Keystone Bridge Works, Pittsburg, Pa., i. 327.
+
+     "Keystone State," tree, iii. 449.
+
+     "Kickenapawling's Old Town," i. 314.
+
+     Kicking Horse Pass, Canada, iii. 489.
+
+     Kicking Horse River, iii. 492.
+
+     Kidd, Captain William, ii. 113, 121; iii. 235.
+
+     Kieft, Governor, ii. 72.
+
+     Kill von Kull, ii. 11.
+
+     Killington Peak, Vt., ii. 300.
+
+     Kinderhook, N. J., ii. 197.
+
+     "Kingdom of Fish," iii. 317.
+
+     "King of the Rolling Land," ii. 21.
+
+     King Philip, Indian chief, iii. 101, 123, 125, 165, 167.
+
+     "King Philip's Seat," iii. 123.
+
+     "King Philip's Throne," iii. 124.
+
+     King, Thomas Starr, iii. 193, 205, 219.
+
+     "King's Farm," New York City, ii. 28.
+
+     King's Mountain, S. C., iii. 361.
+
+     King's Ranch, Texas, iii. 434.
+
+     "Kingsland," ii. 336.
+
+     Kingston, Canada, ii. 405, 409.
+
+     Kingston, N. Y., ii. 178.
+
+     Kiowee River, iii. 364.
+
+     Kipling, Rudyard, iii. 179.
+
+     Kishicoquillas Valley, Pa., i. 303.
+
+     Kiskiminetas River, i. 317.
+
+     Kissimmee City, Fla., i. 387.
+
+     Kissimmee River, i. 387.
+
+     Kittanning, Pa., i. 336.
+
+     "Kittanning Path," i. 312.
+
+     Kittanning Point, Pa., i. 311.
+
+     Kittatinny Mountains, Pa., i. 247, 254.
+
+     Kittery Navy Yard, Me., iii. 228.
+
+     Knapp, Ural, ii. 170.
+
+     Kneiss, Nelson, iii. 392.
+
+     "Knickerbockers," ii. 7.
+
+     "Knights of St. Crispin," iii. 70.
+
+     Knox, General Henry, ii. 160; iii. 266, 352.
+
+     Knoxville, Tenn., iii. 352.
+
+     Kosciusko, General Thaddeus, ii. 155, 157.
+
+     Kosciusko's Garden, West Point, N. Y., ii. 162.
+
+     Kroon, Nicholas, ii. 199.
+
+     Krueger's Island, N. Y., ii. 181.
+
+     Kahnahweyokah, iii. 382.
+
+     _Kuro Siwo_, iii. 502.
+
+
+     "L'Africaine," iii. 303.
+
+     _La Belle Riviere_, iii. 323.
+
+     "La Bonne Sainte Anne de Beaupré," ii. 485.
+
+     Lachine, Canada, ii. 442.
+
+     Lachine Canal, Canada, ii. 420.
+
+     Lachine Rapids, Canada, ii. 420.
+
+     Lackawannock Gap, Pa., i. 236, 241.
+
+     Lackawaxen, Pa., battle of, i. 261.
+
+     Lackawaxen River, i. 261, 265.
+
+     Laclede, Pierre Ligueste, iii. 394.
+
+     La Crosse, Wisconsin, i. 467.
+
+     Lafayette College, Easton, Pa., i. 224.
+
+     Lafayette, General, i. 45, 47, 111, 278; ii. 41, 158, 303; iii. 57.
+
+     Lafayette Park, St. Louis, Mo., iii. 396.
+
+     Lafayette Place, New York City, ii. 38.
+
+     Lafayette Square, New Orleans, La., iii. 418.
+
+     Lafayette Square, Washington, D. C., i. 22.
+
+     Laggan Mountain, Canada, iii. 491.
+
+     La Grande Mere, Canada, ii. 456.
+
+     Laguna, iii. 460.
+
+     La Junta, Colorado, iii. 458.
+
+     La Jonquiere, iii. 314.
+
+     Lake Agassiz, Minn., i. 476.
+
+     Lake Agnes, Canada, iii. 491.
+
+     Lake Apopka, Florida, i. 382.
+
+     Lake Bonneville, Utah, iii. 474.
+
+     Lake Champlain, N. Y., ii. 275, 292, 402.
+
+     Lake Dora, Florida, i. 382.
+
+     Lake Drummond, Va., i. 78.
+
+     Lake Erie, i. 413; ii. 402.
+
+     Lake Eustis, Florida, i. 382.
+
+     Lake George, Florida, i. 386.
+
+     Lake George, N. Y., ii. 276.
+
+     Lake Giles, Pa., i. 266.
+
+     Lake Gogebic, Mich., i. 459.
+
+     Lake Griffin, Florida, i. 382.
+
+     Lake Harris, Florida, i. 382.
+
+     Lake Helen, Florida, i. 378.
+
+     Lake Hopatcong, N. J., i. 225.
+
+     Lake Huron, i. 449; ii. 402.
+
+     Lake Jackson, Florida, i. 368.
+
+     Lake Kenoza, Mass., iii. 81.
+
+     Lake Macopin, N. J., ii. 134.
+
+     Lake Mahkeenac, Mass., ii. 252.
+
+     Lake Manitoba, Canada, i. 478.
+
+     Lake McDonald, Texas, iii. 431.
+
+     Lake Memphremagog, Canada, ii. 455; iii. 183.
+
+     Lake Mendota, Wis., i. 464.
+
+     Lake Miccosukie, Florida, i. 390.
+
+     Lake Michigan, i. 430; ii. 402.
+
+     Lake Minnetonka, Minn., i. 472.
+
+     Lake Minnewaska, N. Y., ii. 176.
+
+     Lake Mohawk, N. Y., ii. 176.
+
+     Lake Monona, Wis., i. 464.
+
+     Lake Monroe, Florida, i. 386.
+
+     Lake Nepigon, i. 455; ii. 402.
+
+     Lake Nipissing, Canada, ii. 442.
+
+     Lakes of the Clouds, Canada, iii. 491.
+
+     "Lake of the Thousand Islands," ii. 410.
+
+     "Lake of the Two Mountains," ii. 442, 445.
+
+     Lake of the Woods, i. 478.
+
+     Lake Okeechobee, Florida, i. 366, 387.
+
+     Lake Ontario, ii. 351, 405.
+
+     Lake Park, Chicago, Ill., i. 434.
+
+     Lake Pepin, Minn., i. 467.
+
+     Lake Placid, N. Y., ii. 274, 318, 320.
+
+     Lake Pontchartrain, La., iii. 419.
+
+     Lake Potoubouque, N. Y., ii. 296.
+
+     Lake Quinsigamond, R. I., iii. 118.
+
+     "Lake Ridge," N. Y., ii. 351.
+
+     Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Ill., i. 434.
+
+     Lake Sodom, N. Y., ii. 352.
+
+     Lake St. Clair, i. 448.
+
+     Lake St. Francis, Canada, ii. 418.
+
+     Lake St. John, Canada, ii. 496, 506.
+
+     Lake St. Louis, Canada, ii. 419.
+
+     Lake St. Peter, Canada, ii. 455.
+
+     Lake Sterling, N. Y., ii. 134.
+
+     Lake Sunapee, Vt., iii. 180.
+
+     Lake Superior, i. 453; ii. 402.
+
+     Lake Tahoe, Nevada, iii. 478.
+
+     Lake Temiscamingue, Canada, ii. 444.
+
+     Lake Tohopekaliga, Florida, i. 387.
+
+     Lake Traverse, Minn., i. 476.
+
+     Lake Utsyanthia, N. Y., i. 272.
+
+     Lake View Cemetery, Cleveland, O., i. 420.
+
+     Lake Wawayanda, N. Y., ii. 134.
+
+     Lake Winnipeg, British North America, i. 476.
+
+     Lake Winnepesaukee, N. H., iii. 216.
+
+     Lake Worth, Florida, i. 379.
+
+     Lake Yale, Florida, i. 382.
+
+     Lalemont, Gabriel, ii. 476.
+
+     Lancaster, N. H., iii. 199.
+
+     Lancaster, Pa., i. 282.
+
+     Land, early value of in Virginia, i. 72.
+
+     "Land of Steady Habits," ii. 97.
+
+     "Land of the Codfish," iii. 5.
+
+     "Landing of the Loyalists," iii. 282.
+
+     "Land of the Sky," iii. 354.
+
+     Land's End, Mass., iii. 92.
+
+     Lanesville, Mass., iii. 93.
+
+     L'Ange Gardien, Canada, ii. 485.
+
+     Langley, Samuel P., i. 27.
+
+     Lanier Hill, Mass., ii. 253.
+
+     Lankenau, John D., i. 168.
+
+     Lansingburgh, N. Y., ii. 214.
+
+     _La Parra Grande_, iii. 445.
+
+     Lappawinzoe, i. 219.
+
+     Lama Passage, iii. 499.
+
+     Lamb, General John, ii. 160.
+
+     Lamon, Ward H., i. 289.
+
+     La Mothe Cadillac, Sieur de, i. 450.
+
+     Laramie City, Wyoming, iii. 470.
+
+     Laramie Plains, Wyoming, iii. 470.
+
+     Larcom, Lucy, iii. 71.
+
+     La Salle, René Robert Cavelier de, i. 404, 410, 411, 447;
+       ii. 375, 410, 459; iii. 409, 414, 428.
+
+     "Last Chance Gulch," Helena, Montana, iii. 480.
+
+     _Last of the Mohicans_, ii. 198, 234.
+
+     "Last of the Wampanoags," iii. 124.
+
+     Las Vegas Hot Springs, New Mexico, iii. 459.
+
+     Lathrop, Captain, iii. 177.
+
+     "Latimer slave case," ii. 246.
+
+     La Tourelle Cataract, Cascade Mountains, iii. 484.
+
+     Laurel Hill Cemetery, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 179.
+
+     Laurel Hill Cemetery, San Francisco, Cal., iii. 520.
+
+     Laurel Hill, Mass., ii. 253.
+
+     Laurel Mountain, Pa., i. 316.
+
+     Laurentian Mountains, Canada, ii. 496.
+
+     Laval University, Quebec, Canada, ii. 473.
+
+     Lawrence, Abbott, iii. 80.
+
+     Lawrence, Captain James, ii. 30.
+
+     Lawrence, Kan., iii. 386.
+
+     Lawrence, Mass., iii. 80.
+
+     Leadville, Col., iii. 468.
+
+     League Island, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 177.
+
+     League of the Six Nations, ii. 337.
+
+     "Leap of St. Mary," i. 453.
+
+     Lear, Tobias, i. 11.
+
+     "Learned Blacksmith," iii. 166.
+
+     "Leatherstocking," i. 296.
+
+     "Leather Stocking Tales," ii. 187.
+
+     Leavenworth, Kan., iii. 386.
+
+     Lebanon Springs, N. Y., ii. 195.
+
+     Le Bar, Abraham, i. 251.
+
+     Le Bar, Charles, i. 251.
+
+     Le Bar, George, i. 251.
+
+     Le Bar, Peter, i. 251.
+
+     "Le Beau Port," iii. 87.
+
+     Le Bon Homme, ii. 456.
+
+     "Lechau-hanne," i. 263.
+
+     "Lechau-weksink," i. 263.
+
+     Lechwiechink, i. 223.
+
+     Lee, Ann, ii. 196.
+
+     Lee, General Fitz Hugh, i. 113.
+
+     Lee, General Charles, ii. 22.
+
+     Lee, General Henry, i. 293, 371; ii. 13, 254.
+
+     Lee, General Robert E., i. 13, 42, 56, 101, 102, 109, 112, 120, 127.
+
+     Lee, Mass., ii. 253.
+
+     Lee, Richard, i. 72.
+
+     Leeds, Me., iii. 246.
+
+     Leesburg, Va., i. 124.
+
+     "Legend of the Sleepy Hollow," ii. 143.
+
+     "Le Gros Bourdon," Montreal, Canada, ii. 436.
+
+     "Lehigh Gap," Pa., i. 231.
+
+     Lehigh River, i. 223, 231, 235.
+
+     Lehigh University, South Bethlehem, Pa., i. 226.
+
+     Le Jeune, Father, ii. 459, 462.
+
+     Leland Stanford, Jr., University, Menlo Park, Cal., iii. 515.
+
+     L'Enfant, Major, i. 10.
+
+     Lenni Lenape Indians, i. 154, 217; ii. 41.
+
+     Lennox Passage, Cape Breton Island, Canada, iii. 306.
+
+     Lenox Library, New York City, ii. 55.
+
+     Lenox, Mass, ii. 248.
+
+     Lenox, James, ii. 55.
+
+     "Leon Couchant," Vt., ii. 301.
+
+     Leonardstown, Md., i. 86.
+
+     "Les Milles Isles," ii. 411.
+
+     Le Tableau, ii. 499.
+
+     Leutze, Emmanuel, iii. 133.
+
+     "Levant," the, i. 203; iii. 73.
+
+     Lewis, Andrew, i. 111.
+
+     Lewis, Captain Meriwether, iii. 383.
+
+     Lewis, Prof. H. Carvill, i. 244.
+
+     Lewiston, Me., iii. 246.
+
+     Lewiston, N. Y., ii. 384.
+
+     Lewiston Falls, Me., iii. 246.
+
+     Lewistown, Pa., i. 303.
+
+     "Lewistown or Long Narrows," Pa., i. 303.
+
+     Lexington, Ky., iii. 330.
+
+     Lexington, Mass., iii. 65.
+
+     Libby Hill, Richmond, Va., i. 113.
+
+     Libby, Luther, i. 113.
+
+     Libby Prison, i. 114.
+
+     "Liberty Bell," i. 162, 232.
+
+     Liberty Island, N. Y., ii. 10.
+
+     Liberty Statue, Bedloe's Island, N. Y., ii. 10.
+
+     Library Executive Mansion, Washington, D. C., i. 21.
+
+     Lick, James, iii. 446.
+
+     Lick Observatory, Cal., iii. 446.
+
+     Licking River, iii. 330.
+
+     "Light Horse Harry," (General Henry Lee), i. 371; ii. 254.
+
+     Lighthouse Island, Boston Harbor, Mass., iii. 32.
+
+     Ligonier Valley, Pa., i. 317.
+
+     "Lily Bowl," Mass., ii. 248.
+
+     "Limestone City," ii. 409.
+
+     Lincoln, Abraham, i. 136, 178, 411, 440; ii. 41. 79.
+
+     Lincoln, General Benjamin, iii. 266.
+
+     Lincoln's midnight ride, i. 288.
+
+     Lindenhurst, N. Y., ii. 91.
+
+     Linden, sculptor, iii. 520.
+
+     Lindenwold estate, ii. 197.
+
+     Lion Geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 500.
+
+     Lioness Geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 500.
+
+     Litchfield, Conn., ii. 263.
+
+     Little Bras d'Or, Cape Breton Island, Canada, iii. 307.
+
+     Little Brewster Island, Boston Harbor, Mass., iii. 32.
+
+     "Little Brother," Niagara Falls, ii. 391.
+
+     Little Bushkill Creek, Pa., i. 253.
+
+     Little Bushkill Falls, Pa., i. 254.
+
+     "Little Church Around the Corner," New York City, ii. 46.
+
+     Little Discharge, Canada, ii. 498.
+
+     Little Esquimau River, ii. 503.
+
+     Little Falls, N. Y., ii. 341.
+
+     Little Juniata River, i. 307.
+
+     Little Kanawha River, iii. 328.
+
+     Little Neck Bay, N. Y., ii. 94.
+
+     Little Rock, Ark., iii. 405.
+
+     Little Round Top, Gettysburg, Pa., i. 129.
+
+     Little Schuylkill River, i. 189.
+
+     _Little Women_, iii. 69.
+
+     "Little Water Gap," Pa., i. 242.
+
+     Littleton, N. H., iii. 189.
+
+     Livermore Falls, Me., iii. 245.
+
+     Liverpool, Canada, iii. 300.
+
+     Livingston, Montana, i. 483; iii. 479.
+
+     Livingston, Philip, ii. 208.
+
+     Livingston, Robert R., ii. 182.
+
+     Lloyd's Neck, Long Island, N. Y., ii. 95.
+
+     Lochiel estate, i. 285.
+
+     Lockport, N. Y., ii. 372.
+
+     Locust Grove, ii. 173.
+
+     Locust Point, Md., i. 93.
+
+     "Log College," i. 197.
+
+     "Log Jams," i. 385.
+
+     "Log of the Mayflower," iii. 39.
+
+     Logan, General John A., i. 30, 31, 434.
+
+     Logan, Indian chief, i. 304.
+
+     Logan Square, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 160.
+
+     Loggerhead Key, Florida, i. 397.
+
+     _London Times_, i. 10.
+
+     Lone Mountain Cemetery, San Francisco, Cal., iii. 520.
+
+     "Lone Star State," iii. 411, 428.
+
+     Long Beach, N. Y., ii. 85.
+
+     Long Branch, N. J., i. 194.
+
+     "Long Bridge," i. 101.
+
+     Longfellow, Henry W., i. 140, 172, 230, 472; ii. 143, 247;
+       iii. 18, 51, 59, 61, 64, 71, 90, 122, 138, 168, 229, 243,
+       244, 247, 254, 262, 291, 377.
+
+     Longstreet, General James, i. 131.
+
+     Long Island, Boston Harbor, Mass., iii. 32.
+
+     Long Lake, Me., iii. 245.
+
+     Long Lake, N. Y., ii. 235.
+
+     "Long Leap," St. Lawrence River, ii. 417.
+
+     Long's Peak, Col., iii. 464.
+
+     Long Pond Mountain, N. Y., ii. 316.
+
+     "Long Sault," St. Lawrence River, ii. 417.
+
+     "Long tidal river," iii. 158.
+
+     Lonsdale, R. I., iii. 117.
+
+     _Looking Backward_, iii. 171.
+
+     Lookout Hill, Brooklyn, N. Y., ii. 79.
+
+     Los Angeles, Cal., iii. 444.
+
+     Los Angeles River, iii. 444.
+
+     Losantiville, iii. 331.
+
+     Loskiel the Moravian, i. 307.
+
+     Lossing, Benson J., ii. 395.
+
+     Lorette, Canada, ii. 505.
+
+     Loretto, Pa., i. 312.
+
+     Lorne, Marquis of, iii. 291.
+
+     Loudon Heights, i. 38.
+
+     Louis XIV., iii. 414.
+
+     Louis XV., iii. 395.
+
+     Louis XVI., i. 91; iii. 336.
+
+     Louisbourg, Cape Breton Island, Canada, iii. 310.
+
+     Louise Lake, Canada, iii. 491.
+
+     "Louisiana Fur Company," iii. 395.
+
+     Louisiana State University, iii. 414.
+
+     Louisville, Ky., iii. 335.
+
+     "Lovers' Walk," Lynn, Mass., iii. 70.
+
+     Low, Captain, pirate, iii. 236.
+
+     Lowe Observatory, Cal., iii. 445.
+
+     Lowell, James Russell, iii. 59, 61, 62, 64, 240.
+
+     Lowell, Mass., iii. 80.
+
+     Lowell Observatory, Flagstaff Station, Arizona, iii. 460.
+
+     "Lowell of the South," iii. 364.
+
+     Lower Ausable Lake, N. Y., ii. 314.
+
+     Lower Bartlett, White Mountains, N. H., iii. 214.
+
+     Lower Brandon, Va., i. 63.
+
+     Lower Geyser Basin, Yellowstone Park, i. 495.
+
+     Lower Gunnison Canyon, Col., iii. 469.
+
+     Lower Saranac Lake, N. Y., ii. 322.
+
+     Low's Ferry, Ky., iii. 353.
+
+     Loyalhanna Creek, Pa., i. 317.
+
+     Lubec, Me., iii. 274.
+
+     Lumber industry, i. 447, 471.
+
+     Luna Island, Niagara Falls, ii. 390.
+
+     Lunenburg, Canada, iii. 300.
+
+     Luther, Martin, statue of, i. 30.
+
+     Lydius, Balthazar, ii. 209.
+
+     "Lydius House," Albany, N. Y., ii. 208.
+
+     Lydius, Rev. John, ii. 208, 227.
+
+     Lynchburg, Va., i. 56.
+
+     Lynn Canal, Alaska, iii. 505.
+
+     Lyon, Mary, iii. 177.
+
+     Lyon Mountain, N. Y., ii. 310.
+
+     Lynn, Mass., iii. 70.
+
+
+     Machigonne, iii. 243.
+
+     Mackinac Island, Mich., i. 453.
+
+     Macomb, General Alexander, ii. 309.
+
+     Macon, Ga., iii. 369.
+
+     Macie, Louis, i. 25.
+
+     Macready, William C., ii. 38.
+
+     "Macready riots," ii. 38.
+
+     Macungie, Pa., i. 232.
+
+     Macy, Thomas, iii. 150.
+
+     Mad River, New Hampshire, iii. 195.
+
+     Mad River, Ohio, iii. 233.
+
+     Madison, Indiana, iii. 335.
+
+     Madison, James, i. 41.
+
+     Madison, Wis., i. 464.
+
+     Madison Square, New York City, ii. 42.
+
+     Madison Square Garden, New York City, ii. 43.
+
+     Madockawando, Indian chief, iii. 256, 262.
+
+     Magdalen Islands, Canada, iii. 317.
+
+     Maiden Rock, Minn., i. 467.
+
+     Magnolia Avenue, Riverside, Cal., iii. 440.
+
+     Magnolia, Fla., i. 381.
+
+     Magnolia, Mass., iii. 77.
+
+     Magnolia Point, Mass., iii. 89.
+
+     Magog River, iii. 184.
+
+     Maguire, Michael, i. 312.
+
+     Mahak-Neminea, Indian chief, ii. 188.
+
+     Mahone Bay, Canada, iii. 300.
+
+     Mahoning River, i. 402.
+
+     Main Street, Buffalo, N. Y., ii. 378.
+
+     Maison Carrée, i. 110.
+
+     Maisonneuve, Sieur de, ii. 427.
+
+     Maize, i. 68.
+
+     Malaga Island, Isles of Shoals, iii. 231.
+
+     Malaspina Glacier, Alaska, iii. 507.
+
+     Malbone, Edward Greene, iii. 111.
+
+     Malbaie, Canada, ii. 493.
+
+     Mall, Central Park, New York City, ii. 56.
+
+     Mall, the, Washington, D. C., i. 13.
+
+     Malte-Brun, iii. 481.
+
+     Malvern Hill, Va., i. 61, 119.
+
+     "Mammies," i. 80.
+
+     Mammoth Cave, Ky., iii. 238.
+
+     Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone Park, i. 486.
+
+     Mamaroneck, ii. 96.
+
+     Manahatouh, i. 156.
+
+     Manassas, Va., i. 102, 124.
+
+     Manatoana, ii. 412.
+
+     Manayunk, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 178.
+
+     Mance, Mademoiselle Jeanne, ii. 428.
+
+     Manchester, Mass., iii. 77.
+
+     Manchester, N. H., iii. 79.
+
+     Mandarin, Fla., i. 381.
+
+     Manhasset Indians, ii. 119.
+
+     Manhattan Beach, Coney Island, N. Y., ii. 82.
+
+     Manhattan Life Building, New York City, ii. 31.
+
+     Manhattan Trust Building, New York City, ii. 31.
+
+     Manhattan, origin of name, ii. 5.
+
+     Manitou, Col., iii. 466.
+
+     "Man-of-War rift," i. 222.
+
+     Mann, Horace, iii. 38.
+
+     "Manor of Pennsbury," i. 203.
+
+     Mansfield Mountain, Vt., ii. 300.
+
+     Manshope, Indian giant, iii. 149.
+
+     Manunka Chunk Mountain, N. J., i. 247.
+
+     Manville, R. I., iii. 117.
+
+     "Many-spired Gloucester," iii. 88.
+
+     Maple sugar, ii. 302.
+
+     Marble Canyon, Arizona, iii. 437.
+
+     Marble Hall, Capitol, Washington, D. C., i. 17.
+
+     Marblehead, Mass., iii. 72.
+
+     Marblehead Neck, Mass., iii. 72.
+
+     Marble quarries, ii. 254, 300.
+
+     Marcellus shales, i. 255, 257.
+
+     "Marching through Georgia," iii. 367.
+
+     "March to the Sea," iii. 367.
+
+     Mare Island, Cal., iii. 514.
+
+     Marietta, O., iii. 327.
+
+     Mariposa Grove, Cal., iii. 449.
+
+     Market, Norfolk, Va., i. 80.
+
+     Market Street, Newark, N. J., ii. 19.
+
+     Market Street, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 158.
+
+     Market Street, San Francisco, Cal., iii. 519.
+
+     Markham, Captain William, i. 154, 183.
+
+     _Mark Twain_, iii. 393.
+
+     Marlborough, Dowager Duchess of, ii. 37.
+
+     Marquette, Father Jacques, i. 410, 427, 458.
+
+     Marquette, Michigan, i. 458.
+
+     Marsh, George P., iii. 181.
+
+     Marshall, Edward, i. 216.
+
+     Marshall, Chief Justice John, i. 56, 111.
+
+     Marshall Pass, Col., iii. 469.
+
+     Marshall's Creek, Pa., i. 252.
+
+     Marshall's Falls, Pa., i. 253.
+
+     "Marshall's walk," i. 216.
+
+     Marshfield, Mass., iii. 26.
+
+     Marshpee, Mass., iii. 20.
+
+     Martha's Vineyard, Mass., iii. 142, 146.
+
+     "Martha's Vineyard Camp Meeting Association," iii. 148.
+
+     Martin, Abraham, ii. 471.
+
+     Martin Luther Orphan Home, West Roxbury, Mass., iii. 49.
+
+     "Martyrs' Monument," New York City, ii. 29.
+
+     "Mary and John," the, iii. 255.
+
+     Mary J. Drexel Home, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 168.
+
+     Marye's Heights, Va., i. 50.
+
+     Maryland Heights, W. Va., i. 38.
+
+     _Maryland, My Maryland_, i. 92.
+
+     Maryland, Palatinate of, i. 85.
+
+     "Mary, the Mother of Washington," i. 51.
+
+     "Mary's Land," i. 84.
+
+     Marysville, Cal., iii. 513.
+
+     Mason, Captain John, iii. 228.
+
+     Mason, Charles, i. 149.
+
+     Mason, Colonel John, ii. 116.
+
+     Mason, George, i. 111.
+
+     "Mason and Dixon's Line," i. 148.
+
+     Masonic Temple, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 160.
+
+     Massachusetts Hall, Cambridge, Mass., iii. 62.
+
+     Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Mass., iii. 48.
+
+     _Massachusetts Spy_, iii. 117.
+
+     Massapequa, N. Y., ii. 91.
+
+     Massasoit, Indian chief, iii. 16.
+
+     Massillon, Jean Baptiste, i. 402.
+
+     Massillon, Ohio, i. 402.
+
+     Mast Hope, Pa., i. 270.
+
+     Mastodon, ii. 172, 330.
+
+     Matanzas River, i. 372.
+
+     Mather, Cotton, ii. 103, 117; iii. 17, 19, 45, 76, 103, 121,
+       162, 236, 279.
+
+     Mather, Increase, iii. 45.
+
+     Mather, Samuel, iii. 45.
+
+     Matinecock Indians, ii. 95.
+
+     Mattaneag, Conn., iii. 166.
+
+     Mattapony, King of, i. 72.
+
+     Mattapony River, i. 51.
+
+     Mattawamkeag River, iii. 268.
+
+     Matteawan, ii. 169.
+
+     "Matthew," iii. 4.
+
+     Mauch Chunk, Pa., i. 233.
+
+     Maugerville, Canada, iii. 288.
+
+     Maughwauwama, i. 237.
+
+     Maumee River, i. 406, 423.
+
+     Maurice River Cove, N. J., i. 147.
+
+     Maury, Commodore Matthew F., i. 116.
+
+     Mauvillian Indians, iii. 375.
+
+     Mavilla, iii. 375.
+
+     "Mayflower," the, i. 47; iii. 7, 23.
+
+     "Mayflower Compact," iii. 7.
+
+     Mayhew, Thomas, iii. 147.
+
+     Maysville, Ky., iii. 329.
+
+     Mazama Club, iii. 512.
+
+     Mazeen, Indian chief, iii. 104.
+
+     McClellan, General George B., i. 52, 54, 61, 103, 117.
+
+     McClellan's siege of Richmond, i. 117.
+
+     McCormick Harvesting Machine Company, Chicago, Ill., i. 436.
+
+     McCrea, Jenny, ii. 229.
+
+     McDonough, Commodore Thomas, ii. 295, 309.
+
+     McDonough, John, iii. 418.
+
+     McDowell, General Irwin, i. 102.
+
+     McGill, James, ii. 435.
+
+     McGill University, Montreal, Canada, ii. 435.
+
+     McGinnis, Lieutenant, ii. 232.
+
+     McGraw College, Ithaca, N. Y., ii. 362.
+
+     McGraw, John, ii. 362.
+
+     McHenry, James, i. 94.
+
+     McKay Mountain, Michigan, i. 455.
+
+     McKeesport, Pa., i. 330.
+
+     McKinley, William, i. 402.
+
+     McMaster Hall, Toronto, Canada, ii. 408.
+
+     Mead, Larkin G., ii. 304; iii. 178.
+
+     Meade, General George G., i. 106, 128, 179.
+
+     Medicine Hat, Canada, iii. 486.
+
+     Medina, N. Y., ii. 372.
+
+     "Mediterranean of America," ii. 90.
+
+     Meduxnekeag River, iii. 287.
+
+     Melville, Herman, ii. 248.
+
+     Memorial Arch, Prospect Park, Brooklyn, N. Y., ii. 79.
+
+     Memorial Art Gallery, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 179.
+
+     Memorial Hall, Boston, Mass., iii. 38.
+
+     Memorial Hall, Cambridge, Mass., iii. 62.
+
+     Memorial Hall, Lexington, Mass., iii. 65.
+
+     Memorial Hall, Middletown, Conn., iii. 159.
+
+     Memphis, Tenn., iii. 399.
+
+     Menlo Park, Cal., iii. 515.
+
+     Menlo Park, N. J., ii. 20.
+
+     "Men of the Mountain," ii. 357.
+
+     Mentor, Ohio, i. 415.
+
+     Mercantile Library, New York City, ii. 38.
+
+     Merced River, iii. 450.
+
+     Mercer, General Hugh, i. 180, 214.
+
+     Merchant's Bridge, St. Louis, Mo., iii. 397.
+
+     "Merchant's Gate," Central Park, New York City, ii. 27.
+
+     Meriden Britannia Company, Meriden, Conn., iii. 160.
+
+     Meriden, Conn., iii. 160.
+
+     Meridian, Miss., iii. 373.
+
+     Merrimack River, iii. 78.
+
+     "Merrimac," the, i. 75.
+
+     Merry Meeting Bay, Me., iii. 246, 247.
+
+     Mesa Encantada, iii. 460.
+
+     Metacomet, Indian chief, iii. 124.
+
+     Metairie Cemetery, New Orleans, La., iii. 419.
+
+     Metapedia River, ii. 503.
+
+     "Methodist Book Concern," New York City, ii. 45.
+
+     Metis, Canada, ii. 490, 509.
+
+     Metis, half-breeds, ii. 448.
+
+     Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City, ii. 55.
+
+     Metropolitan Opera House, New York City, ii. 43.
+
+     Metuchen, N. J., ii. 21.
+
+     Metuching, Indian chief, ii. 21.
+
+     Mey, Carolis Jacobsen, i. 144, 147.
+
+     Miami, Fla., i. 380.
+
+     Miami Indians, i. 406.
+
+     Miami River, i. 380.
+
+     Miantonomoh, Indian chief, ii. 116; iii. 101.
+
+     Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Ill., i. 434.
+
+     "Michigan," the, ii. 391.
+
+     Micmac Indians, ii. 504, 509; iii. 286, 294, 306.
+
+     Middle Park, Col., iii. 464.
+
+     Middletown, Conn., iii. 159.
+
+     Middle Geyser Basin, Yellowstone Park, i. 496.
+
+     Mifflin, Pa., i. 303.
+
+     Mignon, Indian name for William Penn, i. 155.
+
+     Milford, Conn., ii. 103.
+
+     Milford, Pa., i. 255.
+
+     Milk Island, Mass., iii. 92.
+
+     Millbank Sound, iii. 499.
+
+     Milldam Fall, N. Y., ii. 349.
+
+     Mill River, ii. 111.
+
+     Mills Building, New York City, ii. 31.
+
+     Mills, Clark, i. 23.
+
+     Milmore, Martin, iii. 36.
+
+     Milwaukee, Wis., i. 462.
+
+     Minas Basin, Canada, iii. 277.
+
+     Mine Hill, Pa., i. 281.
+
+     Mineral Palace, Pueblo, Col., iii. 467.
+
+     Mine Run, Va., battle of, i. 106.
+
+     Mingan River, ii. 511.
+
+     Mingo Indians, i. 304.
+
+     "Minisink," i. 246.
+
+     Minisink, Pa., battle of, i. 261.
+
+     Minisink River, i. 249.
+
+     _Minister's Wooing_, ii. 259.
+
+     Minneapolis, Minn., i. 470.
+
+     Minnehaha Falls, Minn., i. 472.
+
+     Minnehaha River, i. 472.
+
+     _Minni-shosha_, iii. 382.
+
+     Minnesota River, i. 476.
+
+     Minot's Ledge, Mass., iii. 28.
+
+     Minsi, i. 157.
+
+     Minsis Indians, i. 249; ii. 169, 172.
+
+     Minuit, Peter, i. 149; ii. 7, 52.
+
+     "Minute Man," geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 493.
+
+     "Minute Man of 1775," iii. 65.
+
+     Mirror Lake, Canada, iii. 491.
+
+     Mirror Lake, N. Y., ii. 318, 321.
+
+     Mirror Lake, Yosemite Valley, Cal., iii. 454.
+
+     "Misconsin," i. 462.
+
+     _Misi Sepe_, iii. 382.
+
+     Mishekonequah, Indian chief, i. 407.
+
+     Mission of San Carlo de Monterey, Cal., iii. 445.
+
+     Mission Peak, San Francisco, Cal., iii. 517.
+
+     Mississippi River, i. 362, 465, 475.
+
+     Missoula River, iii. 480.
+
+     Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Mo., iii. 396.
+
+     Missouri River, iii. 382, 400.
+
+     Mistassini River, ii. 506.
+
+     Mitchell, Prof. Elisha, iii. 355.
+
+     Moat Mountain, N. H., iii. 213.
+
+     Mobile, Ala., iii. 375.
+
+     Mobile Bay, Ga., iii. 377.
+
+     Mobile River, iii. 374.
+
+     "Modern Athens," iii. 47.
+
+     Modoc City, Pa., i. 336.
+
+     Modoc oil district, Pa., i. 336.
+
+     _Mogg Megone_, iii. 248.
+
+     Mohawk and Hudson Company, ii. 334.
+
+     Mohawk Indians, ii. 220, 294, 311, 337, 442; iii. 286.
+
+     Mohawk River, ii. 215, 341.
+
+     Mohican Indians, ii. 198.
+
+     Mohock River, i. 271, 272.
+
+     Mojave Desert, Cal., iii. 460.
+
+     Moline Rapids, Ill., i. 465.
+
+     "Molly Pitcher," ii. 22.
+
+     "Monarch," geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 494.
+
+     Monchonock, ii. 120.
+
+     "Monitor," the, i. 75.
+
+     Monhegan, Me., iii. 254.
+
+     "Monk Lands," Montreal, Canada, ii. 434.
+
+     Monmouth, N. J., ii. 22.
+
+     Monocacy Creek, Pa., i. 226.
+
+     Monomoy, iii. 20.
+
+     Monongahela River, i. 321.
+
+     Monroe, James, i. 115.
+
+     Montagu, George, iii. 298.
+
+     Montauk, N. Y., ii. 92.
+
+     Montauk Indians, ii. 92, 122.
+
+     Montauk Point, N. Y., ii. 119.
+
+     Montaignais Indians, ii. 458, 495.
+
+     Montcalm, General Louis, ii. 283, 475.
+
+     Monterey, Cal., iii. 445.
+
+     Montez, Lola, ii. 77.
+
+     Montgomery, Ala., iii. 372.
+
+     Montgomery Creek, N. Y., ii. 153.
+
+     Montgomery, General Richard, ii. 33, 181, 438, 470; iii. 372.
+
+     Monticello, Va., i. 125.
+
+     Montmagny, ii. 429.
+
+     Montmorency River, ii. 484.
+
+     Montpelier, Vt., ii. 304.
+
+     Montreal, Canada, ii. 421.
+
+     "Montreal," the, ii. 456.
+
+     "Mont Real," ii. 293.
+
+     "Monts Verts," ii. 424.
+
+     Monument Mountain, Mass., ii. 257.
+
+     Monument Square, Baltimore, Md., i. 90.
+
+     "Monumental City," i. 89.
+
+     Monumental Park, Cleveland, O., i. 418.
+
+     Monumet River, iii. 20.
+
+     Mooanum, Indian chief, iii. 124.
+
+     Moody, Dwight L., iii. 178.
+
+     Moore, Thomas, i. 185; ii. 442; iii. 319.
+
+     Moosehead Lake, Me., iii. 247.
+
+     Moose Island, Lake Placid, N. Y., ii. 321.
+
+     Moose Jaw, Canada, iii. 486.
+
+     Moosic Mountain, Pa., i. 236, 262.
+
+     Moosilauke Mountain, N. H., iii. 182.
+
+     Moravian Church, Bethlehem, Pa., i. 228.
+
+     "Moravian Sun Inn," i. 227.
+
+     Moravian "Young Ladies' Seminary," Bethlehem, Pa., i. 228.
+
+     Moravians, i. 226.
+
+     Moreau, General J. V., i. 214.
+
+     Morgan, Colonel Daniel, ii. 217.
+
+     Morgan, J. Pierpont, ii. 31.
+
+     Morgan, Miles, iii. 167.
+
+     Moriches, N. Y., ii. 92.
+
+     Mormon Tabernacle, Salt Lake City, Utah, iii. 476.
+
+     Mormon Temple, Salt Lake City, Utah, iii. 476.
+
+     Mormons, iii. 475.
+
+     Morning Glory Spring, Yellowstone Park, i. 503.
+
+     Morningside Park, New York City, ii. 57.
+
+     Morris Canal, i. 225.
+
+     Morris, George P., ii. 163.
+
+     Morris, Gouverneur, ii. 60.
+
+     Morris, Lewis, ii. 60.
+
+     Morris, Robert, i. 214.
+
+     Morrisania, N. Y., ii. 60.
+
+     Morrison oil well, i. 336.
+
+     Morrison's Cove, Pa., i. 306.
+
+     Morristown, N. Y., ii. 416.
+
+     Morristown, Tenn., iii. 353.
+
+     Morrisville, Pa., i. 214.
+
+     Morse, Samuel F. B., ii. 77, 107, 112, 173.
+
+     Morton, Levi P., ii. 180.
+
+     Morton, Thomas, iii. 27.
+
+     "Mosses from an Old Manse," iii. 68.
+
+     "Mother Ann," Shaker, ii. 195, 216.
+
+     "Mother Ann," Gloucester, Mass., iii. 89.
+
+     "Mother Lode," iii. 448.
+
+     "Mother of the Forest," tree, iii. 449.
+
+     "Mother of Waters," i. 82.
+
+     Motley, John Lothrop, iii. 59, 62, 71.
+
+     Moulson, Lady, iii. 63.
+
+     Moultrie, Colonel William, i. 349.
+
+     Moundsville, W. Va., iii. 327.
+
+     Mount Agamenticus, Me., iii. 240.
+
+     Mount Agassiz, N. H., iii. 190.
+
+     Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge, Mass., iii. 59.
+
+     Mount Auburn, Cincinnati, O., iii. 333.
+
+     Mount Baker, British Columbia, iii. 497.
+
+     Mount Baker, Washington State, iii. 511.
+
+     Mount Belknap, N. Y., iii. 220.
+
+     Mount Bulwagga, N. Y., ii. 296.
+
+     Mount Calvary, Montreal, Canada, ii. 443.
+
+     Mount Cannon, N. H., iii. 191.
+
+     Mount Chocorua, N. H., iii. 217.
+
+     Mount Colden, N. Y., ii. 274.
+
+     Mount Colvin, N. Y., ii. 314.
+
+     Mount Defiance, Lake George, N. Y., ii. 289.
+
+     Mount Desert Island, Me., iii. 268.
+
+     Mount Dewey, Alaska, iii. 507.
+
+     Mount Dix, N. Y., ii. 313.
+
+     Mount Eboulements, Canada, ii. 492.
+
+     Mount Ephraim, Mass., ii. 250.
+
+     Mount Everett, Mass., ii. 259, 261.
+
+     Mount Grandfather, N. C., iii. 348.
+
+     Mount Guyot, N. C., iii. 348.
+
+     Mount Hamilton, Cal., iii. 446.
+
+     Mount Holyoke, Mass., iii. 171, 175.
+
+     Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, Mass., iii. 175.
+
+     Mount Hood, Oregon, iii. 484.
+
+     Mount Hope, Rhode Island, iii. 123.
+
+     Mount Hope Bay, iii. 119.
+
+     Mount Hurricane, N. Y., ii. 312.
+
+     Mount Ida, Mass., iii. 51.
+
+     Mount Ida, N. Y., ii. 214.
+
+     Mount Jefferson, Pa., i. 234.
+
+     Mount Katahdin, Me., iii. 248.
+
+     Mount Kineo, Me., iii. 248.
+
+     Mount Lafayette, N. H., iii. 191.
+
+     Mount Lamentation, Meriden, Conn., iii. 160.
+
+     Mount Liberty, N. H., iii. 194.
+
+     Mount Lincoln, N. H., iii. 194.
+
+     Mount Logan, Alaska, iii. 507.
+
+     Mount Logan, Rocky Mountains, iii. 456.
+
+     Mount Marcy, N. Y., ii. 237, 274.
+
+     Mount Marshall, Virginia, i. 123.
+
+     Mount McIntyre, N. Y., ii. 237, 272.
+
+     Mount Megunticook, Me., iii. 266.
+
+     Mount Minsi, Pa., i. 248.
+
+     Mount Mitchell, N. C., iii. 348, 355.
+
+     Mount Monadnock Vt., iii. 179.
+
+     Mount Morris, N. Y., ii. 370.
+
+     Mount Olympus, N. Y., ii. 214.
+
+     Mount Parnassus, Pa., i. 224.
+
+     Mount Passaconaway, N. H., iii. 217.
+
+     Mount Pisgah, Pa., i. 233, 234.
+
+     Mount Real, Canada, ii. 422.
+
+     Mount Royal Canada, ii. 422.
+
+     Mount Sainte Anne, Canada, ii. 491.
+
+     Mount St. Elias, Alaska, iii. 507.
+
+     Mount St. Helen's, Washington State, iii. 512.
+
+     Mount Seward, N. Y., ii. 274.
+
+     Mount Shasta, Cal., iii. 513.
+
+     "Mount Sinai," Mass., ii. 197.
+
+     Mount Sir Donald, iii. 488.
+
+     Mount Stephen, Canada, iii. 488, 491.
+
+     Mount Tacoma, Washington State, iii. 511.
+
+     Mount Tahawus, N. Y., ii. 272.
+
+     Mount Tammany, N. J., i. 249.
+
+     Mount Taurus, N. Y., ii. 161.
+
+     Mount Tecumseh, N. H., iii. 217.
+
+     Mount Tripyramid, N. H., iii. 217.
+
+     Mount Toby, Mass., iii. 177.
+
+     Mount Tom, Mass., iii. 171.
+
+     Mount Uniacke, Canada, iii. 297.
+
+     Mount Union, Pa., i. 305.
+
+     "Mount Vernon Association," i. 44.
+
+     Mount Vernon Methodist Church, Baltimore, Md., i. 90.
+
+     Mount Vernon Place, Baltimore, Md., i. 90.
+
+     Mount Vernon, Va., i. 42.
+
+     Mount Washington, N. H., iii. 203.
+
+     Mount Washington, Mass., ii. 261.
+
+     Mount Washington, Pa., i. 324.
+
+     Mount Webster, N. H., iii. 200.
+
+     Mount Whiteface, N. H., iii. 217.
+
+     Mount Whiteface, N. Y., ii. 273.
+
+     Mount Willard, N. H., iii. 200, 201.
+
+     Mount Willey, N. H., iii. 200.
+
+     Mountain Island, N. C., iii. 359.
+
+     Mountain, Jacob, ii. 473.
+
+     Mountain of the Holy Cross, Col., iii. 468.
+
+     "Mountain of the Sky," ii. 185.
+
+     _Mourt's Relation_, iii. 9, 13.
+
+     "Mrs. Partington," iii. 228.
+
+     "Muddy Little York," ii. 406.
+
+     Muhhekanew Indians, ii. 255.
+
+     Muir Glacier, Alaska, iii. 503.
+
+     Muir, Prof. John, iii. 504.
+
+     "Mule Shoe Curve," Col., iii. 467.
+
+     Mullins, Priscilla, iii. 17.
+
+     Multnomah Fall, Cascade Mountains, iii. 484.
+
+     Munjoy's Hill, Portland, Me., iii. 242.
+
+     Murat, Prince Achille, i. 390.
+
+     Murat, Prince, i. 204.
+
+     Murderer's Creek, N. Y., ii. 171.
+
+     Murray Bay, Canada, ii. 493.
+
+     Murray, George, ii. 446.
+
+     Murray Hill, New York City, ii. 45.
+
+     Murray River, ii. 493.
+
+     Murraysville, Pa., i. 332.
+
+     Muscatine, Iowa, iii. 393.
+
+     Musconetcong Mountain, N. J., i. 223.
+
+     Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Mass., iii. 49.
+
+     Museum of Natural History, Boston, Mass., iii. 48.
+
+     Music Hall, Boston, Mass., iii. 40.
+
+     Muskingum River, iii. 327.
+
+     Musquidoboit, Canada, iii. 301.
+
+     Mutual Life Building, New York City, ii. 31.
+
+     _Mya Arenaria_, ii. 81.
+
+     _My Cathedral_, iii. 377.
+
+     Mystic, Conn., ii. 116.
+
+     Mystic Island, Conn., ii. 116.
+
+
+     Nahant, Mass., iii. 70.
+
+     Nanaimo, Vancouver Island, iii. 498.
+
+     Nansemond River, i. 78.
+
+     Nantasket Beach, Mass., iii. 28, 69.
+
+     Nanticoke, Pa., i. 237.
+
+     Nanticoke Gap, Pa., i. 236.
+
+     Nanticoke Indians, i. 81.
+
+     Nantucket, Mass., iii. 148.
+
+     Nantucquet, iii. 150.
+
+     Nantukes, iii. 150.
+
+     Nanunteno, Indian chief, iii. 103.
+
+     Napa, Cal., iii. 514.
+
+     Napoleon, Ark., iii. 406.
+
+     Napoleon III., i. 204.
+
+     Narragansett Bay, iii. 98.
+
+     Narragansett Indians, iii. 100.
+
+     Narragansett Pier, R. I., iii. 104.
+
+     Narrows, Lake George, N. Y., ii. 279.
+
+     Narrows, Pa., i. 222.
+
+     "Narrows," St. Lawrence River, ii. 465.
+
+     Narrowsburg, N. Y., i. 259, 270.
+
+     Nashawena, Mass., iii. 145.
+
+     Nashua, N. H., iii. 80.
+
+     Nashua River, iii. 80.
+
+     Nashville, Tenn., iii. 340.
+
+     Nashwaak River, iii. 288.
+
+     Nasquapee Indians, ii. 495.
+
+     Nassau, Bahama Islands, i. 347, 380.
+
+     Nassau Hall, Princeton, N. J., i. 215.
+
+     Nasse River, iii. 499.
+
+     Natashquin River, ii. 503.
+
+     Natchez Indians, iii. 410.
+
+     Natchez, Miss., iii. 411.
+
+     Natick, Mass., iii. 51.
+
+     National Cemetery, Fredericksburg, Va., i. 50.
+
+     National Cemetery, Gettysburg, Pa., i. 136.
+
+     National Cemetery, Memphis, Tenn., iii. 400.
+
+     National Cemetery, Nashville, Ky., iii. 341.
+
+     National Cemetery, Natchez, Miss., iii. 411.
+
+     National Cemetery, New Orleans, La., iii. 417.
+
+     National Cemetery, Salisbury, N. C., iii. 362.
+
+     National Cemetery, Vicksburg, Miss., iii. 409.
+
+     National City, Cal., iii. 441.
+
+     National City Bank, New York City, ii. 32.
+
+     National Monument, Plymouth, Mass., iii. 15.
+
+     National Museum, Washington, D. C., i. 27.
+
+     National Printers' Home, Colorado Springs, Col., iii. 465.
+
+     "National Road," i. 276, 333.
+
+     Natocko, iii. 150.
+
+     Natural Bridge, Va., i. 54.
+
+     Natural Gas, i. 319, 331, 405.
+
+     Naugatuck River, ii. 265.
+
+     Naumkeag, iii. 74.
+
+     Nauset, iii. 20.
+
+     Nauset Beach, Mass., iii. 21.
+
+     Naushon, Mass., iii. 145.
+
+     Nautikon, iii. 150.
+
+     Naval Hospital, Newport, R. I., iii. 138.
+
+     Nauvoo, Ill., iii. 393.
+
+     Navy Department Building, Washington, D. C., i. 22.
+
+     Navy Yard, Charlestown, Mass., iii. 52.
+
+     Navy Yard, Gosport, Va., i. 78.
+
+     Nebraska River, iii. 385.
+
+     "Ned Buntline," ii. 325.
+
+     Negroes, first arrival of, in Virginia, i. 72.
+
+     Nelson, Thomas, i. 111.
+
+     Nepenough, i. 69.
+
+     Neperhan River, ii. 135.
+
+     Nepigon River, i. 455.
+
+     Nescopec Mountain, Pa., i. 235, 236.
+
+     Neshaminy Creek, Pa., i. 196.
+
+     Neuse River, i. 347.
+
+     Neutral Island, iii. 275.
+
+     Neversink Mountain, Pa., i. 187.
+
+     Neversink River, i. 257.
+
+     Nevada Fall, Yosemite Valley, Cal., iii. 454.
+
+     Nevada State University, iii. 478.
+
+     New Albany, Ind., iii. 337.
+
+     New Amstel, i. 148.
+
+     Newark, N. J., ii. 19.
+
+     New Bedford, Mass., iii. 139.
+
+     Newberry Library, Chicago, Ill., i. 436.
+
+     Newberry, Prof. John S., ii. 403.
+
+     New Britain, Conn., iii. 165.
+
+     New Brunswick, N. J., ii. 21.
+
+     Newburg Bay, N. Y., ii. 169.
+
+     Newburg, N. Y., ii. 169.
+
+     Newbury, Mass., iii. 81.
+
+     Newbury, Vt., iii. 182.
+
+     Newburyport Marine Museum, Newburyport, Mass., iii. 81.
+
+     Newburyport, Mass., iii. 81.
+
+     Newcastle, Del., i. 147.
+
+     Newcastle Island, N. H., iii. 229.
+
+     New Dorp, S. I., ii. 17.
+
+     _New England Canaan_, iii. 27.
+
+     "Newe Towne," iii. 58.
+
+     Newfoundland, iii. 317.
+
+     New Found Land, iii. 4.
+
+     "New France," ii. 425, 458.
+
+     New Haven, Conn., ii. 104.
+
+     New London, Conn., ii. 115.
+
+     Newman, Cardinal John Henry, ii. 484.
+
+     "New Old South Church," Boston, Mass., iii. 41, 49.
+
+     New Orleans, La., iii. 414.
+
+     Newport, Captain Christopher, i. 4, 76.
+
+     Newport Cliffs, Newport, R. I., iii. 138.
+
+     _Newport Mercury_, iii. 133.
+
+     Newport Mountain, Mount Desert Island, Me., iii. 269.
+
+     Newport News, Va., i. 5, 75.
+
+     Newport, Vermont, iii. 183.
+
+     Newport, R. I., iii. 129.
+
+     "Newport of the Berkshires," ii. 251.
+
+     New Philippines, iii. 428.
+
+     "New road to Cathay," ii. 401.
+
+     New Smyrna, Fla., i. 378.
+
+     New Sweden, i. 147.
+
+     Newton Corner, Newton, Mass., iii. 51.
+
+     Newton, General, ii. 68.
+
+     Newton, Mass., iii. 50.
+
+     New Town, Md., i. 89.
+
+     New Westminster, British Columbia, iii. 498.
+
+     New York Central Railroad, ii. 334.
+
+     _New York Herald_, ii. 43.
+
+     New York Public Library, ii. 52.
+
+     _New York Tribune_, i. 100.
+
+     "New York Yankees," ii. 366.
+
+     Niagara Falls, ii. 379, 394.
+
+     Niagara River, ii. 380.
+
+     Niantic Indians, ii. 116.
+
+     Nieu Amsterdam, ii. 6.
+
+     Nieu Netherlands, ii. 6.
+
+     Ninigret, Indian chief, ii. 116.
+
+     Nischam-hanne, i. 197.
+
+     Nisqually Glacier, Washington State, iii. 511.
+
+     Nitschman, Bishop John, i. 229.
+
+     Nitschman, Juliana, i. 229.
+
+     Nix's Mate, Boston Harbor, Mass., ii. 33.
+
+     Nob Hill, San Francisco, Cal., iii. 517.
+
+     Noble, Rev. Seth, iii. 268.
+
+     Nobska Hill, Mass., iii. 145.
+
+     Nockamixon Rocks, Pa., i. 222.
+
+     Nome City, Alaska, iii. 508.
+
+     Nonamesset, Mass., iii. 145.
+
+     Nonatum Hill, Newton, Mass., iii. 51.
+
+     Nonatum Indians, iii. 51.
+
+     Nonotuck, iii. 172.
+
+     Nonquitt, Mass., iii. 141.
+
+     Noon Mark Mountain, N. Y., ii. 313.
+
+     Norfolk, Va., i. 78.
+
+     Normal and Agricultural Institute for Negroes and Indians,
+       Hampton, Va., i. 75.
+
+     Norman's Woe, Mass., iii. 77, 90.
+
+     Norridgewock Indians, iii. 248.
+
+     Norridgewock, Me., iii. 248.
+
+     Norris Geyser Basin, Yellowstone Park, i. 492.
+
+     Norristown, Pa., i. 186.
+
+     North Adams, Mass., ii. 245.
+
+     Northampton, Mass., iii. 172.
+
+     North Anna, Va., battle of, i. 108.
+
+     North Bend, British Columbia, iii. 496.
+
+     North Bend, O., iii. 233.
+
+     North Conway, White Mountains, N. H., iii. 214.
+
+     North Dome, Yosemite Valley, Cal., iii. 453.
+
+     North East Harbor, Mount Desert Island, Me., iii. 273.
+
+     North Elba, N. Y., ii. 318.
+
+     Northfield, Mass., iii. 178.
+
+     North Haven, Me., iii. 267.
+
+     North Hero Island, Lake Champlain, N. Y., ii. 308.
+
+     "North Knob," Pa., i. 266.
+
+     North Lisbon, N. H., iii. 189.
+
+     North Mountain, Pa., i. 236.
+
+     North Perry, Me., iii. 276.
+
+     "North Shore," Mass., iii. 71.
+
+     "North Star State," i. 467.
+
+     Northumberland, Pa., i. 299.
+
+     Northumberland Strait, Canada, iii. 303.
+
+     Northwest Arm, Halifax, Canada, iii. 297.
+
+     Northwest Bay, N. Y., ii. 299.
+
+     "North West Mounted Police," iii. 486.
+
+     "Northwest passage," i. 5, 67; ii. 4, 401.
+
+     Northwest Territory, Canada, i. 404; iii. 486.
+
+     North Woodstock, N. H., iii. 194.
+
+     Norton's Falls, Conn., ii. 262.
+
+     Norton's Point, Coney Island, N. Y., ii. 82.
+
+     Norton Sound, Alaska, iii. 506, 507.
+
+     Notre Dame de Bonsecours, Montreal, Canada, ii. 440.
+
+     Notre Dame de Lourdes, Montreal, Canada, ii. 439.
+
+     Notre Dame des Victoires, Quebec, Canada, ii. 477.
+
+     Notre Dame, Montreal, Canada, ii. 436.
+
+     Notre Dame Mountains, Canada, ii. 510.
+
+     Nott, Eliphalet, ii. 335.
+
+     Norumbega, iii. 259.
+
+     Norumbega Hall, Bangor, Me., iii. 267.
+
+     Norwalk, Conn., ii. 100.
+
+     Norwich, Conn., iii. 104.
+
+     Noyes, John Humphrey, ii. 353.
+
+     "Nullification Ordinance," iii. 363.
+
+     Nyack, N. Y., ii. 138.
+
+     Nya Sveriga, i. 147.
+
+
+     "Oak Bluff Association," iii. 148.
+
+     Oak Hill Cemetery, Georgetown, D. C., i. 31.
+
+     Oak Island, N. Y., ii. 91.
+
+     Oakland, Cal., iii. 514.
+
+     Oak Ridge Cemetery, Springfield, Ill., i. 411.
+
+     Oberlin, O., i. 421.
+
+     Oberlin College, Oberlin, O., i. 421.
+
+     Observatory, Coney Island, N. Y., ii. 84.
+
+     Obsidian Cliff, Yellowstone Park, i. 491.
+
+     Ocala, Fla., i. 382.
+
+     Occuna, Indian warrior, ii. 331.
+
+     Occoquan River, i. 102.
+
+     Ocean Avenue, Long Branch, N. J., i. 195.
+
+     Ocean Grove, N. J., i. 193.
+
+     Ocean Parkway, Brooklyn, N. Y., ii. 78.
+
+     Ockanickon, Indian chief, i. 200.
+
+     Ocklawaha River, i. 382, 383.
+
+     Ocmulgee River, iii. 369.
+
+     O'Donnell, James, ii. 437.
+
+     O'Fallon Park, St. Louis, Mo., iii. 396.
+
+     Ogden, Utah, iii. 473.
+
+     Ogdensburg, Canada, ii. 416.
+
+     Ogeechee River, i. 357.
+
+     Oglethorpe, General J. E., i. 356; iii. 364.
+
+     "Ohio Company," iii. 327.
+
+     Ohio River, i. 322; iii. 323.
+
+     Ohio State University, Columbus, O., i. 403.
+
+     Oil City, Pa., i. 337.
+
+     "Oil Dorado," i. 339.
+
+     "Oi-o-gue," ii. 234.
+
+     Oka village, Montreal, Canada, ii. 443.
+
+     Okanagan Lake, British Columbia, iii. 494.
+
+     Okifenokee Swamp, Ga., i. 358.
+
+     Oklahoma, iii. 458.
+
+     Old Beacon, N. Y., ii. 163.
+
+     "Old Brick Church," New York City, ii. 50.
+
+     "Old Clock on the Stairs," ii. 247.
+
+     "Old Colony," iii. 7.
+
+     "Old Corner Book Store," Boston, Mass., iii. 44.
+
+     "Old Deerfield," Mass., iii. 176.
+
+     Oldenbarneveld, ii. 346.
+
+     "Old Elm Tree Corner," Albany, N. Y., ii. 208.
+
+     "Old Faithful" geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 497.
+
+     _Old Folks at Home_, i. 390.
+
+     "Old Granary Burying-Ground," Boston, Mass., iii. 39.
+
+     Old Graylock, Mass., ii. 244.
+
+     "Old Hadley," Northampton, Mass., iii. 174.
+
+     Oldham, Canada, iii. 303.
+
+     "Old Hickory," ii. 391.
+
+     "Old Ironsides," i. 203; iii. 53.
+
+     "Old John Brown of Osawatomie," i. 39; ii. 264, 318.
+
+     "Old Lancaster Road," i. 279.
+
+     "Old Man of the Mountain," iii. 192.
+
+     "Old Man's Washbowl," iii. 191.
+
+     "Old Manse," Concord, Mass., iii. 68.
+
+     "Old Mortality," i. 180.
+
+     _Old Oaken Bucket_, iii. 28.
+
+     Old Orchard Beach, Me., iii. 241.
+
+     "Old Pike," i. 277.
+
+     Old Point Comfort, Va., i. 76.
+
+     Old Point, Me., iii. 248.
+
+     "Old South Church," Boston, Mass., iii. 41.
+
+     Old South Presbyterian Church, Newburyport, Mass., iii. 82.
+
+     "Old Sow rift," i. 222.
+
+     "Old Stone Mill," Newport, R. I., iii. 138.
+
+     "Old State House," Boston, Mass., iii. 42.
+
+     "Old Swedes'" Church, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 171.
+
+     Old Tampa Bay, Fla., i. 392.
+
+     Old Town, Md., i. 89.
+
+     Old Town, Me., iii. 268.
+
+     "Old Tippecanoe," i. 20, 407.
+
+     Old Warwick, R. I., iii. 105.
+
+     Olentangy River, i. 402.
+
+     Oleopolis, Pa., i. 337.
+
+     Olier, Jean Jacques, ii. 426, 428.
+
+     "Olympia," the, ii. 374.
+
+     Olympia, Washington State, iii. 512.
+
+     Omaha Indians, iii. 385.
+
+     Omaha, Nebraska, iii. 385.
+
+     Onas, Indian name for William Penn., i. 155.
+
+     Oneida Community, ii. 353.
+
+     Oneida Indians, i. 305; ii. 377.
+
+     Oneida Lake, N. Y., ii. 352.
+
+     Oneonta Cataract, Cascade Mountains, iii. 484.
+
+     Onion River, ii. 303.
+
+     "One Thousand Mile Tree," Utah, iii. 473.
+
+     Onondaga Creek, N. Y., ii. 357.
+
+     "Onondaga Factory-filled Salt," ii. 356.
+
+     Onondaga Indians, ii. 337, 357.
+
+     Onondaga Lake, N. Y., ii. 354.
+
+     Ononta Lake, Mass., ii. 248.
+
+     "Onrest," the, ii. 90.
+
+     Onti Ora, ii. 185.
+
+     "On to Richmond," i. 100.
+
+     Opalescent River, ii. 236.
+
+     "Opes," ii. 248.
+
+     "Ope of Promise," Mass., ii. 248.
+
+     Oquaga Creek, N. Y., i. 271.
+
+     Orange, Va., i. 124.
+
+     Orange Geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 489.
+
+     Orchard House, Concord, Mass., iii. 69.
+
+     Order of Ursulines, ii. 429.
+
+     Oregon City, Oregon, iii. 512.
+
+     Oregon National Park, iii. 513.
+
+     "Oregon Trail," iii. 512.
+
+     Orient Point, Long Island, N. Y., ii. 118.
+
+     Orlando, Fla., i. 387.
+
+     Ormeau, Dullard des, ii. 446.
+
+     Ormond, Fla., i. 377.
+
+     Ortiz, Juan, i. 362.
+
+     Osceola, Indian chief, i. 350, 389.
+
+     Osage River, iii. 392.
+
+     Osgoode Hall, Toronto, Canada, ii. 408.
+
+     Osawatomie, Kan., iii. 388.
+
+     Ossipee Mountains, N. H., iii. 216.
+
+     Oswego, N. Y., ii. 353.
+
+     Oswego River, ii. 353.
+
+     Oswegatchie River, ii. 417.
+
+     "Ote-sa-ga rock," i. 295.
+
+     "Ote-se-on-teo," i. 272.
+
+     Otetiani, Indian chief, ii. 339.
+
+     "Otis Elevating Railway," ii. 184.
+
+     Otis, James, iii. 39.
+
+     Otisco Lake, N. Y., ii. 357.
+
+     Otsego Lake, N. Y., i. 295.
+
+     Ottawa, Canada, ii. 450.
+
+     Ottawa River, ii. 420, 421, 444.
+
+     Otter Lake, iii. 482.
+
+     Ouananiche, ii. 507.
+
+     Ouiatchouan River, ii. 506.
+
+     "Ouisconsing," i. 462.
+
+     Oulichan, the, iii. 499.
+
+     Oonalaska, Alaska, iii. 507.
+
+     "Our Country's Call," i. 100.
+
+     "Our Lady of Roberval," Canada, ii. 505.
+
+     "Overslaugh," ii. 199.
+
+     "Over the Rhine," iii. 332.
+
+     Owasco Lake, N. Y., ii. 358.
+
+     Owen, William Fitzwilliam, iii. 274.
+
+     Owl's Head, Canada, iii. 183.
+
+     Oyster Bay, N. Y., ii. 95.
+
+     "Oyster Navy," i. 81.
+
+     "Oyster Pond Point," Long Island, N. Y., ii. 118.
+
+     "Oyster war," i. 81.
+
+     Oysters, i. 81, 87.
+
+     Ozark Mountains, Ark., iii. 404.
+
+
+     Pabst Brewery, Milwaukee, Wis., i. 464.
+
+     Pacific Mills, Lawrence, Mass., iii. 80.
+
+     Packer, Asa, i. 224, 226, 233, 235.
+
+     Packsaddle Narrows, Pa., i. 316.
+
+     Paddy, William, iii. 40.
+
+     Paducah, Ky., iii. 342.
+
+     Page, John, i. 72.
+
+     "Pa-ha-yo-kee," i. 366.
+
+     Paine, Thomas, i. 47, 415.
+
+     "Pain-killer," iii. 113.
+
+     Painesville, Ohio, i. 415.
+
+     Painted Post, N. Y., ii. 367.
+
+     Paint Rocks, N. C., iii. 360.
+
+     Paisano, Texas, iii. 435.
+
+     Pakenham, General Edward M., iii. 416.
+
+     Palatka, Fla., i. 381.
+
+     "Palatine Parish of Quassaic," ii. 169.
+
+     Palisades, the, ii. 14, 132.
+
+     Palm Beach, Fla., i. 379.
+
+     Palm Beach Inn, Palm Beach, Fla., i. 379.
+
+     "Palmetto State," i. 349.
+
+     Palmyra, N. Y., ii. 344.
+
+     Palo Alto, tree, iii. 515.
+
+     Paltz Point, N. Y., ii. 176.
+
+     Pamlico Sound, N. C., i. 345.
+
+     Pamunkey River, i. 51.
+
+     "Panhandle Railroad," i. 332.
+
+     Panther Creek Valley, Pa., i. 235.
+
+     Paoli, Pa., i. 281.
+
+     Papineau, Louis Joseph, ii. 447.
+
+     Pardee, Ario, i. 224, 235.
+
+     Pardee Hall, Easton, Pa., i. 224.
+
+     Park Bank Building, New York City, ii. 33.
+
+     Park Peak, San Francisco, Cal., iii. 517.
+
+     Park River, iii. 162.
+
+     Park Row, New York City, ii. 34.
+
+     Park Street Church, Boston, Mass., iii. 39.
+
+     Parkhurst, Dr., ii. 43.
+
+     Parkersburg, W. Va., iii. 328.
+
+     Parkman, Francis, Jr., ii. 430, 433, 459, 462, 470.
+
+     Parliament House, Ottawa, Canada, ii. 452.
+
+     Parnell, Charles Stewart, i. 204.
+
+     Parton, Mrs., iii. 243.
+
+     Partridge Island, Canada, iii. 278.
+
+     Partridge, Ralph, iii. 17.
+
+     Pasadena, Cal., iii. 445.
+
+     "Pasqua, Florida," i. 361.
+
+     Pasque Island, Mass., iii. 145.
+
+     Pasquotank River, i. 78.
+
+     Pass Christian, Miss., iii. 415.
+
+     "Pass of the North," iii. 435.
+
+     Passaconaway, Indian chief, iii. 84, 207.
+
+     Passaic River, ii. 18.
+
+     Passamaquoddy Bay, Me., iii. 261.
+
+     Passumpsic River, iii. 182.
+
+     Pastorius, Daniel, i. 182.
+
+     Patapedia River, ii. 503.
+
+     Patapsco River, i. 8, 88.
+
+     Patch, Sam, ii. 371, 389.
+
+     Patchogue Indians, ii. 96.
+
+     Patchogue, N. Y., ii. 92.
+
+     Patent Office, Washington, D. C., i. 24.
+
+     Paterson, N. J., ii. 18.
+
+     Paterson, William, ii. 18.
+
+     _Pathfinder_, ii. 411.
+
+     Patterson-Bonaparte, Madame, i. 93.
+
+     Patuxent River, i. 8, 86.
+
+     Paugusset Indians, ii. 101.
+
+     Paulding, John, ii. 142.
+
+     Paul Smith's, Adirondack Mountains, N. Y., ii. 324.
+
+     Paupack Falls, Pa., i. 267.
+
+     Pauw, Michael, ii. 12.
+
+     Pawcatuck, ii. 117.
+
+     Pawtucket, R. I., iii. 114.
+
+     Pawtucket Falls, Mass., iii. 80.
+
+     Pawtucket Falls, R. I., iii. 114.
+
+     Pawtucket River, iii. 108.
+
+     "Paxinosa Inn," i. 224.
+
+     Paxanose, i. 224.
+
+     "Paxton Boys," i. 282.
+
+     Payne, John Howard, i. 32; ii. 79, 93.
+
+     Peabody, George, iii. 75, 81.
+
+     Peabody Institute, Baltimore, Md., i. 90.
+
+     Peabody Institute, Danvers, Mass., iii. 75.
+
+     Peabody, Mass., iii. 75.
+
+     Peabody Museum, New Haven, Conn., ii. 108.
+
+     Peabody River, iii. 212.
+
+     Peaks of Otter, Va., i. 54, 123.
+
+     Peale Rembrandt, i. 48.
+
+     Peanuts, i. 79.
+
+     "Pea Patch," i. 147.
+
+     Pechequeolin, i. 223.
+
+     Peconic Bay, N. Y., ii. 119.
+
+     Peekskill, N. Y., ii. 150.
+
+     Pejepscot, iii. 246.
+
+     Pelham Bay Park, Greater New York, ii. 63.
+
+     Pell's apple orchard, ii. 178.
+
+     _Pemaquid_, iii. 258.
+
+     Pemaquid Point, Me., iii. 254.
+
+     Pemberton, General John C., iii. 408.
+
+     Pemetic, iii. 270.
+
+     Pemigewasset River, iii. 191, 195.
+
+     Pend d'Oreille River, iii. 480.
+
+     Penikese Island, Mass., iii. 145.
+
+     "Peninsula," the, i. 52.
+
+     Penn, Admiral Sir William, i. 152.
+
+     Penn, John, i. 223.
+
+     Penn, Richard, i. 217.
+
+     Penn, Thomas, i. 117.
+
+     Penn, William, i. 151, 163, 181; ii. 16.
+
+     Pennacook Indians, iii. 207.
+
+     Penn's Mount, Pa., i. 187.
+
+     Penn's Neck, N. J., i. 202.
+
+     "Penn's Treaty with the Indians," painting, i. 163.
+
+     "Pennsylvania Dutch," i. 186.
+
+     Pennsylvania Historical Society, i. 169.
+
+     Pennsylvania Hospital, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 168.
+
+     "Pennsylvania Palisades," i. 222.
+
+     Pennsylvania Railroad, i. 310.
+
+     Pennsylvania Railroad Station, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 160.
+
+     "Pennsylvania Triangle," ii. 373.
+
+     Penn Yan, N. Y., ii. 366.
+
+     Penobscot Bay, Me., iii. 254.
+
+     Pensacola, Fla., i. 391.
+
+     Pension Building, Washington, D. C., i. 23.
+
+     Pentagoet, iii. 261.
+
+     "Penungauchung," i. 247.
+
+     Peoria, Ill., i. 411.
+
+     Peoria Lake, Ill., i. 411.
+
+     Pepperell, Sir William, iii. 228, 312.
+
+     Pequannock River, ii. 100.
+
+     Pequawket, iii. 215.
+
+     Pequawket Indians, iii. 217.
+
+     Pequea Valley, Pa., i. 281.
+
+     Pequest Creek, N. J., i. 247.
+
+     Pequot Hill, Conn., ii. 116.
+
+     Pequot Indians, ii. 100.
+
+     Peribonka River, ii. 506.
+
+     Perry, Commodore M. C., iii. 105, 138.
+
+     Perry, Commodore Oliver Hazard, i. 418, 423; ii. 374; iii. 105, 138.
+
+     Perth Amboy, N. J., ii. 15.
+
+     "Peter the Headstrong," ii. 40.
+
+     "Petomok," i. 35.
+
+     Petrified Forest, Cal., iii. 514.
+
+     Petroleum, i. 332.
+
+     Petrolia, Pa., i. 336.
+
+     Petty Island, Delaware River, i. 195.
+
+     "Phantom City," Alaska, iii. 505.
+
+     Phelps, Elizabeth Stuart, iii. 78.
+
+     Philadelphia, Pa., i. 157.
+
+     Philadelphia and Reading Railway, i. 188.
+
+     Philadelphia Library, i. 169.
+
+     Philipse, Fredericke, ii. 136.
+
+     Philipse, Mary, ii. 136.
+
+     "Philip's Spring," iii. 124.
+
+     Phillips oil well, i. 335.
+
+     Phillips, pirate, iii. 237.
+
+     Phillipsburg, Pa., i. 224.
+
+     Phips, Sir William, ii. 477; iii. 301.
+
+     Phoenix, Arizona, iii. 436.
+
+     Phoenixville, Pa., i. 187.
+
+     Pickersgill, Mrs. Mary, i. 95.
+
+     Pickett, General G. E., i. 115, 133.
+
+     Pictou, Canada, iii. 303.
+
+     Pictured Rocks, Michigan, i. 457.
+
+     _Pictures from Appledore_, iii. 240.
+
+     Piedmont region, i. 123.
+
+     Piermont, N. Y., ii. 133.
+
+     Pierce, Franklin, iii. 247.
+
+     Pierpont, John, ii. 107.
+
+     Pierson, Abraham, ii. 19, 108.
+
+     "Pietists," i. 182.
+
+     Pigeon Cove, Land's End, Mass., iii. 92.
+
+     Pike, General Zebulon, iii. 466.
+
+     Pike's Peak, Col., iii. 465.
+
+     Pilgrim Hall, Plymouth, Mass., iii. 9.
+
+     Pillsbury Washburn Flour Mills Company, i. 471.
+
+     Pine Barrens, S. C., iii. 362.
+
+     "Pinchot's Castle," Milford, Pa., i. 257.
+
+     Pine, Miss, ii. 37.
+
+     "Pine Tree State," iii. 239.
+
+     Pinkham Notch, Mount Washington, N. H., iii. 211.
+
+     Pinnacle Mountain, N. C., iii. 348.
+
+     Pinnacle, Trenton Falls, N. Y., ii. 347.
+
+     "Pioneer," sleeping-car, i. 440.
+
+     Piper, James, i. 55.
+
+     Piscataqua River, iii. 227.
+
+     Piscataquis River, iii. 268.
+
+     Pitcairn, Major John, iii. 65.
+
+     Pitch, i. 347.
+
+     Pitch-Off Mountain, N. Y., ii. 316.
+
+     Pithole City, Pa., i. 337.
+
+     Pitt, William, i. 352; ii. 471.
+
+     Pitt, William (elder), ii. 246.
+
+     Pittsburg, Pa., i. 323.
+
+     Pittsburg City Hall, Pa., i. 326.
+
+     "Pittsburg Coal District," i. 316.
+
+     Pittsfield, Mass., ii. 246.
+
+     Pittston, Pa., i. 237.
+
+     Place d'Armes, Montreal, Canada, ii. 432.
+
+     Plains of Abraham, Canada, ii. 471.
+
+     "Plains of Abraham," N. Y., ii. 318.
+
+     "Plat," St. Lawrence River, ii. 417.
+
+     Platt, Zephaniah, ii. 309.
+
+     Plattsburg, N. Y., ii. 309.
+
+     Pleasant Valley, Nevada, iii. 477.
+
+     _Pleasures of Hope_, ii. 147.
+
+     Plum Island, ii. 118.
+
+     Plymouth, Mass., iii. 8.
+
+     Plymouth, N. H., iii. 195.
+
+     Plymouth Church, Brooklyn, N. Y., ii. 73.
+
+     "Plymouth of the Western Reserve", i. 415.
+
+     "Plymouth Rock," ii. 75; iii. 11.
+
+     Pocahontas, Indian Princess, i. 59.
+
+     Pocomtuck, iii. 176.
+
+     Pocomtuck Mountain, Mass., iii. 177.
+
+     Pocono Knob, Pa., i. 253.
+
+     Poe, Edgar Allan, i. 92, 125.
+
+     Poetquessink, i. 196.
+
+     "Pohoqualin," i. 248.
+
+     Poinciana, tree, i. 379.
+
+     Poindexter, John, iii. 214.
+
+     Point Allerton, Mass., iii. 28.
+
+     Point Comfort, Va., i. 5, 76.
+
+     Point de Monts, Canada, ii. 511.
+
+     "Pointe de la Couronne," ii. 297.
+
+     Point Judith, Narragansett Bay, ii. 124; iii. 98.
+
+     Point Levis, Canada, ii. 457, 479.
+
+     Point Lobos, San Francisco, Cal., iii. 520.
+
+     Point Loma, Cal., iii. 441.
+
+     Point Lookout, Maryland, i. 84.
+
+     Point-no-Point, N. Y., ii. 139.
+
+     Point of Rocks, Maryland, i. 40.
+
+     Point Peter, N. Y., i. 258.
+
+     Point Pleasant, W. Va., iii. 328.
+
+     Point Shirley, Mass., iii. 69.
+
+     Poke o' Moonshine Pass, N. Y., ii. 313.
+
+     Pokiok River, iii. 287.
+
+     Poland Springs, Me., iii. 245.
+
+     Polk, James K., i. 279; iii. 340.
+
+     Pollopell's Island, N. Y., ii. 161.
+
+     Ponce de Leon Hotel, St. Augustine, Fla., i. 375.
+
+     Pontiac, Indian chief, i. 451, 453.
+
+     Pontoosuc, Indian chief, ii. 247.
+
+     Pontoosuc Lake, Mass., ii. 248.
+
+     Pool, Elizabeth, iii. 121.
+
+     Popacton River, i. 271.
+
+     Pope Bicycle Works, Hartford, Conn., iii. 165.
+
+     Pope, General John, i. 102.
+
+     Popham, Chief Justice George, iii. 255.
+
+     Poquanum, Indian chief, iii. 70.
+
+     Poquessing Creek, Pa., i. 196.
+
+     Porcupine Islands, Me., iii. 271.
+
+     Port Arthur, Canada, i. 456.
+
+     Port Arthur, Texas, iii. 429.
+
+     Port Clinton, Pa., i. 189.
+
+     Port Clinton Gap, Pa., i. 189.
+
+     Port Hastings, Canada, iii. 305.
+
+     Port Hawkesbury, Canada, iii. 305.
+
+     Port Henry, N. Y., ii. 297.
+
+     Port Jefferson, N. Y., ii. 96.
+
+     Port Jervis, N. Y., i. 257.
+
+     Port Mulgrave, Canada, iii. 305.
+
+     Port Richmond, S. I., ii. 17.
+
+     Port Royal Sound, S. C., i. 353.
+
+     Port Tampa, Fla., i. 393.
+
+     Port Townsend, Washington State, iii. 511.
+
+     Portage, N. Y., ii. 368.
+
+     Portage Falls, N. Y., ii. 369.
+
+     Portage Lake, Michigan, i. 458.
+
+     Portage Railroad, i. 310.
+
+     Porter, Admiral David S., i. 348.
+
+     Portland, Me., iii. 242.
+
+     Portland, Oregon, iii. 512.
+
+     Portsmouth, Va., i. 78, 79.
+
+     Portsmouth, N. H., iii. 228.
+
+     Portsmouth, Ohio, iii. 329.
+
+     Post-Office Building, Washington, D. C., i. 24.
+
+     Post-office, New York City, ii. 34.
+
+     Post-office, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 170.
+
+     Potato, i. 345.
+
+     Potomac River, i. 7, 35.
+
+     Pott, John, i. 190.
+
+     Pottawatomi Indians, i. 427, 430.
+
+     Potter, John, i. 208.
+
+     Potteries, i. 212.
+
+     "Potter's Field," New York City, ii. 44.
+
+     Pottsville, Pa., i. 190.
+
+     Pottstown, Pa., i. 187.
+
+     Poughkeepsie, N. Y., ii. 173.
+
+     Powder-mills, i. 151.
+
+     Powell, Elizabeth, i. 200.
+
+     Powell, Major John W., iii. 438.
+
+     Powhatan, Indian chief, i. 57, 113.
+
+     Powhatan River, i. 57.
+
+     Pow-wow River, iii. 81.
+
+     "Prairie City," i. 479.
+
+     Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, i. 466.
+
+     "Prairie State," i. 410.
+
+     Pratt, Charles, ii. 75.
+
+     Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, N. Y., ii. 75.
+
+     Pratt Street, Baltimore, Md., i. 88.
+
+     "Praying Indians," ii. 442.
+
+     Preble, Commodore Edward, iii. 243.
+
+     Prentice, George D., iii. 337.
+
+     Presbyterian College of Montreal, ii. 435.
+
+     Prescott, Arizona, iii. 460.
+
+     Prescott, Canada, ii. 417.
+
+     Prescott, Colonel William, iii. 56.
+
+     Prescott, William H., iii. 59, 62, 71, 75.
+
+     President's Room, Capitol, Washington, D. C., i. 17.
+
+     "Presque Isle," ii. 373.
+
+     Preston, Richard, i. 86.
+
+     Prevost, Sir George, ii. 309.
+
+     Priestley, Joseph, i. 299.
+
+     "Priests' Farm," Montreal, Canada, ii. 433.
+
+     "Prince Rupert's Land," i. 480.
+
+     Prince Albert, Canada, iii. 486.
+
+     Prince Edward Island, iii. 304.
+
+     Princeton, N. J., i. 215.
+
+     Princeton University, N. J., i. 215.
+
+     Printing House Square, New York City, ii. 34.
+
+     Prison-ships, ii. 72.
+
+     Prisoners' Island, Lake George, N. Y., ii. 288.
+
+     Proctor, Vt., ii. 300.
+
+     Produce Exchange, New York City, ii. 26.
+
+     Profile House, Franconia Mountains, N. H., iii. 191.
+
+     Profile Lake, N. H., iii. 191.
+
+     Promontory Mountains, Utah, iii. 477.
+
+     Prospect Falls, N. Y., ii. 350.
+
+     Prospect Hill, Baltimore, Md., i. 93.
+
+     Prospect Hill, N. Y., ii. 194.
+
+     Prospect Park, Brooklyn, N. Y., ii. 79.
+
+     Prospect Park, Buffalo, N. Y., ii. 378.
+
+     Providence, Md., i. 86.
+
+     Providence, R. I., iii. 110.
+
+     Province of Manitoba, i. 478.
+
+     Provincetown, Mass., iii. 19, 23.
+
+     Public Garden, Boston, Mass., iii. 35.
+
+     Public Green, New Haven, Conn., ii. 104.
+
+     Public Green, Pittsfield, Mass., ii. 246.
+
+     Public Library, Newburyport, Mass., iii. 81.
+
+     Pueblo, Col., iii. 467.
+
+     Puget, Lieutenant, iii. 510.
+
+     Puget Sound, iii. 510.
+
+     Pulaski, Count, i. 230, 356.
+
+     Pulitzer Building, New York City, ii. 34.
+
+     Pullman, George M., i. 428, 439.
+
+     Pullman, Ill., i. 411.
+
+     "Pulpit," Monument Mountain, Mass., ii. 257.
+
+     "Pulpit Rock," Watkins Glen, N. Y., ii. 365.
+
+     Pulpit Terrace, Yellowstone Park, i. 490.
+
+     Punch Bowl geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 503.
+
+     Punta Gorda, Fla., i. 394.
+
+     Punta Rassa, Fla., i. 394.
+
+     "Puritan Compact," iii. 24.
+
+     Puritans, i. 86.
+
+     Put-in-Bay Island, Ohio, i. 423.
+
+     Putnam, General Israel, ii. 99, 228, 288; iii. 75, 162, 165.
+
+     "Putnam Phalanx," iii. 162.
+
+     Putnam Spring, Saratoga, N. Y., ii. 224.
+
+     Pynchon, William, iii. 167.
+
+     Pyramid geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 503.
+
+     Pyramid Harbor, Alaska, iii. 506.
+
+
+     Quaker Bridge dam, N. Y., ii. 62.
+
+     "Quaker City," i. 157.
+
+     Quaker Meeting House, Bristol, Pa., i. 198.
+
+     Quatawamkedgewick River, ii. 503.
+
+     Quebec, Canada, ii. 457.
+
+     Quebec Citadel, ii. 468.
+
+     Queen Anne, i. 87, 198, 201.
+
+     Queen Charlotte Sound, British Columbia, iii. 499.
+
+     "Queen City" (Cincinnati, O.), iii. 330.
+
+     "Queen City" (Hartford, Conn.), iii. 162.
+
+     "Queen City" (Toronto, Canada), ii. 407.
+
+     "Queen City of the Plains," iii. 461.
+
+     Queen Elizabeth, i. 344.
+
+     "Queen Esther's Rock," i. 241.
+
+     Queen Henrietta Maria, i. 84.
+
+     "Queen of the St. Lawrence," ii. 431.
+
+     Queen Victoria, ii. 452; iii. 75.
+
+     Queen's Park, Toronto, Canada, ii. 408.
+
+     Queenstown, Canada, ii. 384.
+
+     Quick, Thomas, Sr., i. 256.
+
+     "Quincy granites," iii. 26.
+
+     Quincy, Josiah, iii. 41, 59, 62.
+
+     Quincy, Judith, iii. 99.
+
+     Quincy, Illinois, iii. 394.
+
+     Quincy Market, Boston, Mass., iii. 44.
+
+     Quincy, Mass., iii. 26.
+
+     Quinnebaug River, ii. 115.
+
+     Quinnepiack, ii. 104.
+
+     Quoddy Head, Me., iii. 274.
+
+     Quogue, N. Y., ii. 92.
+
+     Quonektakat, iii. 158.
+
+
+     "Rabbit Island," ii. 80.
+
+     Race Point, Mass., iii. 23.
+
+     Racquette River, ii. 418.
+
+     Radcliffe College, Cambridge, Mass., iii. 63.
+
+     Radcliffe, Lady Anne, iii. 63.
+
+     Rafe's Chasm, Mass., iii. 77.
+
+     Rahwack, Indian chief, ii. 20.
+
+     Rahway, N. J., ii. 20.
+
+     Rainsford Island, Boston Harbor, Mass., iii. 33.
+
+     Rale, Sebastian, iii. 249.
+
+     Raleigh, N. C., iii. 362.
+
+     Raleigh, Sir Walter, i. 5, 344.
+
+     Ram Islands, Mass., iii. 145.
+
+     "Ramona," iii. 441.
+
+     Ramsay, Allan, i. 163.
+
+     Rancocas Creek, i. 196.
+
+     Randall, James R., i. 92.
+
+     Randall's Island, N. Y., ii. 67.
+
+     Randolph, John, i. 116.
+
+     Randolph Macon College, Ashland, Va., i. 109.
+
+     Rankokas Indians, i. 196.
+
+     Rapidan River, i. 49.
+
+     Rapid Ann River, i. 49.
+
+     Rapp, George, iii. 325.
+
+     Rappahannock River, i. 8, 49.
+
+     Raquette Lake, N. Y., ii. 273, 324.
+
+     Raquette River, ii. 273, 324.
+
+     Raritan River, ii. 21.
+
+     Rat Portage, Canada, i. 478.
+
+     Ratcliffe, Philip, iii. 74.
+
+     Raton Pass, Col., iii. 458.
+
+     "Rattlesnake flags," i. 162.
+
+     Rattlesnakes, i. 264.
+
+     _Raven_, i. 92.
+
+     Raven Indians, iii. 501.
+
+     Raven Pass, Adirondack Mountains, N. Y., ii. 312.
+
+     Rawlins, General John A., statue of, i. 30.
+
+     Raymondskill River, i. 255.
+
+     Read, Thomas Buchanan, i. 180.
+
+     Reading, Pa., i. 187.
+
+     Reading Terminal Station, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 160.
+
+     Recluse Island, Lake George, N. Y., ii. 279.
+
+     Recollet Fathers, ii. 459.
+
+     Red Hill, N. H., iii. 221.
+
+     Red Jacket, Indian chief, ii. 339.
+
+     Red Lake, Minn., i. 474.
+
+     Red Mountain, Ala., iii. 369.
+
+     Red River, iii. 411.
+
+     Red River of the North, i. 476.
+
+     Red Room, Executive Mansion, Washington, D. C., i. 20.
+
+     Red Spring, Saratoga, N. Y., ii. 224.
+
+     Redlands, Cal., iii. 440.
+
+     Redondo Beach, Cal., iii. 445.
+
+     Reed, Thomas B., iii. 243.
+
+     Regina, Canada, iii. 486.
+
+     Reigelsville, N. J. and Pa., i. 223.
+
+     Renfrew, Canada, iii. 303.
+
+     Rensselaerstein, ii. 199.
+
+     Reno, Nevada, iii. 478.
+
+     Repentigny, explorer, ii. 460.
+
+     Representatives' chamber, Boston, Mass., iii. 38.
+
+     Representatives' Hall, Capitol, Washington, D. C., i. 16.
+
+     "Resolute," the, i. 21.
+
+     Restigouche River, ii. 503.
+
+     "Restigouche Salmon Club," ii. 504.
+
+     Revere, Paul, iii. 39, 44.
+
+     Reynolds, General John F., i. 130, 139.
+
+     Rhinebeck, N. Y., ii. 180.
+
+     Rhinecliff estate, ii. 180.
+
+     Rhode Island State House, Providence, R. I., iii. 113.
+
+     Ribbon Fall, Yosemite Valley, Cal., iii. 452.
+
+     Richelieu, Cardinal Armand J. D., ii. 455.
+
+     Richelieu River, ii. 311, 455.
+
+     Richmond, Duke of, ii. 250.
+
+     _Richmond Enquirer_, i. 116.
+
+     Richmond, Va., i. 109.
+
+     Richfield Springs, N. Y., i. 297.
+
+     Rideau Canal, Canada, ii. 410, 451.
+
+     Rideau Hall, Ottawa, Canada, ii. 453.
+
+     Rideau River, ii. 410, 445.
+
+     "Ridge of Rocks and Roses," iii. 86.
+
+     Riel, Louis, i. 478.
+
+     Riggs Bank, Washington, D. C., i. 23.
+
+     Rimouski, ii. 509.
+
+     Rio Grande, iii. 459.
+
+     Rio Pecos, iii. 434.
+
+     Ripley, George, iii. 50.
+
+     Rip Van Winkle, ii. 188.
+
+     Ritchie, Thomas, i. 116.
+
+     Rittenhouse Square, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 160.
+
+     "River of the Mountains," ii. 6.
+
+     River St. John, iii. 282.
+
+     Riviere aux Lièvres, ii. 447.
+
+     Riviere de Loup, Canada, ii. 494.
+
+     Riverside, Cal., iii. 440.
+
+     Riverside Park, New York City, ii. 58.
+
+     Riverside Press, Cambridge, Mass., iii. 60.
+
+     Roan Mountain, Tenn., iii. 353.
+
+     Roanoke Island, Va., i. 344.
+
+     Roanoke, Va., i. 5.
+
+     Roberval, Canada, ii. 507.
+
+     Robinson, Colonel Beverly, ii. 58.
+
+     Rochester, N. Y., ii. 370.
+
+     Rochester Fall, N. Y., ii. 371.
+
+     Rochester, Nathaniel, ii. 370.
+
+     Rochester University, N. Y., ii. 372.
+
+     "Rock City," iii. 340.
+
+     Rock Hill, Pa., i. 222.
+
+     Rock Island, Ill., i. 465.
+
+     Rock Reggio, N. Y., ii. 299.
+
+     Rockaway, N. Y., ii. 85.
+
+     Rockefeller, John D., i. 435, 461.
+
+     "Rocketts," Richmond, Va., i. 115.
+
+     Rockham, Captain, pirate, iii. 237.
+
+     Rockland Lake, N. Y., ii. 145.
+
+     Rockland, Me., iii. 266.
+
+     Rockledge, Fla., i. 378.
+
+     Rockomeka, iii. 246.
+
+     Rockport, Mass., iii. 92.
+
+     Rocky Heart, Trenton Falls, N. Y., ii. 349.
+
+     Rocky Mountains, iii. 454.
+
+     Roebling, John A., ii. 70.
+
+     Roebling, Washington, ii. 70.
+
+     "Roeleffe Jansen's Kill," ii. 182.
+
+     "Roger Williams House," Salem, Mass., iii. 76.
+
+     Roger Williams Park, Providence, R. I., iii. 113.
+
+     Roger Williams University, Ky., iii. 341.
+
+     Rogers, Major, iii. 493.
+
+     Rogers, Major Robert, ii. 287.
+
+     Rogers Pass, Canada, iii. 489, 493.
+
+     Rogers's Slide, Lake George, N. Y., ii. 280, 287.
+
+     Rogue River, iii. 513.
+
+     Rokeby estate, ii. 180, 181.
+
+     Rolfe, John, i. 59.
+
+     Rolfe, Thomas, i. 61.
+
+     Rollaway Mountain, N. Y., ii. 342.
+
+     "Rolling Rock," Wickford, R. I., iii. 105.
+
+     Roman Catholics, i. 84.
+
+     Roman Catholic Cathedral, Baltimore, Md., i. 90.
+
+     Rome, Ga., iii. 368.
+
+     Rome, N. Y., ii. 344.
+
+     Rondout, N. Y., ii. 178.
+
+     Rondout Creek, N. Y., i. 258.
+
+     Ronkonkoma Lake, N. Y., ii. 96.
+
+     Rookwood Pottery, Cincinnati, O., iii. 332.
+
+     Roosevelt, Thaddeus, iii. 434.
+
+     Rosecrans, General William S., iii. 350.
+
+     Rosendale cement, ii. 179.
+
+     Rosin, i. 347.
+
+     Roslyn, N. Y., ii. 94.
+
+     Ross, Betsy, i. 95, 164.
+
+     Rossetti, William M., iii. 423.
+
+     Rotunda, Mammoth Cave, Ky., iii. 339.
+
+     "Rough and Ready," iii. 337.
+
+     Rough Riders, iii. 434.
+
+     Round Island, N. Y., ii. 412.
+
+     Round Lake, N. Y., ii. 219, 323.
+
+     Round Top, N. Y., ii. 184.
+
+     Rouse's Point, N. Y., ii. 311.
+
+     Rowe, patriot, iii. 38.
+
+     Roxbury, Mass., iii. 49.
+
+     Royal Gorge, Col., iii. 469.
+
+     "Royal Grant," ii. 336.
+
+     Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, Canada, ii. 440.
+
+     Rudman, Rev. Andrew, i. 171.
+
+     Rugueneau, missionary, ii. 382.
+
+     Rumford Falls, Me., iii. 245.
+
+     Rush, Benjamin, i. 215.
+
+     Rush, James, i. 169.
+
+     Rush, Richard, i. 26.
+
+     Ruskin, John, ii. 325.
+
+     Rutgers College, New Brunswick, N. J., ii. 21.
+
+     Rutland, Vt., ii. 300.
+
+     Rye Beach, N. H., iii. 227.
+
+
+     Sabbath Day Point, Lake George, N. Y., ii. 280.
+
+     Sabine Lake, Texas, iii. 429.
+
+     Sabine River, iii. 429.
+
+     Sachem's Head, Saybrook, Conn., ii. 113.
+
+     Sachem's Plain, Norwich, Conn., iii. 102.
+
+     "Sachem's Wood," ii. 112.
+
+     Saco, Me., iii. 241.
+
+     Saco River, iii. 214, 241.
+
+     Sacramento, Cal., iii. 479.
+
+     Sacramento River, iii. 447, 479.
+
+     Sadawga Lake, Vt., iii. 179.
+
+     Safe Harbor, Pa., i. 282.
+
+     Sag Harbor, N. Y., ii. 122.
+
+     Sagadahoc, iii. 253.
+
+     Sage College, Ithaca, N. Y., ii. 362.
+
+     "Sage of Concord," iii. 68.
+
+     Sage's Ravine, Conn., ii. 262.
+
+     Saguenay River, ii. 456, 496.
+
+     St. Agnes, Canada, ii. 493.
+
+     St. Albans, Vt., ii. 305.
+
+     St. Andrew Channel, Cape Breton Island, Canada, iii. 307.
+
+     St. Andrews, Canada, iii. 275.
+
+     St. Aniset Church, St. Regis, Canada, ii. 419.
+
+     St. Anne Rapids, Canada, ii. 442.
+
+     St. Anne's Episcopal Church, Brooklyn, N. Y., ii. 75.
+
+     St. Augustin, Canada, ii. 456.
+
+     St. Augustine, Fla., i. 371.
+
+     St. Charles River, ii. 465.
+
+     St. Clair, General Arthur, i. 318; iii. 331.
+
+     St. Clair River, i. 449.
+
+     St. Croix Lake, i. 467.
+
+     St. Croix River, iii. 275.
+
+     St. Elias Mountains, Alaska, iii. 507.
+
+     St. Estienne, Claude de, iii. 278.
+
+     St. Francis Barracks, St. Augustine, Fla., i. 373.
+
+     St. Francis River, Canada, ii. 455.
+
+     St. Francis River, Missouri, iii. 404.
+
+     St. François du Lac, Canada, ii. 455.
+
+     St. George's Island, Halifax, Canada, iii. 298.
+
+     "St. Germain carry," Adirondack Mountains, N. Y., ii. 323.
+
+     St. Helena Island, S. C., i. 353.
+
+     St. Helena Sound, S. C., i. 353.
+
+     St. Helen's Island, Canada, ii. 421.
+
+     St. Inigoe's, Md., i. 86.
+
+     St. James' Cathedral, Toronto, Canada, ii. 408.
+
+     St. James' Episcopal Church, Bristol, Pa., i. 198.
+
+     St. Jean, explorer, ii. 460.
+
+     St. Joachim, Canada, ii. 487.
+
+     _St. John_, iii. 280.
+
+     St. John, Canada, iii. 278.
+
+     "St. John in the Wilderness," Adirondack Mountains, ii. 324.
+
+     St. John's Church, Richmond, Va., i. 113.
+
+     St. John River, iii. 282.
+
+     St. John's River, i. 358, 359, 380, 386.
+
+     St. Johnsbury, Vt., iii. 183.
+
+     St. Joseph, Missouri, iii. 386.
+
+     St. Joseph River, i. 425.
+
+     St. Joseph's Theological Seminary, Troy, N. Y., ii. 214.
+
+     St. Laurent Church, Isle of Orleans, Canada, ii. 491.
+
+     St. Lawrence River, ii. 402, 490.
+
+     St. Louis, Mo., iii. 363.
+
+     St. Louis River, i. 475.
+
+     St. Lucie River, i. 379.
+
+     St. Luke's Episcopal Church, Mauch Chunk, Pa., i. 233.
+
+     St. Luke's Hospital, New York City, ii. 57.
+
+     St. Margaret's Bay, Canada, iii. 300.
+
+     "St. Mark's Church in the Bowerie," New York City, ii. 40.
+
+     St. Mary's, Md., i. 86.
+
+     St. Mary's Church, Burlington, N. J., i. 201.
+
+     St. Mary's Church, Cold Spring, N. Y., ii. 162.
+
+     St. Mary's College, Montreal, Canada, ii. 435, 439.
+
+     St. Mary's County, Md., i. 86.
+
+     St. Mary's Hall, Burlington, N. J., i. 202.
+
+     St. Mary's River, Florida, i. 358.
+
+     St. Mary's River, Canada, ii. 421.
+
+     St. Maurice River, ii. 455.
+
+     St. Michaels, Alaska, iii. 506.
+
+     St. Michael's Church, Charleston, S. C., i. 352.
+
+     St. Michael's Church of Loretto, Pa., i. 313.
+
+     St. Patrick's Channel, Cape Breton Island, Canada, iii. 307.
+
+     St. Paul, Minn., i. 469.
+
+     St. Paul Building, New York City, ii. 33.
+
+     St. Paul's Church, New York City, ii. 33.
+
+     St. Paul's Church, Norfolk, Va., i. 79.
+
+     St. Paul's Episcopal Church, Richmond, Va., i. 112.
+
+     "St. Peter at the Gate," Cape Breton Island, Canada, iii. 306.
+
+     St. Peter's Church, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 171.
+
+     St. Peter's Inlet, Cape Breton Island, Canada, iii. 306.
+
+     St. Peter's, Montreal, Canada, ii. 438.
+
+     St. Pierre Church, Isle of Orleans, Canada, ii. 491.
+
+     St. Regis, Canada, ii. 418.
+
+     St. Regis Mountain, N. Y., ii. 323.
+
+     St. Regis River, ii. 418.
+
+     St. Simon's Bay, i. 368.
+
+     St. Stephen, Canada, iii. 275.
+
+     St. Tammany, i. 195; ii. 41.
+
+     "St. Theresa of the New World," ii. 475.
+
+     St. Xavier, Arizona, iii. 436.
+
+     Sainte Anne's River, ii. 485.
+
+     Salem, Mass., iii. 74.
+
+     Salem, Ohio, i. 402.
+
+     Salem, Oregon, iii. 512.
+
+     Salina, N. Y., ii. 355.
+
+     Salisbury, Conn., ii. 262.
+
+     Salisbury, N. C., iii. 361.
+
+     Salisbury, N. H., iii. 79.
+
+     Salisbury Beach, N. H., iii. 227.
+
+     Salmon fishing, iii. 496.
+
+     Salon of the Ambassadors, Washington, D. C., i. 22.
+
+     Salt Lake City, Utah, iii. 475.
+
+     Salt Point, N. Y., ii. 355.
+
+     Salt River, iii. 436.
+
+     "Salt-Water Indians," ii. 504.
+
+     Salt wells, ii. 355.
+
+     _Sam Slick_, iii. 296.
+
+     Samoset, Indian chief, iii. 16, 256.
+
+     San Antonio River, iii. 431.
+
+     San Antonio, Texas, iii. 431.
+
+     San Bernardino Mountains, iii. 439.
+
+     San Bernardino Valley, Cal., iii. 440.
+
+     San Buenaventura, Cal., iii. 445.
+
+     San Diego, Cal., iii. 440.
+
+     San Diego Bay, Cal., iii. 440.
+
+     San Gabriel Mission, Cal., iii. 445.
+
+     San Luis Park, Col., iii. 467.
+
+     San Jacinto Mountains, iii. 439.
+
+     San Joaquin River, iii. 447.
+
+     San Joaquin Valley, Cal., iii. 447.
+
+     San José, Cal., iii. 446.
+
+     San Pablo Bay, Cal., iii. 514.
+
+     San Pedro, Cal., iii. 444.
+
+     San Pedro River, iii. 432.
+
+     San Sebastian River, i. 372.
+
+     Sand Key, Fla., i. 397.
+
+     "Sand Lots," iii. 518.
+
+     Sandford Lake, N. Y., ii. 237.
+
+     Sandhuken, i. 148.
+
+     Sand's Key, i. 394.
+
+     Sands Point, N. Y., ii. 94.
+
+     Sandusky, Ohio, i. 421.
+
+     Sandusky Bay, Ohio, i. 422.
+
+     Sandusky River, i. 404.
+
+     Sandwich Mountains, N. H., iii. 216.
+
+     Sandy Bay, Land's End, Mass., iii. 92.
+
+     Sandy Hill, N. Y., ii. 231.
+
+     Sandy Hook, N. J., i. 148; ii. 9.
+
+     Sanford, Fla., i. 386.
+
+     Sangamon River, i. 410.
+
+     Santa Anna, General Antonio L., iii. 433.
+
+     Santa Barbara, Cal., iii. 445.
+
+     Santa Catalina, Cal., iii. 444.
+
+     Santa Cruz, Cal., iii. 446.
+
+     Santa Fé, New Mexico, iii. 459.
+
+     Santa Monica Bay, Cal., iii. 444.
+
+     Saquish, Duxbury, Mass., iii. 18.
+
+     "Sara Maria," the, i. 182.
+
+     Saranac River, ii. 308.
+
+     Saratoga "A" Spring, Saratoga, N. Y., ii. 224.
+
+     "Saratoga chips," ii. 225.
+
+     Saratoga, N. Y., ii. 219.
+
+     "Saratoga," the, ii. 310.
+
+     Saratoga River, ii. 310.
+
+     Sashaway River, iii. 170.
+
+     Sassacus, Indian chief, ii. 116.
+
+     _Satanstoe_, ii. 286.
+
+     Saucon Creek, i. 226.
+
+     "Sauerkraut," i. 187.
+
+     Saugerties, N. Y., ii. 182.
+
+     Sault Sainte Marie, Michigan, i. 456.
+
+     Sault Sainte Marie Strait, Michigan, i. 453.
+
+     Saunders Theatre, Memorial Hall, Cambridge, Mass., iii. 62.
+
+     Savage Station, Va., battle of, i. 119.
+
+     Savannah, Ga., i. 355.
+
+     Savannah River, i. 354; iii. 363.
+
+     Savin Rock, New Haven, Conn., ii. 112.
+
+     Sawkill River, i. 255.
+
+     Saw-Mill geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 500.
+
+     "Saw-mill rift," i. 259.
+
+     Sawmill River, ii. 135.
+
+     "Saybrook Platform," ii. 114.
+
+     Saybrook Point, Conn., ii. 112.
+
+     Scarborough Beach, Me., iii. 242.
+
+     Schaats, Rev. Gideon, ii. 209.
+
+     "Schakamo-kink," i. 300.
+
+     Schenectady, N. Y., ii. 335.
+
+     Schenley Park, Pittsburg, Pa., i. 326.
+
+     Schodack Landing, N. Y., ii. 198.
+
+     "Scholar's Gate," Central Park, New York City, ii. 27, 56.
+
+     Schoodic Lakes, Canada, iii. 275.
+
+     Schoolcraft, Henry R., i. 475.
+
+     "Schooner," origin of name, iii. 87.
+
+     Schooner Head, Mount Desert Island, Me., iii. 270.
+
+     Schroon Lake, N. Y., ii. 238, 273.
+
+     Schuyler, Elizabeth, ii. 211.
+
+     Schuyler, General Philip, ii. 194, 211, 216, 343.
+
+     Schuyler Mansion, Albany, N. Y., ii. 211.
+
+     Schuyler, Peter, ii. 211.
+
+     Schuylerville, N. Y., ii. 216.
+
+     Schuylkill Haven, Pa., i. 190.
+
+     Schuylkill River, i. 184.
+
+     Scioto River, i. 402.
+
+     Scituate, Mass., iii. 28.
+
+     "Scotch-Irish Indians," ii. 504.
+
+     Scott, General Winfield, i. 288; ii. 162.
+
+     Scott, General Winfield, statues of, i. 30, 31.
+
+     Scott, Sir Walter, i. 180; ii. 142.
+
+     Scott, Thomas A., i. 289, 328.
+
+     Scranton, Pa., i. 238.
+
+     "Scrapple," i. 187.
+
+     Scribner tomb, Greenwood Cemetery, N. Y., ii. 77.
+
+     Scusset River, iii. 20.
+
+     "Scylla of the St. Lawrence," ii. 511.
+
+     "Sea Horse," the, i. 43.
+
+     Seaforth Channel, iii. 499.
+
+     "Sea-island cotton," i. 353.
+
+     Seal Harbor, Mount Desert Island, Me., iii. 273.
+
+     Seal Island, Canada, iii. 300.
+
+     Seal Rocks, San Francisco, Cal., iii. 520.
+
+     Searight, Thomas B., i. 277.
+
+     Searles, architect, ii. 260.
+
+     Sears Building, Boston, Mass., iii. 43.
+
+     Searsport, Me., iii. 267.
+
+     Seaside Park, Bridgeport, Conn., ii. 101.
+
+     _Seasons_, ii. 326.
+
+     Seasons, Indian division of, i. 69.
+
+     Seattle, Washington State, iii. 511.
+
+     Sebago Lake, Me., iii. 245.
+
+     Seboois River, iii. 268.
+
+     Secatogue Indians, ii. 96.
+
+     "Secession Ordinance," iii. 363.
+
+     Second Unitarian Church, Boston, Mass., iii. 48.
+
+     Sedgwick, Catherine Maria, ii. 242, 257.
+
+     Sedgwick, Judge Theodore, ii. 257.
+
+     Sedgwick mansion, Stockbridge, Mass., ii. 257.
+
+     Seeconk River, iii. 108.
+
+     Seed-growing, ii. 365, 372.
+
+     Selina, Countess of Huntingdon, i. 306.
+
+     Selkirks, Canada, iii. 493.
+
+     Sellers, Captain, iii. 393.
+
+     Selma, Ala., iii. 373.
+
+     Seltzer Spring, Saratoga, N. Y., ii. 224.
+
+     Seminary Ridge, Gettysburg, Pa., i. 128.
+
+     Seminary of St. Sulpice, Montreal, Canada, ii. 432, 436.
+
+     Seminary of St. Thomas Aquinas, St. Paul, Minn., i. 470.
+
+     Seminole Indians, i. 366, 376, 388.
+
+     Senate Chamber, Capitol, Washington, D. C., i. 16.
+
+     Seneca Indians, ii. 337.
+
+     Seneca Lake, N. Y., ii. 354, 362.
+
+     Seneca oil, i. 334.
+
+     Seneca Valley, N. Y., ii. 362.
+
+     Sentinel Rock, Yosemite Valley, Cal., iii. 454.
+
+     "Sepessing," i. 203.
+
+     "Sequoia Tree Tower," i. 32.
+
+     Sergeant, John, ii. 255.
+
+     Setauket, N. Y., ii. 96.
+
+     "Seven Days' Battles," i. 118.
+
+     "Seven Years' War," ii. 289.
+
+     Sever, William R., iii. 10.
+
+     Severn River, i. 86.
+
+     Seward, William H., i. 288; ii. 42, 203, 358.
+
+     Seymour, Horatio, ii. 343.
+
+     Seymour Narrows, iii. 499.
+
+     Shackamaxon Island, Delaware River, i. 195.
+
+     "Shackamaxon, neutral land of," i. 155.
+
+     "Shakers," ii. 216, 336.
+
+     Sharon Springs, N. Y., i. 297.
+
+     Sharp Mountain, Pa., i. 189, 234.
+
+     Sharp's Rifle Factory, Bridgeport, Conn., ii. 101.
+
+     Shaw, Henry, iii. 396.
+
+     Shaw, H. W., ii. 245.
+
+     Shawanagan Fall, Canada, ii. 455.
+
+     Shawangunk Mountain, N. Y., i. 258.
+
+     Shawmut, iii. 29.
+
+     Shawneetown, Ill., iii. 342.
+
+     Shawomet, R. I., iii. 105.
+
+     Sheepscot Bay, Me., iii. 254.
+
+     Sheepshead Bay, N. Y., ii. 80.
+
+     Sheffield, Mass., ii. 260.
+
+     "Sheffield Elm," Great Barrington, Mass., ii. 261.
+
+     Sheffield Scientific School, New Haven, Conn., ii. 108.
+
+     Shelburne, Canada, iii. 300.
+
+     Shelburne Falls, Mass., iii. 177.
+
+     Shelley, Percy B., i. 340.
+
+     Shelter Island, N. Y., ii. 119.
+
+     Shelving Falls, Lake George, N. Y., ii. 279.
+
+     Shelving Rock, Lake George, N. Y., ii. 279.
+
+     Shenandoah River, i. 38.
+
+     Shenandoah Valley, i. 123.
+
+     Sherbrooke, Canada, iii. 301.
+
+     Sheridan, General Philip H., i. 32, 56, 126; iii. 141.
+
+     Sherman Fall, N. Y., ii. 347.
+
+     Sherman, General William S., i. 32, 356; iii. 341, 363, 366, 374.
+
+     Sherman, John, i. 405.
+
+     Sherman, Roger, ii. 112.
+
+     Sherman, Wyoming, iii. 470.
+
+     "Shield," the, i. 154.
+
+     Shillaber, B. P., iii. 228.
+
+     Shinnecock Hills, N. Y., ii. 92.
+
+     Shinnecock Indians, ii. 92.
+
+     Shinnecock Neck, N. Y., ii. 92.
+
+     Ship Harbor, Canada, iii. 301.
+
+     Shipley, William, i. 150.
+
+     Shirley, plantation, i. 61.
+
+     Shockoe Hill, Richmond, Va., i. 110.
+
+     Shoe factories, iii. 70.
+
+     Shohola Creek, Pa., i. 260.
+
+     Shohola Falls, Pa., i. 261.
+
+     "Shohola Glen," Pa., i. 260.
+
+     Shohola Township, Pa., i. 260.
+
+     "Sho-ka-kin," i. 271.
+
+     Shooters' Hill, Alexandria, Va., i. 41.
+
+     Shoshoné Falls, Idaho, iii. 483.
+
+     Shoshone Lake, Montana, i. 509.
+
+     Shoshoné River, iii. 474.
+
+     Shreveport, La., iii. 411.
+
+     Shubenacadie River, iii. 303.
+
+     Siasconset, Nantucket, Mass., iii. 152.
+
+     Sibley Building, Ithaca, N. Y., ii. 362.
+
+     Sibley Cotton Mill, Augusta, Ga., iii. 364.
+
+     Sibley, Sam, i. 277.
+
+     Sickles, General Daniel E., i. 131.
+
+     Sidney, Algernon, i. 153.
+
+     Sidney, Henry i. 153.
+
+     Siege of Richmond, i. 117, 120.
+
+     Sierra Blanca, Col., iii. 467.
+
+     Sierra Madre, iii. 445.
+
+     Sierra Nevada, Cal., iii. 477.
+
+     Sigourney, Mrs. Lydia H., ii. 123, 396; iii. 71, 104, 165.
+
+     Silliman, Benjamin, ii. 107, 112, 248.
+
+     Silver Lake, Pa., i. 255.
+
+     Silver mining, iii. 478, 479.
+
+     Silver Spring, Fla., i. 367, 383.
+
+     Silver Thread River, Pa., i. 255.
+
+     Simcoe, General John G., ii. 406.
+
+     Simms, William Gillmore, iii. 360.
+
+     "Simplicities Defence Against Seven-Headed Policy," iii. 106.
+
+     "Singing Beach," Manchester, Mass., iii. 77.
+
+     "Single Sisters," i. 230.
+
+     "Single Sisters' House," Bethlehem, Pa., i. 228.
+
+     Sing Sing Prison, N. Y., ii. 145.
+
+     Sing Sing Village, N. Y., ii. 145.
+
+     Sinking Spring, Pa., i. 307.
+
+     "Sinnekaas," ii. 338.
+
+     Sioux City, Iowa, i. 477; iii. 385.
+
+     Sioux Falls, South Dakota, i. 477.
+
+     Sisters Islands, Lake George, N. Y., ii. 279.
+
+     "Sisters of the Congregation of Notre Dame," ii. 433.
+
+     Sitka, Alaska, iii. 501.
+
+     Sitka Sound, Alaska, iii. 501.
+
+     Six Nations, i. 81, 239, 302; ii. 337.
+
+     Skaguay, Alaska, iii. 506.
+
+     Skaneateles Lake, N. Y., ii. 357.
+
+     Skaunoghtada, ii. 335.
+
+     _Skeleton in Armor_, iii. 138.
+
+     "Skipper Ireson's Ride," iii. 73.
+
+     Skowhegan Falls, Me., iii. 251.
+
+     "Sky-scrapers," i. 429.
+
+     Sky Top, N. Y., ii. 176.
+
+     Slaeperigh Haven, Sunnyside, N. Y., ii. 143.
+
+     Slate factories, i. 232.
+
+     Slater, Samuel, iii. 114.
+
+     Slaves, negro, early prices of, i. 73.
+
+     Sleeping-car, history of, i. 439.
+
+     Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, Concord, Mass., iii. 68.
+
+     Slide Mountain, N. Y., ii. 189.
+
+     Sliding Fall, Pa., i. 267.
+
+     Sloop Island, Lake George, N. Y., ii. 279.
+
+     Smith, Apollus, ii. 324.
+
+     Smith, Captain John, i. 4, 6, 57, 59, 66, 67, 68, 76, 82;
+       iii. 78, 86, 233, 254.
+
+     Smith College, Northampton, Mass., iii. 173.
+
+     Smith, Dr. William, i. 306.
+
+     Smith, Gerrit, ii. 319.
+
+     Smith, Joseph, iii. 393.
+
+     Smith, Sir Donald, iii. 493.
+
+     Smith, Sophia, iii. 173.
+
+     "Smith the Tory," ii. 147.
+
+     Smith & Wesson Company, Springfield, Mass., iii. 167.
+
+     Smithson, James, i. 25.
+
+     Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., i. 24.
+
+     "Smoky City," i. 325.
+
+     "Smuggler's Notch," Vt., ii. 304.
+
+     Snake River, i. 485; iii. 482.
+
+     "Snow Arch," Mount Washington, N. H., iii. 211.
+
+     Snow Lake, Canada, ii. 484.
+
+     _Snowbound_, iii. 81.
+
+     Soap Trough, Pa., i. 255.
+
+     "Society of Notre Dame de Montreal," ii. 427.
+
+     Society of the Cincinnati, ii. 171.
+
+     "Society of the First Baptist Church," iii. 109.
+
+     Soldiers' Cemetery, Alexandria, Va., i. 42.
+
+     Soldiers' Cemetery, Hampton, Va., i. 75.
+
+     Soldiers' Home, Hampton, Va., i. 75.
+
+     Soldiers' Home, Milwaukee, Wis., i. 463.
+
+     Soldiers' Home, Washington, D. C., i. 31.
+
+     Soldiers' Monument, Allegheny City, Pa., i. 329.
+
+     Soldiers' Monument, Boston, Mass., iii. 36.
+
+     Soldiers' Monument, Cleveland, O., i. 418.
+
+     Soldiers' Monument, Detroit, Mich., i. 451.
+
+     Soldiers' Monument, Harrisburg, Pa., i. 287.
+
+     Soldiers' Monument, Lancaster, Pa., i. 282.
+
+     Soldiers' Monument, New Haven, Conn., ii. 111.
+
+     Soldiers' Monument, Savannah, Ga., i. 357.
+
+     Soldiers' Monument, St. Augustine, Fla., i. 374.
+
+     Soldiers' Monument, Worcester, Mass., iii. 118.
+
+     Soldiers' Monument, Yonkers, N. Y., ii. 136.
+
+     Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument, Indianapolis, Ind., i. 409.
+
+     Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument, Providence, R. I., iii. 111.
+
+     Solon, Me., iii. 248.
+
+     Somes, Abraham, iii. 271.
+
+     Somes' Sound, Me., iii. 269.
+
+     Somesville, Mount Desert Island, Me., iii. 271.
+
+     "Song of the Clam," ii. 81.
+
+     Songo River, iii. 245.
+
+     "Sons of Freedom," iii. 117.
+
+     "Soo," i. 456.
+
+     Sorel, Canada, ii. 455.
+
+     Sorel, Captain, ii. 455.
+
+     Sorel River, ii. 311.
+
+     Soukhoi Channel, Alaska, iii. 501.
+
+     South Bend, Ind., i. 425.
+
+     South Boston Bay, Mass., iii. 31.
+
+     South Dome, Yosemite Valley, Cal., iii. 453.
+
+     South Hero Island, Lake Champlain, N. Y., ii. 308.
+
+     South Mountain, Pa., i. 224, 231.
+
+     South Mountain, Md., battle of, i. 40.
+
+     South Park, Col., iii. 468.
+
+     South Platte River, iii. 461.
+
+     South Saskatchewan River, iii. 486.
+
+     South West Harbor, Mount Desert Island, Me., iii. 273.
+
+     South Windsor, Conn., iii. 166.
+
+     "Southern Cassadaga," i. 378.
+
+     Southey, Robert, iii. 128.
+
+     Spanish Bay, iii. 308.
+
+     Spanish Fort, Georgia, iii. 376.
+
+     Sparks, Jared, i. 50; iii. 61.
+
+     Spartansburg, S. C., iii. 361.
+
+     Spectacle Island, Boston Harbor, Mass., iii. 33.
+
+     "Speedwell," the, iii. 7.
+
+     Spencer, Mass., iii. 170.
+
+     Spencer Mountain, Me., iii. 248.
+
+     "Sphinx in Concord," iii. 68.
+
+     Spiritualists' Assembly, i. 378.
+
+     Splendid geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 503.
+
+     Split Rock Mountain, N. Y., ii. 299.
+
+     "Split Rock," St. Lawrence River, ii. 419.
+
+     Spokane, Washington State, iii. 481.
+
+     Spokane River, iii. 481.
+
+     Spray River, iii. 489.
+
+     Spring Grove Cemetery, Cincinnati, O., iii. 333.
+
+     Springfield, Ill., i. 410.
+
+     Springfield, Mass., iii. 166.
+
+     Spuyten Duyvel Creek, N. Y., ii. 58.
+
+     Squam Lake, N. H., iii. 195.
+
+     Squam River, iii. 93.
+
+     Squantum, Boston Harbor, Mass., iii. 29.
+
+     Squantum, Indian chief, iii. 29.
+
+     "Squirrel," the, iii. 302.
+
+     Staaten Bay, Mass., iii. 19.
+
+     Staaten Hoeck, Mass., iii. 19.
+
+     Stacy, Mahlon, i. 211.
+
+     Stadacona, ii. 425, 458.
+
+     "Staked Plain," iii. 411.
+
+     Stalactite Cave, Yellowstone Park, i. 489.
+
+     Stamford, Conn., ii. 99.
+
+     Standard Oil Building, New York City, ii. 30.
+
+     Standard Oil Company, i. 332, 339, 417.
+
+     "Standing Stone," i. 305.
+
+     Standish, Captain Miles, iii. 12, 17.
+
+     Stanford, Mrs. Leland, iii. 515.
+
+     Stapleton, L. I., ii. 17.
+
+     Star Island, Isles of Shoals, iii. 234.
+
+     "Star of the West," the, i. 351.
+
+     "Star-spangled Banner," i. 40, 92, 95, 169; iii. 520.
+
+     Stark, Colonel John, ii. 300.
+
+     Starucca flags, i. 260.
+
+     State Capitol, Hartford, Conn., iii. 162.
+
+     State Capitol, Denver, Col., iii. 462.
+
+     State Department Building, Washington, D. C., i. 22.
+
+     State Dining Hall, Executive Mansion, Washington, D. C., i. 20.
+
+     State House, Boston, Mass., iii. 37.
+
+     State House, Columbia, S. C., iii. 363.
+
+     State House, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 161.
+
+     State House, Trenton, N. J., i. 212.
+
+     State Lunatic Asylum, Utica, N. Y., ii. 343.
+
+     State Normal College, Stroudsburg, Pa., i. 252.
+
+     State of Deseret, iii. 475.
+
+     State Street, Albany, N. Y., ii. 208.
+
+     Staten Island, N. Y., ii. 16.
+
+     "State Rights," i. 350.
+
+     "Steamboat" geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 492.
+
+     Steinways, tomb of, Greenwood Cemetery, Brooklyn, N. Y., ii. 77.
+
+     Stephen, George, iii. 491.
+
+     Stephens Passage, Alaska, iii. 502.
+
+     Stephenson, David, i. 309.
+
+     Stephenson, Robert, ii. 431.
+
+     Steuben, Baron Friedrich, ii. 148, 171.
+
+     Steubenville, O., i. 402.
+
+     "Stevens Battery," ii. 14.
+
+     "Stevens Castle," Hoboken, N. J., ii. 13.
+
+     Stevens, Edwin A., ii. 13.
+
+     Stevens, General Isaac I., i. 103.
+
+     Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, N. J., ii. 13.
+
+     Stevens, John, i. 206.
+
+     Stevens, Robert L., i. 206.
+
+     Stevens, Thaddeus, i. 283; iii. 181.
+
+     Stewart, Admiral Charles, i. 203.
+
+     Stewart, Alexander T., ii. 37, 47, 93.
+
+     "Stewart's Store," New York City, ii. 37.
+
+     "Stewart's Up-town Store," New York City, ii. 41.
+
+     Stillwater, N. Y., ii. 216.
+
+     Stock Exchange Building, New York City, ii. 31.
+
+     "Stockade Prison," iii. 370.
+
+     Stockbridge, Mass., ii. 254.
+
+     "Stockbridge Bowl," Mass., ii. 252.
+
+     Stockbridge Indians, ii. 255.
+
+     Stockton, Cal., iii. 447.
+
+     Stockton, Commodore Robert F., i. 206.
+
+     Stockton, Richard, i. 215.
+
+     Stoddart, Solomon, iii. 172.
+
+     Stone, Lucy, iii. 170.
+
+     "Stone coal," i. 234.
+
+     Stonington, Conn., ii. 117.
+
+     Stony Point, N. Y., ii. 147.
+
+     Storm King Mountain, N. Y., ii. 161.
+
+     Storrs, Dr. Richard Salter, ii. 75.
+
+     Story, William W., iii. 75, 520.
+
+     "Stourbridge Lion," i. 269.
+
+     Stoves, i. 223.
+
+     Stowe, Harriet Beecher, i. 78, 381; ii. 259; iii. 78, 165, 247.
+
+     Stowe, Rev. Calvin, ii. 263.
+
+     Strait of Barra, Canada, iii. 307.
+
+     Strait of Belle Isle, Canada, ii. 511.
+
+     Strait of Juan de Fuca, iii. 510.
+
+     Strait of Mackinac, i. 453.
+
+     Straits of Florida, i. 394.
+
+     Straitsmouth Island, Mass., iii. 92.
+
+     Stranahan, James, ii. 79.
+
+     Stratford, Conn., ii. 102.
+
+     Stratford Point, Conn., ii. 102.
+
+     Stratton, Charles S., ii. 102.
+
+     Strawberry Hill, San Francisco, Cal., iii. 520.
+
+     Street, Alfred B., ii. 316.
+
+     Streight, Colonel A. D., i. 114.
+
+     Stroud, Jacob, i. 252.
+
+     Stroudsburg, Pa., i. 252.
+
+     Stryker, General, ii. 194.
+
+     Stuart, General James E. B., i. 102, 115.
+
+     Stuart, Gilbert, iii. 37, 105.
+
+     Stuyvesant, Peter, ii. 7, 40, 58, 173.
+
+     Stuyvesant Landing, N. Y., ii. 197.
+
+     Sutherland Falls Quarry, Proctor, Vt., ii. 300.
+
+     Subway, Boston, Mass., iii. 37.
+
+     Succotash, iii. 109.
+
+     Suckiang, iii. 161.
+
+     Sudbury, Mass., iii. 51.
+
+     Sudbury River, iii. 51, 67.
+
+     Suffolk, Va., i. 78.
+
+     Sugar Hill, N. H., iii. 190.
+
+     Sugar Loaf Hill, Lake George, N. Y., ii. 289.
+
+     Sugar Loaf Mountain, Mass., iii. 176.
+
+     Sugar Loaf Mountain, N. Y., ii. 154, 158.
+
+     Sugar Notch, Pa., i. 235, 236.
+
+     Sugar River, iii. 180.
+
+     Suisun Bay, Cal., iii. 514.
+
+     Sullivan's Island, S. C., i. 350.
+
+     Sulphur Mountain, Canada, iii. 490.
+
+     "Summer School of Philosophy," ii. 373.
+
+     Sulpician Order, ii. 432.
+
+     "Summit City," i. 406.
+
+     Summit Hill, Pa., i. 234.
+
+     Summit Station, Cal., iii. 479.
+
+     Summerside, Prince Edward Island, iii. 304.
+
+     Sumner, Charles, iii. 59, 62.
+
+     Sunbury, Pa., i. 299.
+
+     Sunflower River, iii. 407.
+
+     Sunnyside, N. Y., ii. 142.
+
+     "Sunset Route," iii. 428.
+
+     Superior City, Minnesota, i. 460.
+
+     "Suppawn bell," ii. 210.
+
+     "Susan Constant," i. 4.
+
+     Susquehanna River, i. 7, 80, 236, 237, 284.
+
+     Sutro Heights, San Francisco, Cal., iii. 520.
+
+     Sutro Tunnel, Virginia City, Nevada, iii. 478.
+
+     Sutter, Colonel John A., iii. 514.
+
+     Suwanee River, i. 358, 390.
+
+     "Swamp Angel," i. 212, 352.
+
+     Swampscott, Mass., iii. 72.
+
+     Swannanoa River, iii. 355.
+
+     Swatara Creek, Pa., i. 285.
+
+     Swedes' Church of the Holy Trinity, Wilmington, Del., i. 150.
+
+     Swedish West India Company, i. 146.
+
+     Sweetwater Dam, Cal., iii. 441.
+
+     "Switchback," Pa., i. 234.
+
+     Sydney, Cape Breton Island, Canada, iii. 308.
+
+     "Sylvan Gorge," Watkins Glen, N. Y., ii. 365.
+
+     "Sylvania Society," i. 263.
+
+     Symmes, John Cleves, iii. 330.
+
+     "Symmes' Purchase," iii. 331.
+
+     Syracuse, N. Y., ii. 355.
+
+     Syracuse University, N. Y., ii. 357.
+
+
+     Table Rock, Niagara Falls, ii. 390.
+
+     Table Rock, N. H., iii. 185.
+
+     Tacoma, Washington State, iii. 511.
+
+     Tacoma Falls, Me., iii. 251.
+
+     Tacony Creek, Pa., i. 196.
+
+     Tadousac, Canada, ii. 490, 495.
+
+     Taghanic Falls, N. Y., ii. 360.
+
+     Tahawus, ii. 237.
+
+     Taku Inlet, Alaska, iii. 502.
+
+     "Tales of a Wayside Inn," iii. 51.
+
+     Talladega, Alabama, iii. 368.
+
+     Tallahassee, Fla., i. 390.
+
+     Tallahassee, Indian chief, i. 389.
+
+     Tallahatchie River, iii. 407.
+
+     Tallapoosa River, iii. 371.
+
+     Tamanend, Indian chief, i. 154, 195.
+
+     Tammany Hall, New York City, ii. 41.
+
+     Tammany, Indian chief, ii. 41.
+
+     Tammany Society, i. 195; ii. 41.
+
+     Tampa, Fla., i. 392.
+
+     Tampa Inn, Port Tampa, Fla., i. 393.
+
+     Taney, Roger B., i. 87, 292.
+
+     Taokanink, i. 196.
+
+     Tappan Village, N. Y., ii. 140.
+
+     Tappan Zee, N. Y., ii. 138.
+
+     Taquetock, i. 69.
+
+     Tar, i. 347.
+
+     "Tar-heels," i. 347, 354.
+
+     Tar River, i. 347.
+
+     Tarratine Indians, iii. 260.
+
+     Tarrytown, N. Y., ii. 140.
+
+     Tatamy, Moses Fonda, i. 248.
+
+     "Tat's Gap," Pa., i. 248.
+
+     Taunton, Mass., iii. 121.
+
+     Taunton Great River, iii. 120.
+
+     Taylor, General Zachary, i. 279; iii. 337.
+
+     Taylor, Bayard, i. 271, 397; ii. 499; iii. 340.
+
+     Tea Island, Lake George, N. Y., ii. 279.
+
+     Teach, Captain, pirate, iii. 235.
+
+     "Tear of the Clouds," N. Y., ii. 236, 273.
+
+     Tecumseh, Indian chief, i. 408.
+
+     "Tecumseh," the, iii. 376.
+
+     Teedyuscung, i. 224, 230.
+
+     Telegraph Hill, San Francisco, Cal., iii. 517.
+
+     Teller's Point, N. Y., ii. 146.
+
+     Temple Block, Salt Lake City, Utah, iii. 476.
+
+     Temple, Charlotte, ii. 29.
+
+     Temple Emanu-El, New York City, ii. 52.
+
+     "Temple of the Sun," iii. 410.
+
+     Tenaya Cañon, Yosemite Valley, Cal., iii. 453.
+
+     Tennessee River, iii. 343.
+
+     Tennyson, Alfred, i. 272.
+
+     Ten Pound Island, Gloucester, Mass., iii. 87.
+
+     Tennent, Rev. William, i. 197.
+
+     Tensas River, iii. 376.
+
+     _Tent on the Beach_, iii. 227.
+
+     "Terminal Moraine," i. 242.
+
+     _Terra Mariæ_, i. 84.
+
+     Terrapin Rocks, Niagara Falls, ii. 390.
+
+     Terra Haute, Ind., i. 409.
+
+     Terry, General Alfred H., i. 348.
+
+     Texas State University, Austin, Texas, iii. 431.
+
+     Thames River, ii. 115.
+
+     Thanksgiving Festival Day, iii. 16.
+
+     Thatcher, Anthony, iii. 92.
+
+     Thatcher's Island, Cape Ann, Mass., iii. 86, 92.
+
+     Thaxter, Celia, iii. 233.
+
+     Thayendanega, Indian chief, ii. 340.
+
+     "The Christian or Purple and Royal Democracy," iii. 208.
+
+     "The Culprit Fay," ii. 165.
+
+     _The Deer-Slayer_, i. 297.
+
+     _The Freedom of the Will_, ii. 255.
+
+     "The Great Divide," iii. 491.
+
+     "The Hat," Canada, iii. 486.
+
+     "The Hours," picture, iii. 111.
+
+     _The Kansas Emigrants_, iii. 388.
+
+     _The Last of the Mohicans_, i. 270.
+
+     _The Problem_, ii. 464.
+
+     _The Spy_, ii. 137, 171.
+
+     _The School Boy_, iii. 79.
+
+     "The Skeleton in Armor," iii. 122.
+
+     "The Thunder of Waters," ii. 379.
+
+     _The Wayside Inn_, iii. 229, 262.
+
+     _The Wide, Wide World_, ii. 156.
+
+     "The Woman of the Wilderness," i. 183.
+
+     _The Wreck of the Hesperus_, iii. 90.
+
+     "Theological Seminary," Bethlehem, Pa., i. 228.
+
+     "Theory of Concentric Spheres," iii. 331.
+
+     "Thermopylæ of New England," ii. 245.
+
+     Thickety Mountain, S. C., iii. 361.
+
+     Thimble Islands, Conn., ii. 113.
+
+     Thomas, David, i. 232.
+
+     Thomas, General George H., iii. 342.
+
+     Thomas, General George H., statue of, i. 30.
+
+     Thomaston, Me., iii. 266.
+
+     Thompson Canyon, British Columbia, iii. 494.
+
+     Thompson Island, Boston Harbor, Mass., iii. 33.
+
+     Thompson, Launt, ii. 246.
+
+     Thompson River, iii. 494.
+
+     Thompsonville, Conn., iii. 166.
+
+     Thomson, Charles, i. 180.
+
+     Thomson, James, ii. 326.
+
+     Thoreau, Henry D., ii. 403, 437; iii. 18, 22, 50, 62, 68, 196, 521.
+
+     Thorn Mountain, N. H., iii. 213.
+
+     Thoroughfare Gap, Va., i. 103.
+
+     "Thousand Islands," ii. 411.
+
+     Thousand Island Park, ii. 414.
+
+     Three Brothers, Yosemite Valley, Cal., iii. 452.
+
+     "Three Forks," iii. 383, 480.
+
+     Three Rivers, Canada, ii. 455.
+
+     "Three Sisters," Niagara Falls, ii. 391.
+
+     "Three Sisters," Canada, ii. 415.
+
+     "Three Turks' Heads," iii. 86.
+
+     Throgg's Neck, N. Y., ii. 65, 94.
+
+     "Thud" Geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 495.
+
+     Thunder Bay, i. 455.
+
+     Thunder Cape, i. 455.
+
+     Thunder Mountain, N. Y., ii. 148.
+
+     Thunderbolt River, i. 357.
+
+     Thunderbolt Shell Road, Savannah, Ga., i. 357.
+
+     Tia Juana, Mexico, iii. 441.
+
+     Ticknor, George, ii. 5; iii. 181.
+
+     Ticonderoga, N. Y., ii. 291.
+
+     Ticonderoga Creek, N. Y., ii. 285.
+
+     "Tidewater Indians," i. 81.
+
+     Tiffany's, New York City, ii. 41.
+
+     Tilden, Samuel J., ii. 107.
+
+     Timber, i. 347.
+
+     Tin Mountain, N. H., iii. 213.
+
+     Tippecanoe River, i. 407.
+
+     Tip Top House, Mount Washington, N. H., iii. 206.
+
+     Titusville, Fla., i. 378.
+
+     Titusville, Pa., i. 334, 339.
+
+     Tivoli, N. Y., ii. 182.
+
+     Tobacco, i. 115, 345.
+
+     Tobacco Exchange, Richmond, Va., i. 115.
+
+     Tobacco, use of as medium of exchange, i. 71.
+
+     Tobique River, iii. 286.
+
+     Tohick-hanne, i. 222.
+
+     Tohickon Creek, Pa., i. 222.
+
+     Tohopekaliga, Indian chief, i. 387, 389.
+
+     Toledo, O., i. 424.
+
+     _Toledo Blade_, i. 424.
+
+     "Tom Quick," i. 256.
+
+     "Tom the Tinker," i. 293.
+
+     "Tom Kedgewick" River, ii. 503.
+
+     Tombigbee River, iii. 274.
+
+     Tombs City Prison, New York City, ii. 38.
+
+     Tomoka River, i. 377.
+
+     Tompkins, Daniel D., ii. 10.
+
+     Topeka, Kan., iii. 387.
+
+     Toronto, Canada, ii. 406.
+
+     _Toronto Globe_, ii. 407.
+
+     Torpedo Station, Newport, R. I., iii. 138.
+
+     "Torwen-Dorp," ii. 140.
+
+     "Totem poles," iii. 501.
+
+     Touro, Judah, iii. 137.
+
+     Touro Park, Newport, R. I., iii. 137.
+
+     Tower Building, New York City, ii. 30.
+
+     Tower Creek, Yellowstone Park, i. 485.
+
+     Tower Grove Park, St. Louis, Mo., iii. 396.
+
+     "Tower of Victory," Newburg, N. Y., ii. 171.
+
+     Tower Rock, Cayuga Lake, N. Y., ii. 360.
+
+     Training Station, Newport, R. I., iii. 138.
+
+     Trappists, ii. 443.
+
+     Travis, Colonel, iii. 432.
+
+     Treadwell, John, iii. 503.
+
+     Treadwell gold mine, Douglas Island, Alaska, iii. 502.
+
+     "Treason Hill," ii. 147.
+
+     "Treason House," ii. 147.
+
+     Treasury Building, Washington, D. C., i. 22.
+
+     "Treaty Elm," i. 155.
+
+     Tredegar Iron Works, Richmond, Va., i. 114.
+
+     Tremont Street, Boston, Mass., iii. 41.
+
+     Tremont Temple, Boston, Mass., iii. 40.
+
+     Trempealeau Island, Wisconsin, i. 467.
+
+     Trent, William, i. 212.
+
+     Trenton, N. J., i. 211.
+
+     Trenton Falls, N. Y., ii. 345.
+
+     "Trenton gravel," i. 208.
+
+     _Tribune_ Building, New York City, ii. 34.
+
+     "Tri-mountain," iii. 30.
+
+     Trinidad, Col., iii. 458.
+
+     Trinity Church, New York City, ii. 28.
+
+     Trinity Church Cemetery, Washington Heights, N. Y., ii. 60.
+
+     Trinity College, Durham, N. C., iii. 362.
+
+     Trinity College, Hartford, Conn., iii. 161.
+
+     Trinity Episcopal Church, Boston, Mass., iii. 48.
+
+     "Trinity Height," iii. 208.
+
+     Trinity River, iii. 430.
+
+     Triphammer Fall, N. Y., ii. 360.
+
+     "Tri-States Corner," i. 257, 258.
+
+     "Tri-States Rock," i. 288.
+
+     Trois Pistoles, Canada, ii. 508.
+
+     Trollope. Anthony, ii. 377, 383; iii. 202.
+
+     "Trombone choir," i. 228.
+
+     Troy. N. Y., ii. 214.
+
+     Truckee River, iii. 477.
+
+     Trumbull, Jonathan, ii. 97.
+
+     Truro, Canada, iii. 303.
+
+     Truro, Mass., iii. 21.
+
+     "Truthful James," iii. 448.
+
+     "Tschoop of the Mohicans," i. 229.
+
+     Tselica river, iii. 359.
+
+     _Tselica_, iii. 360.
+
+     "Tsonnundawaonos," ii. 338.
+
+     Tuckahoe Valley. Pa., i. 308.
+
+     Tuckerman's Ravine, Mount Washington. N. H., iii. 211.
+
+     Tucson. Arizona, iii. 435.
+
+     Tugaloo River, iii. 364.
+
+     Tulane University, New Orleans, La., iii. 418.
+
+     Tupper Lakes. N. Y., ii. 323, 325.
+
+     Turkey Bend. Va., i. 61.
+
+     "Turkey bends," i. 385.
+
+     Turkey Mountain. Pa., i. 303.
+
+     Turpentine, i. 347.
+
+     Tuscaloosa, Ala., iii. 369.
+
+     Tuscaloosa. Indian chief, iii. 369.
+
+     Tuscaloosa River, iii. 369.
+
+     Tuscarawas River, i. 402.
+
+     Tuscarora Gap. Pa., i. 302.
+
+     Tuscarora Indians, i. 302, 303; ii. 337.
+
+     Tuscarora Mountain, Pa., i. 302.
+
+     Tuskegee, Ala., iii. 370.
+
+     Tusket Islands, Canada, iii. 300.
+
+     Tusket River, iii. 300.
+
+     Tusten, Colonel, i. 261.
+
+     Tuttletown, Cal., iii. 448.
+
+     Tuxedo Lake, N. Y., ii. 134.
+
+     Twain, Mark, iii. 163, 448.
+
+     "Tweed Ring," ii. 35.
+
+     "Twin Cities," i. 468.
+
+     "Two-Ocean Pond," i. 509.
+
+     _Two Years Before the Mast_, iii. 440, 516.
+
+     Tybee Roads, Ga., i. 356.
+
+     Tyler, John, i. 115.
+
+     Tyler-Davidson Fountain, Cincinnati, O., iii. 332.
+
+     Tyndall, Prof. John, ii. 382.
+
+     Tyrone, Pa., i. 308.
+
+
+     Unaka Mountains, N. C., iii. 354.
+
+     Uncas, Indian chief, i. 230; ii. 113; iii. 102.
+
+     Uncatina, Mass., iii. 145.
+
+     _Uncle Remus_, iii. 366.
+
+     _Uncle Tom's Cabin_, ii. 74; iii. 78, 247.
+
+     "Underground Railroad," i. 285.
+
+     Undine's Veil, Cascade Mountains, iii. 484.
+
+     Union College, Schenectady, N. Y., ii. 335.
+
+     "Union Line," i. 206.
+
+     Union Metallic Cartridge Company's Works, Bridgeport, Conn., ii. 101.
+
+     "United Nieu Nederlandts Company," ii. 199.
+
+     Union Pacific Railway, iii. 460.
+
+     Union Square, New York City, ii. 41.
+
+     Union Station, St. Louis, Mo., iii. 397.
+
+     Union Stock Yards, Chicago, Ill., i. 436.
+
+     Union Trust Building, New York City, ii. 31.
+
+     "United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing," ii. 196.
+
+     United States Armory, Springfield, Mass., iii. 167.
+
+     United States Hotel, Saratoga, N. Y., ii. 221.
+
+     United States Mint Philadelphia, Pa., i. 169.
+
+     United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Md., i. 87.
+
+     United States oil well, i. 337.
+
+     United States Spring, Saratoga, N. Y., ii. 224.
+
+     United States Treasury, New York City, ii. 31.
+
+     United Verde Copper Mines, Arizona, iii. 460.
+
+     University Hall, Cambridge, Mass., iii. 62.
+
+     University Hill, Syracuse, N. Y., ii. 357.
+
+     University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, iii. 369.
+
+     University of California, San Francisco, Cal., iii. 515.
+
+     University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill., i. 435.
+
+     University of Colorado, Boulder, Col., iii. 464.
+
+     University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, iii. 330.
+
+     University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich., i. 452.
+
+     University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn., i. 470.
+
+     University of New Brunswick, Canada, iii. 287.
+
+     University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N. C., iii. 362.
+
+     University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 174.
+
+     University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tenn., iii. 352.
+
+     University of Toronto, Canada, ii. 407, 408.
+
+     University of Vermont, Burlington, Vt., ii. 302.
+
+     University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va., i. 124.
+
+     University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis., i. 464.
+
+     University Press, Cambridge, Mass., iii. 60.
+
+     Upland, i. 153.
+
+     Upper Ausable Lake, N. Y., ii. 314.
+
+     Upper Firehole Basin, Yellowstone Park, ii. 497.
+
+     Upper Saranac Lake. N. Y., ii. 323.
+
+     Upsalquitch River, ii. 503.
+
+     Ursuline Convent, Quebec, Canada, ii. 473.
+
+     Utah Lake, iii. 474.
+
+     Ute Pass, Col., iii. 466.
+
+     Utica, N. Y., ii. 343.
+
+     Utter's Peak, Pa., i. 255.
+
+
+     Vale of Tempe, N. Y., ii. 165.
+
+     Vale of Wyoming, Pa., i. 236.
+
+     Valeur Island, Lake Champlain, N. Y., ii. 308.
+
+     Vallejo, Cal., iii. 514.
+
+     Valley Creek, Pa., i. 281.
+
+     Valley Falls, R. I., iii. 114.
+
+     Valley Forge, Pa., i. 187.
+
+     "Valley of Virginia," i. 38, 123.
+
+     Van Buren, Martin, i. 19; ii. 194, 198.
+
+     Van Corlaer, Arent, ii. 335.
+
+     Van Cortlandt Park, Greater New York, ii. 63.
+
+     Van Cortlandts, the, ii. 63.
+
+     Vancouver, British Columbia, iii. 497.
+
+     Vancouver, Captain George, iii. 498, 504, 510.
+
+     Vancouver Island, British Columbia, iii. 498.
+
+     Van Dam, Rambout, ii. 139.
+
+     Vanderbilt, Commodore Cornelius, ii. 17, 51; iii. 341.
+
+     Vanderbilt, George, iii. 357.
+
+     Vanderbilt University, Ky., iii. 341.
+
+     Vanderbilt, William H., ii. 17, 51.
+
+     Vanderbilt, William K., ii. 52.
+
+     Vanderdonck, patroon, ii. 136.
+
+     Vanderheyden, Derick, ii. 214.
+
+     Vanderheyden, Jacob, ii. 208.
+
+     "Vanderheyden Palace," Albany, N. Y., ii. 208.
+
+     Van Dyck, Sir Anthony, i. 63.
+
+     Van Dyke, Henry A., ii. 194.
+
+     Van Rensselaer, Colonel Henry K., ii. 194.
+
+     Van Rensselaer, General Stephen, ii. 201, 215.
+
+     Van Rensselaer, Killian, ii. 198.
+
+     Van Rensselaer mansion, Albany, N. Y., ii. 207.
+
+     Van Schaick's Island, N. Y., ii. 215.
+
+     Van Tassel, Baltus, ii. 142.
+
+     Van Tassel, Jacob, ii. 142.
+
+     Van Tassel, Katrina, ii. 144.
+
+     Van Wart Isaac, ii. 142.
+
+     Varennes, Canada, ii. 454.
+
+     Varina, plantation, i. 59.
+
+     Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, N. Y., ii. 176.
+
+     Vassar, Matthew, ii. 39. 176.
+
+     Vauban, Sebastien le P., iii. 311.
+
+     Vaughan, Samuel, i. 48.
+
+     Vernal Fall Yosemite Valley, Cal., iii. 454.
+
+     Vernon, Admiral Edward, i. 43.
+
+     Verplanck House, Fishkill, N. Y., ii. 171.
+
+     Verplanck, Philip, ii. 148.
+
+     Verplanck's Point, N. Y., ii. 147.
+
+     "Verts Monts," ii. 293.
+
+     Vestibule, Memorial Hall, Cambridge, Mass., iii. 62.
+
+     Veta Pass, Col., iii. 467.
+
+     Vicksburg, Miss., iii. 408.
+
+     Victoria Tubular Bridge, Montreal, Canada, ii. 431.
+
+     Victoria Skating Rink, Montreal, Canada, ii. 440.
+
+     Victoria Tower, Ottawa, Canada, ii. 453.
+
+     "Vigilance Committees," iii. 517.
+
+     Villard, Henry, iii. 480.
+
+     "Ville Marie de Montreal," ii. 428.
+
+     "Ville Marie," Montreal, Canada, ii. 434.
+
+     Vimont, Father, ii. 429.
+
+     Vinalhaven Island, Me., iii. 266.
+
+     Vineyard Haven, Martha's Vineyard, Mass., iii. 147.
+
+     Vineyard Sound, Mass., iii. 143.
+
+     "Virginia," the, iii. 255.
+
+     Virginia City, Nevada, iii. 478.
+
+     "Virginia Company," i. 4, 5.
+
+     Virgin's Tears, Yosemite Valley, Cal., iii. 452.
+
+     Vis Kill, N. Y., ii. 69.
+
+     "Vixen" Geyser, Yellowstone Park, i. 493.
+
+     Voltaire, François-Marie A., ii. 474.
+
+     "Volunteer of 1861," iii. 65.
+
+     Volusia, Fla., i. 386.
+
+     Von Corlaer, Anthony, ii. 58.
+
+     Von Humboldt, Baron Karl W., i. 14.
+
+     Von Kleek, Baltus, ii. 175.
+
+     "Vulture," the, ii. 146, 159.
+
+
+     Waal-bogt, ii. 72.
+
+     Wabash River, i. 409; iii. 342.
+
+     Wabasha, Minn., i. 467.
+
+     Wade, Jenny, i. 136.
+
+     Wade Park, Cleveland, O., i. 420.
+
+     Wahsatch Mountains, Utah, iii. 475.
+
+     Wahunsonacock, Indian chief, i. 57.
+
+     Wakulla Spring, Fla., i. 390.
+
+     Walden Pond, Concord, Mass., iii. 68.
+
+     Waldo, Samuel, iii. 266.
+
+     Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, New York City, ii. 46.
+
+     "Walink-papeek," i. 267.
+
+     Walker, Admiral Hovenden, ii. 478; iii. 309.
+
+     "Walking skeleton," ii. 206.
+
+     Wall Street, New York City, ii. 31.
+
+     Wallabout, Brooklyn, N. Y., ii. 72.
+
+     Wallabout Market, Brooklyn, N. Y., ii. 73.
+
+     Wallace, General Lew, iii. 459.
+
+     Wallenpaupack Creek, Pa., i. 266.
+
+     Wallface Mountain, N. Y., ii. 237.
+
+     Wallingford, Conn., ii. 111.
+
+     Wallkill River, ii. 176.
+
+     Walloons, ii. 72.
+
+     "Walls of Corn," iii. 390.
+
+     Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 161.
+
+     Walnut Hills, Vicksburg, Miss., iii. 408.
+
+     Walpack Bend, Pa., i. 253.
+
+     Walter, Thomas U., i. 14, 167.
+
+     Walters, Henry, i. 92.
+
+     Waltham, Mass., iii. 64.
+
+     Wampanoag Indians, iii. 124.
+
+     Wamsutta muslins, iii. 140.
+
+     Wanamaker, John, ii. 41.
+
+     Wapanachki, i. 156.
+
+     Wap-o-wang River, ii. 103.
+
+     Wapta River, iii. 491.
+
+     War College, Newport, R. I., iii. 138.
+
+     War Department Building, Washington, D. C., i. 22.
+
+     Ware, Mass., iii. 119.
+
+     Ware River, iii. 119.
+
+     Warham, John, iii. 166.
+
+     Warner, Charles Dudley, ii. 315; iii. 443.
+
+     Warner, Susan, ii. 156.
+
+     Warren, Admiral John B., iii. 312, 314.
+
+     Warren, Dr. Joseph, iii. 42, 57.
+
+     Warren, Lavinia, ii. 102.
+
+     Warren, R. I., iii. 123.
+
+     Warrenton, Va., i. 124.
+
+     Warrior Ridge, Pa., i. 306.
+
+     "Warrior's Path," i. 232.
+
+     Wash Tubs, geysers, Yellowstone Park, i. 501.
+
+     Washburn & Moen Wire Works, Worchester, Mass., iii. 118.
+
+     Washburn Observatory, Madison, Wis., i. 464.
+
+     Washburne, Cadwalader C., iii. 246.
+
+     Washburne, Elihu B., iii. 246.
+
+     Washburne, Israel, iii. 246.
+
+     Washington Aqueduct, D. C., i. 41.
+
+     Washington, Augustine, i. 43, 50.
+
+     Washington, Booker T., iii. 371.
+
+     Washington Bridge, N. Y., ii. 61.
+
+     Washington Building, New York City, ii. 26.
+
+     Washington, Bushrod, i. 43.
+
+     Washington Centennial Memorial Arch, New York City, ii. 44.
+
+     Washington, D. C., i. 8.
+
+     "Washington Elm," Cambridge, Mass., iii. 58.
+
+     Washington, George, i. 30, 42, 43, 44, 55, 87, 89, 111, 162, 178,
+       181, 213, 276, 292, 321, 322; ii. 15, 22, 25, 29, 32, 36, 41,
+       97, 137, 159, 170; iii. 36, 58, 63, 159.
+
+     Washington Heights, N. Y., ii. 60.
+
+     Washington, Lawrence, i. 43, 45.
+
+     Washington, Martha, i. 45, 48.
+
+     Washington Monument, Washington, D. C., i. 32.
+
+     Washington, Pa., i. 333.
+
+     Washington Park, Albany, N. Y., ii. 207.
+
+     _Washington Post_, i. 34.
+
+     Washington relics, i. 46.
+
+     Washington Square, New York City, ii. 44.
+
+     Washington Square, Philadelphia, Pa., i. 160.
+
+     Washington Street, Boston, Mass., iii. 41.
+
+     Washington University, Mo., iii. 396.
+
+     Washington's Farewell Address, i. 48.
+
+     Washita River, iii. 406.
+
+     Watch Hill Point, R. I., ii. 118.
+
+     "Watch House," Plymouth, Mass., iii. 15.
+
+     Waterbury River, ii. 304.
+
+     "Water cures," ii. 367.
+
+     Waterford, N. Y., ii. 214.
+
+     Waterford, R. I., iii. 117.
+
+     Waterville, Me., iii. 251.
+
+     Watervliet Arsenal, N. Y., ii. 214.
+
+     Watkins Glen, N. Y., ii. 362, 364.
+
+     Watuppa Lakes, Fall River, Mass., iii. 128.
+
+     Waukawan Lake, N. H., iii. 195.
+
+     Waverley, Canada, iii. 303.
+
+     "Wawona," tree, iii. 450.
+
+     Waycross, Georgia, i. 357.
+
+     Wayne, General Anthony, i. 281, 406, 424.
+
+     Webb, Captain, ii. 393.
+
+     Weber Canyon, Utah, iii. 473.
+
+     Weber River, iii. 473.
+
+     Webster, Daniel, ii. 92; iii. 26, 38, 44, 57, 79, 181, 195.
+
+     Webster, Edward, iii. 26.
+
+     Webster, Fletcher, iii. 26.
+
+     Webster, Noah, ii. 107, 112.
+
+     Weehawken, N. J., ii. 14.
+
+     Weetamoo, Indian princess, iii. 84.
+
+     Weirs Landing, N. H., iii. 220.
+
+     "We-la-ka," i. 381.
+
+     Welaka, Fla., i. 382.
+
+     "Welcome," the, i. 154.
+
+     Welfleet, Mass., iii. 21.
+
+     Wellington, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, iii. 498.
+
+     Welles Building, New York City, ii. 30.
+
+     Wellesley Female College, Wellesley, Mass., iii. 51.
+
+     Wellesley, Mass., iii. 51.
+
+     Wells, Me., iii. 241.
+
+     Wells River, iii. 182.
+
+     Wells River (village), Vt., iii. 182.
+
+     Welsh Mountain, Pa., i. 281.
+
+     Wenawmien, i. 157.
+
+     Wenham Lake, Mass., iii. 77.
+
+     Wentworth, Benning, iii. 229.
+
+     Wentworth Hotel, Newcastle Island, N. H., iii. 229.
+
+     Wepecket, Mass., iii. 145.
+
+     Wequash, Indian chief, ii. 117.
+
+     Wesco, iii. 150.
+
+     Wesley, Charles, i. 356.
+
+     Wesley, John, i. 356.
+
+     Wesleyan Female College, Macon, Ga., iii. 369.
+
+     Wesleyan Methodist College, Middletown, Conn., iii. 159.
+
+     West, Benjamin, i. 163.
+
+     West Brighton Beach, Coney Island, N. Y., ii. 82.
+
+     West Canada Creek, N. Y., ii. 345.
+
+     West Chop, Martha's Vineyard, Mass., iii. 147.
+
+     West End, Boston, Mass., iii. 47.
+
+     West End, Long Branch, N. J., i. 194.
+
+     West Florida Seminary, Tallahassee, Fla., i. 390.
+
+     West Peak, Meriden, Conn., iii. 160.
+
+     West Point, Ga., iii. 370.
+
+     West Point, N. Y., ii. 153.
+
+     West Point Cemetery, West Point, N. Y., ii. 162.
+
+     West, Thomas, i. 144.
+
+     Westerly, Conn., ii. 118.
+
+     Western Mountain, Mount Desert Island, Me., iii. 269.
+
+     "Western Reserve," i. 416.
+
+     Western Reserve University, Cleveland, O., i. 420.
+
+     Westfield, Mass., iii. 169.
+
+     Westinghouse Air-Brake Works, Pittsburg, Pa., i. 328.
+
+     Westinghouse Electrical Works, Pittsburg, Pa., i. 327.
+
+     Westinghouse, George, i. 328.
+
+     Westminster Park, Thousand Island Park, N. Y., ii. 414.
+
+     _Westminster Review_, i. 136.
+
+     Westover House, i. 63.
+
+     _Westover Manuscripts_, i. 64.
+
+     Westover, plantation, i. 63.
+
+     Westport, N. Y., ii. 311.
+
+     Westport Landing, N. Y., ii. 299.
+
+     Wethersfield, Conn., iii. 159.
+
+     Weymouth, Indian trader, iii. 254, 255, 260.
+
+     Whale Cove, Land's End, Mass., iii. 92.
+
+     Whale Indians, iii. 501.
+
+     Whaling industry, decline of, iii. 140.
+
+     Whalley, regicide, ii. 110; iii. 175.
+
+     "What Cheer Cottage," Providence, R. I., iii. 113.
+
+     "What Cheer Rock," Providence, R. I., iii. 108.
+
+     Wheat, i. 281.
+
+     "Wheat-Town," ii. 140.
+
+     Wheat, first crop of, in the United States, i. 68.
+
+     Wheaton House, Newburg, N. Y., ii. 171.
+
+     Wheeler and Wilson Sewing-Machine Works, Bridgeport, Conn., ii. 101.
+
+     Wheeling, W. Va., iii. 327.
+
+     Wheelock, Rev. Eleazer, iii. 181.
+
+     Whetstone Brook, Vt., iii. 178.
+
+     Whetstone Point, Md., i. 93.
+
+     Whetstone River, i. 403.
+
+     Whirlpool, Niagara Falls, ii. 392.
+
+     "Whisky boys," i. 292.
+
+     "Whisky Insurrection," i. 292.
+
+     Whispering Gallery, Capitol, Washington, D. C., i. 16.
+
+     White Hill, N. J., i. 203.
+
+     White House, Washington, D. C., i. 18.
+
+     "White Mountain Giant," iii. 203.
+
+     White Mountain Notch, N. H., iii. 197.
+
+     White Mountains, N. H., iii. 187.
+
+     White, Peregrine, iii. 9.
+
+     White River, Vermont, iii. 181.
+
+     White River, Arkansas, iii. 404.
+
+     "White Spot," Penn's Mount, Pa., i. 189.
+
+     White, William, i. 170.
+
+     Whitefield, George, i. 19, 356; ii. 119; iii. 35, 42, 73, 82, 312.
+
+     Whitehall Slip, New York City, ii. 25.
+
+     Whitingham, Vt., iii. 179.
+
+     Whitney, Eli, ii. 98, 107, 112; iii. 373.
+
+     White's Island, Isles of Shoals, iii. 233.
+
+     White's Pass, Alaska, iii. 506.
+
+     Whittier, John G., i. 40, 443, 481; ii. 100, 125, 246, 512;
+       iii. 71, 73, 81, 82, 94, 150, 151, 196, 218, 221, 222, 227,
+       248, 250, 258, 272, 280, 388, 522.
+
+     Wickford, R. I., iii. 105.
+
+     "Widows' House," Bethlehem, Pa., i. 228.
+
+     "Wild Cat," i. 376.
+
+     Wild Cat Ridge, N. H., iii. 212.
+
+     Wildercliff estate, ii. 180.
+
+     Wilderstein estate, ii. 180.
+
+     Wilderness, Va., battle of, i. 104.
+
+     Wilkesbarre, Pa., i. 238.
+
+     Willamette River, iii. 485.
+
+     Willett's Point, N. Y., ii. 94.
+
+     Willey House, White Mountain Notch, N. H., iii. 201.
+
+     Willey, Samuel, iii. 201.
+
+     William IV., ii. 95.
+
+     Williams, Betsy, iii. 113.
+
+     Williams College, Williamstown, Mass., ii. 245, 281.
+
+     Williams, Colonel Ephraim, ii. 281.
+
+     Williams, David, ii. 142.
+
+     Williams River, iii. 180.
+
+     Williams, Robert, ii. 93.
+
+     Williams, Roger, ii. 77; iii. 76, 99, 100, 108, 113.
+
+     Williamsburg, Va., i. 52.
+
+     Williamsport, Pa., i. 299.
+
+     Williamstown, Mass., ii. 245.
+
+     "Williams' Rock," Lake George, N. Y., ii. 281.
+
+     Willis, Nathaniel P., i. 255; ii. 172; iii. 71, 243.
+
+     Willoughby Island, Alaska, iii. 504.
+
+     Wilmington, Del., i. 150.
+
+     Wilmington, N. C., i. 347.
+
+     Wilmington Notch, N. Y., ii. 305.
+
+     Wilmington Pass, N. Y., ii. 321.
+
+     Wilson, Alexander, i. 173.
+
+     Wilson, Judge James, i. 267.
+
+     Winchester, Va., i. 102.
+
+     "Wind Gap," Pa., i. 231, 248.
+
+     Windsor, Vt., iii. 180.
+
+     Windsor Locks, Conn., iii. 166.
+
+     Windsor on the Avon, Canada, iii. 295.
+
+     Wingaersheek, iii. 86.
+
+     Winnakee Brook, N. Y., ii. 174.
+
+     Winnepurkit, Indian chief, iii. 83.
+
+     Winnipeg, Canada, i. 479; iii. 485.
+
+     Winnipeg River, i. 479.
+
+     Winona, Minn., i. 467.
+
+     Winooski River, ii. 303.
+
+     Winslow, Governor Edward, iii. 26.
+
+     "Winterberg," ii. 262.
+
+     Winter Park, Fla., i. 387.
+
+     Winthrop, Governor John, ii. 120; iii. 29, 31, 40, 74.
+
+     Winthrop, Theodore, iii. 185.
+
+     Wirtz, Henry, iii. 370.
+
+     "Wisdom stone," i. 184.
+
+     Wise, Henry A., i. 116.
+
+     Wissahickon Creek, Pa., i. 180.
+
+     Witch Hill, Salem, Mass., iii. 76.
+
+     Witherspoon, Dr. John, i. 215.
+
+     Wizard Island, Oregon, iii. 513.
+
+     "Wizard of Menlo Park," ii. 21.
+
+     Wolcott, Oliver, ii. 263.
+
+     Wolcottville, Conn., ii. 264.
+
+     Wolf Indians, iii. 501.
+
+     Wolfboro', N. H., iii. 219.
+
+     Wolfe, General James, i. 252; iii. 315.
+
+     Wolfe Island, Canada, ii. 411.
+
+     Wolfe monument, Quebec, Canada, ii. 471.
+
+     Wolfe-Montcalm monument, Quebec, Canada, ii. 470.
+
+     Wolfe's Cove, Canada, ii. 471.
+
+     "Wolfert's Roost," ii. 142
+
+     Wolseley, Lord Garnet J., i. 478.
+
+     _Wood Giant_, iii. 196.
+
+     Woodbury, Levi, iii. 181.
+
+     Woodlawn Park, N. Y., ii. 226.
+
+     Woodruff, Theodore T., i. 439.
+
+     "Wooden-nutmeg State," ii. 97.
+
+     Wood's Holl, Mass, iii. 144.
+
+     Woodstock, Canada, iii. 287.
+
+     Woodward Hill Cemetery, Lancaster, Pa., i. 282.
+
+     Woodworth, Samuel, iii. 28.
+
+     Wool, General John E., ii. 170.
+
+     Woolsey, Theodore D., ii. 107.
+
+     Woonsocket Hill, R. I., iii. 117.
+
+     Wooster, General David, ii. 264.
+
+     Worcester, Mass., iii. 117.
+
+     Wordsworth, William, i. 442.
+
+     Wordsworth Athenæum, Hartford, Conn., iii. 164.
+
+     World's Columbian Exhibition, Chicago, Ill., i. 429.
+
+     Woronoco, iii. 169.
+
+     Worth, General William J., i. 377; ii. 42, 194.
+
+     Wrangell, Baron Ferdinand, iii. 500.
+
+     Wright, Harry, i. 180.
+
+     Wright, Philemon, ii. 449.
+
+     Wright, Silas, ii. 203.
+
+     "Writing Rock," Taunton, Mass., iii. 121.
+
+     Wyandance, Indian chief, ii. 122.
+
+     Wyandot Indians, i. 319; iii. 392.
+
+     Wyandotte, Kan., iii. 391.
+
+     Wyoming coal measures, i. 237.
+
+     Wyoming massacre, i. 241.
+
+     Wyoming Vale, Pa., i. 237.
+
+
+     Ximenes, Francisco, iii. 442.
+
+
+     Yadkin River, iii. 362.
+
+     Yale, British Columbia, iii. 497.
+
+     Yale College, New Haven, Conn., ii. 106, 114.
+
+     Yale, Elihu, ii. 107.
+
+     Yallabusha River, iii. 407.
+
+     "Yankee notions," ii. 97.
+
+     Yankton, South Dakota, iii. 384.
+
+     Yantic Falls, Conn., iii. 104.
+
+     Yarmouth, Canada, iii. 290.
+
+     Yarmouth, Mass., iii. 21.
+
+     Yazoo Basin, iii. 406.
+
+     Yazoo Indians, ii. 463.
+
+     Yazoo River, iii. 407.
+
+     "Ye Governour's Farme of Fyscher's Island," ii. 120.
+
+     Yeardley, Sir George, i. 69.
+
+     Yellowstone Canyon, i. 508.
+
+     Yellowstone Falls, i. 505.
+
+     Yellowstone Lake, i. 485, 504.
+
+     Yellowstone National Park, i. 484.
+
+     Yellowstone River, i. 483, 504.
+
+     Yerba Buena, iii. 516.
+
+     Yerba Buena Park, San Francisco, Cal., iii. 519.
+
+     Yerkes Observatory, Lake Geneva, Wis., i. 435.
+
+     Yoacamoco, i. 85.
+
+     Yokun-town, Mass., ii. 250.
+
+     Yonge Street, Toronto, Canada, ii. 408.
+
+     Yonkers, N. Y., ii. 135.
+
+     York, Me., iii. 240.
+
+     York Beach, Me., iii. 240.
+
+     York River, i. 8, 51.
+
+     Yorktown, Va., i. 52.
+
+     Yorktown, Va., sieges of, i. 53, 54.
+
+     Yosemite Creek, Cal., iii. 452.
+
+     Yosemite Falls, Cal., iii. 452.
+
+     Yosemite Point, Cal., iii. 453.
+
+     Yosemite Valley, Cal., iii. 450.
+
+     Young, Brigham, iii. 179, 394, 473, 475.
+
+     Young, John, ii. 203.
+
+     Youngstown, Ohio, i. 402.
+
+     Youghiogheny River, i. 320, 330.
+
+     Yukon River, iii. 500.
+
+     Yuma, Arizona, iii. 437.
+
+     Yuma Indians, iii. 437.
+
+
+     Zaeger's Kill, ii. 182.
+
+     "Zenith City of the Unsalted Seas," i. 460.
+
+     Zinzendorf, Count Nikolaus L., i. 227, 239.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of America, Volume 6 (of 6), by Joel Cook
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 42872 ***