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diff --git a/42736-h/42736-h.htm b/42736-h/42736-h.htm index 30c6356..2488874 100644 --- a/42736-h/42736-h.htm +++ b/42736-h/42736-h.htm @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content= - "text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" /> + "text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> <title> The Project Gutenberg eBook of Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume XVII Slice V - Malta to Map, Walter. @@ -146,46 +146,7 @@ </style> </head> <body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, -Volume 17, Slice 5, by Various - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 17, Slice 5 - "Malta" to "Map, Walter" - -Author: Various - -Release Date: May 18, 2013 [EBook #42736] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA *** - - - - -Produced by Marius Masi, Don Kretz and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - -</pre> - - +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 42736 ***</div> <table border="0" cellpadding="10" style="background-color: #dcdcdc; color: #696969; " summary="Transcriber's note"> <tr> @@ -223,13 +184,13 @@ Malta to Map, Walter</h3> <p class="center1" style="font-size: 150%; font-family: 'verdana';">Articles in This Slice</p> <table class="reg" style="width: 90%; font-size: 90%; border: gray 5px solid; border-radius: 20px;" cellspacing="8" summary="Contents"> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar1">MALTA</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar94">MANG LÖN</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar1">MALTA</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar94">MANG LÖN</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar2">MALTA FEVER</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar95">MANGNALL, RICHMAL</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar3">MALTE-BRUN, CONRAD</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar96">MANGO</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar4">MALTHUS, THOMAS ROBERT</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar97">MANGOSTEEN</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar5">MALTON</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar98">MANGROVE</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar6">MALTZAN, HEINRICH VON</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar99">MANICHAEISM</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar7">MALUS, ÉTIENNE LOUIS</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar100">MANIFEST</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar7">MALUS, ÉTIENNE LOUIS</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar100">MANIFEST</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar8">MALVACEAE</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar101">MANIHIKI</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar9">MALVASIA</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar102">MANIKIALA</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar10">MALVERN</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar103">MANILA</a></td></tr> @@ -246,7 +207,7 @@ Malta to Map, Walter</h3> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar21">MAMMON</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar114">MANITOBA</a> (province of Canada)</td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar22">MAMMOTH</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar115">MANITOU</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar23">MAMMOTH CAVE</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar116">MANITOWOC</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar24">MAMORÉ</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar117">MANIZALES</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar24">MAMORÉ</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar117">MANIZALES</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar25">MAMUN</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar118">MANKATO</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar26">MAMUND</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar119">MANLEY, MARY DE LA RIVIERE</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar27">MAN</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar120">MANLIUS</a></td></tr> @@ -257,13 +218,13 @@ Malta to Map, Walter</h3> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar32">MANAGUA</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar125">MANNHEIM</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar33">MANAKIN</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar126">MANNING, HENRY EDWARD</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar34">MANAOAG</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar127">MANNY, SIR WALTER DE MANNY</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar35">MANÁOS</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar128">MANNYNG, ROBERT</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar35">MANÃOS</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar128">MANNYNG, ROBERT</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar36">MANASSAS</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar129">MANŒUVRES, MILITARY</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar37">MANASSEH</a> (son of Hezekiah)</td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar130">MANOMETER</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar38">MANASSEH</a> (tribe of Israel)</td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar131">MANOR</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar39">MANASSES, CONSTANTINE</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar132">MANOR-HOUSE</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar40">MANASSES, PRAYER OF</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar133">MANRESA</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar41">MANATI</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar134">MANRIQUE, GÓMEZ</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar41">MANATI</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar134">MANRIQUE, GÓMEZ</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar42">MANBHUM</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar135">MANRIQUE, JORGE</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar43">MANCHA, LA</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar136">MANSE</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar44">MANCHE</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar137">MANSEL, HENRY LONGUEVILLE</a></td></tr> @@ -302,7 +263,7 @@ Malta to Map, Walter</h3> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar77">MANDURIA</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar170">MANUEL, LOUIS PIERRE</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar78">MANDVI</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar171">MANUEL DE MELLO, DOM FRANCISCO</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar79">MANES</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar172">MANUL</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar80">MANET, ÉDOUARD</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar173">MANURES and MANURING</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar80">MANET, ÉDOUARD</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar173">MANURES and MANURING</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar81">MANETENERIS</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar174">MANUSCRIPT</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar82">MANETHO</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar175">MANUTIUS</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar83">MANFRED</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar176">MANWARING, ROBERT</a></td></tr> @@ -327,14 +288,14 @@ group belongs to the British Empire. It extends over 29 m., and consists of Malta, 91 sq. m., Gozo (<i>q.v.</i>) 20 sq. m., Comino (set apart as a quarantine station) 1 sq. m., and the uninhabited rocks called Cominotto and Filfla. Malta (lat. of Valletta -Observatory 35° 53′ 55″ N., long. 14° 30′ 45″ W.) is about 60 m. +Observatory 35° 53′ 55″ N., long. 14° 30′ 45″ W.) is about 60 m. from the nearest point of Sicily, 140 m. from the mainland of Europe and 180 from Africa; it has a magnificent natural harbour. From the dawn of maritime trade its possession has been important to the strongest nations on the sea for the time being.</p> -<p>Malta is about 17½ m. long by 8¼ broad; Gozo is 8¾ by 4½ m. +<p>Malta is about 17½ m. long by 8¼ broad; Gozo is 8¾ by 4½ m. This chain of islands stretches from N.E. to S.E. On the S.W. the declivities towards the sea are steep, and in places rise abruptly some 400 ft. from deep water. The general slope of these @@ -427,11 +388,11 @@ hewn for miles in the water-bearing rock. Large reservoirs assist to store this water after it is raised, and to equalize its distribution.</p> <p>The climate is, for the greater part of the year, temperate and -healthy; the thermometer records an annual mean of 67° F. +healthy; the thermometer records an annual mean of 67° F. Between June and September the temperature ranges -from 75° to 90°; the mean for December, January and +from 75° to 90°; the mean for December, January and <span class="sidenote">Climate and Hygiene.</span> -February is 56°; March, May and November are mild. +February is 56°; March, May and November are mild. Pleasant north-east winds blow for an average of 150 days a year, cool northerly winds for 31 days, east winds 70 days, west for 34 days. The north-west “Gregale” (Euroclydon of Acts xxvii. 14) blows @@ -618,7 +579,7 @@ of Valletta, at the other side of the Grand Harbour, are the cities of Senglea (pop. 8093), Vittoriosa (pop. 8993); and Cospicua (pop. 12,184); this group is often spoken of as “The Three Cities.” The old capital, near the centre of the island is variously called -Notabile, Città Vecchia (<i>q.v.</i>), and Medina, with its suburb Rabat, +Notabile, Città Vecchia (<i>q.v.</i>), and Medina, with its suburb Rabat, its population in 1901 was 7515; here are the catacombs and the ancient cathedral of Malta. Across the Marsamuscetto Harbour of Valletta is a considerable modern town called Sliema. The @@ -649,9 +610,9 @@ purple blossom. Vegetables of all sorts are easily grown, and a rotation of these is raised on land irrigated from wells and springs. Potatoes and onions are grown for exportation at seasons when they are scarce in northern Europe. The rent of -average land is about £2 an acre, of very good land over £3; +average land is about £2 an acre, of very good land over £3; favoured spots, irrigated from running springs, are worth up to -£12 an acre. Two, and often three, crops are raised in the year; +£12 an acre. Two, and often three, crops are raised in the year; on irrigated land more than twice as many croppings are possible. The presence of phosphates accounts for the fertility of a shallow soil. There is a considerable area under vines, but it is generally @@ -687,7 +648,7 @@ include a railway about eight miles long from Valletta to Notabile; there are electric tramways and motor omnibus services in several directions. The currency is English. Local weights and measures include the cantar, 175 ℔; salm, one imperial -quarter; cafiso, 4½ gallons; canna, 6 ft. 10½ in.; the tumolo +quarter; cafiso, 4½ gallons; canna, 6 ft. 10½ in.; the tumolo (256 sq. ca.), about a third of an acre.</p> <p>The principal exports of local produce are potatoes, cumin seed, @@ -707,12 +668,12 @@ forces, produce immediate distress.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p><i>Finance.</i>—The financial position in 1906-1907 is indicated by -the following: Public revenue £513,594 (including £51,039 carried -to revenue from capital); expenditure £446,849; imports (actual), -£1,219,819; imports in transit, £5,876,981; exports (actual), £123,510; -exports in transit £6,127,277; imports from the United Kingdom -(actual), £218,461. In March 1907 there were 8159 depositors in -the government savings bank, with £569,731 to their credit.</p> +the following: Public revenue £513,594 (including £51,039 carried +to revenue from capital); expenditure £446,849; imports (actual), +£1,219,819; imports in transit, £5,876,981; exports (actual), £123,510; +exports in transit £6,127,277; imports from the United Kingdom +(actual), £218,461. In March 1907 there were 8159 depositors in +the government savings bank, with £569,731 to their credit.</p> </div> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page510" id="page510"></a>510</span></p> @@ -720,14 +681,14 @@ the government savings bank, with £569,731 to their credit.</p> <p><i>Government.</i>—Malta is a crown colony, within the jurisdiction of a high commissioner and a commander-in-chief, to whom important questions of policy are reserved; in other matters the -administration is under a military governor (£3000), assisted +administration is under a military governor (£3000), assisted by a civil lieutenant-governor or chief secretary. There is an executive council, now comprising eleven members with the governor as president. The legislative council, under letters patent of the 3rd of June 1903, is composed of the governor (president), ten official members, and eight elected members. There are eight electoral districts with a total of about 10,000 electors. -A voter is qualified on an income from property of £6, or by +A voter is qualified on an income from property of £6, or by paying rent to the same amount, or having the qualifications required to serve as a common juror. There are no municipal institutions. Letters patent, orders in council, and local ordinances @@ -756,7 +717,7 @@ was 18,719. The average cost per pupil in these schools was for girls in Valletta, and one for boys in Gozo. A lyceum in Malta had an average attendance of 464. The number of students at the university was about 150. The average cost per student in the -lyceum was £8, 0s. 11d.; in the university £26, 10s. 1d. The fees in +lyceum was £8, 0s. 11d.; in the university £26, 10s. 1d. The fees in these institutions are almost nominal, the middle-classes are thus educated at the expense of the masses. In the 18th century the government of the Knights and of the Inquisition did not favour @@ -843,7 +804,7 @@ other parts of the island; for the numerous rock-cut tombs which are everywhere to be seen belong to the Phoenician and Roman periods. In these buildings there is a great preference for apsidal terminations to the internal chambers, and the -façades are as a rule slightly curved. The numerous niches, +façades are as a rule slightly curved. The numerous niches, generally containing sacrificial (?) tables,<a name="fa2a" id="fa2a" href="#ft2a"><span class="sp">2</span></a> are often approached by window-like openings hewn out of one of the flat slabs by which they are enclosed. The surface of the stones in the @@ -973,7 +934,7 @@ twice broken, and in 1428 the Maltese paid King Alfonso 30,000 florins for a confirmation of privileges, with a proviso that entitled them to resist by force of arms any intermediate lord that his successors might attempt to impose. Under the Aragonese, -Malta, as regards local affairs, was administered by a <i>Università</i> or +Malta, as regards local affairs, was administered by a <i>Università </i> or municipal commonwealth with wide and indefinite powers, including the election of its officers, Capitan di Verga, Jurats, &c. The minutes of the “Consiglio Popolare” of this period are @@ -1161,7 +1122,7 @@ with France sooner than give up Malta. The Treaty of Paris Britain in the aggregation of Malta to the empire.</p> <p>A period elapsed before the government of Malta again became -self-supporting, during which over £600,000 was contributed by +self-supporting, during which over £600,000 was contributed by the British exchequer in aid of revenue, and for the importation of food-stuffs. The restoration of Church property, the re-establishment of law and administration on lines to which the people @@ -1172,7 +1133,7 @@ Crown claimed and eventually established (by the negotiations in Rome of Sir Frederick Hankey, Sir Gerald Strickland and <span class="pagenum"><a name="page513" id="page513"></a>513</span> Sir Lintorn Simmons) with regard to the presentation of the -bishopric (worth about £4000 a year) the right to veto the appointment +bishopric (worth about £4000 a year) the right to veto the appointment of distasteful candidates. This right was exercised to secure the nomination of Canon Caruana and later of Monsignor Pace. When the pledge, given by the Treaty of Amiens, to restore @@ -1418,7 +1379,7 @@ di Sicilia</i> (1839); F. C. A. Davalos, <i>Tableau historique de Malte</i> <i>Description of Malta and Gozo</i> (1858); G. N. Goodwin, <i>Guide to and Natural History of Maltese Islands</i> (1800); Whitworth Porter, <i>History of Knights of Malta</i> (1858); A. Bigelow, <i>Travels in Malta -and Sicily</i> (1831); M. Miège, <i>Histoire de Malte</i> (1840); Parliamentary +and Sicily</i> (1831); M. Miège, <i>Histoire de Malte</i> (1840); Parliamentary Papers, reports by Mr Rownell on Taxation and Expenditure in Malta (1878), by Sir F. Julyan on Civil Establishments (1880); and Mr Keenan on the Educational System (1880), (the last two deal @@ -1433,16 +1394,16 @@ G. A. Vassallo, <i>Storia di Malta</i> (1890); H. Felsch, <i>Reisebeschreibung</ (1858); W. Hardman, <i>Malta</i>, 1798-1815 (1909); A. Nieuterberg, <i>Malta</i> (1879); Terrinoni, <i>La Presa di Malta</i> (1860); Azzopardi, <i>Presa di Malta</i> (1864); Castagna, <i>Storia di Malta</i> (1900); Boisredon, Ransijat, -<i>Blocus et siège de Malte</i> (1802); Buchon, <i>Nouvelles recherches historiques</i>; +<i>Blocus et siège de Malte</i> (1802); Buchon, <i>Nouvelles recherches historiques</i>; C. Samminniateli, Zabarella, <i>L’ Assedio di Malta del 1565</i> (1902); Professor G. B. Mifsud, <i>Guida al corso di Procedura Penale Maltese</i> (1907); P. de Bono Debono, <i>Storia della legislazione in -Malta</i> (1897); Monsignor A. Mifsud, <i>L’Origine della sovranità della +Malta</i> (1897); Monsignor A. Mifsud, <i>L’Origine della sovranità della Grand Brettagna su Malta</i> (1907); A. A. Caruana, <i>Frammento critico della storia di Malta</i> (1899); Ancient Pagan Tombs and Christian Cemeteries in the Island of Malta, <i>Explored and Surveyed from 1881 to 1897</i>; Strickland, <i>Remarks and Correspondence on the Constitution -of Malta</i> (1887); A. Mayr, <i>Die vorgeschichtlichen Denkmäler von +of Malta</i> (1887); A. Mayr, <i>Die vorgeschichtlichen Denkmäler von Malta</i> (1901); A. E. Caruana, <i>Sull’ origine della lingua Maltese</i> (1896); J. C. Grech, <i>Flora melitensis</i> (1853); Furse, <i>Medagliere Gerosolimitano;</i> Pisani, <i>Medagliere</i>; Galizia, <i>Church of St John</i>; @@ -1522,11 +1483,11 @@ way to Paris. There he looked forward to a political career; but, when Napoleon’s personal ambition began to unfold itself, Malte-Brun was bold enough to protest, and to turn elsewhere for employment and advancement. He was associated with Edme -Mentelle (1730-1815) in the compilation of the <i>Géographie mathématique ... de +Mentelle (1730-1815) in the compilation of the <i>Géographie mathématique ... de toutes les parties du monde</i> (Paris, 1803-1807, 16 vols.), and he became recognized as one of the best geographers of France. He is remembered, not only as the author of -six volumes of the learned <i>Précis de la géographie universelle</i> +six volumes of the learned <i>Précis de la géographie universelle</i> (Paris, 1810-1829), continued by other hands after his death, but also as the originator of the <i>Annales des voyages</i> (1808), and one of the founders of the Geographical Society of Paris. His @@ -1773,7 +1734,7 @@ His views on rent were of real importance.</p> and <i>Malthus and his Work</i>, by J. Bonar (London, 1885). Practically every treatise on economics deals with Malthus and his essay, but the following special works may be referred to: Soetbeer, <i>Die -Stellung der Sozialisten zur Malthusschen Bevölkerungslehre</i> (Berlin, +Stellung der Sozialisten zur Malthusschen Bevölkerungslehre</i> (Berlin, 1886); G. de Molinari, <i>Malthus, essai sur le principe de population</i> (Paris, 1889); Cossa, <i>Il Principio di popolazione di T. R. Malthus</i> (Milan, 1895); and Ricardo, <i>Letters to Malthus</i>, ed. J. Bonar (1887).</p> @@ -1861,7 +1822,7 @@ again began to wander through the coasts and islands of the Mediterranean, repeatedly visiting Algeria. His first book of travel, <i>Drei Jahre im Nordwesten von Afrika</i> (Leipzig), appeared in 1863, and was followed by a variety of works and essays, -popular and scientific. Maltzan’s last book, <i>Reise nach Südarabien</i> +popular and scientific. Maltzan’s last book, <i>Reise nach Südarabien</i> (Brunswick, 1873), is chiefly valuable as a digest of much information about little-known parts of south Arabia collected from natives during a residence at Aden in 1870-1871. Among @@ -1874,26 +1835,26 @@ Pisa on the 23rd of February 1874.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">MALUS, ÉTIENNE LOUIS<a name="ar7" id="ar7"></a></span> (1775-1812), French physicist, was +<p><span class="bold">MALUS, ÉTIENNE LOUIS<a name="ar7" id="ar7"></a></span> (1775-1812), French physicist, was born at Paris on the 23rd of June 1775. He entered the military -engineering school at Mezières; but, being regarded as a suspected +engineering school at Mezières; but, being regarded as a suspected person, he was dismissed without receiving a commission, and obliged to enter the army as a private soldier. Being employed upon the fortifications of Dunkirk, he attracted the notice of the director of the works, and was selected as a member of the -École polytechnique then to be established under G. Monge. -After three years at the École he was admitted into the corps +École polytechnique then to be established under G. Monge. +After three years at the École he was admitted into the corps of engineers, and served in the army of the Sambre and Meuse; he was present at the passage of the Rhine in 1797, and at the affairs of Ukratz and Altenkirch. In 1798 he joined the Egyptian expedition and remained in the East till 1801. On his return he held official posts successively at Antwerp, Strassburg and Paris, and devoted himself to optical research. A paper published -in 1809 (“Sur une propriété de la lumière réfléchie par les corps +in 1809 (“Sur une propriété de la lumière réfléchie par les corps diaphanes”) contained the discovery of the polarization of light by reflection, which is specially associated with his name, and in the following year he won a prize from the Institute with his -memoir, “Théorie de la double refraction de la lumière dans +memoir, “Théorie de la double refraction de la lumière dans les substances cristallines.” He died of phthisis in Paris on the 23rd of February 1812.</p> @@ -2046,7 +2007,7 @@ the hands of the Greeks in 1821, it became in the following year the seat of the first national assembly.</p> <p>See Curtius, <i>Peloponnesos</i>, ii. 293 and 328; Castellan, <i>Lettres -sur la Morée</i> (1808), for a plan; Valiero, <i>Hist. della guerra di Candia</i> +sur la Morée</i> (1808), for a plan; Valiero, <i>Hist. della guerra di Candia</i> (Venice, 1679), for details as to the fortress; W. Miller in <i>Journal of Hellenic Studies</i> (1907).</p> </div> @@ -2089,12 +2050,12 @@ remain. There are here several hydropathic establishments, and beautiful pleasure gardens. Malvern College, founded in 1862, is an important English public school. A museum is attached to it. Mineral waters are manufactured. At <span class="sc">Malvern -Wells</span>, 2½ m. S., are the principal medicinal springs, also the +Wells</span>, 2½ m. S., are the principal medicinal springs, also the celebrated Holy Well, the water of which is of perfect purity. There are extensive fishponds and hatcheries; and golf-links. The Great Western railway has a station, and the Midland one at Hanley Road. <span class="sc">Little Malvern</span> lies at the foot of the Herefordshire -Beacon, which is crowned by a British camp, 1½ m. S. +Beacon, which is crowned by a British camp, 1½ m. S. of Malvern Wells. There was a Benedictine priory here, of which traces remain in the church. <span class="sc">Malvern Link</span>, 1 m. N.E. of Great Malvern, of which it forms a suburb, has a station on @@ -2251,7 +2212,7 @@ band of Campanian (or Samnite) freebooters who about 289 <span class="scs">B.C.</span> seized the Greek colony of Messana at the north-east corner of Sicily, after having been hired by Agathocles to defend it (Polyb. 1. 7. 2). The adventure is explained -by tradition (<i>e.g.</i> Festus 158, Müller) as the outcome of +by tradition (<i>e.g.</i> Festus 158, Müller) as the outcome of a <i>ver sacrum</i>; the members of the expedition are said to have been the male children born in a particular spring of which the produce had been vowed to Apollo (cf. <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Samnites</a></span>), @@ -2298,14 +2259,14 @@ by an unknown <i>magister memoriae</i> (an official whose duty consisted in communicating imperial rescripts and decisions to the public). The first of these was delivered on the birthday of Rome (April 21, 289), probably at Maximian’s -palace at Augusta Trevirorum (Trèves), the second in 290 or +palace at Augusta Trevirorum (Trèves), the second in 290 or 291, on the birthday of the emperor. By some they are attributed to Eumenius (<i>q.v.</i>) who was a <i>magister memoriae</i> and the author of at least one (if not more) panegyrics.</p> <p>The three speeches will be found in E. Bāhrens, <i>Panegyrici latini</i> (1874); see also Teuffel-Schwabe, <i>Hist. of Roman Literature</i> (Eng. -trans.), § 417. 7.</p> +trans.), § 417. 7.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> @@ -2351,9 +2312,9 @@ females of special glands secreting milk for the nourishment of the young. With the exception of the lowest group, such glands always communicate with the exterior by means of the teats, nipples or mammae, from which the class derives its -name. The class-name (modified by the French into <i>Mammifères</i>, +name. The class-name (modified by the French into <i>Mammifères</i>, and replaced in German by the practically equivalent -term <i>Säugethiere</i>) has been anglicized into “Mammals” (mammal, +term <i>Säugethiere</i>) has been anglicized into “Mammals” (mammal, in the singular). Of recent years, and more especially in America, it has become a custom to designate the study of mammals by the term “mammalogy.” Etymologically, however, @@ -2862,7 +2823,7 @@ the dogs, they have received the name of “canines.” A dentition with its component parts so differently formed that these distinctive terms are applicable to them is called heterodont (Gr. <span class="grk" title="heteros">ἕτερος</span>, different). In most cases, though by no means invariably, mammals -with a heterodont dentition are also diphyodont (Gr. <span class="grk" title="diphyês">διφυής</span>, of +with a heterodont dentition are also diphyodont (Gr. <span class="grk" title="diphyês">διφυής</span>, of double form).</p> <table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> @@ -3245,7 +3206,7 @@ to the general bulk of the organ, such as the numerous small tags, or transverse, longitudinal, or reticulating folds projecting into the interior, met with in many animals, of which the “valvulae conniventes” of man form well-known examples. Besides the crypts -of Lieberkühn found throughout the intestinal canal, and the +of Lieberkühn found throughout the intestinal canal, and the glands of Brunner confined to the duodenum, there are other structures in the mucous membrane, about the nature of which there is still much uncertainty, called “solitary” and “agminated” @@ -3279,7 +3240,7 @@ northern hemisphere.</p> <p>It is now practically certain that mammals are descended from reptiles. Dr H. Gadow, in a paper on the origin of mammals -contributed to the <i>Zeitschrift für Morphologie</i>, sums up as follows: +contributed to the <i>Zeitschrift für Morphologie</i>, sums up as follows: “Mammals are descendants of reptiles as surely as they [the latter] have been evolved from Amphibia. This does not mean that any of the living groups of reptiles can claim their honour @@ -3401,7 +3362,7 @@ marked with an asterisk (*):—</p> <p>10. Ungulata (Hoofed Mammals):—</p> <p class="i3"><i>a</i>. Proboscidea (Elephants and Mastodons).</p> <p class="i3"><i>b</i>. Hyracoidea (Hyraxes).</p> - <p class="i3"><i>c</i>. *Barypoda (<i>Arsinöitherium</i>).</p> + <p class="i3"><i>c</i>. *Barypoda (<i>Arsinöitherium</i>).</p> <p class="i3"><i>d</i>. *Toxodontia (<i>Toxodon</i>, &c.).</p> <p class="i3"><i>e</i>. *Amblypoda (<i>Uintatherium</i>, &c.).</p> <p class="i3"><i>f</i>. *Litopterna (<i>Macrauchenia</i>, &c.).</p> @@ -3509,7 +3470,7 @@ and number of transverse ridges.”</p> <p>These and certain other facts referred to by the same author point to the conclusion that not only are the Sirenia and the Proboscidea derived from a single ancestral stock, but that the Hyracoidea—and -so <i>Arsinöitherium</i>—are also derivatives from the same stock, which +so <i>Arsinöitherium</i>—are also derivatives from the same stock, which must necessarily have been Ethiopian.</p> <p>Of the other suborders of ungulates, the Toxodontia and Litopterna @@ -3709,7 +3670,7 @@ the other hand, exclusively South American. With the primitive five-toed Amblypoda, as represented by the coryphodon, we again reach a northern group, common to the two hemispheres; but there is not improbably some connexion between this group and the much -more specialized Barypoda, as represented by <i>Arsinöitherium</i>, of +more specialized Barypoda, as represented by <i>Arsinöitherium</i>, of Africa. The Ancylopoda, again, typified by <i>Chalicotherium</i>, and characterized by the claw-like character of the digits, are probably another northern group, common to the eastern and western hemispheres.</p> @@ -3833,7 +3794,7 @@ ice, while no corresponding species occurs in the southern hemisphere. In this case, not only temperature, but also the peculiar mode of feeding, may be the cause. The narwhal and the beluga have a very similar distribution, though the latter occasionally ranges -farther south. The bottle-noses (<i>Hyperöodon</i>) are restricted to the +farther south. The bottle-noses (<i>Hyperöodon</i>) are restricted to the North Atlantic, never entering, so far as known, the tropical seas. Other species are exclusively tropical or austral in their range. The pigmy whale (<i>Neobalaena marginata</i>), for instance, has only been @@ -3902,7 +3863,7 @@ combined with that of the annual volumes of the <i>Zoological Record</i>, he may obtain such information on the subject as he may require: F. E. Beddard, “Mammals,” <i>The Cambridge Natural History</i>, vol. x. (1902); W. H. Flower and R. Lydekker, <i>The Study of Mammals</i> -(London, 1891); Max Weber, <i>Die Säugethiere</i> (Jena, 1904); +(London, 1891); Max Weber, <i>Die Säugethiere</i> (Jena, 1904); W. T. Blanford, <i>The Fauna of British India—Mammalia</i> (1888-1891); D. G. Elliot, <i>Synopsis of the Mammals of North America</i> (Chicago, 1901) and <i>The Mammals of Middle America and the @@ -4232,7 +4193,7 @@ a sweet aromatic flesh, which is eaten raw or steeped in wine or with sugar, and is also used for preserves. There are one to four large rough seeds, which are bitter and resinous, and used as anthelmintics. An aromatic liqueur distilled from the flowers -is known as <i>eau de créole</i> in the West Indies, and the acrid +is known as <i>eau de créole</i> in the West Indies, and the acrid resinous gum is used to destroy the chigoes which attack the naked feet of the negroes. The wood is durable and well adapted for building purposes; it is beautifully grained and used for fancy @@ -4243,7 +4204,7 @@ work.</p> <p><span class="bold">MAMMON,<a name="ar21" id="ar21"></a></span> a word of Aramaic origin meaning “riches.” The etymology is doubtful; connexions with a word meaning “entrusted,” or with the Hebrew <i>matmon</i>, treasure, have been -suggested. “Mammon,” Gr. <span class="grk" title="mamônâs">μαμωνᾶς</span> (see Professor Eb. Nestle +suggested. “Mammon,” Gr. <span class="grk" title="mamônâs">μαμωνᾶς</span> (see Professor Eb. Nestle in <i>Ency. Bib. s.v.</i>), occurs in the Sermon on the Mount (Matt. vi. 24) and the parable of the Unjust Steward (Luke xvi. 9-13). The Authorized Version keeps the Syriac word. Wycliffe uses @@ -4353,7 +4314,7 @@ export of mammoth-ivory, fit for commercial purposes, to China and to Europe. In the middle of the 10th century trade was carried on at Khiva in fossil ivory. Middendorff estimated the number of tusks which have yearly come into the market during -the last two centuries at at least a hundred pairs, but Nordenskiöld +the last two centuries at at least a hundred pairs, but Nordenskiöld considers this estimate too low. Tusks are found along the whole shore-line between the mouth of the Obi and Bering Strait, and the farther north the more numerous they become, @@ -4387,7 +4348,7 @@ of British Fossil Elephants,” part ii., <i>Palaeontographical Society</i> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">MAMMOTH CAVE,<a name="ar23" id="ar23"></a></span> a cave in Edmondson county, Kentucky, -U.S.A., 37° 14′ N. lat. and 86° 12′ W. long., by rail 85 m. S.S.W. +U.S.A., 37° 14′ N. lat. and 86° 12′ W. long., by rail 85 m. S.S.W. of Louisville. Steamboats run from the mouth of the Green river, near Evansville, Indiana, to the Mammoth Cave landing. The cave is usually said to have been discovered, in 1809, by a @@ -4422,7 +4383,7 @@ disappears. A flight of stone steps leads the way down to a narrow passage, through which the air rushes with violence, outward in summer and inward in -winter. The temperature of the cave is uniformly 54° F. throughout +winter. The temperature of the cave is uniformly 54° F. throughout the year, and the atmosphere is both chemically and optically of singular purity. While the lower levels are moist from the large pools and rivers that have secret connexion with Green @@ -4626,29 +4587,29 @@ Putnam (1879).</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">MAMORÉ,<a name="ar24" id="ar24"></a></span> a large river of Bolivia which unites with the Beni -in 10° 20′ S. to form the Madeira, one of the largest tributaries +<p><span class="bold">MAMORÉ,<a name="ar24" id="ar24"></a></span> a large river of Bolivia which unites with the Beni +in 10° 20′ S. to form the Madeira, one of the largest tributaries of the Amazon. It rises on the northern slope of the Sierra de Cochabamba east of the city of Cochabamba, and is known as -the Chimoré down to its junction with the Chapare, or Chapari. -Its larger tributaries are the Chapare, Sécure, Apere and Yacuma +the Chimoré down to its junction with the Chapare, or Chapari. +Its larger tributaries are the Chapare, Sécure, Apere and Yacuma from the west, and the Ichila, Guapay or Grande, Ivari and -Guaporé from the east. Taking into account its length only, the -Guapay should be considered the upper part of the Mamoré; +Guaporé from the east. Taking into account its length only, the +Guapay should be considered the upper part of the Mamoré; but it is shallow and obstructed, and carries a much smaller -volume of water. The Guaporé, or Itenez, also rivals the Mamoré +volume of water. The Guaporé, or Itenez, also rivals the Mamoré in length and volume, having its source in the Serra dos Parecis, Matto Grosso, Brazil, a few miles from streams flowing northward to the Tapajos and Amazon, and southward to the Paraguay -and Paraná. The Mamoré is interrupted by rapids a few miles +and Paraná. The Mamoré is interrupted by rapids a few miles above its junction with the Beni, but a railway 180 m. long has been undertaken from below the rapids of the Madeira. Above -the rapids the river is navigable to Chimoré, at the foot of the +the rapids the river is navigable to Chimoré, at the foot of the <i>sierra</i>, and most of its tributaries are navigable for long distances. Franz Keller (in <i>The Amazon and Madeira Rivers</i>; New York, -1874) gives the outflow of the Mamoré at mean water level, and -not including the Guaporé, as 2530 cub. in. per second, and the -area of its drainage basin, also not including the Guaporé, as +1874) gives the outflow of the Mamoré at mean water level, and +not including the Guaporé, as 2530 cub. in. per second, and the +area of its drainage basin, also not including the Guaporé, as 9382 sq. m.</p> <div class="condensed"> @@ -4708,7 +4669,7 @@ letters and the period of Arabian prosperity which his father’s reign had begun.</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p>See further under <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Caliphate</a></span>, sect. C., §§ 5, 6, 7.</p> +<p>See further under <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Caliphate</a></span>, sect. C., §§ 5, 6, 7.</p> </div> @@ -4727,7 +4688,7 @@ General Jeffrey’s brigade. (See <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Mohma <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">MAN,<a name="ar27" id="ar27"></a></span> the word common to Teutonic languages for a single person of the human race, of either sex, the Lat. <i>homo</i>, and Gr. -<span class="grk" title="anthrôpos">ἄνθρωπος</span>; also for the human race collectively, and for a full-grown +<span class="grk" title="anthrôpos">ἄνθρωπος</span>; also for the human race collectively, and for a full-grown adult male human being. Teutonic languages, other than English, have usually adopted a derivative in the first sense, <i>e.g.</i> German <i>Mensch</i>. Philologists are not in agreement @@ -4846,11 +4807,11 @@ Of this the trend of the branches of the trees to the north-east is a striking testimony. But it is equally subject to the influence of the warm drift from the Atlantic, so that its winters are mild, and, influenced by the less changeable temperature of the sea, its summers -cool. The mean annual temperature is 49°.0 F., the temperature of the -coldest month (January) being 41°.5, and the warmest (August) 58°.5, -giving an extreme annual range of temperature of 17°.1 only, while the -average temperature in spring is 46°.0, in summer 57°.2, in autumn -50°.9 and in winter 42°.0. Further evidence of the mildness of the +cool. The mean annual temperature is 49°.0 F., the temperature of the +coldest month (January) being 41°.5, and the warmest (August) 58°.5, +giving an extreme annual range of temperature of 17°.1 only, while the +average temperature in spring is 46°.0, in summer 57°.2, in autumn +50°.9 and in winter 42°.0. Further evidence of the mildness of the climate is afforded by the fact that fuchsias, hydrangeas, myrtles and escallonias grow luxuriantly in the open air. Its rainfall, placed as it is between mountain districts in England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales, @@ -4908,7 +4869,7 @@ which is the usual Celtic type, and their noses are almost always of good length, and straighter than is general among Celtic races. Light eyes and fair complexion, with rather dark hair, are the more usual combinations. They are usually rather tall and heavily -built, their average height (males) being 5 ft. 7½ in., and average +built, their average height (males) being 5 ft. 7½ in., and average weight (naked) 155 ℔. The tendency of the population to increase is balanced by emigration. It reached its maximum in 1891. Since then it has slightly declined. A noticeable feature @@ -4952,7 +4913,7 @@ especially in the northern district.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p><i>Chief Political Divisions and Towns.</i>—The island is divided into -six sheadings (so named from the Scandinavian <i>skeða-Þing</i>, or +six sheadings (so named from the Scandinavian <i>skeða-Þing</i>, or ship-district), called Glenfaba, Middle, Rushen, Garff, Ayre and Michael, each of which has its officer, the coroner, whose functions are similar to those of a sheriff; and there are seventeen parishes. @@ -5033,7 +4994,7 @@ its principal riches, but copper pyrites and hematite iron have also been raised in marketable quantities, while only very small amounts of the ores of nickel and antimony have been found. The mines are rented from the Crown as lord of the manor. The value -of the ore produced is about £40,000 annually. Other economic +of the ore produced is about £40,000 annually. Other economic products are clay, granite, limestone, sandstone, slate (of an inferior quality) and salt, which has been discovered near the Point of Ayre.</p> @@ -5065,7 +5026,7 @@ but they sit in the Tynwald Court as distinct bodies with co-ordinate powers to transact executive business and to sign Bills. The Tynwald Court controls the surplus revenue, after the payment of the cost of government and of a fixed contribution -of £10,000 to the imperial exchequer, subject to the supervision +of £10,000 to the imperial exchequer, subject to the supervision of the Treasury and the veto of the lieutenant-governor, and it appoints boards to manage the harbours, highways, education, local government, and lunatic and poor asylums. The @@ -5123,7 +5084,7 @@ division at Ramsey, once in three months. Actions in these courts are heard by a deemster and a special or common jury. The Chancery Court sits once a fortnight at Douglas. The deemsters also have summary jurisdiction in matters of debt, actions for -liquidated damages under £50, suits for possession of real or personal +liquidated damages under £50, suits for possession of real or personal property, petitions for probate, &c. These courts, called Deemsters’ Courts, are held weekly, alternately at Douglas and Castletown, by the deemster for the southern division of the island, and at Ramsey @@ -5280,10 +5241,10 @@ number of persons in receipt of poor relief averages about 920, and that of lunatics about 212. The average number of births during the five years 1902-1906 was 21.6, of marriages 6.1, and of deaths 17.6 per thousand. The rateable annual value of the parishes, towns and -villages is about £400,000. The revenue for the year ending the 31st -of March 1907 was £86,365, and the expenditure £75,728. The largest -revenue raised was £91,193 in 1901, and the debt reached its maximum -amount, £219,531, in 1894.</p> +villages is about £400,000. The revenue for the year ending the 31st +of March 1907 was £86,365, and the expenditure £75,728. The largest +revenue raised was £91,193 in 1901, and the debt reached its maximum +amount, £219,531, in 1894.</p> </div> <p><i>History</i>.—The history of the Isle of Man falls naturally into @@ -5323,8 +5284,8 @@ than three bolts.” The memory of such a ruler would be likely to survive in tradition, and it seems probable therefore that he is the person commemorated in Manx legend under the name of King Gorse or Orry. The islands which were under his rule -were called the <i>Suðr-eyjar</i> (Sudreys or the south isles), in contradistinction -to the <i>norðr-eyjar</i>, or the north isles, <i>i.e.</i> the Orkneys +were called the <i>Suðr-eyjar</i> (Sudreys or the south isles), in contradistinction +to the <i>norðr-eyjar</i>, or the north isles, <i>i.e.</i> the Orkneys and Shetlands, and they consisted of the Hebrides, and of all the smaller western islands of Scotland, with Man. At a later date his successors took the title of <i>Rex Manniae el Insularum</i>. @@ -5453,16 +5414,16 @@ Charlotte, Baroness Strange, and her husband, John Murray, who, in right of his wife, became Lord of Man. About 1720 the contraband trade greatly increased. In 1726 it was, for a time, somewhat checked by the interposition of parliament, -but during the last ten years of the Atholl régime (1756-1765) +but during the last ten years of the Atholl régime (1756-1765) it assumed such proportions that, in the interests of the imperial revenue, it became necessary to suppress it. With a view to so doing an Act of Parliament, called the “Revesting Act,” was passed in 1765, under which the sovereign rights of the Atholls and the customs revenues of the island were purchased for the -sum of £70,000, and an annuity of £2000 was granted to the +sum of £70,000, and an annuity of £2000 was granted to the duke and duchess. The Atholls still retained their manorial rights, the patronage of the See, and certain other perquisites, -which were finally purchased for the excessive sum of £417,144 +which were finally purchased for the excessive sum of £417,144 in 1828. Up to the time of the Revestment the Tynwald Court passed laws concerning the government of the island in all respects and had control over its finances, subject to the approval @@ -5596,7 +5557,7 @@ extreme width from Cape Comorin to Point de Galle is about by rail E. of Palma. Pop. (1900), 12,408. Manacor has a small trade in grain, fruit, wine, oil and live stock. In the neighbourhood are the cave of Drach, containing several underground -lakes, and the caves of Artá, one of the largest and finest +lakes, and the caves of Artá, one of the largest and finest groups of stalactite caverns in western Europe.</p> @@ -5605,9 +5566,9 @@ groups of stalactite caverns in western Europe.</p> capacity to do anything (from Ital. <i>maneggiare</i>, to train horses, literally to handle; Lat. <i>manus</i>, hand). The word was first used of the “management” of a horse. Its meanings have -been much influenced by the French <i>ménager</i>, to direct a -household or <i>ménage</i> (from late Lat. <i>mansio</i>, house); hence to -economize, to husband resources, &c. The French <i>ménage</i>, act +been much influenced by the French <i>ménager</i>, to direct a +household or <i>ménage</i> (from late Lat. <i>mansio</i>, house); hence to +economize, to husband resources, &c. The French <i>ménage</i>, act of guiding or leading, from <i>mener</i>, to lead, seems also to have influenced the meaning.</p> @@ -5692,42 +5653,42 @@ ii. 66).</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">MANAOAG,<a name="ar34" id="ar34"></a></span> a town in the north central part of the province -of Pangasinán, Luzon, Philippine Islands, on the Angalacan +of Pangasinán, Luzon, Philippine Islands, on the Angalacan river, 21 m. N.E. of Lingayen. Pop. (1903), 16,793. The <span class="pagenum"><a name="page540" id="page540"></a>540</span> inhabitants devote themselves especially to rice-culture, though tobacco, Indian corn, sugar-cane, fruit and vegetables are also raised. A statue of the Virgin Mary here is visited annually -(especially during May) by thousands from Pangasinán and +(especially during May) by thousands from Pangasinán and adjoining provinces. The inhabitants are mostly Ilocanos. Manaoag includes the town proper and eighteen barrios.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">MANÁOS,<a name="ar35" id="ar35"></a></span> a city and port of Brazil and capital of the state +<p><span class="bold">MANÃOS,<a name="ar35" id="ar35"></a></span> a city and port of Brazil and capital of the state of Amazonas, on the left bank of the Rio Negro 12 m. above -its junction with the Solimões, or Amazon, and 908 m. (Wappäus) -above the mouth of the latter, in lat. 3° 8′ 4″ S., long. 60° W. +its junction with the Solimões, or Amazon, and 908 m. (Wappäus) +above the mouth of the latter, in lat. 3° 8′ 4″ S., long. 60° W. Pop. (1908), about 40,000, including a large percentage of Indians, -negroes and mixed-bloods; the city is growing rapidly. Manáos +negroes and mixed-bloods; the city is growing rapidly. Manáos stands on a slight eminence overlooking the river, 106 ft. above -sea-level, traversed by several “igarapés” (canoe paths) or side +sea-level, traversed by several “igarapés” (canoe paths) or side channels, and beautified by the luxuriant vegetation of the Amazon valley. The climate is agreeable and healthful, the -average temperature for the year (1902) being 84°, the number of +average temperature for the year (1902) being 84°, the number of rainy days 130, and the total rainfall 66.4 in. Up to the beginning of the 20th century the only noteworthy public edifices -were the church of N.S. da Conceição, the St Sebastião asylum +were the church of N.S. da Conceição, the St Sebastião asylum and, possibly, a Misericordia hospital; but a government building, a custom-house, a municipal hall, courts of justice, a marketplace and a handsome theatre were subsequently erected, and a modern water-supply system, electric light and electric tramways -were provided. The “igarapés” are spanned by a number of +were provided. The “igarapés” are spanned by a number of bridges. Higher education is provided by a lyceum or high school, besides which there is a noteworthy school (bearing -the name of Benjamin Constant) for poor orphan girls. Manáos +the name of Benjamin Constant) for poor orphan girls. Manáos has a famous botanical garden, an interesting museum, a public -library, and a meteorological observatory. The port of Manáos, +library, and a meteorological observatory. The port of Manáos, which is the commercial centre of the whole upper Amazon region, was nothing but a river anchorage before 1902. In that year a foreign corporation began improvements, which include @@ -5738,32 +5699,32 @@ are made necessary by the rise and fall of the river, the difference between the maximum and minimum levels being about 33 ft.</p> <p>The principal exports are rubber, nuts, cacao, dried fish, -hides and piassava fibre. The markets of Manáos receive +hides and piassava fibre. The markets of Manáos receive their supplies of beef from the national stock ranges on the Rio Branco, and it is from this region that hides and horns are received for export. The shipping movement of the port has become large and important, the total arrivals in 1907, including small trading boats, being 1589, of which 133 were ocean-going steamers from Europe and the United States, 75 -from south Brazilian ports, and 227 river steamers from Pará. +from south Brazilian ports, and 227 river steamers from Pará. This rapid growth in its direct trade is due to a provincial law of 1878 which authorized an abatement of 3% in the export duties on direct shipments, and a state law of 1900 which made it compulsory to land and ship all products of the state from -the Manáos custom-house.</p> +the Manáos custom-house.</p> -<p>The first European settlement on the site of Manáos was +<p>The first European settlement on the site of Manáos was made in 1660, when a small fort was built here by Francisco -da Motta Falcão, and was named São José de Rio Negro. The +da Motta Falcão, and was named São José de Rio Negro. The mission and village which followed was called Villa de Barra, or Barra do Rio Negro (the name “Barra” being derived from the “bar” in the current of the river, occasioned by the setback caused by its encounter with the Amazon). It succeeded Barcellos as the capital of the old <i>capitania</i> of Rio Negro in 1809, and became the capital of Amazonas when that province -was created in 1850, its name being then changed to Manáos, the +was created in 1850, its name being then changed to Manáos, the name of the principal tribe of Indians living on the Rio Negro -at the time of its discovery. In 1892 Manáos became the see +at the time of its discovery. In 1892 Manáos became the see of the new bishopric of Amazonas.</p> @@ -5890,7 +5851,7 @@ of Ephraim (about 150 years later). It obtained great popularity and appeared in a free prose translation; it was also translated into Slavonic. The poetical romance of the <i>Loves of Aristander and Callithea</i>, also in “political” verse, is only known -from the fragments preserved in the <span class="grk" title="Rhodônia">Ῥοδωνία</span> (rose-garden) of +from the fragments preserved in the <span class="grk" title="Rhodônia">Ῥοδωνία</span> (rose-garden) of Macarius Chrysocephalus (14th century). Manasses also wrote a short biography of Oppian, and some descriptive pieces (all except one unpublished) on artistic and other subjects.</p> @@ -5901,7 +5862,7 @@ ed. Bekker (1837) and in J. P. Migne, <i>Patrologia graeca</i>, cxxvii.; <i>Aris and Callithea</i> in R. Hercher’s <i>Scriptores erotici graeci</i>, ii. (1859); “Life of Oppian” in A. Westermann, <i>Vitarum scriptores graeci minores</i> (1845). A long didactic poem in “political” verse (edited -by E. Miller in <i>Annuaire de l’assoc. pour l’encouragement des études +by E. Miller in <i>Annuaire de l’assoc. pour l’encouragement des études grecques en France</i>, ix. 1875) is attributed to Manasses or one of his imitators. See also F. Hirsch, <i>Byzantinische Studien</i> (1876); C. Krumbacher, <i>Geschichte der byzantinischen Litteratur</i> (1897).</p> @@ -5949,7 +5910,7 @@ older document from which the chronicler drew his information. This view he supports by showing that there was once a considerable literature in circulation regarding Manasseh’s later history. On the other hand most scholars take the Prayer to -have been written in Greek, <i>e.g.</i> Fritzsche, Schürer and Ryssel +have been written in Greek, <i>e.g.</i> Fritzsche, Schürer and Ryssel (Kautzsch, <i>Apok. u. Pseud.</i> i. 165-168).</p> <p>This fine penitential prayer seems to have been modelled after @@ -5978,7 +5939,7 @@ and not from a MS. of the Septuagint.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">MANATI<a name="ar41" id="ar41"></a></span> (often anglicized as “manatee”), the name, adapted -from the Carib <i>manattouï</i>, given by the Spanish colonists of the +from the Carib <i>manattouï</i>, given by the Spanish colonists of the West Indies to the American representative of a small group of herbivorous aquatic mammals, constituting, with their allies the dugong and the now extinct <i>Rhytina</i>, the order Sirenia. @@ -6154,7 +6115,7 @@ respectively were distinguished by the epithets <i>Alta</i> and <i>Baja</i> novel <i>Don Quixote</i>; in appearance, with its multitude of windmills and vast tracts of arid land, it remains almost exactly as Cervantes described it. Many villages, such as El Toboso -and Argamasilla de Alba, both near Alcázar de San Juan, are +and Argamasilla de Alba, both near Alcázar de San Juan, are connected by tradition with episodes in <i>Don Quixote</i>.</p> @@ -6190,9 +6151,9 @@ Flamanville, alternate with long strands, such as that which extends for 30 m. from Cape Carteret to Granville. Between this coast and the Channel Islands the tide, pent up between numerous sandbanks, flows with a terrific force that has given -these passages such ill-omened names as <i>Passage de la Déroute</i> +these passages such ill-omened names as <i>Passage de la Déroute</i> and the like. The only important harbours are Granville and -the haven of refuge of Diélette between Granville and Cherbourg. +the haven of refuge of Diélette between Granville and Cherbourg. Carteret carries on a passenger traffic with the Channel Islands. The chief stream is the Sienne, with its tributary the Soulle flowing by Coutances. South of Granville the <span class="correction" title="amended from samds">sands</span> of St Pair @@ -6201,7 +6162,7 @@ are the commencement of the great bay of Mont Saint Michel, whose area of 60,000 acres was covered with forest till the terrible tide of the year 709. The equinoctial tides reach a vertical height of nearly 50 ft. In the bay the picturesque walls of the -abbey rise from the summit of a rock 400 ft. high. The Sée, +abbey rise from the summit of a rock 400 ft. high. The Sée, which waters Avranches, and the Couesnon (separating Manche from Ille-et-Vilaine) disembogue in the bay.</p> @@ -6230,16 +6191,16 @@ and the maritime population, besides fishing for herring, mackerel, lobsters or sole, collect seaweed for agricultural use. Coutances is the seat of a bishopric of the province of Rouen. The department forms part of the region of the X. army corps and of the -circumscriptions of the académie (educational division) and +circumscriptions of the académie (educational division) and appeal-court of Caen. Cherbourg (<i>q.v.</i>), with its important port, arsenal and shipbuilding yards, is the chief centre of population. -St Lô (<i>q.v.</i>) is the capital; there are six arrondissements (St Lô, +St Lô (<i>q.v.</i>) is the capital; there are six arrondissements (St Lô, Avranches, Cherbourg, Coutances, Mortain, Valognes), with 48 cantons and 647 communes. Avranches, Mortain, Coutances, Granville and Mont Saint Michel receive separate treatment. At Lessay and St Sauveur-le-Vicomte there are the remains of ancient Benedictine abbeys, and Torigni-sur-Vire and Tourlaville -(close to Cherbourg) have interesting châteaux of the 16th century. +(close to Cherbourg) have interesting châteaux of the 16th century. Valognes, which in the 17th and 18th centuries posed as a provincial centre of culture, has a church (15th, 16th and 17th centuries) remarkable for its dome, the only one of Gothic architecture @@ -6527,7 +6488,7 @@ Moorhouse, who resigned in 1903 and was succeeded by Edmund Arbuthnott Knox. The church endowments are considerable and have been the subject of a special act of parliament, known as the Manchester Rectory Division Act of 1845, which provides -£1500 per annum for the dean and £600 to each of the four +£1500 per annum for the dean and £600 to each of the four canons, and divides the residue among the incumbents of the new churches formed out of the old parish.</p> @@ -6571,7 +6532,7 @@ contains a remarkable peal of bells by Taylor of Loughborough, forming an almost perfect chromatic scale of twenty-one bells; each bell has on it a line from canto 105 of Tennyson’s <i>In Memoriam</i>. The great hall is 100 ft. long and 50 ft. wide, -and contains a magnificent organ built by Cavaillé-Coll of +and contains a magnificent organ built by Cavaillé-Coll of Paris. The twelve panels of this room are filled with paintings <span class="pagenum"><a name="page546" id="page546"></a>546</span> by Ford Madox Brown, illustrating the history and progress @@ -6658,7 +6619,7 @@ of clergy. This also contains the public library founded by Chetham, and is the most interesting relic of antiquity in the city. The educational charity of William Hulme (1631-1691) is administered under a scheme drawn up in 1881. Its income -is nearly £10,000 a year, and it supports a grammar school +is nearly £10,000 a year, and it supports a grammar school and aids education in other ways. There are three high schools for girls. The Nicholls hospital was founded in 1881 for the education of orphan boys. Manchester was one of the first @@ -6673,14 +6634,14 @@ a school of domestic economy, special schools for feeble-minded children, and a Royal College of Music. The schools for the deaf and dumb are situated at Old Trafford, in a contiguous building of the same Gothic design as the blind asylum, to -which Thomas Henshaw left a bequest of £20,000. There +which Thomas Henshaw left a bequest of £20,000. There is also an adult deaf and dumb institution, containing a news-room, lecture hall, chapel, &c., for the use of deaf mutes.</p> <p>The Victoria University of Manchester has developed from the college founded by John Owens, who in 1846 bequeathed -nearly £100,000 to trustees for an institution in which should +nearly £100,000 to trustees for an institution in which should be taught “such branches of learning and science as were then or might be hereafter usually taught in English universities.” It was opened in 1851 in a house which had formerly @@ -6702,7 +6663,7 @@ bishop of Manchester, left his library to Owens College, and the legatees of Sir Joseph Whitworth bought and presented E. A. Freeman’s books. The library has received other important special collections. The benefactions to the university -of Thomas Ashton are estimated at £80,000. There are in +of Thomas Ashton are estimated at £80,000. There are in Manchester a number of denominational colleges, Wesleyan, Primitive Methodist, Unitarian, Baptist, &c., and many of the students preparing for the ministry receive their arts training @@ -6739,7 +6700,7 @@ Library in memory of her husband. The beautiful building was designed by Basil Champneys; the library includes the famous Althorp collection, which was bought from Earl Spencer. Mrs Rylands died in 1908, and by her will increased the endowment of -the library so that it has an income of £13,000 yearly. She also +the library so that it has an income of £13,000 yearly. She also bequeathed her own library.</p> <p>Manchester possesses numerous literary and scientific associations. @@ -6796,7 +6757,7 @@ art, there are concerts, lectures, reading circles, &c. The museum is worked in connexion with a university settlement. The German element in the population has largely influenced the taste for music by which Manchester is distinguished, and the orchestral concerts -(notably under Charles Hallé) are famous.</p> +(notably under Charles Hallé) are famous.</p> </div> <p><i>Population.</i>—From a census taken in 1773 it appears that @@ -6836,12 +6797,12 @@ have been impossible.</p> <p>The Manchester Bankers’ Clearing House returns show an almost unbroken yearly increase. The amount in 1872 was -£72,805,510; in 1907 it was £320,296,332; by the severe depression -of 1908 it was reduced to £288,555,307. Another +£72,805,510; in 1907 it was £320,296,332; by the severe depression +of 1908 it was reduced to £288,555,307. Another test of prosperity is the increase in rateable value. In 1839 -it was £669,994; in 1871, £1,703,627; in 1881, £2,301,225; in -1891, £2,798,005; in 1901, £3,394,879; in 1907, £4,191,039; in -1909, £4,234,129.</p> +it was £669,994; in 1871, £1,703,627; in 1881, £2,301,225; in +1891, £2,798,005; in 1901, £3,394,879; in 1907, £4,191,039; in +1909, £4,234,129.</p> <p>The commercial institutions of Manchester are too numerous for detailed description; its chamber of commerce has for more @@ -6857,10 +6818,10 @@ with the sea at Eastham, near Liverpool. The canal was opened for traffic in January 1894. The official opening ceremony was on the 21st of May 1894, when Queen Victoria visited Manchester. The total expenditure on capital account has -been £16,567,881. The original share capital of £8,000,000 -and £1,812,000, raised by debentures, having been exhausted, +been £16,567,881. The original share capital of £8,000,000 +and £1,812,000, raised by debentures, having been exhausted, the corporation of Manchester advanced on loan a further sum -of £5,000,000.</p> +of £5,000,000.</p> <p><i>Municipality.</i>—Manchester received a municipal charter in 1838, received the title of city in 1853, and became a county @@ -6872,7 +6833,7 @@ allowance to its lord mayor, and the office is a costly one.</p> <p>The water supply is controlled by the corporation. The works at Longdendale, begun in 1848, were completed, with -extensions in 1884, at a cost of £3,147,893. The area supplied +extensions in 1884, at a cost of £3,147,893. The area supplied by Manchester waterworks was about 85 square miles, inhabited by a million people. The increase of trade and population led to the obtaining of a further supply from Lake Thirlmere, @@ -6978,10 +6939,10 @@ to whom the old baronial hall was granted as a place of residence. The manorial rights passed to Sir Reginald West, a descendant of Joan Gresley, who was summoned to parliament as Baron de la Warre. The West family, in 1579, sold the manorial -rights for £3000 to John Lacy, who, in 1596, resold them to +rights for £3000 to John Lacy, who, in 1596, resold them to Sir Nicholas Mosley, whose descendants enjoyed the emoluments derived from them until 1845, when they were purchased -by the municipality of Manchester for a sum of £200,000. +by the municipality of Manchester for a sum of £200,000. The lord of the manor had the right to tax and toll all articles brought for sale into the market of the town. But, though the inhabitants were thus to a large extent taxed for the benefit @@ -7346,18 +7307,18 @@ to Eastham along the Cheshire side of the Mersey, instead of a trained channel in the estuary, and in this form the bill was again introduced in the session of 1885, and, notwithstanding strong opposition, was passed by both houses of parliament. The cost of this contest to -promoters and opponents exceeded £400,000, the various committees +promoters and opponents exceeded £400,000, the various committees on the bill having sat over 175 days. Owing to difficulties in raising the capital the works were not begun until November 1887.</p> -<p>The total length of the canal is 35½ m. and it may be regarded +<p>The total length of the canal is 35½ m. and it may be regarded as divided into three sections. From Eastham to Runcorn it is -near or through the Mersey estuary for 12¾ m., and thence to -Latchford near Warrington, 8¼ m., it is inland; both these sections +near or through the Mersey estuary for 12¾ m., and thence to +Latchford near Warrington, 8¼ m., it is inland; both these sections have the same water-level, which is raised by high tides. At Latchford the locks stop tidal action, and the canal is fed by the waters of the rivers Mersey and Irwell from that point to Manchester, -14½ m. from Latchford. The canal begins on the Cheshire side of the +14½ m. from Latchford. The canal begins on the Cheshire side of the Mersey at Eastham, about 6 m. above Liverpool. The entrance is well sheltered and adjoins a good low-water channel communicating with the Sloyne deep at Liverpool. Three entrance locks have @@ -7376,7 +7337,7 @@ the lock sills were placed 2 ft. lower to allow of the channel being dredged to 28 ft. when necessary. The minimum width at bottom is 120 ft., allowing large vessels to pass each other at any point on the canal; this width is considerably increased at the locks and other -parts. The slopes are generally about 1½ to 1, but are flatter through +parts. The slopes are generally about 1½ to 1, but are flatter through some portions; in rock-cutting the sides are nearly vertical. From Eastham to Runcorn the canal is alternately inland and on the foreshore of the estuary, on which embankments were constructed @@ -7388,7 +7349,7 @@ the cuttings. In some places, where the foundation was of a porous nature, sheeting piles of timber had to be used. At Ellesmere Port, where the embankment is 6200 ft. long on sand, 13,000 whole timber sheeting piles 35 ft. long were driven, to secure the base of the -embankment on each side; water jets under pressure through 1½ in. +embankment on each side; water jets under pressure through 1½ in. wrought-iron pipes were used at the foot of each pile to assist the sinking, which was found most difficult by ordinary means. At the river Weaver ten Stoney roller sluices are built, each 30 ft. span, @@ -7430,8 +7391,8 @@ into the new channel now forming the upper portion of the ship canal. The total rise to the level of the docks at Manchester from the ordinary level of the water in the tidal portion of the canal below Latchford locks is 60 ft. 6 in.; this is obtained by an average rise of about 15 ft. -at each of the sets of locks at Latchford, Irlam (7½ m. nearer -Manchester), Barton (2 m. farther) and Mode Wheel (3½ m. above +at each of the sets of locks at Latchford, Irlam (7½ m. nearer +Manchester), Barton (2 m. farther) and Mode Wheel (3½ m. above Barton locks at the entrance to the Manchester docks). For the greater part of this last length the canal is widened at bottom from 120 ft., its normal width, to 170 ft., to enable vessels to lie at @@ -7552,13 +7513,13 @@ done by about eighty steam navvies and land dredgers. For the conveyance of excavation and materials, 228 miles of temporary railway lines were laid, and 173 locomotives, 6300 wagons and trucks, and 316 fixed and portable steam-engines and cranes were -employed, the total cost of the plant being nearly £1,000,000. The +employed, the total cost of the plant being nearly £1,000,000. The expenditure on the works, including plant and equipment, to the -1st of January 1900, was £10,327,666. The purchase of the Mersey -and Irwell and Bridgewater navigations (£1,786,651), land and -compensation (£1,223,809), interest on capital during constructions -(£1,170,733), and parliamentary, superintendence and general -expenses brought up the total amount to £15,248,437.</p> +1st of January 1900, was £10,327,666. The purchase of the Mersey +and Irwell and Bridgewater navigations (£1,786,651), land and +compensation (£1,223,809), interest on capital during constructions +(£1,170,733), and parliamentary, superintendence and general +expenses brought up the total amount to £15,248,437.</p> <p>The traffic on the canal gradually increased from 925,659 tons in 1894 to 2,778,108 tons in 1899 and 5,210,759 tons in 1907. After @@ -7567,7 +7528,7 @@ of carriage and the charges at the Liverpool docks in order to meet the lower cost of conveyance by shipping passing up it. The result has been of great advantage to the trade of Lancashire and the surrounding districts, and the saving in the cost of carriage, estimated -at £700,000 a year, assists manufacturers to meet the competition +at £700,000 a year, assists manufacturers to meet the competition of their foreign opponents who have the advantage of low rates of carriage on the improved waterways of America, Germany, France and Belgium. Before the construction of the canal, large manufacturers @@ -7593,8 +7554,8 @@ Chinese it is called the country of the Manchus, an epithet meaning “pure,” chosen by the founder of the dynasty which now rules over Manchuria and China as an appropriate designation for his family. Manchuria lies in a north-westerly and south-easterly -direction between 39° and 53° N. and between 116° and -134° E., and is wedged in between China and Mongolia on the +direction between 39° and 53° N. and between 116° and +134° E., and is wedged in between China and Mongolia on the west and north-west, and Korea and the Russian territory on the Amur on the east and north. More definitely, it is bounded N. by the Amur, E. by the Usuri, S. by the Gulf of Liao-tung, @@ -7633,8 +7594,8 @@ its long course it varies greatly both in depth and width, in some parts being only a few feet deep and spreading out to a width of more than a mile, while in other and mountainous portions of its course its channel is narrowed to 300 or 400 ft., and its -depth is increased in inverse ratio. The Usuri rises in about 44° -N. and 131° E., and after running a north-easterly course for +depth is increased in inverse ratio. The Usuri rises in about 44° +N. and 131° E., and after running a north-easterly course for nearly 500 m. it also joins the Amur. The Mutan-kiang takes its rise, like the Sungari, on the northern slopes of the Ch’ang pai Shan range, and not far from the sources of that river. It takes @@ -7645,7 +7606,7 @@ and Ninguta, though the torrents in its course make the voyage backwards and forwards one of considerable difficulty. Next in importance to these rivers are the Liao and Ya-lu, the former of which rises in Mongolia, and after running in an easterly direction -for about 400 m. enters Manchuria in about 43° N., and +for about 400 m. enters Manchuria in about 43° N., and turning southward empties itself into the Gulf of Liao-tung. The Ya-lu rises in Korea, and is the frontier river of that country.</p> @@ -7666,9 +7627,9 @@ the present dynasty. The most important commercial place, however, is the treaty port of Niu-chwang, at the head of the Gulf of Liao-tung. According to the custom-house returns the value of the foreign imports and exports in the year 1880 was -£691,954 and £1,117,790 respectively, besides a large native +£691,954 and £1,117,790 respectively, besides a large native trade carried on in junks. In 1904 the value of foreign imports -had risen to £2,757,962, but the exports amounted to £1,742,859 +had risen to £2,757,962, but the exports amounted to £1,742,859 only, the comparatively low figure being accounted for by the Russo-Japanese war.</p> @@ -7704,7 +7665,7 @@ Nonni and Khailar in the west.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p><i>Climate, Flora, Fauna.</i>—The climate over the greater part of the country varies between extremes of heat and cold, the thermometer -ranging between 90° F. in the summer and 10° below zero in the +ranging between 90° F. in the summer and 10° below zero in the winter. As in the north of China, the rivers are frozen up during the four winter months. After a short spring the heat of summer succeeds, which in its turn is followed by an autumn of @@ -7833,7 +7794,7 @@ Thus under the Cbow dynasty (1122-225 <span class="scs">B.C.</span>) they were known as Sewshin, and at subsequent periods as Yih-low, Wuh-keih, -Moh-hoh, Pohai, Nüchih and according +Moh-hoh, Pohai, Nüchih and according to the Chinese historians also as Khitan. Throughout their history they appear as a rude @@ -7855,7 +7816,7 @@ of the empire. These invaders were in their turn overthrown two centuries later by another invasion from Manchuria. These new conquerors -were Nüchihs, and therefore direct ancestors of the +were Nüchihs, and therefore direct ancestors of the Manchus. On assuming the imperial yellow in China their chief adopted the title of Kin or “Golden” for his dynasty. “Iron” (Liao), he said, “rusts, but gold always keeps its @@ -7882,7 +7843,7 @@ the people over whom he reigned Manchu, or “Pure.” His descendants, through the rescued Fancha, fell into complete obscurity until about the middle of the 16th century, when one of them, Nurhachu by name, a chieftain of a small tribe, rose to -power. Nurhachu played with skill and daring the rôle which +power. Nurhachu played with skill and daring the rôle which had been played by Jenghiz Khan more than three centuries before in Mongolia. With even greater success than his Mongolian counterpart, Nurhachu drew tribe after tribe under his @@ -8035,7 +7996,7 @@ since the middle of the 17th century, when the first Christian missionaries, Ignatius a Jesu<a name="fa4j" id="fa4j" href="#ft4j"><span class="sp">4</span></a> and Angelus a Sancto, began to labour among them at Basra; further information was gathered at a somewhat later date by Pietro della Valle<a name="fa5j" id="fa5j" href="#ft5j"><span class="sp">5</span></a> and Jean de -Thévenot<a name="fa6j" id="fa6j" href="#ft6j"><span class="sp">6</span></a> (1633-1667), and in the following century by Engelbrecht +Thévenot<a name="fa6j" id="fa6j" href="#ft6j"><span class="sp">6</span></a> (1633-1667), and in the following century by Engelbrecht Kaempfer (1651-1716), Jean Chardin (1643-1713) and Carsten Niebuhr. In recent times they have been visited by A. H. Petermann<a name="fa7j" id="fa7j" href="#ft7j"><span class="sp">7</span></a> and Albrecht Socin, and Siouffi<a name="fa8j" id="fa8j" href="#ft8j"><span class="sp">8</span></a> published in @@ -8082,7 +8043,7 @@ name of <span class="grk" title="ennoia">ἔννοια</ into being the highest of the aeons properly so called, <i>Hayyē Kadmāyē</i>, “Primal Life,” and then withdrew into deepest secrecy, visible indeed to the highest but not to the lowest aeons (cf. -<span class="grk" title="Sophia">Σοφία</span> and <span class="grk" title="Propatôr">Προπάτωρ</span>), yet manifesting himself also to the souls +<span class="grk" title="Sophia">Σοφία</span> and <span class="grk" title="Propatôr">Προπάτωρ</span>), yet manifesting himself also to the souls of the more pious of the Mandaeans after their separation from the body. Primal Life, who is properly speaking the Mandaean god, has the same predicates as the primal spirit, and every @@ -8108,7 +8069,7 @@ Life,” <i>Hayyē Tinyānē</i>, generally called <i>Yōsha is evidently meant to be Hebrew, “Yahweh of the heavens,” the God of the Jews being of a secondary rank in the usual Gnostic style. The next emanation after <i>Yōshamīn</i> is “the -messenger of life” (<i>Mandā d’hayyē</i>, literally <span class="grk" title="gnôsis tês zôês">γνῶσις τῆς ζωῆς</span>), +messenger of life” (<i>Mandā d’hayyē</i>, literally <span class="grk" title="gnôsis tês zôês">γνῶσις τῆς ζωῆς</span>), the most important figure in the entire system, the mediator and redeemer, the <span class="grk" title="logos">λόγος</span> and the Christ of the Mandaeans, from whom, as already stated, they take their name. He belongs @@ -8128,7 +8089,7 @@ t’līthayē</i>, the “Third Life,” usually called fath (<i>‘Aṭīqā</i>), and he is also called “the deeply hidden and guarded.” He stands on the borderland between the here and the hereafter, <span class="pagenum"><a name="page556" id="page556"></a>556</span> -like the mysterious <span class="grk" title="preobutês tritos">πρεσβύτης τρίτος</span> or <i>senex tertius</i> of Mani, +like the mysterious <span class="grk" title="preobutês tritos">πρεσβύτης τρίτος</span> or <i>senex tertius</i> of Mani, whose becoming visible will betoken the end of the world. Abāthūr sits on the farthest verge of the world of light that lies towards the lower regions, and weighs in his balance the deeds @@ -8382,11 +8343,11 @@ The history of religion presents other examples of the degradation of holy to demonic figures on occasion of religious schism. The use of the word “Jordan,” even in the plural, for “sacred water,” is precisely similar to that by the Naassenes described in the <i>Philosophumena</i> -(v. 7); there <span class="grk" title="ho megas Iordanês">ὁ μέγας Ἰορδάνης</span> denotes the spiritualizing +(v. 7); there <span class="grk" title="ho megas Iordanês">ὁ μέγας Ἰορδάνης</span> denotes the spiritualizing sanctifying fluid which pervades the world of light. The notions of the Egyptians and the Red Sea, according to the same work (v. 16), are used by the Peratae much as by the Mandaeans. And the position -assigned by the Sethians (<span class="grk" title="Sêthianoi">Σηθιανοί</span>) to Seth is precisely similar +assigned by the Sethians (<span class="grk" title="Sêthianoi">Σηθιανοί</span>) to Seth is precisely similar to that given by the Mandaeans to Abel. Both alike are merely old Babylonian divinities in a new Biblical garb. The genesis of Mandaeism and the older gnosis from the old and elaborate Babylonio-Chaldaean @@ -8399,7 +8360,7 @@ original seat in Mesopotamia and Babylonia. It seems clear that the trinity of Anu, Bel, and Ea in the old Babylonian religion has its counterpart in the Mandaean Pīrā, Ayar, and Mānā rabbā. The D’mūthā of Mānā is the Damkina, the wife of Ea, mentioned by -Damascius as <span class="grk" title="Dankê">Δαύκη</span>, wife of <span class="grk" title="Ahos">Ἁός</span>. Mandā d’hayyē and his image +Damascius as <span class="grk" title="Dankê">Δαύκη</span>, wife of <span class="grk" title="Ahos">Ἁός</span>. Mandā d’hayyē and his image Hibil Zīvā with his incarnations clearly correspond to the old Babylonian Marduk, Merodach, the “first-born” son of Ea, with his incarnations, the chief divinity of the city of Babylon, the mediator @@ -8412,11 +8373,11 @@ from the well-known epos of Istar’s <i>descensus ad inferos</i>. The sanct with which water is invested by the Mandaeans is to be explained by the fact that Ea has his seat “in the depths of the world sea.”</p> -<p>Cf. K. Kessler’s article, “Mandäer,” in Herzog-Hauck’s <i>Realencyklopädie</i>, +<p>Cf. K. Kessler’s article, “Mandäer,” in Herzog-Hauck’s <i>Realencyklopädie</i>, and the same author’s paper, “Ueber Gnosis u. altbabylonische Religion,” in the <i>Abhandh. d. fūnften internationalen Orientalisten-congresses zu Berlin</i> (Berlin, 1882); also W. Brandt’s -<i>Mandäische Religion</i> (Leipzig, 1889), and M. N. Siouffi’s <i>Études sur +<i>Mandäische Religion</i> (Leipzig, 1889), and M. N. Siouffi’s <i>Études sur la religion des Soubbas</i> (Paris, 1880).</p> </div> <div class="author">(K. K.; G. W. T.)</div> @@ -8426,7 +8387,7 @@ la religion des Soubbas</i> (Paris, 1880).</p> <p><a name="ft1j" id="ft1j" href="#fa1j"><span class="fn">1</span></a> The first of these names (not Mendaeans or Mandaites) is that given by themselves, and means <span class="grk" title="gnostikoi">γνωστικοί</span>, followers of Gnosis (<span title="mandaia">מאנדאייא</span>, from <span title="manda">מאנדא</span>, Hebr. <span title="madda">מדע</span>). The Gnosis of which they -profess themselves adherents is a <i>personification</i>, the æon and +profess themselves adherents is a <i>personification</i>, the æon and mediator “knowledge of life” (see below). The title Nasoraeans (Nāṣōrāyē), according to Petermann, they give only to those among themselves who are most distinguished for knowledge and character. @@ -8445,7 +8406,7 @@ Koran (Sur, 5,.73; 22, 17; 2, 59) to those of that name.</p> seeking a new settlement on the Tigris, to escape the persecutions to which they are exposed.</p> -<p><a name="ft3j" id="ft3j" href="#fa3j"><span class="fn">3</span></a> See T. Nöldeke’s admirable <i>Mandäische Grammatik</i> (Halle, 1875).</p> +<p><a name="ft3j" id="ft3j" href="#fa3j"><span class="fn">3</span></a> See T. Nöldeke’s admirable <i>Mandäische Grammatik</i> (Halle, 1875).</p> <p><a name="ft4j" id="ft4j" href="#fa4j"><span class="fn">4</span></a> <i>Narratio originis, rituum, et errorum Christianorum S. Joannis</i> (Rome, 1652).</p> @@ -8456,10 +8417,10 @@ to which they are exposed.</p> <p><a name="ft7j" id="ft7j" href="#fa7j"><span class="fn">7</span></a> <i>Reisen im Orient</i>, ii. 447 seq.</p> -<p><a name="ft8j" id="ft8j" href="#fa8j"><span class="fn">8</span></a> M. M. Siouffi, <i>Études sur la religion ... des Soubbas</i> (Paris, 1880).</p> +<p><a name="ft8j" id="ft8j" href="#fa8j"><span class="fn">8</span></a> M. M. Siouffi, <i>Études sur la religion ... des Soubbas</i> (Paris, 1880).</p> <p><a name="ft9j" id="ft9j" href="#fa9j"><span class="fn">9</span></a> Mandaean MSS. occur in the British Museum, the Bodleian -Library, the Bibliothèque Nationale of France, and also in Rome, +Library, the Bibliothèque Nationale of France, and also in Rome, Weimar and Berlin. A number of Mandaean inscriptions relating to popular beliefs and superstitions have been published by H. Pognon, <i>Inscriptions mandaites</i> (2 vols., Paris, 1898-1899), also by @@ -8474,13 +8435,13 @@ name Book of Adam is unknown to the Mandaeans. Petermann’s Mandaeorum summi panderis</i> (2 vols., Berlin and Leipzig, 1867), is an excellent metallographic reproduction of the Paris MS. A German translation of about a quarter of this work has been published -in W. Brandt’s <i>Mandäische Schriften</i>, with notes (Göttingen, 1893). +in W. Brandt’s <i>Mandäische Schriften</i>, with notes (Göttingen, 1893). A critical edition still remains a desideratum. Next in importance to the <i>Sidrā rābbā</i> is the <i>Sidrā d’Yahyā</i>, or “Book of John,” otherwise known as the <i>D’rāschē d’Malkē</i>, “Discourses of the Kings,” which has not as yet been printed as a whole, although portions nave been published by Lorsbach and Tychsen (see <i>Museum f. bibl. u. orient. Lit.</i> -(1807), and Stäudlin’s <i>Beitr. z. Phil. u. Gesch. d. Relig. u. Sittenlehre</i> +(1807), and Stäudlin’s <i>Beitr. z. Phil. u. Gesch. d. Relig. u. Sittenlehre</i> 1796 seq.). The <i>Kolāstā</i> (Ar. <i>Khulāṣa</i>, “Quintessence”), or according to its fuller title <i>’Enyānē uderāshē d’maṣbūthā umasseḳthā</i> (“Songs and Discourses of Baptism and the Ascent,” viz. of the soul after @@ -8495,7 +8456,7 @@ Zodiac,” is astrological. Of smaller pieces many are magical and used as amulets.</p> <p><a name="ft11j" id="ft11j" href="#fa11j"><span class="fn">11</span></a> The use of the word “life” in a personal sense is usual in Gnosticism; -compare the <span class="grk" title="Zôê">Ζωὴ</span> of Valentin and <i>el-ḥayāt el-muallama</i>, “the +compare the <span class="grk" title="Zôê">Ζωὴ</span> of Valentin and <i>el-ḥayāt el-muallama</i>, “the dark life,” of Mani in the <i>Fihirst</i>.</p> </div> @@ -8504,7 +8465,7 @@ dark life,” of Mani in the <i>Fihirst</i>.</p> <p><span class="bold">MANDALAY,<a name="ar57" id="ar57"></a></span> formerly the capital of independent Burma, now the headquarters of the Mandalay division and district, as well as the chief town in Upper Burma, stands on the left bank -of the Irrawaddy, in 21° 59′ N. and 96° 8′ E. Its height above +of the Irrawaddy, in 21° 59′ N. and 96° 8′ E. Its height above mean sea-level is 315 ft. Mandalay was built in 1856-1857 by King Mindōn. It is now divided into the municipal area and the cantonment. The town covers an area of 6 m. from north @@ -8539,7 +8500,7 @@ of the district is well wooded and watered. The Maymyo <span class="pagenum"><a name="page558" id="page558"></a>558</span> subdivision has very fine plateaus of 3000 to 3600 ft. in height. The highest peaks are between 4000 and 5000 ft. above sea-level. -The Irrawaddy, the Myit-ngè and the Madaya are the +The Irrawaddy, the Myit-ngè and the Madaya are the chief rivers. The last two come from the Shan States, and are navigable for between 20 and 30 m. There are many canals, most of which have fallen greatly into disrepair, and the @@ -8550,8 +8511,8 @@ noted for their alabaster; rubies are also found in small quantities. There are 335 sq. m. of forest reserves in the district, but there is little teak. The climate is dry and healthy. During May and June and till August strong winds prevail. The thermometer -rises to about 107° in the shade in the hot weather, and the -minimum in the month of December is about 55°. The rainfall +rises to about 107° in the shade in the hot weather, and the +minimum in the month of December is about 55°. The rainfall is light, the average being under 30 in.</p> <p>The <span class="sc">Division</span> includes the districts of Mandalay, Bhamo, @@ -8806,19 +8767,19 @@ law (see <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Bailment</a></span>).</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">MANDAUE,<a name="ar63" id="ar63"></a></span> a town of the province of Cebú, island of Cebú, +<p><span class="bold">MANDAUE,<a name="ar63" id="ar63"></a></span> a town of the province of Cebú, island of Cebú, Philippine Islands, on the E. coast and E. coast road, about -4 m. N.E. of the town of Cebú, the capital. Pop. (1903), 11,078; -in the same year the town of Consolación (pop. 5511) was merged +4 m. N.E. of the town of Cebú, the capital. Pop. (1903), 11,078; +in the same year the town of Consolación (pop. 5511) was merged with Mandaue. Its climate is very hot, but healthy. The principal industries are the raising of Indian corn and sugar-cane -and the manufacture of salt from sea-water. Cebú-Visayan is +and the manufacture of salt from sea-water. Cebú-Visayan is the language.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">MANDELIC ACID<a name="ar64" id="ar64"></a></span> (Phenylglycollic Acid), C<span class="su">8</span>H<span class="su">8</span>O<span class="su">3</span> or -C<span class="su">6</span>H<span class="su">5</span>·CH(OH)·COOH, an isomer of the cresotinic and the +C<span class="su">6</span>H<span class="su">5</span>·CH(OH)·COOH, an isomer of the cresotinic and the oxymethylbenzoic acids. Since the molecule contains an asymmetric carbon atom, the acid exists in three forms, one being an inactive “racemic” mixture, and the other two being @@ -8827,7 +8788,7 @@ optically active forms. The inactive variety is known as acid on the addition compound of benzaldehyde and hydrocyanic acid:—</p> -<p class="center">C<span class="su">6</span>H<span class="su">5</span>CHO + HCN + HCl + 2H<span class="su">2</span>O = C<span class="su">6</span>H<span class="su">5</span>·CHOH·COOH + NH<span class="su">4</span>Cl,</p> +<p class="center">C<span class="su">6</span>H<span class="su">5</span>CHO + HCN + HCl + 2H<span class="su">2</span>O = C<span class="su">6</span>H<span class="su">5</span>·CHOH·COOH + NH<span class="su">4</span>Cl,</p> <p class="noind">(F. L. Winckler, <i>Ann.</i>, 1836, 18, 310), by boiling phenylchlor-acetic acid with alkalis (A. Spiegel, <i>Ber.</i>, 1881, 14, 239), by heating @@ -8835,10 +8796,10 @@ benzoylformaldehyde with alkalis (H. v. Pechmann, <i>Ber.</i>, 1887, 20, 2905), and by the action of dilute alkalies on ω-dibromacetophenone (C. Engler, <i>Ber.</i>, 1887, 20, 2202):—</p> -<p class="center">C<span class="su">6</span>H<span class="su">5</span>COCHBr<span class="su">2</span> + 3KHO = 2KBr + H<span class="su">2</span>O + C<span class="su">6</span>H<span class="su">5</span>·CHOH·CO<span class="su">2</span>K.</p> +<p class="center">C<span class="su">6</span>H<span class="su">5</span>COCHBr<span class="su">2</span> + 3KHO = 2KBr + H<span class="su">2</span>O + C<span class="su">6</span>H<span class="su">5</span>·CHOH·CO<span class="su">2</span>K.</p> <p>It crystallizes from water in large rhombic crystals, which melt -at 118° C. Oxidizing agents convert it into benzaldehyde. +at 118° C. Oxidizing agents convert it into benzaldehyde. When heated with hydriodic acid and phosphorus it forms phenylacetic acid; whilst concentrated hydrobromic acid and hydrochloric acid at moderate temperatures convert it into @@ -8848,11 +8809,11 @@ crystallization of the cinchonine salt, when the salt of the <i>dextro</i> modification separates first; or the ammonium salt may be fermented by <i>Penicillium glaucum</i>, when the <i>laevo</i> form is destroyed and the <i>dextro</i> form remains untouched; on the other -hand, <i>Saccharomyces ellipsoïdeus</i> destroys the <i>dextro</i> form, but +hand, <i>Saccharomyces ellipsoïdeus</i> destroys the <i>dextro</i> form, but does not touch the <i>laevo</i> form. A mixture of the two forms in equivalent quantities produces the inactive variety, which is also obtained when either form is heated for some hours to -160° C.</p> +160° C.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> @@ -9076,41 +9037,41 @@ of such a Jehan de Mandeville known. Some French MSS., not contemporary, give a Latin letter of presentation from him to Edward III., but so vague that it might have been penned by any writer on any subject. It is in fact beyond reasonable doubt -that the travels were in large part compiled by a Liége physician, -known as Johains à le Barbe or Jehan à la Barbe, otherwise +that the travels were in large part compiled by a Liége physician, +known as Johains à le Barbe or Jehan à la Barbe, otherwise Jehan de Bourgogne.</p> <p>The evidence of this is in a modernized extract quoted by the -Liége herald, Louis Abry<a name="fa2k" id="fa2k" href="#ft2k"><span class="sp">2</span></a> (1643-1720), from the lost fourth book +Liége herald, Louis Abry<a name="fa2k" id="fa2k" href="#ft2k"><span class="sp">2</span></a> (1643-1720), from the lost fourth book of the <i>Myreur des Hystors</i> of Johans des Preis, styled d’Oultremouse. -In this “Jean de Bourgogne, dit à la Barbe,” is said to +In this “Jean de Bourgogne, dit à la Barbe,” is said to have revealed himself on his deathbed to d’Oultremouse, whom he made his executor, and to have described himself in his will as “messire Jean de Mandeville, chevalier, comte de Montfort -en Angleterre et seigneur de l’isle de Campdi et du château -Pérouse.” It is added that, having had the misfortune to kill +en Angleterre et seigneur de l’isle de Campdi et du château +Pérouse.” It is added that, having had the misfortune to kill an unnamed count in his own country, he engaged himself to -travel through the three parts of the world, arrived at Liége in +travel through the three parts of the world, arrived at Liége in 1343, was a great naturalist, profound philosopher and astrologer, and had a remarkable knowledge of physic. And the identification is confirmed by the fact that in the now destroyed church of the Guillelmins was a tombstone of Mandeville, with a Latin inscription stating that he was otherwise named “ad Barbam,” -was a professor of medicine, and died at Liége on the 17th +was a professor of medicine, and died at Liége on the 17th of November 1372: this inscription is quoted as far back as 1462.</p> -<p>Even before his death the Liége physician seems to have confessed +<p>Even before his death the Liége physician seems to have confessed to a share in the composition of the work. In the common Latin abridged version of it, at the end of c. vii., the author says that when stopping in the sultan’s court at Cairo he met a venerable and expert physician of “our” parts, that they rarely came into conversation because their duties were of a different -kind, but that long afterwards at Liége he composed this treatise +kind, but that long afterwards at Liége he composed this treatise at the exhortation and with the help (<i>hortatu et adiutorio</i>) of the same venerable man, as he will narrate at the end of it. And in the last chapter he says that in 1355, in returning home, he -came to Liége, and being laid up with old age and arthritic +came to Liége, and being laid up with old age and arthritic gout in the street called Bassesauenyr, <i>i.e.</i> Basse Savenir, consulted the physicians. That one came in who was more venerable than the others by reason of his age and white hairs, was evidently @@ -9122,12 +9083,12 @@ to write his travels; “and so at length, by his advice and help, <i>monitu et adiutorio</i>, was composed this treatise, of which I had certainly proposed to write nothing until at least I had reached my own parts in England.” He goes on to speak of himself as -being now lodged in Liége, “which is only two days distant from +being now lodged in Liége, “which is only two days distant from the sea of England”; and it is stated in the colophon (and in the MSS.) that the book was first published in French by Mandeville, -its author, in 1355, at Liége, and soon after in the same city +its author, in 1355, at Liége, and soon after in the same city translated into “the said” Latin form. Moreover, a MS. of the -French text extant at Liége about 1860<a name="fa3k" id="fa3k" href="#ft3k"><span class="sp">3</span></a> contained a similar +French text extant at Liége about 1860<a name="fa3k" id="fa3k" href="#ft3k"><span class="sp">3</span></a> contained a similar statement, and added that the author lodged at a hostel called “al hoste Henkin Levo”: this MS. gave the physician’s name as “Johains de Bourgogne dit ale barbe,” which doubtless conveys @@ -9135,7 +9096,7 @@ its local form.</p> <p>There is no contemporary English mention of any English knight named Jehan de Mandeville, nor are the arms said -to have been on the Liége tomb like any known Mandeville +to have been on the Liége tomb like any known Mandeville arms. But Dr G. F. Warner has ingeniously suggested that de Bourgogne may be a certain Johan de Bourgoyne, who was pardoned by parliament on the 20th of August 1321 @@ -9159,14 +9120,14 @@ Magneville or Mandeville district. In any case it is clear that the name “de Mandeville” might be suggested to de Bourgogne by that of his fellow-culprit Mangevilayn, and it is even possible that the two fled to England together, were in Egypt together, -met again at Liége, and shared in the compilation of the +met again at Liége, and shared in the compilation of the <i>Travels</i>.</p> <p>Whether after the appearance of the <i>Travels</i> either de Bourgogne or “Mangevilayn” visited England is very doubtful. St Albans Abbey had a sapphire ring, and Canterbury a crystal orb, said to have been given by Mandeville; but these might have -been sent from Liége, and it will appear later that the Liége +been sent from Liége, and it will appear later that the Liége physician possessed and wrote about precious stones. St Albans also had a legend that a ruined marble tomb of Mandeville (represented cross-legged and in armour, with sword and shield) @@ -9175,8 +9136,8 @@ or it may be a mere myth.</p> <p>It is a little curious that the name preceding Mangevilayn in the list of persons pardoned is “Johan le Barber.” Did this -suggest to de Bourgogne the <i>alias</i> “à le Barbe,” or was that only -a Liége nickname? Note also that the arms on Mandeville’s +suggest to de Bourgogne the <i>alias</i> “à le Barbe,” or was that only +a Liége nickname? Note also that the arms on Mandeville’s tomb were borne by the Tyrrells of Hertfordshire (the county in which St Albans lies); for of course the crescent on the lion’s breast is only the “difference” indicating a second son.</p> @@ -9205,7 +9166,7 @@ curious and veracious account of the Chinese custom of employing tame cormorants to catch fish, the cormorants are converted by Mandeville into “little beasts called <i>loyres</i> (<i>layre</i>, B), which are taught to go into the water” (the word <i>loyre</i> being apparently -used here for “otter,” <i>lutra</i>, for which the Provençal is <i>luria</i> or +used here for “otter,” <i>lutra</i>, for which the Provençal is <i>luria</i> or <i>loiria</i>).</p> <p>At a very early date the coincidence of Mandeville’s stories @@ -9395,8 +9356,8 @@ subject.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>The oldest known MS. of the original—once Barrois’s, afterwards -the earl of Ashburnham’s, now Nouv. Acq. Franç. 4515 in the -Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris—is dated 1371, but is nevertheless +the earl of Ashburnham’s, now Nouv. Acq. Franç. 4515 in the +Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris—is dated 1371, but is nevertheless very inaccurate in proper names. An early printed Latin translation made from the French has been already quoted, but four others, unprinted, have been discovered by Dr J. Vogels.<a name="fa10k" id="fa10k" href="#ft10k"><span class="sp">10</span></a> They exist in @@ -9474,9 +9435,9 @@ passed into d’Oultremouse’s own possession: of this <i>Lapidaire</i> a French version, which seems to have been completed after 1479, has been several times printed.<a name="fa14k" id="fa14k" href="#ft14k"><span class="sp">14</span></a> A MS. of Mandeville’s travels offered for sale in 1862<a name="fa15k" id="fa15k" href="#ft15k"><span class="sp">15</span></a> is said to have been divided into five books: -(1) the travels, (2) <i>de là forme de la terre et comment et par quelle -manière elle fut faite</i>, (3) <i>de la forme del ciel</i>, (4) <i>des herbes selon les -yndois et les philosophes par de là</i>, and (5) <i>ly lapidaire</i>—while the +(1) the travels, (2) <i>de là forme de la terre et comment et par quelle +manière elle fut faite</i>, (3) <i>de la forme del ciel</i>, (4) <i>des herbes selon les +yndois et les philosophes par de là </i>, and (5) <i>ly lapidaire</i>—while the cataloguer supposed Mandeville to have been the author of a concluding piece entitled <i>La Venianche de nostre Signeur Ihesu-Crist fayte par Vespasian fil del empereur de Romme et comment Iozeph @@ -9499,9 +9460,9 @@ alchemical receipt by Johannes de Villa Magna (No. 1441).</p> <p>Finally, de Bourgogne wrote under his own name a treatise on the plague,<a name="fa16k" id="fa16k" href="#ft16k"><span class="sp">16</span></a> extant in Latin, French and English texts, and in Latin and English abridgments. Herein he describes himself as Johannes -de Burgundia, otherwise called <i>cum Barba</i>, citizen of Liége and +de Burgundia, otherwise called <i>cum Barba</i>, citizen of Liége and professor of the art of medicine; says that he had practised forty -years and had been in Liége in the plague of 1365; and adds that he +years and had been in Liége in the plague of 1365; and adds that he had previously written a treatise on the cause of the plague, according to the indications of astrology (beginning <i>Deus deorum</i>), and another on distinguishing pestilential diseases (beginning <i>Cum nimium @@ -9514,7 +9475,7 @@ contains a large number of English medical receipts, headed <p>See further Dr G. F. Warner’s article in the <i>Dictionary of National Biography</i> for a comprehensive account, and for bibliographical -references; Ulysse Chevalier’s <i>Répertoire des sources historiques du +references; Ulysse Chevalier’s <i>Répertoire des sources historiques du moyen age</i> for references generally; and the <i>Zeitschr. f. celt. Philologie</i> II., i. 126, for an edition and translation, by Dr Whitley Stokes, of Fingin O’Mahony’s Irish version of the <i>Travels</i>.</p> @@ -9526,15 +9487,15 @@ Fingin O’Mahony’s Irish version of the <i>Travels</i>.</p> <p><a name="ft1k" id="ft1k" href="#fa1k"><span class="fn">1</span></a> The <i>on</i> in Madabron apparently represents the Arabic nunation, though its use in such a case is very odd.</p> -<p><a name="ft2k" id="ft2k" href="#fa2k"><span class="fn">2</span></a> Quoted again from him by the contemporary Liége herald, +<p><a name="ft2k" id="ft2k" href="#fa2k"><span class="fn">2</span></a> Quoted again from him by the contemporary Liége herald, Lefort, and from Lefort in 1866 by Dr S. Bormans. Dr J. Vogels communicated it in 1884 to Mr E. W. B. Nicholson, who wrote on it in the <i>Academy</i> of April 12, 1884.</p> <p><a name="ft3k" id="ft3k" href="#fa3k"><span class="fn">3</span></a> See Dr G. F. Warner’s edition (Roxburghe Club), p. 38. In the -<i>Bull. de l’Institut archéologique Liégeois</i>, iv. (1860), p. 171, M. Ferd. -Henaux quotes the passage from “MSS. de la Bibliothèque publique -de Liége, à l’Université, no. 360, fol. 118,” but the MS. is not in the +<i>Bull. de l’Institut archéologique Liégeois</i>, iv. (1860), p. 171, M. Ferd. +Henaux quotes the passage from “MSS. de la Bibliothèque publique +de Liége, à l’Université, no. 360, fol. 118,” but the MS. is not in the 1875 printed catalogue of the University Library, which has no Old French MS. of Mandeville at present. It was probably lent out and not returned.</p> @@ -9546,30 +9507,30 @@ our Mandeville himself “Joannes Magnovillanus, alias Mandeville.”</p <p><a name="ft5k" id="ft5k" href="#fa5k"><span class="fn">5</span></a> Page indications like this refer to passages in the 1866 reissue of Halliwell’s edition, as being probably the most ready of access. But all these passages have also been verified as substantially -occurring in Barrois’s French MS. Nouv. Acq. Franç. 4515 in the -Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, mentioned below (of <span class="scs">A.D.</span> 1371), +occurring in Barrois’s French MS. Nouv. Acq. Franç. 4515 in the +Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, mentioned below (of <span class="scs">A.D.</span> 1371), cited B, and in that numbered xxxix. of the Grenville collection (British Museum), which dates probably from the early part of the 15th century, cited G.</p> -<p><a name="ft6k" id="ft6k" href="#fa6k"><span class="fn">6</span></a> Viz. in D’Avezac’s ed. in tom. iv. of <i>Rec. de voyages et de mémoires</i> -pub. by the Soc. de Géog., 1839.</p> +<p><a name="ft6k" id="ft6k" href="#fa6k"><span class="fn">6</span></a> Viz. in D’Avezac’s ed. in tom. iv. of <i>Rec. de voyages et de mémoires</i> +pub. by the Soc. de Géog., 1839.</p> <p><a name="ft7k" id="ft7k" href="#fa7k"><span class="fn">7</span></a> It is found in the <i>Thesaurus</i> of Canisius (1604), v. pt. ii. p. 95, and in the ed. of the same by Basnage (1725), iv. 337.</p> -<p><a name="ft8k" id="ft8k" href="#fa8k"><span class="fn">8</span></a> <i>Die Quellen für die Reisebeschreibung des Johann von Mandeville, +<p><a name="ft8k" id="ft8k" href="#fa8k"><span class="fn">8</span></a> <i>Die Quellen für die Reisebeschreibung des Johann von Mandeville, Inaugural-Dissertation ... Leipzig</i> (Berlin, 1888). This was revised -and enlarged as “Untersuchungen über Johann von Mandeville +and enlarged as “Untersuchungen über Johann von Mandeville und die Quellen seiner Reisebeschreibung,” in the <i>Zeitschrift der -Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin</i>, Bd. 23, Heft 3 u. 4 (No. 135, 136).</p> +Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin</i>, Bd. 23, Heft 3 u. 4 (No. 135, 136).</p> <p><a name="ft9k" id="ft9k" href="#fa9k"><span class="fn">9</span></a> In his edition (Roxburghe Club).</p> <p><a name="ft10k" id="ft10k" href="#fa10k"><span class="fn">10</span></a> <i>Die ungedruckten lateinischen Versionen Mandeville’s</i> (Crefeld, 1886).</p> -<p><a name="ft11k" id="ft11k" href="#fa11k"><span class="fn">11</span></a> <i>Handschriftliche Untersuchungen über die englische Version +<p><a name="ft11k" id="ft11k" href="#fa11k"><span class="fn">11</span></a> <i>Handschriftliche Untersuchungen über die englische Version Mandeville’s</i> (Crefeld, 1891), p. 46.</p> <p><a name="ft12k" id="ft12k" href="#fa12k"><span class="fn">12</span></a> Dr Vogels controverts these positions, arguing that the first @@ -9584,15 +9545,15 @@ improbable explanation.</p> pp. lxxxix., xc.; see also Warner’s edition of the Travels, p. xxxv. The ascription is on ff. 5 and 6 of <i>Le Tresorier de philosophie naturele des pierres precieuses</i>, an unprinted work by d’Oultremouse in MS. -Fonds français 12326 of the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris. The +Fonds français 12326 of the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris. The passage about Alexandria is on f. 81.</p> -<p><a name="ft14k" id="ft14k" href="#fa14k"><span class="fn">14</span></a> See L. Pannier, <i>Les Lapidaires français</i>, pp. 189-204: not knowing +<p><a name="ft14k" id="ft14k" href="#fa14k"><span class="fn">14</span></a> See L. Pannier, <i>Les Lapidaires français</i>, pp. 189-204: not knowing d’Oultremouse’s evidence, he has discredited the attribution to Mandeville and doubted the existence of a Latin original.</p> <p><a name="ft15k" id="ft15k" href="#fa15k"><span class="fn">15</span></a> <i>Description ... d’une collection ... d’anciens manuscrits ... -réunis par les soins de M. J. Techener</i>, pt. i. (Paris, 1862), p. 159 +réunis par les soins de M. J. Techener</i>, pt. i. (Paris, 1862), p. 159 (referred to by Pannier, pp. 193-194).</p> <p><a name="ft16k" id="ft16k" href="#fa16k"><span class="fn">16</span></a> Respecting this, see David Murray, <i>The Black Book of Paisley</i>, @@ -9621,8 +9582,8 @@ great parallel ranges, reaching to an average height of 5000 to fertile, and produce all the ordinary grains, besides more valuable crops of rice, maize, sugar-cane, poppy and tobacco. Iron is found in places, and also gold in small quantities. Area, 1200 -sq. m.; pop. (1901), 174,045; estimated revenue, £28,000; tribute, -£6666. The chief, whose title is raja, is a Rajput of old family. +sq. m.; pop. (1901), 174,045; estimated revenue, £28,000; tribute, +£6666. The chief, whose title is raja, is a Rajput of old family. Considerable sums have been expended on roads and bridges. An important product of the state is salt, which is mined in two places.</p> @@ -9644,8 +9605,8 @@ Yarkand.</p> division of negro peoples in West Africa. It is seemingly a corruption of a term applied to an important section of this group, the Mande-nka or Mande-nga. The present writer has usually heard -this word pronounced by the Mandingo themselves “Mandiña,” -or even “Madiña.” It seems to be derived from the racial name +this word pronounced by the Mandingo themselves “Mandiña,” +or even “Madiña.” It seems to be derived from the racial name <i>Mande</i>, coupled with the suffix <i>nka</i> or <i>nke</i>, meaning “people,” the people of Mande. Then again this word Mande seems to take the varying forms of <i>Male</i>, <i>Meli</i>, <i>Mane</i>, <i>Madi</i>, and, according @@ -9684,18 +9645,18 @@ with the Senufo speech-family.</p> <p>Delafosse divides the Mandingo group linguistically into three main sections: (1) the <i>Mande-tamu</i>, (2) the <i>Mande-fu</i>, and (3) the -<i>Mande-tã</i>, according as they use for the numeral 10 the root -<i>tamu</i>, <i>tã</i> or <i>fu</i>. Of the first group are the important tribes of the -Soni-nké (called Sarakulle by the Fula, and Sarakolé by the +<i>Mande-tã</i>, according as they use for the numeral 10 the root +<i>tamu</i>, <i>tã</i> or <i>fu</i>. Of the first group are the important tribes of the +Soni-nké (called Sarakulle by the Fula, and Sarakolé by the French); the Swaninki people of Azer, and the oases of Tishitt, Wadan and Walata in the south-west Sahara; and the Bozo, who are the fishermen along the banks of the Upper Niger and -the Bani from Jenné to Timbuktu. The Soni-nké are also known +the Bani from Jenné to Timbuktu. The Soni-nké are also known as Marka, and they include (according to Binger) the Samogho and even the Kurtei along the banks of the Niger east of Timbuktu as far as Say.</p> -<p>The group of Mande-tã would include the Bamana (incorrectly +<p>The group of Mande-tã would include the Bamana (incorrectly called Bambara) of the upper Senegal and of Segu on the Upper Niger, the Toronke, the Mandenga, the Numu of the district west of the Black Volta, the Vai of south-western Liberia, and the @@ -9729,7 +9690,7 @@ kingdoms rose the empire of Mali (Melle). Considerable sections of the Mandingo invaders had adopted Mahommedanism, and extended a great Mahommedan empire of western Nigeria far northwards into the Sahara Desert. In the 16th century the -Songhai regained supreme power. See <i>infra</i>, § <i>The Melle Empire</i>.</p> +Songhai regained supreme power. See <i>infra</i>, § <i>The Melle Empire</i>.</p> <p>Although the Mandingos, and especially the Susu section, may have come as conquerors, they devoted themselves through the @@ -9771,10 +9732,10 @@ spice called bandugu, certain rats, the python, the puff-adder, &c.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p><span class="sc">Authorities.</span>—The bibliography dealing with the Mandingo peoples is very extensive, but only the following works need be cited: -Captain L. G. Binger, <i>Du Niger au Golfe de Guinée</i>, &c. (1892); +Captain L. G. Binger, <i>Du Niger au Golfe de Guinée</i>, &c. (1892); Maurice Delafosse, <i>Vocabulaires comparatifs de plus de 60 langues -et dialectes parlés à la Côte d’Ivoire</i>, &c. (1904); Lieut. Desplagnes, -<i>Le Plateau central nigérien</i> (1907); Lady Lugard, <i>A Tropical Dependency</i> +et dialectes parlés à la Côte d’Ivoire</i>, &c. (1904); Lieut. Desplagnes, +<i>Le Plateau central nigérien</i> (1907); Lady Lugard, <i>A Tropical Dependency</i> (1905); Sir Harry Johnston, <i>Liberia</i> (1906). Most of these works contain extensive bibliographies.</p> </div> @@ -9789,7 +9750,7 @@ century describes the Wangara (a Hausa name for the Mandingo) as a powerful people, and El Bakri writes in similar terms. But the first king whose name is preserved was Baramindana, believed to have reigned from 1213 to 1235. His territory lay -south of that of Jenné, partly within the bend of the Niger and +south of that of Jenné, partly within the bend of the Niger and partly west of that river. The people were already Moslem, and the capital was a rendezvous for merchants from all parts of the western Sudan and the Barbary States. Mari Jatah (or Diara), @@ -9922,7 +9883,7 @@ pandura.</p> <p>The Neapolitan mandoline was scored for by Mozart as an accompaniment to the celebrated serenade in <i>Don Juan</i>. Beethoven wrote for it a <i>Sonatina per il mandolino</i>, dedicated to his friend -Krumpholz. Grétry and Paisiello also introduced it into their +Krumpholz. Grétry and Paisiello also introduced it into their operas as an accompaniment to serenades.</p> <p>The earliest method for the mandoline was published by Fouchette @@ -9964,12 +9925,12 @@ identifies it with the <span class="grk" title="kirkaia">κιρκ Circe. To it appears to apply the fable of the magical herb Baaras, which cured demoniacs, and was procured at great risk or by the death of a dog employed to drag it up, in Josephus -(<i>B. J.</i> vii. 6, § 3). The German name of the plant (<i>Alraune</i>; -O. H. G. <i>Alrûna</i>) indicates the prophetic power supposed to be -in little images (homunculi, Goldmännchen, Galgenmännchen) +(<i>B. J.</i> vii. 6, § 3). The German name of the plant (<i>Alraune</i>; +O. H. G. <i>Alrûna</i>) indicates the prophetic power supposed to be +in little images (homunculi, Goldmännchen, Galgenmännchen) made of this root which were cherished as oracles. The possession of such roots was thought to ensure prosperity. -(See Du Cange, <i>s.vv.</i> “Mandragora” and Littré.)</p> +(See Du Cange, <i>s.vv.</i> “Mandragora” and Littré.)</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>Gerard in 1597 (<i>Herball</i>, p. 280) described male and female @@ -10142,11 +10103,11 @@ of singly.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">MANET, ÉDOUARD<a name="ar80" id="ar80"></a></span> (1832-1883), French painter, regarded +<p><span class="bold">MANET, ÉDOUARD<a name="ar80" id="ar80"></a></span> (1832-1883), French painter, regarded as the most important master of Impressionism (<i>q.v.</i>), was born in Paris on the 23rd of January 1832. After spending some -time under the tuition of the Abbé Poiloup, he entered the -Collège Rollin, where his passion for drawing led him to neglect +time under the tuition of the Abbé Poiloup, he entered the +Collège Rollin, where his passion for drawing led him to neglect all his other lessons. His studies finished in 1848, he was placed on board the ship <i>Guadeloupe</i>, voyaging to Rio de Janeiro. On his return he first studied in Couture’s studio (1851), where his @@ -10237,7 +10198,7 @@ made.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">MANETHO<a name="ar82" id="ar82"></a></span> (<span class="grk" title="Manethôn">Μανέθων</span> in an inscription of Carthage; <span class="grk" title="Manethôs">Μανεθὼς</span> +<p><span class="bold">MANETHO<a name="ar82" id="ar82"></a></span> (<span class="grk" title="Manethôn">Μανέθων</span> in an inscription of Carthage; <span class="grk" title="Manethôs">Μανεθὼς</span> in a papyrus), Egyptian priest and annalist, was a native of Sebennytus in the Delta. The name which he bears has a good Egyptian appearance, and has been found on a contemporary @@ -10281,9 +10242,9 @@ service to scholars ever since the first months of Champollion’s decipherment.</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p>See C. Müller, <i>Fragmenta historicorum graecorum</i>, ii. 511-616; +<p>See C. Müller, <i>Fragmenta historicorum graecorum</i>, ii. 511-616; A. Wiedemann, <i>Aegyptische Geschichte</i> (Gotha, 1884), pp. 121 et sqq.; -J. Krall in <i>Festgaben für Büdinger</i> (Innsbruck, 1898); Grenfell +J. Krall in <i>Festgaben für Büdinger</i> (Innsbruck, 1898); Grenfell and Hunt, <i>El Hibeh Papyri</i>, i. 223; also the section on chronology in <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Egypt</a></span>, and generally books on Egyptian history and chronology.</p> @@ -10360,11 +10321,11 @@ attainments.</p> Marbach and F. W. Roggee. Three letters written by Manfred are published by J. B. Carusius in <i>Bibliotheca historica regni Siciliae</i> (Palermo, 1732). See Cesare, <i>Storia di Manfredi</i> (Naples, 1837); -Münch, <i>König Manfred</i> (Stuttgart, 1840); Riccio, <i>Alcuni studii storici +Münch, <i>König Manfred</i> (Stuttgart, 1840); Riccio, <i>Alcuni studii storici intorno a Manfredi e Conradino</i> (Naples, 1850); F. W. Schirrmacher, -<i>Die letzten Hohenstaufen</i> (Göttingen, 1871); Capesso, <i>Historia +<i>Die letzten Hohenstaufen</i> (Göttingen, 1871); Capesso, <i>Historia diplomatica regni Siciliae</i> (Naples, 1874); A. Karst, <i>Geschichte -Manfreds vom Tode Friedrichs II. bis zu seiner Krönung</i> (Berlin, 1897); +Manfreds vom Tode Friedrichs II. bis zu seiner Krönung</i> (Berlin, 1897); and K. Hampe, <i>Urban IV. und Manfred</i> (Heidelberg, 1905).</p> </div> @@ -10372,7 +10333,7 @@ and K. Hampe, <i>Urban IV. und Manfred</i> (Heidelberg, 1905).</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">MANFREDONIA,<a name="ar84" id="ar84"></a></span> a town and archiepiscopal see (with Viesti) of Apulia, Italy, in the province of Foggia, from which it is -22½ m. N.E. by rail, situated on the coast, facing E., 13 ft. +22½ m. N.E. by rail, situated on the coast, facing E., 13 ft. above sea-level, to the south of Monte Gargano, and giving its name to the gulf to the east of it. Pop. (1901), 11,549. It was founded by Manfred in 1263, and destroyed by the Turks in @@ -10564,7 +10525,7 @@ trioxide, MnO<span class="su">3</span>, and manganese heptoxide, Mn<span class=" <p><i>Manganous oxide</i>, MnO, is obtained by heating a mixture of anhydrous manganese chloride and sodium carbonate with a small quantity -of ammonium chloride (J. v. Liebig and F. Wöhler, <i>Pogg. Ann.</i>, +of ammonium chloride (J. v. Liebig and F. Wöhler, <i>Pogg. Ann.</i>, 1830, 21, p. 584); or by reducing the higher oxides with hydrogen or carbon monoxide. It is a dark coloured powder of specific gravity 5.09. <i>Manganous hydroxide</i>, Mn(OH)<span class="su">2</span>, is obtained as a white precipitate @@ -10584,15 +10545,15 @@ containing not more than 26% of the latter gas (W. Dittmar, <i>Jour. Chem. Soc.</i>, 1864, 17, p. 294). The hydrated form, found native as the mineral manganite, is produced by the spontaneous oxidation of manganous hydroxide. In the hydrated condition it is a dark -brown powder which readily loses water at above 100° C., it dissolves +brown powder which readily loses water at above 100° C., it dissolves in hot nitric acid, giving manganous nitrate and manganese dioxide: 2MnO(OH) + 2HNO<span class="su">3</span> = Mn(NO<span class="su">3</span>)<span class="su">2</span> + MnO<span class="su">2</span> + 2H<span class="su">2</span>O. <i>Manganese dioxide</i>, or pyrolusite (<i>q.v.</i>), MnO<span class="su">2</span>, the most important oxide, may be prepared by heating crystallized manganous nitrate until red fumes -are given off, decanting the clear liquid, and heating to 150° to -160° C. for 40 to 60 hours (A. Gorgen, <i>Bull. Soc.</i>, 1890 [3], 4, p. 16), +are given off, decanting the clear liquid, and heating to 150° to +160° C. for 40 to 60 hours (A. Gorgen, <i>Bull. Soc.</i>, 1890 [3], 4, p. 16), <span class="pagenum"><a name="page570" id="page570"></a>570</span> -or by heating manganese carbonate to 260° C. in the presence +or by heating manganese carbonate to 260° C. in the presence of air and washing the residue with very dilute cold hydrochloric acid. It is a hard black solid which readily loses oxygen when strongly heated, leaving a residue of Mn<span class="su">3</span>O<span class="su">4</span>. When heated with @@ -10604,7 +10565,7 @@ brown solution which probably contains manganic chloride (see R. J. Meyer, <i>Zeit. anorg. Chem.</i>, 1899, 22, p. 169; G. Neumann, <i>Monats.</i>, 1894, 15, p. 489). It is almost impossible to prepare a pure hydrated manganese dioxide owing to the readiness with which it -loses oxygen, leaving residues of the type <i>x</i>MnO·<i>y</i>MnO<span class="su">2</span>. Such mixtures +loses oxygen, leaving residues of the type <i>x</i>MnO·<i>y</i>MnO<span class="su">2</span>. Such mixtures are obtained by the action of alkaline hypochlorites on manganous salts, or by suspending manganous carbonate in water and passing chlorine through the mixture. The solid matter is filtered off, @@ -10618,7 +10579,7 @@ and decomposed by hydrochloric acid with the evolution of chlorine. <i>Manganese trioxide</i>, MnO<span class="su">3</span>, is obtained in small quantity as an unstable deliquescent red solid by dropping a solution of potassium permanganate in sulphuric acid on to dry sodium carbonate (B. -Franke, <i>Jour. prak. Chem.</i>, 1887 [2], 36, p. 31). Above 50° C. it +Franke, <i>Jour. prak. Chem.</i>, 1887 [2], 36, p. 31). Above 50° C. it decomposes into the dioxide and oxygen. It dissolves in water forming manganic acid, H<span class="su">2</span>MnO<span class="su">4</span>. <i>Manganese heptoxide</i>, Mn<span class="su">2</span>O<span class="su">7</span>, prepared by adding pure potassium permanganate to well cooled, @@ -10638,14 +10599,14 @@ p. 1485).</p> <p><i>Manganous Salts.</i>—The anhydrous <i>chloride</i>, MnCl<span class="su">2</span>, is obtained as a rose-red crystalline solid by passing hydrochloric acid gas over manganese carbonate, first in the cold and afterwards at a moderate -red heat. The hydrated chloride, MnCl<span class="su">2</span>·4H<span class="su">2</span>O, is obtained in +red heat. The hydrated chloride, MnCl<span class="su">2</span>·4H<span class="su">2</span>O, is obtained in rose-red crystals by dissolving the metal or its carbonate in aqueous hydrochloric acid and concentrating the solution. It may be obtained in at least two different forms, one isomorphous with -NaCl·2H<span class="su">2</span>O, by concentrating the solution between 15° C. and 20°C.; -the other, isomorphous with FeCl<span class="su">2</span>·4H<span class="su">2</span>O, by slow evaporation of +NaCl·2H<span class="su">2</span>O, by concentrating the solution between 15° C. and 20°C.; +the other, isomorphous with FeCl<span class="su">2</span>·4H<span class="su">2</span>O, by slow evaporation of the mother liquors from the former. It forms double salts with the -chlorides of the alkali metals. The <i>bromide</i> MnBr<span class="su">2</span>·4H<span class="su">2</span>O, <i>iodide</i>, +chlorides of the alkali metals. The <i>bromide</i> MnBr<span class="su">2</span>·4H<span class="su">2</span>O, <i>iodide</i>, MnI<span class="su">2</span>, and <i>fluoride</i>, MnF<span class="su">2</span>, are known.</p> <p><i>Manganous Sulphate</i>, MnSO<span class="su">4</span>, is prepared by strongly heating a @@ -10654,21 +10615,21 @@ cease to be evolved. The ferric and aluminium sulphates present are thus converted into insoluble basic salts, and the residue yields manganous sulphate when extracted with water. The salt crystallizes with varying quantities of water, according to the temperature -at which crystallization is effected: between −4° C. and +6° C. -with 7H<span class="su">2</span>O, between 15° C. and 20° C. with 5H<span class="su">2</span>O, and between 25° C. -and 31° C. with 4H<span class="su">2</span>O. It crystallizes in large pink crystals, the +at which crystallization is effected: between −4° C. and +6° C. +with 7H<span class="su">2</span>O, between 15° C. and 20° C. with 5H<span class="su">2</span>O, and between 25° C. +and 31° C. with 4H<span class="su">2</span>O. It crystallizes in large pink crystals, the colour of which is probably due to the presence of a small quantity of manganic sulphate or of a cobalt sulphate. It combines with the sulphates of the alkali metals to form double salts.</p> -<p><i>Manganous Nitrate</i>, Mn(NO<span class="su">3</span>)<span class="su">2</span>·6H<span class="su">2</span>O, obtained by dissolving the +<p><i>Manganous Nitrate</i>, Mn(NO<span class="su">3</span>)<span class="su">2</span>·6H<span class="su">2</span>O, obtained by dissolving the carbonate in nitric acid and concentrating the solution, crystallizes from nitric acid solutions in long colourless needles, which melt at -25.8° C. and boil at 129.5° C. with some decomposition.</p> +25.8° C. and boil at 129.5° C. with some decomposition.</p> <p><i>Manganous Carbonate</i>, MnCO<span class="su">3</span>, found native as manganese spar, may be prepared as an amorphous powder by heating manganese -chloride with sodium carbonate in a sealed tube to 150° C., or in the +chloride with sodium carbonate in a sealed tube to 150° C., or in the hydrated form as a white flocculent precipitate by adding sodium carbonate to a manganous salt. In the moist condition it rapidly turns brown on exposure to air.</p> @@ -10691,19 +10652,19 @@ condition, and is easily decomposed by dilute mineral acids.</p> <p><i>Manganese Disulphide</i>, MnS<span class="su">2</span>, found native as hauerite, is formed as a red coloured powder by heating manganous sulphate with -potassium polysulphide in a sealed tube at 160°-170° C. (H. v. +potassium polysulphide in a sealed tube at 160°-170° C. (H. v. Senarmont, <i>Jour. prak. Chem.</i>, 1850, 51, p. 385).</p> <p><i>Manganic Salts.</i>—The sulphate, Mn<span class="su">2</span>(SO<span class="su">4</span>)<span class="su">3</span>, is prepared by gradually -heating at 138° C. a mixture of concentrated sulphuric and +heating at 138° C. a mixture of concentrated sulphuric and manganese dioxide until the whole becomes of a dark green colour. The excess of acid is removed by spreading the mass on a porous plate, the residue stirred for some hours with nitric acid, again spread -on a porous plate, and finally dried quickly at about 130° C. It is +on a porous plate, and finally dried quickly at about 130° C. It is a dark green deliquescent powder which decomposes on heating or on exposure to moist air. It is readily decomposed by dilute acids. With potassium sulphate in the presence of sulphuric acid -it forms potassium manganese alum, K<span class="su">2</span>SO<span class="su">4</span>·Mn<span class="su">2</span>(SO<span class="su">4</span>)<span class="su">2</span>·24H<span class="su">2</span>O. +it forms potassium manganese alum, K<span class="su">2</span>SO<span class="su">4</span>·Mn<span class="su">2</span>(SO<span class="su">4</span>)<span class="su">2</span>·24H<span class="su">2</span>O. A. Piccini (<i>Zeit. anorg. Chem.</i> 1898, 17, p. 355) has also obtained a manganese caesium alum. <i>Manganic Fluoride</i>, MnF<span class="su">3</span>, a solid obtained by the action of fluorine on manganous chloride, is decomposed @@ -10744,7 +10705,7 @@ the second, three atoms:</p> <table class="ws" summary="Contents"> <tr><td class="tcl">2KMnO<span class="su">4</span> + 3H<span class="su">2</span>SO<span class="su">4</span></td> <td class="tcl">= K<span class="su">2</span>SO<span class="su">4</span> + 2MnSO<span class="su">4</span> + 3H<span class="su">2</span>O + 5O;</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl">2KMnO<span class="su">4</span> + 3H<span class="su">2</span>O</td> <td class="tcl">= 2MnO<span class="su">2</span>·H<span class="su">2</span>O + 2KHO + 3O.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl">2KMnO<span class="su">4</span> + 3H<span class="su">2</span>O</td> <td class="tcl">= 2MnO<span class="su">2</span>·H<span class="su">2</span>O + 2KHO + 3O.</td></tr> </table> <p>It completely decomposes hydrogen peroxide in sulphuric acid @@ -10754,7 +10715,7 @@ solution—</p> <p>It decomposes when heated to</p> -<p class="center">200°-240° C. : 2KMnO<span class="su">4</span> = K<span class="su">2</span>MnO<span class="su">4</span> + MnO<span class="su">2</span> + O<span class="su">2</span>;</p> +<p class="center">200°-240° C. : 2KMnO<span class="su">4</span> = K<span class="su">2</span>MnO<span class="su">4</span> + MnO<span class="su">2</span> + O<span class="su">2</span>;</p> <p class="noind">and when warmed with hydrochloric acid it yields chlorine:</p> @@ -10765,9 +10726,9 @@ similar manner, or by precipitating the silver salt with sodium chloride. It crystallizes with great difficulty. A solution of the crude salt is used as a disinfectant under the name of “Condy’s fluid.”</p> -<p><i>Ammonium Permanganate</i>, NH<span class="su">4</span>·MnO<span class="su">4</span>, explodes violently on +<p><i>Ammonium Permanganate</i>, NH<span class="su">4</span>·MnO<span class="su">4</span>, explodes violently on rubbing, and its aqueous solution decomposes on boiling (W. Muthmann, -<i>Ber.</i>, 1893, 26, p. 1018); NH<span class="su">4</span>·MnO<span class="su">4</span> = MnO<span class="su">2</span> + N<span class="su">2</span> + 2H<span class="su">2</span>O.</p> +<i>Ber.</i>, 1893, 26, p. 1018); NH<span class="su">4</span>·MnO<span class="su">4</span> = MnO<span class="su">2</span> + N<span class="su">2</span> + 2H<span class="su">2</span>O.</p> <p><i>Barium Permanganate</i>, BaMn<span class="su">2</span>O<span class="su">3</span>, crystallizes in almost black needles, and is formed by passing carbon dioxide through water @@ -10808,8 +10769,8 @@ the chloride and bromide, obtained 54.96 (O = 16).</p> </table> <p><span class="bold">MANGANITE,<a name="ar90" id="ar90"></a></span> a mineral consisting of hydrated manganese -sesquioxide, Mn<span class="su">2</span>O<span class="su">3</span>·H<span class="su">2</span>O, crystallizing in the orthorhombic system -and isomorphous with diaspore and göthite. Crystals are prismatic +sesquioxide, Mn<span class="su">2</span>O<span class="su">3</span>·H<span class="su">2</span>O, crystallizing in the orthorhombic system +and isomorphous with diaspore and göthite. Crystals are prismatic and deeply striated parallel to their length; they are often grouped together in bundles. The colour is dark steel-grey to iron-black, and the lustre brilliant and submetallic: the streak @@ -10830,8 +10791,8 @@ in Alsace (“newkirkite”), Granam near Towie in Aberdeenshire, Upton Pyne near Exeter and Negaunee in Michigan. As an ore of manganese it is much less abundant than pyrolusite or psilomelane. The name manganite was given by W. Haidinger -in 1827: French authors adopt F. S. Beudant’s name “acerdèse,” -(Gr. <span class="grk" title="âkerdês">ἀκερδής</span>, unprofitable) because the mineral is of little value +in 1827: French authors adopt F. S. Beudant’s name “acerdèse,” +(Gr. <span class="grk" title="âkerdês">ἀκερδής</span>, unprofitable) because the mineral is of little value for bleaching purposes as compared with pyrolusite.</p> <div class="author">(L. J. S.)</div> @@ -10947,7 +10908,7 @@ origin of the word is to be found in the medieval Latin name, <i>manganum</i>, <i>mangonus</i> or <i>mangana</i>, for an engine of war, the “mangonel,” for hurling stones and other missiles (see <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Catapult</a></span>). The Latin word was adapted from the Greek <span class="grk" title="magganon">μάγγανον</span>, -a trick or device, cognate with <span class="grk" title="mêchanê">μηχανή</span>, a machine. (2) To +a trick or device, cognate with <span class="grk" title="mêchanê">μηχανή</span>, a machine. (2) To cut in pieces, to damage or disfigure; to mutilate. This word is of obscure origin. According to the <i>New English Dictionary</i> it presents an Anglo-French <i>mahangler</i>, a form of <i>mahaigner</i> @@ -10958,26 +10919,26 @@ is not cognate.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">MANG LÖN,<a name="ar94" id="ar94"></a></span> a state in the northern Shan states of Burma. -It is the chief state of the Wa or Vü tribes, some of whom are -head-hunters, and Mang Lön is the only one which as yet has +<p><span class="bold">MANG LÖN,<a name="ar94" id="ar94"></a></span> a state in the northern Shan states of Burma. +It is the chief state of the Wa or Vü tribes, some of whom are +head-hunters, and Mang Lön is the only one which as yet has direct relations with the British government. Estimated area, 3000 sq. m.; estimated population, 40,000. The state extends -from about 21° 30′ to 23° N., or for 100 m. along the river +from about 21° 30′ to 23° N., or for 100 m. along the river <span class="pagenum"><a name="page572" id="page572"></a>572</span> Salween. Its width varies greatly, from a mile or even less on either side of the river to perhaps 40 m. at its broadest part near -Taküt, the capital. It is divided into East and West Mang Lön, +Taküt, the capital. It is divided into East and West Mang Lön, the boundary being the Salween. There are no Wa in West -Mang Lön. Shans form the chief population, but there are +Mang Lön. Shans form the chief population, but there are Palaungs, Chinese and Yanglam, besides Lahu. The bulk of -the population in East Mang Lön is Wa, but there are many +the population in East Mang Lön is Wa, but there are many Shans and Lahu. Both portions are very hilly; the only flat land is along the banks of streams in the valleys, and here the Shans are settled. There are prosperous settlements and bazaars -at Nawng Hkam and Möng Kao in West Mang Lön. The Wa -of Mang Lön have given up head-hunting, and many profess -Buddhism. The capital, Taküt, is perched on a hill-top 6000 ft. +at Nawng Hkam and Möng Kao in West Mang Lön. The Wa +of Mang Lön have given up head-hunting, and many profess +Buddhism. The capital, Taküt, is perched on a hill-top 6000 ft. above sea-level. The sawbwa is a Wa, and has control over two sub-states, Mōt Hai to the north and Maw Hpa to the south.</p> @@ -11114,7 +11075,7 @@ relied upon, and has tried to prove that it was rather of Semitic or Chaldaic origin. He certainly shows that the old Assyrian mythology influenced Mani, but not that this element did not reach him through Persian channels. In genuine Manichaean -documents we only find the name Mani, but Manes, <span class="grk" title="Manês">Μάνης</span>, +documents we only find the name Mani, but Manes, <span class="grk" title="Manês">Μάνης</span>, Manichaeus, meet us in 4th-century Greek and Latin documents. In the <i>Acta Archelai</i> his first name is said to have been Cubricus, which Kessler explains as a corruption of Shuravik, a name @@ -11198,7 +11159,7 @@ Fundamenti</i> of Augustine and with the <i>Book of Chapters</i> of Epiphanius and the <i>Acta Archelai</i>; this was the most widely spread and most popular Manichaean work, having been translated into Greek and Latin; it contained a short summary of all the doctrines of -fundamental authority); (4) <i>The Book Shāhpūrakān</i> (Flügel was +fundamental authority); (4) <i>The Book Shāhpūrakān</i> (Flügel was unable to explain this name; according to Kessler it signifies “epistle to King Shāpūr”; the treatise was of an eschatological character); (5) <i>The Book of Quickening</i> (Kessler identifies this work with the @@ -11471,7 +11432,7 @@ of adoration. This simple service promoted the secret dissemination of their doctrines. The Manichaeans too, at least in the West, appear to have adapted themselves to the Church’s system of festivals. The <i>electi</i> celebrated special feasts; but the -principal festival with all classes was the <i>Bema</i> (<span class="grk" title="bêma">βῆμα</span>), the feast +principal festival with all classes was the <i>Bema</i> (<span class="grk" title="bêma">βῆμα</span>), the feast of the “teacher’s chair,” held in commemoration of the death of Mani in the month of March. The faithful prostrated themselves before an adorned but empty chair, which was raised upon a podium @@ -11485,7 +11446,7 @@ have rested upon ancient consecration rites and other ceremonies instituted by Mani himself and having their origin in nature worship.</p> </div> -<p><i>Recent Discoveries.</i>—F. Cumont (<i>Revue d’histoire et de littérature +<p><i>Recent Discoveries.</i>—F. Cumont (<i>Revue d’histoire et de littérature religieuse</i>, t. xii., 1907, No. 2) showed that one at least of the fundamental myths of Mani was borrowed from the Avesta, namely, that which recounts how through the manifestation @@ -11637,8 +11598,8 @@ by Mani himself from the Syriac estrangelo. The fragments are 800 in number, both on paper and vellum, written and adorned with the pious care and good taste which the Manichaeans are known to have bestowed on their manuscripts. They were brought -back by Professor Grünwedel and Dr Huth from Turfan in East -Turkestan, and were partly translated by Dr F. W. K. Müller in the +back by Professor Grünwedel and Dr Huth from Turfan in East +Turkestan, and were partly translated by Dr F. W. K. Müller in the <i>Abhandtungen der k. preuss. Akademie der Wissenschaften</i> (Berlin, 1904). Much of this literature is still left in Turfan, where the natives use the sheets of Vigur and Chinese vellum MSS. as window-panes @@ -11646,7 +11607,7 @@ in their huts. The Russian and German governments have sent out fresh expeditions to rescue what is left before it is too late. We may thus hope to recover some priceless monuments of early Christianity, hymns and treatises perhaps of Marcion and Bardesanes, -the Gospel of Peter, and even the Diatessaron. Müller’s translations +the Gospel of Peter, and even the Diatessaron. Müller’s translations includes a long extract of Mani’s book called <i>Schāpūrakān</i>, parts of his <i>Evangelium</i>, and epistles, with liturgies, hymns and prayers, for Tatar Khāns who espoused the faith in Khorasan.</p> @@ -11718,7 +11679,7 @@ in Manichaeism which demands for its explanation an appeal to Buddhism. Such being the case, the relationship between the two religions remains a mere possibility, a possibility which the inquiry of Geyler (<i>Das System des Manichaeismus und -sein Verhältniss zum Buddhismus</i>, Jena, 1875) has not been +sein Verhältniss zum Buddhismus</i>, Jena, 1875) has not been able to elevate into a probability.</p> <p><i>The Secret of Manichaeism.</i>—How are we to explain the @@ -11874,14 +11835,14 @@ by the excellent manner in which they have been transmitted to us, as well as by their impartiality. They must be named first, because ancient Manichaean writings have been used in their construction. At the head of all stands En-Nedīm, <i>Fihrist</i> (<i>c.</i> 980), -ed. by Flügel (1871-1872); cf. the latter’s work <i>Mani, seine Lehre +ed. by Flügel (1871-1872); cf. the latter’s work <i>Mani, seine Lehre u. seine Schriften</i> (1862). See also Shahrastānī, <i>Kitab al-milal wan-nuḥal</i> (12th cent.), ed. by Cureton (1846) and translated into German -by Haarbrücker (1851), and individual notes and excerpts by Tabarī +by Haarbrücker (1851), and individual notes and excerpts by Tabarī (10th cent.), Al-Bīrūnī (11th cent.), and other Arabian and Persian historians. Next come the Turfan fragments described in the body of this article. See also W. Brandt, <i>Schriften aus der Genza -oder Sidvā Rabba</i> (Göttingen, 1893).</p> +oder Sidvā Rabba</i> (Göttingen, 1893).</p> <p>Of the Christian Orientals those that afford most information are Ephraem Syrus (d. 373), in various writings; the Armenian @@ -11897,7 +11858,7 @@ teaching (also ed. without translation by Dr M. Lewin, Berlin, 1905).</p> <p>(<i>b</i>) Greek and Latin. The earliest mention of the Manichaeans in the Graeco-Roman Empire is to be found in an edict of Diocletian -(see Hänel, <i>Cod. Gregor.</i>, tit. xv.), which is held by some to be +(see Hänel, <i>Cod. Gregor.</i>, tit. xv.), which is held by some to be spurious, while others assign it to one or other of the years 287, 290, 296, 308 (so Mason, <i>The Persec. of Diocl.</i>, pp. 275 seq.). Eusebius gives a short account of the sect (<i>H. E.</i>, vii. 31). It was the <i>Acta @@ -11951,26 +11912,26 @@ Western Manichaeism adopted Christian elements which are wanting in the original and in the Oriental Manichaeism. The “Dispute of Paul the Persian with a Manichaean” in Migne <i>P.G.</i>, 88, col. 529-578 (first ed. by A. Mai) is shown by G. Mercati, <i>Studi e testi</i> -(Rome, 1901) to be the <i>procès verbal</i> of an actual discussion held +(Rome, 1901) to be the <i>procès verbal</i> of an actual discussion held under Justinian at Constantinople in 527.</p> <p><span class="sc">Literature.</span>—The most important works on Manichaeism are -Beausobre, <i>Hist. critique de Manichée et du Manichéisme</i> (2 vols., +Beausobre, <i>Hist. critique de Manichée et du Manichéisme</i> (2 vols., 1734 seq.; the Christian elements in Manichaeism are here strongly, indeed too strongly, emphasized); Baur, <i>Das manich. Religionssystem</i> (1831; in this work Manichaean speculation is exhibited -from a speculative standpoint); Flügel, <i>Mani</i> (1862; a very careful +from a speculative standpoint); Flügel, <i>Mani</i> (1862; a very careful investigation on the basis of the <i>Fihrist</i>); Kessler, <i>Untersuchung zur Genesis des manich. Religionssystems</i> (1876); and the article “Mani, -Manichäer,” by the same writer in Herzog-Hauck’s <i>R.E.</i>, xii. 193-228; +Manichäer,” by the same writer in Herzog-Hauck’s <i>R.E.</i>, xii. 193-228; Kessler, <i>Mani</i> (2 vols., Berlin, 1889, 1903); Ernest Rochat, <i>Essai sur -Mani et sa doctrine</i> (Geneva, 1897); <i>Recherches sur le manichéisme: -I. La cosmogonie manichéisme d’après Théodore Bar Khôui</i>, by Franz +Mani et sa doctrine</i> (Geneva, 1897); <i>Recherches sur le manichéisme: +I. La cosmogonie manichéisme d’après Théodore Bar Khôui</i>, by Franz Cumont (Brussels, 1908); <i>II. Fragments syriaques d’ouvrages -manichéens</i>, by Kugener and F. Cumont. <i>III. Les Formules grecques -d’abjuration imposées aux manichéens</i>, by F. Cumont. The accounts -of Mosheim, Lardner, Walch and Schröckh, as well as the monograph -by Trechsel, <i>Ueber Kanon, Kritik und Exegese der Manichäer</i> (1832), +manichéens</i>, by Kugener and F. Cumont. <i>III. Les Formules grecques +d’abjuration imposées aux manichéens</i>, by F. Cumont. The accounts +of Mosheim, Lardner, Walch and Schröckh, as well as the monograph +by Trechsel, <i>Ueber Kanon, Kritik und Exegese der Manichäer</i> (1832), may also be mentioned as still useful. The various researches which have been made regarding Parsism, the ancient Semitic religions, Gnosticism, &c., are of the greatest importance for the investigation @@ -11980,7 +11941,7 @@ of Manichaeism.</p> <hr class="foot" /> <div class="note"> -<p><a name="ft1m" id="ft1m" href="#fa1m"><span class="fn">1</span></a> A <span class="grk" title="biblion epistolôn">βιβλίον ἐπιστολῶν</span> is spoken of in the formula of abjuration, +<p><a name="ft1m" id="ft1m" href="#fa1m"><span class="fn">1</span></a> A <span class="grk" title="biblion epistolôn">βιβλίον ἐπιστολῶν</span> is spoken of in the formula of abjuration, and an <i>Epistola ad virginem Menoch</i> by Augustine. Fabricius has collected the “Greek Fragments of Manichaean Epistles” in his <i>Bibliotheca Graeca</i> (vii. 311 seq.).</p> @@ -12019,8 +11980,8 @@ default being a sum not exceeding five pounds.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">MANIHIKI<a name="ar101" id="ar101"></a></span> (<span class="sc">Manahiki</span>, <span class="sc">Monahiki</span>), a scattered archipelago -in the central Pacific Ocean, between 4° and 11° S., -and 150° and 162° W., seldom visited, and producing only +in the central Pacific Ocean, between 4° and 11° S., +and 150° and 162° W., seldom visited, and producing only a little copra and guano. It may be taken to include the Caroline or Thornton Islands, Vostok and Flint to the east; Suvarov, Manihiki or Humphrey, and Tongareva or Penrhyn @@ -12048,7 +12009,7 @@ with the scene of Buddha’s “body-offering.”</p> <p><span class="bold">MANILA,<a name="ar103" id="ar103"></a></span> the capital city and principal port of the Philippine Islands, situated on the W. coast of the island of Luzon, on the E. shore of Manila Bay, at the mouth of the Pasig river, -in lat. 14° 35′ 31″ N., and in long. 120° 58′ 8″ E. It is about +in lat. 14° 35′ 31″ N., and in long. 120° 58′ 8″ E. It is about 4890 m. W.S.W. of Honolulu, 6990 m. W.S.W. of San Francisco, 628 m. S.E. of Hong-Kong, and 1630 m. S. by W. of Yokohama. Pop. (1876), 93,595; (1887), 176,777; (1903), 219,928. Of @@ -12070,7 +12031,7 @@ eastward the city extends about half-way to Laguna de Bay, a lake nearly as large as Manila Bay and surrounded on three sides by mountains. On the south bank of the Pasig and fronting the bay for nearly a mile is the “Ancient City,” or Intramuros, -enclosed by walls 2½ m. long, with a maximum height of 25 ft., +enclosed by walls 2½ m. long, with a maximum height of 25 ft., built about 1590. Formerly a moat flanked the city on the land sides, and a drawbridge at each of six gates was raised every night. But this practice was discontinued in 1852 and the @@ -12116,7 +12077,7 @@ but on account of the frequency of earthquakes are not plastered. More than one half of the dwellings in the city are mere shacks or nipa huts. Few of the public buildings are attractive or imposing. There are, however, some churches with graceful towers -and beautiful façades and a few attractive monuments; among the +and beautiful façades and a few attractive monuments; among the latter are one standing on the Magellan Plaza (Plaza or Paseo de Magellanes) beside the Pasig, to the memory of Ferdinand Magellan, the discoverer of the islands; and another by A. Querol on the shore @@ -12170,8 +12131,8 @@ along the bay; a botanical garden; and new market buildings.</p> <p><i>Climate.</i>—Manila has a spring and summer hot season, an autumn and winter cooler season, a summer and autumn rainy season, and a winter and spring dry season. For the twenty years 1883-1902 the -annual average of mean monthly temperatures was 26.8° C., the -maximum being 27.4° in 1889 and 1897, and the minimum 26.2° +annual average of mean monthly temperatures was 26.8° C., the +maximum being 27.4° in 1889 and 1897, and the minimum 26.2° in 1884. From May until October the prevailing wind is south-east, from November to January it is north, and from February to April it is east. July and August are the cloudiest months of the @@ -12219,8 +12180,8 @@ theology, law, philosophy, science, medicine and pharmacy, and grew out of a seminary, for the foundation of which Philip II. of Spain gave a grant in 1585, and which opened in 1601; and of the Dominican college of St Thomas, dating from 1611. Other educational -institutions are the (Dominican) San José medical and pharmaceutical -college, San Juan de Letrán (Dominican), which is a +institutions are the (Dominican) San José medical and pharmaceutical +college, San Juan de Letrán (Dominican), which is a primary and secondary school, the ateneo municipal, a corresponding secondary and primary school under the charge of the Jesuits, and the college of St Isabel, a girls’ school. In 1908 there were thirty-four @@ -12326,7 +12287,7 @@ of Filipinos in and near Manila formed a secret association whose object was independence and separation from Spain. In August 1896 members of this association began an attack; and late in December the movement was reinforced as a result of the execution -in Manila of Dr José Rizal y Mercado (1861-1896), a Filipino +in Manila of Dr José Rizal y Mercado (1861-1896), a Filipino patriot. It spread to the provinces, and was only in part suppressed when, in April 1898, the United States declared war against Spain. On the 1st of May an American fleet under @@ -12348,7 +12309,7 @@ was maintained in the city until August 1901.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">MANILA HEMP,<a name="ar104" id="ar104"></a></span> the most valuable of all fibres for cordage, the produce of the leaf-stalks of <i>Musa textilis</i>, a native of the -Philippine Islands. The plant, called <i>abacá</i> by the islanders, +Philippine Islands. The plant, called <i>abacá</i> by the islanders, throws up a spurious stem from its underground rootstocks, consisting of a cluster of sheathing leaf-stalks, which rise to a height of from 15 to 25 ft. and spread out into a crown of huge @@ -12384,7 +12345,7 @@ fibres of Manila hemp, and some of them are so fine that a garment made of them may, it is said, be enclosed in the hollow of the hand.” In Europe, especially in France, articles of clothing, such as shirts, veils, neckerchiefs and women’s hats, are made -from <i>abacá</i>. It is also used for matting and twines. It is of a +from <i>abacá</i>. It is also used for matting and twines. It is of a light colour, very lustrous, and possesses great strength, being thus exceptionally suitable for the best class of ropes. It is extensively used for marine and other cordage. The hemp @@ -12392,7 +12353,7 @@ exported for cordage purposes is a somewhat woody fibre, of a bright brownish-white colour, and possessing great durability and strain-resisting power. The strength of Manila hemp compared with English hemp is indicated by the fact that a -Manila rope 3¼ in. in circumference and 2 fathoms long stood +Manila rope 3¼ in. in circumference and 2 fathoms long stood a strain of 4669 ℔ before giving way, while a similar rope of English hemp broke with 3885 ℔. The fibre contains a very considerable amount of adherent pectinous matter, and in its @@ -12406,21 +12367,21 @@ introduced into tropical lands—the West Indies, India, Borneo, &c.—but only in the Philippines has the fibre been successfully produced as an article of commerce. It is distributed throughout the greater part of the Philippine Archipelago. The area of -successful cultivation lies approximately between 6° and 15° N. -and 121° and 126° E.; it may be successfully cultivated up to +successful cultivation lies approximately between 6° and 15° N. +and 121° and 126° E.; it may be successfully cultivated up to about 4000 ft. above sea-level. The provinces, or islands, where cultivation is most successful are those with a heavy and evenly distributed rainfall. H. T. Edwards, fibre expert to the Philippine bureau of agriculture, wrote in 1904:—</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p>“The opportunities for increasing the production of <i>abacá</i> in the -Philippines are almost unlimited. Enormous areas of good <i>abacá</i> +<p>“The opportunities for increasing the production of <i>abacá</i> in the +Philippines are almost unlimited. Enormous areas of good <i>abacá</i> land are as yet untouched, while the greater part of land already under cultivation might yield a greatly increased product if more careful attention were given to the various details of cultivation. The introduction of irrigation will make possible the planting of -<i>abacá</i> in many districts where it is now unknown. The <i>perfection</i> +<i>abacá</i> in many districts where it is now unknown. The <i>perfection</i> of a machine for the extraction of the fibre will increase the entire output by nearly one-third, as this amount is now lost by the wasteful hand-stripping process.”</p> @@ -12476,7 +12437,7 @@ was probably never published.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>See editions by J. Scaliger (1579); R. Bentley (1739); F. Jacob -(1846); A. G. Pingré (1786); and T. Breiter (Leipzig, 1907; and +(1846); A. G. Pingré (1786); and T. Breiter (Leipzig, 1907; and commentary 1909); of book i. by A. E. Housman (1903). On the subject generally see M. Bechert, <i>De emendandi Manilii Ratione</i> (1878) and <i>De M. M. Astronomicorum Poeta</i> (1891); B. Freier, <i>De @@ -12509,7 +12470,7 @@ is heard of him.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>See Cicero’s speech; Dio Cassius xxxvi. 25-27; Plutarch, <i>Pompey</i>, -30; Vell. Pat. ii. 33; art. <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Rome</a></span>: <i>History</i>, § II.</p> +30; Vell. Pat. ii. 33; art. <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Rome</a></span>: <i>History</i>, § II.</p> </div> @@ -12580,7 +12541,7 @@ among the Italian exiles. There he became a convert from republicanism to monarchism, being convinced that only under the auspices of King Victor Emmanuel could Italy be freed, and together with Giorgio Pallavicini and Giuseppe La Farina he -founded the <i>Società Nazionale Italiana</i> with the object of propagating +founded the <i>Società Nazionale Italiana</i> with the object of propagating the idea of unity under the Piedmontese monarchy. His last years were embittered by the terrible sufferings of his daughter, who died in 1854, and he himself died on the 22nd of @@ -12637,7 +12598,7 @@ his wish, his body was taken back to New Zealand and buried there. A bust of him is placed in the public library at Auckland. Maning is chiefly remembered as the author of two short books, <i>Old New Zealand and History of the War in the North of New -Zealand against the Chief Heké</i>. Both books were reprinted in +Zealand against the Chief Heké</i>. Both books were reprinted in London in 1876 and 1884, with an introduction by the earl of Pembroke.</p> @@ -12842,7 +12803,7 @@ who was to be assisted by a council of six Manipuris, with a member of the Indian civil service as vice-president. At the same time it was announced that the government of India would support the raja with all its powers and suppress summarily -all attempts to displace him. The revenue is £26,000. The +all attempts to displace him. The revenue is £26,000. The capital is Imphal, which is really an overgrown village; pop. (1901), 67,093.</p> @@ -12916,7 +12877,7 @@ Michigan, U.S.A., on the Manistee river (which here broadens into a small lake) near its entrance into Lake Michigan, about 114 m. W.N.W. of Grand Rapids. Pop. (1890), 12,812; (1900), 14,260 (4966 foreign-born); (1904, state census), 12,708; (1910), -12,381. It is served by the Père Marquette, the Manistee & +12,381. It is served by the Père Marquette, the Manistee & Grand Rapids, the Manistee & North-Eastern, and the Manistee & Luther railways, and by steamboat lines to Chicago, Milwaukee and other lake ports. The channel between Lake @@ -12951,7 +12912,7 @@ of supply.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">MANITOBA,<a name="ar113" id="ar113"></a></span> a lake of Manitoba province, Canada, situated -between 50° 11′ and 51° 48′ N. and 97° 56′ and 99° 35′ W. It +between 50° 11′ and 51° 48′ N. and 97° 56′ and 99° 35′ W. It has an area of 1711 sq. m., a length of shore line of 535 m., and is at an altitude of 810 ft. above the sea. It has a total length of 119 m., a maximum width of 29 m., discharge of 14,833 cub. ft. @@ -12968,8 +12929,8 @@ by De la Verendrye in 1739.</p> <p><span class="bold">MANITOBA,<a name="ar114" id="ar114"></a></span> one of the western provinces of the Dominion of Canada, situated midway between the Atlantic and the Pacific coasts of the Dominion, about 1090 m. due west of Quebec. -It is bounded S. by the parallel 49° N., which divides -it from the United States; W. by 101° 20′ W.; N. by 52° +It is bounded S. by the parallel 49° N., which divides +it from the United States; W. by 101° 20′ W.; N. by 52° 50′ N.; and E. by the western boundary of Ontario. Manitoba formerly belonged to the Hudson’s Bay Company, and after the transfer of its territory to Canada was admitted @@ -13025,7 +12986,7 @@ obtained. The Red river is at intervals subject to freshets. In a century’s experience of the Selkirk colonists there have been four “floods.” The highest level of the site of the city of Winnipeg is said to have been under 5 ft. of water for several weeks in May and -June in 1826, and 2½ ft. in 1852, not covered in 1861; only the lowest +June in 1826, and 2½ ft. in 1852, not covered in 1861; only the lowest levels were under water in 1882. The extent of overflow has thus on each occasion been less. The loose soil on the banks of the river is every year carried away in great masses, and the channel has so @@ -13091,7 +13052,7 @@ Canada, 180,853; England, 20,392; Scotland, 8099; Ireland, the Indians numbered 5827; half-breeds, 10,372. Of the Indian half-breeds, one half are of English-speaking parentage, and chiefly of Orkney origin; the remainder are known as -Metis or Bois-brûlés, and are descended from French-Canadian +Metis or Bois-brûlés, and are descended from French-Canadian voyageurs. In 1875 a number of Russian Mennonites (descendants of the Anabaptists of the Reformation) came to the <span class="pagenum"><a name="page585" id="page585"></a>585</span> @@ -13310,7 +13271,7 @@ Michigan, 75 m. N. of Milwaukee. Pop. (1890), 7710; (1900), 13,027. It is served by the Chicago & North-Western, and the Wisconsin Central railways; by ferry across the lake to Frankfort, Mich., and Ludington, Mich.; by the Ann Arbor -and the Père Marquette railways; and by the Goodrich line +and the Père Marquette railways; and by the Goodrich line of lake steamers. The city is finely situated on high ground above the lake at the mouth of the Manitowoc river. At Manitowoc are the county insane asylum and a Polish @@ -13349,7 +13310,7 @@ church.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">MANIZALES,<a name="ar117" id="ar117"></a></span> a city of Colombia and capital of the department -of Cáldas (up to 1905 the northern part of Antioquia), 75 m. S. +of Cáldas (up to 1905 the northern part of Antioquia), 75 m. S. of Medellin, on the old trade route across the Cordillera between Honda, on the Magdalena, and the Cauca Valley. Pop. (1906, estimate), 20,000. The city is situated on a plateau of the @@ -13606,13 +13567,13 @@ clusters of whitish flowers. At the present day the manna of commerce is collected exclusively in Sicily from cultivated trees, chiefly in the districts around Capaci, Carini, Cinisi and Favarota, small towns 20 to 25 m. W. of Palermo, and in the townships of -Geraci, Castelbuono, and other places in the district of Cefalù, +Geraci, Castelbuono, and other places in the district of Cefalù, 50 to 70 m. E. of Palermo. In the <i>frassinetti</i> or plantations the <span class="pagenum"><a name="page588" id="page588"></a>588</span> trees are placed about 7 ft. apart, and after they are eight years old, and the trunk at least 3 in. in diameter, the collection of manna is begun. This operation is performed in July or August -during the dry weather, by making transverse incisions 1½ to 2 in. +during the dry weather, by making transverse incisions 1½ to 2 in. long, and about 1 in. apart, through the bark, one cut being made each day, the first at the bottom of the tree, another directly above the first, and so on. In succeeding years the process is @@ -13703,7 +13664,7 @@ glabra</i> strongly resembles oak manna in appearance.</p> viminalis</i>, <i>E. Gunnii</i>, var. <i>rubida</i>, <i>E. pulverulenta</i>, &c. The Lerp manna of Australia is of animal origin.</p> -<p>Briançon manna is met with on the leaves of the common Larch +<p>Briançon manna is met with on the leaves of the common Larch (<i>q.v.</i>), and <i>bide-khecht</i> on those of the willow, <i>Salix fragilis</i>; and a kind of manna was at one time obtained from the cedar.</p> @@ -13778,7 +13739,7 @@ the south side all the streets debouch on the promenade, which forms a circle round the town on the site of the old ramparts. Outside this ring are the suburbs Schwetzinger-Vorstadt to the south and Neckar-Vorstadt to the north, others being Lindenhof, -Mühlau, Neckarau and Käferthal. Mannheim is connected by a +Mühlau, Neckarau and Käferthal. Mannheim is connected by a handsome bridge with Ludwigshafen, a rapidly growing commercial and manufacturing town on the left bank of the Rhine, in Bavarian territory. The Neckar is spanned by two bridges.</p> @@ -13861,7 +13822,7 @@ insurgents, and was afterwards occupied by the Prussians.</p> <p>See Feder, <i>Geschichte der Stadt Mannheim</i> (1875-1877, 2 vols., new ed. 1903); Pichler, <i>Chronik des Hof- und National Theaters in Mannheim</i> (Mannheim, 1879); Landgraf, <i>Mannheim und Ludwigshafen</i> -(Zürich, 1890); <i>Die wirtschaftliche Bedeutung Mannheims</i>, +(Zürich, 1890); <i>Die wirtschaftliche Bedeutung Mannheims</i>, published by the Mannheim Chamber of Commerce (Mannheim, 1905); the <i>Forschungen zur Geschichte Mannheims und der Pfalz</i>, published by the <i>Mannheimer Altertumsverein</i> (Leipzig, 1898); and @@ -14028,7 +13989,7 @@ influence. In such circumstances Pius IX. could hardly do otherwise than ignore Errington’s nomination, as he also ignored the nomination of Clifford, bishop of Clifton, and of Grant, bishop of Southwark; and, by what he humorously described as “the -Lord’s own <i>coup d’état</i>,” he appointed Manning to the archiepiscopal +Lord’s own <i>coup d’état</i>,” he appointed Manning to the archiepiscopal see. Consecrated at the pro-cathedral at Moorfields (since destroyed) by Dr Ullathorne, bishop of Birmingham (June 8, 1865), and enthroned there (Nov. 6), after receiving the @@ -14170,7 +14131,7 @@ men of diverse religions or of no theological beliefs at all. And certainly Manning does betray in these autobiographical fragments an unheroic sensitiveness to the verdict of posterity on his career. But independent critics (among whom may specially be named -François de Pressensé) held that Manning came well through the +François de Pressensé) held that Manning came well through the ordeal, and that Purcell’s <i>Life</i> had great value as an unintentionally frank revelation of character.</p> </div> @@ -14220,7 +14181,7 @@ sum of money to found there a Carthusian convent. It is not clear whether this direction was ever carried out; for in 1371 Manny obtained letters patent from King Edward III. permitting him to found, apparently on the same site, a Carthusian -monastery called “La Salutation Mère Dieu,” where the monks +monastery called “La Salutation Mère Dieu,” where the monks were to pray for the soul of Northburgh as well as for the soul of Manny himself. The bishop’s bequest may have contributed to the building and endowment of the house; or possibly, as @@ -14362,12 +14323,12 @@ by F. J. Furnivall for the Roxburghe Club (1862), and for the Early English Text Society (1901-1903). The <i>Meditacyun</i> was edited from the Bodleian and Harleian MSS. by J. Meadow Cooper for the same society (1875). See also Gerhard Hellmers, <i>Ueber die Sprache -Robert Mannyngs of Brunne und über die Autorschaft der ihm zugeschriebenen -Meditations ...</i> (Göttingen, 1885), which contains +Robert Mannyngs of Brunne und über die Autorschaft der ihm zugeschriebenen +Meditations ...</i> (Göttingen, 1885), which contains an analysis of the dialectic peculiarities of Mannyng’s work; O. Boerner, “Die Sprache Robert Mannyngs” ... in <i>Studien zur engl. Philologie</i> (vol. xii., Halle, 1904) and Oskar Preussner, <i>Robert -Mannyng of Brunne’s Übersetzung von Pierre de Langtofts Chronicle</i> +Mannyng of Brunne’s Ãœbersetzung von Pierre de Langtofts Chronicle</i> (Breslau, 1891). All accounts of his life are based on his own work. For the Sempringham priory see Dugdale, <i>Monasticon</i> vi. 947 seq., and Miss Rose Graham’s <i>S. Gilbert of Sempringham and the Gilbertines</i> @@ -14384,7 +14345,7 @@ camps of exercise appear to have been held till the beginning of the 19th century, when Sir John Moore trained the famous Light Brigade at Shorncliffe camp. In France, however, under Louis XIV., large camps of instruction were frequently held, -the earliest recorded being that of 18,000 troops at Compiègne in +the earliest recorded being that of 18,000 troops at Compiègne in 1666; and these were continued at intervals under his successor. At these French camps much time was devoted to ceremonial, and the manœuvres performed were of an elementary description. @@ -14561,7 +14522,7 @@ as it would be in war. Sufficient transport cadres cannot be kept up in peace, and consequently recourse must be had to hired transport, which cannot be treated as a military body. Again, food cannot be requisitioned, and local purchase at the time cannot be -trusted to; so dépôts of supplies must be formed beforehand in the +trusted to; so dépôts of supplies must be formed beforehand in the manœuvres area, which more or less tie the hands of the supply service. Still, with a judicious choice of the points at which these are formed, much may be done to approximate to service conditions, @@ -14589,7 +14550,7 @@ knowledge. The “special idea” of each side comprises the instruction upon which it is acting.</p> <p><a name="ft2s" id="ft2s" href="#fa2s"><span class="fn">2</span></a> Manœuvres incidentally afford an excellent opportunity of -testing new patterns of equipment, transport or other matériel under +testing new patterns of equipment, transport or other matériel under conditions approximating to those of active service.</p> </div> @@ -14773,7 +14734,7 @@ and secular magnates between themselves and the Crown. Great estates arose not only on the lands belonging to the king, but on that of churches and of lay potentates, and the constitution of these estates, as described for instance in the -Polyptique of St Germain des Près or in the “Brevium +Polyptique of St Germain des Près or in the “Brevium exempla ad describendas res ecclesiasticas et fiscales” (<i>Capitularia</i>, ed. Boretius, i. 250), reminds us forcibly of that of later feudal estates. They contain a home-farm, with a court @@ -14864,7 +14825,7 @@ with a court of assessors or peers, but the constitution of such courts varied a great deal. They represented partly the succession of the old popular courts with their <i>scabini</i>, partly courts of vassals and tenants. In strict feudal law an appeal was allowed from a lower to a -higher court only in a case of a denial of justice (<i>dénie de justice</i>), +higher court only in a case of a denial of justice (<i>dénie de justice</i>), not in error or revision of sentence. This rule was, however, very often infringed, and gave way ultimately before the restoration of royal justice.</p> @@ -14880,10 +14841,10 @@ and Germany. When the harvest was removed from the open strips they returned to a state of undivided pasture in which the householders of the village exercised rights of common with their cattle. Wild pasture and woods were used more or less in the same -fashion as in England (<i>droit de pacage de vaine pâture</i>). The inhabitants +fashion as in England (<i>droit de pacage de vaine pâture</i>). The inhabitants often formed courts and held meetings in order to settle the by-laws, and to adjudicate as to trespasses and encroachments (<i>courts -colongères</i>). In the south, individual property was more prevalent +colongères</i>). In the south, individual property was more prevalent and the villagers were not so closely united by ties of neighbourhood. Yet even there the dependent households were arranged into <i>mansi</i> or <i>colonicae</i>, subjected to approximately equal impositions in respect @@ -14967,14 +14928,14 @@ natural husbandry and aristocratic authority.</p> <p>See Fustel de Coulanges, <i>Histoire des institutions de la France</i>, especially the volumes “L’Alleu et le domaine rural” and “L’Invasion germanique”; Beaudouin, “Les Grands domaines dans l’empire -romain” (<i>Nouvelle revue de droit français et étranger</i>, 1898); T. Flach, +romain” (<i>Nouvelle revue de droit français et étranger</i>, 1898); T. Flach, <i>Les Origines de l’ancienne France</i>, I., II., III. (1886); Paul Viollet, <i>Histoire des institutions de la France</i>, I., II. (1890, 1898); A. Luchaire, -<i>Manuel des institutions françaises</i> (1892); G. Waitz, <i>Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte</i>, +<i>Manuel des institutions françaises</i> (1892); G. Waitz, <i>Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte</i>, I.-VIII. (1865-1883); K. T. von Inama-Sternegg, <i>Deutsche Wirtschaftsgeschichte</i>, I., II. (1879-1891); K. Lamprecht, <i>Deutsches Wirtschaftsleben</i>, I.-IV. (1885); A. Meitzen, <i>Ansiedelungen, -Wanderungen und Agrarwesen der Völker Europas</i>, I.-IV. (1895 ff.); +Wanderungen und Agrarwesen der Völker Europas</i>, I.-IV. (1895 ff.); W. Wittich, <i>Die Grundherrschaft in Nordwestdeutschland</i> (1896); G. F. von Maurer, <i>Geschichte der Mark-, Dorf- und Hofverfassung in Deutschland</i>; and F. Seebohm, <i>The English Village Community</i> @@ -15232,7 +15193,7 @@ antiquarian curiosities.</p> <p>See G. L. von Maurer, <i>Einleitung in die Geschichte der Hof-, Mark-, Dorf- und Stadtverfassung in Deutschland</i> (Erlangen, 1856); G. Nasse, -<i>Zur Geschichte der mittelälterlichen Feldgemeinschaft in England</i> +<i>Zur Geschichte der mittelälterlichen Feldgemeinschaft in England</i> (Bonn, 1869); H. S. Maine, <i>Village Communities in the East and West</i> (Cambridge, 1872); F. Seebohm, <i>The English Village Community</i> (1883); W. J. Ashley, <i>English Economic History</i>, pts. i. ii. (1888-1893); @@ -15276,7 +15237,7 @@ Pierrefonds; some of the smaller castles in France were, in the 16th century, transformed into manor-houses by the introduction of windows on the second floors of their towers and the partial destruction of their curtain walls, as in the manor-houses of -Sedières (Corrèze), Nantouillet and Compiègne; and in the same +Sedières (Corrèze), Nantouillet and Compiègne; and in the same century, as at Chenonceaux, Blois and Chambord, though angle towers and machicolated parapets still formed part of the design, they were considered to be purely decorative features. The @@ -15285,7 +15246,7 @@ castles, and in Cowdray House, the fortifications were more for show than for use. There is an interesting example of a French manor-house near Dieppe, known as the Manoir-d’Ango, built in 1525, of which a great portion still exists, where the proprietor -Ango received François I., so that it must have been of considerable +Ango received François I., so that it must have been of considerable size.</p> <div class="condensed"> @@ -15328,7 +15289,7 @@ both being in brick.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">MANRESA,<a name="ar133" id="ar133"></a></span> a town of north-eastern Spain, in the province of -Barcelona, on the river Cardoner and the Barcelona-Lérida +Barcelona, on the river Cardoner and the Barcelona-Lérida railway. Pop. (1900), 23,252. Manresa is the chief town of the highlands watered by the Cardoner and upper Llobregat, which meet below the town, and are also connected by a canal @@ -15336,7 +15297,7 @@ which meet below the town, and are also connected by a canal the Roman period, the other constructed of iron in 1804, unite the older and larger part of Manresa with the modern suburbs on the right bank of the river. The principal buildings are the collegiate -church of Santa Maria de la Séo, the Dominican monastery, +church of Santa Maria de la Séo, the Dominican monastery, and the church of San Ignazio, built over the cavern (<i>cueva santa</i>) where Ignatius de Loyola spent most of the year 1522 in penitentiary exercises and the composition of his <i>Exercitia @@ -15359,12 +15320,12 @@ burned by the French in 1811.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">MANRIQUE, GÓMEZ<a name="ar134" id="ar134"></a></span> (1412?-1490?), Spanish poet, soldier, +<p><span class="bold">MANRIQUE, GÓMEZ<a name="ar134" id="ar134"></a></span> (1412?-1490?), Spanish poet, soldier, politician and dramatist, was born at Amusco. The fifth son -of Pedro Manrique, <i>adelantado mayor</i> of León, and nephew of -Santillana (<i>q.v.</i>), Gómez Manrique was introduced into public +of Pedro Manrique, <i>adelantado mayor</i> of León, and nephew of +Santillana (<i>q.v.</i>), Gómez Manrique was introduced into public life at an early age, took a prominent part against the constable -Álvaro de Luna during the reign of John II., went into opposition +Ãlvaro de Luna during the reign of John II., went into opposition against Miguel Lucas de Iranzo in the reign of Henry IV., and declared in favour of the infanta Isabel, whose marriage with Ferdinand he promoted. Besides being a distinguished soldier, @@ -15376,7 +15337,7 @@ February 1491. He inherited the literary taste of his uncle Santillana, and was greatly esteemed in his own age; but his reputation was afterwards eclipsed by that of his nephew Jorge Manrique (<i>q.v.</i>), whose <i>Coplas</i> were continually reproduced. -Gómez Manrique’s poems were not printed till 1885, when they +Gómez Manrique’s poems were not printed till 1885, when they were edited by Antonio Paz y Melia. They at once revealed him to be a poet of eminent merit, and it seems certain that his <i>Consejos</i>, addressed to Diego Arias de Avila, inspired the @@ -15384,8 +15345,8 @@ more famous <i>Coplas</i> of his nephew. His didactic verses are modelled upon those of Santillana, and his satires are somewhat coarse in thought and expression; but his place in the history of Spanish literature is secure as the earliest Spanish dramatist -whose name has reached posterity. He wrote the <i>Representación -del nascimiento de Nuestro Señor</i>, a play on the Passion, and +whose name has reached posterity. He wrote the <i>Representación +del nascimiento de Nuestro Señor</i>, a play on the Passion, and two <i>momos</i>, or interludes, played at court.</p> @@ -15395,9 +15356,9 @@ was born probably at Paredes de Nava. The fourth son of Rodrigo Manrique, count de Paredes, he became like the rest of his family a fervent partisan of Queen Isabel, served with great distinction in many engagements, and was made <i>comendador</i> -of Montizón in the order of Santiago. He was killed in a -skirmish near the fortress of Garci-Muñoz in 1478, and was -buried in the church attached to the convent of Uclés. His +of Montizón in the order of Santiago. He was killed in a +skirmish near the fortress of Garci-Muñoz in 1478, and was +buried in the church attached to the convent of Uclés. His love-songs, satires, and acrostic verses are merely ingenious compositions in the taste of his age; he owes his imperishable renown to a single poem, the <i>Coplas por la muerte de su padre</i>, @@ -15406,7 +15367,7 @@ apparently first printed in the <i>Cancionero llamado de Fray Inigo de Mendoza</i> about the year 1482. There is no foundation for the theory that Manrique drew his inspiration from an Arabic poem by Abu ‘l-Bakā Sālih ar-Rundi; the form of the <i>Coplas</i> -is influenced by the <i>Consejos</i> of his uncle, Gómez Manrique, +is influenced by the <i>Consejos</i> of his uncle, Gómez Manrique, and the matter derives from the Bible, from Boethius and from other sources readily accessible. The great sonorous commonplaces on death are vitalized by the intensely personal grief of @@ -15417,7 +15378,7 @@ sublime expression, and this isolated achievement has won him a fame undimmed by any change of taste during four centuries.</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p>The best edition of the <i>Coplas</i> is that issued by R. Foulché-Delbosc +<p>The best edition of the <i>Coplas</i> is that issued by R. Foulché-Delbosc in the <i>Bibliotheca hispanica</i>; the poem has been admirably translated by Longfellow. Manrique’s other verses were mostly printed in Hernando del Castillo’s <i>Cancionero general</i> (1511).</p> @@ -15506,7 +15467,7 @@ which took its name from Mansfeld in Saxony, where it was seated from the 11th to the 18th century. One of its earliest members was Hoyer von Mansfeld (d. 1115), a partisan of the emperor Henry V. during his struggles with the Saxons; he -fought for Henry at Warnstädt and was killed in his service at +fought for Henry at Warnstädt and was killed in his service at Welfesholz. Still more famous was Albert, count of Mansfeld (1480-1560), an intimate friend of Luther and one of the earliest and staunchest supporters of the Reformation. He helped to crush @@ -15516,7 +15477,7 @@ and took part in all the movements of the Protestants against Charles V. With Albert was associated his brother Gebhard, and another member of the family was Johann Gebhard, elector of Cologne from 1558 to 1562. A scion of another branch of -the Mansfelds was Peter Ernst, Fürst von Mansfeld (1517-1604), +the Mansfelds was Peter Ernst, Fürst von Mansfeld (1517-1604), governor of Luxemburg, who unlike his kinsmen was loyal to Charles V. He went with the emperor to Tunis and fought for him in France. He was equally loyal to his son, Philip II. @@ -15538,7 +15499,7 @@ being divided between Saxony and Prussia.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">MANSFELD, ERNST,<a name="ar139" id="ar139"></a></span> <span class="sc">Graf von</span> (<i>c.</i> 1580-1626), German -soldier, was an illegitimate son of Peter Ernst, Fürst von Mansfeld, +soldier, was an illegitimate son of Peter Ernst, Fürst von Mansfeld, and passed his early years in his father’s palace at Luxemburg. He gained his earliest military experiences in Hungary, where his half-brother Charles (1543-1595,) also a soldier of renown, @@ -15599,10 +15560,10 @@ at Spalato.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>See F. Stieve, <i>Ernst von Mansfeld</i> (Munich, 1890); R. Reuss, -<i>Graf Ernst von Mansfeld im böhmischen Kriege</i> (Brunswick, 1865); +<i>Graf Ernst von Mansfeld im böhmischen Kriege</i> (Brunswick, 1865); A. C. de Villermont, <i>Ernest de Mansfeldt</i> (Brussels, 1866); L. Graf Uetterodt zu Schaffenberg, <i>Ernst Graf zu Mansfeld</i> (Gotha, 1867); -J. Grossmann, <i>Des Grafen Ernst von Mansfeld letzte Pläne und +J. Grossmann, <i>Des Grafen Ernst von Mansfeld letzte Pläne und Thaten</i> (Breslau, 1870); E. Fischer, <i>Des Mansfelders Tod</i> (Berlin, 1873); S. R. Gardiner, <i>History of England</i>, vols. iv. and v. (1901); J. L. Motley, <i>Life and Death of John of Barneveld</i> (ed. 1904; vol. ii.).</p> @@ -15832,8 +15793,8 @@ was the home of John Sherman from 1840 until his death.</p> <p><span class="bold">MANSION<a name="ar144" id="ar144"></a></span> (through O. Fr. <i>mansion</i>, mod. <i>maison</i>, from Lat. <i>mansio</i>, dwelling-place, stage on a journey; <i>manere</i>, to remain), a term applied in early English use to the principal house of the -lord of a manor. By the Settled Land Act 1890, § 10, subsec. -2, repealing § 15 of the act of 1882, “the principal mansion house +lord of a manor. By the Settled Land Act 1890, § 10, subsec. +2, repealing § 15 of the act of 1882, “the principal mansion house ... on any settled land shall not be sold or exchanged or leased by the tenant for life without the consent of the trustees of the settlement or an order of the court.” The principles guiding @@ -15851,7 +15812,7 @@ for large buildings composed of “flats.”</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">MANSLAUGHTER<a name="ar145" id="ar145"></a></span> (O. Eng., <i>mannslaeht</i>, from <i>mann</i>, man, and -<i>slaeht</i>, act of slaying, <i>sleán</i>, to slay, properly to smite; cf. Ger. +<i>slaeht</i>, act of slaying, <i>sleán</i>, to slay, properly to smite; cf. Ger. <i>schlagen</i>, <i>Schlacht</i>, battle), a term in English law signifying “unlawful homicide without malice aforethought” (Stephen, <i>Digest of the Criminal Law</i>, Art. 223). The distinction between @@ -15872,7 +15833,7 @@ humble Scottish life—especially child-life, varied occasionally by portraiture, by landscape, and by views of picturesque architecture. In 1873 he visited Normandy, Belgium and Holland; in the following year he spent several months in Sark; and in -1875 he resided at St Lô, and in Paris, where he mastered the +1875 he resided at St Lô, and in Paris, where he mastered the processes of etching. Meanwhile in his water-colour work he had been adding more of breadth and power to the tenderness and richness of colour which distinguished his early pictures, @@ -15893,8 +15854,8 @@ of Manson’s technical method as a wood engraver see P. G. Hamerton’s <p><span class="bold">MANṢŪR<a name="ar147" id="ar147"></a></span> (Arab. “victorious”), a surname (<i>laqab</i>) assumed by a large number of Mahommedan princes. The best known are: (1) <span class="sc">Abū Ja’far ibn Mahommed</span>, second caliph of the -Abbasid house, who reigned <span class="scs">A.D.</span> 754-775 (see <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Caliphate</a></span>: § C, -§2); (2) <span class="sc">Abū Tāhir Isma’il ibn al-Qāim</span>, the third Fatimite +Abbasid house, who reigned <span class="scs">A.D.</span> 754-775 (see <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Caliphate</a></span>: § C, +§2); (2) <span class="sc">Abū Tāhir Isma’il ibn al-Qāim</span>, the third Fatimite caliph of Africa (946-953) (see <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Fatimites</a></span>); (3) <span class="sc">Abū Yūsuf Ya ‘qūb ibn Yūsuf</span>, often described as Jacob Almanzor, of the Moorish dynasty of the Almohades, conqueror of Alfonso III. in @@ -16091,7 +16052,7 @@ year, 1460, was perhaps the one in which he actually established himself at the Mantuan court, residing at first from time to time at Goito, but, from December 1466 onwards, with his family in Mantua itself. His engagement was for a salary of 75 lire -(about £30) a month, a sum so large for that period as to mark +(about £30) a month, a sum so large for that period as to mark conspicuously the high regard in which his art was held. He was in fact the first painter of any eminence ever domiciled in Mantua. He built a stately house in the city, and adorned it @@ -16175,7 +16136,7 @@ by Mantegna to the last sixteen or seventeen years of his life, which seems a scanty space for them, and besides the earlier engravings indicate an earlier period of his artistic style. It has been suggested that he began engraving while still in Padua, under the tuition -of a distinguished goldsmith, Niccolò. He engraved about fifty +of a distinguished goldsmith, Niccolò. He engraved about fifty plates, according to the usual reckoning; some thirty of them are mostly accounted indisputable—often large, full of figures, and highly studied. Some recent connoisseurs, however, ask us to restrict @@ -16243,8 +16204,8 @@ Julia Cartwright, <i>Mantegna and Francia</i> (1881).</p> <hr class="foot" /> <div class="note"> -<p><a name="ft1t" id="ft1t" href="#fa1t"><span class="fn">1</span></a> His fellow-workers were Bono of Ferrara, Ansuino of Forlì, -and Niccolò Pizzolo, to whom considerable sections of the fresco-paintings +<p><a name="ft1t" id="ft1t" href="#fa1t"><span class="fn">1</span></a> His fellow-workers were Bono of Ferrara, Ansuino of Forlì, +and Niccolò Pizzolo, to whom considerable sections of the fresco-paintings are to be assigned. The acts of St James and St Christopher are the leading subjects of the series. St James Exorcizing may have been commenced by Pizzolo, and completed by Mantegna. @@ -16312,9 +16273,9 @@ date from the 12th century, being decorated with fine carving; that to the south is of the 14th century and still more ornate. A fine rose-window and an open gallery, above which rise the summits of the western towers, occupy the upper part of the -façade. In the interior, chapels dating from the 13th and +façade. In the interior, chapels dating from the 13th and 14th centuries are of interest. The tower of St Maclou (14th -century), relic of an old church and the hôtel de ville (15th to 17th +century), relic of an old church and the hôtel de ville (15th to 17th centuries), are among the older buildings of the town, and there is a fountain of the Renaissance period. Modern bridges and a medieval bridge unite Mantes with the opposite bank of the Seine @@ -16331,7 +16292,7 @@ court of Magdeburg, was born at Dresden on the 24th of February (1805-1882), the Prussian statesman, entered the guard cavalry at Berlin in 1827, and became an officer in 1828. After attending the War Academy for two years, and serving successively as -aide-de-camp to General von Müffling and to Prince Albert of +aide-de-camp to General von Müffling and to Prince Albert of Prussia, he was promoted captain in 1843 and major in 1848, when he became aide-de-camp to Frederick William IV., whose confidence he had gained during the revolutionary movement @@ -16350,8 +16311,8 @@ Austrian War of 1866 he first occupied Holstein and afterwards commanded a division under Vogel von Falkenstein in the Hanoverian campaign, and succeeded him, in July, in command of the Army of the Main (see <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Seven Weeks’ War</a></span>). His successful -operations ended with the occupation of Würzburg, and -he received the order <i>pour le mérite</i>. He was, however, on +operations ended with the occupation of Würzburg, and +he received the order <i>pour le mérite</i>. He was, however, on account of his monarchist political views and almost bigoted Roman Catholicism, regarded by the parliament as a reactionary, and, unlike the other army commanders, he was not granted @@ -16373,7 +16334,7 @@ in October in the command of the I. army, won the battle of Amiens against General Farre, and occupied Rouen, but was less fortunate against Faidherbe at Pont Noyelles and Bapaume. In January 1871 he commanded the newly formed Army of the -South, which he led, in spite of hard frost, through the Côte d’Or +South, which he led, in spite of hard frost, through the Côte d’Or and over the plateau of Langres, cut off Bourbaki’s army of the east (80,000 men), and, after the action of Pontarlier, compelled it to cross the Swiss frontier, where it was disarmed. His @@ -16486,12 +16447,12 @@ and under Turkish rule disappeared altogether.</p> <div class="center ptb2"><img style="width:913px; height:693px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img605.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p>The site was excavated by M. Fougères, of the French School +<p>The site was excavated by M. Fougères, of the French School at Athens, in 1888. The plan of the agora and adjacent buildings has been recovered, and the walls have been completely investigated. The town was situated in an unusual position for a Greek city, on a flat marshy plain, and its walls form a -regular ellipse about 2½ m. in circumference. When the town +regular ellipse about 2½ m. in circumference. When the town was first formed in 470 <span class="scs">B.C.</span> by the “synoecism” of the neighbouring villages, the river Ophis flowed through the midst of it, and the Spartan king Agesipolis dammed it up below the @@ -16519,7 +16480,7 @@ Elis as described by Pausanias, and unlike the regular agoras of Ionic type. Most of these porticoes were of Roman period—the finest of them were erected, as we learn from inscriptions, by a lady named Epigone: one, which faced south, had a double -colonnade, and was called the <span class="grk" title="Baitê">Βαίτη</span>: close to it was a large +colonnade, and was called the <span class="grk" title="Baitê">Βαίτη</span>: close to it was a large exedra. The foundations of a square market-hall of earlier date were found beneath this. On the opposite side of the agora was an extensive Bouleuterion or senate-house. Traces @@ -16534,8 +16495,8 @@ time of Epaminondas.</p> <p>See Strabo viii. 337; Pausanias viii. 8; Thucyd. iv. 134, v.; Xenophon, <i>Hellenica</i>, iv.-vii.; Diodorus xv. 85-87; Polybius ii. 57 sqq., vi. 43; D. Worenka, <i>Mantineia</i> (1905); B. V. Head, <i>Historia -numorum</i> (Oxford, 1887), pp. 376-377; G. Fougères in <i>Bulletin de -correspondance hellénique</i> (1890), id. <i>Mantinée et l’Arcadie orientale</i> +numorum</i> (Oxford, 1887), pp. 376-377; G. Fougères in <i>Bulletin de +correspondance hellénique</i> (1890), id. <i>Mantinée et l’Arcadie orientale</i> (Paris, 1898). Consult also <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Tegea</a></span>; <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Arcadia</a></span>.</p> <p>Five battles are recorded to have been fought near Mantineia; @@ -16556,7 +16517,7 @@ legends and superstitions as the common “praying mantis,” <i>Mantis religiosa</i>, L. The ancient Greeks endowed it with supernatural powers (<span class="grk" title="mantis">μάντις</span>, a diviner); the Turks and Arabs hold that it prays constantly with its face turned -towards Mecca; the Provençals call it <i>Prega-Diou</i> (<i>Prie-Dieu</i>); +towards Mecca; the Provençals call it <i>Prega-Diou</i> (<i>Prie-Dieu</i>); and numerous more or less similar names—preacher, saint, nun, mendicant, soothsayer, &c.—are widely diffused throughout southern Europe. In Nubia it is held in great esteem, @@ -16735,12 +16696,12 @@ angle of the city to the citadel.</p> <p>On the highest ground in the city rises the cathedral, the interior of which was built after his death according to the plans of Giulio Romano; it has double aisles, a fine fretted -ceiling, a dome-covered transept, a bad baroque façade, and +ceiling, a dome-covered transept, a bad baroque façade, and a large unfinished Romanesque tower. Much more important architecturally is the church of St Andrea, built towards the close of the 15th century, after plans by Leon Battista Alberti, and consisting of a single, barrel-vaulted nave 350 ft. long -by 62 ft. wide. It has a noble façade with a deeply recessed +by 62 ft. wide. It has a noble façade with a deeply recessed portico, and a brick campanile of 1414. The interior is decorated with 18th-century frescoes, to which period the dome also belongs. Mantegna is buried in one of the side chapels. @@ -16828,7 +16789,7 @@ In June 1796 it was besieged by Napoleon; but in spite of terrific bombardments it held out till February 1797. A three days’ bombardment in 1799 again placed Mantua in the hands of the Austrians; and, though restored to the French by the peace -of Lunéville (1801), it became Austrian once more from 1814 +of Lunéville (1801), it became Austrian once more from 1814 till 1866. Between 1849 and 1859, when the whole of Lombardy except Mantua was, by the peace of Villafranca, ceded to Italy, the city was the scene of violent political persecution.</p> @@ -17019,7 +16980,7 @@ of the latter.</p> <p>See John Cinnamus, <i>History of John and Manuel</i> (ed. 1836, Bonn); E. Gibbon, <i>The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</i> (ed. Bury, London, 1896), v. 229 sqq., vi. 214 sqq.; G. Finlay, <i>History of Greece</i> -(ed. 1877, Oxford), iii. 143-197; H. v. Kap-Herr, <i>Die abendländische +(ed. 1877, Oxford), iii. 143-197; H. v. Kap-Herr, <i>Die abendländische Politik Kaiser Manuels</i> (Strassburg, 1881).</p> </div> <div class="author">(M. O. B. C.)</div> @@ -17048,7 +17009,7 @@ tribute to the sultan.</p> rhetorical, poetical and letters. Most of these are printed in Migne, <i>Patrologia graeca</i>, clvi.; the letters have been edited by E. Legrand (1893). There is a special monograph, by B. de -Xivrey (in <i>Mémoires de l’Institut de France</i>, xix. (1853), highly commended +Xivrey (in <i>Mémoires de l’Institut de France</i>, xix. (1853), highly commended by C. Krumbacher, whose <i>Geschichte der byzantinischen Litteratur</i> (1897) should also be consulted.</p> </div> @@ -17056,7 +17017,7 @@ Litteratur</i> (1897) should also be consulted.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">MANUEL I.<a name="ar167" id="ar167"></a></span> (d. 1263), emperor of Trebizond, surnamed the -Great Captain (<span class="grk" title="ho stratêgikôtatos">ὁ στρατηγικώτατος</span>), was the second son of +Great Captain (<span class="grk" title="ho stratêgikôtatos">ὁ στρατηγικώτατος</span>), was the second son of Alexius I., first emperor of Trebizond, and ruled from 1228 to 1263. He was unable to deliver his empire from vassalage, first to the Seljuks and afterwards to the Mongols. He vainly @@ -17072,31 +17033,31 @@ with Timur, whose vassal he became without resistance.</p> <p>See G. Finlay, <i>History of Greece</i> (ed. 1877, Oxford), iv. 338-340, 340-341, 386; Ph. Fallmerayer, <i>Geschichte des Kaisertums Trapezunt</i> (Munich, 1827), i. chs. 8, 14, ii. chs. 4, 5; T. E. Evangelides, <span class="grk" title="Historia -tês Trapezountos">Ἱστορία τῆς Τραπεζοῦντος</span> (Odessa, 1898), 71-73, 87-88, 126-132.</p> +tês Trapezountos">Ἱστορία τῆς Τραπεζοῦντος</span> (Odessa, 1898), 71-73, 87-88, 126-132.</p> </div> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">MANUEL, EUGENE<a name="ar168" id="ar168"></a></span> (1823-1901), French poet and man of letters, was born in Paris, the son of a Jewish doctor, on the 13th -of July 1823. He was educated at the École Normale, and taught +of July 1823. He was educated at the École Normale, and taught rhetoric for some years in provincial schools and then in Paris. In 1870 he entered the department of public instruction, and in 1878 became inspector-general. His works include: <i>Pages intimes</i> (1866), which received a prize from the Academy; -<i>Poèmes populaires</i> (1874); <i>Pendant la guerre</i> (1871), patriotic +<i>Poèmes populaires</i> (1874); <i>Pendant la guerre</i> (1871), patriotic poems, which were forbidden in Alsace-Lorraine by the German authorities; <i>En voyage</i> (1881), poems; <i>La France</i> (4 vols., 1854-1858); a school-book written in collaboration with his brother-in-law, -Lévi Alavarès; <i>Les Ouvriers</i> (1870), a drama dealing with +Lévi Alavarès; <i>Les Ouvriers</i> (1870), a drama dealing with social questions, which was crowned by the Academy; <i>L’Absent</i> -(1873), a comedy; <i>Poésies du foyer et de l’école</i> (1889), and editions -of the works of J. B. Rousseau (1852) and André Chénier (1884). +(1873), a comedy; <i>Poésies du foyer et de l’école</i> (1889), and editions +of the works of J. B. Rousseau (1852) and André Chénier (1884). He died in Paris in 1901.</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p>His <i>Poésies complètes</i> (2 vols., 1899) contained some fresh poems; -to his <i>Mélanges en prose</i> (Paris, 1905) is prefixed an introductory +<p>His <i>Poésies complètes</i> (2 vols., 1899) contained some fresh poems; +to his <i>Mélanges en prose</i> (Paris, 1905) is prefixed an introductory note by A. Cahen.</p> </div> @@ -17123,11 +17084,11 @@ on the 20th of August 1827.</p> Revolutionist, was born at Montargis (Loiret). He entered the Congregation of the Christian Doctrine, and became tutor to the son of a Paris banker. In 1783 he published a pamphlet, -called <i>Essais historiques, critiques, littéraires, et philosophiques</i>, +called <i>Essais historiques, critiques, littéraires, et philosophiques</i>, for which he was imprisoned in the Bastille. He embraced the revolutionary ideas, and after the taking of the Bastille became a member of the provisional municipality of Paris. He was one -of the leaders of the <i>émeutes</i> of the 20th of June and the 10th of +of the leaders of the <i>émeutes</i> of the 20th of June and the 10th of August 1792, played an important part in the formation of the revolutionary commune which assured the success of the latter <i>coup</i>, and was made <i>procureur</i> of the commune. He was @@ -17143,18 +17104,18 @@ death of the sovereign, and had to tender his resignation as deputy. He retired to Montargis, where he was arrested, and was guillotined in Paris on the 17th of November 1793. Besides the work cited above and his political pamphlets, he was the -author of <i>Coup d’œil philosophique sur le règne de St Louis</i> (1786); -<i>L’Année française</i> (1788); <i>La Bastille dévoilée</i> (1789); <i>La Police -de Paris dévoilée</i> (1791); and <i>Lettres sur la Révolution</i> (1792). +author of <i>Coup d’œil philosophique sur le règne de St Louis</i> (1786); +<i>L’Année française</i> (1788); <i>La Bastille dévoilée</i> (1789); <i>La Police +de Paris dévoilée</i> (1791); and <i>Lettres sur la Révolution</i> (1792). In 1792 he was prosecuted for publishing an edition of the -<i>Lettres de Mirabeau à Sophie</i>, but was acquitted.</p> +<i>Lettres de Mirabeau à Sophie</i>, but was acquitted.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">MANUEL DE MELLO, DOM FRANCISCO<a name="ar171" id="ar171"></a></span> (? 1611-1666), Portuguese writer, a connexion on his father’s side of the royal house of Braganza, was a native of Lisbon. He studied the -Humanities at the Jesuit College of S. Antão, where he showed +Humanities at the Jesuit College of S. Antão, where he showed a precocious talent, and tradition says that at the age of fourteen he composed a poem in <i>ottava rima</i> to celebrate the recovery of Bahia from the Dutch, while at seventeen he wrote a scientific @@ -17185,7 +17146,7 @@ the naval defeat in the channel suffered by the Spaniards at the hands of Van Tromp, and on the outbreak of the Catalonian rebellion became chief of the staff to the commander-in-chief of the royal forces, and was selected to write an account of the -campaign, the <i>Historia de la guerra de Cataluña,</i> which became a +campaign, the <i>Historia de la guerra de Cataluña,</i> which became a Spanish classic. On the proclamation of Portuguese independence in 1640 he was imprisoned by order of Olivares, and when released hastened to offer his sword to John IV. He travelled @@ -17245,7 +17206,7 @@ the best authors appears in the <i>Hospital das lettras</i>, a brilliant chapter of criticism forming part of the <i>Apologos dialogaes</i>. His comedy in <i>redondilhas</i>, the <i>Auto do Fidalgo Aprendiz</i>, is one of the last and quite the worthiest production of the school of -Gil Vicente, and may be considered an anticipation of Molière’s +Gil Vicente, and may be considered an anticipation of Molière’s <i>Le Bourgeois gentilhomme</i>.</p> <div class="condensed"> @@ -17587,7 +17548,7 @@ readily removed in drainage, and hence the adequate supply of nitrogen for the plant’s use is a constant problem in agriculture. Experiments on the rate of removal of nitrates from the soil by drainage showed that every inch of rain passing through the drains caused a -loss of 2½ ℔ of nitrogen per acre (Voelcker and Frankland). At the +loss of 2½ ℔ of nitrogen per acre (Voelcker and Frankland). At the same time, soils, as Way showed, have the power of absorbing, in different degrees, ammonia from its solution in water, and when salts of ammonia are passed through soils the ammonia alone is @@ -17718,7 +17679,7 @@ Cereal grains remained small and undeveloped when potash was withheld, because the formation of starch did not go on. The same effect has been strikingly shown in the Rothamsted experiments with mangels, a plot receiving potash salts as manure giving -a crop of roots nearly 2½ times as heavy as that grown on a plot +a crop of roots nearly 2½ times as heavy as that grown on a plot which has received no potash. In this case the increase is due almost entirely to the sugar and other carbohydrates elaborated in the leaves, and not to any increase of mineral constituents.</p> @@ -18391,7 +18352,7 @@ and altered the composition of the original rock on which the guano was deposited, thus forming rich deposits of phosphate of lime. Such were the phosphates obtained from many of the islands of the West Indies and South Pacific, and known under such various names -as Sombrero, Curaçao, Aruba, Maiden Island, Megillones, Baker +as Sombrero, Curaçao, Aruba, Maiden Island, Megillones, Baker Island, Fanning Islands, Lacepedes Islands, &c. guanos. Few of these are now worked, but their place has been largely taken by the rich deposits of Ocean Island and Christmas Island, which are of @@ -18487,12 +18448,12 @@ manures.</p> known, as also the comparative slowness of their action, which latter induced Liebig to suggest their treatment with sulphuric acid. Natural bones will contain from 45 to 50% of phosphate of lime with -4 to 4½% of nitrogen. It is usual to boil bones lightly after collection, +4 to 4½% of nitrogen. It is usual to boil bones lightly after collection, in order to remove the adhering particles of flesh and the fat. If steamed under pressure the nitrogenous matter is to a great extent extracted, yielding glue, size, gelatine, &c., and the bones—known then in agriculture as “steamed bones”—will contain from 55 to -60% of phosphate of lime with 1 to 1½% of nitrogen. Bones are also +60% of phosphate of lime with 1 to 1½% of nitrogen. Bones are also imported from India, and these are of a very hard and dry nature. Bones are principally used for root crops, and to some extent on grass-land. The more finely they are ground the quicker is their action, @@ -18666,7 +18627,7 @@ Rothamsted to be 7.21 ℔ per acre.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">MANUSCRIPT,<a name="ar174" id="ar174"></a></span> a term applied to any document written by -the human hand (Lat. <i>manû scriptum</i>) with the aid of pen, pencil +the human hand (Lat. <i>manû scriptum</i>) with the aid of pen, pencil or other instrument which can be used with cursive facility, as distinguished from an inscription engraved with chisel or graver, worked laboriously. By usage the word has come to be employed @@ -18772,7 +18733,7 @@ extend the library of his capital, was opposed by the jealousy of the Ptolemies, who forbade the export of papyrus, hoping thus to check the growth of a rival library, and that he was thus compelled to have recourse to skins as a writing material, at all events points to Pergamum -as the chief centre of trade in the material, <span class="grk" title="pergamênê,">περγαμηνή</span> +as the chief centre of trade in the material, <span class="grk" title="pergamênê,">περγαμηνή</span> <i>charta pergamena</i>. The old terms <span class="grk" title="diphtherai">διφθέραι</span>, <i>membranae</i>, applied originally to the older leather, were transferred to the newly improved substance. In describing MSS. written on, this material, @@ -18836,7 +18797,7 @@ its diminutive <span class="grk" title="biblion">βιβλί& written book. The corresponding Latin terms were <span class="sidenote">The Roll.</span> <i>liber</i> and <i>libellus</i>; <i>volumen</i> was a rolled-up roll. A roll of material -uninscribed was <span class="grk" title="chàrtês">χάρτης</span>, <i>charta</i>, or <span class="grk" title="tomos">τόμος</span> (originally a <i>cutting</i> of +uninscribed was <span class="grk" title="chà rtês">χάρτης</span>, <i>charta</i>, or <span class="grk" title="tomos">τόμος</span> (originally a <i>cutting</i> of papyrus), applicable also to a roll containing a portion or division of a large work which extended to more than one roll. A work contained within the compass of a single roll was @@ -18845,7 +18806,7 @@ have meant a single roll, but it was also applied at a later time to indicate a work contained in several rolls.</p> <p>In writing the text of a work, the scribe might choose to make -use of separate sheets of papyrus, <span class="grk" title="kollêmata">κολλήματα</span>, <i>schedae</i>, and +use of separate sheets of papyrus, <span class="grk" title="kollêmata">κολλήματα</span>, <i>schedae</i>, and then join them to one another consecutively so as to make up the roll; or he might purchase from the stationers a <i>scapus</i>, or ready-made roll of twenty sheets at most; and if this length were not @@ -18910,7 +18871,7 @@ roll lay in a chest or on the shelf. But a more general practice was to attach to the top edge of the roll a label or ticket, <span class="grk" title="sillubos">σίλλυβος</span>, or <span class="grk" title="sittubos">σίττυβος</span>, <i>titulus</i>, <i>index</i>, which hung down if the roll lay on the shelf, or was conveniently read if the roll stood along with -others in the ordinary cylindrical roll-box, <span class="grk" title="kistê">κίστη</span>, <span class="grk" title="kibotos">κιβωτός</span>, +others in the ordinary cylindrical roll-box, <span class="grk" title="kistê">κίστη</span>, <span class="grk" title="kibotos">κιβωτός</span>, <i>cista</i>, <i>capsa</i>. One such label made of papyrus has survived and is in the British Museum.</p> @@ -18941,7 +18902,7 @@ papyrus instead of a stick was thought sufficient. The edges, <i>frontes</i>, of the roll, after it had been rolled up, were shorn and were rubbed smooth with pumice, and they were sometimes coloured. A valuable roll might be protected with a vellum wrapper, -<span class="grk" title="phainolês">φαινόλης</span>, <i>paenula</i>, stained with colour; and, further, it might +<span class="grk" title="phainolês">φαινόλης</span>, <i>paenula</i>, stained with colour; and, further, it might be secured with ornamental thongs. The central stick might also be adorned with knobs or “horns,” plain or coloured. This seems to be the natural explanation of the <span class="grk" title="kerata">κέρατα</span>, or <i>cornua</i>, @@ -18981,7 +18942,7 @@ slight depth and was therein coated with a thin layer of wax, usually black. The tablet thus presented the appearance of a child’s school-slate of the present day. Such tablets were single, double, triple, or of several pieces or leaves. In Greek they -were called <span class="grk" title="pinax">πίναξ</span>, <span class="grk" title="pinakis">πινακίς</span>, <span class="grk" title="déltos">δέλτος</span>, <span class="grk" title="deltion">δελτίον</span>.: in Latin <i>cera</i>, +were called <span class="grk" title="pinax">πίναξ</span>, <span class="grk" title="pinakis">πινακίς</span>, <span class="grk" title="déltos">δέλτος</span>, <span class="grk" title="deltion">δελτίον</span>.: in Latin <i>cera</i>, <i>tabula</i>, <i>tabella</i>, &c. Two or more put together and held together by rings or thongs acting as hinges formed a <i>caudex</i> or <i>codex</i>, literally a stock of wood, which a set of tablets might resemble, @@ -19051,7 +19012,7 @@ of one of the Pompeian tablets the threads and seals still remain.</p> <p>The survival of the use of tablets to a late time should be noted. St Augustine refers to his tablets, and St Hilary of Arles also mentions their employment for the purpose of correspondence; -there is a record of a letter written <i>in tabellâ</i> as late as <span class="scs">A.D.</span> 1148. +there is a record of a letter written <i>in tabellâ</i> as late as <span class="scs">A.D.</span> 1148. They were very commonly used throughout the middle ages in all the west of Europe. Specimens inscribed with money accounts of the 13th and 14th centuries have survived in France, and @@ -19120,7 +19081,7 @@ the great work of reference in their hands, could only be consulted with convenience and despatch in the new form. A single codex could hold the contents of a work which formerly must have been distributed through many volumes in roll-form. The term -<span class="grk" title="sômation">σωμάτιον</span>, which was one of the names given to a codex, was +<span class="grk" title="sômation">σωμάτιον</span>, which was one of the names given to a codex, was expressive of its capacity. Turning again to discoveries in Egypt, it appears that in the early centuries the codex-form had become so usual among the Christians in that land that even the @@ -19150,7 +19111,7 @@ of the middle ages was the broad quarto. The quires or gatherings of which the book was formed generally consisted, in the earliest examples, of four sheets <span class="sidenote">Quires.</span> -folded to make eight leaves (<span class="grk" title="tetrás">τετράς</span> or <span class="grk" title="tetrádion">τετράδιον</span>, <i>quaternio</i>), +folded to make eight leaves (<span class="grk" title="tetrás">τετράς</span> or <span class="grk" title="tetrádion">τετράδιον</span>, <i>quaternio</i>), although occasionally quinterns, or quires of five sheets (ten leaves), were adopted. Sexterns, or quires of six sheets (twelve leaves), came into use at a later period. In @@ -19273,7 +19234,7 @@ in independent paragraphs. This is a natural system, the simplicity of which has caused it to be the system of modern <span class="pagenum"><a name="page622" id="page622"></a>622</span> times. But, in addition, the Greek scribe also separated paragraphs -by inserting a short horizontal stroke, <span class="grk" title="parágraphos">παράγραφος</span>, +by inserting a short horizontal stroke, <span class="grk" title="parágraphos">παράγραφος</span>, between them at the commencement of the lines of writing. It should be noted that this stroke indicated the close of a passage, and therefore belonged to the paragraph just concluded, and did @@ -19286,7 +19247,7 @@ If the concluding line were short, there would remain a long space unfilled. Therefore, when this occurred, it became customary to leave only a short space blank to mark the termination of the paragraph, and then to proceed with the new -paragraph in the same line, the <span class="grk" title="parágraphos">παράγραφος</span> at the same time +paragraph in the same line, the <span class="grk" title="parágraphos">παράγραφος</span> at the same time preventing possible ambiguity. The next step was to project the first letter of the first full line of the new paragraph slightly into the margin, as a still further distinction; and lastly to enlarge it. @@ -19295,7 +19256,7 @@ the dividing stroke could then be dispensed with, and in this form the new paragraph was henceforward indicated in Greek MSS., it being immaterial whether the enlarged letter was the initial or a medial letter of a word. As early as the 5th century there -is evidence that the <span class="grk" title="parágraphos">παράγραφος</span> was losing its meaning with +is evidence that the <span class="grk" title="parágraphos">παράγραφος</span> was losing its meaning with the scribes, for in the Codex Alexandrinus of the Bible it is not infrequently found in anomalous positions, particularly above the initial letters of different books, as if it were a mere ornament.</p> @@ -19352,7 +19313,7 @@ made after a vowel, as <span class="grk" title="etu|chon">ἔτυ|&# might be so treated, as <span class="grk" title="ou|k">οὐ|κ</span>). But in the case of double consonants the division fell after the first of them, as <span class="grk" title="ip|pos">ἵπ|πος</span>: and, when the first of two or more consonants was a liquid -or nasal the division followed it, as <span class="grk" title="ophthal|mos">ὀφθαλ|μός</span>, <span class="grk" title="man|thanô">μαν|θάνω</span>. When +or nasal the division followed it, as <span class="grk" title="ophthal|mos">ὀφθαλ|μός</span>, <span class="grk" title="man|thanô">μαν|θάνω</span>. When a word was compounded with a preposition, the division usually followed the preposition, as <span class="grk" title="pros|eipon">προς|εῖπον</span>, but not infrequently the normal practice of dividing after a vowel @@ -19509,7 +19470,7 @@ in contemporary common documents. As early as the 3rd and the termination or latter portion of the word and to mark the omission by a short horizontal stroke or dash; or the letter which immediately preceded the omission was written above the line as a -key to the reading, as <span class="grk" title="te^l">τε<span class="sp">λ</span></span> for <span class="grk" title="télos">τέλος</span>. Such a system obviously might +key to the reading, as <span class="grk" title="te^l">τε<span class="sp">λ</span></span> for <span class="grk" title="télos">τέλος</span>. Such a system obviously might be extended indefinitely at the discretion of the writer. But in addition, at quite an early period, symbols and monogrammatic forms for particular words must have been developed, for they are @@ -19523,9 +19484,9 @@ avoided in principle the use of abbreviations. But by the 4th to the 6th century, the period when they were chiefly produced, the contraction or abbreviation of certain words and terminations had, it seems, become so fixed by usage that the contracted forms were -adopted in the texts. They are <span class="grk" title="ThS"><span class="ov">ΘC</span></span> = <span class="grk" title="theos">θεός</span>, <span class="grk" title="IS"><span class="ov">ΙC</span></span> = <span class="grk" title="iêsous">ίησοῦς</span>, <span class="grk" title="ChS"><span class="ov">ΧC</span></span> = <span class="grk" title="christos">χριστός</span>, -<span class="grk" title="PNA"><span class="ov">ΠΝΑ</span></span> = <span class="grk" title="pneuma">πνεῦμα</span>, <span class="grk" title="SÊR">C<span class="ov">ΗΡ</span></span> = <span class="grk" title="sôtêr">σωτήρ</span>, <span class="grk" title="KS"><span class="ov">ΚC</span></span> = <span class="grk" title="kurios">κύριος</span>, <span class="grk" title="STROS">C<span class="ov">ΤΡ</span>ΟC</span> = <span class="grk" title="stauros">σταυρός</span>, <span class="grk" title="PÊR">Π<span class="ov">ΗΡ</span></span> = <span class="grk" title="pater">πατήρ</span>, -<span class="grk" title="MÊR"><span class="ov">ΜΗΡ</span></span> = <span class="grk" title="mêtêr">μήτηρ</span>, <span class="grk" title="US"><span class="ov">ΥC</span></span> = <span class="grk" title="huios">υἱός</span>, <span class="grk" title="ANOS">ΑΝ<span class="ov">ΟC</span></span> = <span class="grk" title="anthrôpos">ἄνθρωπος</span>, <span class="grk" title="OUNOS">ΟΥΝΟC</span> = <span class="grk" title="ouranos">οὐρανός</span>, <span class="grk" title="K">Κ</span> = <span class="grk" title="kai">καί</span>, +adopted in the texts. They are <span class="grk" title="ThS"><span class="ov">ΘC</span></span> = <span class="grk" title="theos">θεός</span>, <span class="grk" title="IS"><span class="ov">ΙC</span></span> = <span class="grk" title="iêsous">ίησοῦς</span>, <span class="grk" title="ChS"><span class="ov">ΧC</span></span> = <span class="grk" title="christos">χριστός</span>, +<span class="grk" title="PNA"><span class="ov">ΠΝΑ</span></span> = <span class="grk" title="pneuma">πνεῦμα</span>, <span class="grk" title="SÊR">C<span class="ov">ΗΡ</span></span> = <span class="grk" title="sôtêr">σωτήρ</span>, <span class="grk" title="KS"><span class="ov">ΚC</span></span> = <span class="grk" title="kurios">κύριος</span>, <span class="grk" title="STROS">C<span class="ov">ΤΡ</span>ΟC</span> = <span class="grk" title="stauros">σταυρός</span>, <span class="grk" title="PÊR">Π<span class="ov">ΗΡ</span></span> = <span class="grk" title="pater">πατήρ</span>, +<span class="grk" title="MÊR"><span class="ov">ΜΗΡ</span></span> = <span class="grk" title="mêtêr">μήτηρ</span>, <span class="grk" title="US"><span class="ov">ΥC</span></span> = <span class="grk" title="huios">υἱός</span>, <span class="grk" title="ANOS">ΑΝ<span class="ov">ΟC</span></span> = <span class="grk" title="anthrôpos">ἄνθρωπος</span>, <span class="grk" title="OUNOS">ΟΥΝΟC</span> = <span class="grk" title="ouranos">οὐρανός</span>, <span class="grk" title="K">Κ</span> = <span class="grk" title="kai">καί</span>, <span class="grk" title="T">Τ</span> = <span class="grk" title="tai">ται</span>, <span class="grk" title="M">Μ</span> = <span class="grk" title="mou">μου</span>, <span class="grk" title="moi">μοι</span>, &c. Final Ν, especially at the end of a line, was dropped, and its place occupied by the horizontal stroke, as <span class="grk" title="TO">ΤΟ</span><span class="ov"> </span>.</p> @@ -19593,7 +19554,7 @@ words, as <i>quod</i>, <i>quia</i>.</p> were exercised as in the Greek. The sacred names and titles <span class="ov">DS</span> = <i>deus</i>, <span class="ov">DM</span>S, D<span class="ov">N</span>S = <i>dominus</i>, S<span class="ov">C</span>S = <i>sanctus</i>, <span class="ov">SPS</span> = <i>spiritus</i>, and others appear in the oldest codices. The contracted terminations -Q· = <i>que</i>, B· = <i>bus</i>, and the omission of final <i>m</i>, or (more rarely) final +Q· = <i>que</i>, B· = <i>bus</i>, and the omission of final <i>m</i>, or (more rarely) final <i>n</i>, are common to all Latin MSS. of the earliest period. There is a peculiarity about the contracted form of our Saviour’s name that it is always written by the Latin scribes in letters imitating the Greek @@ -19622,7 +19583,7 @@ Visigothic MSS., <i><span class="ov">qm</span></i>, which elsewhere represented read as <i>quum</i>; and <img style="width:16px; height:16px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img623c.jpg" alt="" />, which elsewhere = <i>pro</i>, is here = <i>per</i>. Nor must the use of arbitrary symbols for special words be forgotten. These are generally adaptations of the shorthand signs known as -Tironian notes. Such are <img style="width:15px; height:15px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img623d.jpg" alt="" /> = <i>autem</i>, ÷ = <i>est</i>, <img style="width:16px; height:18px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img623e.jpg" alt="" /> = <i>ejus</i>, <img style="width:15px; height:18px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img623f.jpg" alt="" /> = <i>enim</i>, +Tironian notes. Such are <img style="width:15px; height:15px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img623d.jpg" alt="" /> = <i>autem</i>, ÷ = <i>est</i>, <img style="width:16px; height:18px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img623e.jpg" alt="" /> = <i>ejus</i>, <img style="width:15px; height:18px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img623f.jpg" alt="" /> = <i>enim</i>, <img style="width:15px; height:14px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img623g.jpg" alt="" /> = <i>et</i>, v̇ and u̇ = <i>ut</i>, which were employed particularly in early MSS. of English and Irish origin.</p> @@ -19668,10 +19629,10 @@ model of the quill-pen, that is in form of a tube ending in a slit nib (sometimes even with a nib at each end), of late Roman manufacture, are still in existence. A score of them are to be found scattered among public and private museums. The ruler for guiding -ruled lines was the <span class="grk" title="kanôn">κανών</span>, <i>canon</i>, <i>regula</i>; the pencil was the <span class="grk" title="molubdos">μόλυβδος</span>, +ruled lines was the <span class="grk" title="kanôn">κανών</span>, <i>canon</i>, <i>regula</i>; the pencil was the <span class="grk" title="molubdos">μόλυβδος</span>, <i>plumbum</i>, the plummet; the pricker for marking the spacing out of -the ruled lines was the <span class="grk" title="diabatês">διαβάτης</span>, <i>circinus</i>, <i>punctorium</i>; the pen-knife, -<span class="grk" title="glyphanon">γλύφανον</span>, <span class="grk" title="smilê">σμίλη</span>, <i>scalprum</i>; the erasing-knife, <i>rasorium</i>, <i>novacula</i>.</p> +the ruled lines was the <span class="grk" title="diabatês">διαβάτης</span>, <i>circinus</i>, <i>punctorium</i>; the pen-knife, +<span class="grk" title="glyphanon">γλύφανον</span>, <span class="grk" title="smilê">σμίλη</span>, <i>scalprum</i>; the erasing-knife, <i>rasorium</i>, <i>novacula</i>.</p> <p><i>Inks.</i>—Inks of various colours were employed from early times. The ink of the early papyri is a deep glossy black; in the Byzantine @@ -19687,13 +19648,13 @@ purple vellum MSS., and writing in gold was reintroduced under Charlemagne for codices of ordinary white vellum. It was introduced into English MSS. in the 10th century.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Authorities.</span>—H. Geraud, <i>Essai sur les livres dans l’antiquité</i> -(1840); E. Egger, <i>Histoire du livre depuis ses origines jusqu’à nos +<p><span class="sc">Authorities.</span>—H. Geraud, <i>Essai sur les livres dans l’antiquité</i> +(1840); E. Egger, <i>Histoire du livre depuis ses origines jusqu’à nos jours</i> (1880); T. Birt, <i>Das antike Buchwesen</i> (1882) and <i>Die Buchrolle in der Kunst</i> (1907); W. Wattenbach, <i>Das Schriftwesen im Mittelalter</i> -(1896); K. Dziatzko, <i>Untersuchungen über ausgewählte Kapitel des +(1896); K. Dziatzko, <i>Untersuchungen über ausgewählte Kapitel des antiken Buchwesens</i> (1900); J. W. Clark, <i>The Care of Books</i> (1901); -W. Schubart, <i>Das Buch bei den Griechen und Römern</i> (1907); and +W. Schubart, <i>Das Buch bei den Griechen und Römern</i> (1907); and generally the authorities quoted in the article <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Palaeography</a></span>. See also <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Textual Criticism</a></span>.</p> </div> @@ -19800,7 +19761,7 @@ make them cheap. We may perhaps roughly estimate the <span class="pagenum"><a name="page625" id="page625"></a>625</span> current price of his pocket series of Greek, Latin and Italian classics, begun in 1501, at 2s. per volume of our present money. -The five volumes of the Aristotle cost about £8. His great +The five volumes of the Aristotle cost about £8. His great undertaking was carried on under continual difficulties, arising from strikes among his workmen, the piracies of rivals, and the interruptions of war. When he died, bequeathing Greek @@ -20028,8 +19989,8 @@ raiders.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">MANZANARES,<a name="ar179" id="ar179"></a></span> a town of Spain, in the province of Ciudad -Real, on the river Azuer, a large sub-tributary of the Záncara, -and on the railways from Madrid to Ciudad Real and Lináres. +Real, on the river Azuer, a large sub-tributary of the Záncara, +and on the railways from Madrid to Ciudad Real and Lináres. Pop. (1900), 11,229. Manzanares is one of the chief towns of La Mancha, and thus in the centre of the district described by Cervantes in <i>Don Quixote</i>. Its citadel was founded as a @@ -20047,7 +20008,7 @@ Mexico, in the state of Colima, 52 m. by rail W.S.W. of the city of that name. It is situated on a large harbour partly formed and sheltered by a long island extending southwards parallel with the coast. Southward also, and in the vicinity of the -town, is the large stagnant, shallow lagoon of Cayutlán which +town, is the large stagnant, shallow lagoon of Cayutlán which renders the town unhealthy. Manzanillo is a commercial town of comparatively recent creation. Its new harbour works, the construction of which was begun in 1899, and its railway @@ -20183,14 +20144,14 @@ the 28th of April 1873, was the final blow which hastened his end; he fell ill immediately, and died of cerebral meningitis, on the 22nd of May. His country mourned him with almost royal pomp, and his remains, after lying in state for some days, -were followed to the cemetery of Milan by a vast cortège, +were followed to the cemetery of Milan by a vast cortège, including the royal princes and all the great officers of state. But his noblest monument was Verdi’s <i>Requiem</i>, specially written to honour his memory.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>Biographical sketches of Manzoni have been published by Cesare -Cantù (1885), Angelo de Gubernatis (1879), Arturo Graf (1898). +Cantù (1885), Angelo de Gubernatis (1879), Arturo Graf (1898). Some of his letters have been published by Giovanni Sforza (1882).</p> </div> @@ -20333,10 +20294,10 @@ numbered 47,731, as against 45,470 in 1874; and there were <div class="condensed"> <p><span class="sc">Bibliography.</span>—Sir G. Grey, <i>Polynesian Mythology and Maori -Legends</i> (Wellington, 1885); A. de Quatrefages, <i>Les Polynésiens et +Legends</i> (Wellington, 1885); A. de Quatrefages, <i>Les Polynésiens et leurs migrations</i> (Paris, 1866); Abraham Fornander, <i>An Account of -the Polynesian Race</i> (1877-1885); Henri Mager, <i>Le Monde polynésien</i> -(Paris, 1902); Pierre Adolphe Lesson, <i>Les Polynésiens, leur origine, +the Polynesian Race</i> (1877-1885); Henri Mager, <i>Le Monde polynésien</i> +(Paris, 1902); Pierre Adolphe Lesson, <i>Les Polynésiens, leur origine, &c.</i> (Paris, 1880-1884); W. Pember Reeves, <i>New Zealand</i>; A. R. Wallace, <i>Australasia</i> (Stanford’s Compendium, 1894); G. W. Rusden, <i>History of New Zealand</i> (1895); Alfred Saunders, <i>History of New @@ -20385,12 +20346,12 @@ manuscripts of the yet more extensive compilation which begins with the <i>Grand Saint Graal</i> also refer to Map as having composed the cycle in conjunction with Robert de Borron, to whom, as a rule, the <i>Grand Saint Graal</i> and <i>Merlin</i> are exclusively assigned. -The curious <i>Merlin</i> text, Bibl. Nat. 337 (fonds Français), refers +The curious <i>Merlin</i> text, Bibl. Nat. 337 (fonds Français), refers throughout to Map as authority; and the enormous <i>Lancelot</i> codex, B. N. 112, a combination of the <i>Lancelot</i> and the <i>Tristan</i>, also couples his name with that of Robert de Borron. In fact it may safely be said that, with the exception of the prose <i>Tristan</i>, -always attributed either to Luces de Gast, or Hélie de Borron, +always attributed either to Luces de Gast, or Hélie de Borron, the authority of Map has been invoked for the entire vast mass of Arthurian prose romantic literature. Now it is practically impossible that one man, and that one an occupier of court and @@ -20442,18 +20403,18 @@ existence. We have no manuscript of any prose Arthurian romance earlier than the 13th century, to which period Gaston <span class="pagenum"><a name="page629" id="page629"></a>629</span> Paris assigned them; they are certainly posterior to the verse -romances. Chrétien de Troyes, in his <i>Cligés</i> (the date of which +romances. Chrétien de Troyes, in his <i>Cligés</i> (the date of which falls somewhere in the decade 1160-1170), knew and utilized the story of the “Three Days’ Tournament,” and moreover makes Lancelot take part in it. Map was, as we have seen, -frequently in France; Chrétien had for patroness Marie, countess +frequently in France; Chrétien had for patroness Marie, countess of Champagne, step-daughter to Henry II., Map’s patron; Map’s -position was distinctly superior to that of Chrétien. Taking all +position was distinctly superior to that of Chrétien. Taking all the evidence into consideration it seems more probable that Map had, at a comparatively early date, before he became so important an official, composed a poem on the subject of Lancelot, which was the direct source of the German version, and which -Chrétien also knew and followed.</p> +Chrétien also knew and followed.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>The form in which certain of the references to him are couched @@ -20495,382 +20456,6 @@ Saint Graal</i>; Paulin Paris, <i>Romans de la Table Ronde</i>; Alfred Nutt, <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th -Edition, Volume 17, Slice 5, by Various - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA *** - -***** This file should be named 42736-h.htm or 42736-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/2/7/3/42736/ - -Produced by Marius Masi, Don Kretz and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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