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diff --git a/40112-h/40112-h.htm b/40112-h/40112-h.htm index 1996a7e..21b04c4 100644 --- a/40112-h/40112-h.htm +++ b/40112-h/40112-h.htm @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> <title> The Project Gutenberg eBook of Systematics of Megachiropteran Bats in the Solomon Islands, by Carleton J. Phillips. @@ -82,46 +82,7 @@ td {padding: 4px;} </style> </head> <body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Systematics of Megachiropteran Bats in the -Solomon Islands, by Carleton J. Phillips - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: Systematics of Megachiropteran Bats in the Solomon Islands - -Author: Carleton J. Phillips - -Release Date: July 1, 2012 [EBook #40112] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SYSTEMATICS OF MEGACHIROPTERAN BATS *** - - - - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Tom Cosmas and -the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - -</pre> - - +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 40112 ***</div> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_777" id="Page_777">[777]</a></span></p> @@ -406,8 +367,8 @@ the British Solomon Islands Protectorate.</p> <p>The Solomons are within 300 to 700 miles of the equator and have a fairly constant tropical climate, except at high elevations. The temperature varies -little; monthly mean temperature is between 81° and 83° F. and at sea level -ranges from about 70° to 93° F. yearly (Belkin, 1962:42).</p> +little; monthly mean temperature is between 81° and 83° F. and at sea level +ranges from about 70° to 93° F. yearly (Belkin, 1962:42).</p> <p>Southeast tradewinds are relatively constant from May to October and this period, in general, is a dry season except at higher elevations on windward @@ -465,36 +426,36 @@ notes, at the Department of Entomology, Bishop Museum).</p> </div> <div class="block2"> -<p>ALU.—7° 07' S, 155° 54' E.</p> +<p>ALU.—7° 07' S, 155° 54' E.</p> -<p>BANIKA.—9° 05' S, 155° 13' E.</p> +<p>BANIKA.—9° 05' S, 155° 13' E.</p> -<p>BARA (Gera).—9° 31' S, 160° 31' E.</p> +<p>BARA (Gera).—9° 31' S, 160° 31' E.</p> -<p>BELLONA (Bello).—11° 18' S, 159° 48' E.</p> +<p>BELLONA (Bello).—11° 18' S, 159° 48' E.</p> -<p>BOUGAINVILLE (Mamamolimo).—6° 12' S, 155° 15' E. This is the +<p>BOUGAINVILLE (Mamamolimo).—6° 12' S, 155° 15' E. This is the largest island in the Solomon Group, being 127 miles long (northwest to southeast) and about 59 miles across at the widest place. The highest elevations are 9850 and 10171 feet, at the tops of active volcanoes. Ecologically, Bougainville is mostly dense rain forest, which is less dense on the summits of higher mountains.</p> -<p>BUKA.—5° 15' S, 154° 38' E.</p> +<p>BUKA.—5° 15' S, 154° 38' E.</p> -<p>CHOISEUL.—7° 04' S, 157° 01' E. This island, formed along a northwest-southeast +<p>CHOISEUL.—7° 04' S, 157° 01' E. This island, formed along a northwest-southeast line of low mountains (maximum elevation of 3500 feet), is about 90 miles long and 20 miles wide. Most collecting was at Malangona (Sasamunga on some maps) on the southwestern coast.</p> -<p>FAURO.—6° 55' S, 156° 07' E. This small island, about 14 miles long +<p>FAURO.—6° 55' S, 156° 07' E. This small island, about 14 miles long (north-south) and six miles wide (east-west), lies about 10 miles south and east of Bougainville. Fauro is formed around a volcanic cone having a maximum elevation of 1925 feet; it has considerable dense mangrove swamp along the west coast, and mature rain forest with little understory growth. Most collecting was at Toumoa, on one of two southern peninsulas.</p> -<p>FLORIDA (Nggela).—9° 05' S, 160° 16' E. Florida, the main island in +<p>FLORIDA (Nggela).—9° 05' S, 160° 16' E. Florida, the main island in the Nggela Island Subgroup, is mountainous and except for some small grassy areas, supports dense rain forest. It is nearly 25 miles long (east-west) and <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_784" id="Page_784">[784]</a></span> @@ -503,24 +464,24 @@ of about 1366 feet. Most collecting was at Haleta, on the southwestern coast. At this locality there were scattered mangrove swamps, rain forest, and gardens inland.</p> -<p>GANONGGA (Ronogo, Ronongo).—8° 03' S, 156° 35' E.</p> +<p>GANONGGA (Ronogo, Ronongo).—8° 03' S, 156° 35' E.</p> -<p>GATUKAI.—8° 47' S, 158° 12' E.</p> +<p>GATUKAI.—8° 47' S, 158° 12' E.</p> -<p>GHIZO (Gizo, Keso).—8° 05' S, 156° 59' E.</p> +<p>GHIZO (Gizo, Keso).—8° 05' S, 156° 59' E.</p> -<p>GOWER (N'dai).—7° 54' S, 160° 34' E.</p> +<p>GOWER (N'dai).—7° 54' S, 160° 34' E.</p> -<p>GUADALCANAL (Guadalcanar).—9° 15' S, 159° 35' E. Guadalcanal is +<p>GUADALCANAL (Guadalcanar).—9° 15' S, 159° 35' E. Guadalcanal is mostly of volcanic origin and has an irregular chain of mountains along the southern coast. The highest elevation is 8005 feet at Mount Popomanasiu. This large island is nearly 80 miles long (east-west) and 25 miles wide (north-south). Most of the northwestern part of Guadalcanal supports <i>alang-alang</i> grass. The remainder of the island is heavily wooded.</p> -<p>KILINAILAU (Cartaret).—4° 44' S, 155° 28' E.</p> +<p>KILINAILAU (Cartaret).—4° 44' S, 155° 28' E.</p> -<p>KOLOMBANGARA (Duki, Kulambangara).—8° 00' S, 157° 05' E. Kolombangara, +<p>KOLOMBANGARA (Duki, Kulambangara).—8° 00' S, 157° 05' E. Kolombangara, formed from an extinct volcano, is about 18 miles in diameter and nearly circular. The highest peaks, rising as precipitous cliffs in some places, reach a maximum elevation of about 5000 feet. The vegetation is mostly virgin @@ -537,7 +498,7 @@ Principal islands are named.</p> </div> <div class="block2"> -<p>MALAITA (Mala, Malanta, Malayta).—9° 00' S, 161° 00' E. This long +<p>MALAITA (Mala, Malanta, Malayta).—9° 00' S, 161° 00' E. This long (104 miles northwest to southeast), narrow (about 23 miles at its widest spot) island, between Santa Ysabel and San Cristobal islands, is basically of volcanic origin with some limestone (coral) deposits along the coast. Mount Kolovrat, @@ -546,79 +507,79 @@ having an elevation of 4275 feet, is the highest point. The Bishop Museum field party lived at Dala, in dense rain forest about 12 miles north of Auki on the northwestern coast of Malaita.</p> -<p>MALAPA.—9° 49' S, 160° 53' E.</p> +<p>MALAPA.—9° 49' S, 160° 53' E.</p> -<p>MONO (Treasury).—7° 22' S, 155° 35' E. This is a small island (maximum +<p>MONO (Treasury).—7° 22' S, 155° 35' E. This is a small island (maximum elevation 1150 feet) in the Treasury Island Subgroup just south of Bougainville. Mono is about nine miles long (east-west) and five and one half miles wide (north-south). The basic volcanic core is described in field notes as topped with coral limestone.</p> -<p>NEW GEORGIA (Kausagi).—8° 20' S, 157° 30' E. The New Georgia +<p>NEW GEORGIA (Kausagi).—8° 20' S, 157° 30' E. The New Georgia Subgroup is composed of 11 moderate-sized islands and islets. New Georgia Island, the main member of the subgroup, is 50 miles long (northwest to southeast) and from five to 30 miles wide. On the northern side several volcanic peaks attain an elevation of about 3000 feet. The entire island is forested.</p> -<p>NGGELA (Florida Islands).—4° 31' S, 154° 11' E. This subgroup consists +<p>NGGELA (Florida Islands).—4° 31' S, 154° 11' E. This subgroup consists of several small to medium-sized islands between Guadalcanal and Malaita. Florida is the main island.</p> -<p>NISSAN (Green, Sir Charles Hardy's).—4° 31' S, 154° 11' E.</p> +<p>NISSAN (Green, Sir Charles Hardy's).—4° 31' S, 154° 11' E.</p> -<p>NUKUMANU (Le Maira, Tasman).—4° 32' S, 159° 25' E.</p> +<p>NUKUMANU (Le Maira, Tasman).—4° 32' S, 159° 25' E.</p> -<p>ONTONG JAVA (Lord Howe Atoll, Liuniuwu).—5° 25' S, 159° 30' E.</p> +<p>ONTONG JAVA (Lord Howe Atoll, Liuniuwu).—5° 25' S, 159° 30' E.</p> -<p>PAVUVO.—9° 04' S, 159° 08' E.</p> +<p>PAVUVO.—9° 04' S, 159° 08' E.</p> -<p>RAMOS.—8° 16' S, 160° 11' E.</p> +<p>RAMOS.—8° 16' S, 160° 11' E.</p> -<p>RENNELL.—11° 38' S, 160° 14' E. This island, of limestone (coral) +<p>RENNELL.—11° 38' S, 160° 14' E. This island, of limestone (coral) origin, along with Bellona, is nearly 100 miles southwest of any other member of the Solomons and has been regarded, because of this distance, as an oceanic island instead of a continental island. It is about 50 miles long (east-west) and nine miles wide (north-south); its highest elevation is 500 feet.</p> -<p>ROVIANA (Rendova, Rovianna, Rubiana).—8° 21' S, 157° 20' E.</p> +<p>ROVIANA (Rendova, Rovianna, Rubiana).—8° 21' S, 157° 20' E.</p> -<p>RUSSELL.—9° 04' S, 159° 12' E.</p> +<p>RUSSELL.—9° 04' S, 159° 12' E.</p> -<p>SAN CRISTOBAL (San Christoval, Bauro, Makira, Arussi).—11° 33' S, -161° 43' E. This island is composed mostly of ancient volcanic rock, has a +<p>SAN CRISTOBAL (San Christoval, Bauro, Makira, Arussi).—11° 33' S, +161° 43' E. This island is composed mostly of ancient volcanic rock, has a maximum elevation of 4100 feet, is nearly 70 miles long (northwest to southeast) and 24 miles wide, and supports a dense rain forest.</p> -<p>SANTA YSABEL (George, Ysabel, San Isabel, Isbel, Mahaga).—8° 00' S, -159° 07' E. Santa Ysabel is a long (90 miles from northwest to southeast), +<p>SANTA YSABEL (George, Ysabel, San Isabel, Isbel, Mahaga).—8° 00' S, +159° 07' E. Santa Ysabel is a long (90 miles from northwest to southeast), narrow (19 miles at the widest spot), forested island, consisting of a single chain of volcanic mountains. The numerous bays and mouths of rivers provide excellent anchorages. Collecting was at Tatamba approximately two miles south of Tanambuli where the considerable area of forest was dense and bamboo thickets were abundant.</p> -<p>SAVO (Savu).—9° 08' S, 159° 49' E.</p> +<p>SAVO (Savu).—9° 08' S, 159° 49' E.</p> -<p>SHORTLAND.—7° 03' S, 155° 47' E.</p> +<p>SHORTLAND.—7° 03' S, 155° 47' E.</p> -<p>SIKAIANA (Stewart).—8° 22' S, 162° 44' E.</p> +<p>SIKAIANA (Stewart).—8° 22' S, 162° 44' E.</p> -<p>SIMBO (Narovo, Naorovo, Naravo, Navoro, Sembo).—8° 16' S, 156° 31' E.</p> +<p>SIMBO (Narovo, Naorovo, Naravo, Navoro, Sembo).—8° 16' S, 156° 31' E.</p> -<p>STIRLING.—7° 25' S, 155° 35' E.</p> +<p>STIRLING.—7° 25' S, 155° 35' E.</p> -<p>TANABULI (Tanambuli, Tunnibili, Tunnibilis, Tunnibul, Tunnivula).—8° -24' S, 159° 35' E.</p> +<p>TANABULI (Tanambuli, Tunnibili, Tunnibilis, Tunnibul, Tunnivula).—8° +24' S, 159° 35' E.</p> -<p>TAUU (Marqueen, Mortlock).—4° 48' S, 157° 32' E.</p> +<p>TAUU (Marqueen, Mortlock).—4° 48' S, 157° 32' E.</p> -<p>TELIPARI.—8° 15' S, 157° 32' E.</p> +<p>TELIPARI.—8° 15' S, 157° 32' E.</p> -<p>UGI.—10° 14' S, 161° 44' E.</p> +<p>UGI.—10° 14' S, 161° 44' E.</p> -<p>VANGUNO (Vangunu).—8° 39' S, 158° 00' E.</p> +<p>VANGUNO (Vangunu).—8° 39' S, 158° 00' E.</p> -<p>VELLA LAVELLA.—7° 43' S, 156° 40' E. The coastline is rugged and +<p>VELLA LAVELLA.—7° 43' S, 156° 40' E. The coastline is rugged and indented by numerous small bays. Some peaks are 3000 feet high. The southeastern half of Vella Lavella is said to consist of uplifted coral, and to be thickly planted to coconut palms. The native population is concentrated here. @@ -627,7 +588,7 @@ The northwestern half of the island is rain forest and is nearly uninhabited. Most of the collecting was at Pusisama, on the southern beach and on Ulo Crater, an extinct volcano at the middle of the island.</p> -<p>YANNTA.—10° 20' S, 161° 20' E.</p> +<p>YANNTA.—10° 20' S, 161° 20' E.</p> </div> @@ -876,7 +837,7 @@ islands see <a href="#fig2">Fig. 2</a>.</p> <p class="caption3nb"><a name="Page_788a" id="Page_788a"></a> <b>Rousettus amplexicaudatus hedigeri</b> Pohle</p> -<p class="spec_ref">1953. <i>Rousettus amplexicaudatus hedigeri</i> Pohle, Z. Säugetierk., 17:127, +<p class="spec_ref">1953. <i>Rousettus amplexicaudatus hedigeri</i> Pohle, Z. Säugetierk., 17:127, October 27, type from Bougainville.</p> <p class="spec_ref">1887. <i>Cynonycteris brachyotis</i>, Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 323, @@ -1093,7 +1054,7 @@ For names of islands see <a href="#fig2">Fig. 2</a>.</p> <p class="spec_ref">1888. <i>Pteralopex atrata</i> Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, 1:155, February, type from Guadalcanal; 1888, Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, -p. 475, December 4; 1896, Heude, Mém. Hist. Nat. Emp. China, +p. 475, December 4; 1896, Heude, Mém. Hist. Nat. Emp. China, 3:179; 1897, Trouessart, Catalogus Mammalium ..., 1:83; 1907, Miller, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 57:60, June 29; 1912, Andersen, Catalogue of the Chiroptera ... British Museum, 1:439; 1931, @@ -1127,7 +1088,7 @@ rather than an indication of general aggressiveness on the part of <i>Pteralopex <p class="spec_ref">1909. <i>Pteralopex anceps</i> Andersen, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, 3:266, March, type from Bougainville; 1912, Andersen, Catalogue of the Chiroptera ... British Museum, 1:437; 1936, Troughton, Rec. -Australian Mus., 14:348, April 7; 1953, Pohle, Z. Säugetierk., 17:129, +Australian Mus., 14:348, April 7; 1953, Pohle, Z. Säugetierk., 17:129, October 27.</p> <p class="spec_ref">1954. <i>Pteralopex atrata anceps</i>, Laurie and Hill, List of land mammals of @@ -1570,8 +1531,8 @@ collected in 1930 by the Whitney South Sea Expedition (Tate, 1934:1). This subspecies closely resembles the other two subspecies of <i>P. admiralitatum</i> (<i>colonus</i> and <i>solomonis</i>) found in the Solomon Islands. Color and length of forearm (see key on <a href="#Page_793">p. 793</a>) seem to be the only reliable criteria for distinguishing -between these subspecies. The longitude of Gower Island, 160° 34' E, -was incorrectly listed in Laurie and Hill (1954:152) as 159° 34' E.</p> +between these subspecies. The longitude of Gower Island, 160° 34' E, +was incorrectly listed in Laurie and Hill (1954:152) as 159° 34' E.</p> <p class="caption3nb"><a name="Page_797b" id="Page_797b"></a> @@ -1784,7 +1745,7 @@ Miller, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 57:58, June 29; 1912, Andersen, Catalogue of the Chiroptera ... British Museum, 1:259, from Bougainville; 1931, Sanborn, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 18:16, February 12, from Choiseul, and Santa Ysabel; 1936, Troughton, -Rec. Australian Mus., 19:348, April 7; 1953, Pohle, Z. Säugetierk., +Rec. Australian Mus., 19:348, April 7; 1953, Pohle, Z. Säugetierk., 17:128, October 27.</p> <p class="spec_ref">1954. <i>Pteropus rayneri grandis</i>, Laurie and Hill, List of land mammals of @@ -2169,7 +2130,7 @@ much less.</p> <p class="spec_ref">1898. <i>Dobsonia</i> Palmer, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 12:114, April 30.</p> -<p class="spec_ref">1810. <i>Cephalotes</i> (part) É. Geoffroy, Ann. du Mus. d'Hist. Nat., 15:104.</p> +<p class="spec_ref">1810. <i>Cephalotes</i> (part) É. Geoffroy, Ann. du Mus. d'Hist. Nat., 15:104.</p> <p><i>Dobsonia</i>, a genus of large to medium-sized fruit bats, occurring from Celebes to the Solomon Islands, contains at least nine species. One species and its two @@ -2259,7 +2220,7 @@ and Rubiana; 1931, Sanborn, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 18:22, February 12, from San Cristobal.</p> <p class="spec_ref">1936. <i>Dobsonia inermis nesea</i>, Troughton, Rec. Australian Mus., 14:348, -April 7, from Bougainville; 1953, Pohle, Z. Säugetierk., 17:130, +April 7, from Bougainville; 1953, Pohle, Z. Säugetierk., 17:130, October 27; 1954, Laurie and Hill, List of land mammals of New Guinea, Celebes and adjacent islands, p. 41, June 30, from New Georgia.</p> @@ -2579,7 +2540,7 @@ Ser. 8, 7:642, June, type from Guadalcanal, additional specimens from Florida; 1912, Andersen, Catalogue of the Chiroptera ... British Museum, 1:767; 1931, Sanborn, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 18:22, February 12, from San Cristobal; 1953, Pohle, -Z. Säugetierk., 17:130, October 27, from Bougainville; 1954, Laurie +Z. Säugetierk., 17:130, October 27, from Bougainville; 1954, Laurie and Hill, List of land mammals of New Guinea, Celebes and adjacent islands, p. 44, June 30.</p> @@ -2687,7 +2648,7 @@ it in the following key.</p> <td class="tdr tpb1" colspan="2">2</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl vtop">1´.</td> + <td class="tdl vtop">1´.</td> <td class="tpr2">Ventral surface nearly black, strongly contrasting with dorsum; small claw on second digit,</td> </tr> @@ -2695,7 +2656,7 @@ it in the following key.</p> <td class="tdr tpb1" colspan="2"><b>Melonycteris melanops</b></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl vtop">2(1´).</td> + <td class="tdl vtop">2(1´).</td> <td class="tpr2">Pelage bright, Cinnamon-Rufous; postorbital region of skull expanded (about 8.3 wide),</td> </tr> @@ -2703,7 +2664,7 @@ it in the following key.</p> <td class="tdr tpb1" colspan="2"><b>Melonycteris aurantius</b>, <a href="#Page_816">p. 816</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl vtop">2´.</td> + <td class="tdl vtop">2´.</td> <td class="tpr2">Pelage dark, near Wood-Brown or Cinnamon; postorbital region of skull constricted (about 7.5),</td> </tr> @@ -2785,7 +2746,7 @@ Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 18:23, February 12, from Russell Island (Pavuvo); 1954, Laurie and Hill, List of land mammals of New Guinea, Celebes and adjacent islands, p. 45, June 30.</p> -<p class="spec_ref">1953. <i>Melonycteris woodfordi</i>, Pohle, Z. Säugetierk., 17:130, October 27, +<p class="spec_ref">1953. <i>Melonycteris woodfordi</i>, Pohle, Z. Säugetierk., 17:130, October 27, from Bougainville Island; 1966, Phillips, Jour. Mamm., 47:23, March 12, from Choiseul.</p> @@ -2830,7 +2791,7 @@ another had an extra peglike tooth just anterior to I1.</p> <p class="spec_ref">1797. <i>Nyctimene</i> Borkhausen, Deutsche fauna ..., 1:86.</p> -<p class="spec_ref">1810. <i>Cephalotes</i> É. Geoffroy, Ann. du Mus. d'Hist. Nat., 15:104.</p> +<p class="spec_ref">1810. <i>Cephalotes</i> É. Geoffroy, Ann. du Mus. d'Hist. Nat., 15:104.</p> <p class="spec_ref">1811. <i>Harpyia</i> Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mamm. et Avium, p. 118.</p> @@ -2916,7 +2877,7 @@ April 7, type from Bougainville.</p> <p class="spec_ref">1954. <i>Nyctimene albiventer bougainville</i>, Laurie and Hill, List of land mammals of New Guinea, Celebes and adjacent islands, p. 46, June 30.</p> -<p class="spec_ref">1953. <i>Nyctimene papuanus bougainville</i>, Pohle, Z. Säugetierk., 17:130, October 27.</p> +<p class="spec_ref">1953. <i>Nyctimene papuanus bougainville</i>, Pohle, Z. Säugetierk., 17:130, October 27.</p> <div class="block2"> <p><i>Specimens examined</i> (nine males, one female; nine in alcohol, nine crania @@ -4533,7 +4494,7 @@ Mus. Press, Chicago, 259 pp., 56 figs., maps, September.</p> <p class="author smcap">Matschie, P.</p> -<p class="reference">1899. Die Megachiroptera des Berliner Museums für Naturkunde. Druck +<p class="reference">1899. Die Megachiroptera des Berliner Museums für Naturkunde. Druck und verlag von George Reimer, Berlin, viii + 102 pp., 14 figs.</p> @@ -4573,7 +4534,7 @@ March 24.</p> <p class="author smcap">Pohle, H.</p> -<p class="reference">1953. Über die Fledertiere von Bougainville. Z. Säugetierk., 17:127-137, +<p class="reference">1953. Ãœber die Fledertiere von Bougainville. Z. Säugetierk., 17:127-137, October 27.</p> @@ -4689,383 +4650,6 @@ paragraphs, they were moved above or below the split.</p> </table> </div> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Systematics of Megachiropteran Bats in -the Solomon Islands, by Carleton J. 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