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diff --git a/40112-8.txt b/40112-0.txt index ceca6d8..06a1e23 100644 --- a/40112-8.txt +++ b/40112-0.txt @@ -1,36 +1,4 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Systematics of Megachiropteran Bats in the -Solomon Islands, by Carleton J. Phillips - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: Systematics of Megachiropteran Bats in the Solomon Islands - -Author: Carleton J. Phillips - -Release Date: July 1, 2012 [EBook #40112] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SYSTEMATICS OF MEGACHIROPTERAN BATS *** - - - - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Tom Cosmas and -the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 40112 *** Transcriber's Notes @@ -251,8 +219,8 @@ mandate to Australia, are in the British Solomon Islands Protectorate. The Solomons are within 300 to 700 miles of the equator and have a fairly constant tropical climate, except at high elevations. The -temperature varies little; monthly mean temperature is between 81° and -83° F. and at sea level ranges from about 70° to 93° F. yearly (Belkin, +temperature varies little; monthly mean temperature is between 81° and +83° F. and at sea level ranges from about 70° to 93° F. yearly (Belkin, 1962:42). Southeast tradewinds are relatively constant from May to October and @@ -312,29 +280,29 @@ Hydrographic Office of the United States Navy Department (Anonymous, descriptive information mostly is from reports by Temple and Straatmann (1964, field notes, at the Department of Entomology, Bishop Museum). -ALU.--7° 07' S, 155° 54' E. +ALU.--7° 07' S, 155° 54' E. -BANIKA.--9° 05' S, 155° 13' E. +BANIKA.--9° 05' S, 155° 13' E. -BARA (Gera).--9° 31' S, 160° 31' E. +BARA (Gera).--9° 31' S, 160° 31' E. -BELLONA (Bello).--11° 18' S, 159° 48' E. +BELLONA (Bello).--11° 18' S, 159° 48' E. -BOUGAINVILLE (Mamamolimo).--6° 12' S, 155° 15' E. This is the largest +BOUGAINVILLE (Mamamolimo).--6° 12' S, 155° 15' E. This is the largest island in the Solomon Group, being 127 miles long (northwest to southeast) and about 59 miles across at the widest place. The highest elevations are 9850 and 10171 feet, at the tops of active volcanoes. Ecologically, Bougainville is mostly dense rain forest, which is less dense on the summits of higher mountains. -BUKA.--5° 15' S, 154° 38' E. +BUKA.--5° 15' S, 154° 38' E. -CHOISEUL.--7° 04' S, 157° 01' E. This island, formed along a +CHOISEUL.--7° 04' S, 157° 01' E. This island, formed along a northwest-southeast line of low mountains (maximum elevation of 3500 feet), is about 90 miles long and 20 miles wide. Most collecting was at Malangona (Sasamunga on some maps) on the southwestern coast. -FAURO.--6° 55' S, 156° 07' E. This small island, about 14 miles long +FAURO.--6° 55' S, 156° 07' E. This small island, about 14 miles long (north-south) and six miles wide (east-west), lies about 10 miles south and east of Bougainville. Fauro is formed around a volcanic cone having a maximum elevation of 1925 feet; it has considerable dense mangrove @@ -342,7 +310,7 @@ swamp along the west coast, and mature rain forest with little understory growth. Most collecting was at Toumoa, on one of two southern peninsulas. -FLORIDA (Nggela).--9° 05' S, 160° 16' E. Florida, the main island in the +FLORIDA (Nggela).--9° 05' S, 160° 16' E. Florida, the main island in the Nggela Island Subgroup, is mountainous and except for some small grassy areas, supports dense rain forest. It is nearly 25 miles long (east-west) and nine miles wide (north-south), with a maximum @@ -350,24 +318,24 @@ elevation, at Mount Barnett, of about 1366 feet. Most collecting was at Haleta, on the southwestern coast. At this locality there were scattered mangrove swamps, rain forest, and gardens inland. -GANONGGA (Ronogo, Ronongo).--8° 03' S, 156° 35' E. +GANONGGA (Ronogo, Ronongo).--8° 03' S, 156° 35' E. -GATUKAI.--8° 47' S, 158° 12' E. +GATUKAI.--8° 47' S, 158° 12' E. -GHIZO (Gizo, Keso).--8° 05' S, 156° 59' E. +GHIZO (Gizo, Keso).--8° 05' S, 156° 59' E. -GOWER (N'dai).--7° 54' S, 160° 34' E. +GOWER (N'dai).--7° 54' S, 160° 34' E. -GUADALCANAL (Guadalcanar).--9° 15' S, 159° 35' E. Guadalcanal is mostly +GUADALCANAL (Guadalcanar).--9° 15' S, 159° 35' E. Guadalcanal is mostly of volcanic origin and has an irregular chain of mountains along the southern coast. The highest elevation is 8005 feet at Mount Popomanasiu. This large island is nearly 80 miles long (east-west) and 25 miles wide (north-south). Most of the northwestern part of Guadalcanal supports _alang-alang_ grass. The remainder of the island is heavily wooded. -KILINAILAU (Cartaret).--4° 44' S, 155° 28' E. +KILINAILAU (Cartaret).--4° 44' S, 155° 28' E. -KOLOMBANGARA (Duki, Kulambangara).--8° 00' S, 157° 05' E. Kolombangara, +KOLOMBANGARA (Duki, Kulambangara).--8° 00' S, 157° 05' E. Kolombangara, formed from an extinct volcano, is about 18 miles in diameter and nearly circular. The highest peaks, rising as precipitous cliffs in some places, reach a maximum elevation of about 5000 feet. The vegetation is @@ -379,7 +347,7 @@ southwestern side of the island. [Illustration: FIG. 2. Solomon Islands. Principal islands are named.] -MALAITA (Mala, Malanta, Malayta).--9° 00' S, 161° 00' E. This long (104 +MALAITA (Mala, Malanta, Malayta).--9° 00' S, 161° 00' E. This long (104 miles northwest to southeast), narrow (about 23 miles at its widest spot) island, between Santa Ysabel and San Cristobal islands, is basically of volcanic origin with some limestone (coral) deposits along @@ -388,81 +356,81 @@ highest point. The Bishop Museum field party lived at Dala, in dense rain forest about 12 miles north of Auki on the northwestern coast of Malaita. -MALAPA.--9° 49' S, 160° 53' E. +MALAPA.--9° 49' S, 160° 53' E. -MONO (Treasury).--7° 22' S, 155° 35' E. This is a small island (maximum +MONO (Treasury).--7° 22' S, 155° 35' E. This is a small island (maximum elevation 1150 feet) in the Treasury Island Subgroup just south of Bougainville. Mono is about nine miles long (east-west) and five and one half miles wide (north-south). The basic volcanic core is described in field notes as topped with coral limestone. -NEW GEORGIA (Kausagi).--8° 20' S, 157° 30' E. The New Georgia Subgroup +NEW GEORGIA (Kausagi).--8° 20' S, 157° 30' E. The New Georgia Subgroup is composed of 11 moderate-sized islands and islets. New Georgia Island, the main member of the subgroup, is 50 miles long (northwest to southeast) and from five to 30 miles wide. On the northern side several volcanic peaks attain an elevation of about 3000 feet. The entire island is forested. -NGGELA (Florida Islands).--4° 31' S, 154° 11' E. This subgroup consists +NGGELA (Florida Islands).--4° 31' S, 154° 11' E. This subgroup consists of several small to medium-sized islands between Guadalcanal and Malaita. Florida is the main island. -NISSAN (Green, Sir Charles Hardy's).--4° 31' S, 154° 11' E. +NISSAN (Green, Sir Charles Hardy's).--4° 31' S, 154° 11' E. -NUKUMANU (Le Maira, Tasman).--4° 32' S, 159° 25' E. +NUKUMANU (Le Maira, Tasman).--4° 32' S, 159° 25' E. -ONTONG JAVA (Lord Howe Atoll, Liuniuwu).--5° 25' S, 159° 30' E. +ONTONG JAVA (Lord Howe Atoll, Liuniuwu).--5° 25' S, 159° 30' E. -PAVUVO.--9° 04' S, 159° 08' E. +PAVUVO.--9° 04' S, 159° 08' E. -RAMOS.--8° 16' S, 160° 11' E. +RAMOS.--8° 16' S, 160° 11' E. -RENNELL.--11° 38' S, 160° 14' E. This island, of limestone (coral) +RENNELL.--11° 38' S, 160° 14' E. This island, of limestone (coral) origin, along with Bellona, is nearly 100 miles southwest of any other member of the Solomons and has been regarded, because of this distance, as an oceanic island instead of a continental island. It is about 50 miles long (east-west) and nine miles wide (north-south); its highest elevation is 500 feet. -ROVIANA (Rendova, Rovianna, Rubiana).--8° 21' S, 157° 20' E. +ROVIANA (Rendova, Rovianna, Rubiana).--8° 21' S, 157° 20' E. -RUSSELL.--9° 04' S, 159° 12' E. +RUSSELL.--9° 04' S, 159° 12' E. -SAN CRISTOBAL (San Christoval, Bauro, Makira, Arussi).--11° 33' S, 161° +SAN CRISTOBAL (San Christoval, Bauro, Makira, Arussi).--11° 33' S, 161° 43' E. This island is composed mostly of ancient volcanic rock, has a maximum elevation of 4100 feet, is nearly 70 miles long (northwest to southeast) and 24 miles wide, and supports a dense rain forest. -SANTA YSABEL (George, Ysabel, San Isabel, Isbel, Mahaga).--8° 00' S, -159° 07' E. Santa Ysabel is a long (90 miles from northwest to +SANTA YSABEL (George, Ysabel, San Isabel, Isbel, Mahaga).--8° 00' S, +159° 07' E. Santa Ysabel is a long (90 miles from northwest to southeast), narrow (19 miles at the widest spot), forested island, consisting of a single chain of volcanic mountains. The numerous bays and mouths of rivers provide excellent anchorages. Collecting was at Tatamba approximately two miles south of Tanambuli where the considerable area of forest was dense and bamboo thickets were abundant. -SAVO (Savu).--9° 08' S, 159° 49' E. +SAVO (Savu).--9° 08' S, 159° 49' E. -SHORTLAND.--7° 03' S, 155° 47' E. +SHORTLAND.--7° 03' S, 155° 47' E. -SIKAIANA (Stewart).--8° 22' S, 162° 44' E. +SIKAIANA (Stewart).--8° 22' S, 162° 44' E. -SIMBO (Narovo, Naorovo, Naravo, Navoro, Sembo).--8° 16' S, 156° 31' E. +SIMBO (Narovo, Naorovo, Naravo, Navoro, Sembo).--8° 16' S, 156° 31' E. -STIRLING.--7° 25' S, 155° 35' E. +STIRLING.--7° 25' S, 155° 35' E. -TANABULI (Tanambuli, Tunnibili, Tunnibilis, Tunnibul, Tunnivula).--8° -24' S, 159° 35' E. +TANABULI (Tanambuli, Tunnibili, Tunnibilis, Tunnibul, Tunnivula).--8° +24' S, 159° 35' E. -TAUU (Marqueen, Mortlock).--4° 48' S, 157° 32' E. +TAUU (Marqueen, Mortlock).--4° 48' S, 157° 32' E. -TELIPARI.--8° 15' S, 157° 32' E. +TELIPARI.--8° 15' S, 157° 32' E. -UGI.--10° 14' S, 161° 44' E. +UGI.--10° 14' S, 161° 44' E. -VANGUNO (Vangunu).--8° 39' S, 158° 00' E. +VANGUNO (Vangunu).--8° 39' S, 158° 00' E. -VELLA LAVELLA.--7° 43' S, 156° 40' E. The coastline is rugged and +VELLA LAVELLA.--7° 43' S, 156° 40' E. The coastline is rugged and indented by numerous small bays. Some peaks are 3000 feet high. The southeastern half of Vella Lavella is said to consist of uplifted coral, and to be thickly planted to coconut palms. The native population is @@ -471,7 +439,7 @@ and is nearly uninhabited. Most of the collecting was at Pusisama, on the southern beach and on Ulo Crater, an extinct volcano at the middle of the island. -YANNTA.--10° 20' S, 161° 20' E. +YANNTA.--10° 20' S, 161° 20' E. @@ -647,7 +615,7 @@ known from as far west as Thailand (Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, =Rousettus amplexicaudatus hedigeri= Pohle - 1953. _Rousettus amplexicaudatus hedigeri_ Pohle, Z. Säugetierk., + 1953. _Rousettus amplexicaudatus hedigeri_ Pohle, Z. Säugetierk., 17:127, October 27, type from Bougainville. 1887. _Cynonycteris brachyotis_, Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, @@ -808,7 +776,7 @@ Key to Subspecies of _Pteralopex atrata_ 1888. _Pteralopex atrata_ Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, 1:155, February, type from Guadalcanal; 1888, Thomas, Proc. Zool. - Soc. London, p. 475, December 4; 1896, Heude, Mém. Hist. Nat. + Soc. London, p. 475, December 4; 1896, Heude, Mém. Hist. Nat. Emp. China, 3:179; 1897, Trouessart, Catalogus Mammalium ..., 1:83; 1907, Miller, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 57:60, June 29; 1912, Andersen, Catalogue of the Chiroptera ... British Museum, 1:439; @@ -842,7 +810,7 @@ aggressiveness on the part of _Pteralopex_. 3:266, March, type from Bougainville; 1912, Andersen, Catalogue of the Chiroptera ... British Museum, 1:437; 1936, Troughton, Rec. Australian Mus., 14:348, April 7; 1953, Pohle, - Z. Säugetierk., 17:129, October 27. + Z. Säugetierk., 17:129, October 27. 1954. _Pteralopex atrata anceps_, Laurie and Hill, List of land mammals of New Guinea, Celebes and adjacent islands, p. 40, @@ -1145,8 +1113,8 @@ specimens collected in 1930 by the Whitney South Sea Expedition (Tate, _P. admiralitatum_ (_colonus_ and _solomonis_) found in the Solomon Islands. Color and length of forearm (see key on p. 793) seem to be the only reliable criteria for distinguishing between these subspecies. The -longitude of Gower Island, 160° 34' E, was incorrectly listed in Laurie -and Hill (1954:152) as 159° 34' E. +longitude of Gower Island, 160° 34' E, was incorrectly listed in Laurie +and Hill (1954:152) as 159° 34' E. =Pteropus howensis= Troughton @@ -1350,7 +1318,7 @@ listed by Sanborn and Nicholson, 1950:329). 1931, Sanborn, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 18:16, February 12, from Choiseul, and Santa Ysabel; 1936, Troughton, Rec. Australian Mus., 19:348, April 7; 1953, Pohle, Z. - Säugetierk., 17:128, October 27. + Säugetierk., 17:128, October 27. 1954. _Pteropus rayneri grandis_, Laurie and Hill, List of land mammals of New Guinea, Celebes and adjacent islands, p. 35, @@ -1730,7 +1698,7 @@ relatively much less. 1898. _Dobsonia_ Palmer, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 12:114, April 30. - 1810. _Cephalotes_ (part) É. Geoffroy, Ann. du Mus. d'Hist. Nat., + 1810. _Cephalotes_ (part) É. Geoffroy, Ann. du Mus. d'Hist. Nat., 15:104. _Dobsonia_, a genus of large to medium-sized fruit bats, occurring from @@ -1823,7 +1791,7 @@ kinds; therefore I follow Laurie and Hill. Hist., Zool. Ser., 18:22, February 12, from San Cristobal. 1936. _Dobsonia inermis nesea_, Troughton, Rec. Australian Mus., - 14:348, April 7, from Bougainville; 1953, Pohle, Z. Säugetierk., + 14:348, April 7, from Bougainville; 1953, Pohle, Z. Säugetierk., 17:130, October 27; 1954, Laurie and Hill, List of land mammals of New Guinea, Celebes and adjacent islands, p. 41, June 30, from New Georgia. @@ -2049,7 +2017,7 @@ also on many of the small adjacent islands (see Laurie and Hill, specimens from Florida; 1912, Andersen, Catalogue of the Chiroptera ... British Museum, 1:767; 1931, Sanborn, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 18:22, February 12, from San - Cristobal; 1953, Pohle, Z. Säugetierk., 17:130, October 27, + Cristobal; 1953, Pohle, Z. Säugetierk., 17:130, October 27, from Bougainville; 1954, Laurie and Hill, List of land mammals of New Guinea, Celebes and adjacent islands, p. 44, June 30. @@ -2153,15 +2121,15 @@ Key to Known Species of _Melonycteris_ contrasting with it; lacking a small claw on the second digit, 2 - 1´. Ventral surface nearly black, strongly contrasting with + 1´. Ventral surface nearly black, strongly contrasting with dorsum; small claw on second digit, =Melonycteris melanops= - 2(1´). Pelage bright, Cinnamon-Rufous; postorbital region of + 2(1´). Pelage bright, Cinnamon-Rufous; postorbital region of skull expanded (about 8.3 wide), =Melonycteris aurantius=, p. 816 - 2´. Pelage dark, near Wood-Brown or Cinnamon; postorbital + 2´. Pelage dark, near Wood-Brown or Cinnamon; postorbital region of skull constricted (about 7.5), =Melonycteris woodfordi=, p. 816 @@ -2233,7 +2201,7 @@ when obtained in October. land mammals of New Guinea, Celebes and adjacent islands, p. 45, June 30. - 1953. _Melonycteris woodfordi_, Pohle, Z. Säugetierk., 17:130, + 1953. _Melonycteris woodfordi_, Pohle, Z. Säugetierk., 17:130, October 27, from Bougainville Island; 1966, Phillips, Jour. Mamm., 47:23, March 12, from Choiseul. @@ -2277,7 +2245,7 @@ Subfamily Nyctimeninae 1797. _Nyctimene_ Borkhausen, Deutsche fauna ..., 1:86. - 1810. _Cephalotes_ É. Geoffroy, Ann. du Mus. d'Hist. Nat., 15:104. + 1810. _Cephalotes_ É. Geoffroy, Ann. du Mus. d'Hist. Nat., 15:104. 1811. _Harpyia_ Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mamm. et Avium, p. 118. @@ -2341,7 +2309,7 @@ are dark and have a better defined black dorsal stripe. land mammals of New Guinea, Celebes and adjacent islands, p. 46, June 30. - 1953. _Nyctimene papuanus bougainville_, Pohle, Z. Säugetierk., + 1953. _Nyctimene papuanus bougainville_, Pohle, Z. Säugetierk., 17:130, October 27. _Specimens examined_ (nine males, one female; nine in alcohol, nine @@ -3189,7 +3157,7 @@ LEWIS, A. B. MATSCHIE, P. - 1899. Die Megachiroptera des Berliner Museums für Naturkunde. Druck + 1899. Die Megachiroptera des Berliner Museums für Naturkunde. Druck und verlag von George Reimer, Berlin, viii + 102 pp., 14 figs. @@ -3231,7 +3199,7 @@ PHILLIPS, C. J. POHLE, H. - 1953. Über die Fledertiere von Bougainville. Z. Säugetierk., + 1953. Ãœber die Fledertiere von Bougainville. Z. Säugetierk., 17:127-137, October 27. @@ -3346,360 +3314,4 @@ Typographical Corrections End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Systematics of Megachiropteran Bats in the Solomon Islands, by Carleton J. Phillips -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SYSTEMATICS OF MEGACHIROPTERAN BATS *** - -***** This file should be named 40112-8.txt or 40112-8.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/0/1/1/40112/ - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Tom Cosmas and -the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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Phillips. @@ -82,46 +82,7 @@ td {padding: 4px;} </style> </head> <body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Systematics of Megachiropteran Bats in the -Solomon Islands, by Carleton J. Phillips - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: Systematics of Megachiropteran Bats in the Solomon Islands - -Author: Carleton J. Phillips - -Release Date: July 1, 2012 [EBook #40112] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SYSTEMATICS OF MEGACHIROPTERAN BATS *** - - - - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Tom Cosmas and -the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - -</pre> - - +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 40112 ***</div> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_777" id="Page_777">[777]</a></span></p> @@ -406,8 +367,8 @@ the British Solomon Islands Protectorate.</p> <p>The Solomons are within 300 to 700 miles of the equator and have a fairly constant tropical climate, except at high elevations. The temperature varies -little; monthly mean temperature is between 81° and 83° F. and at sea level -ranges from about 70° to 93° F. yearly (Belkin, 1962:42).</p> +little; monthly mean temperature is between 81° and 83° F. and at sea level +ranges from about 70° to 93° F. yearly (Belkin, 1962:42).</p> <p>Southeast tradewinds are relatively constant from May to October and this period, in general, is a dry season except at higher elevations on windward @@ -465,36 +426,36 @@ notes, at the Department of Entomology, Bishop Museum).</p> </div> <div class="block2"> -<p>ALU.—7° 07' S, 155° 54' E.</p> +<p>ALU.—7° 07' S, 155° 54' E.</p> -<p>BANIKA.—9° 05' S, 155° 13' E.</p> +<p>BANIKA.—9° 05' S, 155° 13' E.</p> -<p>BARA (Gera).—9° 31' S, 160° 31' E.</p> +<p>BARA (Gera).—9° 31' S, 160° 31' E.</p> -<p>BELLONA (Bello).—11° 18' S, 159° 48' E.</p> +<p>BELLONA (Bello).—11° 18' S, 159° 48' E.</p> -<p>BOUGAINVILLE (Mamamolimo).—6° 12' S, 155° 15' E. This is the +<p>BOUGAINVILLE (Mamamolimo).—6° 12' S, 155° 15' E. This is the largest island in the Solomon Group, being 127 miles long (northwest to southeast) and about 59 miles across at the widest place. The highest elevations are 9850 and 10171 feet, at the tops of active volcanoes. Ecologically, Bougainville is mostly dense rain forest, which is less dense on the summits of higher mountains.</p> -<p>BUKA.—5° 15' S, 154° 38' E.</p> +<p>BUKA.—5° 15' S, 154° 38' E.</p> -<p>CHOISEUL.—7° 04' S, 157° 01' E. This island, formed along a northwest-southeast +<p>CHOISEUL.—7° 04' S, 157° 01' E. This island, formed along a northwest-southeast line of low mountains (maximum elevation of 3500 feet), is about 90 miles long and 20 miles wide. Most collecting was at Malangona (Sasamunga on some maps) on the southwestern coast.</p> -<p>FAURO.—6° 55' S, 156° 07' E. This small island, about 14 miles long +<p>FAURO.—6° 55' S, 156° 07' E. This small island, about 14 miles long (north-south) and six miles wide (east-west), lies about 10 miles south and east of Bougainville. Fauro is formed around a volcanic cone having a maximum elevation of 1925 feet; it has considerable dense mangrove swamp along the west coast, and mature rain forest with little understory growth. Most collecting was at Toumoa, on one of two southern peninsulas.</p> -<p>FLORIDA (Nggela).—9° 05' S, 160° 16' E. Florida, the main island in +<p>FLORIDA (Nggela).—9° 05' S, 160° 16' E. Florida, the main island in the Nggela Island Subgroup, is mountainous and except for some small grassy areas, supports dense rain forest. It is nearly 25 miles long (east-west) and <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_784" id="Page_784">[784]</a></span> @@ -503,24 +464,24 @@ of about 1366 feet. Most collecting was at Haleta, on the southwestern coast. At this locality there were scattered mangrove swamps, rain forest, and gardens inland.</p> -<p>GANONGGA (Ronogo, Ronongo).—8° 03' S, 156° 35' E.</p> +<p>GANONGGA (Ronogo, Ronongo).—8° 03' S, 156° 35' E.</p> -<p>GATUKAI.—8° 47' S, 158° 12' E.</p> +<p>GATUKAI.—8° 47' S, 158° 12' E.</p> -<p>GHIZO (Gizo, Keso).—8° 05' S, 156° 59' E.</p> +<p>GHIZO (Gizo, Keso).—8° 05' S, 156° 59' E.</p> -<p>GOWER (N'dai).—7° 54' S, 160° 34' E.</p> +<p>GOWER (N'dai).—7° 54' S, 160° 34' E.</p> -<p>GUADALCANAL (Guadalcanar).—9° 15' S, 159° 35' E. Guadalcanal is +<p>GUADALCANAL (Guadalcanar).—9° 15' S, 159° 35' E. Guadalcanal is mostly of volcanic origin and has an irregular chain of mountains along the southern coast. The highest elevation is 8005 feet at Mount Popomanasiu. This large island is nearly 80 miles long (east-west) and 25 miles wide (north-south). Most of the northwestern part of Guadalcanal supports <i>alang-alang</i> grass. The remainder of the island is heavily wooded.</p> -<p>KILINAILAU (Cartaret).—4° 44' S, 155° 28' E.</p> +<p>KILINAILAU (Cartaret).—4° 44' S, 155° 28' E.</p> -<p>KOLOMBANGARA (Duki, Kulambangara).—8° 00' S, 157° 05' E. Kolombangara, +<p>KOLOMBANGARA (Duki, Kulambangara).—8° 00' S, 157° 05' E. Kolombangara, formed from an extinct volcano, is about 18 miles in diameter and nearly circular. The highest peaks, rising as precipitous cliffs in some places, reach a maximum elevation of about 5000 feet. The vegetation is mostly virgin @@ -537,7 +498,7 @@ Principal islands are named.</p> </div> <div class="block2"> -<p>MALAITA (Mala, Malanta, Malayta).—9° 00' S, 161° 00' E. This long +<p>MALAITA (Mala, Malanta, Malayta).—9° 00' S, 161° 00' E. This long (104 miles northwest to southeast), narrow (about 23 miles at its widest spot) island, between Santa Ysabel and San Cristobal islands, is basically of volcanic origin with some limestone (coral) deposits along the coast. Mount Kolovrat, @@ -546,79 +507,79 @@ having an elevation of 4275 feet, is the highest point. The Bishop Museum field party lived at Dala, in dense rain forest about 12 miles north of Auki on the northwestern coast of Malaita.</p> -<p>MALAPA.—9° 49' S, 160° 53' E.</p> +<p>MALAPA.—9° 49' S, 160° 53' E.</p> -<p>MONO (Treasury).—7° 22' S, 155° 35' E. This is a small island (maximum +<p>MONO (Treasury).—7° 22' S, 155° 35' E. This is a small island (maximum elevation 1150 feet) in the Treasury Island Subgroup just south of Bougainville. Mono is about nine miles long (east-west) and five and one half miles wide (north-south). The basic volcanic core is described in field notes as topped with coral limestone.</p> -<p>NEW GEORGIA (Kausagi).—8° 20' S, 157° 30' E. The New Georgia +<p>NEW GEORGIA (Kausagi).—8° 20' S, 157° 30' E. The New Georgia Subgroup is composed of 11 moderate-sized islands and islets. New Georgia Island, the main member of the subgroup, is 50 miles long (northwest to southeast) and from five to 30 miles wide. On the northern side several volcanic peaks attain an elevation of about 3000 feet. The entire island is forested.</p> -<p>NGGELA (Florida Islands).—4° 31' S, 154° 11' E. This subgroup consists +<p>NGGELA (Florida Islands).—4° 31' S, 154° 11' E. This subgroup consists of several small to medium-sized islands between Guadalcanal and Malaita. Florida is the main island.</p> -<p>NISSAN (Green, Sir Charles Hardy's).—4° 31' S, 154° 11' E.</p> +<p>NISSAN (Green, Sir Charles Hardy's).—4° 31' S, 154° 11' E.</p> -<p>NUKUMANU (Le Maira, Tasman).—4° 32' S, 159° 25' E.</p> +<p>NUKUMANU (Le Maira, Tasman).—4° 32' S, 159° 25' E.</p> -<p>ONTONG JAVA (Lord Howe Atoll, Liuniuwu).—5° 25' S, 159° 30' E.</p> +<p>ONTONG JAVA (Lord Howe Atoll, Liuniuwu).—5° 25' S, 159° 30' E.</p> -<p>PAVUVO.—9° 04' S, 159° 08' E.</p> +<p>PAVUVO.—9° 04' S, 159° 08' E.</p> -<p>RAMOS.—8° 16' S, 160° 11' E.</p> +<p>RAMOS.—8° 16' S, 160° 11' E.</p> -<p>RENNELL.—11° 38' S, 160° 14' E. This island, of limestone (coral) +<p>RENNELL.—11° 38' S, 160° 14' E. This island, of limestone (coral) origin, along with Bellona, is nearly 100 miles southwest of any other member of the Solomons and has been regarded, because of this distance, as an oceanic island instead of a continental island. It is about 50 miles long (east-west) and nine miles wide (north-south); its highest elevation is 500 feet.</p> -<p>ROVIANA (Rendova, Rovianna, Rubiana).—8° 21' S, 157° 20' E.</p> +<p>ROVIANA (Rendova, Rovianna, Rubiana).—8° 21' S, 157° 20' E.</p> -<p>RUSSELL.—9° 04' S, 159° 12' E.</p> +<p>RUSSELL.—9° 04' S, 159° 12' E.</p> -<p>SAN CRISTOBAL (San Christoval, Bauro, Makira, Arussi).—11° 33' S, -161° 43' E. This island is composed mostly of ancient volcanic rock, has a +<p>SAN CRISTOBAL (San Christoval, Bauro, Makira, Arussi).—11° 33' S, +161° 43' E. This island is composed mostly of ancient volcanic rock, has a maximum elevation of 4100 feet, is nearly 70 miles long (northwest to southeast) and 24 miles wide, and supports a dense rain forest.</p> -<p>SANTA YSABEL (George, Ysabel, San Isabel, Isbel, Mahaga).—8° 00' S, -159° 07' E. Santa Ysabel is a long (90 miles from northwest to southeast), +<p>SANTA YSABEL (George, Ysabel, San Isabel, Isbel, Mahaga).—8° 00' S, +159° 07' E. Santa Ysabel is a long (90 miles from northwest to southeast), narrow (19 miles at the widest spot), forested island, consisting of a single chain of volcanic mountains. The numerous bays and mouths of rivers provide excellent anchorages. Collecting was at Tatamba approximately two miles south of Tanambuli where the considerable area of forest was dense and bamboo thickets were abundant.</p> -<p>SAVO (Savu).—9° 08' S, 159° 49' E.</p> +<p>SAVO (Savu).—9° 08' S, 159° 49' E.</p> -<p>SHORTLAND.—7° 03' S, 155° 47' E.</p> +<p>SHORTLAND.—7° 03' S, 155° 47' E.</p> -<p>SIKAIANA (Stewart).—8° 22' S, 162° 44' E.</p> +<p>SIKAIANA (Stewart).—8° 22' S, 162° 44' E.</p> -<p>SIMBO (Narovo, Naorovo, Naravo, Navoro, Sembo).—8° 16' S, 156° 31' E.</p> +<p>SIMBO (Narovo, Naorovo, Naravo, Navoro, Sembo).—8° 16' S, 156° 31' E.</p> -<p>STIRLING.—7° 25' S, 155° 35' E.</p> +<p>STIRLING.—7° 25' S, 155° 35' E.</p> -<p>TANABULI (Tanambuli, Tunnibili, Tunnibilis, Tunnibul, Tunnivula).—8° -24' S, 159° 35' E.</p> +<p>TANABULI (Tanambuli, Tunnibili, Tunnibilis, Tunnibul, Tunnivula).—8° +24' S, 159° 35' E.</p> -<p>TAUU (Marqueen, Mortlock).—4° 48' S, 157° 32' E.</p> +<p>TAUU (Marqueen, Mortlock).—4° 48' S, 157° 32' E.</p> -<p>TELIPARI.—8° 15' S, 157° 32' E.</p> +<p>TELIPARI.—8° 15' S, 157° 32' E.</p> -<p>UGI.—10° 14' S, 161° 44' E.</p> +<p>UGI.—10° 14' S, 161° 44' E.</p> -<p>VANGUNO (Vangunu).—8° 39' S, 158° 00' E.</p> +<p>VANGUNO (Vangunu).—8° 39' S, 158° 00' E.</p> -<p>VELLA LAVELLA.—7° 43' S, 156° 40' E. The coastline is rugged and +<p>VELLA LAVELLA.—7° 43' S, 156° 40' E. The coastline is rugged and indented by numerous small bays. Some peaks are 3000 feet high. The southeastern half of Vella Lavella is said to consist of uplifted coral, and to be thickly planted to coconut palms. The native population is concentrated here. @@ -627,7 +588,7 @@ The northwestern half of the island is rain forest and is nearly uninhabited. Most of the collecting was at Pusisama, on the southern beach and on Ulo Crater, an extinct volcano at the middle of the island.</p> -<p>YANNTA.—10° 20' S, 161° 20' E.</p> +<p>YANNTA.—10° 20' S, 161° 20' E.</p> </div> @@ -876,7 +837,7 @@ islands see <a href="#fig2">Fig. 2</a>.</p> <p class="caption3nb"><a name="Page_788a" id="Page_788a"></a> <b>Rousettus amplexicaudatus hedigeri</b> Pohle</p> -<p class="spec_ref">1953. <i>Rousettus amplexicaudatus hedigeri</i> Pohle, Z. Säugetierk., 17:127, +<p class="spec_ref">1953. <i>Rousettus amplexicaudatus hedigeri</i> Pohle, Z. Säugetierk., 17:127, October 27, type from Bougainville.</p> <p class="spec_ref">1887. <i>Cynonycteris brachyotis</i>, Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 323, @@ -1093,7 +1054,7 @@ For names of islands see <a href="#fig2">Fig. 2</a>.</p> <p class="spec_ref">1888. <i>Pteralopex atrata</i> Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, 1:155, February, type from Guadalcanal; 1888, Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, -p. 475, December 4; 1896, Heude, Mém. Hist. Nat. Emp. China, +p. 475, December 4; 1896, Heude, Mém. Hist. Nat. Emp. China, 3:179; 1897, Trouessart, Catalogus Mammalium ..., 1:83; 1907, Miller, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 57:60, June 29; 1912, Andersen, Catalogue of the Chiroptera ... British Museum, 1:439; 1931, @@ -1127,7 +1088,7 @@ rather than an indication of general aggressiveness on the part of <i>Pteralopex <p class="spec_ref">1909. <i>Pteralopex anceps</i> Andersen, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, 3:266, March, type from Bougainville; 1912, Andersen, Catalogue of the Chiroptera ... British Museum, 1:437; 1936, Troughton, Rec. -Australian Mus., 14:348, April 7; 1953, Pohle, Z. Säugetierk., 17:129, +Australian Mus., 14:348, April 7; 1953, Pohle, Z. Säugetierk., 17:129, October 27.</p> <p class="spec_ref">1954. <i>Pteralopex atrata anceps</i>, Laurie and Hill, List of land mammals of @@ -1570,8 +1531,8 @@ collected in 1930 by the Whitney South Sea Expedition (Tate, 1934:1). This subspecies closely resembles the other two subspecies of <i>P. admiralitatum</i> (<i>colonus</i> and <i>solomonis</i>) found in the Solomon Islands. Color and length of forearm (see key on <a href="#Page_793">p. 793</a>) seem to be the only reliable criteria for distinguishing -between these subspecies. The longitude of Gower Island, 160° 34' E, -was incorrectly listed in Laurie and Hill (1954:152) as 159° 34' E.</p> +between these subspecies. The longitude of Gower Island, 160° 34' E, +was incorrectly listed in Laurie and Hill (1954:152) as 159° 34' E.</p> <p class="caption3nb"><a name="Page_797b" id="Page_797b"></a> @@ -1784,7 +1745,7 @@ Miller, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 57:58, June 29; 1912, Andersen, Catalogue of the Chiroptera ... British Museum, 1:259, from Bougainville; 1931, Sanborn, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 18:16, February 12, from Choiseul, and Santa Ysabel; 1936, Troughton, -Rec. Australian Mus., 19:348, April 7; 1953, Pohle, Z. Säugetierk., +Rec. Australian Mus., 19:348, April 7; 1953, Pohle, Z. Säugetierk., 17:128, October 27.</p> <p class="spec_ref">1954. <i>Pteropus rayneri grandis</i>, Laurie and Hill, List of land mammals of @@ -2169,7 +2130,7 @@ much less.</p> <p class="spec_ref">1898. <i>Dobsonia</i> Palmer, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 12:114, April 30.</p> -<p class="spec_ref">1810. <i>Cephalotes</i> (part) É. Geoffroy, Ann. du Mus. d'Hist. Nat., 15:104.</p> +<p class="spec_ref">1810. <i>Cephalotes</i> (part) É. Geoffroy, Ann. du Mus. d'Hist. Nat., 15:104.</p> <p><i>Dobsonia</i>, a genus of large to medium-sized fruit bats, occurring from Celebes to the Solomon Islands, contains at least nine species. One species and its two @@ -2259,7 +2220,7 @@ and Rubiana; 1931, Sanborn, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 18:22, February 12, from San Cristobal.</p> <p class="spec_ref">1936. <i>Dobsonia inermis nesea</i>, Troughton, Rec. Australian Mus., 14:348, -April 7, from Bougainville; 1953, Pohle, Z. Säugetierk., 17:130, +April 7, from Bougainville; 1953, Pohle, Z. Säugetierk., 17:130, October 27; 1954, Laurie and Hill, List of land mammals of New Guinea, Celebes and adjacent islands, p. 41, June 30, from New Georgia.</p> @@ -2579,7 +2540,7 @@ Ser. 8, 7:642, June, type from Guadalcanal, additional specimens from Florida; 1912, Andersen, Catalogue of the Chiroptera ... British Museum, 1:767; 1931, Sanborn, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 18:22, February 12, from San Cristobal; 1953, Pohle, -Z. Säugetierk., 17:130, October 27, from Bougainville; 1954, Laurie +Z. Säugetierk., 17:130, October 27, from Bougainville; 1954, Laurie and Hill, List of land mammals of New Guinea, Celebes and adjacent islands, p. 44, June 30.</p> @@ -2687,7 +2648,7 @@ it in the following key.</p> <td class="tdr tpb1" colspan="2">2</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl vtop">1´.</td> + <td class="tdl vtop">1´.</td> <td class="tpr2">Ventral surface nearly black, strongly contrasting with dorsum; small claw on second digit,</td> </tr> @@ -2695,7 +2656,7 @@ it in the following key.</p> <td class="tdr tpb1" colspan="2"><b>Melonycteris melanops</b></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl vtop">2(1´).</td> + <td class="tdl vtop">2(1´).</td> <td class="tpr2">Pelage bright, Cinnamon-Rufous; postorbital region of skull expanded (about 8.3 wide),</td> </tr> @@ -2703,7 +2664,7 @@ it in the following key.</p> <td class="tdr tpb1" colspan="2"><b>Melonycteris aurantius</b>, <a href="#Page_816">p. 816</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl vtop">2´.</td> + <td class="tdl vtop">2´.</td> <td class="tpr2">Pelage dark, near Wood-Brown or Cinnamon; postorbital region of skull constricted (about 7.5),</td> </tr> @@ -2785,7 +2746,7 @@ Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 18:23, February 12, from Russell Island (Pavuvo); 1954, Laurie and Hill, List of land mammals of New Guinea, Celebes and adjacent islands, p. 45, June 30.</p> -<p class="spec_ref">1953. <i>Melonycteris woodfordi</i>, Pohle, Z. Säugetierk., 17:130, October 27, +<p class="spec_ref">1953. <i>Melonycteris woodfordi</i>, Pohle, Z. Säugetierk., 17:130, October 27, from Bougainville Island; 1966, Phillips, Jour. Mamm., 47:23, March 12, from Choiseul.</p> @@ -2830,7 +2791,7 @@ another had an extra peglike tooth just anterior to I1.</p> <p class="spec_ref">1797. <i>Nyctimene</i> Borkhausen, Deutsche fauna ..., 1:86.</p> -<p class="spec_ref">1810. <i>Cephalotes</i> É. Geoffroy, Ann. du Mus. d'Hist. Nat., 15:104.</p> +<p class="spec_ref">1810. <i>Cephalotes</i> É. Geoffroy, Ann. du Mus. d'Hist. Nat., 15:104.</p> <p class="spec_ref">1811. <i>Harpyia</i> Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mamm. et Avium, p. 118.</p> @@ -2916,7 +2877,7 @@ April 7, type from Bougainville.</p> <p class="spec_ref">1954. <i>Nyctimene albiventer bougainville</i>, Laurie and Hill, List of land mammals of New Guinea, Celebes and adjacent islands, p. 46, June 30.</p> -<p class="spec_ref">1953. <i>Nyctimene papuanus bougainville</i>, Pohle, Z. Säugetierk., 17:130, October 27.</p> +<p class="spec_ref">1953. <i>Nyctimene papuanus bougainville</i>, Pohle, Z. Säugetierk., 17:130, October 27.</p> <div class="block2"> <p><i>Specimens examined</i> (nine males, one female; nine in alcohol, nine crania @@ -4533,7 +4494,7 @@ Mus. Press, Chicago, 259 pp., 56 figs., maps, September.</p> <p class="author smcap">Matschie, P.</p> -<p class="reference">1899. Die Megachiroptera des Berliner Museums für Naturkunde. Druck +<p class="reference">1899. Die Megachiroptera des Berliner Museums für Naturkunde. Druck und verlag von George Reimer, Berlin, viii + 102 pp., 14 figs.</p> @@ -4573,7 +4534,7 @@ March 24.</p> <p class="author smcap">Pohle, H.</p> -<p class="reference">1953. Über die Fledertiere von Bougainville. Z. Säugetierk., 17:127-137, +<p class="reference">1953. Ãœber die Fledertiere von Bougainville. Z. Säugetierk., 17:127-137, October 27.</p> @@ -4689,383 +4650,6 @@ paragraphs, they were moved above or below the split.</p> </table> </div> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Systematics of Megachiropteran Bats in -the Solomon Islands, by Carleton J. 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You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: Systematics of Megachiropteran Bats in the Solomon Islands - -Author: Carleton J. Phillips - -Release Date: July 1, 2012 [EBook #40112] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ASCII - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SYSTEMATICS OF MEGACHIROPTERAN BATS *** - - - - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Tom Cosmas and -the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - - -Transcriber's Notes - -Text Emphasis -================ -_Text_ - Italics -=Text= - Bold - -Symbolic Representations -============================== -[F] Female symbol -[M] Male symbol -[BC] Circle Black -[TW] Circle Top White -[RW] Circle Right White -[BW] Circle Bottom White -[LW] Circle Left White -[RTW] Circle Right Third White -[LTW] Circle Left Third White - - - - -UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS - -MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY - -Vol. 16, No. 8, pp. 777-837, 17 figures in text - -December 16, 1968 - - -Systematics of Megachiropteran Bats in the Solomon Islands - -BY - -CARLETON J. PHILLIPS - - -UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS - -LAWRENCE - -1968 - - - - -UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY - -Editorial Committee: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman; Frank B. Cross, Editor; -Henry S. Fitch; J. Knox Jones, Jr. - - -Volume 16, No. 8, pp. 777-837, 17 figs. - -Published December 16, 1968 - - -UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS - -Lawrence, Kansas - - -PRINTED BY - -ROBERT R. (BOB) SANDERS, STATE PRINTER - -TOPEKA, KANSAS - -1968 - -[Illustration] - -31-9490 - - - - -Systematics of Megachiropteran Bats in the Solomon Islands - -BY - -CARLETON J. PHILLIPS - - - - -CONTENTS - - - PAGE - - INTRODUCTION 781 - - GAZETTEER 783 - - METHODS AND MATERIALS 786 - - ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 786 - - KEY TO GENERA 787 - - _Rousettus amplexicaudatus hedigeri_ Pohle 788 - - _Pteralopex atrata atrata_ Thomas 791 - - _Pteralopex atrata anceps_ Andersen 792 - - _Pteropus hypomelanus luteus_ Andersen 796 - - _Pteropus admiralitatum solomonis_ Thomas 796 - - _Pteropus admiralitatum colonus_ Andersen 796 - - _Pteropus admiralitatum goweri_ Tate 797 - - _Pteropus howensis_ Troughton 797 - - _Pteropus tonganus geddiei_ MacGillivary 798 - - _Pteropus rayneri rayneri_ Gray 800 - - _Pteropus rayneri grandis_ Thomas 801 - - _Pteropus rayneri rubianus_ Andersen 802 - - _Pteropus rayneri lavellanus_ Andersen 802 - - _Pteropus rayneri monoensis_ Lawrence 803 - - _Pteropus rayneri cognatus_ Andersen 803 - - _Pteropus rayneri rennelli_ Troughton 804 - - _Pteropus woodfordi_ Thomas 804 - - _Pteropus mahaganus_ Sanborn 806 - - _Dobsonia inermis inermis_ Andersen 808 - - _Dobsonia inermis_ new subspecies 809 - - _Macroglossus lagochilus microtus_ Andersen 813 - - _Melonycteris aurantius_ Phillips 816 - - _Melonycteris woodfordi_ Thomas 816 - - _Nyctimene albiventer bougainville_ Troughton 818 - - _Nyctimene albiventer_ new subspecies 819 - - _Nyctimene_ new species 822 - - _Nyctimene major scitulus_ Andersen 825 - - ZOOGEOGRAPHY AND SPECIATION 825 - - LITERATURE CITED 834 - - - - -INTRODUCTION - - -The Solomon Islands constitute an archipelago east of the large island -of New Guinea and more than a thousand miles off the northeastern coast -of Australia. This archipelago, which is principally of volcanic origin -although sedimentary layers of calcareous rocks occur on many islands -(Lever, 1934; Belkin, 1962), consists of a double chain of islands -having a northwest-southeast axis of more than 600 miles. The -archipelago is more or less an extension of New Guinea and in fact is -connected to it in stepping-stone fashion by New Britain, New Ireland, -and numerous smaller islands (see Fig. 1). - -Australia and New Guinea have many kinds of mammals but the only -terrestrial mammals in the Solomon Islands are a species of the genus -_Phalanger_ (order Marsupialia), and several species of four genera of -rodents, one genus of which probably was introduced by man. -Additionally, several kinds of bats have reached and colonized the -Solomon Islands. - - [Illustration: FIG. 1. Showing the Solomon Islands in relation to - major adjacent land masses.] - -In the past 100 years at least 43 species and subspecies of Chiroptera -of 16 genera have been recorded from the Solomon Islands; of these 27 -species and subspecies of seven genera are in the suborder -Megachiroptera. At least one genus of Megachiroptera is endemic as are -numerous species of other genera, and subspecies of still other species. - -In 1963 and 1964, the Bernice P. Bishop Museum sent several collecting -parties to the British Solomon Islands Protectorate and the Australian -Trust Territory of New Guinea. In the Solomons, J. Linsley Gressitt, -Philip Temple, Peter Shanahan, and Ray Straatmann visited many of the -larger and more accessible islands and collected a wealth of zoological -materials. I have had the opportunity to study and report on specimens -of mammals, especially bats, collected by the persons named and -deposited in the Bishop Museum. This report is the third in a series on -bats from the Solomons (Phillips, 1966; 1967). Other specimens, mostly -obtained in 1944 by personnel of United States military units, are -stored in the United States National Museum and have been available for -study. Aims of the following report are to (1) identify the -megachiropteran bats to species and subspecies and (2) discuss -distribution of these bats in the Solomon Islands. - -In all, 27 kinds (subspecies and monotypic species) of the order -Megachiroptera are known from the Solomon Islands. These pertain to -three subfamilies of the one family Pteropodidae. - -The 43 Solomon Islands, having a total land area of more than 15,300 -square miles (see Belkin, 1962:42-43), are listed in the gazetteer (see -also Figure 2). Politically, all of the Solomon Islands except Buka and -Bougainville, which are included in New Guinea Trust Territory under -mandate to Australia, are in the British Solomon Islands Protectorate. - -The Solomons are within 300 to 700 miles of the equator and have a -fairly constant tropical climate, except at high elevations. The -temperature varies little; monthly mean temperature is between 81 deg. and -83 deg. F. and at sea level ranges from about 70 deg. to 93 deg. F. yearly (Belkin, -1962:42). - -Southeast tradewinds are relatively constant from May to October and -this period, in general, is a dry season except at higher elevations on -windward coasts. From December to March prevailing winds are from the -north and precipitation throughout the island group is especially heavy. -Rainfall on the island of Tulagi averages about 120 inches per year -(Bryan, Edwin H., 1941; MS, p. 2, at Pacific Sci. Information Center, -Bishop Museum) and up to 300 inches have been recorded on the north -coast of Guadalcanal (Belkin, 1962:42-43). Occasional dry periods occur -even in the period of December to March. - -Most islands of the Solomon Group support dense tropical rain forest. -Much of it has been modified by man. Some clearings and scattered -coconut plantations are found along coasts. On some of the larger -islands (for example, Guadalcanal) coastal scrub (especially on leeward -coasts) and extensive grassy areas are to be found. Additional notes on -vegetation are in the gazetteer. - -The 165,000 persons living on the Solomon Islands are mostly -Melanesians but some are mixed Papuan, Malay, and Polynesian. These -native peoples are notorious for their cannibalistic tendencies; the -eating of human flesh usually was related to warfare, although -malefactors and human sacrifices accounted for some of the cannibalism -(Cranstone, 1961:29). Prior to the Second World War few Europeans -visited the Solomons and several islands still remain beyond reach of -modern-day technology. For example, Rennell and Bellona islands, south -of the main part of the archipelago, are visited only rarely, and then -only by a medical officer or the Resident Commissioner. According to -Troughton (1936:341), the islanders in the interior of Bougainville as -late as 1935, were prone to kill and feast upon strangers. In 1932, -Lewis (1951:37) felt that the natives of Malaita Island were especially -resistant to outside interference by Caucasians and reported that no -"white man or foreigner" was safe on Malaita. - -Troughton (1936), who listed Melanesian names for mammals, indicated -that the native peoples distinguished between kinds of bats that closely -resembled one another. Of these, the only bats that seem to be used as -food belong to the genus _Pteropus_. - - - - -GAZETTEER - - -In the following list, currently-used names of islands are given; when -available, older names and variant spellings are indicated in -parentheses. For certain islands, especially those visited by field -parties from the Bishop Museum or those frequently mentioned in previous -literature on bats, some descriptive and ecological information also is -provided. - -Latitude and longitude of islands are from publication no. 881 of the -Hydrographic Office of the United States Navy Department (Anonymous, -1944); names of islands were checked against a list by Brigham (1900); -descriptive information mostly is from reports by Temple and Straatmann -(1964, field notes, at the Department of Entomology, Bishop Museum). - -ALU.--7 deg. 07' S, 155 deg. 54' E. - -BANIKA.--9 deg. 05' S, 155 deg. 13' E. - -BARA (Gera).--9 deg. 31' S, 160 deg. 31' E. - -BELLONA (Bello).--11 deg. 18' S, 159 deg. 48' E. - -BOUGAINVILLE (Mamamolimo).--6 deg. 12' S, 155 deg. 15' E. This is the largest -island in the Solomon Group, being 127 miles long (northwest to -southeast) and about 59 miles across at the widest place. The highest -elevations are 9850 and 10171 feet, at the tops of active volcanoes. -Ecologically, Bougainville is mostly dense rain forest, which is less -dense on the summits of higher mountains. - -BUKA.--5 deg. 15' S, 154 deg. 38' E. - -CHOISEUL.--7 deg. 04' S, 157 deg. 01' E. This island, formed along a -northwest-southeast line of low mountains (maximum elevation of 3500 -feet), is about 90 miles long and 20 miles wide. Most collecting was at -Malangona (Sasamunga on some maps) on the southwestern coast. - -FAURO.--6 deg. 55' S, 156 deg. 07' E. This small island, about 14 miles long -(north-south) and six miles wide (east-west), lies about 10 miles south -and east of Bougainville. Fauro is formed around a volcanic cone having -a maximum elevation of 1925 feet; it has considerable dense mangrove -swamp along the west coast, and mature rain forest with little -understory growth. Most collecting was at Toumoa, on one of two southern -peninsulas. - -FLORIDA (Nggela).--9 deg. 05' S, 160 deg. 16' E. Florida, the main island in the -Nggela Island Subgroup, is mountainous and except for some small grassy -areas, supports dense rain forest. It is nearly 25 miles long -(east-west) and nine miles wide (north-south), with a maximum -elevation, at Mount Barnett, of about 1366 feet. Most collecting was at -Haleta, on the southwestern coast. At this locality there were scattered -mangrove swamps, rain forest, and gardens inland. - -GANONGGA (Ronogo, Ronongo).--8 deg. 03' S, 156 deg. 35' E. - -GATUKAI.--8 deg. 47' S, 158 deg. 12' E. - -GHIZO (Gizo, Keso).--8 deg. 05' S, 156 deg. 59' E. - -GOWER (N'dai).--7 deg. 54' S, 160 deg. 34' E. - -GUADALCANAL (Guadalcanar).--9 deg. 15' S, 159 deg. 35' E. Guadalcanal is mostly -of volcanic origin and has an irregular chain of mountains along the -southern coast. The highest elevation is 8005 feet at Mount Popomanasiu. -This large island is nearly 80 miles long (east-west) and 25 miles wide -(north-south). Most of the northwestern part of Guadalcanal supports -_alang-alang_ grass. The remainder of the island is heavily wooded. - -KILINAILAU (Cartaret).--4 deg. 44' S, 155 deg. 28' E. - -KOLOMBANGARA (Duki, Kulambangara).--8 deg. 00' S, 157 deg. 05' E. Kolombangara, -formed from an extinct volcano, is about 18 miles in diameter and nearly -circular. The highest peaks, rising as precipitous cliffs in some -places, reach a maximum elevation of about 5000 feet. The vegetation is -mostly virgin rain forest. Mangrove swamp and small coconut groves occur -along the coast. Field parties from the Bishop Museum were able to reach -the highest elevations, and concentrated their work along the -southwestern side of the island. - - [Illustration: FIG. 2. Solomon Islands. Principal islands - are named.] - -MALAITA (Mala, Malanta, Malayta).--9 deg. 00' S, 161 deg. 00' E. This long (104 -miles northwest to southeast), narrow (about 23 miles at its widest -spot) island, between Santa Ysabel and San Cristobal islands, is -basically of volcanic origin with some limestone (coral) deposits along -the coast. Mount Kolovrat, having an elevation of 4275 feet, is the -highest point. The Bishop Museum field party lived at Dala, in dense -rain forest about 12 miles north of Auki on the northwestern coast of -Malaita. - -MALAPA.--9 deg. 49' S, 160 deg. 53' E. - -MONO (Treasury).--7 deg. 22' S, 155 deg. 35' E. This is a small island (maximum -elevation 1150 feet) in the Treasury Island Subgroup just south of -Bougainville. Mono is about nine miles long (east-west) and five and one -half miles wide (north-south). The basic volcanic core is described in -field notes as topped with coral limestone. - -NEW GEORGIA (Kausagi).--8 deg. 20' S, 157 deg. 30' E. The New Georgia Subgroup -is composed of 11 moderate-sized islands and islets. New Georgia Island, -the main member of the subgroup, is 50 miles long (northwest to -southeast) and from five to 30 miles wide. On the northern side several -volcanic peaks attain an elevation of about 3000 feet. The entire island -is forested. - -NGGELA (Florida Islands).--4 deg. 31' S, 154 deg. 11' E. This subgroup consists -of several small to medium-sized islands between Guadalcanal and -Malaita. Florida is the main island. - -NISSAN (Green, Sir Charles Hardy's).--4 deg. 31' S, 154 deg. 11' E. - -NUKUMANU (Le Maira, Tasman).--4 deg. 32' S, 159 deg. 25' E. - -ONTONG JAVA (Lord Howe Atoll, Liuniuwu).--5 deg. 25' S, 159 deg. 30' E. - -PAVUVO.--9 deg. 04' S, 159 deg. 08' E. - -RAMOS.--8 deg. 16' S, 160 deg. 11' E. - -RENNELL.--11 deg. 38' S, 160 deg. 14' E. This island, of limestone (coral) -origin, along with Bellona, is nearly 100 miles southwest of any other -member of the Solomons and has been regarded, because of this distance, -as an oceanic island instead of a continental island. It is about 50 -miles long (east-west) and nine miles wide (north-south); its highest -elevation is 500 feet. - -ROVIANA (Rendova, Rovianna, Rubiana).--8 deg. 21' S, 157 deg. 20' E. - -RUSSELL.--9 deg. 04' S, 159 deg. 12' E. - -SAN CRISTOBAL (San Christoval, Bauro, Makira, Arussi).--11 deg. 33' S, 161 deg. -43' E. This island is composed mostly of ancient volcanic rock, has a -maximum elevation of 4100 feet, is nearly 70 miles long (northwest to -southeast) and 24 miles wide, and supports a dense rain forest. - -SANTA YSABEL (George, Ysabel, San Isabel, Isbel, Mahaga).--8 deg. 00' S, -159 deg. 07' E. Santa Ysabel is a long (90 miles from northwest to -southeast), narrow (19 miles at the widest spot), forested island, -consisting of a single chain of volcanic mountains. The numerous bays -and mouths of rivers provide excellent anchorages. Collecting was at -Tatamba approximately two miles south of Tanambuli where the -considerable area of forest was dense and bamboo thickets were abundant. - -SAVO (Savu).--9 deg. 08' S, 159 deg. 49' E. - -SHORTLAND.--7 deg. 03' S, 155 deg. 47' E. - -SIKAIANA (Stewart).--8 deg. 22' S, 162 deg. 44' E. - -SIMBO (Narovo, Naorovo, Naravo, Navoro, Sembo).--8 deg. 16' S, 156 deg. 31' E. - -STIRLING.--7 deg. 25' S, 155 deg. 35' E. - -TANABULI (Tanambuli, Tunnibili, Tunnibilis, Tunnibul, Tunnivula).--8 deg. -24' S, 159 deg. 35' E. - -TAUU (Marqueen, Mortlock).--4 deg. 48' S, 157 deg. 32' E. - -TELIPARI.--8 deg. 15' S, 157 deg. 32' E. - -UGI.--10 deg. 14' S, 161 deg. 44' E. - -VANGUNO (Vangunu).--8 deg. 39' S, 158 deg. 00' E. - -VELLA LAVELLA.--7 deg. 43' S, 156 deg. 40' E. The coastline is rugged and -indented by numerous small bays. Some peaks are 3000 feet high. The -southeastern half of Vella Lavella is said to consist of uplifted coral, -and to be thickly planted to coconut palms. The native population is -concentrated here. The northwestern half of the island is rain forest -and is nearly uninhabited. Most of the collecting was at Pusisama, on -the southern beach and on Ulo Crater, an extinct volcano at the middle -of the island. - -YANNTA.--10 deg. 20' S, 161 deg. 20' E. - - - - -METHODS AND MATERIALS - - -The phylogenetic arrangement and nomenclature in the text beyond are -mainly that of Laurie and Hill (1954). The synonymies for accounts of -genera are as follows: (1) first use of the generic name employed along -with the original description, and (2) original proposals, in -chronological order, of other generic names subsequently applied to the -bat in the Solomons. The synonymies in accounts of species and -subspecies are as follows: (1) first use of the accepted name, followed -by its type locality, followed, in chronological order, by other -references to the first name-combination, (2) first use of the -name-combination employed herein (if different from the original -combination), followed, in chronological order, by other references to -the present name-combination, and (3) other name-combinations, in -chronological order, employed for the bat in the Solomons. The word -"part" is used in parentheses after a name if some specimens listed -under that name are from the Solomon Islands and are referable to the -species or subspecies being written about. - -Unless noted otherwise, specimens listed as examined were prepared -originally as museum skins with skulls. Approximately 70 per cent of -bats collected in the Solomons were preserved in formalin and now are -stored in alcohol. Because it was necessary to obtain dimensions and -examine various morphological characteristics of skulls, many crania -were extracted from bats preserved in alcohol. - -Although all specimens in the Bishop Museum from the Solomon Islands -have been catalogued with the prefix BBM-BSIP, catalogue numbers without -prefixes in the lists of specimens examined refer to this museum. -Catalogue numbers with the prefix USNM refer to specimens in the U. S. -National Museum and those with the prefix AM-M refer to specimens in the -Australian Museum. - -Unless indicated otherwise, all measurements in this paper are in -millimeters and are of adults. Cranial measurements, and external -measurements of specimens stored in alcohol, were taken by me. The -cranial measurements were taken with dial calipers using techniques -described by Hall (1946:672-685). External measurements (except length -of forearm) of specimens originally prepared as dried study skins, were -transcribed from specimen labels. - -Capitalized color nomenclature is from Ridgway (1912). Noncapitalized -color terms are from published reports that did not use Ridgway's -terminology. - - - - -ACKNOWLEDGMENTS - - -Financial support for this investigation was from (1) a United -States Army Medical Research and Development Command grant -(DA-MD-49-193-62-G65) to the Entomology Department of the Bernice P. -Bishop Museum, and (2) a National Science Foundation grant (2185-4703) -to the author, through the Committee on Systematics and Evolutionary -Biology of The University of Kansas. I am grateful to many individuals -who have helped me in various ways throughout the course of this study. -Dr. J. Linsley Gressitt, Chairman of the Entomology Department, Bernice -Bishop Museum, allowed me to study specimens collected by his -expeditions; Professors E. Raymond Hall and J. Knox Jones, Jr., of the -Museum of Natural History and the Department of Zoology, The University -of Kansas, offered advice and guidance and constructively reviewed the -manuscript. Other persons who have given me assistance and, in some -cases, arranged for loans of comparative materials, are: Dr. David H. -Johnson, Division of Mammals, United States National Museum; Mr. Hobart -M. Van Deusen and Dr. Richard G. Van Gelder, Archbold Expeditions and -Department of Mammalogy, American Museum of Natural History; Messrs. -Ellis LeG. Troughton and Basil Marlow, Mammal Department, The Australian -Museum; Dr. Joseph Curtis Moore, Department of Mammalogy, Field Museum -of Natural History; Mr. John Edwards Hill, Mammal Room, British Museum -(Natural History); Prof. William B. Davis, Department of Zoology, Texas -A & M University; Miss Barbara Lawrence, Museum of Comparative Zoology, -Harvard University. Messrs. Jerry R. Choate and H. H. Genoways, two -colleagues in zoology at The University of Kansas, have assisted me in -many ways, for which I am grateful. Linda Anne Phillips, my wife, -prepared many of the figures and tables used herein. I thank also -Setsuko Nakata, Edwin H. Bryan, Robert Bowan, and Ilse Koehler, who, as -staff members of the Bishop Museum, were especially helpful to me. Most -of the specimens reported herein were collected by Philip Temple and -Peter Shanahan. - - - - -Key to Genera - - 1. Uropatagium lacking, or, if present, deeply indented in - center; tail vertebrae absent, or if present, free 2 - - 1'. Uropatagium present, not indented; tail vertebrae present, - free or in uropatagium MICROCHIROPTERA 1 - - 2(1). External tail-vertebrae lacking, or, if present, less - than 3 mm long 3 - - 2'. External tail-vertebrae more than 3 mm long 6 - - 3(2). Small or medium-sized (forearm less than 50); - tongue long, extensile 4 - - 3'. Large (forearm more than 80); tongue not long and - extensile 5 - - 4(3). Uropatagium present; small claw present on second phalanx - of second digit; tail short (about 3 mm) - =Macroglossus=, p. 812 - - 4'. Uropatagium absent; no claw on second phalanx of second - digit; no tail =Melonycteris=, p. 814 - - 5(3'). Entire back set with hair; wing membranes not meeting - at middle of back =Pteropus=, p. 793 - - 5'. Back naked; wing membranes meeting at middle of back, - =Pteralopex=, p. 790 - - 6(2'). Nostrils having definite tubelike extensions - =Nyctimene=, p. 817 - - 6'. Nostrils lacking tubelike extensions 7 - - 7(6'). Forearm less than 80; large, sharp claw on second phalanx - of second digit; four upper incisors =Rousettus=, p. 787 - - 7'. Forearm more than 90; small, blunt claw on second phalanx - of second digit; two upper incisors =Dobsonia=, p. 807 - - -Family PTEROPODIDAE - - -Subfamily Pteropodinae - - -Rousettus Gray - - 1821. _Rousettus_ Gray, London Medical Repository, 15:299, April 1. - - 1843. _Xantharpyia_ Gray, List of species ... British Museum, p. 37. - - 1852. _Cynonycteris_ Peters, Reise nach Mossambique, p. 25. - -The genus _Rousettus_ occurs throughout the tropical regions of the Old -World, and in the Solomons is readily distinguished from all other -megachiropteran genera by having both a small claw on the second digit -and free caudal vertebrae. The oriental species have been divided into -two groups on the basis of size (Tate, 1942:344). The subspecies -_Rousettus amplexicaudatus hedigeri_ appears to be the sole -representative of this genus in the Solomon Islands. Prior to 1953, -several workers (Thomas, 1887b:323, 1888b:475; Matschie, 1899:68; -Sanborn, 1931:11) used the name _Rousettus amplexicaudatus brachyotis_ -for it, but Pohle (1953) suggested that the specimens from the Solomons -recorded by earlier workers were _R. a. hedigeri_ named by him on the -basis of the specimen that he saw from Bougainville. - - -=Rousettus amplexicaudatus= - -_Rousettus amplexicaudatus_ has at least three subspecies, one of which -is endemic to the Solomon Islands. The species is wide-ranging, being -known from as far west as Thailand (Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, -1966:93) and as far east as the Solomons. - - [Illustration: FIG. 3. Distribution of _Rousettus amplexicaudatus - hedigeri_. For names of islands see Fig. 2.] - - -=Rousettus amplexicaudatus hedigeri= Pohle - - 1953. _Rousettus amplexicaudatus hedigeri_ Pohle, Z. Saeugetierk., - 17:127, October 27, type from Bougainville. - - 1887. _Cynonycteris brachyotis_, Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, - p. 323, March 15; 1888, Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 475, - December 4, from Fauro. - - 1889. _Xantharpyia brachyotis_, Matschie, Die Megachiroptera ... - naturkunde, p. 68, from Guadalcanal. - - 1912. _Rousettus brachyotis_, Andersen, Catalogue of the Chiroptera - ... British Museum, 1:809; 1931, Sanborn, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. - Hist., Zool. Ser., 18:11, February 12, from Santa Ysabel. - -_Specimens examined_ (20 males and 21 females; all in alcohol; ten -crania extracted and cleaned).--Guadalcanal in May, 23863, 23915; Fauro -in April, 23804-5; Malaita in June, 24079; Choiseul in March, 23563-4, -23616, 23627, 23630, 23632-3, 23642, 23658, 23663-4, 23680, 23692-3, -23713, 23722; Kolombangara in January and February, 23343, 23366, -23382-4, 23389-90, 23408-9, 23424, 23455, 23471-4, 23501. - -_Measurements._--Average and extreme external measurements of 13 males -and 18 females are, respectively, as follows: Length of head and body, -104.4 (99-118), 108.6 (104-117); tail vertebrae, 16.8 (13-19), 17.6 -(15-24); hind foot, 18.0 (16-19), 16.2 (12-18); ear, 15.9 (15-17), 15.0 -(14-16); length of forearm, 70.1 (66.0-74.1), 68.1 (65.0-69.1). Average -and extreme measurements of skulls of five males and five females are, -respectively, as follows: Greatest length of skull, 33.2 (33.0-33.7), -31.5 (30.9-32.1); condylobasal length, 31.3 (30.9-31.9), 30.1 -(29.3-30.8); palatal length, 14.0 (13.3-14.8), 13.3 (13.0-13.7); -zygomatic breadth, 20.8 (19.8-21.8), 19.4 (18.7-20.8); length of -maxillary tooth-row, 11.0 (10.9-11.3), 10.3 (10.1-10.6); length of -mandibular tooth-row, 12.6 (12.4-12.9), 11.8 (11.7-12.2). - -_Remarks._--The specimens from Choiseul, Kolombangara, and Malaita -islands provide new records of distribution for _Rousettus -amplexicaudatus hedigeri_ (Fig. 3). It was described as smaller than _R. -a. brachyotis_ Dobson, which is known from New Guinea, Amboina, and the -Bismarck Archipelago (Pohle, 1953:127-128). Andersen (1912:809) gave the -range of length of forearm in _R. a. brachyotis_ as 73-81, whereas Pohle -(1953:127) gave the length of forearm of the type specimen of _R. a. -hedigeri_ (adult male) as 67. Measurements of specimens examined by me -indicate that _hedigeri_ occurs throughout the Solomon Islands. Cranial -measurements of my specimens and Pohle's type are less than those of _R. -a. brachyotis_ (see Andersen, 1912:48). - -Sanborn (1931:11) noted that the forearms of three males examined by him -were longer than that of a female. Mean and range for length of forearm -of males and females listed herein, respectively, are 70.1 (66.0-74.1) -and 68.1 (65.0-69.1). Also, each of seven cranial measurements taken by -me averaged more in males than in females. Sagittal and lambdoidal -crests are more prominent in males than in females. - - TABLE 1. A Summary of Breeding Data for Females of _Rousettus - amplexicaudatus hedigeri_ Collected December to June. - - ===========+===========+==============+===========+============= - | Total | Number | | Number of - MONTH | number | adult [F][F] | Number | immature - | collected | collected | lactating | individuals - -----------+-----------+--------------+-----------+------------- - December | 3 | 3 | 3 | 0 - January | 11 | 11 | 8 | 0 - February | 6 | 0 | -- | 1 - March | 16 | 1 | 0 | 9 - April | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 - June | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 - -----------+-----------+--------------+-----------+------------- - -As shown in Table 1, adult females obtained in December and January were -lactating when captured whereas those obtained in March, April, and -June were not. More than half of the individuals collected in March were -immature (judging from small size, unfused epiphyses, and lack of wear -on teeth). The immature individuals probably had been nursing in -December and January. - - - -=Pteralopex= Thomas - - 1888. _Pteralopex_ Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, 1:155, - February 1. - - 1762. _Pteropus_ Brisson, Regnum animale ..., ed. 2, p. 153. - -_Pteralopex_, with one species and two subspecies, is the only -megachiropteran genus endemic to the Solomons. Thomas (1888b:475) -considered this unusual bat a relic, isolated from the time when -pteropodids had cuspidate cheek-teeth. Although two workers (Matschie, -1899:11; Simpson, 1945:54) have synonymized _Pteralopex_ with -_Pteropus_, I regard _Pteralopex_ as a morphologically distinct genus. - -Individuals of _Pteralopex_ can be distinguished from all species of -_Pteropus_ in the Solomon Islands by the following features: wing -membranes originate along dorsal midline; braincase diminutive relative -to rest of skull; sagittal crest pronounced; cheek-teeth cuspidate, -broad and massive; i2 about 10 times larger than i1; upper canines with -well-developed secondary cusp; postorbital process fused with zygomatic -arch, forming complete bony ring around orbit. - -Andersen (1909a:216; 1912:436) considered the relationships of -_Pteralopex_ and _Pteropus_ and concluded that _Pteropus pselaphon_ Lay, -1829, from the Sulphur Islands east of Taiwan, and _Pteropus samoensis_ -Peale, 1848, from the Samoan Islands, were the "closest" living -relatives of _Pteralopex_. He stated further that _Pteralopex_ "presents -in fact scarcely a single character which is not either developed to a -certain extent or at least distinctly foreshadowed in _Pteropus -pselaphon_, _pilosus_, _tuberculatus_, or _leucopterus_." In summary, -Andersen thought several species of _Pteropus_ had undergone -evolutionary development resembling that in _Pteralopex_, and that the -latter, with its massive, cuspidate cheek-teeth, could be considered a -highly modified _Pteropus_. For this hypothesis to be plausible, one -must assume that the originally complex cheek-teeth of pteropodids -became simple and, at least in the case of _Pteralopex_, secondarily -became complex once again. According to present-day theory of -evolutionary development, his hypothesis is improbable. Thomas -(1888b:475) probably was correct when he considered _Pteralopex_ an -isolated relic. - -Although _Pteralopex_ usually is listed after _Pteropus_ in phylogenetic -arrangements (see, for example, Sanborn, 1931:21; Pohle, 1953:129; -Laurie and Hill, 1954:40), I have placed _Pteralopex_ before _Pteropus_. - - -=Pteralopex atrata= - -Two subspecies of _Pteralopex atrata_ (_P. a. atrata_ and _P. a. -anceps_) have been named; specimens of both are rare in museum -collections. Thomas (1888_a_:155) described adults of _atrata_. Sanborn -(1931:21) examined the one additional specimen known to me and reported -that it agreed with Thomas' description. - -Andersen (1909_b_:266) used a subadult female ("nearly fully grown") as -the holotype of _anceps_. At least five additional specimens, all -adults, of _anceps_ now are housed in various collections. Judging from -these individuals, the holotype of _anceps_ was only four-fifths grown -and because he used an immature individual, Andersen's (1912:437) -criteria for distinguishing the two subspecies mostly are invalid. - - [Illustration: FIG. 4. Distribution of _Pteralopex atrata_; - _P. atrata atrata_ ([RW]) and _P. atrata anceps_ ([BC]). - For names of islands see Fig. 2.] - - -Key to Subspecies of _Pteralopex atrata_ - - 1. Length of forearm 139-144 mm.; dorsal surface of distal - one-fourth of tibia and entire metatarsus naked; known only - from Guadalcanal and Santa Ysabel islands - _Pteralopex atrata atrata_ - - 1'. Length of forearm 162-166 mm.; dorsal surface of distal - one-fourth of tibia and entire metatarsus furred; known only - from Bougainville and Choiseul islands - _Pteralopex atrata anceps_ - - -=Pteralopex atrata atrata= Thomas - - 1888. _Pteralopex atrata_ Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, - 1:155, February, type from Guadalcanal; 1888, Thomas, Proc. Zool. - Soc. London, p. 475, December 4; 1896, Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. - Emp. China, 3:179; 1897, Trouessart, Catalogus Mammalium ..., - 1:83; 1907, Miller, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 57:60, June 29; 1912, - Andersen, Catalogue of the Chiroptera ... British Museum, 1:439; - 1931, Sanborn, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 18:21, - February 12, from Santa Ysabel. - - 1954. _Pteralopex atrata atrata_, Laurie and Hill, List of land - mammals of New Guinea, Celebes and adjacent islands, p. 40, - June 30. - - 1899. _Pteropus (Pteralopex) atrata_, Matschie, Die Megachiroptera - ... naturkunde, p. 11; 1904, Trouessart, Catalogus Mammalium ..., - Suppl., p. 49. - -_Specimens examined._--None. - -_Remarks._--_Pteralopex atrata atrata_ is known from four specimens from -Guadalcanal and one from Santa Ysabel (Sanborn, 1931:21). - -Sanborn (_loc. cit._) reported that a specimen wounded at night, while -feeding on young green coconuts, was the only fruit bat that attempted -to attack the collectors. Troughton (1936:348) has suggested, on the -basis of his experiences with _Pteropus_, that this behavior probably -was a reaction from fear rather than an indication of general -aggressiveness on the part of _Pteralopex_. - - -=Pteralopex atrata anceps= Andersen - - 1909. _Pteralopex anceps_ Andersen, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, - 3:266, March, type from Bougainville; 1912, Andersen, Catalogue - of the Chiroptera ... British Museum, 1:437; 1936, Troughton, - Rec. Australian Mus., 14:348, April 7; 1953, Pohle, - Z. Saeugetierk., 17:129, October 27. - - 1954. _Pteralopex atrata anceps_, Laurie and Hill, List of land - mammals of New Guinea, Celebes and adjacent islands, p. 40, - June 30. - -_Specimens examined_ (three males, two females; one skull-only and one -in alcohol).--Choiseul in March, 23682; Bougainville in July, USNM -276973-74, USNM 276928, USNM 277112. - -_Measurements._--Measurements of three males and one female are, -respectively, as follows: Length of head and body, 280, 271, 261, 255; -hind foot, 50, 54, 52, 59; ear, 23, 23, 26, 22; length of forearm, 160, -162, 166, 171; greatest length of skull, 77.6, 77.9, 78.9, 77.0; -condylobasal length, 74.3, 74.3, 75.5, 73.8; zygomatic breadth, 42.2, -45.4, 43.1, 42.6; breadth across upper canines, 18.7, 21.1, 19.0, 19.0; -breadth across first upper molars, 22.2, 25.3, 22.9, 22.0; length of -maxillary tooth-row, 29.3, 29.8, 28.9, 28.2; length of mandibular -tooth-row, 32.8, 32.8, 32.1, 31.4. - -_Remarks._--Heretofore, _Pteralopex atrata anceps_ was not known from -Choiseul. The specimen from that island agrees well with specimens in -the U. S. National Museum from Cape Torokina, Bougainville. - -The type specimen of this subspecies is a subadult and is smaller than -the specimens examined by me; Andersen (1912:440) gave length of forearm -of the type as 137 (as opposed to 164 in adults). He (1912:438) figured -the dentition of _anceps_ and described the ways in which it differed -from the dentition of _atrata_. Although he (1912:437) concluded that -_anceps_ and _atrata_ represented "two stages of specialization of ... -dentition," there apparently are few, if any, dental differences between -the two subspecies. Teeth of adults of _anceps_ differ from teeth of the -immature type of _anceps_ as follows: in adults the anterior basal ledge -of P4 extends onto the labial surface, whereas in the type it does not; -and maxillary and mandibular teeth in adults are spaced as in the -subspecies _atrata_ (see Andersen, 1912:438, fig. 22) and not crowded as -in the type of _anceps_. Distance between individual cheek-teeth -apparently increases with growth of the cranium and mandible. - -Adults of _P. a. anceps_ that I examined are darker than the subadult -type. The mantle in these adults is black, whereas it is seal-brown in -the type (Andersen, 1912:439). - -An adult female was lactating when obtained on Bougainville in July -(USNM 276928). - - -Key to _Pteropus_ in the Solomon Islands - - 1. Premolars having distinct basal ledges; - molars 2.5-4.0 wide 2 - - 1'. Premolars lacking definite basal ledges; - molars 1.0-2.4 wide 14 - - 2(1). Rostrum unshortened (orbit to anterior tip of nasals - about one-third greatest length of skull); dorsal - surface of tibiae nearly naked 3 - - 2'. Rostrum shortened (orbit to anterior tip of nasals less - than one-third greatest length of skull); dorsal surface - of tibiae usually at least partially furred 8 - - 3(2). Forearm more than 128 4 - - 3'. Forearm less than 128 5 - - 4(3). Forearm about 155; venter and dorsum nearly black, - mantle pale yellow =P. tonganus geddiei=, p. 798 - - 4'. Forearm 128-136; venter and dorsum near Mars Brown, - mantle Ochraceous or Cream-Buff - =P. hypomelanus luteus=, p. 796 - - 5(3'). Mantle dark, russet or cinnamon, not strongly - contrasting with color of back - =P. admiralitatum solomonis=, p. 796 - - 5'. Mantle pale, Ochraceous-Buff or Cream-Buff, strongly - contrasting with color of back 6 - - 6(5'). Mantle Ochraceous-Orange to Ochraceous-Buff, hairs pale - basally; forearm 108-111 =P. admiralitatum goweri=, p. 797 - - 6'. Mantle Ochraceous to Cream-Buff, but hairs dark brown - basally; forearm 110-122 7 - - 7(6'). Length of forearm 110-112 - =P. admiralitatum colonus=, p. 796 - - 7'. Length of forearm about 122 =P. howensis=, p. 797 - - 8(2'). Forearm more than 145 9 - - 8'. Forearm less than 144 12 - - 9(8). Forearm more than 162 10 - - 9'. Forearm less than 162 11 - - 10(9). Forearm 167-173 =P. rayneri grandis=, p. 801 - - 10'. Forearm about 164 =P. rayneri rubianus=, p. 802 - - 11(9'). Flanks and lower belly brightly colored, Burnt Sienna - to Sanford's Brown; forearm less than 150 - =P. rayneri monoensis=, p. 803 - - 11'. Flanks and lower belly darker, near tawny; forearm - more than 150, =P. rayneri lavellanus=, p. 802 - - 12(8'). Pelage of dorsum tricolored; rump brightly colored; - forearm 139-141, =P. rayneri rayneri=, p. 800 - - 12'. Pelage of dorsum bicolored; rump dark; forearm - less than 135 13 - - 13(12'). Mantle tawny with some Ochraceous-Buff; forearm - about 130, =P. rayneri rennelli=, p. 804 - - 13'. Mantle russet, lacking Ochraceous-Buff; forearm - about 121, =P. rayneri cognatus=, p. 803 - - 14(1'). Forearm more than 131; dorsum Tawny Olive - =P. mahaganus=, p. 806 - - 14'. Forearm less than 100; dorsum dark brown - =P. woodfordi=, p. 804 - - -=Pteropus= Brisson - - 1762. _Pteropus_ Brisson, Regnum animale ..., ed. 2, p. 153. - -_Remarks._--More species (seven) and subspecies (12) of _Pteropus_ occur -in the Solomon Islands than of any other chiropteran genus. Other kinds -of _Pteropus_, as yet unknown, may live there. - -The relationships among the species of these large fruit-eating bats, -commonly termed "flying foxes," are obscure and the genus is in need of -revision. The basic, definitive work is still that of Andersen (1912). -Tate (1942) and Felten (1964_a_, 1964_b_) have offered some additional -remarks but groupings and suggested relationships of species of -_Pteropus_ almost entirely are the products of Kund Andersen. According -to present-day concepts of variation and speciation, Andersen's criteria -are artificial. - -Basically, there are three "species-groups" of _Pteropus_ in the Solomon -Islands. The first is composed of species in which the rostrum is -"unshortened" (its length about one third of greatest length of skull), -and the cheek-teeth are of moderate size (M1 is 2.8-3.2 wide). The -species are _P. hypomelanus_, _P. admiralitatum_, _P. tonganus_, and _P. -howensis_. The first and second species were placed in the _Pteropus -hypomelanus_ group by Andersen (1912:98). - -In the second group the rostrum is "shortened" (its length less than one -third of greatest length of skull) and the cheek-teeth are of moderate -to large size (M1 3.3-4.1 wide). _Pteropus rayneri_, endemic to the -Solomons and represented there by at least seven subspecies, fits into -this category. - -The third group is represented by _P. mahaganus_ and _P. woodfordi_. -Both species are endemic to the Solomon Islands. In these species the -rostrum is unshortened but the cheek-teeth are greatly reduced, -especially in width (M1 is 1.0-2.2 wide). Both _P. mahaganus_ and _P. -woodfordi_ can be included in the _Pteropus scapulatus_ group of -Andersen (1912:402). - - -=Pteropus hypomelanus= - -_Pteropus hypomelanus_ is a wide-ranging species of flying fox having at -least seven subspecies; three occur in southeastern Asia, two on and -near Celebes, and two in New Guinea and islands adjacent to the -southeastern coast of New Guinea, including one island in the Solomons -(Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1966:95; Laurie and Hill, 1954:32-33). - - [Illustration: FIG. 5. Distribution of _Pteropus hypomelanus luteus_ - ([TW]), _Pteropus admiralitatum solomonis_ ([RW]), _Pteropus a. - colonus_ ([BW]), _Pteropus a. goweri_ ([LW]), _Pteropus tonganus - geddiei_ ([RTW]), and _Pteropus howensis_ ([BC]). For names of - islands see Fig. 2.] - - -=Pteropus hypomelanus luteus= Andersen - - 1908. Pteropus hypomelanus luteus Andersen, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., - ser. 8, 2:362, October, type from Kiriwini Island, Trobriand - Islands; 1912, Andersen, Catalogue of the Chiroptera ... British - Museum, 1:128; 1947, Sanborn and Beecher, Jour. Mamm., 28:388, - November 19, from Banika Island, Russell Islands. - -_Specimens examined._--None. - -_Remarks._--Andersen (1908:362) identified specimens of _Pteropus -hypomelanus_ from eastern New Guinea and three nearby islands (Conflict -Islands, Trobriand Islands, and Woodlark Island) as _P. hypomelanus -luteus_. Sanborn and Beecher (1947:388) identified a female from Banika -Island in the Solomons as of this subspecies although this specimen was -darker and had a slightly smaller skull than typical _P. hypomelanus -luteus_. They noted that the pelage of the venter of the female was -uniformly dark rather than the typical Ochraceous-Buff to Cream-Buff; -the specimen was regarded as a dark phase of the subspecies. Although -not recorded previously for _luteus_, other subspecies of _P. -hypomelanus_ were known in dark phase as well as pale and intermediate -phases of coloration (Andersen, 1912:122). The reported occurrence of -_P. h. luteus_ on Banika Island extended the known geographic range -about 450 miles eastward from Woodlark Island. - - -=Pteropus admiralitatum= - -Three subspecies, all about the same size but differing in coloration, -have been described from the Solomon Islands. _P. a. goweri_ is known -only from Gower (Ndai) Island, notably removed from the western chain of -islands inhabited by _P. a. colonus_ and _P. a. solomonis_. Only one -other subspecies, from the Admiralty Islands, is known. - - -=Pteropus admiralitatum solomonis= Thomas - - 1904. _Pteropus solomonis_ Thomas, Novit. Zool., 11:597, type from - Ghizo Island; 1912, Andersen, Catalogue of the Chiroptera ... - British Museum, 1:149; 1931, Sanborn, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., - Zool. Ser., 18:12, February 12, from Ronongo (Ganongga), Vella - Lavella, and Narovo (Simbo) islands; 1947, Sanborn and Beecher, - Jour. Mamm., 28:389, November 19, from Banika and Guadalcanal - islands. - - 1954. _Pteropus admiralitatum solomonis_, Laurie and Hill, List of - land mammals of New Guinea, Celebes and adjacent islands, p. 33, - June 30. - -_Specimens examined._--None. - -_Remarks._--Andersen (1912:149) considered _Pteropus admiralitatum_, and -especially the subspecies _P. a. solomonis_, to be the easternmost -"representative" of _Pteropus hypomelanus_. In comparison with _P. -hypomelanus luteus_, _P. a. solomonis_ differs mostly in size, being -much smaller (length of forearm about 110 rather than 134). It is now -known that both species occur on Banika Island in the Solomons. - -The subspecies _P. a. solomonis_ has been recorded from a "chain" of -islands that included Vella Lavella, Simbo, Ghizo, Ganongga, Banika, and -Guadalcanal (see Fig. 5). - - -=Pteropus admiralitatum colonus= Andersen - - 1908. _Pteropus colonus_ Andersen, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, - 2:363, October, type from Shortland Island; 1912, Andersen, - Catalogue of the Chiroptera ... British Museum, 1:150; 1931, - Sanborn, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 18:12, - February 12, from Mono Island. - - 1954. _Pteropus admiralitatum colonus_, Laurie and Hill, List of - land mammals of New Guinea, Celebes and adjacent islands, p. 33, - June 30. - - 1887. _Pteropus hypomelanus_ (part), Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. - London, p. 471, December 4; 1898, Trouessart, Catalogus Mammalium - ..., 1:82, from "I. Salomonis." - - 1899. _Pteropus (Spectrum) hypomelanus_ (part), Matschie, Die - Megachiroptera ... naturkunde, p. 24. - -_Specimens examined._--None. - -_Remarks._--_Pteropus admiralitatum colonus_ is the largest of the three -subspecies that occur in the Solomon Islands. It closely resembles _P. -hypomelanus luteus_, except in being smaller throughout (see Andersen, -1912:151-152, for measurements) and darker on the underparts. - -This bat has been found in a group of small islands (Alu, Mono, and -Shortland) about 30 miles south of Bougainville. Because of this -proximity and because yet another subspecies of this species occurs -northward of Bougainville, it is interesting that neither Troughton -(1936) nor Pohle (1953) included the species in their faunal lists for -Bougainville. - -Andersen (1912:152) indicated that the M1 in _P. admiralitatum colonus_ -is smaller than in _P. a. solomonis_, the subspecies found in islands to -the southeast (4.4-4.5 and 5.2, respectively), but Sanborn (1931:13) -studied specimens of these two subspecies that overlapped in size of M1. - - -=Pteropus admiralitatum goweri= Tate - - 1934. _Pteropus goweri_ Tate, Amer. Mus. Novit., 718:1, May 4, type - from Gower (Ndai) Island. - - 1954. _Pteropus admiralitatum goweri_, Laurie and Hill, List of - land mammals of New Guinea, Celebes and adjacent islands, p. 33, - June 30. - -_Specimens examined._--None. - -_Remarks._--_Pteropus admiralitatum goweri_ was described from six -specimens collected in 1930 by the Whitney South Sea Expedition (Tate, -1934:1). This subspecies closely resembles the other two subspecies of -_P. admiralitatum_ (_colonus_ and _solomonis_) found in the Solomon -Islands. Color and length of forearm (see key on p. 793) seem to be the -only reliable criteria for distinguishing between these subspecies. The -longitude of Gower Island, 160 deg. 34' E, was incorrectly listed in Laurie -and Hill (1954:152) as 159 deg. 34' E. - - -=Pteropus howensis= Troughton - - 1931. _Pteropus howensis_ Troughton, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South - Wales, 56:204, June 24, type from Lord Howe Islands (Ontong Java); - 1950, Sanborn and Nicholson, Fieldiana:Zool., 31:329, August 31. - -_Specimens examined_ (one male, three females, and two sex unknown; two -embryos in alcohol).--Liuniuwu, Lord Howe Islands (Ontong Java) in -August, USNM 278703-6, USNM 279715-6. - -_Measurements._--Average and extreme measurements of one male and three -females are as follows: Length of head and body, 185.2 (176-196); hind -foot, 34.5 (33-36); ear, 21.5 (21-23); forearm not measured [broken in -all specimens examined]. Cranial measurements of a male and a female -are, respectively, as follows: Greatest length of skull, 55.3, 53.8; -condylobasal length, 54.2, 52.8; palatal length, 26.7, 26.0; zygomatic -breadth, 30.6, 29.9; breadth of braincase, 19.9, 19.2; breadth across -first upper molars, 14.3, 14.3; length of maxillary tooth-row, 20.7, -19.6; length of mandibular tooth-row, 23.1, --. - -_Remarks._--Apparently _Pteropus howensis_ is confined to Ontong Java -(Lord Howe Islands) located northeastward of the main body of islands -that constitute the Solomon Archipelago (see Fig. 5). According to A. J. -Nicholson, who collected the specimens listed above, _P. howensis_ is -not abundant in Ontong Java. He related this circumstance to the fact -that these small islands are nothing more than parts of a coral atoll -used almost entirely for the production of coconuts (see Sanborn and -Nicholson, 1950:329). - -Specimens of _Pteropus howensis_ deposited in the U. S. National Museum -agree well in most ways with the original description of the species by -Troughton (1931:204-205). Slight variation in color is evident; in two -specimens, the mantle, just posterior to the ears, is Ochraceous-Buff. - -The relationship of this species to other kinds of _Pteropus_ known from -Melanesia is not clear. Troughton (1931:204, 206) compared _P. howensis_ -with _P. hypomelanus_ and _P. admiralitatum_ and found that it resembled -each of them. Tate (1934:2) noted that the skull of _P. admiralitatum -goweri_ was similar to that of _P. howensis_ in structure. The latter -species is, however, larger (length of forearm 122 according to -Troughton, 1931:205) than any subspecies of _P. admiralitatum_ (length -of forearm 108-112). Also, the cheek-teeth of _P. howensis_ that I have -studied are relatively larger than those of either _P. hypomelanus_ or -_P. admiralitatum_. Furthermore, in _P. howensis_ there is a small but -distinct cusp located medio-posteriorly on P4 (most noticeable in young -individuals) that is more reduced or undeveloped in specimens of the -other two species. Cheek-teeth of _P. howensis_ resemble those in a -dull-colored specimen of _P. tonganus_ from Fiji Island with which I -compared the specimens listed above. - -Weights and crown-rump lengths of the two embryos (in an advanced stage -of development) examined were 20 and 29 grams and 43 and 51 mm. -(apparently these are the specimens listed by Sanborn and Nicholson, -1950:329). - - -=Pteropus tonganus= - -_Pteropus tonganus_ has at least three subspecies, one of which has been -recorded from the Solomons. The species ranges from a small island off -the eastern coast of New Guinea, where there is an endemic subspecies, -eastward to Tonga and the New Hebrides (Laurie and Hill, 1954:33-34). -Felten (1964_a_) recently has reported on the species in the New -Hebrides. - - -=Pteropus tonganus geddiei= MacGillivary - - 1860. _Pteropus geddiei_ MacGillivary, Zoologist, 18:7134, - September, type from Aneitum Island, New Hebrides; 1912, - Andersen, Catalogue of the Chiroptera ... British Museum, - 1:189; 1931, Sanborn, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. - Ser., 18:13, February 12, from Rennell Island in the Solomons. - - 1914. _Pteropus tonganus geddiei_, Revilliod, _in_ Sarasin and - Roux, Nova Caledonia (A), 1:341; 1954, Laurie and Hill, List - of land mammals of New Guinea, Celebes and adjacent islands, - p. 34, June 30. - -_Specimens examined._--None. - -_Remarks._--_Pteropus tonganus geddiei_, as far as is known, is the -widest ranging subspecies of this genus. It is the only megachiropteran -in the Solomon Islands having affinities with bats to the southeast (the -New Hebrides, Santa Cruz Islands, Samoan Islands and Fiji Islands) -rather than with those to the west (New Guinea). The subspecies _P. -tonganus geddiei_, which ranges from the Solomons to the New Hebrides -(about 500 miles straight-line distance), is said to be remarkably -uniform throughout its range. Sanborn (1931:14) compared color and size -in specimens from the Solomon Islands and the New Hebrides and found -little variation. Another subspecies, _P. t. bascilicus_ Thomas 1915, -apparently closely related to _geddiei_, is known from Dampier [= -Kar-kar] Island off the northeastern coast of New Guinea and therefore -farther westward from the New Hebrides than are the Solomon Islands. -Additional remarks on the distribution of this species are in the -section on Zoogeography and Speciation. - - -=Pteropus rayneri= - -_Pteropus rayneri_ is endemic to the Solomon Islands. It is divisible -into seven subspecies (see Fig. 6), which, excepting _P. r. rennelli_ -and _P. r. cognatus_, are strikingly colored--the mantle, back, and rump -being of different colors. Differences in color and size provide -characters differentiating the subspecies (see key, p. 793). Recorded -lengths of forearms do not overlap between any two subspecies. _P. r. -grandis_, northernmost in distribution, has the longest (about 170) -forearm and _P. r. cognatus_, known from two of the southernmost -islands, has the shortest (about 121). - - [Illustration: FIG. 6. Distribution of _Pteropus rayneri_: _P. r. - rayneri_ ([RTW]); _P. r. grandis_ ([RW]); _P. r. lavellanus_ ([BC]); - _P. r. monoensis_ ([BW]); _P. r. rubianus_ ([TW]); _P. r. cognatus_ - ([LW]); _P. r. rennelli_ ([LTW]). For names of islands see Fig. 2.] - -Adult males of _Pteropus rayneri_ have well-developed tufts of hair on -each side of the neck where a gland is located (see Andersen, -1912:259). Apparently these glands are not present in females as none -were found in specimens studied by me or those reported by Sanborn -(1931:16). Evidently, these glands are associated with sexual maturity -in males because neither Sanborn nor I found them in subadult males. - - -=Pteropus rayneri rayneri= Gray - - 1870. _Pteropus rayneri_ (part), Gray, Catalogue of monkeys, lemurs - and fruit-eating bats ... British Museum, p. 108, cotypes from - Guadalcanal; 1878, Dobson, Catalogue of the Chiroptera ... - British Museum, p. 33; 1879, Trouessart, Rev. Mag. Zool., 6:204; - 1879, Trouessart, Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool, 8:16; 1887, Thomas, Proc. - Zool. Soc. London, p. 322, March 15; 1888, Thomas, Proc. Zool. - Soc. London, p. 472, December 4; 1898, Trouessart, Catalogus - Mammalium ..., 1:78; 1912, Andersen, Catalogue of the Chiroptera - ... British Museum, p. 254; 1931, Sanborn, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. - Hist., Zool. Ser., 18:15, February 12, from Guadalcanal - and Malaita. - - 1954. _Pteropus rayneri rayneri_, Laurie and Hill, List of land - mammals of New Guinea, Celebes and adjacent islands, p. 35, - June 30. - - 1899. _Pteropus (Spectrum) rayneri_ (part), Matschie, Die - Megachiroptera ... naturkunde, p. 22; 1904, Trouessart, - Catalogus Mammalium ..., Suppl., p. 51. - -_Specimens examined_ (four males and one female; one embryo in -alcohol).--Guadalcanal in July and November, USNM 278700-02, USNM -278142, USNM 278714. - -_Measurements._--Measurements of three males and one female are, -respectively, as follows: Length of head and body, --, 210, 214, 215; -hind foot, --, 33, 39, 42; ear, --, 23, 23, 23; length of forearm, --, -138, 136, 134; greatest length of skull, 61.5, 59.2, 61.6, 61.2; -condylobasal length, 61.4, 58.2, 60.3, 60.0; zygomatic breadth, 36.6, -35.3, 35.4, 36.5; breadth of braincase, 23.7, 22.5, 22.6, 24.1; breadth -across first upper molars, --, 16.9, 16.7, 16.8; width of M1, 3.4, 3.5, -3.5, 3.5; length of maxillary tooth-row, 22.4, 22.1, 23.6, 23.2; length -of mandibular tooth-row, 26.4, 25.5, 25.9, 25.6. - -_Remarks._--_Pteropus rayneri_ was named on the basis of two specimens -(cotypes) obtained on Guadalcanal and listed as "male" and "female"; -according to Andersen (1912:254), however, both are females. - -_P. r. rayneri_ is known from Guadalcanal and Malaita (see Fig. 6), and -is of almost the same size as _P. r. cognatus_, which is known from San -Cristobal and Ugi, only about 40 miles to the southeast. In the latter -subspecies the back and rump are the same color (Prouts Brown), whereas -in _P. r. rayneri_ the rump is brightly colored and therefore contrasts -strongly with the dark brown back. A specimen of _rayneri_ from Malaita -was reported by Sanborn (1931:15) as unusually small and having a -dark-colored rump patch. In the specimens examined from Guadalcanal, -there is noticeable variation in color of the mantle that does not seem -related to age or sex. In two specimens (adult male and female) the -mantle is Cinnamon-Rufous tinged with Russet, strongly contrasting with -the crown, which is Ochraceous-Tawny and has scattered silvery hairs. -Another specimen has a darker mantle (near Chestnut-Brown) and a crown -of about the same color, but with a few scattered Ochraceous-Tawny -hairs. - -The skull of one adult male bears an extra peglike tooth posterior to M3 -on the right side. - -An embryo, in an advanced stage of development, in the collection of the -U. S. National Museum, measures: Length of head and body, 98; hind foot, -30; ear, 8.5; length of forearm, 48 (this may be the same specimen -listed by Sanborn and Nicholson, 1950:329). - - -=Pteropus rayneri grandis= Thomas - - 1887. _Pteropus grandis_ Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, - 19:147, March, type from Shortland; 1887, Thomas, Proc. Zool. - Soc. London, p. 320, March 15, from Alu and Shortland; 1897, - Trouessart, Catalogus Mammalium ..., 1:80, from "I. Salomonis"; - 1899, Matschie, Die Megachiroptera ... naturkunde, p. 15; 1904, - Trouessart, Catalogus Mammalium ..., Suppl., p. 49; 1907, Miller, - Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 57:58, June 29; 1912, Andersen, Catalogue - of the Chiroptera ... British Museum, 1:259, from Bougainville; - 1931, Sanborn, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 18:16, - February 12, from Choiseul, and Santa Ysabel; 1936, Troughton, - Rec. Australian Mus., 19:348, April 7; 1953, Pohle, Z. - Saeugetierk., 17:128, October 27. - - 1954. _Pteropus rayneri grandis_, Laurie and Hill, List of land - mammals of New Guinea, Celebes and adjacent islands, p. 35, - June 30. - -_Specimens examined_ (six males and 10 females; five in -alcohol).--Choiseul in March, 23580, 23644, 23593; Bougainville in July, -August, September, and October, USNM 276926-7, USNM 276968, USNM -277091-9. - -_Measurements._--Average and extreme measurements of four males and -seven females are as follows: Length of head and body, 281 (260-302); -hind foot, 52.3 (50-58); ear, 33.1 (31-37); length of forearm, 173 -(168-180). Average and extreme measurements of skulls of three males and -six females are as follows: Greatest length of skull, 73.7 (71.3-77.7); -condylobasal length, 73.1 (70.5-77.4); zygomatic breadth, 40 -(36.4-41.5); breadth across first-upper molars, 20.9 (18.3-22.1); length -of maxillary tooth-row, 28.1 (26.9-29.9); length of mandibular -tooth-row, 31.8 (29.7-32.7). - -_Remarks._--_Pteropus rayneri grandis_ is the largest subspecies of the -species. It is also the widest ranging subspecies, being found on six -islands (see Fig. 6). - -Although the specimens listed above agree well with descriptions of -color given by Thomas (1887_a_:147) and Andersen (1912:259, 263-264), -some individual variation is noticeable. In bats not yet fully grown -(judging from small size, unfused epiphyses, and lack of wear on teeth), -numerous scattered hairs on the sides of the face and crown are buffy. -In adults the face and crown are blackish. With regard to individual -variation in color of mantle and rump patch, specimens with the -following combinations were noted (1) mantle Brick Red, rump patch -bright, basal three-quarters of hairs white, tips Warm Buff (2) mantle -darker, near Hessian Brown, rump patch dark, Chestnut along edges, -center Ochraceous-Tawny (3) mantle Brick Red, rump patch intermediate -between the two other types. Size of rump patch also is variable. In -some specimens it extends onto the upper parts of the thighs whereas in -other specimens it does not. - -Sanborn (1931:16) reported an extra tooth, behind the last lower molar, -in a specimen from Choiseul. In one of three specimens in the Bishop -Museum, m3 is lacking. Judging from Troughton's (1936:346) remarks, size -of individuals varies considerably. Specimens that he examined from -Bougainville had longer forearms (up to 177) and larger hind feet -(54-57) than those examined by me from Choiseul. On the other hand, -specimens listed above from Bougainville agree well with those from -Choiseul. In many specimens in the U. S. National Museum, length of the -right- and left-forearm differ. For example, in No. 276926 the right -forearm measures 180 whereas the left is 174; in No. 277098 the right is -172 and the left is 167. Troughton (1936:346) gave standard ear -measurement in _P. r. grandis_ as ranging from 29.5 to 31.5. Ears of -specimens that I examined varied from 31.0 to 37.0. - - -=Pteropus rayneri rubianus= Andersen - - 1908. _Pteropus rubianus_ Andersen, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, - 2:366, October, type from Rubiana; 1912, Andersen, Catalogue - of the Chiroptera ... British Museum, 1:255; 1931, Sanborn, - Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 18:15, February 12, - from Narovo (Simbo). - - 1954. _Pteropus rayneri rubianus_, Laurie and Hill, List of land - mammals of New Guinea, Celebes and adjacent islands, p. 35, - June 30. - - 1888. _Pteropus grandis_ (part), Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, - p. 470, December 4, from Rubiana; 1899, Matschie, Die - Megachiroptera ... naturkunde, p. 15; 1904, Trouessart, - Catalogus Mammalium ..., Suppl., p. 49. - -_Specimens examined_ (two males and one female).--Kolombangara, in -February, 23458-60. - -_Measurements._--Measurements of two males and one female are, -respectively, as follows: Length of head and body, 253, 265, 251; hind -foot, 53, 50, 50; ear, 30, 31, 32; length of forearm, 158, 161, 160; -greatest length of skull, 70.2, 67.4, --; condylobasal length, 67.0, --, -68.4; zygomatic breadth, 40.0, 39.4, 40.7; breadth across first upper -molars, 19.4, 20.4, 19.9; length of mandible, 53.9, 49.4, 51.3. - -_Remarks._--Kolombangara Island is a new locality for _Pteropus rayneri -rubianus_; heretofore this subspecies was known only from Rubiana and -Narovo islands (Andersen, 1908:366; Sanborn, 1931:15). The coloration of -a specimen from Narovo Island was described as between that of _P. r. -rubianus_ and _P. r. lavellanus_. Sanborn (1931:16) allocated it to the -subspecies _rubianus_ on the basis of length of forearm. - -Andersen's descriptions (1908:366; 1912:256) of _rubianus_ were of a -specimen stored in alcohol. Coloration of the museum skins examined by -me is as follows: Dorsum from shoulders to rump near Vandyke Brown; -crown and mantle Brick Red; face close to Mummy Brown; rump patch and -thighs close to Warm Buff, strongly contrasting with back and mantle; -base of hairs dark, Seal Brown; venter dark; chest about same as back -but paler laterally (to Ochraceous Tawny); throat Brick Red. - - -=Pteropus rayneri lavellanus= Andersen - - 1908. _Pteropus lavellanus_ Andersen, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, - 2:366, October, type from Vella Lavella; 1912, Andersen, - Catalogue of the Chiroptera ... British Museum, 1:259; 1931, - Sanborn, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 18:16, - February 12, from Ghizo and Ronongo. - - 1954. _Pteropus rayneri lavellanus_, Laurie and Hill, List of land - mammals of New Guinea, Celebes and adjacent islands, p. 36, - June 30. - -_Specimens examined_ (one male and one female).--Vella Lavella in -November, 23192, 23142. - -_Measurements._--Measurements of a male and a female are, respectively, -as follows: Length of head and body, 286, 282; hind foot, 55, 56; ear, -30, 30; length of forearm, 156, 155; greatest length of skull, 72.9, -67.6; condylobasal length, 71.8, 64.2; zygomatic breadth, 38.4, 37.9; -breadth across first upper molars, 19.9, 19.8; length of mandible, 54.6, -50.8. - -_Remarks._--_Pteropus rayneri lavellanus_ inhabits islands -geographically near those from which _P. r. rubianus_ is known (see Fig. -6) and in most respects the two subspecies closely resemble each other. -_P. r. lavellanus_ is slightly the smaller (average length of forearm -about 156 instead of 160) and darker. A bat from Narovo [Simbo] Island, -only a few miles from Vella Lavella, identified by Sanborn (1931:16) on -basis of its size as _P. r. rubianus_, resembled the subspecies -_lavellanus_ in color and probably represents an intergrade between the -two populations. - -The color of _P. r. lavellanus_ is close to that of _P. r. rubianus_ -except that the crown, mantle, and foreneck are near Chestnut-Brown, the -basal portions of hair black, and the fur of the venter, from sternum to -pectoral region, is dark, almost black (compare with description of _P. -r. rubianus_ under account of that subspecies). - -Measurements of the male examined are greater than those of the female -studied. Andersen (1912:259) noted that the canine teeth are heavier in -males than in females. - - -=Pteropus rayneri monoensis= Lawrence - - 1945. _Pteropus rayneri monoensis_ Lawrence, Proc. New England - Zool. Club, 23:63, March 26, type from Mono (Treasury); 1954, - Laurie and Hill, List of land mammals of New Guinea, Celebes - and adjacent islands, p. 36, June 30. - -_Specimens examined._--None. - -_Remarks._--_Pteropus rayneri monoensis_ is the most recently described -subspecies of _P. rayneri_. Lawrence (1945:63) judged that in most ways -this bat is intermediate between _P. r. grandis_ and _P. r. lavellanus_. -Coloration of _monoensis_ indicates affinity with the former, whereas -length of forearm (145-148) approaches that in the latter. The small -skull, narrow palate, and whitish rump patch of _monoensis_ are -differences that distinguish it from _grandis_ and _lavellanus_. The -relatively isolated position of Mono Island may have been important in -establishment of the distinctive features of this bat. - -Lawrence (1945:65) quoted a collector as stating: "They [individuals of -_P. r. monoensis_] rest quietly during the day in the tops of -heavy-leaved, tall jungle trees, and start flying about dusk, looking -for feeding spots. There is usually quite a flight for fifteen to twenty -minutes at twilight...." - -No additional specimens of this subspecies have been collected on small -adjacent islands and _monoensis_ may therefore be confined to Mono -Island. - - -=Pteropus rayneri cognatus= Andersen - - 1908. _Pteropus cognatus_ Andersen, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, - 2:365, October 1, type from San Cristobal; 1912, Andersen, - Catalogue of the Chiroptera ... British Museum, 1:251; 1931, - Sanborn, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 18:15, - February 12, from San Cristobal and Ugi; 1954, Laurie and Hill, - List of land mammals of New Guinea, Celebes and adjacent islands, - p. 35, June 30. - - 1962. _Pteropus rayneri cognatus_, Hill, The natural history of - Rennell Island, British Solomon Islands, 4:9, February. - - 1870. _Pteropus rayneri_ (part), Gray, Catalogue of monkeys, lemurs - and fruit-eating bats ... British Museum, p. 108, from San - Cristobal; 1878, Dobson, Catalogue of the Chiroptera ... British - Museum, p. 33. - - 1904. _Pteropus_ (_Spectrum_) _rayneri_ (part), Trouessart, - Catalogus Mammalium ..., Suppl., p. 51. - -_Specimens examined._--None. - -_Remarks._--Specimens of _Pteropus rayneri cognatus_ first were reported -under the name _Pteropus rayneri_ based on three specimens (one from San -Cristobal and two from Guadalcanal). Because the description was based -mostly on the two specimens from Guadalcanal, the name _rayneri_ is -applicable to the bats from that island. Andersen (1908:365) thought -that specimens that he studied, from San Cristobal, were specifically -distinct from _P. rayneri_ and he proposed the name _Pteropus cognatus_ -for them. Later, Hill (1962:9) reduced _cognatus_ to subspecific status -under _P. rayneri_. - -Presently _P. r. cognatus_ is known only from San Cristobal and the -small adjacent island of Ugi (see Fig. 6). - - -=Pteropus rayneri rennelli= Troughton - - 1929. _Pteropus rennelli_ Troughton, Rec. Australian Mus., 17:193, - September 4, type from Rennell Island; 1954, Laurie and Hill, - List of land mammals of New Guinea, Celebes and adjacent islands, - p. 35, June 30. - - 1962. _Pteropus rayneri rennelli_, Hill, The natural history of - Rennell Island, British Solomon Islands, 4:7, February. - -_Specimens examined._--None. - -_Remarks._--Until recently, _Pteropus rayneri rennelli_ was known from -but a single specimen. Hill (1962:7) reported two additional specimens -and pointed out that _P. r. cognatus_ and _P. r. rennelli_ probably -represent the extremes of an east-west cline in size. _P. r. rennelli_ -and _P. r. cognatus_ differ from other subspecies of the species in -lacking tricolored pelage on the dorsum, but their short rostrum clearly -indicates affinity with other members of this complex group in the -Solomon Islands (Hill, 1962:8). - -The relationship of the subspecies _rennelli_ and _cognatus_ is close, -both geographically and genetically. Longer forearm, longer metacarpals, -and longer mandibular tooth-row serve to differentiate _rennelli_ from -_cognatus_. - - -=Pteropus woodfordi= Thomas - - 1888. _Pteropus woodfordi_ Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, - 1:156, February, type from Guadalcanal; 1888, Thomas, Proc. Zool. - Soc. London, p. 472, December 4; 1898, Trouessart, Catalogus - Mammalium ..., 1:78; 1907, Elliot, Field Columbian Mus., Zool. - Ser., 8:491; 1912, Andersen, Catalogue of the Chiroptera ... - British Museum, 1:410, from New Georgia and Guadalcanal; 1931, - Sanborn, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 18:19, February - 12, from Kolombangara; 1947, Sanborn and Beecher, Jour. Mamm., - 28:389, November 19, from Banika and Guadalcanal; 1954, Laurie - and Hill, List of land mammals of New Guinea, Celebes and - adjacent islands, p. 39, June 30. - - 1899. _Pteropus (Sericonycteris) woodfordi_, Matschie, Die - Megachiroptera ... naturkunde, p. 83; 1904, Trouessart, Catalogus - Mammalium ..., Suppl., p. 54. - - 1945. _Pteropus austini_ Lawrence, Proc. New England Zool. Club, - 23:59, March 26, from Florida. - -_Specimens examined_ (four males and three females; five in alcohol and -two skin-onlys).--Fauro, in April, 23727, 23790; Guadalcanal in May and -June, 23823, 23931; Pavuvo (Russell Islands) in August and October, USNM -277887, USNM 283872-3. - -_Measurements._--External measurements of two males and two females are, -respectively, as follows: Length of head and body, 152, 128, 132, 155; -hind foot, 29, 26, 31, 28; ear, 16, 14, 14, 17; length of forearm, 79, -76, 86, 90. - -_Remarks._--Heretofore, _Pteropus woodfordi_ was known from New Georgia, -Guadalcanal, Kolombangara, and Banika (see Fig. 7); specimens from Fauro -and Pavuvo islands, listed above, provide new northern localities of -record for this species. - -Judging by small size and unfused epiphyses, a bat obtained in April and -another obtained in June are subadults. Specimens of adults, examined by -me, agree well with the descriptions of _P. woodfordi_ by Thomas -(1888_a_:156) and Andersen (1912:407-409), but are slightly smaller than -specimens listed by Sanborn and Beecher (1947:389). Color of pelage in -this species seems to vary. Adults seen have a pale head and mantle, -contrasting strongly with the dark back. Andersen (1912:409) and -Lawrence (1945:61) discussed individuals that had scattered silvery -hairs mixed with dark fur dorsally and darker mantles that did not -contrast noticeably with the rest of the dorsum. - -Lawrence (1945:389) named _Pteropus austini_ as a new species closely -related to _P. woodfordi_ and other species of the _P. scapulatus_ group -of Andersen (1912:402) and Tate (1942:336). Sanborn and Beecher -(1947:389), studied a series of _P. woodfordi_ from Banika and -Guadalcanal and found that skulls of two subadults agreed well with -cranial characteristics ascribed to _P. austini_, which was based on two -subadults. Lawrence (1945:61) stated also that "the interfemoral -membrane is entirely absent medially in _austini_, while in _woodfordi_ -it is present as a barely discernible ridge 8 mm. wide." Andersen -(1912:408) had earlier reported that in the type of _woodfordi_ the -interfemoral membrane was "undeveloped in [the] centre." In 13 adults -(in alcohol) studied by Sanborn and Beecher (1947:389), as well as in -adults examined by me, the uropatagium is not present. In size, however, -these specimens agree with dimensions given for _woodfordi_ by Thomas -(1888_a_:156) and Andersen (1912:410); for example, length of forearm is -93-99. According to Lawrence (1945:59) _austini_, in which the -interfemoral membrane is lacking, is smaller than _woodfordi_ and has a -forearm of about 84. In two juveniles of _P. woodfordi_ in the U. S. -National Museum, the medially-developed interfemoral membrane is about 7 -wide. One specimen has small but distinct calcars whereas the other -(slightly larger) apparently lacks calcars. This suggests individual -variation in the presence or absence, as well as in the size, of the -uropatagium in _Pteropus woodfordi_. - -Sanborn and Beecher (1947:389) decided that "until fully adult specimens -showing the characters of _austini_ are available, it best be considered -a synonym of _woodfordi_." For the following reasons I agree with these -authors: (1) _austini_ is known from only two specimens, both of which -are apparently subadults; (2) _austini_ is reported to have a forearm 84 -long and no interfemoral membrane, whereas _woodfordi_ has a forearm -about 96 long and an interfemoral membrane that is only slightly -developed; (3) specimens that agree in size and cranial characters with -the type of _woodfordi_ but that lack an interfemoral membrane have been -obtained; and (4) skulls of subadults of _woodfordi_ agree with the -description of skulls of _austini_. - -Sanborn (1931:19) reported that specimens of _Pteropus woodfordi_ were -obtained at night, while feeding on young green coconuts. Lawrence -(1945:62) reported that in the late afternoon a collector found -individuals of _austini_ [= _woodfordi_] in the fronds of a coconut -tree, apparently feeding on pollen shoots. Sanborn and Beecher -(1947:388) have reported malaria (_Plasmodium_) in _P. woodfordi_ -obtained on Guadalcanal. They suggested that malaria might have rendered -one individual helpless because when it was found, on the ground, no -wounds were evident and parasites were present in the blood. - - [Illustration: FIG. 7. Distribution of _Pteropus woodfordi_ ([BW]) - and _P. mahaganus_ ([BC]). For names of islands see Fig. 2.] - - -=Pteropus mahaganus= Sanborn - - 1931. _Pteropus mahaganus_ Sanborn, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., - Zool. Ser., 18:19, February 12, type from Santa Ysabel, also - reported from Bougainville; 1954, Laurie and Hill, List of - land mammals of New Guinea, Celebes and adjacent islands, - p. 39, June 30. - -_Specimens examined_ (one male and two females; one in -alcohol).--Bougainville, in August and October, USNM 276972, USNM -277104-5. - -_Measurements._--Measurements of one male and two females are, -respectively, as follows: Length of head and body, 180, 204, 198; hind -foot, 42, 38, 44; ear, 25, 23, 22; length of forearm, 134, 138, 140. -Measurements of the skull of the male and one female are, respectively, -as follows: Greatest length of skull, 52.5, 55.8; condylobasal length, -50.9, 54.3; palatal length, 24.1, 26.0; zygomatic breadth, 28.9, 32.5; -breadth across first upper molars, 14.4, 15.0; width of M1, 2.2, 2.2; -length of maxillary tooth-row, 17.4, 18.4; length of mandibular -tooth-row, 20.1, 21.4. - -_Remarks._--Sanborn (1931:19-21) described _Pteropus mahaganus_ on basis -of six specimens, five from Santa Ysabel and one from Bougainville. The -latter was in poor condition and only provisionally allocated to this -species. The specimens examined by me (listed above) confirm the -occurrence of _P. mahaganus_ on Bougainville. - -Sanborn (1931:20) described _mahaganus_ as "similar to and about the -size of [_Pteropus scapulatus_] from Australia, but lighter in color," -and considered it, along with _P. woodfordi_, a member of the _Pteropus -scapulatus_ group of Andersen (1912:402) and Tate (1942:336). I would -judge, however, that _P. mahaganus_ and _P. woodfordi_ are much more -closely related to one another than to _P. scapulatus_ of Australia. The -only significant characteristic that the latter has in common with the -two species from the Solomons is small cheek-teeth. In fact, teeth of -_scapulatus_ are relatively smaller than teeth of either _mahaganus_ or -_woodfordi_. Also, in _scapulatus_ the upper canines are widely -separated due to lateral expansion of the palate at that point, whereas -in _mahaganus_ and _woodfordi_ the width across the upper canines is -relatively much less. - - -=Dobsonia= Palmer - - 1898. _Dobsonia_ Palmer, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 12:114, - April 30. - - 1810. _Cephalotes_ (part) E. Geoffroy, Ann. du Mus. d'Hist. Nat., - 15:104. - -_Dobsonia_, a genus of large to medium-sized fruit bats, occurring from -Celebes to the Solomon Islands, contains at least nine species. One -species and its two subspecies are endemic to the Solomons. - -_Dobsonia_ differs from all other genera of megachiropteran bats in the -Solomons by combining absence of a small claw on the second digit and -presence of external tail vertebrae. - -The cranium of _Dobsonia_ resembles, in some ways, the cranium of -_Rousettus_ as well as that of _Pteropus_. Even so, in _Dobsonia_ the -rostrum is shorter and the cheek-teeth, especially in the upper jaw, are -more crowded. The anterior part of the mandible is narrow and the lower -incisors are diminutive and often concealed by the flesh of the gum. - - -=Dobsonia inermis= - -In a review of the genus _Dobsonia_, Andersen (1909_c_:532) named and -described _D. inermis_ and _D. nesea_ from the Solomons. Specimens of -_Dobsonia inermis_ from San Cristobal and Ugi were said to differ from -specimens of _D. nesea_ from Alu, Shortland, and Rubiana in having -perpendicular as opposed to anteriorly slanted upper canines. Andersen -(1909_c_:532) reported that the two species were of "... the same -general size." Troughton (1936:348-349) studied specimens of _Dobsonia_ -from Bougainville and Santa Ysabel and, because of individual variation -in proclivity of the upper canines, concluded that _D. nesea_ was -conspecific with _D. inermis_. He (p. 349) noted that the ears were -shorter in _inermis_ than in _nesea_, but the size of teeth showed -insular variation and a "... confusing amount of intergradation ... -[that obscures] ... diagnostic importance." - -Specimens of _Dobsonia_ from Choiseul are smaller (externally and -cranially) than those from Alu, Shortland, Rubiana, Bougainville, Fauro, -Vella Lavella, Guadalcanal, Florida, Ugi, San Cristobal, and Rennell. -Specimens from Santa Ysabel (see Fig. 8) are intermediate in size -between those from Choiseul and the other islands listed. Judging from -available specimens, two subspecies of _Dobsonia inermis_ occur in the -Solomons. Specimens from Choiseul (see A, Fig. 8), which are smaller -than those from other islands, represent one subspecies (heretofore -unrecognized), whereas specimens from other islands (except Santa -Ysabel) represent a second subspecies. Specimens from Santa Ysabel are -slightly larger than those on Choiseul and are regarded as intergrades -between the two subspecies. Specimens from Rennell, Ugi, San Cristobal, -Florida, Fauro, and Guadalcanal are slightly smaller than those from -Bougainville, Vella Lavella, Shortland, and Rubiana, but the differences -are not great enough to warrant recognition of two subspecies. -Therefore, the subspecific name _nesea_ is arranged as a synonym of -_inermis_, which has priority, and the latter name is used for specimens -of _Dobsonia inermis_ from the Solomon islands other than Choiseul and -Santa Ysabel. Additional remarks on the distribution of this species are -in the section on Zoogeography and Speciation. - -Pohle (1953:130) suggested that _Dobsonia inermis_ (as well as _D. -crenulata_ and _D. praedatrix_) is conspecific with _D. viridis_, but -Laurie and Hill (1954:41) did not adopt his suggestion. I have not seen -adequate series of _crenulata_, _praedatrix_, and _viridis_ (none of -which occurs in the Solomons) to judge systematic relationships of these -kinds; therefore I follow Laurie and Hill. - - -=Dobsonia inermis inermis= Andersen - - 1909. _Dobsonia inermis_ Andersen, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, - 4:532, December, type from San Cristobal; 1912, Andersen, - Catalogue of the Chiroptera ... British Museum, 1:475. - - 1936. _Dobsonia inermis inermis_, Troughton, Rec. Australian Mus., - 14:349, April 7, from Santa Ysabel; 1954, Laurie and Hill, List - of land mammals of New Guinea, Celebes and adjacent islands, - p. 41, June 30; 1956, Hill, The natural history of Rennell - Island, British Solomon Islands, 1:74, November 28, from - Rennell Island. - - 1878. _Cephalotes peroni_ (part), Dobson, Catalogue of the - Chiroptera ... British Museum, p. 91; 1879, Trouessart, Rev. - Mag. Zool., 3:208; 1887, Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, - p. 323, March 15, from Ugi and San Cristobal; 1888, Thomas, - Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 476, December 4; 1897, Trouessart, - Catalogus Mammalium ..., 1:87. - - 1899. _Dobsonia peroni_ (part), Trouessart, Catalogus Mammalium - ..., 2:1278. - - 1909. _Dobsonia nesea_ Andersen, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, - 4:532, December 1, type from Shortland Island; 1912, Andersen, - Catalogue of the Chiroptera ... British Museum, 1:476, from - Shortland and Rubiana; 1931, Sanborn, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. - Hist., Zool. Ser., 18:22, February 12, from San Cristobal. - - 1936. _Dobsonia inermis nesea_, Troughton, Rec. Australian Mus., - 14:348, April 7, from Bougainville; 1953, Pohle, Z. Saeugetierk., - 17:130, October 27; 1954, Laurie and Hill, List of land mammals - of New Guinea, Celebes and adjacent islands, p. 41, June 30, - from New Georgia. - -_Specimens examined_ (13 males and three females; three in alcohol, -crania extracted and cleaned).--Fauro in April, 23728, 23740, 23751; -Vella Lavella in November, 23134-36, 23141, 23145, 23147, 23149, 23151, -23153; Guadalcanal in May and June, 23865, 23914, 24008; Florida in -October, 24416. - -_Measurements._--See tables 2 and 3. - -_Remarks._--Heretofore, _Dobsonia inermis inermis_ was unreported from -Fauro, Vella Lavella, Guadalcanal, and Florida. Apparently the -subspecies occurs on most islands of the archipelago (see Fig. 9). - -In coloration and most cranial dimensions the specimens listed above -agree with specimens of _D. i. inermis_ from Alu, Shortland, and Rubiana -(Andersen, 1909_c_:532; 1912:475, 476), Bougainville (Troughton, -1936:348, 349), and Rennell (Hill, 1963:74). The forearm in the adult -male holotype of "_nesea_," from Shortland, is 109.5 as opposed to 109.0 -in an adult female topotype of _inermis_ from Ugi (Andersen, 1912:478) -in the southeastern part of the archipelago (see Fig. 9). Forearms of -specimens of _D. i. inermis_ from Vella Lavella are 107 to 112 -(measurements from labels because forearms of these specimens were -broken and therefore could not be remeasured). Forearms of specimens -from Fauro, Florida, Guadalcanal, and Rennell are 103.6 to 110.0 (see -Hill, 1956:74). Variation in length of forearm probably is not -significant because no cline is evident (see Fig. 9 and Table 2). - -In 1964, 11 specimens of _Dobsonia inermis_ were collected on Choiseul. -They are smaller, externally and cranially, than specimens of _D. -inermis_ from Sun Cristobal, Ugi, Rennell, Guadalcanal, Florida, -Rubiana, Vella Lavella, Shortland, Alu, Bougainville, and Fauro, and may -be named and described as follows: - - -=Dobsonia inermis minimus=, new subspecies - -_Type._--Adult male skin and skull, in good condition (originally stored -in 70 per cent alcohol for about one year), no. BBM-BSIP 23716, Bernice -P. Bishop Museum; from Choiseul Island, British Solomon Islands -Protectorate; obtained on 20 March 1964 by Philip Temple, original -number 1524. - -_Distribution._--Choiseul Island (type locality); intergrades from Santa -Ysabel also assigned to this subspecies. - -_Diagnosis._--Size small for species; wing membranes, feet, and ears -black; dorsal surface of interfemoral membrane sparsely set with silvery -hairs, other membranes naked; hair soft, medium length (10 on mantle, 5 -on crown), black hairs and scattered white hairs on face and crown; fur -of dorsal surface of mantle composed of whitish hairs having faint olive -cast imparting general color of Buffy-Citrine; hair of venter short -(about 5), soft, and fine; general coloration Buffy-Citrine; cranium -delicate; rostrum narrow in dorsal aspect (nasals not expanded -laterally); forehead (junction of nasals and frontals) pronounced in -lateral aspect; teeth resembling those of other subspecies of _D. -inermis_ but slightly smaller. - -_Comparisons._--From adults of _Dobsonia inermis inermis_, which occurs -on Rennell, San Cristobal, Ugi, Malaita, Florida, Guadalcanal, Rubiana, -Vella Lavella, Shortland, Alu, Bougainville, and Fauro, _minimus_ -differs in being smaller. Average length of mandible 31.2 and 33.4. For -other measurements see Table 2. - -From _Dobsonia praedatrix_, which occurs on New Britain, New Ireland, -and Duke of York (northward of the Solomons), _minimus_ differs in being -smaller in all dimensions; length of forearm averaging 100.5 as opposed -to 116.0, and greatest length of skull 42.4 as opposed to 50.0. - - [Illustration: FIG. 8. Greatest length of skull plotted against - zygomatic breadth for two subspecies of _Dobsonia inermis_. Symbols - represent _D. i. inermis_ ([BW]), _D. i. minimus_ ([TW]), and - intergrades assigned to _minimus_ ([BC]). Capital letters are used - to relate groups of specimens to the island or islands from which - they were collected; spatial distribution of specimens indicated in - the scatter diagram thus is shown in the inset map. Specimens from - Santa Ysabel and Bougainville are deposited in the Australian - Museum. The type specimen of _D. i. inermis_ is labeled "E." For - names of islands see Fig. 2.] - - [Illustration: FIG. 9. Distribution of _Dobsonia inermis inermis_ - ([BC]) and _D. inermis minimus_ ([RW]). For names of islands see - Fig. 2.] - - TABLE 2. Average and Extreme Measurements of Two Subspecies of - _Dobsonia inermis_. - - ================+====================================+=================== - | _D. i. minimus_ | _D. i. inermis_ - +------------------+-----------------+------------------- - | | | Guadalcanal, - MEASUREMENT | Choiseul | Santa Ysabel | Fauro, Vella - | 4 [M], 2 [F] | 1 [M], 2 [F] |Lavella, Florida - | | | 9 [M], 2 [F] - ----------------+------------------+-----------------+------------------- - Length of head | | | - and body |174.5 (170 -180 )| |174.5 (160 -190 ) - Tail vertebrae | 28.5 (24 - 33 )| 23.0 (21.5-24.0)| 30.4 ( 25 - 35 ) - Hind foot | 25.3 (25.1- 25.9)| 23.5 (23.5-24.0)| 29.3 ( 26.0- 31.6) - Ear | 21.5 (21.0- 22.9)| 21.1 (21.0-21.5)| 23.1 ( 19 - 25 ) - Length of | | | - forearm |100.5 (98.1-104.0)|105.3 (104 -107 )|108.4 (105 -112 ) - 2nd metacarpal | 43.6 (42.6- 45.2)| | 48.1 ( 45.9- 50.9) - 3rd metacarpal | 61.5 (59.8- 62.9)| | 67.6 ( 65.2- 68.5) - 4th metacarpal | 57.5 (56.5- 58.5)| | 62.5 ( 58.7- 65.5) - 5th metacarpal | 59.0 (57.0- 60.5)| | 64.4 ( 61.8- 66.0) - | | | - Greatest length | | | - of skull | 42.4 (42.1- 43.5)| 44.0 (43.0-45.6)| 45.9 ( 45.2- 47.4) - Condylobasal | | | - length | 40.4 (39.5- 41.3)| 41.7 (41.1-42.6)| 43.6 ( 43.1- 45.0) - Zygomatic | | | - breadth | 25.6 (24.9- 26.8)| 26.5 (25.7-27.6)| 27.9 ( 27.2- 28.5) - Breadth of | | | - braincase | 16.8 (16.5- 17.4)| 18.0 (17.1-19.9)| 17.9 ( 16.7- 19.0) - Breadth across | | | - upper canines | 8.4 ( 8.1- 8.7)| | 9.2 ( 9.2- 9.5) - Breadth across | | | - first upper | | | - molars | 12.1 (11.8- 12.6)| | 13.1 ( 12.6- 13.3) - Length of | | | - maxillary | | | - tooth-row | 15.6 (15.5- 15.8)| 16.4 (16.0-17.2)| 16.4 ( 15.9- 17.0) - Length of | | | - mandibular | | | - tooth-row | 17.1 (16.8- 17.6)| 17.8 (17.3-18.4)| 18.2 ( 17.8- 19.4) - ----------------+------------------+-----------------+------------------- - -_Measurements._--Comparative measurements of the subspecies _inermis_ -and _minimus_ are given in Table 2. Some measurements of the type are as -follows: Length of head and body, 147; tail vertebrae, 31; hind foot, -25; ear, 21; length of forearm, 99.5; 2nd metacarpal, 42.8; 3rd -metacarpal, 62.7; 4th metacarpal, 58.5; 5th metacarpal, 59.1; greatest -length of skull, 42.2; condylobasal length, 40.6; zygomatic breadth, -25.8; breadth of braincase, 16.8; length of maxillary tooth-row, 15.8; -length of mandible, 31.2. - -_Remarks._--_Dobsonia inermis minimus_ is the smallest subspecies of -_Dobsonia inermis_. Specimens from Santa Ysabel, southeastward of -Choiseul, are slightly larger than the type and paratypes of _minimus_. -As can be seen in the scatter diagram (Fig. 8), a male from Santa Ysabel -is as large as one male and most females of _D. i. inermis_. The other -three specimens from Santa Ysabel also are slightly larger than -specimens of _minimus_ from Choiseul, but are much smaller than -specimens of _D. i. inermis_, and, therefore, are referred to _D. i. -minimus_. - -Although there is a cline in size of _Dobsonia inermis_ from Choiseul to -Florida (generally southward; Fig. 9), no cline in size is apparent -between Choiseul and Fauro (generally westward). Specimens of _D. -inermis_ from Fauro are average for the subspecies _inermis_; there is -no evidence, in the small series available, of intergradation between -_minimus_ on Choiseul and _inermis_ on Fauro. - -_Specimens examined_ (eight males and three females, all originally in -alcohol; seven crania, all adults, extracted and cleaned).--Choiseul in -March, 23565, 23628, 23637, 23665-67, 23640, 23714, 23716 (holotype), -23717, 23720. Ellis LeG. Troughton kindly examined and measured nos. -AM-M. 3693[M], AM-M. 3694[M], AM-M. 3937[F], and AM-M. 3940[F], from -Santa Ysabel in the Australian Museum. - - -Subfamily Macroglossinae - - -=Macroglossus= F. Cuvier - - 1824. _Macroglossus_ F. Cuvier, Des dents des mammiferes ... - zoologiques, p. 248. - - 1840. _Kiodotus_ Blyth, _in_ Cuvier's animal kingdom ..., p. 69. - - 1891. _Carponycteris_ Lydekker, _in_ Flower and Lydekker, mammals - living and extinct, p. 654. - - 1902. _Odontonycteris_ Jentink, Notes Leyden Mus., 23:140, July 15. - -_Macroglossus_, the widest-ranging genus of macroglossine bats, occurs -from southeastern Asia to the southern islands of the Solomon -Archipelago (see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1966:101; Laurie and Hill, -1954:44). One species, known also from Celebes and New Guinea, occurs in -the Solomons and is represented there by an endemic subspecies. - -Numerous generic names have been applied, at one time or another, to -bats now considered as _Macroglossus_. Trouessart (1904:65) and Miller -(1907:70) listed the one bat of this genus occurring in the Solomons -under _Carponycteris_ and _Kiodotus_, respectively. Andersen (1911:642; -1912:767) and, later, Sanborn (1931:22) identified this bat as -_Macroglossus lagochilus microtus_. Troughton (1936:350), reporting an -extension of range of this species in the Solomons, used the generic -name _Odontonycteris_ without explanation. Andersen (1912:754) pointed -out that Jentink originally established the name _Odontonycteris_ on the -basis of an extra premolar in each upper jaw as opposed to the usual two -in _Macroglossus_, and arranged _Odontonycteris_ as a synonym of -_Macroglossus_ because "in no genus of Megachiroptera are dental -anomalies of so frequent occurrence as in _Macroglossus_, and on no -point of the jaws are these anomalies ... so often met with as on that -occupied by the molar series." Sanborn (1931:22) and Phillips (1966:27) -noted variation in number of incisors in _Macroglossus_ as well as in -_Melonycteris_, another macroglossine genus. All of the more recent -workers (Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1966; Pohle, 1953; Laurie and -Hill, 1954) use the name _Macroglossus_. - - -=Macroglossus lagochilus= - -_Macroglossus lagochilus_ has at least three subspecies, one of which is -endemic to the Solomons. The species ranges from Celebes on the west to -the Solomon Islands on the east, occurring not only in New Guinea but -also on many of the small adjacent islands (see Laurie and Hill, -1954:44). - - [Illustration: FIG. 10. Distribution of _Macroglossus lagochilus - microtus_. For names of islands see Fig. 2.] - - -=Macroglossus lagochilus microtus= Andersen - - 1911. _Macroglossus lagochilus microtus_ Andersen, Ann. Mag. Nat. - Hist., Ser. 8, 7:642, June, type from Guadalcanal, additional - specimens from Florida; 1912, Andersen, Catalogue of the - Chiroptera ... British Museum, 1:767; 1931, Sanborn, Publ. - Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 18:22, February 12, from San - Cristobal; 1953, Pohle, Z. Saeugetierk., 17:130, October 27, - from Bougainville; 1954, Laurie and Hill, List of land mammals - of New Guinea, Celebes and adjacent islands, p. 44, June 30. - - 1888. _Macroglossus australis_ (part). Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. - London, p. 476, December 4, from Guadalcanal. - - 1904. _Carponycteris nana_ (part), Trouessart, Catalogus Mammalium - ..., Suppl., p. 65. - - 1907. _Kiodotus_ sp., Miller, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 57:70, - June 29. - - 1936. _Odontonycteris lagochilus microtus_, Troughton, Rec. - Australian Mus., 14:350, April 7, from Bougainville. - -_Specimens examined_ (14 males and 16 females; in alcohol).--Choiseul in -March, 23654-57, 23614, 23629, 23643, 23645, 23647, 23677-79, 23684; -Vella Lavella in December, 23277-79, 23283-84; Fauro in April, 23765; -Guadalcanal in May and June, 23830, 23864, 23935; Kolombangara in -January, 23385, 23399, 23397, 23407, 23420-21; Santa Ysabel in June, -24067; Malaita in June, 24067. - -_Measurements._--Average and extreme external measurements of 14 males -and 15 females are as follows: Length of head and body, 68.3 (63-72); -tail vertebrae present but scarcely perceptible and therefore not -measured; hind foot, 11.4 (9.0-12.9); ear, 12.0 (10.0-12.9); length of -forearm, 37.6 (36.2-39.9). - -_Remarks._--The distribution of _Macroglossus lagochilus microtus_ has -not been well known. Specimens herein reported from Choiseul, Fauro, and -Vella Lavella provide new records of distribution. As shown on Figure -10, the subspecies occurs throughout the Solomon Islands. - -_Macroglossus lagochilus microtus_ differs slightly from _M. l. nanus_ -Matschie, the subspecies of the Bismarck Archipelago and Admiralty -Islands to the north of the Solomons. _M. l. nanus_ averages slightly -larger than _microtus_ (see Andersen, 1912:768-769, for comparative -measurements) but otherwise closely resembles it. - -Individual variation is evident in several measurements of the specimens -at hand (in length of forearm, for example) but no clines are apparent. -Four females obtained in March were lactating, as was one taken in -December and one taken in January. - - -=Melonycteris= Dobson - - 1877. _Melonycteris_ Dobson, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 119, - June 1. - - 1877. _Cheiropteruges_ Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, - 2:19, July. - - 1887. _Nesonycteris_ Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, 14:147, - February. - -The genus _Melonycteris_ is known from three species, two apparently -endemic to the Solomon Islands and the third occurring in eastern New -Guinea and the Bismarck Archipelago (Laurie and Hill, 1954:45). - -Heretofore, the generic name _Nesonycteris_ has been applied to the -species in the Solomons, whereas _Melonycteris_ has been restricted to -the one species in the Bismarck Archipelago and New Guinea. Andersen -(1912:792) judged that _Nesonycteris_ was clearly distinct from -_Melonycteris_ on the basis of two characters (loss of a claw on the -second digit and loss of the inner, lower incisors). On the other hand, -he noted striking similarities in general cranial features, dentition, -palatal ridges, tongue, and external appearance of the two genera. Pohle -(1953:131) synonymized the two but Laurie and Hill (1954:45) considered -them distinct. I have suggested previously (Phillips, 1966:26, 27) that -characteristics used to distinguish between _Melonycteris_ and -_Nesonycteris_ are of less than generic value. Variability of number of -incisors in the upper jaw of specimens of _Melonycteris_ (and in other -macroglossine genera, as well) indicates a lack of selective pressure -for either increase or decrease in number of incisors. Furthermore, the -loss of the small claw on the second digit might not be important -because, as Bader and Hall (1960:15) have pointed out, limbs of bats -vary more in phenotypic expression than do other parts of the skeletal -structure. - -The discovery of a new species (_Melonycteris aurantius_) in the Solomon -Islands sheds additional light on the problem. Although _M. aurantius_ -possesses the distinguishing characteristics of the genus -"Nesonycteris," the species closely resembles _Melonycteris_ in other -features. Similarity in structure of hair of _Melonycteris_ and -_Nesonycteris_, as first reported by Benedict (1957:293), also supports -the argument for synonymy (see Phillips, 1966:26). - -_Melonycteris aurantius_ lacks a small claw on the second digit and has -only two lower incisors. In these ways this species is like _woodfordi_, -which also is restricted to the Solomons. On the other hand, the -structure of the skull of _M. aurantius_ is like that of _M. melanops_, -which is the species found in the Bismarck Archipelago. - -Although _melanops_ is not yet known from the Solomon Islands, I have -included it in the following key. - -Key to Known Species of _Melonycteris_ - - 1. Ventral surface darker than dorsum, but not strongly - contrasting with it; lacking a small claw on the - second digit, 2 - - 1'. Ventral surface nearly black, strongly contrasting with - dorsum; small claw on second digit, - =Melonycteris melanops= - - 2(1'). Pelage bright, Cinnamon-Rufous; postorbital region of - skull expanded (about 8.3 wide), - =Melonycteris aurantius=, p. 816 - - 2'. Pelage dark, near Wood-Brown or Cinnamon; postorbital - region of skull constricted (about 7.5), - =Melonycteris woodfordi=, p. 816 - - [Illustration: FIG. 11. Distribution of _Melonycteris aurantius_ - [BC] and _M. woodfordi_ [LW]. For names of islands see Fig. 2.] - - -=Melonycteris aurantius= Phillips - - 1966. _Melonycteris aurantius_ Phillips, Jour. Mamm., 47:23-27, - March 12, type from Florida Island, additional specimens from - Choiseul Island. - -_Specimens examined_ (six females; three in alcohol).--Florida in -October, 24440; Choiseul in March, 23615, 23617, 23558, 23694, 23681. - -_Measurements._--Average and extreme measurements of six females are as -follows: Length of head and body, 80.8 (77-106); hind foot, 17.2 -(16.0-18.7); ear, 12.7 (11.5-14.0); length of forearm, 49.3 (42.9-53.8). -Average and extreme measurements of skulls of five females are as -follows: Greatest length of skull, 31.8 (30.8-33.3); condylobasal -length, 29.7 (28.6-32.4); zygomatic breadth, 18 (17.2-20.0); breadth of -braincase, 12.6 (12.4-13.2); postorbital breadth, 8.3 (8.0-8.9); length -of maxillary tooth-row, 10.1 (9.4-10.4); length of mandibular tooth-row, -11.7 (10.8-12.2). - -_Remarks._--On Choiseul Island _Melonycteris aurantius_ was taken at the -same locality as its congener, _Melonycteris woodfordi_. - -Externally, _M. aurantius_ resembles _M. woodfordi_. These species are -the same size, but the former is brighter in color (nearly orange in -adults) than the latter, which is Wood-Brown dorsally. Internally, -differences between _M. aurantius_ and _M. woodfordi_ are more obvious. -In the skull of _M. aurantius_, the postorbital region is expanded -(measuring about 8.3), whereas in _M. woodfordi_ the postorbital region -is constricted. Furthermore, in lateral aspect the posterior portion of -the skull of _M. aurantius_ is down-turned and the angle of the facial -axis with the basicranial axis is much more acute than in _M. -woodfordi_. - -The number of upper incisors is highly variable in the six specimens of -_M. aurantius_ that I have examined. In two specimens an extra tooth has -erupted just anterior to I2 and there is a total of six upper incisors. -In two other specimens an extra tooth has erupted in front of I2 on one -side but not the other. I could find no trace of an extra tooth in the -remaining two specimens. - -Practically nothing is known about the natural history of _M. -aurantius_, or, indeed, that of either of the other two species of this -genus. One field collector (Temple, _in litt._) for the Bishop Museum -reported that he obtained both _M. aurantius_ and _M. woodfordi_ in the -same mist net in one night. The holotype, an adult female, was lactating -when obtained in October. - - -=Melonycteris woodfordi= (Thomas) - - 1887. _Nesonycteris woodfordi_ Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. - 5, 14:147, February, type from Shortland Island; 1887, Thomas, - Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 324, March 15; 1888, Thomas, Proc. - Zool. Soc. London, p. 476, December 4; 1898, Trouessart, - Catalogus Mammalium ..., 1:90; 1899, Matschie, Die Megachiroptera - ... naturkunde, p. 91; 1904, Trouessart, Catalogus Mammalium .., - Suppl., p. 66; 1907, Miller, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 57:74, - June 29; 1912, Andersen, Catalogue of the Chiroptera ... British - Museum, 1:792, from Alu, Shortland, Fauro, and Guadalcanal; 1931, - Sanborn, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 18:23, February - 12, from Russell Island (Pavuvo); 1954, Laurie and Hill, List of - land mammals of New Guinea, Celebes and adjacent islands, p. 45, - June 30. - - 1953. _Melonycteris woodfordi_, Pohle, Z. Saeugetierk., 17:130, - October 27, from Bougainville Island; 1966, Phillips, Jour. Mamm., - 47:23, March 12, from Choiseul. - -_Specimens examined_ (three males and one female; in -alcohol).--Choiseul, in April, 23413-14, 23434, 23275. - -_Measurements._--Average and extreme measurements of three males and one -female are as follows: Length of head and body, 86.1 (83.1-91.0); hind -foot, 19.6 (17.2-22.2); ear, 11.3 (10.8-11.7); length of forearm, 54.4 -(52.1-57.7). - -_Remarks._--Specimens of _Melonycteris woodfordi_ from Choiseul -constitute a new locality of occurrence for the species. Apparently _M. -woodfordi_ occurs throughout the Solomons (see Fig. 11). - -Thomas (1887_a_:147) named _Nesonycteris woodfordi_ in a preliminary -report that appeared before the publication of the more detailed -description of the genus and species (1887_b_:323-324). In the second -paper he stated that the anterior projections of the premaxillary bones -are separated distinctly in both _Nesonycteris_ and _Melonycteris_. -According to Thomas (1887_b_:323), it was by some "accident" that Dobson -(1878:4) reported the anterior projections of the premaxillary bones in -_Melonycteris melanops_ to be united. Writing at a later date, Andersen -(1912:785) reported that in _Melonycteris melanops_ the premaxillary -bones have "simple contact with each other." Furthermore, in Andersen's -(1912:791) illustration of _M. woodfordi_ the premaxillary bones are in -contact anteriorly. In specimens of _woodfordi_ and _melanops_ examined -by me, the premaxillary bones are in contact. In _M. aurantius_ the -premaxillary bones are not in contact, and it differs from _woodfordi_ -in several other respects. - -In _M. woodfordi_, as in other macroglossine bats, there is variability -in dentition. One specimen examined has a total of three upper incisors, -and another had an extra peglike tooth just anterior to I1. - - -Subfamily Nyctimeninae - - -=Nyctimene= Borkhausen - - 1797. _Nyctimene_ Borkhausen, Deutsche fauna ..., 1:86. - - 1810. _Cephalotes_ E. Geoffroy, Ann. du Mus. d'Hist. Nat., 15:104. - - 1811. _Harpyia_ Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mamm. et Avium, p. 118. - - 1837. _Gelasinus_ Temminck, Monographe de Mammalia ..., 2:100. - -Tube-nosed bats of the genus _Nyctimene_ occur from Celebes on the west -to the Santa Cruz Islands on the east. Heretofore, two species (_N. -albiventer_ and _N. major_), each with an endemic subspecies, were known -from the Solomon Islands. Both species occur also in New Guinea and on -many adjacent islands. A new species of _Nyctimene_, apparently endemic -to the Solomons, and a new subspecies of _N. albiventer_ are named -beyond. - -_Nyctimene_ is related closely to _Cynopterus_ and the "Cynopterus -group" of Andersen (1912:691). Because _Nyctimene_ is a highly -specialized bat, Miller (1907:75) placed it in a subfamily separate from -that of _Cynopterus_ and its allies. - -Andersen (1912:696, 697) placed the species of _Nyctimene_ previously -known from the Solomons in two groups, the "papuanus" group and the -"cephalotes" group, on the basis of difference in length of forearm and -length of maxillary tooth-row. Because of its short forearm (about 58), -_N. albiventer_ is in the _papuanus_ group; and _N. major_, because of -its long forearm (about 74), is in the _cephalotes_ group. - -Key to Species of Nyctimene in the Solomons - - 1. Forearm longer than 70; males grayish-brown, females - pale gray, =N. major scitulus=, p. 825 - - 1'. Forearm shorter than 70; males dark brown, females - pale brown, 2 - - 2(1'). Forearm about 65, =N. malaitensis=, p. 822 - - 2'. Forearm less than 61, =N. albiventer=, p. 818 - - -=Nyctimene albiventer= - -This species occurs throughout New Guinea and on many adjacent islands, -including the Bismarck Archipelago and the Admiralty and Solomon -islands. The species varies geographically and five subspecies are -recognized. The two subspecies in the Solomons resemble _N. albiventer -papuanus_, the subspecies that ranges from eastern New Guinea to New -Britain. _N. albiventer bougainville_ occurs in the western chain of -islands of the Solomons, whereas another subspecies, named as new -beyond, occurs in the eastern chain of islands (see Fig. 12). - -Sexual dichromatism is striking. As Andersen (1912:690) previously -reported, females generally are paler, more brownish than males, which -are dark and have a better defined black dorsal stripe. - - -=Nyctimene albiventer bougainville= Troughton - - 1936. _Nyctimene bougainville_ Troughton, Rec. Australian Mus., - 19:349, April 7, type from Bougainville. - - 1954. _Nyctimene albiventer bougainville_, Laurie and Hill, List of - land mammals of New Guinea, Celebes and adjacent islands, p. 46, - June 30. - - 1953. _Nyctimene papuanus bougainville_, Pohle, Z. Saeugetierk., - 17:130, October 27. - -_Specimens examined_ (nine males, one female; nine in alcohol, nine -crania extracted and cleaned).--Bougainville in December, AM-M. 5786 -(paratype); Guadalcanal in May, 23812, 23815, 23827; Kolombangara in -January and February, 23369, 23381, 23388, 23406, 23444, 23456. - -_Measurements._--See Table 3. - -_Remarks._--Heretofore, _Nyctimene albiventer bougainville_ was not -known from Kolombangara and Guadalcanal. The subspecies apparently -ranges throughout the western chain of the Solomons. - -Troughton (1936:350) considered _Nyctimene bougainville_ specifically -distinct from its nearest ally, _N. papuanus_. Pohle (1953:130) did not -examine specimens of either kind, but on the basis of Troughton's -description decided that _N. bougainville_ differed only subspecifically -from _N. papuanus_. Laurie and Hill (1954:46) synonymized _bougainville_ -and _papuanus_ with _N. albiventer_. However, Troughton (1936:350) -pointed out that in addition to size _bougainville_ differed from -_papuanus_ by having narrower and longer pm3 and pm4. Judging from -specimens examined by me, such is the case, and the difference is even -more pronounced in m1. - -Specimens of _N. a. bougainville_ from Kolombangara and Guadalcanal -agree with a paratype of this subspecies from Bougainville. Geographic -variation, if present in the population in the western chain of islands -(see Fig. 12), is slight and not notable in the series available. Some -individual variation was found, especially in the shape of the -interorbital region of the skull. An adult male from Kolombangara is -unusually dark, almost black; color of the other specimens (all in -alcohol) is consistent according to sex. - -_Nyctimene albiventer_ from Choiseul and Santa Ysabel is smaller, in all -respects, than _N. albiventer_ from Bougainville, Kolombangara, and -Guadalcanal (see Table 3), and therefore may be named and described as -follows: - - -=Nyctimene albiventer minor=, new subspecies - -_Type._--Adult male, skin and skull, in good condition (originally -stored in alcohol for about one year), no. BSIP 23636, Bernice P. Bishop -Museum; from Choiseul Island, British Solomon Islands Protectorate; -obtained on 11 March 1964, by Philip Temple, original number 1441. - -_Distribution._--Known only from Choiseul and Santa Ysabel islands (see -Fig. 12). - -_Diagnosis._--Small for _Nyctimene_; wing membranes brown with scattered -yellow spots (dried specimens); uropatagium, feet, and ears brown; -dorsum of tibia set with hair, ventral surface naked; dorsum of -uropatagium sparsely set with pale brown hairs, ventral surface almost -bare; fringe of hairs along two centimeters of dorsal and ventral -surfaces of trailing edge of wing membrane; proximal third of dorsal -surface of forearm sparsely set with hairs; pelage of back soft and -thick, of medium length (about 7); hair on crown and nape short (about -4); well-defined black dorsal stripe, extending from uropatagium to -shoulders; skull resembling that of other subspecies of _N. albiventer_ -but relatively smaller; zygomatic arch delicate, slender anteriorly; P2 -small (see Fig. 14). Sexually dichromatic as follows: male--dorsum -Hair-Brown, bases of hairs darker; hair on throat sparse, medium length -(about 6), Hair-Brown; fur along sides of abdomen Drab; female--dorsum -having Buffy-Brown cast, some individual hairs Hair-Brown; shoulders -Sayal-Brown; hair on throat sparse, Hair-Brown on throat and midline of -abdomen; sides of abdomen Sayal-Brown. - -_Comparisons._--From _Nyctimene major scitulus_, the largest member of -this genus in the Solomons, _N. a. minor_ differs in being smaller in -all measurements taken; forearm averaging 54.8 as opposed to 73.5; -greatest length of skull 28.2 as opposed to 37.0, and females pale brown -instead of pale gray. - -From nine adults of _Nyctimene albiventer bougainville_ from -Bougainville, Kolombangara, and Guadalcanal, _minor_ differs as follows: -averaging slightly smaller in all dimensions; forearm averaging 54.8 as -opposed to 57.9; second metacarpal averaging 27.4 as opposed to 28.3; -5th metacarpal averaging 38.5 as opposed to 40.0; condylobasal length -26.7 as opposed to 28.0; length of mandibular tooth-row 10.3 as opposed -to 10.9; mandible smaller (see Fig. 14); dorsal stripe fainter. - -From _Nyctimene albiventer papuanus_, known from eastern New Guinea, New -Britain, and the Admiralty Islands, _minor_ differs as follows: slightly -smaller in most dimensions; forearm averaging 54.8 as opposed to 57.0; -length of maxillary tooth-row 8.9 as opposed to 9.8; length of -mandibular tooth-row 10.3 as opposed to 11.0; breadth across upper third -premolars notably less (7.5 as opposed to 8.4). - -_N. a. minor_ differs from _N. albiventer albiventer_ Gray, which occurs -about 800 miles to the west of _minor_, in ways made apparent by the -description by Andersen (1912:700-701). _N. a. minor_ occurs about 1500 -miles eastward of the place from which _N. a. draconilla_ Thomas, a -subspecies essentially unknown to me, was named (see Laurie and Hill, -1954:46). - -From _Nyctimene sanctacrucis_, known from the Santa Cruz Islands, -_minor_ differs as follows: much smaller in all dimensions; forearm -averaging 54.8 as opposed to 75; greatest length of skull 28.2 as -opposed to 34.5; length of maxillary tooth-row 8.9 as opposed to 12.9. - - [Illustration: FIG. 12. Distribution of _Nyctimene albiventer - bougainville_ ([BC]) and _N. albiventer minor_ ([LW]). - For names of islands see Fig. 2.] - - [Illustration: FIG. 13. Scatter diagram comparing two subspecies - of _Nyctimene albiventer_. One individual of specimens thought - to be intergrades is as large as specimens of _Nyctimene a. - bougainville_, whereas the other three intergrades are about the - same size as specimens of _N. a. minor_. Symbols represent - _N. a. bougainville_ ([BW]), _N. a. minor_ ([TW]), and intergrades - assigned to _minor_ ([BC]). For names of islands see Fig. 2.] - - TABLE 3. Average and Extreme Measurements of _Nyctimene albiventer - bougainville_ and _N. a. minor_. - - ===============+==================+==================+=================== - | _N. a. minor_ | _Intergrades_ | _N. a. - | | | bougainville_ - | | | - MEASUREMENT | Choiseul, | Fauro | Kolombangara, - | Santa Ysabel | | Guadalcanal - | 4 [M], 1 [F] | 1 [M], 3 [F] | 8 [M], 1 [F] - ---------------+------------------+------------------+------------------- - Length of head | | | - and body |107.0 (105 -109 )|109.2 (105 -112 )|110.0 (106 -117) - Tail vertebrae | 20.0 (19.3- 20.5)| 21.0 ( 20 - 22 )| 19.2 ( 15.5- 23.0) - Hind foot | 14.2 (13.5- 15.0)| | 14.3 ( 13.0- 15.9) - Ear | 11.9 (11.0- 13.0)| | 12.8 ( 11.8- 14.5) - Length of | | | - forearm | 54.8 (54.0- 55.8)| 57.1 (55.9- 59.0)| 57.9 ( 55.8- 59.8) - Greatest | | | - length of | | | - skull | 28.2 (27.2- 28.9)| 28.6 (28.3- 29.7)| 29.7 ( 28.6- 30.1) - Condylobasal | | | - length | 26.7 (26.2- 27.5)| 27.4 (26.6- 28.0)| 28.0 ( 27.8- 28.9) - Palatal length | 11.2 (10.9- 11.9)| 11.6 (11.3- 11.8)| 11.7 ( 11.0- 12.5) - Breadth of | | | - braincase | 12.0 (11.5- 12.4)| 12.0 (11.7- 12.2)| 12.3 ( 12.1- 12.8) - Zygomatic | | | - breadth | 18.9 (18.4- 19.7)| 18.6 (18.4- 19.2)| 19.2 ( 18.7- 20.0) - Interorbital | | | - breadth | 5.0 ( 4.7- 5.6)| 5.3 ( 5.0- 5.6)| 5.1 ( 4.7- 5.5) - Breadth across | | | - first upper | | | - molars | 8.6 ( 8.4- 8.9)| 8.9 ( 8.7- 9.1)| 9.1 ( 8.8- 9.6) - Maxillary | | | - tooth-row | 8.9 ( 8.7- 9.3)| 9.3 ( 9.1- 9.5)| 9.5 ( 9.2- 9.8) - Mandibular | | | - tooth-row | 10.3 (10.0- 10.6)| 10.5 (10.2- 11.1)| 10.9 ( 10.7- 11.4) - ---------------+------------------+------------------+------------------- - -_Measurements._--Measurements of the two subspecies from the Solomons -are given in Table 3. Some measurements of the type are as follows: -Length of head and body, 108; tail vertebrae, 20.5; hind foot, 14.7; -ear, 11.3; length of forearm, 55.1; 2nd metacarpal, 27.4; 3rd -metacarpal, 39.0; 4th metacarpal, 37.5; 5th metacarpal, 39.1; greatest -length of skull, 28.6; condylobasal length, 27.5; zygomatic breadth, -18.4; length of maxillary tooth-row, 9.0; length of mandibular -tooth-row, 10.4. - -_Remarks._--_Nyctimene albiventer minor_ closely resembles _N. -albiventer bougainville_, differing from the latter mostly in size. -Although adults of _minor_ average only slightly smaller than adults of -_bougainville_ (see Table 3), there is only slight overlap (about 0.2 at -most) in most minimum dimensions of external and cranial features of -_bougainville_ and corresponding maximum dimensions of externals and -crania of _minor_. The difference in size is clearly shown in Figs. 13 -and 14. - -Four specimens of _Nyctimene albiventer_ from Fauro herein are -considered to be intergrades between _N. a. bougainville_ and _N. a. -minor_. As shown in Table 3, the specimens from Fauro average slightly -larger than those of _minor_ from Choiseul and Santa Ysabel and slightly -smaller than specimens of _bougainville_ from Kolombangara and -Guadalcanal. I have assigned the specimens from Fauro to _N. a. minor_ -because they generally are closer to _minor_ in size (see Fig. 13). - -_Specimens examined_ (five males and four females; seven in alcohol; -seven crania extracted and cleaned).--Choiseul in February and March, -23636 (holotype), 23631, 23540, 23646; Santa Ysabel in February, 23539; -Fauro in April, 23742, 23743, 23763, 23764. - -One specimen of _Nyctimene_ from Malaita Island is smaller than -_Nyctimene major_, which is known from Shortland, Alu, Florida, New -Georgia, Guadalcanal, Choiseul, and Malapa (see Fig. 15) and is larger -than either of the two subspecies of _Nyctimene albiventer_ known from -Bougainville, Fauro, Kolombangara, Guadalcanal, Choiseul, and Santa -Ysabel. This specimen represents a previously unknown species and may be -named and described as follows: - - -=Nyctimene malaitensis=, new species - -_Type._--Adult female, skin and skull, in good condition (originally -stored in alcohol for about one year), no. BSIP 24103, Bernice P. Bishop -Museum; from Malaita Island, British Solomon Islands Protectorate; -obtained on 1 July 1964, by Peter Shanahan, original no. unknown. - -_Distribution._--Known only from Malaita (see Fig. 16). - -_Diagnosis._--Size average for genus but larger than closest relative, -_Nyctimene albiventer_; wing membranes brown with scattered yellow spots -(dried specimen); uropatagium, ears, and feet brown; dorsal surface of -tibia set with hair, ventral surface bare; dorsal surface of uropatagium -sparsely set with hair, ventral surface having few, scattered hairs; -dorsal surface of trailing edge of wing membrane sparsely set with -hairs, ventral surface bare; proximal third of upper- and under-surface -of forearm set with hair; pelage of back luxuriant and soft (about 10 -long); hair on crown and nape shorter than on back (4 to 8); -well-defined black dorsal stripe from shoulders to rump (about 2 wide); -basal half of most hairs on dorsum Deep Mouse Gray, distal half Light -Buff, tips Ochraceous-Tawny; some hairs on back entirely Light Buff; -hairs of crown Light Ochraceous Buff tipped with Ochraceous-Tawny; hair -on throat and along sides of abdomen Light Ochraceous Buff; hairs of -ventral midline Smoke Gray; braincase narrow; zygomatic breadth -relatively narrow; well-developed lambdoidal crest in female; rostrum -short, wide; upper canines slanted posteriorly; upper incisors large; -foramen ovale large (see Fig. 14). - - [Illustration: FIG. 14. Dorsal and ventral views of skulls of - (A) _Nyctimene albiventer minor_ [specimen 23631 [M]], - (B) _N. a. bougainville_ [specimen 23381 [M]], and - (C) _N. malaitensis_ [specimen 24103 [F]].] - -_Comparisons._--From _Nyctimene major scitulus_, the largest kind of -_Nyctimene_ in the Solomons, _malaitensis_ differs as follows: smaller -in all dimensions (forearm 65 as opposed to 73.5); greatest length of -skull 32.4 as opposed to 37.0; length of maxillary tooth-row 10.5 as -opposed to 13.0; length of mandibular tooth-row 11.8 as opposed to 14.2. - -From nine adults of _Nyctimene albiventer bougainville_ from -Bougainville, Kolombangara, and Guadalcanal, _malaitensis_ differs as -follows: larger in all dimensions: forearm 65 as opposed to 57.9; -greatest length of skull 32.4 as opposed to 29.7; zygomatic breadth 20.4 -as opposed to 19.2; and length of maxillary tooth-row 10.5 as opposed to -9.5; length of mandibular tooth-row 11.8 as opposed to 11.1. - -From five adults of _Nyctimene albiventer minor_, from Choiseul and -Santa Ysabel, _malaitensis_ differs in the same ways it differs from _N. -a. bougainville_, but the contrast is even greater when _malaitensis_ -and _minor_ are compared. - -From _Nyctimene sanctacrucis_, known only from the Santa Cruz Islands, -_malaitensis_ differs in being smaller in all dimensions: forearm 65 as -opposed to 75; greatest length of skull 32.4 as opposed to 34.5; and -length of maxillary tooth-row 10.5 as opposed to 12.9. - -_Measurements of the holotype._--Length of head and body, 118; tail -vertebrae, 23.0; hind foot, 16.0; ear, 14.0; length of forearm, 65.0; -2nd metacarpal, 33.2; 3rd metacarpal, 46.4; 4th metacarpal, 44.3; 5th -metacarpal, 46.0; greatest length of skull, 32.4; condylobasal length, -30.6; palatal length, 13.0; breadth of braincase, 12.5; zygomatic -breadth, 20.4; interorbital breadth, 5.5; breadth across first upper -molars, 9.5; length of maxillary tooth-row, 10.5; length of mandibular -tooth-row, 11.8. - - [Illustration: FIG. 15. Distribution of _Nyctimene malaitensis_ [BC] - and _N. major scitulus_ [RW]. For names of islands see Fig. 2.] - -_Remarks._--In size, _Nyctimene malaitensis_ is intermediate between _N. -albiventer_ and _N. major_. Because the type of _malaitensis_ is brown -and not pale gray, as are females of _major_, _N. malaitensis_ most -likely is more closely related to _N. albiventer_, in which the females -are brown. The teeth of the holotype and only known specimen of -_malaitensis_ are too worn to be useful in determining the relationships -between these species. - -When more specimens are available, _N. malaitensis_ may prove to be a -subspecies of _N. albiventer_. At present, _malaitensis_ is accorded -specific rank in order not to obscure the apparent relationships of _N. -albiventer bougainville_ and _N. a. minor_. Additionally, _N. -malaitensis_ is given specific rank because (1) it is larger (especially -in external dimensions) than the largest subspecies of _N. albiventer_ -(compare above measurements with those in Table 3), and (2) -_malaitensis_ does not form a cline with either of the two subspecies of -_N. albiventer_. - -_Specimen examined_ (one female).--Malaita in July, 24103 (holotype). - - -=Nyctimene major= - -This large species of tube-nosed bat has at least four subspecies, one -of which (_N. major scitulus_) is endemic to the Solomons. The species -occurs throughout eastern New Guinea and on many of the islands adjacent -to the eastern coast of New Guinea, including the Trobriand Islands, -the Bismarck Archipelago, and the Solomons (see Laurie and Hill, -1954:47). The geographic distribution of the species generally is the -same as that of _N. albiventer_. - -In _Nyctimene major_, as in _N. albiventer_, most males are -grayish-brown, whereas most females are pale gray. - - -=Nyctimene major scitulus= Andersen - - 1910. _Nyctimene scitulus_ Andersen, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, - 6:623, December 1, type from Shortland; 1912, Andersen, Catalogue - of the Chiroptera ... British Museum, 1:711, from Shortland, New - Georgia, Florida, Guadalcanal; 1931, Troughton, Proc. Linnean Soc. - New South Wales, 56:206, July 15; 1931, Sanborn, Publ. Field Mus. - Nat. Hist., 18:22, February 12, from Choiseul and Malapa; 1942, - Tate, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 80:342, December 31. - - 1954. _Nyctimene major scitulus_, Laurie and Hill, List of land - mammals of New Guinea, Celebes and adjacent islands, p. 47, - June 30. - - 1862. _Harpyia pallasi_, Gerrard, Catalogue of the bones ... - British Museum, p. 58. - - 1870. _Harpyia cephalotes_, Gray, Catalogue of monkeys, lemurs and - fruit-eating bats in the British Museum, p. 121. - - 1878. _Harpyia major_, Dobson, Catalogue of the Chiroptera ... - British Museum, p. 90; 1879, Trouessart, Rev. Mag. Zool., 3:207; - 1887, Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 323; 1888, Thomas, Proc. - Zool. Soc. London, p. 476; 1897, Trouessart, Catalogus Mammalium - ..., 1:87. - - 1899. _Cephalotes major_, Trouessart, Catalogus Mammalium ..., - 2:1277. - - 1899. _Gelasinus major_, Matschie, Die Megachiroptera ... - naturkunde, p. 84; 1904, Trouessart, Catalogus Mammalium ..., - Suppl., p. 64. - -_Specimens examined_ (four males and one female; dried skins with skulls -inside).--Florida in October, 24397, 24413, 24418, 24419. - -_Measurements._--External measurements of four males and one female are, -respectively, as follows: Length of head and body, 134, 128, 134, 134, -136; tail vertebrae, 28, 23, 27, 26, 21; hind foot, 20, 16, 19, 16, 21; -ear, 17, 17, 17, 17, 18; length of forearm, 73.8, 68.0, 74.0, 73.6, -78.0. - -_Remarks._--_Nyctimene major scitulus_ has been recorded only from the -western chain of islands in the Solomons (see Fig. 15). Specimens -examined by me agree well in external dimensions and color with -specimens described by Andersen (1912:712) and Troughton (1931:206-207). - - - - -ZOOGEOGRAPHY AND SPECIATION - - -De Beaufort (1951:113) considered bats of "less zoogeographical -importance" than other mammals because the ocean is not an "absolute -barrier to their dispersal." Volant animals are ecologically terrestrial -and therefore are more nearly earthbound than De Beaufort's remarks -would suggest (see Miller, 1966:10). Indeed, many kinds of volant -animals are endemic to the Solomons. Birds, for example, are well -adapted for flight but pose some of the most complex zoogeographic -problems in the area of New Guinea and the Solomon Islands (Mayr, -1940:198; 1942:81-83; Koopman, 1957). Rapid speciation can take place -in any situation where there is a high degree of isolation (Wright, -1931; Lack, 1947). In fact, isolation is a most important factor in -speciation of insular populations (Baker, 1951:55). The one genus, nine -species, and 19 subspecies of megachiropterans that are endemic to the -Solomons (Table 4) obviously indicate that bats, although volant, can be -restricted to one or more islands long enough for new taxa to evolve. - - TABLE 4. A Summary of the Kinds of Megachiropteran Bats in the - Solomon Islands and Their Affinities with Faunas of Adjacent - Islands. - - ===========+========+==========+===========+============+=============== - | | | Common | Common to | Common to - | | Endemic | only to | Solomons, | Solomons, - | Totals | to | Solomons | Bismarcks, | New Hebrides, - | | Solomons | and | and | and - | | | Bismarcks | New Guinea | New Caledonia - -----------+--------+----------+-----------+------------+--------------- - Genera | 7 | 1 | 0 | 6 | 0 - Species | 16 | 9 | 1 | 6 | 1 - Subspecies | 20 | 19 | 0 | 0 | 1 - -----------+--------+----------+-----------+------------+--------------- - -The megachiropteran bats of the Solomons have their affinities with the -fauna of New Guinea (Table 4); the Solomons and New Guinea have six -genera and six species in common. Because the two areas never have been -connected (_via_ the Bismarck Archipelago) by dry land, bats probably -have reached the Solomons by flying from island to island (see Durham, -1963:357, 359, 361, 363). Deignan (1963:266) has dismissed voluntary or -involuntary flight as possible explanations for distributions of bats -and birds on islands of the Pacific. - -The taxonomic level of endemism can be used as an indicator of antiquity -(Dobzhansky, 1941; Koopman, 1958:429-430). The one megachiropteran genus -(_Pteralopex_) endemic to the Solomons apparently is an ancient relic. -Bats of this monotypic genus occur on Bougainville, Choiseul, Santa -Ysabel, and Guadalcanal (see Fig. 4). These four islands probably were -contiguous during the maximum lowering of sea level in the Pleistocene -(see Durham, 1963:362-363). Bats of the genus _Pteralopex_ are the only -kind in the Solomons having a distribution that can be correlated with -former land connections between islands. - -The distributions of 16 species of megachiropterans known from the -Solomons are summarized in Table 5 and in Figure 16. The larger islands -(in terms of surface area and elevation) in general have the highest -number of species (Guadalcanal 10, Choiseul 9, and Bougainville 8). But -Fauro, one of the smallest islands for which data are available, has six -species of megachiropterans whereas San Cristobal and Malaita, two of -the larger islands, have only three and four species, respectively. -Possibly this difference signals the need for additional collecting. - -Bougainville and Choiseul, about 60 miles apart, have seven species of -megachiropterans in common (Table 5). Fauro, 25 miles southeast of -Bougainville and 35 miles west of Choiseul, shares five species with -each of these islands (Fig. 16). _Pteralopex atrata_ and _Pteropus -rayneri_ occur on Choiseul and on Bougainville, but not on Fauro. -Individuals of these species are the largest fruit bats in the Solomons, -and their absence on Fauro suggests, therefore, that this small island -is ecologically unsuitable, at least in some months, for the support of -populations of bats that require relatively large amounts of food. The -small size of the island is consistent with this hypothesis, but several -other islands as small as Fauro do support populations of the large -kinds of _Pteropus_, at least in some months. - - TABLE 5. A Summary of Distribution of All Species of Megachiropteran - Bats Known from the Solomons. Only Islands Well Known Faunistically - Are Listed. - - Column headings: - - A: Bougainville I: Vella Lavella - B: Choiseul J: Kolombangara - C: Santa Ysabel K: Russell - D: Ndai L: Guadalcanal - E: Malaita M: San Cristobal - F: Florida N: Ugi - G: Fauro O: Rennell - H: Shortland P: Ontong Java - - ===================+==+==+==+==+==+==+==+==+==+==+==+==+==+==+==+== - SPECIES | A| B| C| D| E| F| G| H| I| J| K| L| M| N| O| P - -------------------+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+-- - R. amplexicaudatus | X| X| X| | X| | X| | | X| | X| | | | - P. atrata | X| X| X| | | | | | | | | X| | | | - Pt. hypomelanus | | | | | | | | | | | X| | | | | - Pt. admiralitatum | | | | X| | | | X| X| | X| X| | | | - Pt. tonganus | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | X| - Pt. howensis | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | X - Pt. rayneri | X| X| X| | X| | | | X| X| | X| X| X| X| - Pt. woodfordi | | | | | | | X| | | X| X| X| | | | - Pt. mahaganus | X| | X| | | | | | | | | | | | | - D. inermis | X| X| X| | X| X| X| X| X| | | X| X| X| X| - M. lagochilus | X| X| | | | X| X| | | X| | X| X| | | - M. woodfordi | X| X| | | | | X| X| | | X| X| | | | - M. aurantius | | X| | | | X| | | | | | | | | | - N. albiventer | X| X| X| | | | X| | | X| | X| | | | - N. major | | X| | | | X| | X| | | | X| | | | - N. malaitensis | | | | | X| | | | | | | | | | | - +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+-- - Totals | 8| 9| 6| 1| 4| 4| 6| 4| 3| 5| 4|10| 3| 2| 3| 1 - -------------------+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+-- - -Santa Ysabel has six species of megachiropterans and 10 occur on -Guadalcanal (Table 5). These two islands, separated by about 100 miles -of water, share five species (_Rousettus amplexicaudatus_, _Pteralopex -atrata_, _Pteropus rayneri_, _Dobsonia inermis_, and _Nyctimene -albiventer_). The Nggela Group, in which Florida is the largest island -and the only one from which bats have been collected, is 50 miles -southeast of Santa Ysabel and 30 miles north of Guadalcanal (Fig. 16). -Four species of megachiropterans are known from Florida (_Dobsonia -inermis_, _Macroglossus lagochilus_, _Melonycteris aurantius_, and -_Nyctimene major_). Three of these are known from Guadalcanal and one -occurs on Santa Ysabel. This situation resembles the one involving -Fauro, Bougainville, and Choiseul because none of the large bats -(_Pteropus_ and _Pteralopex_) is known from Florida, even though two -species of large bats that occur on Santa Ysabel to the northwest occur -also on Guadalcanal to the south. Possibly Florida and the smaller -islands that comprise the Nggela Group are ecologically unsuitable for -large bats, or perhaps these small islands can support only limited -numbers of individuals during part of a year. - - [Illustration: FIG. 16. The number of megachiropteran species known - from individual islands (number within a circle) is compared with - the number of species common to two different islands (number - without a circle). For names of islands see Fig. 2.] - -Some of the small islands in the Solomons have populations of large -fruit bats. For example, _Pteropus admiralitatum_ and _P. hypomelanus_ -have been reported from the small islands in the Russell Group (Table -5). Possibly these species do not live concurrently in the Russells; -specimens of the two were obtained in different years. Two small -megachiropterans, _P. woodfordi_ and _Melonycteris woodfordi_, also -inhabit the Russells. Shortland, a small island about 15 miles south of -Bougainville, supports one large bat, _P. admiralitatum_, as well as -smaller megachiropterans. - -Kolombangara and Vella Lavella are about the same size and are separated -by about 15 miles of water. _Rousettus amplexicaudatus_, _Pteropus -rayneri_, _P. woodfordi_, _Macroglossus lagochilus_, and _Nyctimene -albiventer_ have been collected on Kolombangara but only _P. -admiralitatum_, _P. rayneri_, and _Dobsonia inermis_ have been found on -Vella Lavella. The difference in the known megachiropteran faunas is -more striking when one compares each island with adjacent islands. Two -species on Vella Lavella occur also on Choiseul, which is about 35 miles -northeastward, and two species occur also on Shortland, which is 120 -miles northwestward (Fig. 16). Four of the five megachiropterans on -Kolombangara also have been found on Choiseul, about 50 miles northward -(Table 5). _Pteropus rayneri_ is the only megachiropteran known from -both Kolombangara and Vella Lavella, even though the islands are -separated by only a few miles of water. Inadequate data possibly account -for the differences in the megachiropteran fauna, but I suspect that -some other factors are involved. Although Vella Lavella and Kolombangara -do have one species (_P. rayneri_) in common, a different subspecies -occurs on each island--_rubianus_ on Kolombangara and _lavellanus_ on -Vella Lavella (Fig. 17 and Table 6). This indicates that some factor or -factors are operating to keep megachiropterans from moving frequently or -easily from one island to the other. - -Each of several subspecies of species in the genus _Pteropus_ are known -from one or two small islands separated by only a few miles from other -islands on which different subspecies occur (see Fig. 6). Judging from -this kind of distribution, these bats do not move frequently from island -to island. Possibly this is because they cannot easily cross water -barriers, or are not inclined to do so because food is abundantly -available throughout the year on their home island. Because "flying -foxes" frequently are seen in flight over water several hundred yards -from shore, the first factor probably is unimportant--at least where -short distances are involved. It seems most likely that when abundant -food is available these bats have no reason to move even moderate -distances. - - [Illustration: FIG. 17. The number of subspecies of megachiropterans - known from individual islands (number within a circle) is compared - with the number of subspecies common to different islands (number - without a circle). For names of islands see Fig. 2.] - -Distributions of subspecies of polytypic species are summarized in Table -6 and Figure 17. Generally, more subspecies are known from the larger -islands than from the smaller islands (Guadalcanal with 5, Bougainville, -Choiseul, and Santa Ysabel with 4, Fauro with 2.) The distributions of -some subspecies can be used to judge the differential effectiveness of -water gaps between islands. The distribution of _Pteropus rayneri -lavellanus_ and _P. rayneri rubianus_ is an example. - -Choiseul and Santa Ysabel are separated by about 50 miles of water (see -Fig. 17) but have three subspecies in common (_Pteropus rayneri -grandis_, _Dobsonia inermis minimus_, and _Nyctimene albiventer -minor_.) Choiseul is about 50 miles from Kolombangara and about 35 miles -from Vella Lavella, but shares no subspecies with these smaller islands -although some species are shared (Tables 5 and 6). From these data one -can conclude that exchange of genes between populations on Choiseul and -populations on Santa Ysabel is frequent but for some reason exchange of -genes between populations on Vella Lavella and Choiseul and Kolombangara -and Choiseul is infrequent. A series of small islands (Rob Roy, Wagina, -and the Arnavon Islands, not named on the maps) connect Choiseul and -Santa Ysabel in stepping-stone fashion (see Fig. 17). Possibly these -small islands enhance movement of megachiropterans between Choiseul and -Santa Ysabel. - - TABLE 6. A Summary of Distribution of Polytypic Species of - Megachiropteran Bats in the Solomon Islands. Only Islands - Well Known Faunistically Are Listed. - - Column headings: - - A: Bougainville I: Vella Lavella - B: Choiseul J: Kolombangara - C: Santa Ysabel K: Russell - D: Ndai L: Guadalcanal - E: Malaita M: San Cristobal - F: Florida N: Ugi - G: Fauro O: Rennell - H: Shortland P: Ontong Java - - ===================+==+==+==+==+==+==+==+==+==+==+==+==+==+==+==+== - SUBSPECIES | A| B| C| D| E| F| G| H| I| J| K| L| M| N| O| P - -------------------+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+-- - P. atrata atrata | X| X| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - P. atrata anceps | | | X| | | | | | | | | X| | | | - Pt. a. solomonis | | | | | | | | | X| | X| X| | | | - Pt. a. colonus | | | | | | | | X| | | | | | | | - Pt. a. grandis | | | | X| | | | | | | | | | | | - Pt. r. rayneri | | | | | X| | | | | | | X| | | | - Pt. r. grandis | X| X| X| | | | | | | | | | | | | - Pt. r. rubianus | | | | | | | | | | X| | | | | | - Pt. r. lavellanus | | | | | | | | | X| | | | | | | - Pt. r. monoensis | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | X - Pt. r. cognatus | | | | | | | | | | | | | X| X| | - Pt. r. rennelli | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | X| - D. i. inermis | X| | | | X| X| X| X| X| | | X| X| X| X| - D. i. minimus | | X| X| | | | | | | | | | | | | - N. a. bougainville | X| | | | | | | | | X| | X| | | | - N. a. minor | | X| X| | | | X| | | | | | | | | - +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+-- - Totals | 4| 4| 4| 1| 2| 1| 2| 2| 3| 2| 1| 5| 2| 2| 2| 1 - -------------------+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+-- - -Florida, of the Nggela Group, is approximately halfway between Santa -Ysabel and Guadalcanal. _Pteralopex atrata anceps_ occurs on Santa -Ysabel and on Guadalcanal but is unknown from Florida. Fauro lies -between Bougainville and Choiseul. _Pteralopex atrata atrata_ and -_Pteropus rayneri grandis_ occur on Choiseul and on Bougainville but are -unknown from Fauro. As suggested earlier, small islands like Fauro and -Florida possibly cannot support large fruit bats, although they probably -would utilize these small islands when in transit between larger -islands. - -Fauro apparently is important to the distribution of the two subspecies -of _Dobsonia inermis_ and _Nyctimene albiventer_ in the Solomons (see -Figs. 9 and 13). In both species, one subspecies is found in the eastern -chain of islands and one subspecies is found in the western chain. -Specimens of _Dobsonia inermis_ from Fauro and Bougainville can be -identified as the subspecies _inermis_ whereas those from Choiseul are -assignable to the subspecies _minimus_. _Nyctimene albiventer -bougainville_ occurs on Bougainville but specimens of _N. albiventer_ -from Fauro and Choiseul can be identified as the subspecies _minor_. -Although interchange of genes occurs between populations on Bougainville -and Fauro in the case of _D. inermis_, the population of _N. albiventer_ -on Fauro is at least partially isolated from the population on -Bougainville. - -Rennell and Ontong Java are relatively isolated from other islands in -the Solomons (see Fig. 17). Only one kind of bat (_Pteropus howensis_) -is known from Ontong Java and apparently is endemic to that atoll. -_Pteropus tonganus geddiei_, one of the megachiropterans that occurs on -Rennell (Table 5), also is found in the New Hebrides and on New -Caledonia (Table 4). This makes _P. t. geddiei_ the only megachiropteran -bat in the Solomons that is more closely related to bats on islands to -the southeast of the Solomons than to bats on other islands of the -Solomons, the Bismarcks, or New Guinea, to the north and west. The other -species of megachiropterans (_Dobsonia inermis_ and _Pteropus rayneri_) -on Rennell are found also on other islands in the Solomons. It is to be -noted that Mayr (1931) regarded the avifauna of Rennell as most nearly -like that of the New Hebrides and New Caledonia. He suggested that the -prevailing winds from the southeast have been important for birds that -have reached Rennell. The New Hebrides and New Caledonia are four and a -half times farther from Rennell than are San Cristobal and Guadalcanal. -On first consideration a person might doubt that the winds would be -favorable enough to compensate for the great distance between Rennell -and the New Hebrides and New Caledonia. Darlington (1938) has used the -formula X n/m to obtain a comparison of barriers of different widths. -[X = the probability of an individual crossing a barrier of width m; -the probability of an individual crossing a similar barrier of width n -is the ratio n/m.] If this formula is applied here, one finds that winds -from the southeast (that is, from the New Hebrides and New Caledonia) -would have to be more than 100 times more favorable than winds from the -northeast (from Guadalcanal and San Cristobal) in order to compensate -for the distance of Rennell from the New Hebrides and New Caledonia. -Even so, tropical storms with unusually strong winds, frequent during -some parts of the year, possibly account for the present distributional -pattern of bats and birds that live on Rennell. - -Whatever the means by which bats of the species _P. tonganus_ reached -Rennell, the fact remains that specimens from Rennell cannot be -distinguished from specimens of _P. tonganus geddiei_ from the New -Hebrides and New Caledonia, more than 500 miles to the southeast. - -NOTE: An important and interesting paper on zoogeography of bats, which -was published too late to be included here, is: Krzanowski, A., 1967, -The magnitude of islands and the size of bats (Chiroptera), Acta Zool. -Cracoviensia, 12:281-348. - - - - -LITERATURE CITED - - -ANONYMOUS. - - 1944. Gazetteer of Solomon Islands, Bismarck Archipelago, and - Islands of the south-eastern end of New Guinea. Hydrographic - office of the United States Navy Department, No. 881. - - -ANDERSEN, K. - - 1908. Twenty new forms of _Pteropus_. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, - 2:361-370, October. - - 1909a. On the characters and affinities of "Desmalopex" and - Pteralopex. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, 3:213-222, February. - - 1909b. Two new bats from the Solomon Islands. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., - ser. 8, 3:266-270, March. - - 1909c. On the fruit-bats of the genus _Dobsonia_. Ann. Mag. Nat. - Hist., ser. 8, 4:528-533, December. - - 1911. Six new fruit-bats of the genera _Macroglossus_ and - _Syconycteris_. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, 7:641-643, June. - - 1912. Catalogue of the Chiroptera in the collection of the British - Museum, British Mus. (Nat. Hist.), London, 1:ci + 1-854, 79 figs. - - -BADER, R. S., and HALL, J. S. - - 1960. Osteometric variation and function in bats. Evol., 14:8-17, 3 - figs., March 21. - - -BAKER, R. H. - - 1951. The avifauna of Micronesia, its origin, evolution, and - distribution. Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 3:1-359, 16 - figs., June 12. - - -BEAUFORT, L. E. DE. - - 1951. Zoogeography of the land and inland waters. Sidgwick and - Jackson, London, viii + 208 pp., maps. - - -BELKIN, J. N. - - 1962. The mosquitoes of the South Pacific (Diptera, Culicidae). - Univ. California Press, Berkeley, 1:xii + 1-608, July 18. - - -BENEDICT, F. - - 1957. Hair structure as a generic character in bats. Univ. - California Publ. Zool., 59:285-548, 9 pls., 4 figs., October 10. - - -BRIGHAM, W. T. - - 1900. An index to the islands of the Pacific Ocean. Mem. Bernice P. - Bishop Mus., Honolulu, 2:1-170, maps. - - -CRANSTONE, B. A. L. - - 1961. Melanesia: a short ethnography. British Mus., London, 115 - pp., 26 pls., 43 figs., map. - - -DARLINGTON, P. J. - - 1938. The origin of the fauna of the Greater Antilles, with - discussion of dispersal of animals over water and through the - air. Quart. Rev. Biol., 13:274-300, 5 figs. - - -DEIGNAN, H. G. - - 1963. Birds in the tropical Pacific, pp. 263-269, _in_ Pacific - Basin biogeography (J. L. Gressitt, ed.). Bernice P. Bishop Mus. - Press, Honolulu, xi + 563 pp. - - -DOBSON, G. E. - - 1878. Catalogue of the Chiroptera in the ... British Museum. - British Mus., London, xlii + 567 pp., 30 pls. - - -DOBZHANSKY, T. G. - - 1941. Genetics and the origin of species. Columbia Univ. Press, New - York, 2nd. ed., rev., ix + 466 pp., 24 figs. - - -DURHAM, J. W. - - 1963. Paleogeographic conclusions in light of biological data, pp. - 355-365, 4 figs., _in_ Pacific Basin biogeography (J. L. - Gressitt, ed.). Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Press, Honolulu, - xi + 563 pp. - - -ELLERMAN, J. R., and MORRISON-SCOTT, T. C. S. - - 1966. Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian mammals, 1758-1946. - British Mus. (Nat. Hist.), London, 2nd. ed., 810 pp., July. - - -FELTEN, H. - - 1964a. Flughunde der Gattung _Pteropus_ von den Neuen Hebriden - (Mammalia, Chiroptera). Senck. biol., 45:87-92, 6 figs., May 15. - - 1964b. Flughunde der Gattung _Pteropus_ von Neukaledonien und den - Loyalty-Inseln (Mammalia, Chiroptera). Senck. biol., 45:671-683, - December 21. - - -HALL, E. R. - - 1946. Mammals of Nevada. Univ. California Press, Berkeley, xi + 710 - pp., frontispiece, 11 pls., 485 figs., July 1. - - -HILL, J. E. - - 1956. The mammals of Rennell Island. The natural history of Rennell - Island, British Solomon Islands, Copenhagen, 1:73-84, - November 28. - - 1962. A little-known fruit-bat from Rennell Island. The natural - history of Rennell Island, British Solomon Islands, Copenhagen, - 4:7-9, February 15. - - 1963. A revision of the genus _Hipposideros_. Bull. British Mus. - (Nat. Hist.), 2:1-129, October. - - -KOOPMAN, K. F. - - 1957. Evolution in the genus _Myzomela_ (Aves: Meliphagidae). The - Auk, 74:49-72, 5 figs., January. - - 1958. Land bridges and ecology in bat distribution on islands off - the northern coast of South America. Evol., 12:429-439, 2 figs., - December. - - -LACK, D. L. - - 1947. Darwin's finches. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, x + 209 - pp., 8 pls., 27 figs. - - -LAURIE, E. M. O., and HILL, J. E. - - 1954. List of land mammals of New Guinea, Celebes, and adjacent - islands. British Mus. (Nat. Hist.), London, 175 pp., June 30. - - -LAWRENCE, B. - - 1945. Three new Pteropus from New Caledonia and the Solomons. Proc. - New England Zool. Club, 23:59-69, March 26. - - -LEVER, R. J. A. W. - - 1934. Notes on mosquitoes of the British Solomon Islands. British - Solomon Islands Agr. Gaz., 2:16. - - -LEWIS, A. B. - - 1951. The Melanesians: People of the South Pacific. Chicago Nat. - Hist. Mus. Press, Chicago, 259 pp., 56 figs., maps, September. - - -MATSCHIE, P. - - 1899. Die Megachiroptera des Berliner Museums fuer Naturkunde. Druck - und verlag von George Reimer, Berlin, viii + 102 pp., 14 figs. - - -MAYR, E. - - 1931. A systematic list of the birds of Rennell Island with - descriptions of new species and subspecies. Amer. Mus. Novit., - 486:1-29, August 29. - - 1940. The origin and the history of the bird fauna of Polynesia. - Proc. 6th Pacific Sci. Cong., 1939, 4:197-216. - - 1942. Systematics and the origin of species from the viewpoint of a - zoologist. Columbia Univ. Press, New York, xiv + 334 pp., - 29 figs. - - -MILLER, A. H. - - 1966. Animal evolution on islands, pp. 10-16, _in_ The Galapagos - (R. I. Bowman, ed.), Univ. California Press, Berkeley. - - -MILLER, G. S. - - 1907. The families and genera of bats. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., - 57:xvii + 282, 14 pls., 49 figs., June 29. - - -PHILLIPS, C. J. - - 1966. A new species of bat of the genus _Melonycteris_ from the - Solomon Islands. Jour. Mamm., 47:23-27, 1 fig., March 12. - - 1967. A new subspecies of horseshoe bat (_Hipposideros diadema_) - from the Solomon Islands. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 80:35-40, - 2 figs., March 24. - - -POHLE, H. - - 1953. Ueber die Fledertiere von Bougainville. Z. Saeugetierk., - 17:127-137, October 27. - - -RIDGWAY, R. - - 1912. Color standards and color nomenclature. Washington, D. C., - iv + 44 pp., 53 pls. - - -SANBORN, C. C. - - 1931. Bats from Polynesia, Melanesia, and Malaysia. Publ. Field - Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 18:7-29, February 12. - - -SANBORN, C. C., and BEECHER, W. J. - - 1947. Bats from the Solomon Islands. Jour. Mamm., 28:387-391, - November 19. - - -SANBORN, C. C., and NICHOLSON, A. J. - - 1950. Bats from New Caledonia, the Solomon Islands, and New - Hebrides. Fieldiana (Zool.), 31:313-338, 6 figs., August 31. - - -SIMPSON, G. G. - - 1945. The principles of classification and a classification of - mammals. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 85:xvi + 350, October 5. - - -TATE, G. H. H. - - 1934. An apparently new fruit bat of the _Pteropus hypomelanus_ - group from Gower Island, Solomon Islands. Amer. Mus. Novit., - 718:1-2, May 4. - - 1942. Pteropodidae (Chiroptera) of the Archbold Collections. Bull. - Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 80:331-347, December 31. - - -THOMAS, O. - - 1887a. Diagnoses of two new fruit-eating bats from the Solomon - Islands. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, 60:147, February. - - 1887b. On the bats collected by Mr. C. M. Woodford in the Solomon - Islands. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 23:320-328, 3 figs., 2 pls., - March 15. - - 1888a. Diagnoses of six new mammals from the Solomon Islands. Ann. - Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, 2:155-158, February. - - 1888b. The mammals of the Solomon Islands, based on the collections - made by Mr. C. M. Woodford during his second expedition to the - Archipelago. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 33:470-484, 3 pls., - December 4. - - -TROUESSART, E. L. - - 1904. Catalogus Mammalium tam viventium quam fossilium. - Quinquennale Supplementum, Berlin, vii + 929 pp. - - -TROUGHTON, E. LEG. - - 1931. Three new bats of the genera _Pteropus Nyctimene_, and - _Chaerephon_ from Melanesia. Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, - 56:204-209, June 15. - - 1936. The mammalian fauna of Bougainville Island, Solomons Group. - Rec. Australian Mus., 14:341-353, April 7. - - -WRIGHT, S. - - 1931. Evolution in Mendelian populations. Genetics, 16:97-159, - 21 figs. - - -_Transmitted August 10, 1967._ - - - - -Transcriber's Notes - -Obvious typographical and punctuation errors repaired. The "Key to -_Pteropus_ in the Solomon Islands" was moved above the beginning of the -listing for =Pteropus= Brisson. Where figures or tables split -paragraphs, they were moved above or below the split. - - -Typographical Corrections - - Page Correction - ==== ======================= - 797 Liuinuwu => Liuniuwu - 809 intermis => inermis - 824 adbiventer => albiventer - 832 Gaudalcanal => Guadalcanal - - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Systematics of Megachiropteran Bats in -the Solomon Islands, by Carleton J. 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