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diff --git a/39927.txt b/39927.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bdc8fb7 --- /dev/null +++ b/39927.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7291 @@ +The Project Gutenberg eBook, Daniel Boone, by Reuben Gold Thwaites + + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + + + + +Title: Daniel Boone + + +Author: Reuben Gold Thwaites + + + +Release Date: June 5, 2012 [eBook #39927] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII) + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DANIEL BOONE*** + + +E-text prepared by David Edwards, Melissa McDaniel, and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page images +generously made available by Internet Archive (http://archive.org) + + + +Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this + file which includes the original illustrations. + See 39927-h.htm or 39927-h.zip: + (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/39927/39927-h/39927-h.htm) + or + (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/39927/39927-h.zip) + + + Images of the original pages are available through + Internet Archive. See + http://archive.org/details/danielboone00thwaiala + + +Transcriber's note: + + Inconsistent hyphenation and spelling in the original + document have been preserved. Obvious typographical + errors have been corrected. + + Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_). + + Text enclosed by equal signs is in bold face (=bold=). + + The author used superscripted numbers to indicate which + of several people with the same name are being referred + to. The superscript notation has been replaced in the + text with a number within curly brackets (e.g., George{1}, + George{2}). + + + + + [Illustration: DANIEL BOONE. + From the portrait by Chester Harding made in 1819, when Boone was + eighty-five years old. (See pp. 237-239.)] + + + + +DANIEL BOONE + +by + +REUBEN GOLD THWAITES + +Author of "Father Marquette," "The Colonies, 1492-1750," +"Down Historic Waterways," "Afloat on the +Ohio," etc.; Editor of "The Jesuit Relations and +Allied Documents," "Chronicles of Border +Warfare," "Wisconsin Historical +Collections," etc. + +Illustrated + + + + + + + +NEW YORK +D. Appleton & Company +1902 + +Copyright, 1902 +By D. Appleton and Company + +Published September, 1902 + + + + + TO THE MEMORY OF THE LATE + + LYMAN COPELAND DRAPER, LL.D. + + WHOSE UNPARALLELED COLLECTION OF + MANUSCRIPT MATERIALS FOR WESTERN + HISTORY IN THE LIBRARY OF THE + WISCONSIN STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY + HAS MADE PRACTICABLE THE + PREPARATION OF THIS LITTLE BOOK + + + + +PREFACE + + +Poets, historians, and orators have for a hundred years sung the praises +of Daniel Boone as the typical backwoodsman of the trans-Alleghany +region. Despite popular belief, he was not really the founder of +Kentucky. Other explorers and hunters had been there long before him; he +himself was piloted through Cumberland Gap by John Finley; and his was +not even the first permanent settlement in Kentucky, for Harrodsburg +preceded it by nearly a year; his services in defense of the West, +during nearly a half century of border warfare, were not comparable to +those of George Rogers Clark or Benjamin Logan; as a commonwealth +builder he was surpassed by several. Nevertheless, Boone's picturesque +career possesses a romantic and even pathetic interest that can never +fail to charm the student of history. He was great as a hunter, +explorer, surveyor, and land-pilot--probably he found few equals as a +rifleman; no man on the border knew Indians more thoroughly or fought +them more skilfully than he; his life was filled to the brim with +perilous adventures. He was not a man of affairs, he did not understand +the art of money-getting, and he lost his lands because, although a +surveyor, he was careless of legal forms of entry. He fled before the +advance of the civilization which he had ushered in: from Pennsylvania, +wandering with his parents to North Carolina in search of broader lands; +thence into Kentucky because the Carolina borders were crowded; then to +the Kanawha Valley, for the reason that Kentucky was being settled too +fast to suit his fancy; lastly to far-off Missouri, in order, as he +said, to get "elbow room." Experiences similar to his have made +misanthropes of many another man--like Clark, for instance; but the +temperament of this honest, silent, nature-loving man only mellowed with +age; his closing years were radiant with the sunshine of serene content +and the dimly appreciated consciousness of world-wide fame; and he died +full of years, in heart a simple hunter to the last--although he had +also served with credit as magistrate, soldier, and legislator. At his +death the Constitutional Convention of Missouri went into mourning for +twenty days, and the State of Kentucky claimed his bones, and has +erected over them a suitable monument. + +There have been published many lives of Boone, but none of them in +recent years. Had the late Dr. Lyman Copeland Draper, of Wisconsin, ever +written the huge biography for which he gathered materials throughout a +lifetime of laborious collection, those volumes--there were to be +several--would doubtless have uttered the last possible word concerning +the famous Kentucky pioneer. Draper's manuscript, however, never +advanced beyond a few chapters; but the raw materials which he gathered +for this work, and for many others of like character, are now in the +library of the Wisconsin State Historical Society, available to all +scholars. From this almost inexhaustible treasure-house the present +writer has obtained the bulk of his information, and has had the +advantage of being able to consult numerous critical notes made by his +dear and learned friend. A book so small as this, concerning a character +every phase of whose career was replete with thrilling incident, would +doubtless not have won the approbation of Dr. Draper, whose +unaccomplished biographical plans were all drawn upon a large scale; but +we are living in a busy age, and life is brief--condensation is the +necessary order of the day. It will always be a source of regret that +Draper's projected literary monument to Boone was not completed for the +press, although its bulk would have been forbidding to any but +specialists, who would have sought its pages as a cyclopedia of Western +border history. + +Through the courtesy both of Colonel Reuben T. Durrett, of Louisville, +President of the Filson Club, and of Mrs. Ranck, we are permitted to +include among our illustrations reproductions of some of the plates in +the late George W. Ranck's stately monograph upon Boonesborough. Aid in +tracing original portraits of Boone has been received from Mrs. Jennie +C. Morton and General Fayette Hewitt, of Frankfort; Miss Marjory Dawson +and Mr. W. G. Lackey, of St. Louis; Mr. William H. King, of Winnetka, +Ill.; and Mr. J. Marx Etting, of Philadelphia. + + R. G. T. + MADISON, WIS., _1902_. + + + + +CONTENTS + + + CHAPTER PAGE + + PREFACE vii + + I. ANCESTRY AND TRAINING 1 + + II. THE NIMROD OF THE YADKIN 13 + + III. LIFE ON THE BORDER 24 + + IV. RED MAN AGAINST WHITE MAN 35 + + V. KENTUCKY REACHED AT LAST 55 + + VI. ALONE IN THE WILDERNESS 71 + + VII. PREDECESSORS AND CONTEMPORARIES 85 + + VIII. THE HERO OF CLINCH VALLEY 97 + + IX. THE SETTLEMENT OF KENTUCKY 113 + + X. TWO YEARS OF DARKNESS 129 + + XI. THE SIEGE OF BOONESBOROUGH 146 + + XII. SOLDIER AND STATESMAN 169 + + XIII. KENTUCKY'S PATH OF THORNS 192 + + XIV. IN THE KANAWHA VALLEY 211 + + XV. A SERENE OLD AGE 223 + + INDEX 243 + + + + +LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS + + FACING PAGE + + Portrait of Daniel Boone _Frontispiece_ + + Boone's powder-horn and bake-kettle 30 + + A Boone tree, 1760 56 + + A survey note by Boone 120 + + Fort Boonesborough 136 + + Climax of the treaty 162 + + Site of Boonesborough to-day 174 + + Boone's cabin in St. Charles County, Missouri 224 + + Nathan Boone's house in St. Charles County, Missouri 230 + + Boone's religious views (two pages) 234 + + Boone's monument at Frankfort, Ky. 240 + + + + +DANIEL BOONE + + + + +CHAPTER I + +ANCESTRY AND TRAINING + + +The grandfather of Daniel Boone--George by name--was born in 1666 at the +peaceful little hamlet of Stoak, near the city of Exeter, in Devonshire, +England. His father had been a blacksmith; but he himself acquired the +weaver's art. In due time George married Mary Maugridge, a young woman +three years his junior, and native of the neighboring village of +Bradninch, whither he had gone to follow his trade. This worthy couple, +professed Quakers, became the parents of nine children, all born in +Bradninch--George, Sarah, Squire,[1] Mary, John, Joseph, Benjamin, +James, and Samuel. All of these, except John, married, and left +numerous descendants in America. + +The elder Boones were ambitious for the welfare of their large family. +They were also fretful under the bitter intolerance encountered by +Quakers in those unrestful times. As the children grew to maturity, the +enterprising weaver sought information regarding the colony which his +coreligionist William Penn had, some thirty years previous, established +in America, where were promised cheap lands, religious freedom, +political equality, and exact justice to all men. There were then no +immigration bureaus to encourage and instruct those who proposed +settling in America; no news-letters from traveling correspondents, to +tell the people at home about the Western world; or books or pamphlets +illustrating the country. The only method which occurred to George +Boone, of Bradninch, by which he could satisfy himself regarding the +possibilities of Pennsylvania as a future home for his household, was to +send out some of his older children as prospectors. + +Accordingly--somewhere about 1712-14, family tradition says--young +George (aged from twenty-two to twenty-four years), Sarah (a year and a +half younger), and Squire (born November 25, 1696) were despatched to +the promised land, and spent several months in its inspection. Leaving +Sarah and Squire in Pennsylvania, George returned to his parents with a +favorable report. + +On the seventeenth of August, 1717, the Boones, parents and children, +bade a sorrowful but brave farewell to their relatives and friends in +old Bradninch, whom they were never again to see. After journeying some +eighty miles over rugged country to the port of Bristol, they there +entered a sailing vessel bound for Philadelphia, where they safely +arrived upon the tenth of October. + +Philadelphia was then but a village. Laid out like a checker-board, with +architecture of severe simplicity, its best residences were surrounded +by gardens and orchards. The town was substantial, neat, and had the +appearance of prosperity; but the frontier was not far away--beyond +outlying fields the untamed forest closed in upon the little capital. +The fur trade flourished but two or three days' journey into the forest, +and Indians were frequently seen upon the streets. When, therefore, the +Boones decided to settle in what is now Abingdon, twelve or fourteen +miles north of the town, in a sparse neighborhood of Quaker farmers, +they at once became backwoodsmen, such as they remained for the rest of +their lives. + +They were, however, not long in Abingdon. Soon after, we find them +domiciled a few miles to the northwest in the little frontier hamlet of +North Wales, in Gwynedd township; this was a Welsh community whose +members had, a few years before, turned Quakers. + +Sarah Boone appears, about this time, to have married one Jacob Stover, +a German who settled in Oley township, now in Berks County. The elder +George Boone, now that he had become accustomed to moving, after his +long, quiet years as a Devonshire weaver, appears to have made small ado +over folding his family tent and seeking other pastures. In 1718 he took +out a warrant for four hundred acres of land in Oley, and near the +close of the following year removed to his daughter's neighborhood. +This time he settled in earnest, for here in Oley--or rather the later +subdivision thereof called Exeter--he spent the remainder of his days, +dying in his original log cabin there, in 1744, at the age of +seventy-eight. He left eight children, fifty-two grandchildren, and ten +great-grandchildren--in all, seventy descendants: Devonshire men, +Germans, Welsh, and Scotch-Irish amalgamated into a sturdy race of +American pioneers. + +Among the early Welsh Quakers in the rustic neighborhood of North Wales +were the Morgans. On the twenty-third of July, 1720, at the Gwynedd +meeting-house, in accordance with the Quaker ceremony, Squire Boone +married Sarah Morgan, daughter of John. A descendant tells us that at +this time "Squire Boone was a man of rather small stature, fair +complexion, red hair, and gray eyes; while his wife was a woman +something over the common size, strong and active, with black hair and +eyes, and raised in the Quaker order." + +For ten or eleven years Squire and Sarah Boone lived in Gwynedd +township, probably on rented land, the former adding to their small +income by occasional jobs of weaving, for he had learned his father's +trade. They were thrifty folk, but it took ten years under these +primitive conditions to accumulate even the small sum sufficient to +acquire a farm of their own. Toward the close of the year 1730, Squire +obtained for a modest price a grant of 250 acres of land situated in his +father's township, Oley--a level tract adapted to grazing purposes, on +Owatin Creek, some eight miles southeast of the present city of Reading, +and a mile and a half from Exeter meeting-house. Here, probably early in +1731, the Boones removed with their four children. Relatives and Quaker +neighbors assisted, after the manner of the frontier, in erecting a log +cabin for the new-comers and in clearing and fencing for them a small +patch of ground. + +In this rude backwoods home, in the valley of the Schuylkill, was born, +upon the second of November (new style), 1734, Daniel Boone, fourth son +and sixth child of Squire and Sarah. It is thought that the name Daniel +was suggested by that of Daniel Boone, a well-known Dutch painter who +had died in London in 1698, "and who may have been known, or distantly +related, to the family." The other children were: Sarah (born in 1724), +Israel (1726), Samuel (1728), Jonathan (1730), Elizabeth (1732), Mary +(1736), George (1739), Edward (1744), Squire, and Hannah, all of them +natives of Oley.[2] + +Born into a frontier community, Daniel Boone's entire life was spent +amid similar surroundings, varying only in degree. With the sight of +Indians he was from the first familiar. They frequently visited Oley and +Exeter, and were cordially received by the Quakers. George Boone's house +was the scene of many a friendly gathering of the tribesmen. When Daniel +was eight years of age, the celebrated Moravian missionary, Count +Zinzendorf, held a synod in a barn at Oley, a party of converted +Delaware Indians, who preached in favor of Christianity, being the +principal attractions at this meeting. Thus young Boone started in life +with an accurate knowledge of the American savage, which served him well +during his later years of adventurous exploration and settlement-building. + +Squire Boone appears soon to have become a leader in his community. His +farm, to whose acres he from time to time added, was attended to as +closely as was usual among the frontiersmen of his day; and at home the +business of weaving was not neglected, for he kept in frequent +employment five or six looms, making "homespun" cloths for his neighbors +and the market. He had an excellent grazing range some five or six miles +north of the homestead, and each season sent his stock thither, as was +the custom at that time. Mrs. Boone and Daniel accompanied the cows, and +from early spring until late in autumn lived in a rustic cabin, far from +any other human beings. Hard by, over a cool spring, was a dairy-house, +in which the stout-armed mother made and kept her butter and cheese; +while her favorite boy watched the herd as, led by their bell-carriers, +they roamed at will through the woods, his duty at sunset being to drive +them to the cabin for milking, and later to lock them for the night +within the cow-pens, secure from wild animals or prowling +cattle-thieves. + +While tending his cattle, a work involving abundant leisure, the young +herdsman was also occupied in acquiring the arts of the forest. For the +first two or three years--his pastoral life having commenced at the +tender age of ten--his only weapon was a slender, smoothly shaved +sapling, with a small bunch of gnarled roots at the end, in throwing +which he grew so expert as easily to kill birds and other small game. +When reaching the dignity of a dozen years, his father bought him a +rifle, with which he soon became an unerring marksman. But, although he +henceforth provided wild meat enough for the family, his passion for +hunting sometimes led him to neglect the cattle, which were allowed to +stray far from home and pass the night in the deep forest. + +Soon each summer of herding came to be succeeded by a winter's hunt. In +this occupation the boy roved far and wide over the Neversink +mountain-range to the north and west of Monocacy Valley, killing and +curing game for the family, and taking the skins to Philadelphia, where +he exchanged them for articles needed in the chase--long hunting-knives, +and flints, lead, and powder for his gun. + +In those days the children of the frontier grew up with but slight store +of such education as is obtainable from books. The open volume of +nature, however, they carefully conned. The ways of the wilderness they +knew full well--concerning the storms and floods, the trees and hills, +the wild animals and the Indians, they were deeply learned; well they +knew how to live alone in the forest, and to thrive happily although +surrounded by a thousand lurking dangers. This quiet, mild-mannered, +serious-faced Quaker youth, Daniel Boone, was an ardent lover of the +wild woods and their inhabitants, which he knew as did Audubon and +Thoreau; but of regular schooling he had none. When he was about +fourteen years of age, his brother Samuel, nearly seven years his +senior, married Sarah Day, an intelligent young Quakeress who had more +education than was customary in this neighborhood. Sarah taught Daniel +the elements of "the three R's." To this knowledge he added somewhat by +later self-teaching, so that as a man he could read understandingly, do +rough surveying, keep notes of his work, and write a sensible although +badly spelled letter--for our backwoods hero was, in truth, no scholar, +although as well equipped in this direction as were most of his fellows. + +In time Squire Boone, a man of enterprise and vigor, added blacksmithing +to his list of occupations, and employed his young sons in this lusty +work. Thus Daniel served, for a time, as a worker in iron as well as a +hunter and herdsman; although it was noticed that his art was chiefly +developed in the line of making and mending whatever pertained to traps +and guns. He was a fearless rider of his father's horses; quick, though +bred a Quaker, to resent what he considered wrong treatment;[3] true to +his young friends; fond of long, solitary tramps through the dark +forest, or of climbing hilltops for bird's-eye views of the +far-stretching wilderness. Effective training this, for the typical +pioneer of North America. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[1] Not an abbreviation of "esquire," as has been supposed, but given +because of some old family connection. This name was transmitted through +several generations of Boones. + +[2] Edward was killed by Indians when thirty-six years old, and Squire +died at the age of seventy-six. Their brothers and sisters lived to ages +varying from eighty-three to ninety-one. + +[3] Indeed, it is a matter of record that other members also of this +stout-hearted Devonshire family were "sometimes rather too belligerent +and self-willed," and had "occasionally to be dealt with by the +meeting." Daniel's oldest sister, Sarah, married a man who was not a +Quaker, and consequently she was "disowned" by the society. His oldest +brother, Israel, also married a worldling and was similarly treated; and +their father, who countenanced Israel's disloyal act and would not +retract his error, was in 1748 likewise expelled. + + + + +CHAPTER II + +THE NIMROD OF THE YADKIN + + +The lofty barrier of the Alleghany Mountains was of itself sufficient to +prevent the pioneers of Pennsylvania from wandering far westward. +Moreover, the Indians beyond these hills were fiercer than those with +whom the Quakers were familiar; their occasional raids to the eastward, +through the mountain passes, won for them a reputation which did not +incline the border farmers to cultivate their further acquaintance. To +the southwest, however, there were few obstacles to the spread of +settlement. For several hundred miles the Appalachians run in parallel +ranges from northeast to southwest--from Pennsylvania, through Virginia, +West Virginia, the Carolinas, and east Tennessee, until at last they +degenerate into scattered foot-hills upon the Georgia plain. Through the +long, deep troughs between these ranges--notably in the famous Valley of +Virginia between the Blue Ridge and the Alleghanies--Pennsylvanians +freely wandered into the south and southwest, whenever possessed by +thirst for new and broader lands. Hostile Indians sometimes penetrated +these great valleys and brought misery in their train; but the work of +pioneering along this path was less arduous than had the western +mountains been scaled at a time when the colonists were still few and +weak. + +Between the years 1732 and 1750, numerous groups of +Pennsylvanians--Germans and Irish largely, with many Quakers among +them--had been wending their way through the mountain troughs, and +gradually pushing forward the line of settlement, until now it had +reached the upper waters of the Yadkin River, in the northwest corner of +North Carolina. Trials abundant fell to their lot; but the soil of the +valleys was unusually fertile, game was abundant, the climate mild, the +country beautiful, and life in general upon the new frontier, although +rough, such as to appeal to the borderers as a thing desirable. The +glowing reports of each new group attracted others. Thus was the +wilderness tamed by a steady stream of immigration from the older lands +of the northern colonies, while not a few penetrated to this Arcadia +through the passes of the Blue Ridge, from eastern Virginia and the +Carolinas. + +Squire and Sarah Boone, of Oley, now possessed eleven children, some of +whom were married and settled within this neighborhood which consisted +so largely of the Boones and their relatives. The choicest lands of +eastern Pennsylvania had at last been located. The outlook for the +younger Boones, who soon would need new homesteads, did not appear +encouraging. The fame of the Yadkin Valley, five hundred miles +southwestward, had reached Oley, and thither, in the spring of 1750, the +majority of the Boones, after selling their lands and surplus stock, +bravely took up the line of march.[4] + +With the women and children stowed in canvas-covered wagons, the men and +boys riding their horses at front and rear, and driving the lagging +cattle, the picturesque little caravan slowly found its way to the ford +at Harper's Ferry, thence up the beautiful valley of the Shenandoah. By +night they pitched their camps beside some gurgling spring, gathered the +animals within the circle of the wagons, and, with sentinel posted +against possible surprises by Indians, sat around the blazing fire to +discuss the experiences of the day--Daniel, as the hunter for the party, +doubtless having the most interesting adventures of them all. + +Tradition has it that the Boones tarried by the way, for a year or more, +on Linnville Creek, six miles north of Harrisonburg, in Rockingham +County, Va. In any event, they appear to have resumed their journey by +the autumn of 1751. Pushing on through the Valley of Virginia--an +undulating, heavily forested table-land from three to ten miles in +width--they forded the upper waters of numerous rivers, some of which, +according to the tilt of the land, flow eastward and southeastward +toward the Atlantic, and others westward and southwestward toward the +Ohio. This is one of the fairest and most salubrious regions in America; +but they did not again stop until the promised land of the Yadkin was +reached. + +The country was before them, to choose from it practically what they +would. Between the Yadkin and the Catawba there was a broad expanse of +elevated prairie, yielding a luxuriant growth of grass, while the +bottoms skirting the numerous streams were thick-grown to canebrake. +Here were abundant meadows for the cattle, fish and game and wild fruits +in quantity quite exceeding young Daniel's previous experience, a +well-tempered climate, and to the westward a mountain-range which cast +long afternoon shadows over the plain and spoke eloquently of untamed +dominions beyond. Out of this land of plenty Squire Boone chose a claim +at Buffalo Lick, where Dutchman's Creek joins with the North Fork of +Yadkin. + +Daniel was now a lad of eighteen. Nominally, he helped in the working of +his father's farm and in the family smithy; actually, he was more often +in the woods with his long rifle. At first, buffaloes were so plenty +that a party of three or four men, with dogs, could kill from ten to +twenty in a day; but soon the sluggish animals receded before the +advance of white men, hiding themselves behind the mountain wall. An +ordinary hunter could slaughter four or five deer in a day; in the +autumn, he might from sunrise to sunset shoot enough bears to provide +over a ton of bear-bacon for winter use; wild turkeys were easy prey; +beavers, otters, and muskrats abounded; while wolves, panthers, and +wildcats overran the country. Overcome by his passion for the chase, our +young Nimrod soon began to spend months at a time in the woods, +especially in autumn and winter. He found also more profit in this +occupation than at either the forge or the plow; for at their nearest +market town, Salisbury, twenty miles away, good prices were paid for +skins, which were regularly shipped thence to the towns upon the +Atlantic coast. + +The Catawba Indians lived about sixty miles distant, and the Cherokees +still farther. These tribesmen not infrequently visited the thinly +scattered settlement on the Yadkin, seeking trade with the whites, with +whom they were as yet on good terms. They were, however, now and then +raided by Northern Indians, particularly the Shawnese, who, collecting +in the Valley of Virginia, swept down upon them with fury; sometimes +also committing depredations upon the whites who had befriended their +tribal enemies, and who unfortunately had staked their farms in the +old-time war-path of the marauders. + +In the year 1754, the entire American border, from the Yadkin to the St. +Lawrence, became deeply concerned in the Indian question. France and +England had long been rivals for the mastery of the North American +continent lying west of the Alleghanies. France had established a weak +chain of posts upon the upper Great Lakes, and down the Mississippi +River to New Orleans, thus connecting Canada with Louisiana. In the +Valley of the Ohio, however, without which the French could not long +hold the Western country, there was a protracted rivalry between French +and English fur-traders, each seeking to supplant the intruding +foreigner. This led to the outbreak of the French and Indian War, which +was waged vigorously for five years, until New France fell, and the +English obtained control of all Canada and that portion of the continent +lying between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mississippi. + +As early as 1748, backwoodsmen from Pennsylvania had made a small +settlement on New River, just west of the Alleghanies--a settlement +which the Boones must have visited, as it lay upon the road to the +Yadkin; and in the same season several adventurous Virginians hunted and +made land-claims in Kentucky and Tennessee. In the following year there +was formed for Western fur trading and colonizing purposes, the Ohio +Company, composed of wealthy Virginians, among them two brothers of +George Washington. In 1753 French soldiers built a little log fort on +French Creek, a tributary of the Alleghany; and, despite Virginia's +protest, delivered by young Major Washington, were planning to erect +another at the forks of the Ohio, where Pittsburg now is. Thither +Washington went, in the succeeding year, with a body of Virginia +militiamen, to construct an English stockade at the forks; but the +French defeated him in the Great Meadows hard by and themselves erected +the fort. It is thought by some writers that young Boone, then twenty +years of age, served in the Pennsylvania militia which protected the +frontier from the Indian forays which succeeded this episode. A year +later (1755) the inexperienced General Braddock, fresh from England, set +out, with Washington upon his staff, to teach a lesson to these +Frenchmen who had intruded upon land claimed by the colony of Virginia. + +In Braddock's little army were a hundred North Carolina frontiersmen, +under Captain Hugh Waddell; their wagoner and blacksmith was Daniel +Boone. His was one of those heavily laden baggage-wagons which, history +tells us, greatly impeded the progress of the English, and contributed +not a little to the terrible disaster which overtook the column in the +ravine of Turtle Creek, only a few miles from Pittsburg. The +baggage-train was the center of a fierce attack from Indians, led by +French officers, and many drivers were killed. Young Boone, however, cut +the traces of his team, and mounting a horse, fortunately escaped by +flight. Behind him the Indian allies of the French, now unchecked, laid +waste the panic-stricken frontiers of Pennsylvania and Virginia. But the +Yadkin, which Boone soon reached, was as yet unscarred; the Northern +tribes were busied in the tide of intercolonial warfare, and the +Catawbas and Cherokees thus far remained steadfast to their old-time +promises of peace. + +Daniel was now a man, full-grown. He had brought home with him not only +some knowledge of what war meant, but his imagination had become heated +by a new passion--the desire to explore as well as to hunt. While upon +the campaign he had fallen in with another adventurous soul, John Finley +by name, who fired his heart with strange tales of lands and game to the +west of the mountains. Finley was a Scotch-Irishman of roving +tendencies, who had emigrated to Pennsylvania and joined a colony of his +compatriots. As early as 1752 he had become a fur-trader. In the course +of his rambles many perilous adventures befell him in the Kentucky +wilds, into which he had penetrated as far as the Falls of the Ohio, +where Louisville is now built. Hurrying, with other woodsmen, to +Braddock's support, he enrolled himself under George Croghan, a famous +trader to the Indians. But the expert services of Croghan and his men, +who, well understanding the methods of savages upon the war-path, +offered to serve as scouts, were coldly rejected by Braddock, who soon +had occasion to regret that he had not taken their advice. + +Finley found in the Yadkin wagoner a kindred spirit, and suggested to +him with eagerness a method of reaching Kentucky by following the trail +of the buffaloes and the Shawnese, northwestward through Cumberland Gap. +To reach this hunter's paradise, to which Finley had pointed the way, +was now Boone's daily dream. + + +FOOTNOTE: + +[4] John and James remained, and lived and died in Oley. + + + + +CHAPTER III + +LIFE ON THE BORDER + + +It was many years before Daniel Boone realized his dream of reaching +Kentucky. Such an expedition into the far-off wilderness could not be +lightly undertaken; its hardships and dangers were innumerable; and the +way thither from the forks of the Yadkin was not as easily found, +through this perplexing tangle of valleys and mountains, as Finley had +supposed. His own route had doubtless been over the Ohio Company's pass +from the upper waters of the Potomac to a tributary of the Monongahela. + +Another reason caused Daniel long to linger near his home. A half-dozen +years before the Boones reached the Yadkin country there had located +here a group of several related families, the Bryans, originally from +Ireland. Pennsylvanians at first, they had, as neighbors crowded them, +drifted southwestward into the Valley of Virginia; and finally, keeping +well ahead of other settlers, established themselves at the forks of the +Yadkin. They took kindly to the Boones, the two groups intermarried, and +both were in due course pioneers of Kentucky. Rebecca, the daughter of +Joseph Bryan, was fifteen years of age when Daniel first read his fate +in her shining black eyes. In the spring following his return from +Braddock's slaughter-pen he led her to the altar, the ceremony being +performed by old Squire Boone--farmer, weaver, blacksmith, and now +justice of the peace for Rowan County. + +An historian of the border, who had studied well the family traditions, +thus describes Daniel and Rebecca at the time when they set forth +together upon the journey of life: "Behold that young man, exhibiting +such unusual firmness and energy of character, five feet eight inches in +height, with broad chest and shoulders, his form gradually tapering +downward to his extremities; his hair moderately black; blue eyes arched +with yellowish eyebrows; his lips thin, with a mouth peculiarly wide; a +countenance fair and ruddy, with a nose a little bordering on the Roman +order. Such was Daniel Boone, now past twenty-one, presenting altogether +a noble, manly, prepossessing appearance.... Rebecca Bryan, whose brow +had now been fanned by the breezes of seventeen summers, was, like +Rebecca of old, 'very fair to look upon,' with jet-black hair and eyes, +complexion rather dark, and something over the common size of her sex; +her whole demeanor expressive of her childlike artlessness, pleasing in +her address, and unaffectedly kind in all her deportment. Never was +there a more gentle, affectionate, forbearing creature than this same +fair youthful bride of the Yadkin." In the annals of the frontier, as +elsewhere, all brides are fair and grooms are manly; but, allowing for +the natural enthusiasm of hero-worshipers, we may, from the abundance of +testimony to that effect, at least conclude that Daniel and Rebecca +Boone were a well-favored couple, fit to rear a family of sturdy +borderers. + +It was neither the day nor the place for expensive trousseaus and +wedding journeys. After a hilarious wedding-feast, Boone and his wife, +with scanty equipment, immediately commenced their hard task of winning +a livelihood from the soil and the forest. At first occupying a rude log +cabin in his father's yard, they soon afterward acquired some level land +of their own, lying upon Sugar Tree, a tributary of Dutchman's Creek, in +the Bryan settlement, a few miles north of Squire Boone's. All of this +neighborhood lies within what is now Davie County, still one of the +richest farming districts in North Carolina. Save when driven out by +Indian alarms and forays, they here lived quietly for many years. + +The pioneers in the then back country, along the eastern foot-hills of +the Alleghanies, led a rough, primitive life, such as is hardly possible +to-day, when there is no longer any frontier within the United States, +and but few districts are so isolated as to be more than two or three +days' journey from a railway. Most of them, however, had been bred, as +were the Boones and the Bryans, to the rude experiences of the border. +With slight knowledge of books, they were accustomed to living in the +simplest manner, and from childhood were inured to the hardships and +privations incident to great distance from the centers of settlement; +they possessed the virtues of hospitality and neighborliness, and were +hardy, rugged, honest-hearted folk, admirably suited to their +self-appointed task of forcing back the walls of savagery, in order that +civilization might cover the land. We may well honor them for the great +service that they rendered to mankind. + +The dress of a backwoodsman like Daniel Boone was a combination of +Indian and civilized attire. A long hunting-shirt, of coarse cloth or of +dressed deerskins, sometimes with an ornamental collar, was his +principal garment; drawers and leggings of like material were worn; the +feet were encased in moccasins of deerskin--soft and pliant, but cold in +winter, even when stuffed with deer's hair or dry leaves, and so spongy +as to be no protection against wet feet, which made every hunter an +early victim to rheumatism. Hanging from the belt, which girt the +hunting-shirt, were the powder-horn, bullet-pouch, scalping-knife, and +tomahawk; while the breast of the shirt served as a generous pocket for +food when the hunter or warrior was upon the trail. For head-covering, +the favorite was a soft cap of coonskin, with the bushy tail dangling +behind; but Boone himself despised this gear, and always wore a hat. The +women wore huge sunbonnets and loose gowns of home-made cloth; they +generally went barefoot in summer, but wore moccasins in winter. + +Daniel Boone's cabin was a simple box of logs, reared in "cob-house" +style, the chinks stuffed with moss and clay, with a door and perhaps +but a single window. Probably there was but one room below, with a low +attic under the rafters, reached by a ladder. A great outside chimney, +built either of rough stones or of small logs, coated on the inside with +clay mortar and carefully chinked with the same, was built against one +end of this rude house. In the fireplace, large enough for logs five or +six feet in length, there was a crane from which was hung the iron pot +in which the young wife cooked simple meals of corn-mush, pumpkins, +squashes, beans, potatoes, and pork, or wild meat of many kinds, fresh +and dried; in a bake-kettle, laid upon the live coals, she made the +bread and corn pone, or fried her steaks, which added variety to the +fare. + +Dishes and other utensils were few--some pewter plates, forks, and +spoons; wooden bowls and trenchers, with gourds and hard-shelled +squashes for drinking-mugs. For knife, Boone doubtless used his +belt-weapon, and scorned the crock plates, now slowly creeping into the +valley, as calculated to dull its edge. Over the fireplace deer's horns +served as rests for his gun. Into the log wall were driven great wooden +pegs, hanging from which flitches of dried and smoked bacon, venison, +and bear's-meat mingled freely with the family's scanty wardrobe. + +With her cooking and rude mending, her moccasin-making, her distaff and +loom for making cloths, her occasional plying of the hoe in the small +vegetable patch, and her ever-present care of the children and dairy, +Rebecca Boone was abundantly occupied. + + [Illustration: BOONE'S POWDER-HORN AND BAKE-KETTLE. + In possession of Wisconsin State Historical Society. The horn once + belonged to Daniel's brother Israel, and bears the initials "I B".] + +In these early years of married life Daniel proved a good husbandman, +planting and garnering his crops with regularity, and pasturing a few +scrawny cattle and swine upon the wild lands adjoining his farm. +Doubtless at times he did smithy-work for the neighbors and took a +hand at the loom, as had his father and grandfather before him. +Sometimes he was engaged with his wagon in the caravans which each +autumn found their way from the Yadkin and the other mountain valleys +down to the Atlantic cities, carrying furs to market; it was as yet too +early in the history of the back country for the cattle-raisers to send +their animals to the coast. In the Valley of Virginia, hemmed in upon +the east by the Blue Ridge, packhorses were alone used in this traffic, +for the mountain paths were rough and narrow; but wagons could be +utilized in the more southern districts. The caravans brought back to +the pioneers salt, iron, cloths, and a few other manufactured goods. +This annual expedition over, Boone was free to go upon long hunts in the +forest, where he cured great stores of meat for his family and prepared +the furs for market. + +The backwoodsmen of the Yadkin had few machines to assist them in their +labor, and these were of the simplest sort. Practically, every settler +was his own mechanic--although some men became, in certain lines, more +expert than their neighbors, and to them fell such work for the entire +settlement. Grinding corn into meal, or cracking it into hominy, were, +as usual with primitive peoples, tasks involving the most machinery. +Rude mortars and pestles, some of the latter ingeniously worked by means +of springy "sweeps," were commonly seen; a device something like a +nutmeg-grater was often used when the corn was soft; two circular +millstones, worked by hand, were effective, and there were some operated +by water-power. + +Medicine was at a crude stage, many of the so-called cures being as old +as Egypt, while others were borrowed from the Indians. The borderers +firmly believed in the existence of witches; bad dreams, eclipses of the +sun, the howling of dogs, and the croaking of ravens, were sure to bring +disasters in their train. + +Their sports laid stress on physical accomplishments--great strength, +dexterity with the rifle, hunting, imitating the calls of wild birds and +beasts, throwing the tomahawk, running, jumping, wrestling, dancing, +and horse-racing; they were also fond, as they gathered around one +another's great fireplaces in the long winter evenings, of story-telling +and dramatic recitation. Some of the wealthier members of this primitive +society owned negro slaves, to whom, sometimes, they were cruel, freely +using the whip upon both women and men. Indeed, in their own frequent +quarrels fierce brutality was sometimes used, adversaries in a +fist-fight being occasionally maimed or otherwise disfigured for life. + +There was, for a long time, "neither law nor gospel" upon this far-away +frontier. Justices of the peace had small authority. Preachers were at +first unknown. Many of the borderers were Presbyterians, and others +Quakers; but under such social conditions these were little else than +names. Nevertheless, there was a sound public sentiment among these +rude, isolated people, who were a law unto themselves. They respected +and honored candor, honesty, hospitality, regular habits, and good +behavior generally; and very severe were the punishments with which +they visited offenders. If a man acted as a coward in time of war, +shirked his full measure of duty to the public, failed to care for his +family, was careless about his debts, stole from his neighbors, was +needlessly profane, or failed to treat women respectfully, he was either +shunned by his fellows or forced to leave the settlement. + +Amid such surroundings and of such stuff was Daniel Boone in the days +when he was living uneventfully in the valley of the Yadkin as farmer, +blacksmith, wagoner, and hunter, before the Indian wars and his +explorations west of the long-shadowed mountain-range made of him a +popular hero. + + + + +CHAPTER IV + +RED MAN AGAINST WHITE MAN + + +The borderers in the Valley of Virginia and on the western highlands of +the Carolinas were largely engaged in raising horses, cattle, sheep, and +hogs, which grazed at will upon the broad slopes of the eastern +foot-hills of the Alleghanies, most of them being in as wild a state as +the great roving herds now to be seen upon the semi-arid plains of the +far West. Indeed, there are some strong points of resemblance between +the life of the frontier herdsman of the middle of the eighteenth +century and that of the "cow" ranchers of our own day, although the most +primitive conditions now existing would have seemed princely to Daniel +Boone. The annual round-up, the branding of young stock, the sometimes +deadly disputes between herdsmen, and the autumnal drive to market, are +features in common. + +With the settlement of the valleys and the steady increase in the +herds, it was necessary each season to find new pastures. Thus the +herdsmen pushed farther and farther into the wilderness to the south and +west, and actually crossed the mountains at many points. Even before the +arrival of the Boones, the Bryans had frequently, toward the end of +summer, as the lower pastures thinned, driven their stock to a distance +of sixty and seventy miles to green valleys lying between the western +buttresses of the mountain wall. + +This gradual pressure upon the hunting-grounds of the Cherokees and the +Catawbas was not unnoticed by the tribesmen. There had long been heard +deep mutterings, especially by the former, who were well-disposed toward +the ever-meddling French; but until the year of Daniel Boone's wedding +the southern frontiers had not known an Indian uprising. + +The year previous (1755) the Cherokees had given reluctant permission to +the whites to build two posts in their country for the protection of the +frontiers against the French, who, with their Indian allies, were +continually active against the New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia +frontiers, and were known to be attempting the corruption of the +Southern Indians. Fort Prince George was accordingly erected upon the +Savannah River, and Fort Loudon upon the Tennessee. In 1756 Fort Dobbs +was constructed a short distance south of the South Fork of the Yadkin. +These three centers of refuge were upon the extreme southwestern borders +of the English colonies. + +These "forts" of the American border would have proved slight defenses +in the presence of an enemy armed with even the lightest artillery, but +were generally sufficient to withstand a foe possessing only muskets and +rifles. Fort Dobbs was an oblong space forty-three by fifty-three feet, +girt by walls about twelve feet high, consisting of double rows of logs +standing on end; earth dug from the ditch which surrounded the fort was +piled against the feet of these palisades, inside and out, to steady +them; they were fastened to one another by wooden pins, and their tops +were sharpened so as to impede those who might seek to climb over. At +the angles of the stockade were blockhouses three stories high, each +story projecting about eighteen inches beyond the one beneath; there +were openings in the floors of the two upper stories to enable the +defenders to fire down upon an enemy which sought to enter below. Along +the inside of one, or perhaps two, of the four walls of the stockade was +a range of cabins--or rather, one long cabin with log partitions--with +the slope of the roof turned inward to the square; this furnished a +platform for the garrison, who, protected by the rampart of pointed +logs, could fire into the attacking party. Other platforms were +bracketed against the walls not backed by cabins. There was a large +double gate made of thick slabs and so situated as to be guarded by the +blockhouses on either corner; this was the main entrance, but another +and smaller gate furnished a rear exit to and entrance from the spring +hard by. Blockhouses, cabins, and walls were all amply provided with +port-holes; Fort Dobbs had capacity for a hundred men-at-arms to fire at +one volley. Destructive fusillades could be maintained from within, and +everywhere the walls were bullet-proof; but good marksmen in the +attacking force could work great havoc by firing through the port-holes, +and thus quietly picking off those who chanced to be in range. +Fortunately for the whites few Indians became so expert as this. + +Upon the arrival of breathless messengers bringing news of the approach +of hostile Indians, the men, women, and children of a wide district +would flock into such a fort as this. "I well remember," says Dr. +Doddridge in his Notes on Virginia, "that when a little boy the family +were sometimes waked up in the dead of night by an express with a report +that the Indians were at hand. The express came softly to the door or +back window, and by gentle tapping waked the family; this was easily +done, as an habitual fear made us ever watchful and sensible to the +slightest alarm. The whole family were instantly in motion: my father +seized his gun and other implements of war; my stepmother waked up and +dressed the children as well as she could; and being myself the oldest +of the children, I had to take my share of the burthens to be carried +to the fort. There was no possibility of getting a horse in the night to +aid us in removing to the fort; besides the little children, we caught +up what articles of clothing and provisions we could get hold of in the +dark, for we durst not light a candle or even stir the fire. All this +was done with the utmost despatch and the silence of death; the greatest +care was taken not to awaken the youngest child; to the rest it was +enough to say _Indian_, and not a whimper was heard afterwards. Thus it +often happened that the whole number of families belonging to a fort, +who were in the evening at their homes, were all in their little +fortress before the dawn of the next morning. In the course of the +succeeding day their household furniture was brought in by parties of +the men under arms." + +The large public frontier forts, such as we have described, did not +house all of the backwoodsmen. There were some who, either because of +great distance or other reasons, erected their own private defenses; or, +in many cases, several isolated families united in such a structure. +Often these were but single blockhouses, with a few outlying cabins. It +was difficult to induce some of the more venturesome folk to enter the +forts unless Indians were actually in the settlement; they took great +risks in order to care for their crops and stock until the last moment; +and, soon tiring of the monotony of life within the fort cabins, would +often leave the refuge before the danger was really over. "Such +families," reports Doddridge, "gave no small amount of trouble by +creating frequent necessities of sending runners to warn them of their +danger, and sometimes parties of our men to protect them during their +removal." + +For the first few years Fort Dobbs was but little used. There was, +however, much uneasiness. The year 1757 had, all along the line, been +disastrous to English arms in the North, and the Cherokees became +increasingly insolent. The next year they committed several deadly +assaults in the Valley of Virginia, but themselves suffered greatly in +return. The French, at last driven from Fort Duquesne (Pittsburg), had +retreated down the Ohio River to Fort Massac, in southern Illinois, and +sent their emissaries far and near to stir up the Indians west of the +mountains. The following April (1759) the Yadkin and Catawba Valleys +were raided by the Cherokees, with the usual results of ruined crops, +burned farm-buildings, and murdered households; not a few of the +borderers being carried off as prisoners into the Indian country, there +generally to suffer either slavery or slow death from the most horrid +forms of torture. The Catawbas, meanwhile, remained faithful to their +white friends. + +Until this outbreak the Carolinas had prospered greatly. Hundreds of +settlers had poured in from the more exposed northern valleys, and the +western uplands were now rapidly being dotted over with clearings and +log cabins. The Indian forays at once created a general panic throughout +this region, heretofore considered safe. Most of the Yadkin families, +together with English fur-traders who hurried in from the woods, huddled +within the walls either of Fort Dobbs or of small neighborhood forts +hastily constructed; but many others, in their fright, fled with all +their possessions to settlements on or near the Atlantic coast. + +Among the latter were old Squire Boone and his wife, Daniel and Rebecca, +with their two sons,[5] and several other families of Bryans and Boones, +although some of both names preferred to remain at Fort Dobbs. The +fugitives scattered to various parts of Virginia and Maryland--Squire +going to Georgetown, now in the District of Columbia, where he lived for +three years and then returned to the Yadkin; while Daniel's family went +in their two-horse wagon to Culpeper County, in eastern Virginia. The +settlers there employed him with his wagon in hauling tobacco to +Fredericksburg, the nearest market-town. + +The April forays created almost as much consternation at Charleston as +on the Yadkin. Governor Lyttleton, of South Carolina, sent out fifteen +hundred men to overcome the Cherokees, who now pretended to be grieved +at the acts of their young hot-bloods and patched up a peace. +Fur-traders, eager to renew their profitable barter, hastened back into +the western forests. But very soon their confidence was shattered, for +the Indians again dug up the tomahawk. Their war-parties infested every +road and trail; most of the traders, with trains of packhorses to carry +their goods and furs, fell an easy prey to their forest customers; and +Forts Loudon, Dobbs, and Prince George were besieged. By January (1760) +the entire southwest border was once more a scene of carnage. + +Captain Waddell, our old friend of Braddock's campaign, commanded at +Fort Dobbs, with several Bryans and Boones in his little garrison. Here +the Cherokees were repulsed with great loss. At Fort Prince George the +country round about was sadly harried by the enemy, who finally +withdrew. Fort Loudon, however, had one of the saddest experiences in +the thrilling annals of the frontier. + +In April General Amherst, of the British Army, sent Colonel Montgomery +against the Cherokees with a formidable column composed of twelve +hundred regular troops--among them six hundred kilted Highlanders--to +whom were attached seven hundred Carolina backwoods rangers under +Waddell, with some Catawba allies. They laid waste with fire and sword +all the Cherokee villages on the Keowee and Tennessee Rivers, including +the growing crops and magazines of corn. The soldiers killed seventy +Indians, captured forty prisoners, and reduced the greater part of the +tribe to the verge of starvation. + +The Cherokees were good fighters, and soon had their revenge. On the +morning of the twenty-seventh of June the army was proceeding along a +rough road on the southern bank of the Little Tennessee, where on one +side is a sheer descent to the stream, on the other a lofty cliff. Here +it was ambuscaded by over six hundred savage warriors under the noted +chief Silouee. In the course of an engagement lasting several hours the +whites lost twenty killed and sixty wounded, and the Cherokee casualties +were perhaps greater. Montgomery desperately beat his way to a level +tract, but in the night hastily withdrew, and did not stop until he +reached Charleston. Despite the entreaties of the Assembly, he at once +retired to the North with his little army, and left the frontiers of +Carolina open to the assaults of the merciless foe. + +The siege of Fort Loudon was now pushed by the Cherokees with vigor. It +had already withstood several desperate and protracted assaults. But the +garrison contrived to exist for several months, almost wholly upon the +active sympathy of several Indian women who were married to frontiersmen +shut up within the walls. The dusky wives frequently contrived to +smuggle food into the fort despite the protests of the Indian leaders. +Women, however, despite popular notions to the contrary, have a powerful +influence in Indian camps; and they but laughed the chiefs to scorn, +saying that they would suffer death rather than refuse assistance to +their white husbands. + +This relief, however, furnished but a precarious existence. Receiving no +help from the settlements, which were cut off from communication with +them, and weak from irregular food, the garrison finally surrendered on +promise of a safe-conduct to their fellows in the East. Early in the +morning of August ninth they marched out--men, women, and children to +the number of several hundred--leaving behind them their cannon, +ammunition, and spare arms. The next day, upon their sorry march, they +were set upon by a bloodthirsty mob of seven hundred Cherokees. Many +were killed outright, others surrendered merely to meet torture and +death. Finally, after several hours of horror, a friendly chief +succeeded, by browbeating his people and by subterfuge, in saving the +lives of about two hundred persons, who in due time and after great +suffering, reached the relief party which had for several months been +making its way thither from Virginia; but it had been delayed by storms +and high water in the mountain streams, and was now seeking needed rest +in a camp at the head of the Holston. It is recorded that during the +heartrending melee several other Indians risked their lives for white +friends, performing deeds of heroism which deserve to be remembered. + +Although New France was now tottering to its fall, the French officers +at Fort Massac still continued, with their limited resources, to keep +alive the Cherokee war spirit. French outrages occurred throughout the +autumn and early winter of 1760. At nearly all of the forts, large and +small, skirmishes took place, some of these giving occasion for +exhibitions of rare enterprise and courage on the part of the garrisons, +women and men alike. + +During the winter, the governors of Virginia, North Carolina, and South +Carolina agreed upon a joint campaign against the hostiles. The southern +column, comprising twenty-six hundred men, chiefly Highlanders, was +under Lieutenant-Colonel James Grant. Starting early in June, they +carried with them seven hundred packhorses, four hundred head of cattle, +and a large train of baggage and supplies. Their route from Fort Prince +George to the lower and middle Cherokee towns on the Little Tennessee +lay through a rough, mountainous country; high water, storms, intensely +warm weather, the lack of tents, and bruises from rocks and briers, +caused the troops to suffer greatly. After heavy losses from ambuscades +in narrow defiles, they finally reached their destination, and spent a +month in burning and ravaging fifteen or more large villages and +fourteen hundred acres of growing corn, and in driving five thousand +men, women, and children into the hills to starve. Wrote one of the +pious participators in this terrible work of devastation: "Heaven has +blest us with the greatest success; we have finished our business as +completely as the most sanguine of us could have wished." The Cherokees, +completely crushed, humbly begged for peace, which was granted upon +liberal terms and proved to be permanent. + +The northern column was composed of backwoodsmen from Virginia and North +Carolina, under Colonel William Byrd, an experienced campaigner. Byrd +was much hampered for both men and supplies, and accomplished little. He +appears to have largely spent his time in making roads and building +blockhouses--laborious methods ill-fitted for Indian warfare, and loudly +criticized by Waddell, who joined him with a regiment of five hundred +North Carolinians, among whom was Daniel Boone, now returned to the +Yadkin. Waddell and Boone had experienced the folly of this sort of +thing in Braddock's ill-fated campaign. As a result of dissatisfaction, +Byrd resigned, and Colonel Stephen succeeded him. The force, now +composed of about twelve hundred men, pushed on to the Long Island of +Holston River, where they were met by four hundred Cherokees, who, +brought to their knees by Grant, likewise sought peace from Stephen. +Articles were accordingly signed on the nineteenth of November. The +North Carolina men returned home; but a portion of the Virginia regiment +remained as a winter garrison for Fort Robinson, as the new fort at Long +Island was called. + +Now that the Yadkin region has, after its sad experience, been blessed +with a promise of peace, we may well pause, briefly to consider the +ethics of border warfare. This life-history will, to its close, have +much to do with Indian forays and white reprisals, and it is well that +we should consider them dispassionately. + +The Cherokees were conducting a warfare in defense of their villages, +fields, and hunting-grounds, which were being rapidly destroyed by the +inrush of white settlers, who seemed to think that the Indians had no +rights worth consideration. Encouraged by the French, who deemed the +English intruders on lands which they had first explored, the American +aborigines seriously thought that they might stem the tide of English +settlement. It was impossible that they should win, for civilization has +in such cases ever triumphed over savagery; but that they should make +the attempt was to be expected from a high-spirited race trained to war. +We can but sympathize with and honor them for making their several stout +stands against the European wave which was ultimately to sweep them from +their native land.[6] King Philip, Opecancano, Pontiac, Tecumseh, Red +Jacket, Sitting Bull, Captain Jack, were types of successive leaders +who, at various stages of our growth westward, have stood as bravely as +any Spartan hero to contest our all-conquering advance. + +It is the time-honored custom of historians of the frontier to consider +Indians as all wrong and whites as all right; and that, of course, was +the opinion of the borderers themselves--of Daniel Boone and all the men +of his day. But we are now far enough removed from these events, and the +fierce passions they engendered, to see them more clearly. The Indian +was a savage and fought like a savage--cruel, bloodthirsty, unrelenting, +treacherous, seldom a respecter of childhood, of age, or of women. But +one can not read closely the chronicles of border warfare without +discovering that civilized men at times could, in fighting savages, +descend quite as low in the scale as they, in bloodthirstiness and +treachery. Some of the most atrocious acts in the pioneer history of +Kentucky and the Middle West were performed by whites; and some of the +most Christianlike deeds--there were many such on both sides--were +those of painted savages. + +It is needless to blame either of the contending races; their conflict +was inevitable. The frontiersman was generally unlettered, and used, +without ceremony, to overcoming the obstacles which nature set in his +path; one more patient could not have tamed the wilderness as quickly as +he. His children often rose to high positions as scholars, statesmen, +and diplomats. But he himself was a diamond in the rough, and not +accustomed to nice ethical distinctions. To his mind the Indian was an +inferior being, if not a child of Satan; he was not making the best use +of the soil; his customs and habits of thought were such as to repel the +British mind, however much they may have attracted the French. The +tribesmen, whom the pioneer could not and would not understand, stood in +his way, hence must be made to go or to die in his tracks. When the +savage, quick to resentment, struck back, the turbulent passions of the +overbearing white were aroused, and with compound interest he repaid +the blow. Upon the theory that the devil must be fought with fire, the +borderer not seldom adopted methods of reprisal that outdid the savage +in brutality. + +The red man fighting, after his own wild standards, for all that he held +most dear, and the white man, who brooks no opposition from an inferior +race, hitting back with a fury sometimes increased by fear--such, in +brief, is the blood-stained history of the American border. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[5] The children of Daniel Boone were as follows: James (born in 1757), +Israel (1759), Susannah (1760), Jemima (1762), Lavinia (1766), Rebecca +(1768), Daniel Morgan (1769), John B. (1773), and Nathan (1780). The +four daughters all married and died in Kentucky. The two eldest sons +were killed by Indians, the three younger emigrated to Missouri. + +[6] "I had rather receive the blessing of one poor Cherokee, as he casts +his last look back upon his country, for having, though in vain, +attempted to prevent his banishment, than to sleep beneath the marble of +all the Caesars."--_Extract from a speech of Theodore Frelinghuysen, of +New Jersey, delivered in the United States Senate, April 7, 1830._ + +"I am not aware that any community has a right to force another to be +civilized."--_John Stuart Mill._ + + + + +CHAPTER V + +KENTUCKY REACHED AT LAST + + +When Daniel Boone returned from tidewater Virginia to the Yadkin region +is not now known. It is probable that the monotony of hauling tobacco to +market at a time when his old neighbors were living in a state of panic +palled upon a man who loved excitement and had had a taste of Indian +warfare. It has been surmised that he served with the Rowan rangers upon +Lyttleton's campaign, alluded to in the previous chapter, and possibly +aided in defending Fort Dobbs, or served with Waddell under Montgomery. +That he was, some time in 1760, in the mountains west of the Yadkin upon +either a hunt or a scout, or both, appears to be well established; for +up to a few years ago there was still standing upon the banks of Boone's +Creek, a small tributary of the Watauga in eastern Tennessee, a tree +upon whose smooth bark had been rudely carved this characteristic +legend, undoubtedly by the great hunter himself: "D Boon cilled A BAR on +this tree year 1760."[7] + +We have already seen that he accompanied Waddell in 1761, when that +popular frontier leader reenforced Colonel Byrd's expedition against the +Cherokees. Upon Waddell's return to North Carolina his leather-shirted +followers dispersed to their homes, and Boone was again enabled to +undertake a protracted hunt, no longer disturbed by fear that in his +absence Indians might raid the settlement; for hunting was now his chief +occupation, his wife and children conducting the farm, which held second +place in his affections. Thus we see how close the borderers came to the +savage life wherein men are the warriors and hunters and women the +crop-gatherers and housekeepers. Organizing a party of kindred +spirits--a goodly portion of the Yadkin settlers were more hunters than +farmers--Boone crossed the mountains and roamed through the valleys of +southwest Virginia and eastern Tennessee, being especially delighted +with the Valley of the Holston, where game was found to be unusually +abundant. At about the same time another party of nineteen hunters went +upon a similar expedition into the hills and valleys westward of the +Yadkin, penetrating well into Tennessee, and being absent for eighteen +months. + + [Illustration: A BOONE TREE. + Tree on Boone's Creek, Tenn., bearing Daniel Boone's autograph. (See + pp. 55, 56.)] + +We must not conclude, from the passionate devotion to hunting exhibited +by these backwoodsmen of the eighteenth century, that they led the same +shiftless, aimless lives as are followed by the "poor whites" found in +some of the river-bottom communities of our own day, who are in turn +farmers, fishermen, or hunters, as fancy or the seasons dictate. It must +be remembered that farming upon the Virginia and Carolina uplands was, +in the pioneer period, crude as to methods and insignificant as to +crops. The principal wealth of the well-to-do was in herds of horses and +cattle which grazed in wild meadows, and in droves of long-nosed swine +feeding upon the roots and acorns of the hillside forests. Among the +outlying settlers much of the family food came from the woods, and +often months would pass without bread being seen inside the cabin walls. +Besides the live stock of the richer folk, whose herds were driven to +market, annual caravans to tidewater towns carried furs and skins won by +the real backwoodsmen, who lived on the fringe of the wilderness. For +lack of money accounts were kept in pelts, and with these were purchased +rifles, ammunition, iron, and salt. It was, then, to the forests that +the borderers largely looked for their sustenance. Hence those long +hunts, from which the men of the Yadkin, unerring marksmen, would come +back laden with great packs of pelts for the markets, and dried venison, +bear's meat, and bear's oil for their family larders. Naturally, this +wandering, adventurous life, spiced with excitement in many forms, +strongly appealed to the rough, hardy borderers, and unfitted them for +other occupations. Under such conditions farming methods were not likely +to improve, nor the arts of civilization to prosper; for the hunter not +only best loved the wilderness, but settlement narrowed his +hunting-grounds. Thus it was that the frontiersman of the Daniel Boone +type, Indian hater as he was, had at heart much the same interests as +the savage whom he was seeking to supplant. It was simply a question as +to which hunter, red or white, should occupy the forest; to neither was +settlement welcome. + +With the opening of 1762 the southwest border began to be reoccupied. +The abandoned log cabins once more had fires lighted upon their hearths, +at the base of the great outside chimneys of stones and mud-plastered +boughs; the deserted clearings, which had become choked with weeds and +underbrush in the five years of Indian warfare, were again cultivated by +their reassured owners. Among the returned refugees were Daniel's +parents, Squire and Sarah Boone, who had ridden on horseback overland +all the way from Maryland. Three years later Squire Boone died, one of +the most highly esteemed men in the valley. + +The Yadkin country was more favored than some other portions of the +backwoods of North Carolina. Pontiac's uprising (1763) against the +English, who had now supplanted the French in Canada and in the +wilderness between the Alleghanies and the Mississippi, led some of the +Southern tribes again to attack the frontiers of the Southwest; but they +were defeated before the Yadkin was affected by this fresh panic. + +The Indian wars had lasted so long that the entire border had become +demoralized. Of course not all the people in the backwoods were of good +character. Not a few of them had been driven out from the more thickly +settled parts of the country because of crimes or of bad reputation; and +some of the fur-traders who lived upon the edge of the settlement were +sorry rogues. When the panic-stricken people were crowded within the +narrow walls of the forts they could not work. Many of them found this +life of enforced idleness to their liking, and fell into the habit of +making secret expeditions to plunder abandoned houses and to steal +uncared-for live stock. When peace came these marauders had acquired a +distaste for honest labor; leaving the forts, they pillaged right and +left, and horse-stealing became an especially prevalent frontier vice. + +Justice on the border was as yet insufficiently organized. Some of the +Virginia and Carolina magistrates were themselves rascals, whose +decisions could be purchased by criminals. Many of the best citizens, +therefore, formed associations whose members were called "regulators." +They bound themselves to pursue, arrest, and try criminals, and to +punish them by whipping, also by expulsion from the neighborhood. The +law-breakers, on the other hand, organized in defense, and popular +opinion was divided between the two elements; for there were some good +people who did not like the arbitrary methods of the regulators, and +insisted upon every man being given a regular trial by jury. In South +Carolina, particularly, the settlers were much exercised on this +question, and arrayed themselves into opposing bands, armed to carry out +their respective views. For a time civil war was feared; but finally, +after five years of disturbance, an agreement was reached, efficient +courts were established, and justice triumphed. + +Affairs did not reach so serious a stage in North Carolina. Nevertheless +there were several bands of vicious and indolent men, who, entrenched +in the hills, long defied the regulators. One of these parties built a +rude stockaded fort beneath an overhanging cliff in the mountains back +of the Yadkin settlements. They stole horses, cattle, farming utensils; +in fact, anything that they could lay their hands upon. One day they +grew so bold as to kidnap a girl. The settlers, now roused to action, +organized attacking companies, one of them headed by Daniel Boone, and +carried the log fortress of the bandits by storm. The culprits were +taken to Salisbury jail and the clan broken up. + +The rapid growth of the country soon made game scarce in Boone's +neighborhood. Not only did the ever-widening area of cleared fields +destroy the cover, but there were, of course, more hunters than before. +Thus our Nimrod, who in his early manhood cared for nothing smaller than +deer, was compelled to take extended trips in his search for +less-frequented places. It was not long before he had explored all the +mountains and valleys within easy reach, and become familiar with the +views from every peak in the region, many of them five and six thousand +feet in height. + +As early as 1764-65 Boone was in the habit of taking with him, upon +these trips near home, his little son James, then seven or eight years +of age. This was partly for company, but mainly for the lad's education +as a hunter. Frequently they would spend several days together in the +woods during the autumn and early winter--the deer-hunting season--and +often, when in "open" camps, were overtaken by snow-storms. On such +occasions the father would keep the boy warm by clasping him to his +bosom as they lay with feet toward the glowing camp-fire. As the +well-taught lad grew into early manhood these two companions would be +absent from home for two and three months together, always returning +well laden with the spoils of the chase. + +Hunters in Boone's day had two kinds of camp--"open" when upon the move, +which meant sleeping in their blankets upon the ground wherever darkness +or weariness overtook them; "closed" where remaining for some time in a +locality. A closed camp consisted of a rude hut of logs or poles, the +front entirely open, the sides closely chinked with moss, and the roof +covered with blankets, boughs, or bark, sloping down to a back-log. In +times when the Indians were not feared a fire was kept up throughout the +night, in front, in order to warm the enclosure. Upon a bed of hemlock +boughs or of dried leaves the hunters lay with heads to the back-log and +stockinged feet to the blaze, for their spongy moccasins were hung to +dry.[8] Such a camp, often called a "half-faced cabin," was carefully +placed so that it might be sheltered by neighboring hills from the cold +north and west winds. It was fairly successful as a protection from rain +and snow, and sometimes served a party of hunters throughout several +successive seasons; but it was ill-fitted for the coldest weather. Boone +frequently occupied a shelter of this kind in the woods of Kentucky. + +During the last four months of 1765 Boone and seven companions went on +horseback to the new colony of Florida with a view to moving thither if +they found it suited to their tastes. Wherever possible, they stopped +overnight at borderers' cabins upon the frontiers of the Carolinas and +Georgia. But such opportunities did not always occur; they often +suffered from hunger, and once they might have died from starvation but +for the timely succor of a roving band of Seminole Indians. They +explored Florida all the way from St. Augustine to Pensacola, and appear +to have had a rather wretched time of it. The trails were miry from +frequent rains, the number and extent of the swamps appalled them, and +there was not game enough to satisfy a man like Boone, who scorned +alligators. Pensacola, however, so pleased him that he determined to +settle there, and purchased a house and lot which he might in due time +occupy. Upon their return Boone told his wife of his Pensacola venture, +but this sturdy woman of the frontier spurned the idea of moving to a +gameless land. So the town lot was left to take care of itself, and +henceforth the dutiful husband looked only to the West as his model of a +perfect country. + +At the close of the French and Indian War there arrived in the Boone +settlement a Scotch-Irishman named Benjamin Cutbirth, aged about +twenty-three years. He was a man of good character and a fine hunter. +Marrying Elizabeth Wilcoxen, a niece of Daniel Boone, he and Boone went +upon long hunts together, and attained that degree of comradeship which +joint life in a wilderness camp is almost certain to produce. + +In 1766 several families from North Carolina went to Louisiana, +apparently by sea to New Orleans, and founded an English settlement +above Baton Rouge on the Mississippi River. The news of this event gave +rise to a general desire for exploring the country between the mountains +and the great river. The year following, Cutbirth, John Stuart, John +Baker, and John Ward, all of them young married men on the Yadkin, and +excellent hunters, resolved to perform this feat, and if possible to +discover a region superior to their own valley. They crossed the +mountain range and eventually saw the Mississippi, being, so far as we +know from contemporary documents, the first party of white men to +succeed in this overland enterprise. Possibly fur-traders may have done +so before them, but they left no record to prove it. + +Cutbirth and his friends spent a year or two upon the river. In the +autumn they ascended the stream for a considerable distance, also one of +its tributaries, made a stationary camp for the winter, and in the +spring descended to New Orleans, where they sold at good prices their +skins, furs, bear-bacon, bear's oil, buffalo "jerk" (dried meat), +tallow, and dried venison hams. Their expedition down the river was +performed at great risks, for they had many hairbreadth escapes from +snags, river banks shelving in, whirlpools, wind-storms, and Indians. +Their reward, says a chronicler of the day, was "quite a respectable +property;" but while upon their return homeward, overland, they were set +upon by Choctaws, who robbed them of their all. + +Meanwhile, Daniel Boone was slow in making up his mind to leave home and +the wife and family whom he dearly loved for so long and perilous a trip +as a journey into the now much-talked-of land of Kentucky. Perhaps, +despite his longings, he might never have gone had affairs upon the +Yadkin remained satisfactory to him. But game, his chief reliance, was +year by year becoming harder to obtain. And the rascally agents of Earl +Granville, the principal landholder of the region, from whom the Boones +had purchased, were pretending to find flaws in the land-titles and +insisting upon the necessity for new deeds, for which large fees were +exacted. + +This gave rise to great popular discontent. Boone's protest consisted in +leaving the Sugar Tree settlement and moving northwest for sixty-five +miles toward the head of the Yadkin. His new cabin, a primitive shell of +logs, could still be seen, a few years ago, at the foot of a range of +hills some seven and a half miles above Wilkesboro, in Wilkes County. +After a time, dissatisfied with this location, he moved five miles +farther up the river and about half a mile up Beaver Creek. Again he +changed his mind, choosing his final home on the upper Yadkin, just +above the mouth of Beaver. It was from this beautiful region among the +Alleghany foot-hills, where game and fish were plenty and his swine and +cattle had good range, that Boone, crowded out by advancing +civilization, eventually moved to Kentucky. + +In the spring and early summer of 1767 there were fresh outbreaks on the +part of the Indians. Governor Tryon had run a boundary-line between the +back settlements of the Carolinas and the Cherokee hunting-grounds. But +hunters and traders would persist in wandering to the west of this line, +and sometimes they were killed. + +In the autumn of that year Daniel Boone and a warm friend, William Hill, +and possibly Squire Boone, determined to seek Kentucky, of which Finley +had told him twelve years before. They crossed the mountain wall, were +in the valleys of the Holston and the Clinch, and reached the head +waters of the West Fork of the Big Sandy. Following down this river for +a hundred miles, determined to find the Ohio, they appear to have struck +a buffalo-path, along which they traveled as far as a salt-lick ten +miles west of the present town of Prestonburg, on a tributary of the +West (or Louisa) Fork of the Sandy, within Floyd County, in the extreme +eastern part of Kentucky. + +Caught in a severe snow-storm, they were compelled to camp at this lick +for the entire winter. It proved to be the most profitable station that +they could have selected, for buffaloes and other animals came in large +numbers to lick the brackish soil, and all the hunters had to do was to +"rise, kill, and eat." + +Although now considerably west of the Cumberland Mountains, the +explorers were not aware that they were within the famed Kentucky; and +as the country was very hilly, covered with briers which annoyed them +greatly, and altogether forbidding, they despaired of reaching the +promised land by this path, and in the spring returned to the Yadkin. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[7] Boone had a strong fancy for carving his name and hunting feats upon +trees. His wanderings have very largely been traced by this means. + +[8] When Indians were about, moccasins were always tied to the guns so +as to be ready to slip on in case of a night alarm. + + + + +CHAPTER VI + +ALONE IN THE WILDERNESS + + +In the winter of 1768-69 a pedler with horse and wagon wandered into the +valley of the upper Yadkin, offering small wares to the settlers' wives. +This was thrifty John Finley, former fur-trader and Indian fighter, who, +thirteen years before, had, as we have seen, fraternized with Boone in +Braddock's ill-fated army on the Monongahela. Finley had, in 1752, in +his trade with the Indians, descended the Ohio in a canoe to the site of +Louisville, accompanied by three or four voyageurs, and, with some of +his dusky customers, traveled widely through the interior of Kentucky. +His glowing descriptions of this beautiful land had inspired Boone to +try to find it. The latter was still sorrowing over his unpromising +expedition by way of the Big Sandy when, by the merest chance, the man +who had fired his imagination knocked at his very door. + +Throughout the winter that Finley was Daniel's guest, he and his brother +Squire were ready listeners to the pedler's stories of the over-mountain +country--tales of countless water-fowl, turkeys, deer, elk, and +buffaloes, which doubtless lost nothing in the telling. The two Boones +resolved to try Finley's proposed route by way of Cumberland Gap, and +the fur-trader promised to lead the way. + +After the spring crops were in, Finley, Daniel Boone, and the latter's +brother-in-law, John Stuart, started from Daniel's house upon the first +of May. In their employ, as hunters and camp-keepers, were three +neighbors--Joseph Holden, James Mooney, and William Cooley. Each man was +fully armed, clad in the usual deerskin costume of the frontier, and +mounted upon a good horse; blanket or bearskin was strapped on behind +the saddle, together with camp-kettle, a store of salt, and a small +supply of provisions, although their chief food was to be game. Squire +remained to care for the crops of the two families, and agreed to +reenforce the hunters late in the autumn. + +Scaling the lofty Blue Ridge, the explorers passed over Stone and Iron +Mountains and reached Holston Valley, whence they proceeded through +Moccasin Gap of Clinch Mountain, and crossed over intervening rivers and +densely wooded hills until they came to Powell's Valley, then the +farthest limit of white settlement. Here they found a hunter's trail +which led them through Cumberland Gap. The "warriors' path"--trodden by +Indian war-parties from across the mountains--was now discovered, and +this they followed by easy stages until at last they reached what is now +called Station Camp Creek, a tributary of the Kentucky River, in Estill +County, Ky.--so named because here was built their principal, or +"station" camp, the center of their operations for many months to come. + +While Boone, Finley, and Stuart made frequent explorations, and Boone in +particular ascended numerous lofty hills in order to view the country, +the chief occupation of the party was hunting. Throughout the summer and +autumn deerskins were in their best condition. Other animals were +occasionally killed to afford variety of food, but fur-bearers as a +rule only furnish fine pelts in the winter season. Even in the days of +abundant game the hunter was required to exercise much skill, patience, +and endurance. It was no holiday task to follow this calling. Deer, +especially, were difficult to obtain. The habits of this excessively +cautious animal were carefully studied; the hunter must know how to +imitate its various calls, to take advantage of wind and weather, and to +practise all the arts of strategy. + +Deerskins were, all things considered, the most remunerative of all. +When roughly dressed and dried they were worth about a dollar each; as +they were numerous, and a horse could carry for a long distance about a +hundred such skins, the trade was considered profitable in those +primitive times, when dollars were hard to obtain. Pelts of beavers, +found in good condition only in the winter, were worth about two dollars +and a half each, and of otters from three to five dollars. Thus, a +horse-load of beaver furs, when obtainable, was worth about five times +that of a load of deerskins; and if a few otters could be thrown in, the +value was still greater. The skins of buffaloes, bears, and elks were +too bulky to carry for long distances, and were not readily marketable. +A few elk-hides were needed, however, to cut up into harness and straps, +and bear- and buffalo-robes were useful for bedding. + +When an animal was killed the hunter skinned it on the spot, and packed +on his back the hide and the best portion of the meat. At night the meat +was smoked or prepared for "jerking," and the skins were scraped and +cured. When collected at the camps, the bales of skins, protected from +the weather by strips of bark, were placed upon high scaffolds, secure +from bears and wolves. + +Our Yadkin hunters were in the habit, each day, of dividing themselves +into pairs for company and mutual aid in times of danger, usually +leaving one pair behind as camp-keepers. Boone and Stuart frequently +were companions upon such trips; for the former, being a man of few +words, enjoyed by contrast the talkative, happy disposition of his +friend. Occasionally the entire party, when the game grew timid, moved +for some distance, where they would establish a new camp; but their +headquarters remained at Station Camp, where were kept their principal +skins, furs, and stores. In this way the time passed from June to +December. Boone used to assert, in after years, that these months were +the happiest of his life. The genial climate, the beauty of the country, +and the entire freedom of this wild life, strongly appealed to him. Here +this taciturn but good-natured man, who loved solitary adventure, was +now in his element. Large packs of skins had been obtained by the little +company and stored at Station Camp and their outlying shelters; and +there was now a generous supply of buffalo, bear, and elk meat, venison, +and turkeys, all properly jerked for the winter which was before them, +with buffalo tallow and bear's oil to serve as cooking grease. + +Finley and Boone were both aware that Kentucky lay between the warring +tribes of the North and the South; that through it warriors' paths +crossed in several directions; and that this, probably the finest +hunting-field in North America, was a debatable land, frequently fought +over by contending savages--a "dark and bloody ground" indeed. Yet thus +far there had been no signs of Indians, and the Carolina hunters had +almost ceased to think of them. + +Toward the close of day on the twenty-second of December, while Boone +and Stuart were ascending a low hill near the Kentucky River, in one of +the most beautiful districts they had seen, they were suddenly +surrounded and captured by a large party of Shawnese horsemen returning +from an autumn hunt on Green River to their homes north of the Ohio. The +two captives were forced to lead the savages to their camps, which were +deliberately plundered, one after the other, of everything in them. The +Shawnese, releasing their prisoners, considerately left with each hunter +just enough supplies to enable him to support himself on the way back to +the settlements. The white men were told what was a fact under existing +treaties with the tribes--treaties, however, of which Boone and his +companions probably knew nothing--that they were trespassing upon Indian +hunting-grounds, and must not come again, or "the wasps and +yellow-jackets will sting you severely." + +The others proposed to leave for home at once; but Boone and Stuart, +enraged at having lost their year's work and all that they had brought +into the wilderness, and having no sympathy for Indian treaty rights, +started out to recover their property. After two days they came up with +the Shawnese, and secreting themselves in the bushes until dark, +contrived to regain four or five horses and make off with them. But +they, in turn, were overtaken in two days by the Indians and again made +prisoners. After a week of captivity, in which they were kindly treated, +they effected their escape in the dark and returned to Station Camp. + +Their companions, giving them up for lost, had departed toward home, but +were overtaken by the two adventurers. Boone was gratified to find with +them his brother Squire, who, having gathered the fall crops, had come +out with a fresh supply of horses, traps, and ammunition. He had +followed the trail of his predecessors, and in the New River region was +joined by Alexander Neely. Not finding Daniel and Stuart at Station +Camp, and grief-stricken at the report concerning them, he was traveling +homeward with the party. + +Daniel, however, who had staked upon this venture almost all that he +owned, did not relish the thought of returning empty-handed, now that +reenforcements had arrived, and determined to stay and seek to regain +his lost fortunes. Squire, Stuart, and Neely concluded also to remain, +and the four were now left behind in the wilderness. On reaching the +Holston Valley, Finley turned northward to seek his relatives in +Pennsylvania; while Holden, Mooney, and Cooley proceeded southeastward +to their Yadkin homes, carrying dismal news of the events attending this +notable exploration of Kentucky. + +The quartette promptly abandoned Station Camp as being dangerously near +the warriors' path, and, tradition says, built another on or near the +northern bank of Kentucky River, not far from the mouth of the Red. The +deer season was now over, but beavers and otters were in their prime, +and soon the hunters were enjoying a profitable season. A small canoe +which they built added greatly to their equipment, and they were now +enabled to set their traps throughout a wide region. + +Hunting in pairs, Daniel was generally accompanied by Stuart, while +Neely and Squire were partners. In their wanderings the two pairs were +sometimes several days without seeing each other; and frequently +partners would be separated throughout the day, but at night met at some +appointed spot. One day, toward the close of January or early in +February (1770), Stuart did not return to the rendezvous, much to +Boone's alarm. The following day the latter discovered the embers of a +fire, doubtless built by the lost man; but that was all, for Stuart was +seen no more. Five years later Boone came across the bones of his +light-hearted comrade in a hollow sycamore tree upon Rockcastle +River--he recognized them by Stuart's name cut upon his powder-horn. +What caused Stuart's death is a mystery to the present day; possibly he +was wounded and chased by Indians to this distant spot, and died while +in hiding. + +Stuart's mysterious disappearance frightened Neely, who at once left for +home, thus leaving Daniel and Squire to pass the remainder of the winter +in the wilderness by themselves. Dejected, but not discouraged, the +brothers built a comfortable hut and continued their work. With the +close of the trapping season the ammunition was nearly exhausted. Upon +the first of May, a year after Daniel had left his cabin upon the upper +Yadkin, Squire started out upon the return, their horses well laden with +furs, skins, and jerked meat. Both men had, in their enterprise, +contracted debts of considerable extent for frontier hunters, hence they +were anxious to square themselves with the world, as well as to obtain +more horses, ammunition, and miscellaneous supplies. + +Daniel was now left alone in Kentucky, "without bread, salt, or sugar, +without company of his fellow-creatures, or even a horse or dog." In +after years he acknowledged that he was at times homesick during the +three months which followed, and felt deeply his absence from the wife +and family to whom he was so warmly attached. But possessing a +cheerful, hopeful nature, he forgot his loneliness in untrammeled +enjoyment of the far-stretching wilderness. + +Almost without ammunition, he could not hunt, save to obtain sufficient +food, and largely spent his time in exploration. Fearing Indians, he +frequently changed his location, sometimes living in shelters of bark +and boughs, and again in caves; but seldom venturing to sleep in these +temporary homes, preferring the thickets and the dense cane-brakes as +less liable to be sought by savage prowlers. + +Kentucky has a remarkably diversified landscape of densely wooded hills +and valleys and broad prairie expanses. The genial climate admirably +suited the philosophical wanderer. He enjoyed the exquisite beauty and +stateliness of the trees--the sycamores, tulip-trees, sugar-trees, +honey-locusts, coffee-trees, pawpaws, cucumber-trees, and black +mulberries--and found flowers in surprising variety and loveliness. The +mineral springs interested him--Big Lick, the Blue Licks, and Big Bone +Lick, with its fossil remains of mastodons which had become mired when +coming to lick the brackish soil. He traveled far and wide in his search +for the beautiful and curious, being chiefly in the valleys of the +Licking and the Kentucky, and upon the banks of the Ohio as far down as +the site of Louisville, where, at the foot of the falls, he inspected +the remains of an old fur trade stockade concerning which Finley had +told him. + +Once he saw some Indians walking upon the northern bank of the Ohio, but +managed himself to keep out of sight. At another time, when on the +Kentucky, he saw a savage calmly fishing from the trunk of a fallen +tree. In mentioning this incident to his family, in later days, he would +declare with gravity: "While I was looking at the fellow he tumbled into +the river, and I saw him no more." Probably the man of the Yadkin shot +him, fearing that the fisherman might carry the news of the former's +whereabouts to a possible camp near by. On another occasion, when +exploring Dick's River, he was suddenly surrounded by Indians. Having +either to surrender or to leap down the precipitous height to a bank +sixty feet below, he chose to leap. Landing in the top of a small +sugar-maple, he slid down the tree, and was able to escape by running +under the overhanging bank and then swimming the stream. Adventures such +as this gave abundant spice to the joys of solitude. + +In the latter part of July Squire arrived from the settlements, having +paid all their debts and with the surplus purchased sufficient supplies +for another summer and fall campaign against the deer. This was highly +successful. They did not lack some interesting experiences, but Indians +were not again encountered; so that, when winter approached, Squire was +enabled once more to leave with well-laden horses for the markets of the +East. Another two months of loneliness were suffered by Daniel; but in +December Squire rejoined him with horses, ammunition, and other +necessaries, and the pair joyously settled down for still another winter +together in the dark and lonely forests of Kentucky. + + + + +CHAPTER VII + +PREDECESSORS AND CONTEMPORARIES + + +The reader of this narrative has, of course, already discovered that +Daniel Boone was neither the original white explorer of Kentucky nor the +first white hunter within its limits. Many others had been there before +him. It will be worth our while at this point to take a hasty review of +some of the previous expeditions which had made the "dark and bloody +ground" known to the world. + +Probably none of the several Spanish explorations of the sixteenth +century along the Mississippi River and through the Gulf States had +touched Kentucky. But during the seventeenth century both the French in +Canada and the English on the Atlantic tidewater came to have fairly +accurate notions of the country lying immediately to the south of the +Ohio River. As early as 1650 Governor Berkeley, of Virginia, made a vain +attempt to cross the Alleghany barrier in search of the Mississippi, +concerning which he had heard from Indians; and we know that at the same +time the French, especially the Jesuit missionaries, were looking +eagerly in that direction. A few years later Colonel Abraham Wood, of +Virginia, discovered streams which poured into the Ohio and the +Mississippi. Just a century before Boone's great hunt, John Lederer, +also of Virginia, explored for a considerable distance beyond the +mountains. The following year Thomas Batts and his party proclaimed King +Charles II upon New River, the upper waters of the Great Kanawha--twelve +months before La Salle took possession of all Western waters for the +French king, and nineteen before Marquette and Joliet discovered the +Mississippi. + +There is a tradition that in 1678, only five years after the voyage of +Marquette and Joliet, a party of New Englanders ventured into the +Western wilderness as far as New Mexico. The later French expeditions of +La Salle, Hennepin, and D'Iberville are well known. Several Englishmen +traded with Indians upon the Mississippi before the close of the +seventeenth century; by 1719 the English were so numerous that Governor +Keith, of Pennsylvania, suggested that four forts be built for their +protection in the Wabash and Illinois countries. We hear of a French +expedition investigating Big Bone Lick, in Kentucky, in 1735; and other +visits were successively made by bands of their compatriots until the +downfall of New France, over a quarter of a century later. In 1742 John +Howard and Peter Salling, of Virginia, were exploring in Kentucky; six +years after them Dr. Thomas Walker made a notable expedition through the +same country; and two years after that Washington's backwoods friend, +Christopher Gist, was on the site of Louisville selecting lands for the +Ohio Company, which had a large grant upon the Ohio River. + +Henceforward, border chronicles abound with reports of the adventures of +English fur-traders, hunters, and land-viewers, all along the Ohio River +and tributary waters above Louisville. Among these early adventurers was +our friend Finley, whose experiences in Kentucky dated from 1752, and +who piloted Boone to the promised land through the gateway of Cumberland +Gap. The subsequent Indian wars, with the expeditions into the upper +Ohio Valley by Generals Braddock, Forbes, and Bouquet, made the country +still better known; and settlers were soon rushing in by scores, +although as yet none of them appear to have made clearings within +Kentucky itself. + +Officers and soldiers who had served in the French and Indian War were +given liberal grants of land in the West. Washington had not only his +own grant, as the principal officer upon the southwest frontier, but was +agent for a number of fellow-soldiers, and in 1767 went to the Ohio +River to select and survey claims. At the very time when Boone was +engaged upon his fruitless expedition down the Big Sandy, Washington was +making the first surveys in Kentucky on both the Little and Big Sandy. +Again, in 1770, when Boone was exploring the Kentucky wilderness, +Washington was surveying extensive tracts along the Ohio and the Great +Kanawha, and planning for a large colony upon his own lands. The +outbreak of the Revolution caused the great man to turn his attention +from the over-mountain region to the defense of his country. Had he been +left to carry out his plans, he would doubtless have won fame as the +most energetic of Western pioneers. + +It will be remembered that when Boone and his companions passed through +Cumberland Gap in the early summer of 1769, they found the well-worn +trail of other hunters who had preceded them from the settlements. The +men of the Yadkin Valley were not the only persons seeking game in +Kentucky that year. At about the time when Boone was bidding farewell to +his family, Hancock and Richard Taylor, Abraham Hempinstall, and one +Barbour, frontiersmen of the same type, started from their homes in +Orange County, Va., to explore the valleys of the Ohio and Mississippi. +They descended from Pittsburg in a boat, explored Kentucky, and +proceeded into Arkansas, where they camped and hunted during the +following winter. The next year two of them traveled eastward to +Florida, and thence northwardly to their homes; the others stayed in +Arkansas for another year, and returned by sea from New Orleans to New +York. + +Simultaneously with the expeditions of Boone and the Taylors, a party of +twenty or more adventurous hunters and explorers was formed in the New +River region, in the Valley of Virginia. They set out in June (1769), +piloted by Uriah Stone, who had been in Kentucky three years before. +Entering by way of the now familiar Cumberland Gap, these men had +experiences quite similar to those of Boone and his comrades. At some of +the Kentucky salt-licks they found herds of buffaloes numbering up in +the thousands--at one lick a hundred acres were densely massed with +these bulky animals, who exhibited no fear until the wind blew from the +hunters toward them, and then they would "dash wildly away in large +droves and disappear." Like Boone's party, they also were the victims of +Cherokees, who plundered their camps, and after leaving them some guns +and a little ammunition, ordered them out of the country. The New River +party being large, however, some of their number were deputed to go to +the settlements and bring back fresh supplies, so that they could finish +their hunt. After further adventures with Indians half of the hunters +returned home; while the others wandered into Tennessee and as far as +the Ozark Mountains, finally reaching New River through Georgia and the +Carolinas. Another Virginian, named John McCulloch, who courted the +perils of exploration, was in Kentucky in the summer of 1769 with a +white man-servant and a negro. He visited the site of Terre Haute, Ind., +and went by canoe to Natchez and New Orleans, and at length reached +Philadelphia by sea. + +But the most famous of all the expeditions of the period was that of the +"Long Hunters," as they have come to be known in Western history. +Inspired by the favorable reports of Stone and others, about forty of +the most noted and successful hunters of New River and Holston Valleys +formed, in the summer of 1770, a company for hunting and trapping to the +west of Cumberland Mountains. Under the leadership of two of the best +woodsmen of the region, Joseph Drake and Henry Skaggs, and including +several of Stone's party, they set out in early autumn fully prepared +for meeting Indians and living on game. Each man took with him three +packhorses, rifles, ammunition, traps, dogs, blankets, and salt, and was +dressed in the deerskin costume of the times. + +Pushing on through Cumberland Gap, the adventurers were soon in the +heart of Kentucky. In accordance with custom, they visited some of the +best licks--a few of which were probably first seen by them--for here +wild beasts were always to be found in profusion. At Knob Licks they +beheld from an eminence which overlooked the springs "what they +estimated at largely over a thousand animals, including buffaloe, elk, +bear, and deer, with many wild turkies scattered among them--all quite +restless, some playing, and others busily employed in licking the earth; +but at length they took flight and bounded away all in one direction, so +that in the brief space of a couple of minutes not an animal was to be +seen." Within an area of many acres, the animals had eaten the salty +earth to a depth of several feet. + +Successful in a high degree, the party ceased operations in February, +and had completed preparations for sending a large shipment of skins, +furs, and "jerk" to the settlements, when, in their temporary absence, +roving Cherokees robbed them of much of their stores and spoiled the +greater part of the remainder. "Fifteen hundred skins gone to +ruination!" was the legend which one of them carved upon the bark of a +neighboring tree, a record to which were appended the initials of each +member of the party. A series of disasters followed, in the course of +which two men were carried off by Indians and never again seen, and +others fled for home. Those remaining, having still much ammunition and +the horses, continued their hunt, chiefly upon the Green and Cumberland +Rivers, and in due time brought together another store of peltries, +almost as extensive as that despoiled by the savages. + +Not long after the robbery, when the Long Hunters were upon Green River, +one of the parties into which the band was divided were going into camp +for the night, when a singular noise was heard proceeding from a +considerable distance in the forest. The leader, Caspar Mausker, +commanded silence on the part of his comrades, and himself crept +cautiously from tree to tree in the direction of the sound. Imagine his +surprise and amusement to find "a man bare-headed, stretched flat upon +his back on a deerskin spread on the ground, singing merrily at the top +of his voice!" The singer was our hero, Daniel Boone, who, regardless of +possible Indian neighbors, was thus enjoying himself while awaiting +Squire's belated return to camp. Like most woodsmen of his day and ours, +Boone was fond of singing, in his rude way, as well as of relating tales +of stirring adventure. In such manner were many hours whiled away around +the camp-fires of wilderness hunters. + +The Boones at once joined and spent some time with the Long Hunters, no +doubt delighted at this opportunity of once more mingling with men of +their kind. Among their amusements was that of naming rivers, creeks, +and hills after members of the party; many of these names are still +preserved upon the map of Kentucky. At one time they discovered that +some French hunters from the Illinois country had recently visited a +lick to kill buffaloes for their tongues and tallow, which they had +loaded into a keel-boat and taken down the Cumberland. In after years +one of the Long Hunters declared that this wholesale slaughter was so +great "that one could walk for several hundred yards in and around the +lick on buffaloes' skulls and bones, with which the whole flat around +the lick was bleached." + +It was not until August that the Long Hunters returned to their homes, +after a profitable absence of eleven months. But the Boone brothers left +their comrades in March and headed for the Yadkin, with horses now well +laden with spoils of the chase. They were deeply in debt for their +latest supplies, but were returning in light heart, cheered with the +prospect of settling their accounts and being able to revisit Kentucky +in good condition. But in Powell's Valley, near Cumberland Gap, where +they might well have supposed that small chance of danger remained, they +were suddenly set upon by a war party of Northern Indians who had been +raiding the white settlers as well as their Southern foes, the Cherokees +and Catawbas. Roughly handled and robbed of their packs, the unfortunate +hunters reached the Yadkin in no happy frame of mind. Daniel had been +absent for two years, and was now poorer than when he left home. He used +to say, however, in after years, that having at last seen Kentucky, his +ideal of an earthly paradise, that served as solace for his woes. + + + + +CHAPTER VIII + +THE HERO OF CLINCH VALLEY + + +While Daniel Boone had been hunting and exploring amid the deep forests +and waving greenswards of Kentucky, important events had been taking +place in the settlements. The colonists along the Atlantic tidewater had +become so crowded that there were no longer any free lands in that +region; and settlers' cabins in the western uplands of Pennsylvania, +Maryland, the Carolinas, and Georgia had so multiplied that now much of +the best land there had also been taken up. The far-outlying frontier +upon which the Boones and Bryans had reared their rude log huts nearly a +quarter of a century before, no longer abounded in game and in free +pastures for roving herds; indeed, the frontier was now pushed forward +to the west-flowing streams--to the head waters of the Watauga, Clinch, +Powell, French Broad, Holston, and Nolichucky, all of them affluents of +the Tennessee, and to the Monongahela and other tributaries of the +upper Ohio. + +The rising tide of population demanded more room to the westward. The +forbidding mountain-ranges had long hemmed in the restless borderers; +but the dark-skinned wilderness tribes had formed a still more serious +barrier, as, with rifles and tomahawks purchased from white traders, +they terrorized the slowly advancing outposts of civilization. With the +French government no longer in control of Canada and the region east of +the Mississippi--although French-Canadian woodsmen were freely employed +by the British Indian Department--with the consequent quieting of Indian +forays, with increased knowledge of the over-mountain passes, and with +the strong push of population from behind, there had arisen a general +desire to scale the hills, and beyond them to seek exemption from +tax-gatherers, free lands, and the abundant game concerning which the +Kentucky hunters had brought glowing reports. + +Upon the defeat of the French, the English king had issued a +proclamation (1763) forbidding his "loving subjects" to settle to the +west of the mountains. The home government was no doubt actuated in this +by two motives: first, a desire to preserve the wilderness for the +benefit of the growing fur trade, which brought wealth to many London +merchants; second, a fear that borderers who pushed beyond the mountains +might not only be beyond the reach of English trade, but also beyond +English political control. But the frontiersmen were already too far +distant to have much regard for royal proclamations. The king's command +appears to have had no more effect than had he, like one of his +predecessors, bade the ocean tide rise no higher. + +In 1768, at Fort Stanwix, N.Y., the Iroquois of that province, whose war +parties had raided much of the country between the Hudson and the +Mississippi, surrendered what shadowy rights they might be supposed to +have over all lands lying between the Ohio and the Tennessee. Meanwhile, +at the South, the Cherokees had agreed to a frontier which opened to +settlement eastern Kentucky and Tennessee. + +But, without waiting for these treaties, numerous schemes had been +proposed in England and the Atlantic coast colonies for the settlement +of Kentucky and the lands of the upper Ohio. Most of these projects +failed, even the more promising of them being checked by the opening of +the Revolutionary War; but their existence showed how general was the +desire of English colonists to occupy those fertile Western lands which +explorers like Gist, Washington, the Boones, and the Long Hunters had +now made familiar to the world. The new treaties strengthened this +desire, so that when Daniel and Squire Boone reached their homes upon +the Yadkin the subject of Western settlement was uppermost in the minds +of the people. + +The land excitement was, however, less intense in North Carolina than in +the Valley of Virginia and other mountain troughs to the north and +northeast. At Boone's home there was unrest of a more serious character. +The tax-gatherers were arousing great popular discontent because of +unlawful and extortionate demands, and in some cases Governor Tryon had +come to blows with the regulators who stood for the people's rights. + +For two and a half years after his return Boone quietly conducted his +little farm, and, as of old, made long hunting trips in autumn and +winter, occasionally venturing--sometimes alone, sometimes with one or +two companions--far west into Kentucky, once visiting French Lick, on +the Cumberland, where he found several French hunters. There is reason +to believe that in 1772 he moved to the Watauga Valley, but after living +there for a time went back to the Yadkin. Early in the following year he +accompanied Benjamin Cutbirth and others as far as the present Jessamine +County, Ky., and from this trip returned fired with quickened zeal for +making a settlement in the new country. + +The spring and summer were spent in active preparations. He enlisted the +cooperation of Captain William Russell, the principal pioneer in the +Clinch Valley; several of the Bryans, whose settlement was now +sixty-five miles distant, also agreed to join him; and five other +families in his own neighborhood engaged to join the expedition. The +Bryan party, numbering forty men, some of them from the Valley of +Virginia and Powell's Valley, were not to be accompanied by their +families, as they preferred to go in advance and prepare homes before +making a final move. But Boone and the other men of the upper Yadkin +took with them their wives and children; most of them sold their farms, +as did Boone, thus burning their bridges behind them. Arranging to meet +the Bryan contingent in Powell's Valley, Boone's party left for the West +upon the twenty-fifth of September, 1773--fifty-six years after old +George Boone had departed from England for the Pennsylvania frontier +near Philadelphia, and twenty-three after the family had set out for the +new southwest frontier on the Yadkin. + +Reaching Powell's, Boone went into camp to await the rear party, his +riding and packhorses hoppled and belled, after the custom of such +caravans, and their small herd of cattle properly guarded in a meadow. +His eldest son, James, now a boy of sixteen years, was sent with two +men, with pack-animals, across country to notify Russell and to secure +some flour and farming tools. They were returning laden, in company with +Russell's son Henry, a year older than James, two of Russell's negro +slaves, and two or three white workpeople, when, missing their path, +they went into camp for the night only three miles from Boone's +quarters. At daybreak they were attacked by a Shawnese war party and all +killed except a white laborer and a negro. This pathetic tragedy created +such consternation among the movers that, despite Boone's entreaties to +go forward, all of them returned to Virginia and Carolina. Daniel and +his family, no longer having a home on the Yadkin, would not retreat, +and took up their quarters in an empty cabin upon the farm of Captain +David Gass, seven or eight miles from Russell's, upon Clinch River. +Throughout this sorrowful winter the Boones were supported from their +stock of cattle and by means of Daniel's unerring rifle. + +It was long before the intrepid pioneers could again take up their line +of march. Ever since the Bouquet treaty of 1764 there had been more or +less disturbance upon the frontiers. During all these years, although +there was no open warfare between whites and reds, many scores of lives +had been lost. Indians had wantonly plundered and murdered white men, +and the latter had been quite as merciless toward the savages. Whenever +a member of one race met a man of the other the rifle was apt to be at +once brought into play. Meanwhile, armed parties of surveyors and land +speculators were swarming into Kentucky, notching the trees for +landmarks, and giving evidence to apprehensive tribesmen that the hordes +of civilization were upon them. In 1773 George Rogers Clark, afterward +the most famous of border leaders, had staked a claim at the mouth of +Fishing Creek, on the Ohio; Washington had, this summer, descended the +river to the same point; while at the Falls of the Ohio, and upon +interior waters of the Kentucky wilderness, other parties were laying +ambitious plans for the capitals of new colonies. + +In the following spring the Cherokees and Shawnese, now wrought to a +high pitch of ill temper, combined for onslaughts on the advancing +frontiersmen. The wanton murder by border ruffians of Chief John Logan's +family, near Mingo Junction, on the Ohio, was the match which, in early +summer, fired the tinder. The Mingos, ablaze with the fire of vengeance, +carried the war-pipe through the neighboring villages; runners were sent +in every direction to rouse the tribes; tomahawks were unearthed, +war-posts were planted; messages of defiance were sent to the +"Virginians," as all frontiersmen were generally called by the Western +Indians; and in a few days the border war to which history has given the +name of Lord Dunmore, then governor of Virginia, was in full swing from +Cumberland Gap to Fort Pitt, from the Alleghanies to the Wabash. + +Its isolation at first protected the Valley of the Clinch. The +commandant of the southwest militia--which comprised every boy or man +capable of bearing arms--was Colonel William Preston; under him was +Major Arthur Campbell; the principal man in the Clinch Valley was +Boone's friend, Russell. When, in June, the border captains were +notified by Lord Dunmore that the war was now on, forts were erected in +each of the mountain valleys, and scouts sent out along the trails and +streams to ascertain the whereabouts of the enemy. + +There were in Kentucky, at this time, several surveying parties which +could not obtain news by way of the Ohio because of the blockade +maintained by the Shawnese. It became necessary to notify them overland, +and advise their retreat to the settlements by way of Cumberland Gap. +Russell having been ordered by Preston to employ "two faithful woodsmen" +for this purpose, chose Daniel Boone and Michael Stoner. "If they are +alive," wrote Russell to his colonel, "it is indisputable but Boone must +find them." Leaving the Clinch on June twenty-seventh, the two envoys +were at Harrodsburg before July eighth. There they found James Harrod +and thirty-four other men laying off a large town,[9] in which they +proposed to give each inhabitant a half-acre in-lot and a ten-acre +out-lot. Boone, who had small capacity for business, but in land was +something of a speculator, registered as a settler, and in company with +a neighbor put up a cabin for his future occupancy. This done, he and +Stoner hurried on down the Kentucky River to its mouth, and thence to +the Falls of the Ohio (site of Louisville), notifying several bands of +surveyors and town-builders of their danger. After an absence of +sixty-one days they were back again upon the Clinch, having traveled +eight hundred miles through a practically unbroken forest, experienced +many dangers from Indians, and overcome natural difficulties almost +without number. + +Meanwhile Lord Dunmore, personally unpopular but an energetic and +competent military manager, had sent out an army of nearly three +thousand backwoodsmen against the Shawnese north of the Ohio. One wing +of this army, led by the governor himself, went by way of Fort Pitt and +descended the Ohio; among its members was George Rogers Clark. The other +wing, commanded by General Andrew Lewis, included the men of the +Southwest, eleven hundred strong; they were to descend the Great +Kanawha and rendezvous with the northern wing at Point Pleasant, at the +junction of the Kanawha and the Ohio. + +When Boone arrived upon the Clinch he found that Russell and most of the +other militiamen of the district had departed upon the campaign. With a +party of recruits, the great hunter started out to overtake the +expedition, but was met by orders to return and aid in defending his own +valley; for the drawing off of the militia by Dunmore had left the +southwest frontiers in weak condition. During September the settlers +upon the Clinch suffered much apprehension; the depredations of the +tribesmen were not numerous, but several men were either wounded or +captured. + +In a letter written upon the sixth of October, Major Campbell gives a +list of forts upon the Clinch: "Blackmore's, sixteen men, Sergeant Moore +commanding; Moore's, twenty miles above, twenty men, Lieutenant Boone +commanding; Russell's, four miles above, twenty men, Sergeant W. Poage +commanding; Glade Hollow, twelve miles above, fifteen men, Sergeant +John Dunkin commanding; Elk Garden, fourteen miles above, eighteen men, +Sergeant John Kinkead commanding; Maiden Spring, twenty-three miles +above, five men, Sergeant John Crane commanding; Whitton's Big Crab +Orchard, twelve miles above, three men, Ensign John Campbell, of Rich +Valley, commanding." During this month Boone and his little garrison +made frequent sallies against the enemy, and now and then fought brief +but desperate skirmishes. He appears to have been by far the most active +commander in the valley, and when neighboring forts were attacked his +party of well-trained riflemen generally furnished the relief necessary +to raise the siege. "Mr. Boone," writes Campbell to Preston, "is very +diligent at Castle's-woods, and keeps up good order." His conduct is +frequently alluded to in the military correspondence of that summer; +Campbell and other leaders exhibited in their references to our hero a +respectful and even deferential tone. An eye-witness of some of these +stirring scenes has left us a description of Daniel Boone, now forty +years of age, in which it is stated that his was then a familiar figure +throughout the valley as he hurried to and fro upon his military duties +"dressed in deerskin colored black, and his hair plaited and clubbed +up." + +Upon the tenth of October, Cornstalk, a famous Shawnese chief, taking +advantage of Dunmore's failure to join the southern wing, led against +Lewis's little army encamped at Point Pleasant a thousand picked +warriors gathered from all parts of the Northwest. Here, upon the wooded +eminence at the junction of the two rivers, was waged from dawn until +dusk one of the most bloody and stubborn hand-to-hand battles ever +fought between Indians and whites. It is hard to say who displayed the +best generalship, Cornstalk or Lewis. The American savage was a splendid +fighter; although weak in discipline he could competently plan a battle. +The tactics of surprise were his chief resource, and these are +legitimate even in civilized warfare; but he could also make a +determined contest in the open, and when, as at Point Pleasant, the +opposing numbers were nearly equal, the result was often slow of +determination. Desperately courageous, pertinacious, with a natural +aptitude for war combined with consummate treachery, cruelty, and +cunning, it is small wonder that the Indian long offered a formidable +barrier to the advance of civilization. In early Virginia, John Smith +noticed that in Indian warfare the whites won at the expense of losses +far beyond those suffered by the tribesmen; and here at Point Pleasant, +while the "Long Knives"[10] gained the day, the number of their dead and +wounded was double that of the casualties sustained by Cornstalk's +painted band. + +The victory at Point Pleasant practically closed the war upon the +border. Boone had been made a captain in response to a popular petition +that the hero of Clinch Valley be thus honored, and was given charge of +the three lower forts; but there followed only a few alarms, and upon +the twentieth of November he and his brother militiamen of the region +received their discharge. The war had cost Virginia L10,000 sterling, +many valuable lives had been sacrificed, and an incalculable amount of +suffering and privation had been occasioned all along the three hundred +and fifty miles of American frontier. But the Shawnese had been humbled, +the Cherokees had retired behind the new border line, and a lasting +peace appeared to be assured. + +In the following January Captain Boone, true son of the wilderness, was +celebrating his freedom from duties incident to war's alarms by a +solitary hunt upon the banks of Kentucky River. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[9] Previous to this there had been built in Kentucky many hunters' +camps, also a few isolated cabins by "improvers"; but Harrodsburg (at +first called "Harrodstown") was the first permanent settlement, thus +having nearly a year's start of Boonesborough. June 16, 1774, is the +date given by Collins and other chroniclers for the actual settlement by +Harrod. + +[10] The Indians had called the Americans "Knifemen," "Long Knives," or +"Big Knives," from the earliest historic times; but it was not until +about the middle of the eighteenth century that the Virginia colonists +began to make record of the use of this epithet by the Indians with whom +they came in contact. It was then commonly supposed that it grew out of +the use of swords by the frontier militiamen, and this is the meaning +still given in dictionaries; but it has been made apparent by Albert +Matthews, writing in the New York Nation, March 14, 1901, that the +epithet originated in the fact that Englishmen used knives as +distinguished from the early stone tools of the Indians. The French +introduced knives into America previous to the English, but apparently +the term was used only by Indians within the English sphere of +influence. + + + + +CHAPTER IX + +THE SETTLEMENT OF KENTUCKY + + +Kentucky had so long been spasmodically occupied and battled over by +Shawnese, Iroquois, and Cherokees, that it can not be said that any of +them had well-defined rights over its soil. Not until white men appeared +anxious to settle there did the tribes begin to assert their respective +claims, in the hope of gaining presents at the treaties whereat they +were asked to make cessions. The whites, on their part, when negotiating +for purchases, were well aware of the shadowy character of these claims; +but, when armed with a signed deed of cession, they had something +tangible upon which thenceforth to base their own claims of +proprietorship. There was therefore much insincerity upon both sides. It +is well to understand this situation in studying the history of Kentucky +settlement. + +Colonel Richard Henderson was one of the principal judges in North +Carolina, a scholarly, talented man, eminent in the legal profession; +although but thirty-nine years of age, he wielded much influence. +Knowing and respecting Daniel Boone, Henderson was much impressed by the +former's enthusiastic reports concerning the soil, climate, and scenery +of Kentucky; and, acting solely upon this information, resolved to +establish a colony in that attractive country. He associated with +himself three brothers, Nathaniel, David, and Thomas Hart, the +last-named of whom in later life wrote that he "had known Boone of old, +when poverty and distress held him fast by the hand; and in those +wretched circumstances he had ever found him a noble and generous soul, +despising everything mean." Their proposed colony was styled +Transylvania, and the association of proprietors the Transylvania +Company. + +It will be remembered that in the treaty of Fort Stanwix (1768) the +Iroquois of New York had ceded to the English crown their pretensions to +lands lying between the Ohio and the Tennessee. The Transylvania +Company, however, applied to the Cherokees, because this was the tribe +commanding the path from Virginia and the Carolinas to Kentucky. In +March, 1775, a great council was held at Sycamore Shoals, on the Watauga +River, between the company and twelve hundred Cherokees who had been +brought in for the purpose by Boone. For $50,000 worth of cloths, +clothing, utensils, ornaments, and firearms, the Indians ceded to +Henderson and his partners an immense grant including all the country +lying between the Kentucky and Cumberland Rivers, also a path of +approach from the east, through Powell's Valley. At this council were +some of the most prominent Cherokee chiefs and southwestern +frontiersmen. + +When the goods came to be distributed among the Indians it was found +that, although they filled a large cabin and looked very tempting in +bulk, there was but little for each warrior, and great dissatisfaction +arose. One Cherokee, whose portion was a shirt, declared that in one +day, upon this land, he could have killed deer enough to buy such a +garment; to surrender his hunting-ground for this trifle naturally +seemed to him a bad bargain. For the safety of the pioneers the chiefs +could give no guarantee; they warned Boone, who appears to have acted as +spokesman for the company, that "a black cloud hung over this land," +warpaths crossed it from north to south, and settlers would surely get +killed; for such results the Cherokees must not be held responsible. + +This was not promising. Neither was the news, now received, that +Governors Martin of North Carolina, and Dunmore of Virginia had both of +them issued proclamations against the great purchase. The former had +called Henderson and his partners an "infamous Company of Land Pyrates"; +and they were notified that this movement was in violation of the king's +proclamation of 1763, forbidding Western settlements. + +The company, relying upon popular sympathy and their great distance from +tidewater seats of government, proceeded without regard to these +proclamations. Boone, at the head of a party of about thirty enlisted +men, some of them the best backwoodsmen in the country,[11] was sent +ahead to mark a path through the forest to Kentucky River, and there +establish a capital for the new colony. They encountered many +difficulties, especially when traveling through cane-brakes and brush; +and once, while asleep, were attacked by Indians, who killed a negro +servant and wounded two of the party. Boone won hearty commendation for +his skill and courage throughout the expedition, which finally arrived +at its destination on the sixth of April. This was Big Lick, on Kentucky +River, just below the mouth of Otter Creek. Here it was decided to build +a town to be called Boonesborough, to serve as the capital of +Transylvania. The site was "a plain on the south side of the river, +wherein was a lick with sulphur springs strongly impregnated." + +To Felix Walker, one of the pioneers, we are indebted for the details of +this notable colonizing expedition, set forth in a narrative which is +still preserved. "On entering the plain," he writes, "we were permitted +to view a very interesting and romantic sight. A number of buffaloes, of +all sizes, supposed to be between two and three hundred, made off from +the lick in every direction: some running, some walking, others loping +slowly and carelessly, with young calves playing, skipping, and bounding +through the plain. Such a sight some of us never saw before, nor perhaps +ever may again." A fort was commenced, and a few cabins "strung along +the river-bank;" but it was long before the stronghold was completed, +for, now that the journey was at an end, Boone's men had become callous +to danger. + +Meanwhile Henderson was proceeding slowly from the settlements with +thirty men and several wagons loaded with goods and tools. Delayed from +many causes, they at last felt obliged to leave the encumbering wagons +in Powell's Valley. Pushing forward, they were almost daily met by +parties of men and boys returning home from Kentucky bearing vague +reports of Indian forays. This resulted in Henderson losing many of his +own followers from desertion. Arriving at Boonesborough on the twentieth +of April, the relief party was "saluted by a running fire of about +twenty-five guns." Some of Boone's men had, in the general uneasiness, +also deserted, and others had scattered throughout the woods, hunting, +exploring, or surveying on their own account. + +The method of surveying then in vogue upon the Western frontier was of +the crudest, although it must be acknowledged that any system more +formal might, at that stage of our country's growth, have prevented +rapid settlement. Each settler or land speculator was practically his +own surveyor. With a compass and a chain, a few hours' work would +suffice to mark the boundaries of a thousand-acre tract. There were as +yet no adequate maps of the country, and claims overlapped each other +in the most bewildering manner. A speculator who "ran out" a hundred +thousand acres might, without knowing it, include in his domain a +half-dozen claims previously surveyed by modest settlers who wanted but +a hundred acres each. A man who paid the land-office fees might "patent" +any land he pleased and have it recorded, the colony, and later the +State, only guaranteeing such entries as covered land not already +patented. This overlapping, conscious or unconscious, at last became so +perplexing that thousands of vexatious lawsuits followed, some of which +are still unsettled; and even to-day in Kentucky there are lands whose +ownership is actually unknown, which pay no taxes and support only +squatters who can not be turned out--possibly some of it, lying between +patented tracts, by chance has never been entered at all. Nobody can now +say. Thus it was that we find our friend Daniel Boone quickly +transformed from a wilderness hunter into a frontier surveyor. Before +Henderson's arrival he had laid off the town site into lots of two +acres each. These were now drawn at a public lottery; while those who +wished larger tracts within the neighborhood were able to obtain them by +promising to plant a crop of corn and pay to the Transylvania Company a +quit-rent of two English shillings for each hundred acres. + + [Illustration: A SURVEY NOTE BY BOONE. + Reduced facsimile from his field-books in possession of Wisconsin + State Historical Society.] + +There were now four settlements in the Transylvania grant: +Boonesborough; Harrodsburg, fifty miles west, with about a hundred men; +Boiling Spring, some six or seven miles from Harrodsburg; and St. Asaph. +The crown lands to the north and east of the Kentucky, obtained by the +Fort Stanwix treaty, contained two small settlements; forty miles north +of Boonesborough was Hinkson's, later known as Ruddell's Station, where +were about nineteen persons; lower down the Kentucky, also on the north +side, was Willis Lee's settlement, near the present Frankfort; and +ranging at will through the crown lands were several small parties of +"land-jobbers," surveyors, and explorers, laying off the claims of +militia officers who had fought in the Indian wars, and here and there +building cabins to indicate possession. + +Henderson had no sooner arrived than he prepared for a convention, at +which the people should adopt a form of government for the colony and +elect officers. This was held at Boonesborough, in the open air, under a +gigantic elm, during the week commencing Tuesday, the twenty-third of +May. There were eighteen delegates, representing each of the four +settlements south of the Kentucky. Among them were Daniel and Squire +Boone, the former of whom proposed laws for the preservation of game and +for improving the breed of horses; to the latter fell the presentation +of rules for preserving the cattle-ranges. The compact finally agreed +upon between the colonists and the proprietors declared "the powers of +the one and the liberties of the others," and was "the earliest form of +government in the region west of the Alleghanies." It provided for +"perfect religious freedom and general toleration," militia and judicial +systems, and complete liberty on the part of the settlers to conduct +colonial affairs according to their needs. This liberal and +well-digested plan appeared to please both Henderson and the settlers. +But the opposition of the governors, the objections raised by the +Assembly of Virginia, of which Kentucky was then a part,[12] and +finally, the outbreak of the Revolution, which put an end to proprietary +governments in America, caused the downfall of the Transylvania Company. +The Boonesborough legislative convention met but once more--in December, +to elect a surveyor-general. + +The May meeting had no sooner adjourned than Transylvania began again to +lose its population. Few of the pioneers who had come out with Boone and +Henderson, or had since wandered into the district, were genuine +home-seekers. Many appear to have been mere adventurers, out for the +excitement of the expedition and to satisfy their curiosity, who either +returned home or wandered farther into the woods to seek fresh +experiences of wild life; others had deliberately intended first to +stake out claims in the neighborhood of the new settlements and then +return home to look after their crops, and perhaps move to Kentucky in +the autumn; others there were who, far removed from their families, +proved restless; while many became uneasy because of Indian outrages, +reports of which soon began to be circulated. Henderson wrote cheerful +letters to his partners at home, describing the country as a paradise; +but by the end of June, when Boone returned to the East for salt, +Harrodsburg and Boiling Spring were almost deserted, while Boonesborough +could muster but ten or twelve "guns," as men or boys capable of +fighting Indians were called in the militia rolls. + +The infant colony of Kentucky had certainly reached a crisis in its +career. Game was rapidly becoming more scarce, largely because of +careless, inexperienced hunters who wounded more than they killed, and +killed more than was needed for food; the frightened buffaloes had now +receded so far west that they were several days' journey from +Boonesborough. Yet game was still the staff of life. Captain Floyd, the +surveyor-general, wrote to Colonel Preston: "I must hunt or starve." + +As the summer wore away and crops in the Eastern settlements were +gathered, there was a considerable increase in the population. Many men +who, in later days, were to exert a powerful influence in Kentucky now +arrived--George Rogers Clark, the principal Western hero of the +Revolution; Simon Kenton, famous throughout the border as hunter, scout, +and Indian fighter; Benjamin Logan, William Whitley, the Lewises, +Campbells, Christians, Prestons, MacDowells, McAfees, Hite, Bowman, +Randolph, Todd, McClellan, Benton, Patterson--all of them names familiar +in Western history. + +In the first week of September Boone arrived with his wife and family +and twenty young men--"twenty-one guns," the report reads; Squire and +his family soon followed; four Bryans, their brothers-in-law, came at +the head of thirty men from the Yadkin; and, at the same time, +Harrodsburg was reached by several other families who had, like the +Boones, come on horseback through Cumberland Gap and Powell's Valley. +This powerful reenforcement of pioneers, most of whom proposed to stay, +had largely been attracted by Henderson's advertisements in Virginia +newspapers offering terms of settlement on Transylvania lands. "Any +person," said the announcement, "who will settle on and inhabit the same +before the first day of June, 1776, shall have the privilege of taking +up and surveying for himself five hundred acres, and for each tithable +person he may carry with him and settle there, two hundred and fifty +acres, on the payment of fifty shillings sterling per hundred, subject +to a yearly quit-rent of two shillings, like money, to commence in the +year 1780." Toward the end of November Henderson himself, who had gone +on a visit to Carolina, returned with forty men, one of whom was Colonel +Arthur Campbell, a prominent settler in the Holston Valley. + +This increase of population, which had been noticeable throughout the +autumn and early winter, received a sudden check, however, two days +before Christmas, when the Indians, who had been friendly for several +months past, began again to annoy settlers, several being either killed +or carried into captivity. This gave rise to a fresh panic, in the +course of which many fled to the east of the mountains. + +During the year about five hundred persons from the frontiers of +Pennsylvania, Virginia, and North Carolina had visited and explored +Kentucky; but now, at the close of December, the population of all the +settlements did not aggregate over two hundred. The recent outbreak had +much to do with this situation of affairs; but there were other causes +conspiring to disturb the minds of the people and postpone the growth of +settlement--the clashing of interests between the Transylvania Company +and the governors of Virginia and North Carolina, uncertainty as to the +possibilities of a general Indian war, the threatened rupture between +the colonies and the English crown, and the alarming scarcity of +provisions and ammunition throughout Kentucky. + +Nevertheless, over nine hundred entries had been made in the +Transylvania land-office at Boonesborough, embracing 560,000 acres, and +most of these tracts were waiting to be surveyed; two hundred and thirty +acres of corn had been successfully raised; horses, hogs, and poultry +had been introduced, and apple- and peach-trees had been started at +several settlements. The germ of a colony was firmly planted, laws had +been made, the militia had been organized, civil and military officers +had been commissioned, and in the face of several slight Indian attacks +the savages had been repelled and the country maintained. Most promising +of all, there were now twelve women in the country, all of them heads of +families. + +The principal pioneers were nearly all of sturdy Scotch-Irish blood, men +of sterling merit, intensely devoted to the cause of American liberty, +and destined to contribute powerfully to its aid in the great war which +had now begun, and concerning which messengers from over the mountains +had during the year brought them scanty information. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[11] The names of this party of Kentucky pioneers, as preserved by +tradition, are worth presenting in our record, for many of them +afterward became prominent in the annals of the West: Squire Boone, +Edward Bradley, James Bridges, William Bush, Samuel Coburn, Colonel +Richard Calloway, Captain Crabtree, Benjamin Cutbirth, David Gass, John +Hart, William Hays (son-in-law of Daniel Boone), William Hicks, Edmund +Jennings, Thomas Johnson, John Kennedy, John King, William Miller, +William Moore, James Nall, James Peeke, Bartlet Searcy, Reuben Searcy, +Michael Stoner, Samuel Tate, Oswell Towns, Captain William Twitty +(wounded at Rockcastle), John Vardeman, and Felix Walker (also wounded +at Rockcastle). Mrs. Hays, Boone's daughter, traveled with her husband; +a negro woman accompanied Calloway, and a negro man (killed at +Rockcastle) was with Twitty. + +[12] It was then within the far-stretching boundaries of Fincastle +County. Kentucky was set apart as a county, December 31, 1776. + + + + +CHAPTER X + +TWO YEARS OF DARKNESS + + +With the opening of the year 1776 Daniel and Squire Boone were employed +for several weeks as hunters or assistants to a party of surveyors sent +by the Transylvania Company to the Falls of the Ohio, in the vicinity of +which Henderson and his friends had taken up seventy thousand acres of +land. They met no Indians and saw plenty of game; but returned to find +that the settlers were indignant because of this wholesale preemption by +the proprietors of the colony in a neighborhood where it was now felt +the chief city in Kentucky was sure to be planted. In response to this +clamor Henderson promised that hereafter, in that locality, only small +tracts should be granted to individuals, and that a town should at once +be laid out at the Falls; but the scanty supply of powder and +provisions, and the company's growing troubles with the Virginia +Assembly, prevented the execution of this project. + +In the spring newcomers everywhere appeared. In order to please the +people of Harrodsburg, now the largest settlement, who were disposed to +be critical, the company's land-office was moved thither, and it at once +entered upon a flourishing business. Not only did many Virginians and +Carolinians come in on horseback over the "Wilderness Road," as the +route through Cumberland Gap was now styled, but hundreds also descended +the Ohio in boats from the new settlements on the Monongahela, and from +those farther east in Pennsylvania. + +While the horsemen of the Wilderness Road generally settled in +Transylvania, those journeying by boat were chiefly interested in the +crown lands north of the Kentucky; through these they ranged at will, +building rude pens, half-faced cabins, and log huts, as convenience +dictated, and planting small crops of corn in order to preempt their +claims. The majority, however, after making sometimes as many as twenty +such claims each, often upon land already surveyed on militia officers' +warrants, returned home at the close of the season, seeking to sell +their fictitious holdings to actual settlers. Of course the unscrupulous +conduct of these "claim-jumping" speculators led to numerous quarrels. +John Todd, of Harrodsburg, wrote to a friend: "I am afraid to lose sight +of my house lest some invader should take possession." + +It was difficult, even for those who came to settle, to get down to hard +work during those earliest years. Never was there a more beautiful +region than the Kentucky wilderness. Both old and new settlers were fond +of roaming through this wonderland of forests and glades and winding +rivers, where the nights were cool and refreshing and the days filled +with harmonies of sound and sight and smell. Hill and valley, timberland +and thicket, meadow and prairie, grasslands and cane-brake--these +abounded on every hand, in happy distribution of light and shadow. The +soil was extremely fertile; there were many open spots fitted for +immediate cultivation; the cattle-ranges were of the best, for nowhere +was cane more abundant; game was more plentiful than men's hopes had +ever before conceived--of turkeys, bears, deer, and buffaloes it seemed, +for a time, as if the supply must always far excelled any possible +demand. It is small wonder that the imaginations of the pioneers were +fired with dreams of the future, that they saw in fancy great cities +springing up in this new world of the West, and wealth pouring into the +laps of those who could first obtain a foothold. Thus, in that beautiful +spring of 1776, did Kentuckians revel in the pleasures of hope, and cast +to the winds all thought of the peril and toil by which alone can man +conquer a savage-haunted wilderness. + +But the "dark cloud" foretold at the Watauga treaty soon settled upon +the land. Incited by British agents--for the Revolution was now on--the +Cherokees on the south and the Shawnese and Mingos on the north declared +war upon the American borderers. The Kentuckians were promptly warned by +messengers from the East. The "cabiners," as claim speculators were +called by actual settlers; the wandering fur-traders, most of whom were +shabby rascals, whose example corrupted the savages, and whose conduct +often led to outbreaks of race hostility; and the irresponsible hunters, +who were recklessly killing or frightening off the herds of game--all of +these classes began, with the mutterings of conflict, to draw closer to +the settlements; while many hurried back to their old homes, carrying +exaggerated reports of the situation. + +Meanwhile, opposition to the Transylvania proprietors was fast +developing. The settlers in the Harrodsburg neighborhood held a +convention in June and sent Colonel George Rogers Clark and Captain John +Gabriel Jones as delegates to the Virginia Convention with a petition to +that body to make Kentucky a county of Virginia. This project was +bitterly opposed by Henderson; but upon the adoption by Congress, in +July, of the Declaration of Independence, there was small chance left +for the recognition of any proprietary government. When the new Virginia +legislature met in the autumn, the petition of the "inhabitants of +Kentuckie" was granted, and a county government organized.[13] David +Robinson was appointed county lieutenant, John Bowman colonel, Anthony +Bledsoe and George Rogers Clark majors, and Daniel Boone, James Harrod, +John Todd, and Benjamin Logan captains. + +It was not until July that the Kentuckians fully realized the existence +of an Indian war. During that month several hunters, surveyors, and +travelers were killed in various parts of the district. The situation +promised so badly that Colonel William Russell, of the Holston Valley, +commandant of the southwestern Virginia militia, advised the immediate +abandonment of Kentucky. Such advice fell upon unheeding ears in the +case of men like Boone and his companions, although many of the less +valorous were quick to retire beyond the mountains. + +On Sunday, the seventeenth of July, an incident occurred at +Boonesborough which created wide-spread consternation. Jemima, the +second daughter of Daniel Boone, aged fourteen years, together with two +girl friends, Betsey and Fanny Calloway, sixteen and fourteen +respectively, were paddling in a canoe upon the Kentucky. Losing control +of their craft in the swift current, not over a quarter of a mile from +the settlement, they were swept near the north bank, when five Shawnese +braves, hiding in the bushes, waded out and captured them. The screams +of the girls alarmed the settlers, who sallied forth in hot pursuit of +the kidnappers. + +The mounted men, under Colonel Calloway, father of two of the captives, +pushed forward to Lower Blue Licks, hoping to cut off the Indians as +they crossed the Licking River on their way to the Shawnese towns in +Ohio, whither it was correctly supposed they were fleeing. Boone headed +the footmen, who followed closely on the trail of the fugitives, which +had been carefully marked by the girls, who, with the self-possession of +true borderers, furtively scattered broken twigs and scraps of clothing +as they were hurried along through the forest by their grim captors. +After a two days' chase, Boone's party caught up with the unsuspecting +savages some thirty-five miles from Boonesborough, and by dint of a +skilful dash recaptured the young women, unharmed. Two of the Shawnese +were killed and the others fled into the woods. Calloway's horsemen met +no foe. + +Although few other attacks were reported during the summer or autumn, +the people were in a continual state of apprehension, neglected their +crops, and either huddled in the neighborhood of the settlements, or +"stations" as they were called, or abandoned the country altogether. In +the midst of this uneasiness Floyd wrote to his friend Preston, in +Virginia, urging that help be sent to the distressed colony: "They all +seem deaf to anything we can say to dissuade them.... I think more than +three hundred men have left the country since I came out, and not one +has arrived, except a few _cabiners_ down the Ohio. I want to return as +much as any man can do; but if I leave the country now there is scarcely +one single man who will not follow the example. When I think of the +deplorable condition a few helpless families are likely to be in, I +conclude to sell my life as dearly as I can in their defense rather +than make an ignominious escape." + + [Illustration: FORT BOONESBOROUGH. + Drawn from Henderson's plans and other historical data by George W. + Ranck; reduced from the latter's "Boonesborough" (Filson Club + Publications, No. 16).] + +Seven stations had now been abandoned--Huston's, on the present site of +Paris; Hinkson's, on the Licking; Bryan's, on the Elkhorn; Lee's, on the +Kentucky; Harrod's, or the Boiling Spring settlement; Whitley's, and +Logan's. But three remained occupied--McClellan's, Harrodsburg, and +Boonesborough. Up to this time none of the Kentucky stations had been +fortified; there had been some unfinished work at Boonesborough, but it +was soon allowed to fall into decay. Work was now resumed at all three +of the occupied settlements; this consisted simply of connecting the +cabins, which faced an open square, by lines of palisades. It was only +at McClellan's, however, that even this slender protection was promptly +completed; at Boonesborough and Harrodsburg the work, although but a +task of a few days, dragged slowly, and was not finished for several +months. It was next to impossible for Boone and the other militia +captains to induce men to labor at the common defenses in time of +peace. + +Great popular interest was taken by the people of the Carolinas, +Virginia, and Pennsylvania in the fate of the Kentucky settlements, +whither so many prominent borderers from those States had moved. The +frantic appeals for help sent out by Floyd, Logan, and McGary, and +expressed in person by George Rogers Clark, awakened keen sympathy; but +the demands of Washington's army were now so great, in battles for +national liberty upon the Atlantic coast, that little could be spared +for the Western settlers. During the summer a small supply of powder was +sent out by Virginia to Captain Boone; in the autumn Harrod and Logan +rode to the Holston and obtained from the military authorities a +packhorse-load of lead; and in the closing days of the year Clark +arrived at Limestone (now Maysville), on the Ohio, with a boat-load of +powder and other stores, voted to the service of Kentucky by the +Virginia Assembly. He had experienced a long and exciting voyage from +Pittsburg with this precious consignment, and about thirty of the +settlers aided him in the perilous enterprise of transporting it +overland to the stations on the Kentucky. While the ammunition was +supposed to be used for defense, the greater part of it was necessarily +spent in obtaining food. Without the great profusion of game the +inhabitants must have starved; although several large crops of corn were +raised, and some wheat, these were as yet insufficient for all. + +Early in 1777 Indian "signs" began to multiply. McClellan's was now +abandoned, leaving Boonesborough and Harrodsburg the only settlements +maintained--except, perhaps, Price's, on the Cumberland, although +Logan's Station was reoccupied in February. The number of men now in the +country fit for duty did not exceed a hundred and fifty. In March the +fighting men met at their respective stations and organized under +commissioned officers; hitherto all military operations in Kentucky had +been voluntary, headed by such temporary leaders as the men chose from +their own number. + +During the greater part of the year the palisaded stations were +frequently attacked by the savages--Shawnese, Cherokees, and Mingos, in +turn or in company. Some of these sieges lasted through several days, +taxing the skill and bravery of the inhabitants to their utmost. Indian +methods of attacking forts were far different from those that would be +practised by white men. Being practically without military organization, +each warrior acted largely on his own behalf. His object was to secrete +himself, to kill his enemy, and if possible to bear away his scalp as a +trophy. Every species of cover was taken advantage of--trees, stumps, +bushes, hillocks, stones, furnished hiding-places. Feints were made to +draw the attention of the garrison to one side, while the main body of +the besiegers hurled themselves against the other. Having neither +artillery nor scaling-ladders, they frequently succeeded in effecting a +breach by setting fire to the walls. Pretending to retreat, they would +lull the defenders into carelessness, when they would again appear from +ambush, picking off those who came out for water, to attend to crops and +cattle, or to hunt for food; often they exhibited a remarkable spirit of +daring, especially when making a dash to secure scalps. Destroying +crops, cattle, hogs, and poultry, stealing the horses for their own +use, burning the outlying cabins, and guarding the trails against +possible relief, they sought to reduce the settlers to starvation, and +thus make them an easy prey. Every artifice known to besiegers was +skilfully practised by these crafty, keen-eyed, quick-witted wilderness +fighters, who seldom showed mercy. Only when white men aggressively +fought them in their own manner could they be overcome. + +In the last week of April, while Boone and Kenton were heading a sortie +against a party of Shawnese besieging Boonesborough, the whites stumbled +into an ambuscade, and Boone was shot in an ankle, the bone being +shattered. Kenton, with that cool bravery for which this tall, vigorous +backwoodsman was known throughout the border, rushed up, and killing a +warrior whose tomahawk was lifted above the fallen man, picked his +comrade up in his arms, and desperately fought his way back into the +enclosure. It was several months before the captain recovered from this +painful wound; but from his room he directed many a day-and-night +defense, and laid plans for the scouting expeditions which were +frequently undertaken throughout the region in order to discover signs +of the lurking foe. + +Being the larger settlement, Harrodsburg was more often attacked than +Boonesborough, although simultaneous sieges were sometimes in progress, +thus preventing the little garrisons from helping each other. At both +stations the women soon became the equal of the men, fearlessly taking +turns at the port-holes, from which little puffs of white smoke would +follow the sharp rifle-cracks whenever a savage head revealed itself +from behind bush or tree. When not on duty as marksmen, women were +melting their pewter plates into bullets, loading the rifles and handing +them to the men, caring for the wounded, and cooking whatever food might +be obtainable. During a siege food was gained only by stealth and at +great peril. Some brave volunteer would escape into the woods by night, +and after a day spent in hunting, far away from hostile camps, return, +if possible under cover of darkness, with what game he could find. It +was a time to make heroes or cowards of either men or women--there was +no middle course. + +Amid this spasmodic hurly-burly there was no lack of marrying and giving +in marriage. One day in early August, 1776, Betsey Calloway, the eldest +of the captive girls, was married at Boonesborough to Samuel Henderson, +one of the rescuing party--the first wedding in Kentucky. Daniel Boone, +as justice of the peace, tied the knot. A diarist of the time has this +record of a similar Harrodsburg event: "July 9, 1777.--Lieutenant Linn +married--great merriment." + +At each garrison, whenever not under actual siege, half of the men were +acting as guards and scouts while the others cultivated small patches of +corn within sight of the walls. But even this precaution sometimes +failed of its purpose. For instance, one day in May two hundred Indians +suddenly surrounded the corn-field at Boonesborough, and there was a +lively skirmish before the planters could reach the fort. + +Thus the summer wore away. In August Colonel Bowman arrived with a +hundred militiamen from the Virginia frontier. A little later +forty-eight horsemen came from the Yadkin country to Boone's relief, +making so brave a display as they emerged from the tangled woods and in +open order filed through the gates of the palisade, that some Shawnese +watching the procession from a neighboring hill fled into Ohio with the +startling report that two hundred Long Knife warriors had arrived from +Virginia. In October other Virginians came, to the extent of a hundred +expert riflemen; and late in the autumn the valiant Logan brought in +from the Holston as much powder and lead as four packhorses could carry, +guarded by a dozen sharpshooters, thus insuring a better prospect for +food. + +With these important supplies and reenforcements at hand the settlers +were inspired by new hope. Instead of waiting for the savages to attack +them, they thenceforth went in search of the savages, killing them +wherever seen, thus seeking to outgeneral the enemy. These tactics quite +disheartened the astonished tribesmen, and the year closed with a +brighter outlook for the weary Kentuckians. It had been a time of +constant anxiety and watchfulness. The settlers were a handful in +comparison with their vigilant enemies. But little corn had been raised; +the cattle were practically gone; few horses were now left; and on the +twelfth of December Bowman sent word to Virginia that he had only two +months' supply of bread for two hundred women and children, many of whom +were widows and orphans. As for clothing, there was little to be had, +although from the fiber of nettles a rude cloth was made, and deerskins +were commonly worn. + + +FOOTNOTE: + +[13] It was, however, not until November, 1778, that the legislature +formally declared the Transylvania Company's claims null and void. + + + + +CHAPTER XI + +THE SIEGE OF BOONESBOROUGH + + +We have seen that Kentucky's numerous salt-springs lured wild animals +thither in astonishing numbers; but for lack of suitable boiling-kettles +the pioneers were at first dependent upon the older settlements for the +salt needed in curing their meat. The Indian outbreak now rendered the +Wilderness Road an uncertain path, and the Kentuckians were beginning to +suffer from lack of salt--a serious deprivation for a people largely +dependent upon a diet of game. + +Late in the year 1777 the Virginia government sent out several large +salt-boiling kettles for the use of the Western settlers. Both residents +and visiting militiamen were allotted into companies, which were to +relieve each other at salt-making until sufficient was manufactured to +last the several stations for a year. It was Boone's duty to head the +first party, thirty strong, which, with the kettles packed on horses, +went to Lower Blue Licks early in January. A month passed, during which +a considerable quantity of salt was made; several horse-loads had been +sent to Boonesborough, but most of it was still at the camp awaiting +shipment. + +The men were daily expecting relief by the second company, when visitors +of a different character appeared. While half of the men worked at the +boiling, the others engaged in the double service of watching for +Indians and obtaining food; of these was Boone. Toward evening of the +seventh of February he was returning home from a wide circuit with his +packhorse laden with buffalo-meat and some beaver-skins, for he had many +traps in the neighborhood. A blinding snow-storm was in progress, which +caused him to neglect his usual precautions, when suddenly he was +confronted by four burly Shawnese, who sprang from an ambush. Keen of +foot, he thought to outrun them, but soon had to surrender, for they +shot so accurately that it was evident that they could kill him if they +would. + +The prisoner was conducted to the Shawnese camp, a few miles distant. +There he found a hundred and twenty warriors under Chief Black Fish. Two +Frenchmen, in English employ, were of the party; also two American +renegades from the Pittsburg region, James and George Girty. These +latter, with their brother Simon, had joined the Indians and, dressed +and painted like savages, were assisting the tribesmen of the Northwest +in raids against their fellow-borderers of Pennsylvania and Virginia. +Boone was well known by reputation to all these men of the wilderness, +reds and whites alike; indeed, he noticed that among the party were his +captors of eight years before, who laughed heartily at again having him +in their clutches. + +He was loudly welcomed to camp, the Indians shaking his hands, patting +him on the back, and calling him "brother"--for they always greatly +enjoyed such exhibitions of mock civility and friendship--and the hunter +himself pretended to be equally pleased at the meeting. They told him +that they were on their way to attack Boonesborough, and wished him to +lead them, but insisted that he first induce his fellow salt-makers to +surrender. Boone thoroughly understood Indians; he had learned the arts +of forest diplomacy, and although generally a silent man of action, +appears to have been a plausible talker when dealing with red men. +Knowing that only one side of the Boonesborough palisade had been +completed, and that the war-party was five times as strong as the +population of the hamlet, he thought to delay operations by strategy. He +promised to persuade the salt-makers to surrender, in view of the +overwhelming force and the promise of good treatment, and to go +peacefully with their captors to the Shawnese towns north of the Ohio; +and suggested that in the spring, when the weather was warmer, they +could all go together to Boonesborough, and by means of horses +comfortably remove the women and children. These would, under his +persuasion, Boone assured his captors, be content to move to the North, +and thenceforth either lived with the Shawnese as their adopted children +or place themselves under British protection at Detroit, where Governor +Hamilton offered L20 apiece for American prisoners delivered to him +alive and well. + +The proposition appeared reasonable to the Indians, and they readily +agreed to it. What would be the outcome Boone could not foretell. He +realized, however, that his station was unprepared, that delay meant +everything, in view of possible reenforcements from Virginia, and was +willing that he and his comrades should stand, if need be, as a +sacrifice--indeed, no other course seemed open. Going with his captors +to the salt camp, his convincing words caused the men to stack their +arms and accompany the savages, hoping thereby at least to save their +families at Boonesborough from immediate attack. + +The captives were but twenty-seven in number, some of the hunters not +having returned to camp. Not all of the captors were, despite their +promise, in favor of lenient treatment of the prisoners. A council was +held, at which Black Fish, a chieftain of fine qualities, had much +difficulty, through a session of two hours, in securing a favorable +verdict. Boone was permitted to address the savage throng in +explanation of his plan, his words being interpreted by a negro named +Pompey, a fellow of some consequence among the Shawnese. The vote was +close--fifty-nine for at once killing the prisoners, except Boone, and +sixty-one for mercy; but it was accepted as decisive, and the store of +salt being destroyed, and kettles, guns, axes, and other plunder packed +on horses, the march northward promptly commenced. + +Each night the captives were made fast and closely watched. The weather +was unusually severe; there was much suffering from hunger, for the snow +was deep, game scarce, and slippery-elm bark sometimes the only food +obtainable. Descending the Licking, the band crossed the Ohio in a large +boat made of buffalo-hides, which were stretched on a rude frame holding +twenty persons; they then entered the trail leading to the Shawnese +towns on the Little Miami, where they arrived upon the tenth day. + +The prisoners were taken to the chief town of the Shawnese, Little +Chillicothe, about three miles north of the present Xenia, Ohio. There +was great popular rejoicing, for not since Braddock's defeat had so many +prisoners been brought into Ohio. Boone and sixteen of his companions, +presumably selected for their good qualities and their apparent capacity +as warriors, were now formally adopted into the tribe. Boone himself had +the good fortune to be accepted as the son of Black Fish, and received +the name Sheltowee (Big Turtle)--perhaps because he was strong and +compactly built. + +Adoption was a favorite method of recruiting the ranks of American +tribes. The most tractable captives were often taken into the families +of the captors to supply the place of warriors killed in battle. They +were thereafter treated with the utmost affection, apparently no +difference being made between them and actual relatives, save that, +until it was believed that they were no longer disposed to run away, +they were watched with care to prevent escape. Such was now Boone's +experience. Black Fish and his squaw appeared to regard their new son +with abundant love, and everything was done for his comfort, so far as +was possible in an Indian camp, save that he found himself carefully +observed by day and night, and flight long seemed impracticable. + +Boone was a shrewd philosopher. In his so-called "autobiography" written +by Filson, he tells us that the food and lodging were "not so good as I +could desire, but necessity made everything acceptable." Such as he +obtained was, however, the lot of all. In the crowded, slightly built +wigwams it was impossible to avoid drafts; they were filthy to the last +degree; when in the home villages, there was generally an abundance of +food--corn, hominy, pumpkins, beans, and game, sometimes all boiled +together in the same kettle--although it was prepared in so slovenly a +manner as to disgust even so hardy a man of the forest as our hero; the +lack of privacy, the ever-present insects, the blinding smoke of the +lodge-fire, the continual yelping of dogs, and the shrill, querulous +tones of old women, as they haggled and bickered through the livelong +day--all these and many other discomforts were intensely irritating to +most white men. In order to disarm suspicion, Boone appeared to be +happy. He whistled cheerfully at his tasks, learning what little there +was left for him to learn of the arts of the warrior, sharing his game +with his "father," and pretending not to see that he was being watched. +At the frequent shooting-matches he performed just well enough to win +the applause of his fellow braves, although, for fear of arousing +jealousy, careful not to outdo the best of them. His fellow prisoners, +less tactful, marveled at the ease with which their old leader adapted +himself to the new life, and his apparent enjoyment of it. Yet never did +he miss an opportunity to ascertain particulars of the intended attack +on Boonesborough, and secretly planned for escape when the proper moment +should arrive. + +March was a third gone, when Black Fish and a large party of his braves +and squaws went to Detroit to secure Governor Hamilton's bounty on those +of the salt-makers who, from having acted in an ugly manner, had not +been adopted into the tribe. Boone accompanied his "father," and +frequently witnessed, unable to interfere, the whipping and +"gauntlet-running" to which his unhappy fellow Kentuckians were +subjected in punishment for their fractious behavior. He himself, early +in his captivity, had been forced to undergo this often deadly ordeal; +but by taking a dodging, zigzag course, and freely using his head as a +battering-ram to topple over some of the warriors in the lines, had +emerged with few bruises.[14] + +Upon the arrival of the party at Detroit Governor Hamilton at once sent +for the now famous Kentucky hunter and paid him many attentions. With +the view of securing his liberty, the wily forest diplomat used the same +sort of duplicity with the governor that had proved so effective with +Black Fish. It was his habit to carry a leather bag fastened about his +neck, containing his old commission as captain in the British colonial +forces, signed by Lord Dunmore. This was for the purpose of convincing +Indians, into whose hands he might fall, that he was a friend of the +king; which accounts in a large measure for the tender manner in which +they treated him. Showing the document to Hamilton as proof of his +devotion to the British cause, he appears to have repeated his promise +that he would surrender the people of Boonesborough and conduct them to +Detroit, to live under British jurisdiction and protection. This greatly +pleased the governor, who sought to ransom him from Black Fish for L100. +But to this his "father" would not agree, stating that he loved him too +strongly to let him go--as a matter of fact, he wished his services as +guide for the Boonesborough expedition. Upon leaving for home, Hamilton +presented Boone with a pony, saddle, bridle, and blanket, and a supply +of silver trinkets to be used as currency among the Indians, and bade +him remember his duty to the king. + +Returning to Chillicothe with Black Fish, the hunter saw that +preparations for the spring invasion of Kentucky were at last under way. +Delawares, Mingos, and Shawnese were slowly assembling, and runners +were carrying the war-pipe from village to village throughout Ohio. But +while they had been absent at Detroit an event occurred which gave Black +Fish great concern: one of the adopted men, Andrew Johnson--who had +pretended among the Indians to be a simpleton, in order to throw off +suspicion, but who in reality was one of the most astute of +woodsmen--had escaped, carrying warning to Kentucky, and the earliest +knowledge that reached the settlers of the location of the Shawnese +towns. In May, Johnson and five comrades went upon a raid against one of +these villages, capturing several horses and bringing home a bunch of +Indian scalps, for scalping was now almost as freely practised by the +frontiersmen as the savages; such is the degeneracy wrought by warlike +contact with an inferior race. In June there was a similar raid by +Boonesborough men, resulting to the tribesmen in large losses of lives +and horses. + +Upon the sixteenth of June, while Black Fish's party were boiling salt +at the saline springs of the Scioto--about a dozen miles south of the +present Chillicothe--Boone managed, by exercise of rare sagacity and +enterprise, to escape the watchful eyes of his keepers, their attention +having been arrested by the appearance of a huge flock of wild turkeys. +He reached Boonesborough four days later after a perilous journey of a +hundred and sixty miles through the forest, during which he had eaten +but one meal--from a buffalo which he shot at Blue Licks. He had been +absent for four and a half months, and Mrs. Boone, giving him up for +dead, had returned with their family to her childhood home upon the +Yadkin. His brother Squire, and his daughter Jemima--now married to +Flanders Calloway--were the only kinsfolk to greet the returned captive, +who appeared out of the woods as one suddenly delivered from a tomb. + +During the absence of Daniel Boone there had been the usual Indian +troubles in Kentucky. Colonel Bowman had just written to Colonel George +Rogers Clark, "The Indians have pushed us hard this summer." But Clark +himself at this time was gaining an important advantage over the enemy +in his daring expedition against the British posts of Kaskaskia, +Cahokia, and Vincennes, in the Illinois country. Realizing that there +would be no end to Kentucky's trouble so long as the British, aided by +their French-Canadian agents, were free to organize Indian armies north +of the Ohio for the purpose of harrying the southern settlements, Clark +"carried the war into Africa." With about a hundred and fifty men +gathered from the frontiers of Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Kentucky, he +descended the Ohio River, built a fort at Louisville, and by an heroic +forced march across the country captured Kaskaskia, while Cahokia and +Vincennes at once surrendered to the valorous Kentuckian. + +Meanwhile there was business at hand for the people of Boonesborough. +Amid all these alarms they had still neglected to complete their +defenses; but now, under the energetic administration of Boone, the +palisades were finished, gates and fortresses strengthened, and all four +of the corner blockhouses put in order. In ten days they were ready for +the slowly advancing host. + +Unless fleeing, Indians are never in a hurry; they spend much time in +noisy preparation. Hunters and scouts came into Boonesborough from time +to time, and occasionally a retaliatory expedition would return with +horses and scalps from the Little Miami and the Scioto, all of them +reporting delays on the part of the enemy; nevertheless all agreed that +a large force was forming. Toward the close of August Boone, wearied of +being cooped up in the fort, went forth at the head of thirty woodsmen +to scout in the neighborhood of the Scioto towns. With him were Kenton +and Alexander Montgomery, who remained behind in Ohio to capture horses +and probably prisoners, while Boone and the others returned after a +week's absence. On their way home they discovered that the enemy was now +at Lower Blue Licks, but a short distance from Boonesborough. + +At about ten o'clock the following morning (September 7th) the Indian +army appeared before the fort. It numbered fully four hundred warriors, +mostly Shawnese, but with some Wyandots, Cherokees, Delawares, Mingos, +and other tribesmen. Accompanying them were some forty French-Canadians, +all under the command of Boone's "father," the redoubtable Black Fish. +Pompey served as chief interpreter. + +Much time was spent in parleys, Boone in this manner delaying operations +as long as possible, vainly hoping that promised reenforcements might +meanwhile arrive from the Holston. Black Fish wept freely, after the +Indian fashion, over the ingratitude of his runaway "son," and his +present stubborn attitude; for the latter now told the forest chief that +he and his people proposed to fight to the last man. Black Fish +presented letters and proclamations from Hamilton, again offering pardon +to all who would take the oath of allegiance to the king, and military +offices for Boone and the other leaders. When these were rejected, the +Indians attempted treachery, seeking to overpower and kill the white +commissioners to a treaty being held in front of the fort. From this +final council, ending in a wild uproar, in which bullets flew and knives +and tomahawks clashed, the whites escaped with difficulty, the two +Boones and another commissioner receiving painful wounds. + +A siege of ten days now ensued (September 8th to 17th), one of the most +remarkable in the history of savage warfare. The site of the fort, a +parallelogram embracing three-quarters of an acre, had been unwisely +chosen. There was abundant cover for the enemy under the high river +bank, also beneath an encircling clay bank rising from the salt-lick +branch; from hills upon either side spies could see what was happening +within the walls, and occasionally drop a ball into the small herd of +cattle and horses sheltered behind the palisades; while to these natural +disadvantages were added the failure of the garrison to clear from the +neighborhood of the walls the numerous trees, stumps, bushes, and rocks, +each of which furnished the best of cover for a lurking foe. + + [Illustration: CLIMAX OF THE TREATY. + Indians and British agents treacherously attack treaty commissioners. + (See pp. 161, 162.) Reduced from Ranck's "Boonesborough."] + +Such, however, was the stubbornness of the defense, in which the women +were, in their way, quite as efficient as the men, that the forces under +Black Fish could make but small impression upon the valiant little +garrison. Every artifice known to savages, or that could be suggested +by the French, was without avail. Almost nightly rains and the energy of +the riflemen frustrated the numerous attempts to set fire to the cabins +by throwing torches and lighted fagots upon their roofs; a tunnel, +intended to be used for blowing up the walls, was well under way from +the river bank when rain caused it to cave in; attempts at scaling were +invariably repelled, and in sharpshooting the whites as usual proved the +superiors. + +But the result often hung in the balance. Sometimes the attack lasted +throughout the night, the scene being constantly lighted by the flash of +the rifles and the glare of hurling fagots. Besiegers and garrison +frequently exchanged fierce cries of threat and defiance, mingled with +many a keen shaft of wit and epithet; at times the yells and whoops of +the savages, the answering shouts and huzzahs of the defenders, the +screams of women and girls, the howling of dogs, the snorting and +bellowing of the plunging live stock, together with the sharp rattle of +firearms, created a deafening hubbub well calculated to test the nerves +of the strongest. + +At last, on the morning of Friday, the eighteenth, the Indians, now +thoroughly disheartened, suddenly disappeared into the forest as +silently as they had come. Again Boonesborough was free, having passed +through the longest and severest ordeal of attack ever known in +Kentucky; indeed, it proved to be the last effort against this station. +Within the walls sixty persons had been capable of bearing arms, but +only forty were effective, some of these being negroes; Logan's Fort had +sent a reenforcement of fifteen men, and Harrodsburg a few others. Of +the garrison but two were killed and four wounded, while Boone estimated +that the enemy lost thirty-seven killed and a large number wounded. The +casualties within the fort were astonishingly small, when the large +amount of ammunition expended by the besiegers is taken into account. +After they had retired, Boone's men picked up a hundred and twenty-five +pounds of flattened bullets that had been fired at the log stronghold, +handfuls being scooped up beneath the port-holes of the bastions; this +salvage made no account of the balls thickly studding the walls, it +being estimated that a hundred pounds of lead were buried in the logs of +one of the bastions. + +A week later a small company of militiamen arrived from Virginia, and +several minor expeditions were now made against the Shawnese upon their +own soil. These raids were chiefly piloted by Boone's salt-makers, many +of whom had now returned from captivity. Boone is credited with saying +in his later years, although no doubt in ruder language than this: +"Never did the Indians pursue so disastrous a policy as when they +captured me and my salt-boilers, and taught us, what we did not know +before, the way to their towns and the geography of their country; for +though at first our captivity was considered a great calamity to +Kentucky, it resulted in the most signal benefits to the country." + +Captain Boone was not without his critics. Soon after the siege he was +arraigned before a court-martial at Logan's Fort upon the following +charges preferred by Colonel Calloway, who thought that the great hunter +was in favor of the British Government and had sought opportunity to +play into its hands, therefore should be deprived of his commission in +the Kentucky County militia: + +"1. That Boone had taken out twenty-six men[15] to make salt at the Blue +Licks, and the Indians had caught him trapping for beaver ten miles +below on Licking, and he voluntarily surrendered his men at the Licks to +the enemy. + +"2. That when a prisoner, he engaged with Gov. Hamilton to surrender the +people of Boonesborough to be removed to Detroit, and live under British +protection and jurisdiction. + +"3. That returning from captivity, he encouraged a party of men to +accompany him to the Paint Lick Town, weakening the garrison at a time +when the arrival of an Indian army was daily expected to attack the +fort. + +"4. That preceding the attack on Boonesborough, he was willing to take +the officers of the fort, on pretense of making peace, to the Indian +camp, beyond the protection of the guns of the garrison." + +Boone defended himself at length, maintaining that he aimed only at the +interests of the country; that while hunting at the licks he was engaged +in the necessary service of the camp; that he had used duplicity to win +the confidence of the enemy, and it resulted favorably, as he was +thereby enabled to escape in time to warn his people and put them in a +state of defense; that his Scioto expedition was a legitimate scouting +trip, and turned out well; and that in the negotiations before the fort +he was simply "playing" the Indians in order to gain time for expected +reenforcements. He was not only honorably acquitted, but at once +advanced to the rank of major, and received evidences of the +unhesitating loyalty of all classes of his fellow borderers, the +majority of whom appear to have always confided in his sagacity and +patriotism. + +Personally vindicated, the enemy departed, and several companies of +militia now arriving to garrison the stations for the winter, Major +Boone once more turned his face to the Yadkin and sought his family. He +found them at the Bryan settlement, living comfortably in a small log +cabin, but until then unconscious of his return from the wilderness in +which they had supposed he found his grave. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[14] Two lines of Indians were formed, five or six feet apart, on either +side of a marked path. The prisoner was obliged to run between these +lines, while there were showered upon him lusty blows from whatever +weapons the tormentors chose to adopt--switches, sticks, clubs, and +tomahawks. It required great agility, speed in running, and some +aggressive strategy to arrive at the goal unharmed. Many white captives +were seriously crippled in this thrilling experience, and not a few lost +their lives. + +[15] Account is only taken, in these charges, of the twenty-seven +captives. + + + + +CHAPTER XII + +SOLDIER AND STATESMAN + + +In Daniel Boone's "autobiography," he dismisses his year of absence from +Kentucky with few words: "I went into the settlement, and nothing worthy +of notice passed for some time." No doubt he hunted in some of his old +haunts upon the Yadkin; and there is reason for believing that he made a +trip upon business of some character to Charleston, S.C. + +Meanwhile, his fellow settlers of Kentucky had not been inactive. In +February (1779) Clark repossessed himself of Vincennes after one of the +most brilliant forced marches of the Revolution; and having there +captured Governor Hamilton--the "hair-buying general," as the +frontiersmen called him, because they thought he paid bounties on +American scalps--had sent him a prisoner to Virginia. The long siege of +Boonesborough and the other attacks of the preceding year, together +with more recent assaults upon flatboats descending the Ohio, had +strongly disposed the Kentuckians to retaliate on the Shawnese. Two +hundred and thirty riflemen under Colonel Bowman rendezvoused in July at +the mouth of the Licking, where is now the city of Covington. Nearly a +third of the force were left to guard the boats in which they crossed +the Ohio, the rest marching against Old Chillicothe, the chief Shawnese +town on the Little Miami. They surprised the Indians, and a hotly +contested battle ensued, lasting from dawn until ten o'clock in the +morning; but the overpowering numbers of the savages caused Bowman to +return crestfallen to Kentucky with a loss of nearly a dozen men. This +was the forerunner of many defeats of Americans, both bordermen and +regulars, at the hands of the fierce tribesmen of Ohio. + +Readers of Revolutionary history as related from the Eastern standpoint +are led to suppose that the prolonged struggle with the mother country +everywhere strained the resources of the young nation, and was the chief +thought of the people. This high tension was, however, principally in +the tidewater region. In the "back country," as the Western frontiers +were called, there was no lack of patriotism, and bordermen were +numerous in the colonial armies; yet the development of the +trans-Alleghany region was to them of more immediate concern, and went +forward vigorously, especially during the last half of the war. This did +not mean that the backwoodsmen of the foot-hills were escaping from the +conflict by crossing westward beyond the mountains; they were instead +planting themselves upon the left flank, for French and Indian scalping +parties were continually harrying the Western settlements, and the +Eastern forces were too busily engaged to give succor. Kentuckians were +left practically alone to defend the backdoor of the young Republic. + +In this year (1779) the Virginia legislature adopted laws for the +preemption of land in Kentucky, which promised a more secure tenure than +had hitherto prevailed, and thus gave great impetus to over-mountain +emigration. Hitherto those going out to Kentucky were largely hunters, +explorers, surveyors, and land speculators; comparatively few families +were established in the wilderness stations. But henceforth the +emigration was chiefly by households, some by boats down the Ohio River, +and others overland by the Wilderness Road--for the first official +improvement of which Virginia made a small appropriation at this time. +Says Chief Justice Robinson,[16] whose parents settled in Kentucky in +December: + +"This beneficent enactment brought to the country during the fall and +winter of that year an unexampled tide of emigrants, who, exchanging all +the comforts of their native society and homes for settlements for +themselves and their children here, came like pilgrims to a wilderness +to be made secure by their arms and habitable by the toil of their +lives. Through privations incredible and perils thick, thousands of men, +women, and children came in successive caravans, forming continuous +streams of human beings, horses, cattle, and other domestic animals, all +moving onward along a lonely and houseless path to a wild and cheerless +land. Cast your eyes back on that long procession of missionaries in the +cause of civilization; behold the men on foot with their trusty guns on +their shoulders, driving stock and leading packhorses; and the women, +some walking with pails on their heads, others riding, with children in +their laps, and other children swung in baskets on horses, fastened to +the tails of others going before; see them encamped at night expecting +to be massacred by Indians; behold them in the month of December, in +that ever-memorable season of unprecedented cold called the 'hard +winter,' traveling two or three miles a day, frequently in danger of +being frozen, or killed by the falling of horses on the icy and almost +impassable trace, and subsisting on stinted allowances of stale bread +and meat; but now, lastly, look at them at the destined fort, perhaps on +the eve of merry Christmas, when met by the hearty welcome of friends +who had come before, and cheered by fresh buffalo-meat and parched corn, +they rejoice at their deliverance, and resolve to be contented with +their lot." + +In October, as a part of this great throng, Daniel Boone and his family +returned to Kentucky by his old route through Cumberland Gap, being two +weeks upon the journey. The great hunter was at the head of a company of +Rowan County folk, and carried with him two small cannon, the first +artillery sent by Virginia to protect the Western forts. Either as one +of his party, or later in the season, there came to Kentucky Abraham +Lincoln, of Rockingham County, Va., grandfather of the martyred +president. The Lincolns and the Boones had been neighbors and warm +friends in Pennsylvania, and ever since had maintained pleasant +relations--indeed, had frequently intermarried. It was by Boone's advice +and encouragement that Lincoln migrated with his family to the "dark and +bloody ground" and took up a forest claim in the heart of Jefferson +County. Daniel's younger brother Edward, killed by Indians a year later, +was of the same company. + + [Illustration: SITE OF BOONESBOROUGH TO-DAY. + Fort site, to which roadway leads, is hidden by foliage on the left; + the ridge in the background faced and overlooked the fort. Reduced + from Ranck's "Boonesborough."] + +Boone also brought news that the legislature had incorporated "the town +of Boonesborough in the County of Kentuckey," of which he was named a +trustee, which office he eventually declined. The town, although now +laid out into building lots, and anticipating a prosperous growth, never +rose to importance and at last passed away. Nothing now remains upon the +deserted site, which Boone could have known, save a decrepit +sycamore-tree and a tumble-down ferry established in the year of the +incorporation. + +As indicated in Robinson's address, quoted above, the winter of 1779-80 +was a season of unwonted severity. After an exceptionally mild autumn, +cold weather set in by the middle of November and lasted without thaw +for two months, with deep snow and zero temperature. The rivers were +frozen as far south as Nashville; emigrant wagons were stalled in the +drifts while crossing the mountains, and everywhere was reported +unexampled hardship. It will be remembered that the Revolutionary Army +in the East suffered intensely from the same cause. The Indians had, the +preceding summer, destroyed most of the corn throughout Kentucky; the +game was rapidly decreasing, deer and buffaloes having receded before +the advance of settlement, and a temporary famine ensued. Hunters were +employed to obtain meat for the newcomers; and in this occupation Boone +and Harrod, in particular, were actively engaged throughout the winter, +making long trips into the forest, both north and south of Kentucky +River. + +The land titles granted by the Transylvania Company having been declared +void, it became necessary for Boone and the other settlers under that +grant to purchase from the State government of Virginia new warrants. +For this purpose Boone set out for Richmond in the spring. Nathaniel and +Thomas Hart and others of his friends commissioned him to act as their +agent in this matter. With his own small means and that which was +entrusted to him for the purpose, he carried $20,000 in depreciated +paper money--probably worth but half that amount in silver. It appears +that of this entire sum he was robbed upon his way--where, or under what +circumstances, we are unable to discover. His petition to the Kentucky +legislature, in his old age, simply states the fact of the robbery, +adding that he "was left destitute." A large part of the money was the +property of his old friends, the Harts, but many others also suffered +greatly. There was some disposition on the part of a few to attribute +dishonorable action to Boone; but the Harts, although the chief losers, +came promptly to the rescue and sharply censured his critics, declaring +him to be a "just and upright" man, beyond suspicion--a verdict which +soon became unanimous. Sympathy for the honest but unbusinesslike +pioneer was so general, that late in June, soon after the robbery, +Virginia granted him a preemption of a thousand acres of land in what is +now Bourbon County. + +A tradition exists that while in Virginia that summer Boone called upon +his former host at Detroit, then a prisoner of war, and expressed +sympathy for the sad plight into which the English governor had fallen; +also some indignation at the harsh treatment accorded him, and of which +Hamilton bitterly complained. + +The founder of Boonesborough was soon back at his station, for he served +as a juryman there on the first of July. During his absence immigration +into Kentucky had been greater than ever; three hundred well-laden +family boats had arrived in the spring from the Pennsylvania and New +York frontiers, while many caravans had come from Virginia and the +Carolinas over the Wilderness Road. Attacks by Indian scalping parties +had been numerous along both routes, but particularly upon the Ohio. As +a reprisal for Bowman's expedition of the previous year, and intending +to interrupt settlement, Colonel Byrd, of the British Army, descended in +June upon Ruddle's and Martin's Stations, at the forks of the Licking, +with six hundred Indians and French-Canadians, and bringing six small +cannon with which to batter the Kentucky palisades. Both garrisons were +compelled to surrender, and the victors returned to Detroit with a train +of three hundred prisoners--men, women, and children--upon whom the +savages practised cruelties of a particularly atrocious character. + +This inhuman treatment of prisoners of war created wide-spread +indignation upon the American border. In retaliation, George Rogers +Clark at once organized an expedition to destroy Pickaway, one of the +principal Shawnese towns on the Great Miami. The place was reduced to +ashes and a large number of Indians killed, the Americans losing +seventeen men. Clark had previously built Fort Jefferson, upon the first +bluff on the eastern side of the Mississippi below the mouth of the +Ohio, in order to accentuate the claim of the United States that it +extended to the Mississippi on the west; but as this was upon the +territory of friendly Chickasaws, the invasion aroused their ire, and it +was deemed prudent temporarily to abandon the post. + +Another important event of the year (November, 1780) was the division of +Kentucky by the Virginia legislature into three counties--Jefferson, +with its seat at Louisville, now the chief town in the Western country; +Lincoln, governed from Harrodsburg; and Fayette, with Lexington as its +seat. Of these, Fayette, embracing the country between the Kentucky and +the Ohio, was the least populated; and, being the most northern and +traversed by the Licking River, now the chief war-path of the Shawnese, +was most exposed to attack. After his return Boone soon tired of +Boonesborough, for in his absence the population had greatly changed by +the removal or death of many of his old friends; and, moreover, game had +quite deserted the neighborhood. With his family, his laden packhorses, +and his dogs, he therefore moved to a new location across Kentucky +River, about five miles northwest of his first settlement. Here, at the +crossing of several buffalo-trails, and on the banks of Boone's Creek, +he built a palisaded log house called Boone's Station. Upon the division +of Kentucky this new stronghold fell within the borders of Fayette +County. + +In the primitive stage of frontier settlement, when the common weal +demanded from every man or boy able to carry a rifle active militia +service whenever called upon, the military organization was quite equal +in importance to the civil. The new wilderness counties were therefore +equipped with a full roll of officers, Fayette County's colonel being +John Todd, while Daniel Boone was lieutenant-colonel; Floyd, Pope, +Logan, and Trigg served the sister counties in like manner. The +three county regiments were formed into a brigade, with Clark as +brigadier-general, his headquarters being at Louisville (Fort Nelson). +Each county had also a court to try civil and criminal cases, but +capital offenses could only be tried at Richmond. There was likewise a +surveyor for each county, Colonel Thomas Marshall serving for Fayette; +Boone was his deputy for several years (1782-85). + +In October, 1780, Edward Boone, then but thirty-six years of age, +accompanied Daniel to Grassy Lick, in the northeast part of the present +Bourbon County, to boil salt. Being attacked by a large band of Indians, +Edward was killed in the first volley, and fell at the feet of his +brother, who at once shot the savage whom he thought to be the slayer. +Daniel then fled, stopping once to load and kill another foe. Closely +pursued, he had recourse to all the arts of evasion at his +command--wading streams to break the trail, swinging from tree to tree +by aid of wild grape-vines, and frequently zigzagging. A hound used in +the chase kept closely to him, however, and revealed his whereabouts by +baying, until the hunter killed the wily beast, and finally reached his +station in safety. Heading an avenging party of sixty men, Boone at once +went in pursuit of the enemy, and followed them into Ohio, but the +expedition returned without result. + +The following April Boone went to Richmond as one of the first +representatives of Fayette County in the State legislature. With the +approach of Cornwallis, La Fayette, whose corps was then protecting +Virginia, abandoned Richmond, and the Assembly adjourned to +Charlottesville. Colonel Tarleton, at the head of a body of light horse, +made a dash upon the town, hoping to capture the law-makers, and +particularly Governor Jefferson, whose term was just then expiring. +Jefferson and the entire Assembly had been warned, but had a narrow +escape (June 4th), for while they were riding out of one end of town +Tarleton was galloping in at the other. The raider succeeded in +capturing three or four of the legislators, Boone among them, and after +destroying a quantity of military stores took his prisoners to +Cornwallis's camp. The members were paroled after a few days' +detention. The Assembly fled to Staunton, thirty-five miles distant, +where it resumed the session. The released members are reported to have +again taken their seats, although, after his capture, Boone's name does +not appear in the printed journals. Possibly the conditions of the +parole did not permit him again to serve at the current session, which +closed the twenty-third of June. He seems to have spent the summer in +Kentucky, and late in September went up the Ohio to Pittsburg, thence +journeying to the home of his boyhood in eastern Pennsylvania, where he +visited friends and relatives for a month, and then returned to Richmond +to resume his legislative duties. + +Of all the dark years which Kentucky experienced, 1782 was the +bloodiest. The British authorities at Detroit exerted their utmost +endeavors to stem the rising tide of settlement and to crush the +aggressive military operations of Clark and his fellow-borderers. With +presents and smooth words they enlisted the cooperation of the most +distant tribes, the hope being held out that success would surely +follow persistent attack and a policy of "no quarter." It would be +wearisome to cite all the forays made by savages during this fateful +year, upon flatboats descending the Ohio, upon parties of immigrants +following the Wilderness Road, upon outlying forest settlers, and in the +neighborhood of fortified stations. The border annals of the time abound +in details of robbery, burning, murder, captivities, and of +heart-rending tortures worse than death. A few only which have won +prominence in history must here suffice. + +In March, some Wyandots had been operating in the neighborhood of +Boonesborough and then departed for Estill's Station, fifteen miles +away, near the present town of Richmond. Captain Estill and his garrison +of twenty-five men were at the time absent on a scout, and thus unable +to prevent the killing and scalping of a young woman and the capture of +a negro slave. According to custom, the Indians retreated rapidly after +this adventure, but were pursued by Estill. A stubborn fight ensued, +there being now eighteen whites and twenty-five savages. Each man stood +behind a tree, and through nearly two hours fought with uncommon +tenacity. The Indians lost seventeen killed and two wounded, while the +whites were reduced to three survivors, Estill himself being among the +slain. The survivors then withdrew by mutual consent. + +In May, his station having been attacked with some loss, Captain Ashton +followed the retreating party of besiegers, much larger than his own +squad, and had a fierce engagement with them lasting two hours. He and +eleven of his comrades lost their lives, and the remainder fled in +dismay. A similar tragedy occurred in August, when Captain Holden, +chasing a band of scalpers, was defeated with a loss of four killed and +one wounded. + +The month of August marked the height of the onslaught. Horses were +carried off, cattle killed, men at work in the fields mercilessly +slaughtered, and several of the more recent and feeble stations were +abandoned. Bryan's Station, consisting of forty cabins enclosed by a +stout palisade, was the largest and northernmost of a group of Fayette +County settlements in the rich country of which Lexington is the center. +An army of nearly a thousand Indians--the largest of either race that +had thus far been mustered in the West--was gathered under Captains +Caldwell and McKee, of the British Army, who were accompanied by the +renegade Simon Girty and a small party of rangers. Scouts had given a +brief warning to the little garrison of fifty riflemen, but when the +invaders appeared during the night of August 15th the defenders were +still lacking a supply of water. + +The Indians at first sought to conceal their presence by hiding in the +weeds and bushes which, as at Boonesborough, had carelessly been left +standing. Although aware of the extent of the attacking force, the +garrison affected to be without suspicion. In the morning the women and +girls, confident that if no fear were exhibited they would not be shot +by the hiding savages, volunteered to go to the spring outside the +walls, and by means of buckets bring in enough water to fill the +reservoir. This daring feat was successfully accomplished. Although +painted faces and gleaming rifles could readily be seen in the +underbrush all about the pool, this bucket-line of brave frontiers-women +laughed and talked as gaily as if unconscious of danger, and were +unmolested. + +Immediately after their return within the gates, some young men went to +the spring to draw the enemy's fire, and met a fusillade from which they +barely escaped with their lives. The assault now began in earnest. +Runners were soon spreading the news of the invasion among the +neighboring garrisons. A relief party of forty-six hurrying in from +Lexington fell into an ambush and lost a few of their number in killed +and wounded, but the majority reached the fort through a storm of +bullets. The besiegers adopted the usual methods of savage attack--quick +rushes, shooting from cover, fire-arrows, and the customary uproar of +whoops and yells--but without serious effect. The following morning, +fearful of a general outpouring of settlers, the enemy withdrew +hurriedly and in sullen mood. + +Colonel Boone was soon marching through the forest toward Bryan's, as +were similar companies from Lexington, McConnell's, and McGee's, the +other members of the Fayette County group; and men from the counties of +Jefferson and Lincoln were also upon the way, under their military +leaders. The neighboring contingents promptly arrived at Bryan's in the +course of the afternoon. + +The next morning a hundred and eighty-two of the best riflemen in +Kentucky, under Colonel Todd as ranking officer, started in pursuit of +the foe, who had followed a buffalo-trail to Blue Licks, and were +crossing the Licking when the pursuers arrived on the scene. A council +of war was held, at which Boone, the most experienced man in the party, +advised delay until the expected reenforcements could arrive. The bulk +of the Indians had by this time escaped, leaving only about three +hundred behind, who were plainly luring the whites to an attack. Todd, +Trigg, and most of the other leaders sided with Boone; but Major Hugh +McGary, an ardent, hot-headed man, with slight military training, dared +the younger men to follow him, and spurred his horse into the river, +whither, in the rash enthusiasm of the moment, the hot-bloods followed +him, leaving the chief officers no choice but to accompany them. + +Rushing up a rocky slope on the other side, where a few Indians could be +seen, the column soon fell into an ambush. A mad panic resulted, in +which the Kentuckians for the most part acted bravely and caused many of +the enemy to fall; but they were overpowered and forced to flee in hot +haste, leaving seventy of their number dead on the field and seven +captured. Among the killed were Todd and Trigg, fighting gallantly to +the last. Boone lost his son Israel, battling by his side, and himself +escaped only by swimming the river amid a shower of lead. A day or two +later Logan arrived with four hundred men, among whom was Simon Kenton, +to reenforce Todd; to him was left only the melancholy duty of burying +the dead, now sadly disfigured by Indians, vultures, and wolves. + +The greater part of the savage victors, laden with scalps and spoils, +returned exultantly to their northern homes, although small bands still +remained south of the Ohio, carrying wide-spread devastation through the +settlements, especially in the neighborhood of Salt River, where, at one +station, thirty-seven prisoners were taken. + +While all these tragedies were being enacted, General Clark, at the +Falls of the Ohio, had offered only slight aid. But indignant protests +sent in to the Virginia authorities by the Kentucky settlers, who were +now in a state of great alarm, roused the hero of Kaskaskia and +Vincennes to a sense of his duty. A vigorous call to arms was now issued +throughout the three counties. Early in November over a thousand mounted +riflemen met their brigadier at the mouth of the Licking, and from the +site of Cincinnati marched through the Ohio forests to the Indian towns +on the Little Miami. The savages fled in consternation, leaving the +Kentuckians to burn their cabins and the warehouses of several British +traders, besides large stores of grain and dried meats, thus entailing +great suffering among the Shawnese during the winter now close at hand. + +The triumphant return of this expedition gave fresh heart to the people +of Kentucky; and the sequel proved that, although the tribesmen of the +north frequently raided the over-mountain settlers throughout the decade +to come, no such important invasions as those of 1782 were again +undertaken. + + +FOOTNOTE: + +[16] Address at Camp Madison, Franklin County, Ky., in 1843. + + + + +CHAPTER XIII + +KENTUCKY'S PATH OF THORNS + + +The preliminary articles of peace between the United States and Great +Britain had been signed on the thirtieth of November, 1782; but it was +not until the following spring that the news reached Kentucky. The +northern tribes had information of the peace quite as early; and +discouraged at apparently losing their British allies, who had fed, +clothed, armed, and paid them from headquarters in Detroit, for a time +suspended their organized raids into Kentucky. This welcome respite +caused immigration to increase rapidly. + +We have seen how the old system of making preemptions and surveys led to +the overlapping of claims, the commission of many acts of injustice, and +wide-spread confusion in titles. Late in 1782, Colonel Thomas Marshall, +the surveyor of Fayette County, arrived from Virginia, and began to +attempt a straightening of the land conflict. Boone was now not only +the surveyor's deputy, but both sheriff and county lieutenant of +Fayette, a combination of offices which he held until his departure from +Kentucky. It was his duty as commandant to provide an escort for +Marshall through the woods to the Falls of the Ohio, where was now the +land-office. The following order which he issued for this guard has been +preserved; it is a characteristic sample of the many scores of letters +and other documents which have come down to us from the old hero, who +fought better than he spelled: + + "Orders to Capt. Hazelrigg--your are amedetly to order on + Duty 3 of your Company as goude [guard] to scorte Col + Marshshall to the falls of ohigho you will call on those + who was Exicused from the Shone [Shawnese] Expedistion and + those who Come into the County after the army Marched they + are to meet at Lexinton on Sunday next with out fale given + under my hand this 6 Day of Janury 1783. + + "DNL BOONE" + +Another specimen document of the time has reference to the scouting +which it was necessary to maintain throughout much of the year; for +small straggling bands of the enemy were still lurking about, eager to +capture occasional scalps, the proudest trophies which a warrior could +obtain. It also is apparently addressed to Hazelrigg: + + "orders the 15th feberry 1783 + + "Sir you are amedetly to Call on Duty one thurd of our + melitia as will mounted on horse as poseble and Eight Days + purvistion to take a touere as follows Commanded by Leut + Col patison and Rendevues at Strod [Strode's Station] on + thusday the 20th from there to March to Colkes [Calk's] + Cabin thence an Este Corse till the gat 10 miles above the + uper Blew Licks then Down to Lickes thence to Limestown + and if no Sine [is] found a stright Corse to Eagel Crick + 10 miles from the head from then home if Sine be found the + Commander to act as he thinks most prudent as you will be + the Best Judge when on the Spot. You will first Call on + all who [were] Excused from the Expedistion Except those + that went to the falls with Col. Marshall and then Call + them off as they Stand on the List here in faile not. + given und my hand + + "DANIEL BOONE C Lt." + +In March the Virginia legislature united the three counties into the +District of Kentucky, with complete legal and military machinery; in the +latter, Benjamin Logan ranked as senior colonel and district lieutenant. +It will be remembered that when the over-mountain country was detached +from Fincastle, it was styled the County of Kentucky; then the name of +Kentucky was obliterated by its division into three counties; and now +the name was revived by the creation of the district, which in due time +was to become a State. The log-built town of Danville was named as the +capital. + +It is estimated that during the few years immediately following the +close of the Revolutionary War several thousand persons came each year +to Kentucky from the seaboard States, although many of these returned to +their homes either disillusioned or because of Indian scares. In +addition to the actual settlers, who cared for no more land than they +could use, there were merchants who saw great profits in taking +boat-loads of goods down the Ohio or by pack-trains over the mountains; +lawyers and other young professional men who wished to make a start in +new communities; and speculators who hoped to make fortunes in obtaining +for a song extensive tracts of fertile wild land, which they vainly +imagined would soon be salable at large prices for farms and town sites. +Many of the towns, although ill-kept and far from prosperous in +appearance, were fast extending beyond their lines of palisade and +boasting of stores, law-offices, market-places, and regular streets; +Louisville had now grown to a village of three hundred inhabitants, of +whom over a third were fighting-men. Besides Americans, there were among +the newcomers many Germans, Scotch, and Irish, thrifty in the order +named. + +At last Kentucky was raising produce more than sufficient to feed her +own people, and an export trade had sprung up. Crops were being +diversified: Indian corn still remained the staple, but there were also +melons, pumpkins, tobacco, and orchards; besides, great droves of +horses, cattle, sheep, and hogs, branded or otherwise marked, ranged at +large over the country, as in old days on the Virginia and Carolina +foot-hills. Away from the settlements buffaloes still yielded much beef, +bacon was made from bears, and venison was a staple commodity. + +The fur trade was chiefly carried on by French trappers; but American +hunters, like the Boones and Kenton, still gathered peltries from the +streams and forests, and took or sent them to the East, either up the +Ohio in bateaux or on packhorses over the mountains--paths still +continually beset by savage assailants. Large quantities of ginseng were +also shipped to the towns on the seaboard. Of late there had likewise +developed a considerable trade with New Orleans and other Spanish towns +down the Mississippi River. Traders with flatboats laden with Kentucky +produce--bacon, beef, salt, and tobacco--would descend the great +waterway, both of whose banks were audaciously claimed by Spain as far +up as the mouth of the Ohio, and take great risks from Indian attack or +from corrupt Spanish custom-house officials, whom it was necessary to +bribe freely that they might not confiscate boat and cargo. This +commerce was always uncertain, often ending in disaster, but immensely +profitable to the unprincipled men who managed to ingratiate themselves +with the Spanish authorities. + +Boone was now in frequent demand as a pilot and surveyor by capitalists +who relied upon his unrivaled knowledge of the country to help them find +desirable tracts of land; often he was engaged to meet incoming parties +of immigrants over the Wilderness Road, with a band of riflemen to guard +them against Indians, to furnish them with wild meat--for the newcomers +at first were inexpert in killing buffaloes--and to show them the way to +their claims. He was prominent as a pioneer; as county lieutenant he +summoned his faithful men-at-arms to repel or avenge savage attacks; and +his fame as hunter and explorer had by this time not only become general +throughout the United States but had even reached Europe. + +His reputation was largely increased by the appearance in 1784 of the +so-called "autobiography." We have seen that, although capable of +roughly expressing himself on paper, and of making records of his rude +surveys, he was in no sense a scholar. Yet this autobiography, although +signed by himself, is pedantic in form, and deals in words as large and +sonorous as though uttered by the great Doctor Samuel Johnson. As a +matter of fact, it is the production of John Filson, the first historian +of Kentucky and one of the pioneers of Cincinnati. Filson was a +schoolmaster, quite devoid of humor, and with a strong penchant for +learned phrases. In setting down the story of Boone's life, as related +to him by the great hunter, he made the latter talk in the first person, +in a stilted manner quite foreign to the hardy but unlettered folk of +whom Boone was a type. Wherever Boone's memory failed, Filson appears to +have filled in the gaps from tradition and his own imagination; thus the +autobiography is often wrong as to facts, and possesses but minor value +as historical material. The little book was, however, widely circulated +both at home and abroad, and gave Boone a notoriety excelled by few men +of his day. Some years later Byron wrote some indifferent lines upon +"General Boone of Kentucky;" the public journals of the time had +accounts of his prowess, often grossly exaggerated; and English +travelers into the interior of America eagerly sought the hero and told +of him in their books. + +Yet it must be confessed that he had now ceased to be a real leader in +the affairs of Kentucky. A kindly, simple-hearted, modest, silent man, +he had lived so long by himself alone in the woods that he was ill +fitted to cope with the horde of speculators and other self-seekers who +were now despoiling the old hunting-grounds to which Finley had piloted +him only fifteen years before. Of great use to the frontier settlements +as explorer, hunter, pilot, land-seeker, surveyor, Indian fighter, and +sheriff--and, indeed, as magistrate and legislator so long as Kentucky +was a community of riflemen--he had small capacity for the economic and +political sides of commonwealth-building. For this reason we find him +hereafter, although still in middle life, taking but slight part in the +making of Kentucky; none the less did his career continue to be +adventurous, picturesque, and in a measure typical of the rapidly +expanding West. + +Probably in the early spring of 1786 Boone left the neighborhood of the +Kentucky River, and for some three years dwelt at Maysville (Limestone), +still the chief gateway to Kentucky for the crowds of immigrants who +came by water. He was there a tavern-keeper--probably Mrs. Boone was the +actual hostess--and small river merchant. He still frequently worked at +surveying, of course hunted and trapped as of old, and traded up and +down the Ohio River between Maysville and Point Pleasant--the last-named +occupation a far from peaceful one, for in those troublous times +navigation of the Ohio was akin to running the gauntlet; savages haunted +the banks, and by dint of both strategy and open attack wrought a heavy +mortality among luckless travelers and tradesmen. The goods which he +bartered to the Kentuckians for furs, skins, and ginseng were obtained +in Maryland, whither he and his sons went with laden pack-animals, often +driving before them loose horses for sale in the Eastern markets. +Sometimes they followed some familiar mountain road, at others struck +out over new paths, for no longer was the Wilderness Road the only +overland highway to the West. + +Kentucky was now pursuing a path strewn with thorns. Northward, the +British still held the military posts on the upper lakes, owing to the +non-fulfilment of certain stipulations in the treaty of peace. Between +these and the settlements south of the Ohio lay a wide area populated by +powerful and hostile tribes of Indians, late allies of the British, +deadly enemies of Kentucky, and still aided and abetted by military +agents of the king. To the South, Spain controlled the Mississippi, the +commercial highway of the West; jealous of American growth, she harshly +denied to Kentuckians the freedom of the river, and was accused of +turning against them and their neighbors of Tennessee the fierce +warriors of the Creek and Cherokee tribes. On their part, the +Kentuckians looked with hungry eyes upon the rich lands held by Spain. + +Not least of Kentucky's trials was the political discontent among her +own people, which for many years lay like a blight upon her happiness +and prosperity. Virginia's home necessities had prevented that +commonwealth from giving much aid to the West during the Revolution, and +at its conclusion her policy toward the Indians lacked the aggressive +vigor for which Kentuckians pleaded. This was sufficient cause for +dissatisfaction; but to this was added another of still greater +importance. To gain the free navigation of the Mississippi, and thus to +have an outlet to the sea, long appeared to be essential to Western +progress. At first the Eastern men in Congress failed to realize this +need, thereby greatly exasperating the over-mountain men. All manner of +schemes were in the air, varying with men's temperaments and ambitions. +Some, like Clark--who, by this time had, under the influence of +intemperance, greatly fallen in popular esteem, although not without +followers--favored a filibustering expedition against the Spanish; and +later (1788), when this did not appear practicable, were willing to join +hands with Spain herself in the development of the continental interior; +and later still (1793-94), to help France oust Spain from Louisiana. +Others wished Kentucky to be an independent State, free to conduct her +own affairs and make such foreign alliances as were needful; but +Virginia and Congress did not release her. + +Interwoven with this more or less secret agitation for separating the +West from the East were the corrupt intrigues of Spain, which might have +been more successful had she pursued a persistent policy. Her +agents--among whom were some Western pioneers who later found difficulty +in explaining their conduct--craftily fanned the embers of discontent, +spread reports that Congress intended to sacrifice to Spain the +navigation rights of the West, distributed bribes, and were even accused +of advising Spain to arm the Southern Indians in order to increase +popular uneasiness over existing conditions. Spain also offered large +land grants to prominent American borderers who should lead colonies to +settle beyond the Mississippi and become her subjects--a proposition +which Clark once offered to accept, but did not; but of which we shall +see that Daniel Boone, in his days of discontent, took advantage, as did +also a few other Kentucky pioneers. Ultimately Congress resolved never +to abandon its claim to the Mississippi (1787); and when the United +States became strong, and the advantages of union were more clearly seen +in the West, Kentucky became a member of the sisterhood of States +(1792). + +It is estimated that, between 1783 and 1790, fully fifteen hundred +Kentuckians were massacred by Indians or taken captive to the savage +towns; and the frontiers of Virginia and Pennsylvania furnished their +full quota to the long roll of victims. It is impossible in so small a +volume as this to mention all of even the principal incidents in the +catalogue of assaults, heroic defenses, murders, burnings, torturings, +escapes, reprisals, and ambushes which constitute the lurid annals of +this protracted border warfare. The reader who has followed thus far +this story of a strenuous life, will understand what these meant; to +what deeds of daring they gave rise on the part of the men and women of +the border; what privation and anguish they entailed. But let us not +forget that neither race could claim, in this titanic struggle for the +mastery of the hunting-grounds, a monopoly of courage or of cowardice, +of brutality or of mercy. The Indians suffered quite as keenly as the +whites in the burning of their villages, crops, and supplies, and by the +loss of life either in battle, by stealthy attack, or by treachery. The +frontiersmen learned from the red men the lessons of forest warfare, and +often outdid their tutors in ferocity. The contest between civilization +and savagery is, in the nature of things, unavoidable; the result also +is foreordained. It is well for our peace of mind that, in the dark +story of the Juggernaut car, we do not inquire too closely into details. + +In 1785, goaded by numerous attacks on settlers and immigrants, Clark +led a thousand men against the tribes on the Wabash; but by this time he +had lost control of the situation, and cowardice on the part of his +troops, combined with lack of provisions, led to the practical failure +of the expedition, although the Indians were much frightened. + +At the same time, Logan was more successful in an attack on the Shawnese +of the Scioto Valley, who lost heavily in killed and prisoners. In +neither of these expeditions does Boone appear to have taken part. + +The year 1787 was chiefly notable, in the history of the West, for the +adoption by Congress of the Ordinance for the government of the +Territory Northwest of the River Ohio, wherein there dwelt perhaps seven +thousand whites, mostly unprogressive French-Canadians, in small +settlements flanking the Mississippi and the Great Lakes, and in the +Wabash Valley. Along the Ohio were scattered a few American hamlets, +chiefly in Kentucky. In the same year the Indian war reached a height of +fury which produced a panic throughout the border, and frantic appeals +to Virginia, which brought insufficient aid. Boone, now a town trustee +of Maysville, was sent to the legislature that autumn, and occupied his +seat at Richmond from October until January. While there, we find him +strongly complaining that the arms sent out to Kentucky by the State +during the year were unfit for use, the swords being without scabbards, +and the rifles without cartridge-boxes or flints. + +A child of the wilderness, Boone was law-abiding and loved peace, but he +chafed at legal forms. He had, in various parts of Kentucky, preempted +much land in the crude fashion of his day, both under the Transylvania +Company and the later statutes of Virginia--how much, it would now be +difficult to ascertain. In his old survey-books, still preserved in the +Wisconsin State Historical Library, one finds numerous claim entries for +himself, ranging from four hundred to ten thousand acres each--a tract +which he called "Stockfield," near Boonesborough; on Cartwright's Creek, +a branch of Beech Fork of Salt River; on the Licking, Elkhorn, Boone's +Creek, and elsewhere. The following is a specimen entry, dated "Aperel +the 22 1785," recording a claim made "on the Bank of Cantuckey"; it +illustrates the loose surveying methods of the time: "Survayd for Dal +Boone 5000 acres begin at Robert Camels N E Corner at 2 White ashes +and Buckeyes S 1200 p[oles] to 3 Shuger trees Ealm and walnut E 666 p to +6 Shuger trees and ash N 1200 p to a poplar and beech W 666 p to the +begining." + +It did not occur to our easy-going hero that any one would question his +right to as much land as he cared to hold in a wilderness which he had +done so much to bring to the attention of the world. But claim-jumpers +were no respecters of persons. It was discovered that Boone had +carelessly failed to make any of his preemptions according to the letter +of the law, leaving it open for any adventurer to reenter the choice +claims which he had selected with the care of an expert, and to treat +him as an interloper. Suits of ejectment followed one by one (1785-98), +until in the end his acres were taken from him by the courts, and the +good-hearted, simple fellow was sent adrift in the world absolutely +landless. + +At first, when his broad acres began to melt away, the great hunter, +careless of his possessions, appeared to exhibit no concern; but the +accumulation of his disasters, together with the rapid growth of +settlement upon the hunting-grounds, and doubtless some domestic +nagging, developed within him an intensity of depression which led him +to abandon his long-beloved Kentucky and vow never again to dwell within +her limits. In the autumn of 1788, before his disasters were quite +complete, this resolution was carried into effect; with wife and family, +and what few worldly goods he possessed, he removed to Point Pleasant, +at the junction of the Great Kanawha and the Ohio--in our day a quaint +little court-house town in West Virginia. + + + + +CHAPTER XIV + +IN THE KANAWHA VALLEY + + +During his early years on the Kanawha, Boone kept a small store at Point +Pleasant. Later, he moved to the neighborhood of Charleston, where he +was engaged in the usual variety of occupations--piloting immigrants; as +deputy surveyor of Kanawha County, surveying lands for settlers and +speculators; taking small contracts for victualing the militia, who were +frequently called out to protect the country from Indian forays; and in +hunting. Some of his expeditions took him to the north of the Ohio, +where he had several narrow escapes from capture and death at the hands +of the enemy, and even into his old haunts on the Big Sandy, the +Licking, and the Kentucky. + +He traveled much, for a frontiersman. In 1788 he went with his wife and +their son Nathan by horseback to the old Pennsylvania home in Berks +County, where they spent a month with kinsfolk and friends. We find him +in Maysville, on a business trip, during the year; indeed, there are +evidences of numerous subsequent visits to that port. In May of the +following year he was on the Monongahela River with a drove of horses +for sale, Brownsville then being an important market for ginseng, +horses, and cattle; and in the succeeding July he writes to a client, +for whom he had done some surveying, that he would be in Philadelphia +during the coming winter. + +In October, 1789, there came to him, as the result of a popular +petition, the appointment of lieutenant-colonel of Kanawha County--the +first military organization in the valley; and in other ways he was +treated with marked distinction by the primitive border folk of the +valley, both because of his brilliant career in Kentucky and the fact +that he was a surveyor and could write letters. One who knew him +intimately at this time has left a pleasing description of the man, +which will assist us in picturing him as he appeared to his new +neighbors: "His large head, full chest, square shoulders, and stout +form are still impressed upon my mind. He was (I think) about five feet +ten inches in height, and his weight say 175. He was solid in mind as +well as in body, never frivolous, thoughtless, or agitated; but was +always quiet, meditative, and impressive, unpretentious, kind, and +friendly in his manner. He came very much up to the idea we have of the +old Grecian philosophers--particularly Diogenes." + +By the summer of 1790, Indian raids again became almost unbearable. +Fresh robberies and murders were daily reported in Kentucky, and along +the Ohio and the Wabash. The expedition of Major J. F. Hamtramck, of the +Federal Army, against the tribesmen on the Wabash, resulted in the +burning of a few villages and the destruction of much corn; but Colonel +Josiah Harmar's expedition in October against the towns on the Scioto +and the St. Joseph, at the head of nearly 1,500 men, ended in failure +and a crushing defeat, although the Indian losses were so great that the +army was allowed to return to Cincinnati unmolested. Boone does not +appear to have taken part in these operations, his militiamen probably +being needed for home protection. + +The following year the General Government for the first time took the +field against the Indians in earnest. For seven years it had attempted +to bring the tribesmen to terms by means of treaties, but without avail. +Roused to fury by the steady increase of settlement north as well as +south of the Ohio, the savages were making life a torment to the +borderers. War seemed alone the remedy. In June, General Charles Scott, +of Kentucky, raided the Miami and Wabash Indians. Two months later +General James Wilkinson, with five hundred Kentuckians, laid waste a +Miami village and captured many prisoners. These were intended but to +open the road for an expedition of far greater proportions. In October, +Governor Arthur St. Clair, of the Northwest Territory, a broken-down man +unequal to such a task, was despatched against the Miami towns with an +ill-organized army of two thousand raw troops. Upon the fourth of +November they were surprised near the principal Miami village; hundreds +of the men fled at the first alarm, and of those who remained over six +hundred fell during the engagement, while nearly three hundred were +wounded. This disastrous termination of the campaign demoralized the +West and left the entire border again open to attack--an advantage which +the scalping parties did not neglect. + +While this disaster was occurring, Boone was again sitting in the +legislature at Richmond, where he represented Kanawha County from +October 17th to December 20th. The journals of the Assembly show him to +have been a silent member, giving voice only in yea and nay; but he was +placed upon two then important committees--religion, and propositions +and licenses. It was voted to send ammunition for the militia on the +Monongahela and the Kanawha, who were to be called out for the defense +of the frontier. Before leaving Richmond, Boone wrote as follows to the +governor: + + "Monday 13th Dec 1791 + + "Sir as sum purson Must Carry out the armantstion + [ammunition] to Red Stone [Brownsville, Pa.,] if your + Exclency should have thought me a proper purson I would + undertake it on conditions I have the apintment to vitel + the company at Kanhowway [Kanawha] so that I Could take + Down the flowre as I paste that place I am your + Excelenceys most obedent omble servant + + "DAL BOONE." + +Five days later the contract was awarded to him; and we find among his +papers receipts, obtained at several places on his way home, for the +lead and flints which he was to deliver to the various military centers. +But the following May, Colonel George Clendennin sharply complains to +the governor that the ammunition and rations which Boone was to have +supplied to Captain Caperton's rangers had not yet been delivered, and +that Clendennin was forced to purchase these supplies from others. It +does not appear from the records how this matter was settled; but as +there seems to have been no official inquiry, the non-delivery was +probably the result of a misunderstanding. + +At last, after a quarter of a century of bloodshed, the United States +Government was prepared to act in an effective manner. General Anthony +Wayne--"Mad Anthony," of Stony Point--after spending a year and a half +in reorganizing the Western army, established himself, in the winter of +1793-94, in a log fort at Greenville, eighty miles north of Cincinnati, +and built a strong outpost at Fort Recovery, on the scene of St. Clair's +defeat. After resisting an attack on Fort Recovery made on the last day +of June by over two thousand painted warriors from the Upper Lakes, he +advanced with his legion of about three thousand well-disciplined troops +to the Maumee Valley and built Fort Defiance. Final battle was given to +the tribesmen on the twentieth of August at Fallen Timbers. As the +result of superb charges by infantry and cavalry, in forty minutes the +Indian army was defeated and scattered. The backbone of savage +opposition to Northwestern settlement was broken, and at the treaty of +Greenville in the following summer (1795) a peace was secured which +remained unbroken for fifteen years. + +Wayne's great victory over the men of the wilderness gave new heart to +Kentucky and the Northwest. The pioneers were exuberant in the +expression of their joy. The long war, which had lasted practically +since the mountains were first crossed by Boone and Finley, had been an +almost constant strain upon the resources of the country. Now no longer +pent up within palisades, and expecting nightly to be awakened by the +whoops of savages to meet either slaughter or still more dreaded +captivity, men could go forth without fear to open up forests, to +cultivate fields, and peaceably to pursue the chase. + +To hunters like Boone, in particular, this great change in their lives +was a matter for rejoicing. The Kanawha Valley was not as rich in game +as he had hoped; but in Kentucky and Ohio were still large herds of +buffaloes and deer feeding on the cane-brake and the rank vegetation of +the woods, and resorting to the numerous salt-licks which had as yet +been uncontaminated by settlement. + +After the peace, Boone for several seasons devoted himself almost +exclusively to hunting; in beaver-trapping he was especially +successful, his favorite haunt for these animals being the neighboring +Valley of the Gauley. His game he shared freely with neighbors, now fast +increasing in numbers, and the skins and furs were shipped to market, +overland or by river, as of old. + +Upon removing to the Kanawha, he still had a few claims left in +Kentucky, but suits for ejectment were pending over most of these. They +were all decided against him, and the remaining lands were sold by the +sheriff for taxes, the last of them going in 1798. His failure to secure +anything for his children to inherit, was to the last a source of sorrow +to Boone. + +The Kanawha in time came to be distasteful to him. Settlements above and +below were driving away the game, and sometimes his bag was slight; the +crowding of population disturbed the serenity which he sought in deep +forests; the nervous energy of these newcomers, and the avarice of some +of them, annoyed his quiet, hospitable soul; and he fretted to be again +free, thinking that civilization cost too much in wear and tear of +spirit. + +Boone had long looked kindly toward the broad, practically unoccupied +lands of forest and plain west of the Mississippi. Adventurous hunters +brought him glowing tales of buffaloes, grizzly bears, and beavers to be +found there without number. Spain, fearing an assault upon her +possessions from Canada, was just now making flattering offers to those +American pioneers who should colonize her territory, and by casting +their fortunes with her people strengthen them. This opportunity +attracted the disappointed man; he thought the time ripe for making a +move which should leave the crowd far behind, and comfortably establish +him in a country wherein a hunter might, for many years to come, breathe +fresh air and follow the chase untrammeled. + +In 1796, Daniel Morgan Boone, his oldest son, traveled with other +adventurers in boats to St. Charles County, in eastern Missouri, where +they took lands under certificates of cession from Charles Dehault +Delassus, the Spanish lieutenant-governor of Upper Louisiana, resident +at St. Louis. There were four families, all settling upon Femme Osage +Creek, six miles above its junction with the Missouri, some twenty-five +miles above the town of St. Charles, and forty-five by water from St. +Louis. + +Thither they were followed, apparently in the spring of 1799, by Daniel +Boone and wife and their younger children. The departure of the great +hunter, now in his sixty-fifth year, was the occasion for a general +gathering of Kanawha pioneers at the home near Charleston. They came on +foot, by horseback, and in canoe, from far and near, and bade him a +farewell as solemnly affectionate as though he were departing for +another world; indeed, Missouri then seemed almost as far away to the +West Virginians as the Klondike is to dwellers in the Mississippi basin +to-day--a long journey by packhorse or by flatboat into foreign wilds, +beyond the great waterway concerning which the imaginations of +untraveled men often ran riot. + +The hegira of the Boones, from the junction of the Elk and the Kanawha, +was accomplished by boats, into which were crowded such of their scant +herd of live stock as could be accommodated. Upon the way they stopped +at Kentucky towns along the Ohio, either to visit friends or to obtain +provisions, and attracted marked attention, for throughout the West +Boone was, of course, one of the best-known men of his day. In +Cincinnati he was asked why, at his time of life, he left the comforts +of an established home again to subject himself to the privations of the +frontier. "Too crowded!" he replied with feeling. "I want more +elbow-room!" + +Arriving at the little Kentucky colony on Femme Osage Creek, where the +Spanish authorities had granted him a thousand arpents[17] of land +abutting his son's estate upon the north, he settled down in a little +log cabin erected largely by his own hands, for the fourth and last time +as a pioneer. He was never again in the Kanawha Valley, and but twice in +Kentucky--once to testify as to some old survey-marks made by him, and +again to pay the debts which he had left when removing to Point +Pleasant. + + +FOOTNOTE: + +[17] Equivalent to about 845 English acres. + + + + +CHAPTER XV + +A SERENE OLD AGE + + +Missouri's sparse population at that time consisted largely of +Frenchmen, who had taken easily to the yoke of Spain. For a people of +easy-going disposition, theirs was an ideal existence. They led a +patriarchal life, with their flocks and herds grazing upon a common +pasture, and practised a crude agriculture whose returns were eked out +by hunting in the limitless forests hard by. For companionship, the +crude log cabins in the little settlements were assembled by the banks +of the waterways, and there was small disposition to increase tillage +beyond domestic necessities. There were practically no taxes to pay; +military burdens sat lightly; the local syndic (or magistrate), the only +government servant to be met outside of St. Louis, was sheriff, judge, +jury, and commandant combined; there were no elections, for +representative government was unknown; the fur and lead trade with St. +Louis was the sole commerce, and their vocabulary did not contain the +words enterprise and speculation. + +Here was a paradise for a man of Boone's temperament, and through +several years to come he was wont to declare that, next to his first +long hunt in Kentucky, this was the happiest period of his life. On the +eleventh of July, 1800, Delassus--a well-educated French gentleman, and +a good judge of character--appointed him syndic for the Femme Osage +district, a position which the old man held until the cession of +Louisiana to the United States. This selection was not only because of +his prominence among the settlers and his recognized honesty and +fearlessness, but for the reason that he was one of the few among these +unsophisticated folk who could make records. In a primitive community +like the Femme Osage, Boone may well have ranked as a man of some +education; and certainly he wrote a bold, free hand, showing much +practise with the pen, although we have seen that his spelling and +grammar might have been improved. When the government was turned over to +President Jefferson's commissioner, Delassus delivered to that +officer, by request, a detailed report upon the personality of his +subordinates, and this is one of the entries in the list of syndics: +"Mr. Boone, a respectable old man, just and impartial, he has already, +since I appointed him, offered his resignation owing to his +infirmities--believing I know his probity, I have induced him to remain, +in view of my confidence in him, for the public good." + + [Illustration: BOONE'S CABIN IN ST. CHARLES COUNTY, MISSOURI. + From photograph in possession of Wisconsin State Historical Society.] + +Boone's knowledge did not extend to law-books, but he had a strong sense +of justice; and during his four years of office passed upon the petty +disputes of his neighbors with such absolute fairness as to win popular +approbation. His methods were as primitive and arbitrary as those of an +Oriental pasha; his penalties frequently consisted of lashes on the bare +back "well laid on;" he would observe no rules of evidence, saying he +wished only to know the truth; and sometimes both parties to a suit were +compelled to divide the costs and begone. The French settlers had a +fondness for taking their quarrels to court; but the decisions of the +good-hearted syndic of Femme Osage, based solely upon common sense in +the rough, were respected as if coming from a supreme bench. His +contemporaries said that in no other office ever held by the great +rifleman did he give such evidence of undisguised satisfaction, or +display so great dignity as in this role of magistrate. Showing newly +arrived American immigrants to desirable tracts of land was one of his +most agreeable duties; when thus tendering the hospitalities of the +country to strangers, it was remarked that our patriarch played the +Spanish "don" to perfection. + +In October, 1800, Spain agreed to deliver Louisiana to France; but the +latter found it impracticable at that time to take possession of the +territory. By the treaty of April 30, 1803, the United States, long +eager to secure for the West the open navigation of the Mississippi, +purchased the rights of France. It was necessary to go through the form, +both in New Orleans and in St. Louis, of transfer by Spain to France, +and then by France to the United States. The former ceremony took place +in St. Louis, the capital of Upper Louisiana, upon the ninth of March, +1804, and the latter upon the following day. Daniel Boone's authority as +a Spanish magistrate ended when the flag of his adopted country was +hauled down for the last time in the Valley of the Mississippi. + +The coming of the Americans into power was welcomed by few of the people +of Louisiana. The French had slight patience with the land-grabbing +temper of the "Yankees," who were eager to cut down the forests, to open +up farms, to build towns, to extend commerce, to erect factories--to +inaugurate a reign of noise and bustle and avarice. Neither did men of +the Boone type--who had become Spanish subjects in order to avoid the +crowds, to get and to keep cheap lands, to avoid taxes, to hunt big +game, and to live a simple Arcadian life--at all enjoy this sudden +crossing of the Mississippi River, which they had vainly hoped to +maintain as a perpetual barrier to so-called progress. + +Our hero soon had still greater reason for lamenting the advent of the +new _regime_. His sad experience with lands in Kentucky had not taught +him prudence. When the United States commission came to examine the +titles of Louisiana settlers to the claims which they held, it was +discovered that Boone had failed properly to enter the tract which had +been ceded to him by Delassus. The signature of the lieutenant-governor +was sufficient to insure a temporary holding, but a permanent cession +required the approval of the governor at New Orleans; this Boone failed +to obtain, being misled, he afterward stated, by the assertion of +Delassus that so important an officer as a syndic need not take such +precautions, for he would never be disturbed. The commissioners, while +highly respecting him, were regretfully obliged under the terms of the +treaty to dispossess the old pioneer, who again found himself landless. +Six years later (1810) Congress tardily hearkened to his pathetic +appeal, backed by the resolutions of the Kentucky legislature, and +confirmed his Spanish grant in words of praise for "the man who has +opened the way to millions of his fellow men." + +By the time he was seventy years old, Boone's skill as a hunter had +somewhat lessened. His eyes had lost their phenomenal strength; he could +no longer perform those nice feats of marksmanship for which in his +prime he had attained wide celebrity, and rheumatism made him less +agile. But as a trapper he was still unexcelled, and for many years made +long trips into the Western wilderness, even into far-off Kansas, and at +least once (1814, when eighty years old) to the great game fields of the +Yellowstone. Upon such expeditions, often lasting several months, he was +accompanied by one or more of his sons, by his son-in-law Flanders +Calloway, or by an old Indian servant who was sworn to bring his master +back to the Femme Osage dead or alive--for, curiously enough, this +wandering son of the wilderness ever yearned for a burial near home. + +Beaver-skins, which were his chief desire, were then worth nine dollars +each in the St. Louis market. He appears to have amassed a considerable +sum from this source, and from the sale of his land grant to his sons, +and in 1810 we find him in Kentucky paying his debts. This accomplished, +tradition says that he had remaining only fifty cents; but he gloried in +the fact that he was at last "square with the world," and returned to +Missouri exultant. + +The War of 1812-15 brought Indian troubles to this new frontier, and +some of the farm property of the younger Boones was destroyed in one of +the savage forays. The old man fretted at his inability to assist in the +militia organization, of which his sons Daniel Morgan and Nathan were +conspicuous leaders; and the state of the border did not permit of +peaceful hunting. In the midst of the war he deeply mourned the death of +his wife (1813)--a woman of meek, generous, heroic nature, who had +journeyed over the mountains with him from North Carolina, and upon his +subsequent pilgrimages, sharing all his hardships and perils, a proper +helpmeet in storm and calm. + +Penniless, and a widower, he now went to live with his sons, chiefly +with Nathan, then forty-three years of age. After being first a hunter +and explorer, and then an industrious and successful farmer, Nathan had +won distinction in the war just closed and entered the regular army, +where he reached the rank of lieutenant-colonel and had a wide and +thrilling experience in Indian fighting. Daniel Morgan is thought to +have been the first settler in Kansas (1827); A. G. Boone, a +grandson, was one of the early settlers of Colorado, and prominently +connected with Western Indian treaties and Rocky Mountain exploration; +and another grandson of the great Kentuckian was Kit Carson, the famous +scout for Fremont's transcontinental expedition. + + [Illustration: NATHAN BOONE'S HOUSE IN ST. CHARLES COUNTY, MISSOURI. + Herein Daniel Boone died.] + +It was not long before the Yankee _regime_ confirmed Boone's fears. The +tide of immigration crossed the river, and rolling westward again passed +the door of the great Kentuckian, driving off the game and monopolizing +the hunting-grounds. Laws, courts, politics, speculation, and +improvements were being talked about, to the bewilderment of the French +and the unconcealed disgust of the former syndic. Despite his great age, +he talked strongly of moving still farther West, hoping to get beyond +the reach of settlement; but his sons and neighbors persuaded him +against it, and he was obliged to accommodate himself as best he might +to the new conditions. In summer he would work on the now substantial +and prosperous farms of his children, chopping trees for the winter's +wood. But at the advent of autumn the spirit of restlessness seized him, +when he would take his canoe, with some relative or his Indian servant, +and disappear up the Missouri and its branches for weeks together. In +1816, we hear of him as being at Fort Osage, on his way to the Platte, +"in the dress of the roughest, poorest hunter." Two years later, he +writes to his son Daniel M.: "I intend by next autumn to take two or +three whites and a party of Osage Indians to visit the salt mountains, +lakes, and ponds and see these natural curiosities. They are about five +or six hundred miles west of here"--presumably the rock salt in Indian +Territory; it is not known whether this trip was taken. He was greatly +interested in Rocky Mountain exploration, then much talked of, and +eagerly sought information regarding California; and was the cause of +several young men migrating thither. A tale of new lands ever found in +him a delighted listener. + +In these his declining years, although he had suffered much at the hands +of the world, Boone's temperament, always kindly, mellowed in tone. +Decay came gradually, without palsy or pain; and, amid kind friends and +an admiring public, his days passed in tranquillity. The following +letter written by him at this period to his sister-in-law Sarah (Day) +Boone, wife of his brother Samuel, is characteristic of the man, and +gives to us, moreover, probably the only reliable account we possess of +his religious views: + + "october the 19th 1816 + + "Deer Sister + + "With pleasuer I Rad a Later from your sun Samuel Boone + who informs me that you are yett Liveing and in good + health Considing your age I wright to you to Latt you know + I have Not forgot you and to inform you of my own + Situation sence the Death of your Sister Rabacah I Leve + with flanders Calaway But am at present at my sun Nathans + and in tolarabel halth you Can gass at my feilings by your + own as we are So Near one age I Need Not write you of our + satuation as Samuel Bradley or James grimes Can inform you + of Every Surcomstance Relating to our famaly and how we + Leve in this World and what Chance we shall have in the + next we know Not for my part I am as ignerant as a Child + all the Relegan I have to Love and fear god beleve in + Jeses Christ Don all the good to my Nighbour and my self + that I Can and Do as Little harm as I Can help and trust + on gods marcy for the Rest and I Beleve god neve made a + man of my prisepel to be Lost and I flater my self Deer + sister that you are well on your way in Cristeanaty gave + my Love to all your Childran and all my frends fearwell my + Deer sister + + "DANIEL BOONE + + "Mrs. Sarah Boone + + "N B I Red a Later yesterday from sister Hanah peninton by + hir grand sun Dal Ringe she and all hir Childran are Well + at present + + "D B" + + [Illustration: BOONE'S RELIGIOUS VIEWS. + Reduced facsimile from original MS. in possession of Wisconsin State + Historical Society.] + +Many strangers of distinction visited him at Nathan's home near the +banks of the Missouri, and the public journals of the day always +welcomed an anecdote of the great hunter's prowess--although most of the +stories which found their way into print were either deliberate +inventions or unconsciously exaggerated traditions. From published +descriptions of the man by those who could discriminate, we may gain +some idea of his appearance and manner. The great naturalist Audubon +once passed a night under a West Virginia roof in the same room with +Boone, whose "extraordinary skill in the management of a rifle" is +alluded to. He says: "The stature and general appearance of this +wanderer of the Western forests approached the gigantic. His chest was +broad and prominent; his muscular powers displayed themselves in every +limb; his countenance gave indication of his great courage, enterprise, +and perseverance; and when he spoke the very motion of his lips brought +the impression that whatever he uttered could not be otherwise than +strictly true. I undressed, whilst he merely took off his hunting-shirt +and arranged a few folds of blankets on the floor, choosing rather to +lie there, as he observed, than on the softest bed." + +Timothy Flint, one of his early biographers, knew the "grand old man" in +Missouri, and thus pictures him: "He was five feet ten inches in +height, of a very erect, clean-limbed, and athletic form--admirably +fitted in structure, muscle, temperament, and habit for the endurance of +the labors, changes, and sufferings he underwent. He had what +phrenologists would have considered a model head--with a forehead +peculiarly high, noble, and bold--thin and compressed lips--a mild, +clear, blue eye--a large and prominent chin, and a general expression of +countenance in which fearlessness and courage sat enthroned, and which +told the beholder at a glance what he had been and was formed to be." +Flint declares that the busts, paintings, and engravings of Boone bear +little resemblance to him. "They want the high port and noble daring of +his countenance.... Never was old age more green, or gray hairs more +graceful. His high, calm, bold forehead seemed converted by years into +iron." + +Rev. James E. Welch, a revivalist, thus tells of Boone as he saw him at +his meetings in 1818: "He was rather low of stature, broad shoulders, +high cheek-bones, very mild countenance, fair complexion, soft and +quiet in his manner, but little to say unless spoken to, amiable and +kind in his feelings, very fond of quiet retirement, of cool +self-possession and indomitable perseverance. He never made a profession +of religion, but still was what the world calls a very moral man." + +In 1819, the year before the death of Boone, Chester Harding, an +American portrait-painter of some note, went out from St. Louis to make +a life study of the aged Kentuckian. He found him at the time "living +alone in a cabin, a part of an old blockhouse," evidently having escaped +for a time from the conventionalities of home life, which palled upon +him. The great man was roasting a steak of venison on the end of his +ramrod. He had a marvelous memory of the incidents of early days, +although forgetful of passing events. "I asked him," says Harding, "if +he never got lost in his long wanderings after game? He said 'No, I was +never lost, but I was bewildered once for three days.'" The portrait is +now in the possession of the painter's grandson, Mr. William H. King, of +Winnetka, Ill. Harding says that he "never finished the drapery of the +original picture, but copied the head, I think, at three different +times." It is from this portrait (our frontispiece), made when Boone was +an octogenarian, emaciated and feeble--although not appearing older than +seventy years--that most others have been taken; thus giving us, as +Flint says, but a shadowy notion of how the famous explorer looked in +his prime. There is in existence, however, a portrait made by Audubon, +from memory--a charming picture, representing Boone in middle life.[18] + +Serene and unworldly to the last, and with slight premonition of the +end, Daniel Boone passed from this life upon the twenty-sixth of +September, 1820, in the eighty-sixth year of his age. The event took +place in the home of his son Nathan, said to be the first stone house +built in Missouri. The convention for drafting the first constitution of +the new State was then in session in St. Louis. Upon learning the news, +the commonwealth-builders adjourned for the day in respect to his +memory; and as a further mark of regard wore crape on their left arms +for twenty days. The St. Louis Gazette, in formally announcing his +death, said: "Colonel Boone was a man of common stature, of great +enterprise, strong intellect, amiable disposition, and inviolable +integrity--he died universally regretted by all who knew him.... Such is +the veneration for his name and character." + +Pursuant to his oft-repeated request, he was buried by the side of his +wife, upon the bank of Teugue Creek, about a mile from the Missouri. +There, in sight of the great river of the new West, the two founders of +Boonesborough rested peacefully. Their graves were, however, neglected +until 1845, when the legislature of Kentucky made a strong appeal to the +people of Missouri to allow the bones to be removed to Frankfort, where, +it was promised, they should be surmounted by a fitting monument. The +eloquence of Kentucky's commissioners succeeded in overcoming the strong +reluctance of the Missourians, and such fragments as had not been +resolved into dust were removed amid much display. But in their new +abiding-place they were again the victims of indifference; it was not +until 1880, thirty-five years later, that the present monument was +erected. + + [Illustration: BOONE'S MONUMENT AT FRANKFORT, KENTUCKY.] + +We have seen that Daniel Boone was neither the first explorer nor the +first settler of Kentucky. The trans-Alleghany wilds had been trodden by +many before him; even he was piloted through Cumberland Gap by Finley, +and Harrodsburg has nearly a year's priority over Boonesborough. He had +not the intellect of Clark or of Logan, and his services in the defense +of the country were of less importance than theirs. He was not a +constructive agent of civilization. But in the minds of most Americans +there is a pathetic, romantic interest attaching to Boone that is +associated with few if any others of the early Kentuckians. His +migrations in the vanguard of settlement into North Carolina, Kentucky, +West Virginia, and Missouri, each in their turn; his heroic wanderings +in search of game and fresh lands; his activity and numerous thrilling +adventures during nearly a half-century of border warfare; his +successive failures to acquire a legal foothold in the wilderness to +which he had piloted others; his persistent efforts to escape the +civilization of which he had been the forerunner; his sunny temper amid +trials of the sort that made of Clark a plotter and a misanthrope; his +sterling integrity; his serene old age--all these have conspired to make +for Daniel Boone a place in American history as one of the most lovable +and picturesque of our popular heroes; indeed, the typical backwoodsman +of the trans-Alleghany region. + + +FOOTNOTE: + +[18] The story of the original Harding portrait, as gathered from +statements to the present writer by members of the painter's family, +supplemented by letters of Harding himself to the late Lyman C. Draper, +is an interesting one. The artist used for his portrait a piece of +ordinary table oil-cloth. For many years the painting was in the capitol +at Frankfort, Ky., "from the fact that it was hoped the State would buy +it." But the State had meanwhile become possessed of another oil +portrait painted about 1839 or 1840 by a Mr. Allen, of Harrodsburg, +Ky.--an ideal sketch, of no special merit. Harding's portrait, +apparently the only one of Boone painted from life, was not purchased, +for the State did not wish to be at the expense of two paintings. Being +upon a Western trip, in 1861, Harding, then an old man and a resident of +Springfield, Mass., rescued his portrait, which was in bad condition, +and carried it home. The process of restoration was necessarily a +vigorous one. The artist writes (October 6, 1861): "The picture had been +banged about until the greater part of it was broken to pieces.... The +head is as perfect as when it was painted, in color, though there are +some small, almost imperceptible, cracks in it." The head and neck, down +to the shirt-collar, were cut out and pasted upon a full-sized canvas; +on this, Harding had "a very skilful artist" repaint the bust, drapery, +and background, under the former's immediate direction. The picture in +the present state is, therefore, a composite. The joining shows plainly +in most lights. Upon the completion of the work, Harding offered to sell +it to Draper, but the negotiation fell through. The restored portrait +was then presented by the artist to his son-in-law, John L. King, of +Springfield, Mass., and in due course it came into the possession of the +latter's son, the present owner. + + + + +INDEX + + + Abingdon (Pa.), Boones in, 4. + + Alleghany Mountains, bound French claims, 19, 60; + border Valley of Virginia, 14; + pioneers on eastern foot-hills, 27, 35, 69; + barrier to Western advance, 13; + Berkeley's exploration, 85, 86; + crossed by Americans, 20; + in Dunmore's War, 105; + first government west of, 122, 123. + + Allen, ----, paints Boone's portrait, 238. + + Amherst, Gen. Jeffrey, of British Army, 44. + + Appalachian Mountains, troughs of, 13-15. + See also Alleghany Mountains. + + Arkansas, Virginia hunters in, 89, 90. + + Ashton, Captain, killed by Indians, 185. + + Audubon, John James, knew Boone, 10, 235, 238. + + + Baker, John, explores Kentucky, 66. + + Barbour, ----, hunts in Kentucky, 89, 90. + + Baton Rouge (La.), North Carolinians near, 66. + + Batts, Thomas, on New River, 86. + + Bears, 18, 56, 58, 67, 75, 76, 92, 133, 197. + + Beaver Creek, Boone on, 68. + + Beavers, 18, 74, 229. + + Benton, ----, Kentucky pioneer, 125. + + Berkeley, Gov. William, in Alleghanies, 85, 86. + + Berks County (Pa.), Boones in, 4-15, 211, 212. + + Black Fish, Shawnese chief, 148-157, 161-167. + + Bledsoe, Maj. Anthony, militia leader, 134. + + Blue Ridge, borders Valley of Virginia, 14, 15; + crossed by Boone, 72. + + Boiling Spring (Ky.), founded, 121. + See also Fort Boiling Spring. + + Boone, A. G., grandson of Daniel, 231. + + --, Benjamin, son of George{1}, 1. + + --, Daniel, Dutch painter, 7. + + --, Daniel, born, 6; + youth, 7-15; + training, 10-12; + education, 199, 224; + moves to Yadkin, 16, 17; + explores Yadkin region, 62, 63; + in French and Indian War, 21-23; + marriage, 25-27, 36; + list of children, 43; + life on the Yadkin, 17-20, 28-36; + flees to Virginia, 43, 55; + returns to Yadkin, 50, 55; + visits Florida, 64, 65; + early Kentucky explorations, 24, 69, 70; + trains James, 63; + discontented in North Carolina, 67-69; + hunts in Tennessee, 55, 56; + in Cherokee War, 50, 55, 56; + carves name on trees, 56; + captures criminals, 62; + opinion of Indians, 52, 59; + piloted by Finley, 218, 241; + crosses Cumberland Gap, ix, 89, 200, 218; + long hunt in Kentucky, 72-84, 86, 94-97, 100, 224; + starts for Kentucky, 101-103; + on Clinch, 103; + in Dunmore's War, 105-112; + pioneer for Transylvania Company, 114-117; + settles Boonesborough, 117-119, 124, 125; + defends Boonesborough, 137, 138, 141, 142; + capture of daughter, 134-136; + captured by Shawnese, 146-158; + returns to Kentucky, 174-178; + hunts for settlers, 176; + robbed of money, 176, 177; + militia leader, 112, 134, 180, 212, 213; + Indian expeditions, 181, 182, 187-189; + pilot for immigrants, 198, 211, 226; + leaves Boonesborough, 180; + justice of peace, 143; + surveyor, 120, 121, 129, 181, 193, 198, 208, 209, 211, 212; + member of legislature, 182, 183, 215; + revisits Pennsylvania, 211, 212; + loses Kentucky lands, 208-210, 219; + at Maysville, 201, 202, 207-210; + river trader, 201, 202; + life on Kanawha, 210-222; + "autobiography," 153, 169, 199; + ships furs to East, 197, 201, 202; + moves to Missouri, 205, 219-222; + Spanish syndic, 224-227; + hunts in Missouri, 220, 229-232; + laments growth of settlement, 227, 231; + loses Spanish grant, 227, 228; + pays debts, 229; + old age, 228-241; + death and burial, 239, 240; + character, vii-ix, 200, 232, 233, 241, 242; + religious views, 233, 234; + specimen letters, 193-195, 233-235; + descriptions of, 109, 110, 212-214, 225, 235-237, 239, 240; + not first in Kentucky, 85; + Byron's verses, 200; + nature of services, 200; + extent of fame, 198, 199, 222, 233-235; + portraits, 237-239; + Draper's proposed biography, ix, x. + + Boone, Mrs. Daniel, marriage, 25-27, 36; + life on Yadkin, 29, 30; + flees to Virginia, 43; + scorns Florida, 65; + in Kentucky, 125, 158, 168, 201; + death and burial, 230, 240. + + --, Daniel Morgan, son of Daniel, 43; + in Missouri, 220, 230, 232; + in Kansas, 230, 231. + + --, Edward, brother of Daniel, 7; + killed by Indians, 7, 174, 181. + + --, Elizabeth, sister of Daniel, 7. + + --, George{1}, grandfather of Daniel, early life, 1-3; + moves to Pennsylvania, 3, 4, 102; + death, 5. + + --, George{2}, son of foregoing, born, 1; + in Pennsylvania, 2-5. + + --, George{3}, brother of Daniel, 7. + + --, Hannah, sister of Daniel, 7. + + --, Israel{1}, brother of Daniel, 7, 12. + + --, Israel{2}, son of Daniel, 43; + killed by Indians, 189. + + --, James{1}, son of George{1}, 1, 15. + + --, James{2}, son of Daniel, 43; + trained as hunter, 63; + killed by Indians, 102, 103. + + --, Jemima, daughter of Daniel, 43; + captured by Indians, 134-136; + marries Flanders Calloway, 158. + + --, John, son of George{1}, 1, 2, 15. + + --, John B., son of Daniel, 43. + + --, Jonathan, brother of Daniel, 7. + + --, Joseph, son of George{1}, 1. + + --, Lavinia, daughter of Daniel, 43. + + --, Mary{1}, daughter of George{1}, 1. + + --, Mary{2}, sister of Daniel, 7. + + --, Nathan, son of Daniel, 43; + visits Pennsylvania, 211, 212; + in Missouri, 230, 233, 239. + + --, Rebecca, daughter of Daniel, 43. + + --, Samuel{1}, son of George{1}, 1. + + Boone, Samuel{2}, brother of Daniel, 7, 10; + marries Sarah Day, 233. + + --, Samuel{3}, son of foregoing, 233. + + --, Sarah{1}, daughter of George{1}, born, 1; + moves to Pennsylvania, 2, 3; + marries Jacob Stover, 4, 5. + + --, Sarah{2}, sister of Daniel, 7, 12. + + --, Sarah Day, letter from Daniel, 233. + See also Sarah Day. + + --, Squire{1}, father of Daniel, born, 1; + moves to Pennsylvania, 2, 3; + marriage, 5; + life in Pennsylvania, 5-15; + expelled by Quakers, 12; + moves to Yadkin, 15-17; + flees to Virginia, 43; + returns to Yadkin, 59; + life on Yadkin, 25, 27; + death, 59. + + --, Squire{2}, brother of Daniel, 7; + on Big Sandy, 69; + visits Kentucky, 72, 78-81, 84, 94-97, 100; + at Boonesborough, 117, 122, 125, 129, 158, 162. + + --, Susannah, daughter of Daniel, 43. + + -- family, in Cherokee War, 43, 44; + in Kentucky, 43; + in Missouri, 44, 220-241. + + Boone's Creek (Ky.), Boone on, 180, 208. + + -- Creek (Tenn.), Boone on, 55, 56. + + -- Station. See Fort Boone. + + Boonesborough (Ky.), 118, 119, 121, 124-128, 240, 241; + Transylvania convention at, 122, 123; + capture of girls, 134-136; + in Revolutionary War, 137, 139, 141-143, 148, 149, 154, + 156-158, 184; + besieged by Indians, 159-167, 169, 186; + Boone's return to, 174-180, 208, 209; + incorporated, 174, 175; + left by Boone, 180; + present condition, 175; + Ranck's monograph, x. + + Bouquet, Gen. Henry, campaign of, 88; + treats with Indians, 103, 104. + + Bourbon County (Ky.), Boone in, 177, 181. + + Bowman, Col. John, Kentucky pioneer, 125; + militia leader, 134; + in Revolutionary War, 143-145, 158, 170, 178. + + Braddock, Gen. Edward, defeated by French, 21-23, 25, 50, 71, 81, + 152. + + Bradley, Edward, Kentucky pioneer, 117. + + --, Samuel, mentioned by Boone, 233. + + Bradninch (Eng.), early home of Boones, 1-3. + + Bridges, James, Kentucky pioneer, 117. + + Brownsville (Pa.), Boone at, 212, 215, 216. + + Bryan, Joseph, father-in-law of Boone, 25. + + --, Rebecca. See Mrs. Daniel Boone. + + -- family, Yadkin pioneers, 24-27, 36, 168; + in Cherokee War, 43, 44; + in Kentucky, 101, 102, 125. + + Buffaloes, 17, 18, 23, 67, 69, 70, 72, 75, 76, 90, 92, 95, 118, + 133, 158, 197. + + Bush, William, Kentucky pioneer, 117. + + Byrd, Colonel, of British Army, 178. + + --, Col. William, raids Cherokees, 49, 50, 56. + + Byron, George Noel Gordon, Lord, lines on Boone, 200. + + + Cahokia (Ill.), won by Clark, 159. + + Caldwell, Capt. William, raids Kentucky, 186. + + California, Boone interested in, 232. + + Calk, William, Kentucky pioneer, 194. + + Calloway, Betsey, captured by Indians, 135, 136; + marries Samuel Henderson, 143. + + Calloway, Fanny, captured by Indians, 135, 136. + + --, Flanders, marries Jemima Boone, 158; + in Missouri, 229, 233. + + --, Col. Richard, Kentucky pioneer, 117; + daughters captured, 135, 136; + accuses Boone, 165-167. + + Campbell, Maj. Arthur, in Dunmore's War, 105, 108, 109; + in Kentucky, 126. + + --, Ensign John, in Dunmore's War, 109. + + -- (Camel), Robert, Kentucky pioneer, 209. + + -- family, Kentucky pioneers, 125. + + Camp Madison (Ky.), 172. + + Caperton, Captain, militia leader, 216. + + Captain Jack, Indian hero, 52. + + Carson, Kit, grandson of Boone, 231. + + Cartwright's Creek, Boone on, 208. + + Castle's-woods, Boone at, 109. + + Catawba Indians, relations with Yadkin settlers, 18, 19, 22, 36, + 42; + allies of whites, 45; + raided by Northern Indians, 96. + + Cattle-raising, on frontier, 8, 9, 15, 16, 30, 31, 35, 36, 57, + 58, 62, 69, 102, 122, 127, 128, 131, 132, 140, 162, 163, 173, + 197, 223. + + Charleston (S.C.), in Cherokee War, 43, 46; + Boone at, 169. + + -- (W. Va.), Boone near, 211, 221. + + Charlottesville (Va.), Boone at, 182. + + Cherokee Indians, raided by Northern tribes, 96; + relations with Yadkin settlers, 18, 19, 22; + war with whites, 36-56, 60, 69; + plunder Kentucky hunters, 90, 91, 93; + treaty with settlers, 99; + in Dunmore's War, 104, 105, 112, 113; + in Transylvania cession, 113-116; + in Revolutionary War, 132, 139-144, 160-167; + inflamed by Spain, 202, 204. + + Chickasaw Indians, in Revolutionary War, 179. + + Chillicothe (Ohio), Boone near, 158. + + --, Little, Shawnese town, 151, 152, 156, 166. + + --, Old, Shawnese town, 170. + + Choctaw Indians, rob hunters, 67. + + Christian family, Kentucky pioneers, 125. + + Cincinnati, founded, 199; + Clark at, 190; + Harmar, 213; + Boone, 222; + Wayne, 218. + + Clark, George Rogers, arrival in Kentucky, 104, 125; + delegate to Virginia, 133; + in Dunmore's War, 107; + in Revolutionary War, 125, 134, 138, 139, 158, 159, 169, 178, + 179, 181, 183, 190; + Wabash expedition, 206, 207; + separatist intrigues, 203-205, 242; + misanthropic, vii; + character of services, vii, 241. + + Clendennin, Col. George, militia leader, 216. + + Clinch Mountain, crossed by Boone, 73. + + Coburn, Samuel, Kentucky pioneer, 117. + + Colorado, A. G. Boone in, 231. + + Cooley, William, accompanies Boone, 72-79. + + Cornstalk, Shawnese chief, 110, 111. + + Cornwallis, Lord, imprisons Boone, 182, 183. + + Covington (Ky.), Bowman at, 170. + + Crabtree, Capt. Jacob, Kentucky pioneer, 117. + + Crane, Sergt. John, in Dunmore's War, 109. + + Creek Indians, inflamed by Spain, 202, 204. + + Crime, on frontier, 33, 34, 60-62. + + Croghan, George, fur-trader, 23. + + Culpeper County (Va.), Boone in, 43. + + Cumberland Gap, crossed by Virginia hunters, 90, 92; + Finley, 23, 88; + Boone, vii, 72, 73, 88, 89, 95, 125, 230, 241; + in Dunmore's War, 105. + See also Wilderness Road. + + -- Mountains, bound Kentucky, 70, 91. + + Cutbirth, Benjamin, friend of Boone, 66; + in Kentucky, 66, 67, 101. + + + Danville (Ky.), district capital, 195. + + Davie County (N.C.), Boones in, 27. + + Dawson, Miss Marjory, aid acknowledged, xi. + + Day, Rebecca, 233. + + --, Sarah, marries Samuel Boone, 10; + teaches Daniel, 10, 11. + + Deer, 18, 58, 63, 67, 72-74, 76, 92, 133, 197. + + Delassus, Charles Dehault, lieutenant-governor of Upper Louisiana, + 220, 224, 225, 228. + + Delaware Indians, Christian converts, 7, 8; + in Revolutionary War, 156, 157, 160-167. + + Detroit, Boone at, 154-157, 166, 177; + British headquarters, 178, 183, 192. + + District of Columbia, Squire Boone in, 43. + + Doddridge, Joseph, _Notes on Virginia_, 39-41. + + Drake, Joseph, heads Long Hunters, 91, 92. + + Draper, Lyman Copeland, gathers Boone manuscripts, ix, x; + letters from Harding, 238, 239. + + Dress, of pioneers, 28, 29. + + Dunkin, Sergt. John, in Dunmore's War, 109. + + Dunmore, Lord, commissions Boone, 155, 156; + raids Indians, 105-112; + opposes Henderson, 116. + + Durrett, Col. Reuben T., aid acknowledged, x. + + Dutchman's Creek, Boones on, 17. + + + Eagle Creek, in Indian campaign, 194. + + Education, on frontier, 10, 11, 27, 53, 224. + + Elk, 72, 75, 76, 92. + + English, in French and Indian War, 19-23; + defeat French, 59, 60; + employ French woodsmen, 98; + fur trade of, 42; + oppose American settlement, 98, 99, 202; + in Revolutionary War, 132, 149, 154-156, 159, 165-167, 171, + 178, 186, 190, 192; + designs on Louisiana, 220. + + Estill, Capt. James, killed by Indians, 184, 185. + + -- County (Ky.), Boone in, 73. + + Etting, J. Marx, aid acknowledged, xi. + + Exeter township (Pa.), Boones in, 5-7. + + + Fayette County (Ky.), organized, 179-182; + raided by Indians, 186; + surveying, 181, 192, 193. + + Fallen Timbers, battle of, 217, 218. + + Falls of Ohio. See Louisville. + + Femme Osage Creek, Boone on, 220-222, 224, 225, 229. + + Filson, John, writes Boone's "autobiography," 153, 199, 200. + + Fincastle County (Va.), includes Kentucky, 123, 195. + + Finley, John, early exploration of Kentucky, 22, 23, 87, 88; + tells Boone thereof, 22-24, 69, 71; + pilots Boone thither, vii, 71-79, 88, 200, 218, 241. + + Fishing Creek, Clark on, 104. + + Flint, Timothy, describes Boone, 235, 236, 238. + + Florida, Virginia hunters in, 89; + Boone, 64, 65. + + Floyd, Capt. John, on state of frontier, 136, 137; + in Revolutionary War, 138, 180. + + Forbes, Gen. John, campaign of, 88. + + Fort Blackmore, in Dunmore's War, 108. + + -- Boiling Spring, in Revolutionary War, 137. + + -- Boone (Boone's Station), built, 180. + + -- Bryan (Ky.), in Revolutionary War, 137, 185-188. + + -- Defiance, Wayne at, 217. + + -- Dobbs, erected, 37-39; + in Cherokee War, 41-44, 55. + + -- Duquesne. See Pittsburg. + + -- Elk Garden, in Dunmore's War, 109. + + -- Estill, attacked by Indians, 184. + + -- Glade Hollow, in Dunmore's War, 109. + + -- Harrod. See Fort Boiling Spring. + + -- Hinkson, in Revolutionary War, 137. + + -- Huston (Ky.), in Revolutionary War, 137. + + -- Jefferson, built by Clark, 179. + + -- Logan, in Revolutionary War, 137, 139, 164, 165. + + -- Loudon, erected, 37; + in Cherokee War, 44, 46, 47. + + -- McClellan, in Revolutionary War, 137, 139. + + -- McConnell, in Revolutionary War, 188. + + -- McGee, in Revolutionary War, 188. + + -- Maiden Spring, in Dunmore's War, 109. + + -- Martin, besieged, 178. + + -- Massac, French at, 41, 42, 48. + + -- Moore, in Dunmore's War, 108. + + -- Nelson. See Louisville. + + -- Osage, Boone at, 232. + + -- Pitt. See Pittsburg. + + -- Price (Ky.), in Revolutionary War, 139. + + -- Prince George, in Cherokee War, 37, 44, 48. + + -- Recovery, Wayne at, 217. + + -- Robinson, erected, 50. + + -- Ruddell, founded, 121; + besieged, 178. + + -- Russell, in Dunmore's War, 108. + + -- Stanwix, treaty of, 99, 114, 121. + + -- Strode, militia rendezvous, 194. + + -- Whitley, in Revolutionary War, 137. + + -- Whitton (Big Crab Orchard), in Dunmore's War, 109. + + Forts on frontier, described, 37-41; + methods of defense, 142, 143. + + Frankfort (Ky.), 121; + Boone portrait at, 238; + Boone's grave, 240. + + Fredericksburg (Va.), Boone in, 43. + + Frelinghuysen, Theodore, on Cherokee bravery, 51. + + Fremont, Gen. John C., explorer, 231. + + French, introduce knives, 111; + early knowledge of Kentucky, 85-87; + in French and Indian War, 19-23, 66; + inflame Southern Indians, 36, 37, 41, 42, 48, 51, 98; + fall of New France, 48, 60; + hunting in Kentucky, 95, 101, 197; + employed by English, 98, 148, 159, 161, 171, 178; + in Northwest Territory, 207; + in Missouri, 223-226, 231; + intrigue against Spain, 204; + cede Louisiana to United States, 226, 227. + + -- Creek, French on, 20. + + Fur trade, near Philadelphia, 4, 10; + French and English rivalry, 19, 20; + Ohio Company, 20, 24, 87; + Finley, 22, 23, 71, 83, 87, 88; + Croghan, 23; + with Southern Indians, 18, 42, 44, 58, 60, 132, 133; + roving of traders, 67, 69; + English operations, 87, 99, 190; + character of traders, 60, 132, 133; + autumnal caravans, 31, 58, 197; + Boone's operations, 201, 202, 219. + + + Gass, Capt. David, on Clinch, 103; + Kentucky pioneer, 117. + + Gauntlet-running, described, 154, 155. + + Georgetown (D.C.), Squire Boone in, 43. + + Georgia, Virginia hunters in, 91; + Boone, 65; + increase of settlement, 97. + + Germans, among frontiersmen, 4, 5, 14, 196. + + Girty, George, met by Boone, 148. + + --, James, met by Boone, 148. + + --, Simon, American renegade, 148, 186. + + Gist, Christopher, explores Kentucky, 87, 100. + + Grant, Lieut.-Col. James, raids Cherokees, 48-50. + + Granville, Earl, North Carolina landholder, 68. + + Great Lakes, French posts on, 19. + + -- Meadows, defeat of Washington, 20. + + Greenville (Ohio), treaty of, 217. + + Grimes, James, mentioned by Boone, 233. + + Gwynedd township (Pa.), Boones in, 4-6. + + + Hamilton, Gov. Henry, 149, 150; + relations with Boone, 154-156, 161, 166; + imprisoned, 169, 177. + + Hamtramck, Maj. J. F., raids Indians, 213. + + Harding, Chester, paints Boone's portrait, 237-239. + + Harmar, Col. Josiah, raids Indians, 213. + + Harper's Ferry (Va.), Boones at, 16. + + Harrisonburg (Va.), Boones near, 16. + + Harrod, Capt. James, in Revolutionary War, 134, 138, 176. + + Harrodsburg, founded, vii, 121, 131, 238, 241; + convention at, 133; + in Revolutionary War, 137, 139, 142, 143, 164; + seat of Lincoln County, 179. + + Hart, David, of Transylvania Company, 114. + + --, John, Kentucky pioneer, 117. + + --, Nathaniel, of Transylvania Company, 114, 176, 177. + + --, Thomas, of Transylvania Company, 114, 176, 177. + + Hays, William, Boone's son-in-law, 117. + + --, Mrs. William, daughter of Boone, 117. + + Hazelrigg, Captain, letters from Boone, 193-195. + + Hempinstall, Abraham, hunts in Kentucky, 89, 90. + + Henderson, Col. Richard, settles Kentucky, 113-115, 118-120, + 122-124, 126, 129, 133. + + --, Samuel, marries Betsey Calloway, 143. + + Hennepin, Father Louis, explorations of, 86. + + Hewett, Gen. Fayette, aid acknowledged, xi. + + Hicks, William, Kentucky pioneer, 117. + + Hill, William, accompanies Boone, 69, 70. + + Hinkson, Maj. John, Kentucky pioneer, 121. + + Hite, Isaac, Kentucky pioneer, 125. + + Holden, Capt. Joseph, accompanies Boone, 72-77; + defeated by Indians, 185. + + Howard, John, in Kentucky, 87. + + Hunting, early practised by Boone, 9-12, 16; + in Yadkin country, 17, 18, 28-34, 55, 58, 62, 63; + early trail through Cumberland Gap, 73, 89; + in Tennessee, 55-57; + abundant in Kentucky, 76, 98, 132, 218; + Long Hunters, 91-95; + Boone's long Kentucky hunt, 72-84, 86, 94-97; + Boone's contemporaries, 87-91; + after Revolution, in Kentucky, 197, 211, 218; + in Kanawha Valley, 218, 219; + in Missouri, 220, 229-232; + profits of, 57-59, 73-75, 229; + methods employed, 75, 76; + camps described, 63, 64; + game decreasing, 62, 97, 124, 219. + See also the several animals. + + + Iberville, Lemoyne d', explorations of, 86. + + Illinois, French in, 42; + English, 87. + + Indian Territory, mentioned by Boone, 232. + + Indians, understood by Boone, viii, 7, 8, 10; + influence of women, 46; + lodge life, 153; + adopt captives, 152, 153; + affected by fur trade, 133; + barrier to settlement, 98; + in eastern Pennsylvania, 4, 7, 8, 10, 13; + infest mountain valleys, 14, 16; + in French and Indian War, 19-23, 36-56; + raid Yadkin region, 27, 36-56; + raid Kentucky, 126, 127; + warrior's paths, 73, 76, 79, 180; + gauntlet-running, 154, 155; + methods of warfare, 39-41, 52-54, 111, 140, 141, 160-167, + 186-189, 205; + ethics of border warfare, 50-54, 206; + finally quieted in Northwest, 216-218. + See also the several tribes. + + Irish, among frontiersmen, 14, 24, 196. + + Iron Mountain, crossed by Boone, 73. + + Iroquois, in Kentucky, 99, 113, 114. + + + Jefferson, Thomas, governor of Virginia, 182; + President, 224. + + Jefferson County (Ky.), organized, 179-181; + in Revolutionary War, 188; + Lincolns in, 174. + + Jennings, Edmund, Kentucky pioneer, 117. + + Jessamine County (Ky.), Bone in, 101. + + Jesuits, seek Mississippi River, 86. + + Johnson, Andrew, escapes from Indians, 157. + + --, Thomas, Kentucky pioneer, 117. + + Joliet, Louis, discovers Mississippi, 86. + + Jones, Capt. John Gabriel, delegate to Virginia, 133. + + Justice, on frontier, 61, 223, 225, 226. + + + Kanawha County (W. Va.), Boone in, 210-222. + + Kansas, Boone in, 229. + + Kaskaskia (Ill.), won by Clark, 159, 190. + + Keith, Sir William, governor of Pennsylvania, 87. + + Kennedy, John, Kentucky pioneer, 117. + + Kenton, Simon, scout, 125; + in Revolutionary War, 141, 160, 189. + + Kentucky, described, 82, 131, 132; + debatable land between tribes, 76, 77; + early explorations, vii, 85-87, 89-91; + Virginia hunters, 20; + Finley, 22, 23, 71, 87, 88; + Boone's early explorations, 24, 64, 68-70, 88, 89, 101; + Boone's long hunt, 72-84, 86, 94-97; + Long Hunters in, 91-95; + Washington, 88, 89; + Cutbirth, 66, 67; + Boone family, 25, 43, 241; + game abundant, 98, 129, 218; + Cherokee lands settled, 99; + early colonial projects, 100; + Transylvania Company, 113-176; + first settled, vii, viii; + rush of settlers, 104, 178, 195-198, 207; + in Dunmore's War, 106, 107, 113; + during Revolutionary War, 132-192; + losses in Indian wars, 205; + Indians finally quelled, 213-218; + established as Virginia County, 123, 133, 134; + divided into three counties, 179-181; + made a district, 195; + becomes a State, 205; + sends Boone to legislature, 182, 183; + separatist agitation, 202-205; + first wedding, 143; + first artillery, 174; + hard winter, 173, 175, 176; + early commerce, 196, 197; + Boone pays debts, 229; + Boone's services to, 200, 201; + petitions Congress for Boone, 176, 177, 228; + obtains Boone's remains, ix, 240; + declines to buy Harding's portrait, 238; + Filson's _History_, 199. + + King, John, Kentucky pioneer, 117. + + --, John L., owns Boone portrait, 239. + + --, William H., owns Boone portrait, 237-239; + aid acknowledged, xi. + + King Philip, Indian hero, 51, 52. + + Kinkead, Sergt. John, in Dunmore's War, 109. + + + Lackey, W. G., aid acknowledged, xi. + + La Fayette, Gen. Marquis de, in Virginia, 182. + + Land grants, to French and Indian War veterans, 88, 121, 131; + by Iroquois to whites, 114; + by Cherokees to whites, 113-116; + Boone from Virginia, 177; + Boone from Spain, 222, 227, 228. + See also Transylvania Company. + + La Salle, Robert Cavelier, sieur de, on Western waters, 86. + + Law, on frontier, 33, 34, 224-227. + + Lederer, John, on Western waters, 86. + + Lee, William, Kentucky pioneer, 121, 137. + + Lewis, Gen. Andrew, in Dunmore's War, 107, 110, 111. + + -- family, Kentucky pioneers. 125. + + Lexington (Ky.), seat of Fayette County, 179, 193; + in Revolutionary War, 186-188. + + Limestone. See Maysville. + + Lincoln, Abraham, Kentucky pioneer, 174. + + -- County (Ky.), organized, 179-181; + in Revolutionary War, 188. + + Linn, Lieutenant, marries, 143. + + Linnville Creek, Boones on, 16. + + Logan, Benjamin, arrives in Kentucky, 125; + raids Indians, vii, 134, 207; + in Revolutionary War, 138, 144, 164, 165, 180, 181, 189; + character of services, 241. + + Logan, Chief John, attacks whites, 105. + + Long Hunters, in Kentucky, 91-95. + + Long Island, of Holston, 50. + + Long Knives, use of term, 11, 144. + + Louisiana, North Carolinians in, 66; + French, 19; + owned by Spain, 220; + French intrigue against, 204; + ceded to United States, 224, 226-228. + + Louisville (Ky.), Gist at site of, 87; + Finley, 22, 23, 71; + Washington, 104; + Clark, 159; + Boone, 83, 129, 193; + in Revolutionary War, 181, 190; + seat of Jefferson County, 179; + early growth, 196. + + Lyttleton, William Henry, governor of South Carolina, 43, 55. + + + McAfee family, Kentucky pioneers, 125. + + McClellan, Alexander, Kentucky pioneer, 125. + + McCulloch, John, explores Kentucky, 91. + + MacDowell family, Kentucky pioneers, 125. + + McGary, Maj. Hugh, in Revolutionary War, 138, 188, 189. + + McKee, Capt. Alexander, raids Kentucky, 186. + + Marquette, Father Jacques, discovers Mississippi, 86. + + Marshall, Col. Thomas, surveyor, 181, 192, 193, 195. + + Martin, Josiah, governor of North Carolina, 116. + + Maryland, Boones in, 43, 59; + increase of settlement, 97; + commerce with Kentucky, 202. + + Matthews, Albert, on "Long Knives," 111. + + Maugridge, Mary, marries George Boone{1}, 1. + + Mausker, Caspar, of Long Hunters, 94. + + Maysville (Ky.), 194; + in Revolutionary War, 138; + Boone at, 201, 202, 207-210, 212. + + Medicine, on frontier, 32. + + Mill, John Stuart, on forcing civilization, 51. + + Miller, William, Kentucky pioneer, 117. + + Mingo Indians, in Dunmore's War, 105; + in Revolutionary War, 132, 139-144, 156, 157, 161-167. + + Mingo Junction (Ohio), Logan tragedy near, 105. + + Missouri, Boone family in, viii, 43, 220-241; + life previous to cession, 223-226; + first stone house, 239; + Constitutional Convention, viii, 239; + releases Boone's remains, 240. + + Moccasin Gap, followed by Boone, 73. + + Monocacy Valley, Boone in, 10. + + Montgomery, Alexander, scout, 160. + + --, Col. John, raids Cherokees, 44-46, 55. + + Mooney, James, accompanies Boone, 72-79. + + Moore, Sergeant, in Dunmore's War, 108. + + --, William, Kentucky pioneer, 117. + + Moravian Indian missions, 7, 8. + + Morgan, John, grandfather of Daniel Boone, 5. + + --, Sarah, marries Squire Boone{1}, 5, 59; + life in Oley, 5-15. + + -- family, Welsh settlers, 5. + + Morton, Mrs. Jennie C., aid acknowledged, x. + + Muskrats, 18. + + + Nall, James, Kentucky pioneer, 117. + + Nashville (Tenn.), hard winter at, 175. + + Neely, Alexander, joins Boone, 78-81. + + Neversink Mountains, Boone in, 10. + + New France, fall of, 48, 60, 87, 98. + See also French. + + New Mexico, New Englanders in, 86. + + New Orleans, French at, 19; + Spanish, 228; + North Carolinians, 66, 67; + Virginians, 90, 91; + early commerce with, 197. + + New York (State), Indian uprising, 37; + sends emigrants to Kentucky, 178. + + North Carolina, pioneers of, 13-15; + sends colony to Louisiana, 66; + Boones in, viii, 17-102, 241; + in French and Indian War, 21-23, 48-50, 56; + interest in Western settlement, 100, 138, 178; + Henderson's colony, 113-176; + opposition to Henderson, 116, 123, 127; + regulators, 61, 62; + rapid settlement, 42. + + North Wales (Pa.), Boones in, 4, 5. + + Northwest Territory, organized, 207. + + + Ohio, Shawnese in, 135, 144, 149-160, 170, 182, 190; + Boone hunts in, 211, 218. + + -- Company, founded, 20; + operations of, 24; + land grants on Ohio River, 87. + + Oley township (Pa.), Boones in, 4-15. + + Opecancano, Indian hero, 52. + + Orange County (Va.), settlers hunt in Kentucky, 89, 90. + + Ordinance of 1787, 205. + + Osage Indians, mentioned by Boone, 232. + + Otter Creek, Boone on, 117. + + Otters, 18, 74. + + Owatin Creek (Pa.), Boones on, 6. + + Ozark Mountains, Virginians in, 91. + + + Paint Lick Town. See Chillicothe, Little. + + Panthers, 18. + + Paris (Ky.), fort on site of, 137. + + Patterson, Col. Robert, Kentucky pioneer, 125, 194. + + Peeke, James, Kentucky pioneer, 117. + + Penn, William, founds Pennsylvania, 2. + + Pennington (Peninton), Hannah, mentioned by Boone, 234. + + Pennsylvania, founded by Penn, 2; + Boones in, viii, 2-14, 102, 174, 183, 211, 212; + Finley, 79; + sends settlers to southwest, 13-15, 20, 24: + interest in Western settlement, 138, 178; + increase of settlement, 97, 130; + in French and Indian War, 20-23, 37; + in Revolutionary War, 148, 159; + losses in Indian wars, 205. + + Pensacola (Fla.), Boone in, 65. + + Philadelphia, in time of Boones, 3, 4, 10, 102, 212. + + Pickaway, Shawnese town, 179. + + Pittsburg, French at, 20, 21, 41; + Virginia hunters, 89; + in Dunmore's War, 105, 107; + in Revolutionary War, 138, 148, 183. + + Poage, Sergt. W., in Dunmore's War, 108. + + Point Pleasant (W. Va.), battle at, 108, 110-112; + Boone, 201, 210-222. + + Pompey, negro interpreter, 151, 161. + + Pontiac, Indian hero, 52, 59, 60. + + Pope, Col. William, militia leader, 180, 181. + + Presbyterians, among frontiersmen, 33. + + Preston, Col. William, in Dunmore's War, 105, 109; + in Revolutionary War, 136. + + -- family, Kentucky pioneers, 125. + + Prestonburg (Ky.), Boone near, 69, 70. + + + Quakers, Boones of this persuasion, 1, 2, 4-7, 10-12; + expel Boones, 12; + familiar with Indians, 13; + among frontiersmen, 14, 33. + + + Ranck, George W., _Boonesborough_, x. + + --, Mrs. George W., aid acknowledged, x. + + Randolph, Nathaniel, Kentucky pioneer, 125. + + Reading (Pa.), Boones near, 6. + + Red Jacket, Indian hero, 52. + + -- Stone. See Brownsville, Pa. + + Regulators, in Carolinas, 61, 101. + + Religion, on frontier, 33. + See also the several denominations. + + Revolutionary War, 175; + effect on proprietary governments, 123; + causes Washington to turn from West, 89; + checks Western colonies, 100; + Western interest in, 128, 170, 171; + G. R. Clark, 125, 138, 139, 158, 159, 169; + Kentucky in, 132-192. + + Richmond (Va.), seat of government, 181, 182, 207, 208, 215. + + Ringe, Daniel, 234. + + River Alleghany, French on, 20. + + -- Big Sandy, Boone on, 69-71, 211; + Washington, 88. + + -- Catawba, early settlements on, 17; + Indian hostilities, 42. + + -- Clinch, Boone on, 69, 101, 103-112; + early settlement, 97. + + -- Cumberland, Long Hunters on, 93, 95; + Boone, 101; + in Transylvania cession, 115; + in Revolutionary War, 139. + + -- Dick's, Boone on, 83. + + -- Elk, Boone on, 221. + + -- Elkhorn, Boone on, 208; + in Revolutionary War, 137. + + -- French Broad, early settlement on, 97. + + -- Gauley, Boone on, 219. + + -- Green, Long Hunters on, 93, 94; + Boone, 77. + + -- Great Miami, Shawnese on, 179. + + -- Holston, Finley on, 79; + Boone, 57, 69, 73; + Long Hunters, 91; + in Cherokee War, 47, 50; + in Revolutionary War, 134, 138, 144, 161; + early settlements, 97, 126. + + -- Hudson, Iroquois on, 99. + + -- Kanawha (Great Kanawha), explored, 86; + in Dunmore's War, 108; + Boone on, viii, 210-222; + hunting, 218, 219. + + -- Kentucky, Boone on, 73, 79, 83, 112, 180, 211; + Transylvania settlement, 115-119, 121; + crown lands abutting, 121, 130; + capture of girls, 134-136; + in Revolutionary War, 137, 139, 176; + bounds Fayette County, 179; + Boone leaves, 201. + + -- Keowee, Cherokees on, 45. + + -- Licking, Shawnese on, 135, 137, 151, 166, 170, 178-180, 188, + 190; + Boone, 83, 208, 211. + + -- Little Miami, Shawnese on, 151, 190; + in Revolutionary War, 160, 170. + + -- Little Sandy, Washington on, 88. + + -- Little Tennessee, Cherokees on, 45, 48, 49. + + -- Maumee, Wayne on, 217. + + -- Miami, Indians raided on, 214. + + -- Mississippi, Iroquois on, 99; + French, 19, 60, 85-87, 207; + early English explorations, 20, 85-87, 89-91; + North Carolinians, 66, 67; + in Revolutionary War, 179; + Spanish, 85, 197, 198, 202-205; + free navigation sought by West, 203-205, 226; + early commerce on, 197, 198. + + -- Missouri, Boone on, 221, 232, 234, 240. + + -- Monongahela, fur trade route, 24; + Braddock on, 71; + early settlements, 98, 130; + Boone, 212, 215, 216. + + -- New, Batts on, 86; + Squire Boone, 78; + settlers explore Kentucky, 90, 91. + + -- Nolichucky, early settlement on, 97. + + -- Ohio, drains Virginia, 16; + French on, 19, 20, 41, 42; + early explorations, 22; + Virginia hunters, 89-91; + Gist, 87; + Finley, 22, 23, 71; + in Dunmore's War, 105; + Iroquois land sale, 99; + Boone on, 69, 70, 83, 183, 201, 202, 210, 222; + in Transylvania cession, 114, 129; + in Revolutionary War, 138, 151, 159, 170; + Indian wars on, 88, 107, 108; + early settlements, 98, 100, 104, 207, 214; + highway for emigrants, 130, 172, 178, 184, 196, 201; + early commerce, 197, 198; + last of Indian raids, 213-218. + + River Platte, Boone on, 232. + + -- Potomac, fur trade route, 24. + + -- Powell, Boone on, 73, 95, 96, 125; + early settlements, 97, 102, 115, 119. + + -- Red, Boone on, 79. + + -- Rich, in Dunmore's War, 109. + + -- Rockcastle, Indians on, 80, 117. + + -- St. Joseph, Indians raided on, 213. + + -- St. Lawrence, Indians on, 19. + + -- Salt, Indians near, 190. + + -- --, Beech Fork of, 208. + + -- Sandy, West Fork of, Boone on, 70. + + -- Savannah, Indians on, 37. + + -- Schuylkill, Boones on, 6-15. + + -- Scioto, Shawnese on, 157, 158, 160, 167, 207; + Indians raided, 213. + + -- Shenandoah, Boones on, 16. + + -- Tennessee, Indian uprising, 37, 45; + Iroquois land sale, 99, 114; + in Transylvania cession, 114. + + -- Wabash, Shawnese on, 206, 207; + French, 207; + English, 87; + in Dunmore's War, 105; + Indians raided on, 213, 214. + + -- Watauga, Boone on, 55, 56, 101, 115; + Cherokee council, 115, 116, 133; + early settlement, 97. + + -- Yadkin, early known to Pennsylvanians, 14; + Bryan family on, 25-27, 43; + Boone family, 16-20, 24-27, 34, 43, 55-57, 68-70, 81, 89, 95, + 96, 100, 102, 103, 125, 158, 168, 169, 208, 209; + Indians on, 18, 19, 22, 37-56, 59, 60; + hunting, 17, 18, 28-34, 55, 58; + trading caravans, 31, 58; + crime, 60-62; + Finley's arrival, 71, 72. + + -- Yellowstone, Boone on, 229. + + Robinson, Chief Justice, on Wilderness Road, 172, 173, 175. + + --, David, militia leader, 134. + + Rockingham County (Va.), Boones in, 16; + Lincolns, 174. + + Rocky Mountains, explorations of, 231, 232. + + Rowan County (N.C.), Boones in, 25, 55, 174. + + Russell, Henry, killed by Indians, 103. + + --, Col. William, starts for Kentucky, 101-103; + in Dunmore's War, 105, 108; + in Revolutionary War, 134. + + + St. Asaph (Ky.), founded, 121. + + St. Augustine (Fla.), Boone in, 65. + + St. Charles County (Mo.), Boones in, 220-241. + + St. Clair, Gov. Arthur, raids Indians, 214, 215, 217. + + St. Louis, Spanish seat, 220, 221, 223; + fur market, 229; + Harding at, 237; + _Gazette_, 239, 240. + + Salisbury (N.C.), Boone near, 18, 62. + + Salling, Peter, in Kentucky, 87. + + Salt Licks, in Kentucky, 90, 92, 118, 146, 151; + near Prestonburg, 69, 70; + Big, 82, 117; + Big Bone, 82, 83, 87; + Blue, 82, 158, 166, 188, 189, 194; + Buffalo, 17; + French, 101; + Grassy, 181; + Knob, 92; + Lower Blue, 135, 147-151, 160. + + Scotch-Irish, among frontiersmen, 5, 14, 22, 66, 128, 196. + + Scott, Gen. Charles, raids Indians, 214. + + Searcy, Bartlet, Kentucky pioneer, 117. + + --, Reuben, Kentucky pioneer, 117. + + Shawnese Indians, raid Southern tribes, 19; + in Kentucky, 23; + in Dunmore's War, 104, 105, 107, 108, 110-113; + capture Boone, 77, 78, 146-158; + capture girls, 134-136; + attack Boone, 103; + in Revolutionary War, 132, 139-144, 156, 157, 160-167, 170, 179, + 180, 183-191, 193; + raided by Kentuckians, 206, 207. + + Sheltowee (Big Turtle), Boone's Indian name, 152. + + Silouee, Cherokee chief, 45. + + Sitting Bull, Indian hero, 52. + + Skaggs, Henry, heads Long Hunters, 92. + + Slavery, among Indians, 42; + negro, 33, 103, 184. + + Smith, John, on Indian warfare, 111. + + South Carolina, pioneers of, 13-15; + in Cherokee War, 43, 44, 48; + regulators, 61; + interest in Western settlement, 138, 178. + + Southern Indians, attack whites, 60, 202, 204. + See also Cherokee Indians. + + Spanish, extent of explorations, 85; + control Mississippi River, 202-205; + relations with Kentuckians, 197, 198, 202-205; + entice American colonists, 204, 205, 220, 222. + + Sports, of pioneers, 32, 33. + + Station Camp Creek, Boone on, 73-79. + + Staunton (Va.), Boone at, 183. + + Stephen, Col. Adam, raids Cherokees, 50. + + Stockfield, owned by Boone, 208. + + Stone, Uriah, in Kentucky, 90-92. + + Stone Mountain, crossed by Boone, 73. + + Stoner, Michael, Kentucky pioneer, 117. + + Stuart, John, early exploration of Kentucky, 66, 67; + accompanies Boone, 72-80; + death, 80. + + Sugar Tree Creek, Boones on, 27, 68. + + Surveying, on frontier, 88, 104, 107, 119-121, 127, 131, 171, 172, + 181, 192, 193, 198, 200, 208, 209, 211, 212. + + Sycamore Shoals, treaty at, 115, 116. + + + Tarleton, Col. Banastre, captures Boone, 182. + + Tate, Samuel, Kentucky pioneer, 117. + + Taylor, Hancock, hunts in Kentucky, 89, 90. + + --, Richard, hunts in Kentucky, 89, 90. + + Tecumseh, Indian hero, 52. + + Tennessee, Virginia hunters in, 20, 91; + Boone, 55-57; + Cherokee lands settled, 99; + attacked by Southern Indians, 202, 204. + + Terre Haute (Ind.), Virginians at, 91. + + Teugue Creek, Boone buried on, 240. + + Thoreau, Henry David, likened to Boone, 10. + + Todd, Capt. John, Kentucky pioneer, 125, 131; + militia leader, 134, 180; + killed by Indians, 188, 189. + + Towns, Oswell, Kentucky pioneer, 117. + + Transylvania Company, settles Kentucky, 113-176, 208; + nullified by Virginia, 134, 176. + + Trigg, Col. Stephen, militia leader, 181; + killed by Indians, 188, 189. + + Tryon, Gov. William, conflict with regulators, 101; + runs boundary line, 69. + + Turkeys, 18, 72, 76, 92, 133. + + Turtle Creek, Braddock's defeat on, 21. + + Twitty, Capt. William, Kentucky pioneer, 117. + + + Vardeman, John, Kentucky pioneer, 117. + + Vincennes (Ind.), won by Clark, 159, 169, 190. + + Virginia, early Indian hostilities, 111; + early explorations from, 85-87, 89-91; + pioneer advance through, 13-15, 20; + Boones in, 16, 43, 57; + path to Kentucky, 115; + in French and Indian War, 20-23, 37, 41, 47-49; + in Dunmore's War, 105-112; + losses in Indian wars, 205; + sends settlers to Kentucky, 178, 192; + opposition to Henderson, 116, 123, 127, 130, 133, 134, 176; + interest in Western settlement, 138; + regulators, 61; + organizes Kentucky County, 123, 133, 134, 174; + in Revolutionary War, 148, 169, 171, 203; + aids Kentucky, 138, 139, 143, 146, 150, 159, 165, 172, 174, 190, + 207, 208; + erects district of Kentucky, 195; + Boone in Assembly, 182, 183, 215; + grants land to Boone, 177; + fails to release Kentucky, 204. + + --, Valley of, its pioneers, 13-16, 19, 20, 24, 31, 35, 100, 102. + + + Waddell, Capt. Hugh, in French and Indian War, 21; + in Cherokee War, 44, 45, 49, 50, 55, 56. + + Walker, Felix, Kentucky pioneer, 117, 118. + + --, Dr. Thomas, in Kentucky, 87. + + War of 1812-15, effect on Missouri, 230. + + Ward, John, explores Kentucky, 66. + + Warriors' paths, 73, 76, 79, 180. + + Washington, George, in French and Indian War, 20, 21; + in Kentucky, 87-89, 100, 104; + in Revolutionary War, 138. + + Wayne, Gen. Anthony, conquers Indians, 217, 218. + + Welch, Rev. James E., describes Boone, 236, 237. + + Welsh, among frontiersmen, 4, 5. + + West Virginia, pioneer advance through, 13-15; + Boone in, 210-222, 235. + + Whitley, William, arrives in Kentucky, 125. + + Wilcoxen, Elizabeth, marries Benjamin Cutbirth, 66. + + Wildcats, 18. + + Wilderness Road, 130, 146, 172-174, 178, 184, 198, 202. + See also Cumberland Gap. + + Wilkes County (N.C.), Boone in, 68. + + Wilkesboro (N.C.), Boone near, 68. + + Wilkinson, Gen. James, raids Indians, 214. + + Wisconsin State Historical Society, possesses Boone's records, ix, + x, 208. + + Wolves, 18. + + Wood, Col. Abraham, on Western waters, 86. + + Wyandot Indians, in Revolutionary War, 184. + + + Xenia (O.), Boone near, 151, 152. + + + Zinzendorf und Pottendorf, Nikolaus Ludwig, Count von, Moravian + missionary, 7, 8. + + + + +AN IMPORTANT HISTORICAL BOOK. + +The History of the Louisiana Purchase. + +By Dr. JAMES K. HOSMER, Author of "A Short History of the Mississippi +Valley," etc. With Illustrations and Maps. 12mo. Cloth, $1.20 net; +postage, 12 cents additional. + + +The story that Dr. Hosmer tells of the acquisition of the western empire +included in the Louisiana Purchase presents fresh and picturesque phases +of a most important historical event of peculiar and timely interest, in +view of the anniversary which comes next year. He pictures the vague and +curious ideas of the Louisiana country held by most Americans one +hundred years ago, and the objections to this form of expansion. He +treats the changes in the ownership of the territory from France to +Spain, and again to France, and he develops fully the purposes and acts +of Jefferson and the American Commissioners in Paris. + +Of special importance from both the historical and personal points of +view are the chapters which picture more fully and vividly than has been +done before the leading part taken by Napoleon in bringing about the +sale of Louisiana, and the relations between France and America, which +are shown to possess a historical importance that has not been +appreciated. + +There has been no account of the Louisiana Purchase which is so popular +and constant in its interest, and the authoritative character of the +historian's work renders the volume indispensable for younger and older +readers who wish to gain a thorough knowledge of the personal elements +and the historic significance of the acquisition of Louisiana. + + + + +McMASTER'S FIFTH VOLUME. + +History of the People of the United States. + +By Prof. JOHN BACH MCMASTER. Vols. I, II, III, IV, and V now ready. 8vo. +Cloth, with Maps, $2.50 per volume. + + +The fifth volume covers the time of the administrations of John Quincy +Adams and Andrew Jackson, and describes the development of the +democratic spirit, the manifestations of new interest in social +problems, and the various conditions and plans presented between 1821 +and 1830. Many of the subjects included have necessitated years of +first-hand investigations, and are now treated adequately for the first +time. + + "John Bach McMaster needs no introduction, but only a + greeting.... The appearance of this fifth volume is an + event in American literature second to none in importance + this season."--_New York Times._ + + "This volume contains 576 pages, and every page is worth + reading. The author has ransacked a thousand new sources + of information, and has found a wealth of new details + throwing light upon all the private and public activities + of the American people of three quarters of a century + ago."--_Chicago Tribune._ + + "In the fifth volume Professor McMaster has kept up to the + high standard he set for himself in the previous numbers. + It is hard to realize thoroughly the amount of detailed + work necessary to produce these books, which contain the + best history of our country that has yet been + published."--_Philadelphia Telegraph._ + + "The first installment of the history came as a pleasant + surprise, and the later volumes have maintained a high + standard in regard to research and style of + treatment."--_New York Critic._ + + "A monumental work.... Professor McMaster gives on every + page ample evidence of exhaustive research for his + facts."--_Rochester Herald._ + + "The reader can not fail to be impressed by the wealth of + material out of which the author has weighed and condensed + and arranged his matter."--_Detroit Free Press._ + + "Professor McMaster is our most popular historian.... He + never wearies, even when dealing with subjects that would + be most wearisome under clumsier handling. This fifth + volume is the most triumphant evidence of his art."--_New + York Herald._ + + + + +By EDGAR STANTON MACLAY, A. M. + +=A History of the United States Navy.= (=1775 to 1902.=)--New and +revised edition. + + +In three volumes, the new volume containing an Account of the Navy since +the Civil War, with a history of the Spanish-American War revised to the +date of this edition, and an Account of naval operations in the +Philippines, etc. Technical Revision of the first two volumes by +Lieutenant ROY C. SMITH, U. S. N. Illustrated. 8vo. Cloth, $3.00 net per +volume; postage, 26 cents per volume additional. + +In the new edition of Vol. III, which is now ready for publication, the +author brings his History of the Navy down to the present time. In the +prefaces of the volumes of this history the author has expressed and +emphasized his desire for suggestions, new information, and corrections +which might be utilized in perfecting his work. He has, therefore, +carefully studied the evidence brought out at the recent Schley Court of +Inquiry, and while the findings of that Court were for the most part in +accordance with the results of his own historical investigations, he has +modified certain portions of his narrative. Whatever opinions may be +held regarding any phases of our recent naval history, the fact remains +that the industry, care, and thoroughness, which were unanimously +praised by newspaper reviewers and experts in the case of the first two +volumes, have been sedulously applied to the preparation of this new +edition of the third volume. + + +A History of American Privateers. + +Uniform with "A History of the United States Navy." One volume. +Illustrated. 8vo. Cloth, $3.00 net; postage, 24 cents additional. + +After several years of research the distinguished historian of American +sea power presents the first comprehensive account of one of the most +picturesque and absorbing phases of our maritime warfare. The importance +of the theme is indicated by the fact that the value of prizes and +cargoes taken by privateers in the Revolution was three times that of +the prizes and cargoes taken by naval vessels, while in the War of 1812 +we had 517 privateers and only 23 vessels in our navy. Mr. Maclay's +romantic tale is accompanied by reproductions of contemporary pictures, +portraits, and documents, and also by illustrations by Mr. George Gibbs. + + +The Private Journal of William Maclay, + +United States Senator from Pennsylvania, 1789-1791. With Portrait from +Original Miniature. Edited by EDGAR STANTON MACLAY, A. M. Large 8vo. +Cloth, $2.25. + +During his two years in the Senate William Maclay kept a journal of his +own in which he minutely recorded the transactions of each day. This +record throws a flood of light on the doings of our first legislators. + + + + +APPLETONS' WORLD SERIES. + + +A New Geographical Library. + +Edited by H. J. MACKINDER, M. A., Student of Christ Church, Reader in +Geography in the University of Oxford, Principal of Reading College. +Each, 8vo. Cloth. + +The series will consist of twelve volumes, each being an essay +descriptive of a great natural region, its marked physical features, and +the life of the people. 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Everything is presented in a clear-cut way, + and no pleasanter excursions into history can be found + than a study of 'The Presidents of the United + States.'"--_Philadelphia Press._ + + + + +=The United States of America.= + +_A Study of the American Commonwealth, its Natural Resources, People, +Industries, Manufactures, Commerce, and its Work in Literature, Science, +Education, and Self-Government._ + +Edited by NATHANIEL S. SHALER, S. D., + +PROFESSOR OF GEOLOGY IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY. + +=In two volumes, royal 8vo. Maps, and 150 full-page Illustrations. +Cloth, $10.00.= + +Every subject in this comprehensive work is timely, because it is of +immediate interest to every American. Special attention, however, may be +called to the account of "American Productive Industry," by the Hon. +Edward Atkinson, with its array of immensely informing diagrams and +tables; and also to "Industry and Finance," a succinct and logical +presentation of the subject by Professor F. W. Taussig, of Harvard +University. Both these eminent authorities deal with questions which are +uppermost to-day. + + +LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. + + HON. WILLIAM L. WILSON, Chairman of the Ways and Means + Committee, Fifty-third Congress. + HON. J. R. SOLEY, formerly Assistant Secretary of the Navy. + EDWARD ATKINSON, LL. D., PH. D. + COL. T. A. DODGE, U. S. A. + COL. GEORGE E. WARING, JR. + J. B. McMASTER, Professor of History in the University of + Pennsylvania. + CHARLES DUDLEY WARNER, LL. D. + MAJOR J. W. POWELL, Director of the United States Geological + Survey and the Bureau of Ethnology. + WILLIAM T. HARRIS, LL. D., U. S. Commissioner of Education. + LYMAN ABBOTT, D. D. + H. H. BANCROFT, author of "Native Races of the Pacific Coast." + HARRY PRATT JUDSON, Head Dean of the Colleges, Univ. of Chicago. + JUDGE THOMAS M. COOLEY, formerly Chairman of the Interstate + Commerce Commission. + CHARLES FRANCIS ADAMS. + D. A. SARGENT, M. D., Director Hemenway Gymnasium, Harvard Univ. + CHARLES HORTON COOLEY. + A. E. KENNELLY, Assistant to Thomas A. Edison. + D. C. GILMAN, LL. D., President of Johns Hopkins University. + H. G. PROUT, Editor of the Railroad Gazette. + F. D. MILLET, formerly Vice-Pres. of the National Academy of + Design. + F. W. TAUSSIG, Professor of Political Economy in Harvard + University. + HENRY VAN BRUNT. + H. P. FAIRFIELD. + SAMUEL W. ABBOTT, M. D., Sec. State Board of Health, Massachusetts. + N. S. SHALER. + + + Sold only by subscription. Prospectus, giving detailed + chapter titles and specimen illustrations, mailed free on + request. + + + + +=THE CONCISE KNOWLEDGE LIBRARY.= + +Each, small 8vo, half leather, $2.00. + +=The History of the World,= + +From the Earliest Historical Time to the Year 1898. By EDGAR SANDERSON, +M. 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Such association has been _Mr. + Grinnell's."--New York Sun._ + + + + +STANDARD HISTORICAL WORKS. + + +The American Revolution, 1763-1783. + +Being the Chapters and Passages relating to America, from the Author's +"History of England in the Eighteenth Century." By WILLIAM EDWARD +HARTPOLE LECKY, M. P. Arranged and edited, with Historical and +Biographical Notes, by James Albert Woodburn, Professor of American +History and Politics in Indiana University. 12mo. Cloth, $1.25. + + +The Rise and Growth of the English Nation. + +With Special Reference to Epochs and Crises. A History of and for the +People. By W. H. S. Aubrey, LL. D. In three volumes. 12mo. 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Translated and edited by Robert B. +Douglas. With Introduction and Frontispiece. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50. + + + + +STANDARD HISTORICAL WORKS. + + +History of the People of the United States, + +From the Revolution to the Civil War. By JOHN BACH MCMASTER. To be +completed in Six Volumes. Vols. I, II, III, IV, and V now ready. 8vo. +Cloth, gilt top, $2.50 each. + + +The Beginners of a Nation. + +By EDWARD EGGLESTON. A History of the Source and Rise of the Earliest +English Settlements in America, with Special Reference to the Life and +Character of the People. The first volume in a History of Life in the +United States. Small 8vo. Gilt top, uncut, with Maps. Cloth, $1.50. + + +The Transit of Civilization. + +From England to America in the Seventeenth Century. By EDWARD EGGLESTON. +Uniform with "The Beginners of a Nation." Small 8vo. Gilt top, uncut. +Cloth, $1.50. + + +The Household History of the United States and its People. + +By EDWARD EGGLESTON. For Young Americans. 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The success it has met with since the +first volume was issued, and the widespread attention it has attracted, +indicate that it has satisfactorily fulfilled its purpose, viz., to +provide in a popular form and moderate compass the records of the lives +of men who have been conspicuously eminent in the great conflicts that +established American independence and maintained our national integrity +and unity. Each biography has been written by an author especially well +qualified for the task, and the result is not only a series of +fascinating stories of the lives and deeds of great men, but a rich mine +of valuable information for the student of American history and +biography. + + Each, 12mo, cloth, gilt top, $1.50 net. + Postage, 11 cents additional, + + + NOW READY. + + Admiral Farragut By Captain A. T. MAHAN, U. S. N. + General Taylor By General O. O. HOWARD, U. S. A. + General Jackson By JAMES PARTON. + General Greene By General FRANCIS V. GREENE. + General J. E. 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