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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, Daniel Boone, by Reuben Gold Thwaites
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: Daniel Boone
+
+
+Author: Reuben Gold Thwaites
+
+
+
+Release Date: June 5, 2012  [eBook #39927]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DANIEL BOONE***
+
+
+E-text prepared by David Edwards, Melissa McDaniel, and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page images
+generously made available by Internet Archive (http://archive.org)
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustrations.
+      See 39927-h.htm or 39927-h.zip:
+      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/39927/39927-h/39927-h.htm)
+      or
+      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/39927/39927-h.zip)
+
+
+      Images of the original pages are available through
+      Internet Archive. See
+      http://archive.org/details/danielboone00thwaiala
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+      Inconsistent hyphenation and spelling in the original
+      document have been preserved.  Obvious typographical
+      errors have been corrected.
+
+      Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_).
+
+      Text enclosed by equal signs is in bold face (=bold=).
+
+      The author used superscripted numbers to indicate which
+      of several people with the same name are being referred
+      to. The superscript notation has been replaced in the
+      text with a number within curly brackets (e.g., George{1},
+      George{2}).
+
+
+
+
+  [Illustration: DANIEL BOONE.
+    From the portrait by Chester Harding made in 1819, when Boone was
+    eighty-five years old. (See pp. 237-239.)]
+
+
+
+
+DANIEL BOONE
+
+by
+
+REUBEN GOLD THWAITES
+
+Author of "Father Marquette," "The Colonies, 1492-1750,"
+"Down Historic Waterways," "Afloat on the
+Ohio," etc.; Editor of "The Jesuit Relations and
+Allied Documents," "Chronicles of Border
+Warfare," "Wisconsin Historical
+Collections," etc.
+
+Illustrated
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+NEW YORK
+D. Appleton & Company
+1902
+
+Copyright, 1902
+By D. Appleton and Company
+
+Published September, 1902
+
+
+
+
+      TO THE MEMORY OF THE LATE
+
+      LYMAN COPELAND DRAPER, LL.D.
+
+      WHOSE UNPARALLELED COLLECTION OF
+      MANUSCRIPT MATERIALS FOR WESTERN
+      HISTORY IN THE LIBRARY OF THE
+      WISCONSIN STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY
+      HAS MADE PRACTICABLE THE
+      PREPARATION OF THIS LITTLE BOOK
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+Poets, historians, and orators have for a hundred years sung the praises
+of Daniel Boone as the typical backwoodsman of the trans-Alleghany
+region. Despite popular belief, he was not really the founder of
+Kentucky. Other explorers and hunters had been there long before him; he
+himself was piloted through Cumberland Gap by John Finley; and his was
+not even the first permanent settlement in Kentucky, for Harrodsburg
+preceded it by nearly a year; his services in defense of the West,
+during nearly a half century of border warfare, were not comparable to
+those of George Rogers Clark or Benjamin Logan; as a commonwealth
+builder he was surpassed by several. Nevertheless, Boone's picturesque
+career possesses a romantic and even pathetic interest that can never
+fail to charm the student of history. He was great as a hunter,
+explorer, surveyor, and land-pilot--probably he found few equals as a
+rifleman; no man on the border knew Indians more thoroughly or fought
+them more skilfully than he; his life was filled to the brim with
+perilous adventures. He was not a man of affairs, he did not understand
+the art of money-getting, and he lost his lands because, although a
+surveyor, he was careless of legal forms of entry. He fled before the
+advance of the civilization which he had ushered in: from Pennsylvania,
+wandering with his parents to North Carolina in search of broader lands;
+thence into Kentucky because the Carolina borders were crowded; then to
+the Kanawha Valley, for the reason that Kentucky was being settled too
+fast to suit his fancy; lastly to far-off Missouri, in order, as he
+said, to get "elbow room." Experiences similar to his have made
+misanthropes of many another man--like Clark, for instance; but the
+temperament of this honest, silent, nature-loving man only mellowed with
+age; his closing years were radiant with the sunshine of serene content
+and the dimly appreciated consciousness of world-wide fame; and he died
+full of years, in heart a simple hunter to the last--although he had
+also served with credit as magistrate, soldier, and legislator. At his
+death the Constitutional Convention of Missouri went into mourning for
+twenty days, and the State of Kentucky claimed his bones, and has
+erected over them a suitable monument.
+
+There have been published many lives of Boone, but none of them in
+recent years. Had the late Dr. Lyman Copeland Draper, of Wisconsin, ever
+written the huge biography for which he gathered materials throughout a
+lifetime of laborious collection, those volumes--there were to be
+several--would doubtless have uttered the last possible word concerning
+the famous Kentucky pioneer. Draper's manuscript, however, never
+advanced beyond a few chapters; but the raw materials which he gathered
+for this work, and for many others of like character, are now in the
+library of the Wisconsin State Historical Society, available to all
+scholars. From this almost inexhaustible treasure-house the present
+writer has obtained the bulk of his information, and has had the
+advantage of being able to consult numerous critical notes made by his
+dear and learned friend. A book so small as this, concerning a character
+every phase of whose career was replete with thrilling incident, would
+doubtless not have won the approbation of Dr. Draper, whose
+unaccomplished biographical plans were all drawn upon a large scale; but
+we are living in a busy age, and life is brief--condensation is the
+necessary order of the day. It will always be a source of regret that
+Draper's projected literary monument to Boone was not completed for the
+press, although its bulk would have been forbidding to any but
+specialists, who would have sought its pages as a cyclopedia of Western
+border history.
+
+Through the courtesy both of Colonel Reuben T. Durrett, of Louisville,
+President of the Filson Club, and of Mrs. Ranck, we are permitted to
+include among our illustrations reproductions of some of the plates in
+the late George W. Ranck's stately monograph upon Boonesborough. Aid in
+tracing original portraits of Boone has been received from Mrs. Jennie
+C. Morton and General Fayette Hewitt, of Frankfort; Miss Marjory Dawson
+and Mr. W. G. Lackey, of St. Louis; Mr. William H. King, of Winnetka,
+Ill.; and Mr. J. Marx Etting, of Philadelphia.
+
+      R. G. T.
+      MADISON, WIS., _1902_.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+   CHAPTER                                                        PAGE
+
+         PREFACE                                                   vii
+
+      I. ANCESTRY AND TRAINING                                       1
+
+     II. THE NIMROD OF THE YADKIN                                   13
+
+    III. LIFE ON THE BORDER                                         24
+
+     IV. RED MAN AGAINST WHITE MAN                                  35
+
+      V. KENTUCKY REACHED AT LAST                                   55
+
+     VI. ALONE IN THE WILDERNESS                                    71
+
+    VII. PREDECESSORS AND CONTEMPORARIES                            85
+
+   VIII. THE HERO OF CLINCH VALLEY                                  97
+
+     IX. THE SETTLEMENT OF KENTUCKY                                113
+
+      X. TWO YEARS OF DARKNESS                                     129
+
+     XI. THE SIEGE OF BOONESBOROUGH                                146
+
+    XII. SOLDIER AND STATESMAN                                     169
+
+   XIII. KENTUCKY'S PATH OF THORNS                                 192
+
+   XIV. IN THE KANAWHA VALLEY                                      211
+
+    XV. A SERENE OLD AGE                                           223
+
+        INDEX                                                      243
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+                                                           FACING PAGE
+
+      Portrait of Daniel Boone                          _Frontispiece_
+
+      Boone's powder-horn and bake-kettle                           30
+
+      A Boone tree, 1760                                            56
+
+      A survey note by Boone                                       120
+
+      Fort Boonesborough                                           136
+
+      Climax of the treaty                                         162
+
+      Site of Boonesborough to-day                                 174
+
+      Boone's cabin in St. Charles County, Missouri                224
+
+      Nathan Boone's house in St. Charles County, Missouri         230
+
+      Boone's religious views (two pages)                          234
+
+      Boone's monument at Frankfort, Ky.                           240
+
+
+
+
+DANIEL BOONE
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+ANCESTRY AND TRAINING
+
+
+The grandfather of Daniel Boone--George by name--was born in 1666 at the
+peaceful little hamlet of Stoak, near the city of Exeter, in Devonshire,
+England. His father had been a blacksmith; but he himself acquired the
+weaver's art. In due time George married Mary Maugridge, a young woman
+three years his junior, and native of the neighboring village of
+Bradninch, whither he had gone to follow his trade. This worthy couple,
+professed Quakers, became the parents of nine children, all born in
+Bradninch--George, Sarah, Squire,[1] Mary, John, Joseph, Benjamin,
+James, and Samuel. All of these, except John, married, and left
+numerous descendants in America.
+
+The elder Boones were ambitious for the welfare of their large family.
+They were also fretful under the bitter intolerance encountered by
+Quakers in those unrestful times. As the children grew to maturity, the
+enterprising weaver sought information regarding the colony which his
+coreligionist William Penn had, some thirty years previous, established
+in America, where were promised cheap lands, religious freedom,
+political equality, and exact justice to all men. There were then no
+immigration bureaus to encourage and instruct those who proposed
+settling in America; no news-letters from traveling correspondents, to
+tell the people at home about the Western world; or books or pamphlets
+illustrating the country. The only method which occurred to George
+Boone, of Bradninch, by which he could satisfy himself regarding the
+possibilities of Pennsylvania as a future home for his household, was to
+send out some of his older children as prospectors.
+
+Accordingly--somewhere about 1712-14, family tradition says--young
+George (aged from twenty-two to twenty-four years), Sarah (a year and a
+half younger), and Squire (born November 25, 1696) were despatched to
+the promised land, and spent several months in its inspection. Leaving
+Sarah and Squire in Pennsylvania, George returned to his parents with a
+favorable report.
+
+On the seventeenth of August, 1717, the Boones, parents and children,
+bade a sorrowful but brave farewell to their relatives and friends in
+old Bradninch, whom they were never again to see. After journeying some
+eighty miles over rugged country to the port of Bristol, they there
+entered a sailing vessel bound for Philadelphia, where they safely
+arrived upon the tenth of October.
+
+Philadelphia was then but a village. Laid out like a checker-board, with
+architecture of severe simplicity, its best residences were surrounded
+by gardens and orchards. The town was substantial, neat, and had the
+appearance of prosperity; but the frontier was not far away--beyond
+outlying fields the untamed forest closed in upon the little capital.
+The fur trade flourished but two or three days' journey into the forest,
+and Indians were frequently seen upon the streets. When, therefore, the
+Boones decided to settle in what is now Abingdon, twelve or fourteen
+miles north of the town, in a sparse neighborhood of Quaker farmers,
+they at once became backwoodsmen, such as they remained for the rest of
+their lives.
+
+They were, however, not long in Abingdon. Soon after, we find them
+domiciled a few miles to the northwest in the little frontier hamlet of
+North Wales, in Gwynedd township; this was a Welsh community whose
+members had, a few years before, turned Quakers.
+
+Sarah Boone appears, about this time, to have married one Jacob Stover,
+a German who settled in Oley township, now in Berks County. The elder
+George Boone, now that he had become accustomed to moving, after his
+long, quiet years as a Devonshire weaver, appears to have made small ado
+over folding his family tent and seeking other pastures. In 1718 he took
+out a warrant for four hundred acres of land in Oley, and near the
+close of the following year removed to his daughter's neighborhood.
+This time he settled in earnest, for here in Oley--or rather the later
+subdivision thereof called Exeter--he spent the remainder of his days,
+dying in his original log cabin there, in 1744, at the age of
+seventy-eight. He left eight children, fifty-two grandchildren, and ten
+great-grandchildren--in all, seventy descendants: Devonshire men,
+Germans, Welsh, and Scotch-Irish amalgamated into a sturdy race of
+American pioneers.
+
+Among the early Welsh Quakers in the rustic neighborhood of North Wales
+were the Morgans. On the twenty-third of July, 1720, at the Gwynedd
+meeting-house, in accordance with the Quaker ceremony, Squire Boone
+married Sarah Morgan, daughter of John. A descendant tells us that at
+this time "Squire Boone was a man of rather small stature, fair
+complexion, red hair, and gray eyes; while his wife was a woman
+something over the common size, strong and active, with black hair and
+eyes, and raised in the Quaker order."
+
+For ten or eleven years Squire and Sarah Boone lived in Gwynedd
+township, probably on rented land, the former adding to their small
+income by occasional jobs of weaving, for he had learned his father's
+trade. They were thrifty folk, but it took ten years under these
+primitive conditions to accumulate even the small sum sufficient to
+acquire a farm of their own. Toward the close of the year 1730, Squire
+obtained for a modest price a grant of 250 acres of land situated in his
+father's township, Oley--a level tract adapted to grazing purposes, on
+Owatin Creek, some eight miles southeast of the present city of Reading,
+and a mile and a half from Exeter meeting-house. Here, probably early in
+1731, the Boones removed with their four children. Relatives and Quaker
+neighbors assisted, after the manner of the frontier, in erecting a log
+cabin for the new-comers and in clearing and fencing for them a small
+patch of ground.
+
+In this rude backwoods home, in the valley of the Schuylkill, was born,
+upon the second of November (new style), 1734, Daniel Boone, fourth son
+and sixth child of Squire and Sarah. It is thought that the name Daniel
+was suggested by that of Daniel Boone, a well-known Dutch painter who
+had died in London in 1698, "and who may have been known, or distantly
+related, to the family." The other children were: Sarah (born in 1724),
+Israel (1726), Samuel (1728), Jonathan (1730), Elizabeth (1732), Mary
+(1736), George (1739), Edward (1744), Squire, and Hannah, all of them
+natives of Oley.[2]
+
+Born into a frontier community, Daniel Boone's entire life was spent
+amid similar surroundings, varying only in degree. With the sight of
+Indians he was from the first familiar. They frequently visited Oley and
+Exeter, and were cordially received by the Quakers. George Boone's house
+was the scene of many a friendly gathering of the tribesmen. When Daniel
+was eight years of age, the celebrated Moravian missionary, Count
+Zinzendorf, held a synod in a barn at Oley, a party of converted
+Delaware Indians, who preached in favor of Christianity, being the
+principal attractions at this meeting. Thus young Boone started in life
+with an accurate knowledge of the American savage, which served him well
+during his later years of adventurous exploration and settlement-building.
+
+Squire Boone appears soon to have become a leader in his community. His
+farm, to whose acres he from time to time added, was attended to as
+closely as was usual among the frontiersmen of his day; and at home the
+business of weaving was not neglected, for he kept in frequent
+employment five or six looms, making "homespun" cloths for his neighbors
+and the market. He had an excellent grazing range some five or six miles
+north of the homestead, and each season sent his stock thither, as was
+the custom at that time. Mrs. Boone and Daniel accompanied the cows, and
+from early spring until late in autumn lived in a rustic cabin, far from
+any other human beings. Hard by, over a cool spring, was a dairy-house,
+in which the stout-armed mother made and kept her butter and cheese;
+while her favorite boy watched the herd as, led by their bell-carriers,
+they roamed at will through the woods, his duty at sunset being to drive
+them to the cabin for milking, and later to lock them for the night
+within the cow-pens, secure from wild animals or prowling
+cattle-thieves.
+
+While tending his cattle, a work involving abundant leisure, the young
+herdsman was also occupied in acquiring the arts of the forest. For the
+first two or three years--his pastoral life having commenced at the
+tender age of ten--his only weapon was a slender, smoothly shaved
+sapling, with a small bunch of gnarled roots at the end, in throwing
+which he grew so expert as easily to kill birds and other small game.
+When reaching the dignity of a dozen years, his father bought him a
+rifle, with which he soon became an unerring marksman. But, although he
+henceforth provided wild meat enough for the family, his passion for
+hunting sometimes led him to neglect the cattle, which were allowed to
+stray far from home and pass the night in the deep forest.
+
+Soon each summer of herding came to be succeeded by a winter's hunt. In
+this occupation the boy roved far and wide over the Neversink
+mountain-range to the north and west of Monocacy Valley, killing and
+curing game for the family, and taking the skins to Philadelphia, where
+he exchanged them for articles needed in the chase--long hunting-knives,
+and flints, lead, and powder for his gun.
+
+In those days the children of the frontier grew up with but slight store
+of such education as is obtainable from books. The open volume of
+nature, however, they carefully conned. The ways of the wilderness they
+knew full well--concerning the storms and floods, the trees and hills,
+the wild animals and the Indians, they were deeply learned; well they
+knew how to live alone in the forest, and to thrive happily although
+surrounded by a thousand lurking dangers. This quiet, mild-mannered,
+serious-faced Quaker youth, Daniel Boone, was an ardent lover of the
+wild woods and their inhabitants, which he knew as did Audubon and
+Thoreau; but of regular schooling he had none. When he was about
+fourteen years of age, his brother Samuel, nearly seven years his
+senior, married Sarah Day, an intelligent young Quakeress who had more
+education than was customary in this neighborhood. Sarah taught Daniel
+the elements of "the three R's." To this knowledge he added somewhat by
+later self-teaching, so that as a man he could read understandingly, do
+rough surveying, keep notes of his work, and write a sensible although
+badly spelled letter--for our backwoods hero was, in truth, no scholar,
+although as well equipped in this direction as were most of his fellows.
+
+In time Squire Boone, a man of enterprise and vigor, added blacksmithing
+to his list of occupations, and employed his young sons in this lusty
+work. Thus Daniel served, for a time, as a worker in iron as well as a
+hunter and herdsman; although it was noticed that his art was chiefly
+developed in the line of making and mending whatever pertained to traps
+and guns. He was a fearless rider of his father's horses; quick, though
+bred a Quaker, to resent what he considered wrong treatment;[3] true to
+his young friends; fond of long, solitary tramps through the dark
+forest, or of climbing hilltops for bird's-eye views of the
+far-stretching wilderness. Effective training this, for the typical
+pioneer of North America.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] Not an abbreviation of "esquire," as has been supposed, but given
+because of some old family connection. This name was transmitted through
+several generations of Boones.
+
+[2] Edward was killed by Indians when thirty-six years old, and Squire
+died at the age of seventy-six. Their brothers and sisters lived to ages
+varying from eighty-three to ninety-one.
+
+[3] Indeed, it is a matter of record that other members also of this
+stout-hearted Devonshire family were "sometimes rather too belligerent
+and self-willed," and had "occasionally to be dealt with by the
+meeting." Daniel's oldest sister, Sarah, married a man who was not a
+Quaker, and consequently she was "disowned" by the society. His oldest
+brother, Israel, also married a worldling and was similarly treated; and
+their father, who countenanced Israel's disloyal act and would not
+retract his error, was in 1748 likewise expelled.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+THE NIMROD OF THE YADKIN
+
+
+The lofty barrier of the Alleghany Mountains was of itself sufficient to
+prevent the pioneers of Pennsylvania from wandering far westward.
+Moreover, the Indians beyond these hills were fiercer than those with
+whom the Quakers were familiar; their occasional raids to the eastward,
+through the mountain passes, won for them a reputation which did not
+incline the border farmers to cultivate their further acquaintance. To
+the southwest, however, there were few obstacles to the spread of
+settlement. For several hundred miles the Appalachians run in parallel
+ranges from northeast to southwest--from Pennsylvania, through Virginia,
+West Virginia, the Carolinas, and east Tennessee, until at last they
+degenerate into scattered foot-hills upon the Georgia plain. Through the
+long, deep troughs between these ranges--notably in the famous Valley of
+Virginia between the Blue Ridge and the Alleghanies--Pennsylvanians
+freely wandered into the south and southwest, whenever possessed by
+thirst for new and broader lands. Hostile Indians sometimes penetrated
+these great valleys and brought misery in their train; but the work of
+pioneering along this path was less arduous than had the western
+mountains been scaled at a time when the colonists were still few and
+weak.
+
+Between the years 1732 and 1750, numerous groups of
+Pennsylvanians--Germans and Irish largely, with many Quakers among
+them--had been wending their way through the mountain troughs, and
+gradually pushing forward the line of settlement, until now it had
+reached the upper waters of the Yadkin River, in the northwest corner of
+North Carolina. Trials abundant fell to their lot; but the soil of the
+valleys was unusually fertile, game was abundant, the climate mild, the
+country beautiful, and life in general upon the new frontier, although
+rough, such as to appeal to the borderers as a thing desirable. The
+glowing reports of each new group attracted others. Thus was the
+wilderness tamed by a steady stream of immigration from the older lands
+of the northern colonies, while not a few penetrated to this Arcadia
+through the passes of the Blue Ridge, from eastern Virginia and the
+Carolinas.
+
+Squire and Sarah Boone, of Oley, now possessed eleven children, some of
+whom were married and settled within this neighborhood which consisted
+so largely of the Boones and their relatives. The choicest lands of
+eastern Pennsylvania had at last been located. The outlook for the
+younger Boones, who soon would need new homesteads, did not appear
+encouraging. The fame of the Yadkin Valley, five hundred miles
+southwestward, had reached Oley, and thither, in the spring of 1750, the
+majority of the Boones, after selling their lands and surplus stock,
+bravely took up the line of march.[4]
+
+With the women and children stowed in canvas-covered wagons, the men and
+boys riding their horses at front and rear, and driving the lagging
+cattle, the picturesque little caravan slowly found its way to the ford
+at Harper's Ferry, thence up the beautiful valley of the Shenandoah. By
+night they pitched their camps beside some gurgling spring, gathered the
+animals within the circle of the wagons, and, with sentinel posted
+against possible surprises by Indians, sat around the blazing fire to
+discuss the experiences of the day--Daniel, as the hunter for the party,
+doubtless having the most interesting adventures of them all.
+
+Tradition has it that the Boones tarried by the way, for a year or more,
+on Linnville Creek, six miles north of Harrisonburg, in Rockingham
+County, Va. In any event, they appear to have resumed their journey by
+the autumn of 1751. Pushing on through the Valley of Virginia--an
+undulating, heavily forested table-land from three to ten miles in
+width--they forded the upper waters of numerous rivers, some of which,
+according to the tilt of the land, flow eastward and southeastward
+toward the Atlantic, and others westward and southwestward toward the
+Ohio. This is one of the fairest and most salubrious regions in America;
+but they did not again stop until the promised land of the Yadkin was
+reached.
+
+The country was before them, to choose from it practically what they
+would. Between the Yadkin and the Catawba there was a broad expanse of
+elevated prairie, yielding a luxuriant growth of grass, while the
+bottoms skirting the numerous streams were thick-grown to canebrake.
+Here were abundant meadows for the cattle, fish and game and wild fruits
+in quantity quite exceeding young Daniel's previous experience, a
+well-tempered climate, and to the westward a mountain-range which cast
+long afternoon shadows over the plain and spoke eloquently of untamed
+dominions beyond. Out of this land of plenty Squire Boone chose a claim
+at Buffalo Lick, where Dutchman's Creek joins with the North Fork of
+Yadkin.
+
+Daniel was now a lad of eighteen. Nominally, he helped in the working of
+his father's farm and in the family smithy; actually, he was more often
+in the woods with his long rifle. At first, buffaloes were so plenty
+that a party of three or four men, with dogs, could kill from ten to
+twenty in a day; but soon the sluggish animals receded before the
+advance of white men, hiding themselves behind the mountain wall. An
+ordinary hunter could slaughter four or five deer in a day; in the
+autumn, he might from sunrise to sunset shoot enough bears to provide
+over a ton of bear-bacon for winter use; wild turkeys were easy prey;
+beavers, otters, and muskrats abounded; while wolves, panthers, and
+wildcats overran the country. Overcome by his passion for the chase, our
+young Nimrod soon began to spend months at a time in the woods,
+especially in autumn and winter. He found also more profit in this
+occupation than at either the forge or the plow; for at their nearest
+market town, Salisbury, twenty miles away, good prices were paid for
+skins, which were regularly shipped thence to the towns upon the
+Atlantic coast.
+
+The Catawba Indians lived about sixty miles distant, and the Cherokees
+still farther. These tribesmen not infrequently visited the thinly
+scattered settlement on the Yadkin, seeking trade with the whites, with
+whom they were as yet on good terms. They were, however, now and then
+raided by Northern Indians, particularly the Shawnese, who, collecting
+in the Valley of Virginia, swept down upon them with fury; sometimes
+also committing depredations upon the whites who had befriended their
+tribal enemies, and who unfortunately had staked their farms in the
+old-time war-path of the marauders.
+
+In the year 1754, the entire American border, from the Yadkin to the St.
+Lawrence, became deeply concerned in the Indian question. France and
+England had long been rivals for the mastery of the North American
+continent lying west of the Alleghanies. France had established a weak
+chain of posts upon the upper Great Lakes, and down the Mississippi
+River to New Orleans, thus connecting Canada with Louisiana. In the
+Valley of the Ohio, however, without which the French could not long
+hold the Western country, there was a protracted rivalry between French
+and English fur-traders, each seeking to supplant the intruding
+foreigner. This led to the outbreak of the French and Indian War, which
+was waged vigorously for five years, until New France fell, and the
+English obtained control of all Canada and that portion of the continent
+lying between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mississippi.
+
+As early as 1748, backwoodsmen from Pennsylvania had made a small
+settlement on New River, just west of the Alleghanies--a settlement
+which the Boones must have visited, as it lay upon the road to the
+Yadkin; and in the same season several adventurous Virginians hunted and
+made land-claims in Kentucky and Tennessee. In the following year there
+was formed for Western fur trading and colonizing purposes, the Ohio
+Company, composed of wealthy Virginians, among them two brothers of
+George Washington. In 1753 French soldiers built a little log fort on
+French Creek, a tributary of the Alleghany; and, despite Virginia's
+protest, delivered by young Major Washington, were planning to erect
+another at the forks of the Ohio, where Pittsburg now is. Thither
+Washington went, in the succeeding year, with a body of Virginia
+militiamen, to construct an English stockade at the forks; but the
+French defeated him in the Great Meadows hard by and themselves erected
+the fort. It is thought by some writers that young Boone, then twenty
+years of age, served in the Pennsylvania militia which protected the
+frontier from the Indian forays which succeeded this episode. A year
+later (1755) the inexperienced General Braddock, fresh from England, set
+out, with Washington upon his staff, to teach a lesson to these
+Frenchmen who had intruded upon land claimed by the colony of Virginia.
+
+In Braddock's little army were a hundred North Carolina frontiersmen,
+under Captain Hugh Waddell; their wagoner and blacksmith was Daniel
+Boone. His was one of those heavily laden baggage-wagons which, history
+tells us, greatly impeded the progress of the English, and contributed
+not a little to the terrible disaster which overtook the column in the
+ravine of Turtle Creek, only a few miles from Pittsburg. The
+baggage-train was the center of a fierce attack from Indians, led by
+French officers, and many drivers were killed. Young Boone, however, cut
+the traces of his team, and mounting a horse, fortunately escaped by
+flight. Behind him the Indian allies of the French, now unchecked, laid
+waste the panic-stricken frontiers of Pennsylvania and Virginia. But the
+Yadkin, which Boone soon reached, was as yet unscarred; the Northern
+tribes were busied in the tide of intercolonial warfare, and the
+Catawbas and Cherokees thus far remained steadfast to their old-time
+promises of peace.
+
+Daniel was now a man, full-grown. He had brought home with him not only
+some knowledge of what war meant, but his imagination had become heated
+by a new passion--the desire to explore as well as to hunt. While upon
+the campaign he had fallen in with another adventurous soul, John Finley
+by name, who fired his heart with strange tales of lands and game to the
+west of the mountains. Finley was a Scotch-Irishman of roving
+tendencies, who had emigrated to Pennsylvania and joined a colony of his
+compatriots. As early as 1752 he had become a fur-trader. In the course
+of his rambles many perilous adventures befell him in the Kentucky
+wilds, into which he had penetrated as far as the Falls of the Ohio,
+where Louisville is now built. Hurrying, with other woodsmen, to
+Braddock's support, he enrolled himself under George Croghan, a famous
+trader to the Indians. But the expert services of Croghan and his men,
+who, well understanding the methods of savages upon the war-path,
+offered to serve as scouts, were coldly rejected by Braddock, who soon
+had occasion to regret that he had not taken their advice.
+
+Finley found in the Yadkin wagoner a kindred spirit, and suggested to
+him with eagerness a method of reaching Kentucky by following the trail
+of the buffaloes and the Shawnese, northwestward through Cumberland Gap.
+To reach this hunter's paradise, to which Finley had pointed the way,
+was now Boone's daily dream.
+
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[4] John and James remained, and lived and died in Oley.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+LIFE ON THE BORDER
+
+
+It was many years before Daniel Boone realized his dream of reaching
+Kentucky. Such an expedition into the far-off wilderness could not be
+lightly undertaken; its hardships and dangers were innumerable; and the
+way thither from the forks of the Yadkin was not as easily found,
+through this perplexing tangle of valleys and mountains, as Finley had
+supposed. His own route had doubtless been over the Ohio Company's pass
+from the upper waters of the Potomac to a tributary of the Monongahela.
+
+Another reason caused Daniel long to linger near his home. A half-dozen
+years before the Boones reached the Yadkin country there had located
+here a group of several related families, the Bryans, originally from
+Ireland. Pennsylvanians at first, they had, as neighbors crowded them,
+drifted southwestward into the Valley of Virginia; and finally, keeping
+well ahead of other settlers, established themselves at the forks of the
+Yadkin. They took kindly to the Boones, the two groups intermarried, and
+both were in due course pioneers of Kentucky. Rebecca, the daughter of
+Joseph Bryan, was fifteen years of age when Daniel first read his fate
+in her shining black eyes. In the spring following his return from
+Braddock's slaughter-pen he led her to the altar, the ceremony being
+performed by old Squire Boone--farmer, weaver, blacksmith, and now
+justice of the peace for Rowan County.
+
+An historian of the border, who had studied well the family traditions,
+thus describes Daniel and Rebecca at the time when they set forth
+together upon the journey of life: "Behold that young man, exhibiting
+such unusual firmness and energy of character, five feet eight inches in
+height, with broad chest and shoulders, his form gradually tapering
+downward to his extremities; his hair moderately black; blue eyes arched
+with yellowish eyebrows; his lips thin, with a mouth peculiarly wide; a
+countenance fair and ruddy, with a nose a little bordering on the Roman
+order. Such was Daniel Boone, now past twenty-one, presenting altogether
+a noble, manly, prepossessing appearance.... Rebecca Bryan, whose brow
+had now been fanned by the breezes of seventeen summers, was, like
+Rebecca of old, 'very fair to look upon,' with jet-black hair and eyes,
+complexion rather dark, and something over the common size of her sex;
+her whole demeanor expressive of her childlike artlessness, pleasing in
+her address, and unaffectedly kind in all her deportment. Never was
+there a more gentle, affectionate, forbearing creature than this same
+fair youthful bride of the Yadkin." In the annals of the frontier, as
+elsewhere, all brides are fair and grooms are manly; but, allowing for
+the natural enthusiasm of hero-worshipers, we may, from the abundance of
+testimony to that effect, at least conclude that Daniel and Rebecca
+Boone were a well-favored couple, fit to rear a family of sturdy
+borderers.
+
+It was neither the day nor the place for expensive trousseaus and
+wedding journeys. After a hilarious wedding-feast, Boone and his wife,
+with scanty equipment, immediately commenced their hard task of winning
+a livelihood from the soil and the forest. At first occupying a rude log
+cabin in his father's yard, they soon afterward acquired some level land
+of their own, lying upon Sugar Tree, a tributary of Dutchman's Creek, in
+the Bryan settlement, a few miles north of Squire Boone's. All of this
+neighborhood lies within what is now Davie County, still one of the
+richest farming districts in North Carolina. Save when driven out by
+Indian alarms and forays, they here lived quietly for many years.
+
+The pioneers in the then back country, along the eastern foot-hills of
+the Alleghanies, led a rough, primitive life, such as is hardly possible
+to-day, when there is no longer any frontier within the United States,
+and but few districts are so isolated as to be more than two or three
+days' journey from a railway. Most of them, however, had been bred, as
+were the Boones and the Bryans, to the rude experiences of the border.
+With slight knowledge of books, they were accustomed to living in the
+simplest manner, and from childhood were inured to the hardships and
+privations incident to great distance from the centers of settlement;
+they possessed the virtues of hospitality and neighborliness, and were
+hardy, rugged, honest-hearted folk, admirably suited to their
+self-appointed task of forcing back the walls of savagery, in order that
+civilization might cover the land. We may well honor them for the great
+service that they rendered to mankind.
+
+The dress of a backwoodsman like Daniel Boone was a combination of
+Indian and civilized attire. A long hunting-shirt, of coarse cloth or of
+dressed deerskins, sometimes with an ornamental collar, was his
+principal garment; drawers and leggings of like material were worn; the
+feet were encased in moccasins of deerskin--soft and pliant, but cold in
+winter, even when stuffed with deer's hair or dry leaves, and so spongy
+as to be no protection against wet feet, which made every hunter an
+early victim to rheumatism. Hanging from the belt, which girt the
+hunting-shirt, were the powder-horn, bullet-pouch, scalping-knife, and
+tomahawk; while the breast of the shirt served as a generous pocket for
+food when the hunter or warrior was upon the trail. For head-covering,
+the favorite was a soft cap of coonskin, with the bushy tail dangling
+behind; but Boone himself despised this gear, and always wore a hat. The
+women wore huge sunbonnets and loose gowns of home-made cloth; they
+generally went barefoot in summer, but wore moccasins in winter.
+
+Daniel Boone's cabin was a simple box of logs, reared in "cob-house"
+style, the chinks stuffed with moss and clay, with a door and perhaps
+but a single window. Probably there was but one room below, with a low
+attic under the rafters, reached by a ladder. A great outside chimney,
+built either of rough stones or of small logs, coated on the inside with
+clay mortar and carefully chinked with the same, was built against one
+end of this rude house. In the fireplace, large enough for logs five or
+six feet in length, there was a crane from which was hung the iron pot
+in which the young wife cooked simple meals of corn-mush, pumpkins,
+squashes, beans, potatoes, and pork, or wild meat of many kinds, fresh
+and dried; in a bake-kettle, laid upon the live coals, she made the
+bread and corn pone, or fried her steaks, which added variety to the
+fare.
+
+Dishes and other utensils were few--some pewter plates, forks, and
+spoons; wooden bowls and trenchers, with gourds and hard-shelled
+squashes for drinking-mugs. For knife, Boone doubtless used his
+belt-weapon, and scorned the crock plates, now slowly creeping into the
+valley, as calculated to dull its edge. Over the fireplace deer's horns
+served as rests for his gun. Into the log wall were driven great wooden
+pegs, hanging from which flitches of dried and smoked bacon, venison,
+and bear's-meat mingled freely with the family's scanty wardrobe.
+
+With her cooking and rude mending, her moccasin-making, her distaff and
+loom for making cloths, her occasional plying of the hoe in the small
+vegetable patch, and her ever-present care of the children and dairy,
+Rebecca Boone was abundantly occupied.
+
+  [Illustration: BOONE'S POWDER-HORN AND BAKE-KETTLE.
+    In possession of Wisconsin State Historical Society. The horn once
+    belonged to Daniel's brother Israel, and bears the initials "I B".]
+
+In these early years of married life Daniel proved a good husbandman,
+planting and garnering his crops with regularity, and pasturing a few
+scrawny cattle and swine upon the wild lands adjoining his farm.
+Doubtless at times he did smithy-work for the neighbors and took a
+hand at the loom, as had his father and grandfather before him.
+Sometimes he was engaged with his wagon in the caravans which each
+autumn found their way from the Yadkin and the other mountain valleys
+down to the Atlantic cities, carrying furs to market; it was as yet too
+early in the history of the back country for the cattle-raisers to send
+their animals to the coast. In the Valley of Virginia, hemmed in upon
+the east by the Blue Ridge, packhorses were alone used in this traffic,
+for the mountain paths were rough and narrow; but wagons could be
+utilized in the more southern districts. The caravans brought back to
+the pioneers salt, iron, cloths, and a few other manufactured goods.
+This annual expedition over, Boone was free to go upon long hunts in the
+forest, where he cured great stores of meat for his family and prepared
+the furs for market.
+
+The backwoodsmen of the Yadkin had few machines to assist them in their
+labor, and these were of the simplest sort. Practically, every settler
+was his own mechanic--although some men became, in certain lines, more
+expert than their neighbors, and to them fell such work for the entire
+settlement. Grinding corn into meal, or cracking it into hominy, were,
+as usual with primitive peoples, tasks involving the most machinery.
+Rude mortars and pestles, some of the latter ingeniously worked by means
+of springy "sweeps," were commonly seen; a device something like a
+nutmeg-grater was often used when the corn was soft; two circular
+millstones, worked by hand, were effective, and there were some operated
+by water-power.
+
+Medicine was at a crude stage, many of the so-called cures being as old
+as Egypt, while others were borrowed from the Indians. The borderers
+firmly believed in the existence of witches; bad dreams, eclipses of the
+sun, the howling of dogs, and the croaking of ravens, were sure to bring
+disasters in their train.
+
+Their sports laid stress on physical accomplishments--great strength,
+dexterity with the rifle, hunting, imitating the calls of wild birds and
+beasts, throwing the tomahawk, running, jumping, wrestling, dancing,
+and horse-racing; they were also fond, as they gathered around one
+another's great fireplaces in the long winter evenings, of story-telling
+and dramatic recitation. Some of the wealthier members of this primitive
+society owned negro slaves, to whom, sometimes, they were cruel, freely
+using the whip upon both women and men. Indeed, in their own frequent
+quarrels fierce brutality was sometimes used, adversaries in a
+fist-fight being occasionally maimed or otherwise disfigured for life.
+
+There was, for a long time, "neither law nor gospel" upon this far-away
+frontier. Justices of the peace had small authority. Preachers were at
+first unknown. Many of the borderers were Presbyterians, and others
+Quakers; but under such social conditions these were little else than
+names. Nevertheless, there was a sound public sentiment among these
+rude, isolated people, who were a law unto themselves. They respected
+and honored candor, honesty, hospitality, regular habits, and good
+behavior generally; and very severe were the punishments with which
+they visited offenders. If a man acted as a coward in time of war,
+shirked his full measure of duty to the public, failed to care for his
+family, was careless about his debts, stole from his neighbors, was
+needlessly profane, or failed to treat women respectfully, he was either
+shunned by his fellows or forced to leave the settlement.
+
+Amid such surroundings and of such stuff was Daniel Boone in the days
+when he was living uneventfully in the valley of the Yadkin as farmer,
+blacksmith, wagoner, and hunter, before the Indian wars and his
+explorations west of the long-shadowed mountain-range made of him a
+popular hero.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+RED MAN AGAINST WHITE MAN
+
+
+The borderers in the Valley of Virginia and on the western highlands of
+the Carolinas were largely engaged in raising horses, cattle, sheep, and
+hogs, which grazed at will upon the broad slopes of the eastern
+foot-hills of the Alleghanies, most of them being in as wild a state as
+the great roving herds now to be seen upon the semi-arid plains of the
+far West. Indeed, there are some strong points of resemblance between
+the life of the frontier herdsman of the middle of the eighteenth
+century and that of the "cow" ranchers of our own day, although the most
+primitive conditions now existing would have seemed princely to Daniel
+Boone. The annual round-up, the branding of young stock, the sometimes
+deadly disputes between herdsmen, and the autumnal drive to market, are
+features in common.
+
+With the settlement of the valleys and the steady increase in the
+herds, it was necessary each season to find new pastures. Thus the
+herdsmen pushed farther and farther into the wilderness to the south and
+west, and actually crossed the mountains at many points. Even before the
+arrival of the Boones, the Bryans had frequently, toward the end of
+summer, as the lower pastures thinned, driven their stock to a distance
+of sixty and seventy miles to green valleys lying between the western
+buttresses of the mountain wall.
+
+This gradual pressure upon the hunting-grounds of the Cherokees and the
+Catawbas was not unnoticed by the tribesmen. There had long been heard
+deep mutterings, especially by the former, who were well-disposed toward
+the ever-meddling French; but until the year of Daniel Boone's wedding
+the southern frontiers had not known an Indian uprising.
+
+The year previous (1755) the Cherokees had given reluctant permission to
+the whites to build two posts in their country for the protection of the
+frontiers against the French, who, with their Indian allies, were
+continually active against the New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia
+frontiers, and were known to be attempting the corruption of the
+Southern Indians. Fort Prince George was accordingly erected upon the
+Savannah River, and Fort Loudon upon the Tennessee. In 1756 Fort Dobbs
+was constructed a short distance south of the South Fork of the Yadkin.
+These three centers of refuge were upon the extreme southwestern borders
+of the English colonies.
+
+These "forts" of the American border would have proved slight defenses
+in the presence of an enemy armed with even the lightest artillery, but
+were generally sufficient to withstand a foe possessing only muskets and
+rifles. Fort Dobbs was an oblong space forty-three by fifty-three feet,
+girt by walls about twelve feet high, consisting of double rows of logs
+standing on end; earth dug from the ditch which surrounded the fort was
+piled against the feet of these palisades, inside and out, to steady
+them; they were fastened to one another by wooden pins, and their tops
+were sharpened so as to impede those who might seek to climb over. At
+the angles of the stockade were blockhouses three stories high, each
+story projecting about eighteen inches beyond the one beneath; there
+were openings in the floors of the two upper stories to enable the
+defenders to fire down upon an enemy which sought to enter below. Along
+the inside of one, or perhaps two, of the four walls of the stockade was
+a range of cabins--or rather, one long cabin with log partitions--with
+the slope of the roof turned inward to the square; this furnished a
+platform for the garrison, who, protected by the rampart of pointed
+logs, could fire into the attacking party. Other platforms were
+bracketed against the walls not backed by cabins. There was a large
+double gate made of thick slabs and so situated as to be guarded by the
+blockhouses on either corner; this was the main entrance, but another
+and smaller gate furnished a rear exit to and entrance from the spring
+hard by. Blockhouses, cabins, and walls were all amply provided with
+port-holes; Fort Dobbs had capacity for a hundred men-at-arms to fire at
+one volley. Destructive fusillades could be maintained from within, and
+everywhere the walls were bullet-proof; but good marksmen in the
+attacking force could work great havoc by firing through the port-holes,
+and thus quietly picking off those who chanced to be in range.
+Fortunately for the whites few Indians became so expert as this.
+
+Upon the arrival of breathless messengers bringing news of the approach
+of hostile Indians, the men, women, and children of a wide district
+would flock into such a fort as this. "I well remember," says Dr.
+Doddridge in his Notes on Virginia, "that when a little boy the family
+were sometimes waked up in the dead of night by an express with a report
+that the Indians were at hand. The express came softly to the door or
+back window, and by gentle tapping waked the family; this was easily
+done, as an habitual fear made us ever watchful and sensible to the
+slightest alarm. The whole family were instantly in motion: my father
+seized his gun and other implements of war; my stepmother waked up and
+dressed the children as well as she could; and being myself the oldest
+of the children, I had to take my share of the burthens to be carried
+to the fort. There was no possibility of getting a horse in the night to
+aid us in removing to the fort; besides the little children, we caught
+up what articles of clothing and provisions we could get hold of in the
+dark, for we durst not light a candle or even stir the fire. All this
+was done with the utmost despatch and the silence of death; the greatest
+care was taken not to awaken the youngest child; to the rest it was
+enough to say _Indian_, and not a whimper was heard afterwards. Thus it
+often happened that the whole number of families belonging to a fort,
+who were in the evening at their homes, were all in their little
+fortress before the dawn of the next morning. In the course of the
+succeeding day their household furniture was brought in by parties of
+the men under arms."
+
+The large public frontier forts, such as we have described, did not
+house all of the backwoodsmen. There were some who, either because of
+great distance or other reasons, erected their own private defenses; or,
+in many cases, several isolated families united in such a structure.
+Often these were but single blockhouses, with a few outlying cabins. It
+was difficult to induce some of the more venturesome folk to enter the
+forts unless Indians were actually in the settlement; they took great
+risks in order to care for their crops and stock until the last moment;
+and, soon tiring of the monotony of life within the fort cabins, would
+often leave the refuge before the danger was really over. "Such
+families," reports Doddridge, "gave no small amount of trouble by
+creating frequent necessities of sending runners to warn them of their
+danger, and sometimes parties of our men to protect them during their
+removal."
+
+For the first few years Fort Dobbs was but little used. There was,
+however, much uneasiness. The year 1757 had, all along the line, been
+disastrous to English arms in the North, and the Cherokees became
+increasingly insolent. The next year they committed several deadly
+assaults in the Valley of Virginia, but themselves suffered greatly in
+return. The French, at last driven from Fort Duquesne (Pittsburg), had
+retreated down the Ohio River to Fort Massac, in southern Illinois, and
+sent their emissaries far and near to stir up the Indians west of the
+mountains. The following April (1759) the Yadkin and Catawba Valleys
+were raided by the Cherokees, with the usual results of ruined crops,
+burned farm-buildings, and murdered households; not a few of the
+borderers being carried off as prisoners into the Indian country, there
+generally to suffer either slavery or slow death from the most horrid
+forms of torture. The Catawbas, meanwhile, remained faithful to their
+white friends.
+
+Until this outbreak the Carolinas had prospered greatly. Hundreds of
+settlers had poured in from the more exposed northern valleys, and the
+western uplands were now rapidly being dotted over with clearings and
+log cabins. The Indian forays at once created a general panic throughout
+this region, heretofore considered safe. Most of the Yadkin families,
+together with English fur-traders who hurried in from the woods, huddled
+within the walls either of Fort Dobbs or of small neighborhood forts
+hastily constructed; but many others, in their fright, fled with all
+their possessions to settlements on or near the Atlantic coast.
+
+Among the latter were old Squire Boone and his wife, Daniel and Rebecca,
+with their two sons,[5] and several other families of Bryans and Boones,
+although some of both names preferred to remain at Fort Dobbs. The
+fugitives scattered to various parts of Virginia and Maryland--Squire
+going to Georgetown, now in the District of Columbia, where he lived for
+three years and then returned to the Yadkin; while Daniel's family went
+in their two-horse wagon to Culpeper County, in eastern Virginia. The
+settlers there employed him with his wagon in hauling tobacco to
+Fredericksburg, the nearest market-town.
+
+The April forays created almost as much consternation at Charleston as
+on the Yadkin. Governor Lyttleton, of South Carolina, sent out fifteen
+hundred men to overcome the Cherokees, who now pretended to be grieved
+at the acts of their young hot-bloods and patched up a peace.
+Fur-traders, eager to renew their profitable barter, hastened back into
+the western forests. But very soon their confidence was shattered, for
+the Indians again dug up the tomahawk. Their war-parties infested every
+road and trail; most of the traders, with trains of packhorses to carry
+their goods and furs, fell an easy prey to their forest customers; and
+Forts Loudon, Dobbs, and Prince George were besieged. By January (1760)
+the entire southwest border was once more a scene of carnage.
+
+Captain Waddell, our old friend of Braddock's campaign, commanded at
+Fort Dobbs, with several Bryans and Boones in his little garrison. Here
+the Cherokees were repulsed with great loss. At Fort Prince George the
+country round about was sadly harried by the enemy, who finally
+withdrew. Fort Loudon, however, had one of the saddest experiences in
+the thrilling annals of the frontier.
+
+In April General Amherst, of the British Army, sent Colonel Montgomery
+against the Cherokees with a formidable column composed of twelve
+hundred regular troops--among them six hundred kilted Highlanders--to
+whom were attached seven hundred Carolina backwoods rangers under
+Waddell, with some Catawba allies. They laid waste with fire and sword
+all the Cherokee villages on the Keowee and Tennessee Rivers, including
+the growing crops and magazines of corn. The soldiers killed seventy
+Indians, captured forty prisoners, and reduced the greater part of the
+tribe to the verge of starvation.
+
+The Cherokees were good fighters, and soon had their revenge. On the
+morning of the twenty-seventh of June the army was proceeding along a
+rough road on the southern bank of the Little Tennessee, where on one
+side is a sheer descent to the stream, on the other a lofty cliff. Here
+it was ambuscaded by over six hundred savage warriors under the noted
+chief Silouee. In the course of an engagement lasting several hours the
+whites lost twenty killed and sixty wounded, and the Cherokee casualties
+were perhaps greater. Montgomery desperately beat his way to a level
+tract, but in the night hastily withdrew, and did not stop until he
+reached Charleston. Despite the entreaties of the Assembly, he at once
+retired to the North with his little army, and left the frontiers of
+Carolina open to the assaults of the merciless foe.
+
+The siege of Fort Loudon was now pushed by the Cherokees with vigor. It
+had already withstood several desperate and protracted assaults. But the
+garrison contrived to exist for several months, almost wholly upon the
+active sympathy of several Indian women who were married to frontiersmen
+shut up within the walls. The dusky wives frequently contrived to
+smuggle food into the fort despite the protests of the Indian leaders.
+Women, however, despite popular notions to the contrary, have a powerful
+influence in Indian camps; and they but laughed the chiefs to scorn,
+saying that they would suffer death rather than refuse assistance to
+their white husbands.
+
+This relief, however, furnished but a precarious existence. Receiving no
+help from the settlements, which were cut off from communication with
+them, and weak from irregular food, the garrison finally surrendered on
+promise of a safe-conduct to their fellows in the East. Early in the
+morning of August ninth they marched out--men, women, and children to
+the number of several hundred--leaving behind them their cannon,
+ammunition, and spare arms. The next day, upon their sorry march, they
+were set upon by a bloodthirsty mob of seven hundred Cherokees. Many
+were killed outright, others surrendered merely to meet torture and
+death. Finally, after several hours of horror, a friendly chief
+succeeded, by browbeating his people and by subterfuge, in saving the
+lives of about two hundred persons, who in due time and after great
+suffering, reached the relief party which had for several months been
+making its way thither from Virginia; but it had been delayed by storms
+and high water in the mountain streams, and was now seeking needed rest
+in a camp at the head of the Holston. It is recorded that during the
+heartrending mêlée several other Indians risked their lives for white
+friends, performing deeds of heroism which deserve to be remembered.
+
+Although New France was now tottering to its fall, the French officers
+at Fort Massac still continued, with their limited resources, to keep
+alive the Cherokee war spirit. French outrages occurred throughout the
+autumn and early winter of 1760. At nearly all of the forts, large and
+small, skirmishes took place, some of these giving occasion for
+exhibitions of rare enterprise and courage on the part of the garrisons,
+women and men alike.
+
+During the winter, the governors of Virginia, North Carolina, and South
+Carolina agreed upon a joint campaign against the hostiles. The southern
+column, comprising twenty-six hundred men, chiefly Highlanders, was
+under Lieutenant-Colonel James Grant. Starting early in June, they
+carried with them seven hundred packhorses, four hundred head of cattle,
+and a large train of baggage and supplies. Their route from Fort Prince
+George to the lower and middle Cherokee towns on the Little Tennessee
+lay through a rough, mountainous country; high water, storms, intensely
+warm weather, the lack of tents, and bruises from rocks and briers,
+caused the troops to suffer greatly. After heavy losses from ambuscades
+in narrow defiles, they finally reached their destination, and spent a
+month in burning and ravaging fifteen or more large villages and
+fourteen hundred acres of growing corn, and in driving five thousand
+men, women, and children into the hills to starve. Wrote one of the
+pious participators in this terrible work of devastation: "Heaven has
+blest us with the greatest success; we have finished our business as
+completely as the most sanguine of us could have wished." The Cherokees,
+completely crushed, humbly begged for peace, which was granted upon
+liberal terms and proved to be permanent.
+
+The northern column was composed of backwoodsmen from Virginia and North
+Carolina, under Colonel William Byrd, an experienced campaigner. Byrd
+was much hampered for both men and supplies, and accomplished little. He
+appears to have largely spent his time in making roads and building
+blockhouses--laborious methods ill-fitted for Indian warfare, and loudly
+criticized by Waddell, who joined him with a regiment of five hundred
+North Carolinians, among whom was Daniel Boone, now returned to the
+Yadkin. Waddell and Boone had experienced the folly of this sort of
+thing in Braddock's ill-fated campaign. As a result of dissatisfaction,
+Byrd resigned, and Colonel Stephen succeeded him. The force, now
+composed of about twelve hundred men, pushed on to the Long Island of
+Holston River, where they were met by four hundred Cherokees, who,
+brought to their knees by Grant, likewise sought peace from Stephen.
+Articles were accordingly signed on the nineteenth of November. The
+North Carolina men returned home; but a portion of the Virginia regiment
+remained as a winter garrison for Fort Robinson, as the new fort at Long
+Island was called.
+
+Now that the Yadkin region has, after its sad experience, been blessed
+with a promise of peace, we may well pause, briefly to consider the
+ethics of border warfare. This life-history will, to its close, have
+much to do with Indian forays and white reprisals, and it is well that
+we should consider them dispassionately.
+
+The Cherokees were conducting a warfare in defense of their villages,
+fields, and hunting-grounds, which were being rapidly destroyed by the
+inrush of white settlers, who seemed to think that the Indians had no
+rights worth consideration. Encouraged by the French, who deemed the
+English intruders on lands which they had first explored, the American
+aborigines seriously thought that they might stem the tide of English
+settlement. It was impossible that they should win, for civilization has
+in such cases ever triumphed over savagery; but that they should make
+the attempt was to be expected from a high-spirited race trained to war.
+We can but sympathize with and honor them for making their several stout
+stands against the European wave which was ultimately to sweep them from
+their native land.[6] King Philip, Opecancano, Pontiac, Tecumseh, Red
+Jacket, Sitting Bull, Captain Jack, were types of successive leaders
+who, at various stages of our growth westward, have stood as bravely as
+any Spartan hero to contest our all-conquering advance.
+
+It is the time-honored custom of historians of the frontier to consider
+Indians as all wrong and whites as all right; and that, of course, was
+the opinion of the borderers themselves--of Daniel Boone and all the men
+of his day. But we are now far enough removed from these events, and the
+fierce passions they engendered, to see them more clearly. The Indian
+was a savage and fought like a savage--cruel, bloodthirsty, unrelenting,
+treacherous, seldom a respecter of childhood, of age, or of women. But
+one can not read closely the chronicles of border warfare without
+discovering that civilized men at times could, in fighting savages,
+descend quite as low in the scale as they, in bloodthirstiness and
+treachery. Some of the most atrocious acts in the pioneer history of
+Kentucky and the Middle West were performed by whites; and some of the
+most Christianlike deeds--there were many such on both sides--were
+those of painted savages.
+
+It is needless to blame either of the contending races; their conflict
+was inevitable. The frontiersman was generally unlettered, and used,
+without ceremony, to overcoming the obstacles which nature set in his
+path; one more patient could not have tamed the wilderness as quickly as
+he. His children often rose to high positions as scholars, statesmen,
+and diplomats. But he himself was a diamond in the rough, and not
+accustomed to nice ethical distinctions. To his mind the Indian was an
+inferior being, if not a child of Satan; he was not making the best use
+of the soil; his customs and habits of thought were such as to repel the
+British mind, however much they may have attracted the French. The
+tribesmen, whom the pioneer could not and would not understand, stood in
+his way, hence must be made to go or to die in his tracks. When the
+savage, quick to resentment, struck back, the turbulent passions of the
+overbearing white were aroused, and with compound interest he repaid
+the blow. Upon the theory that the devil must be fought with fire, the
+borderer not seldom adopted methods of reprisal that outdid the savage
+in brutality.
+
+The red man fighting, after his own wild standards, for all that he held
+most dear, and the white man, who brooks no opposition from an inferior
+race, hitting back with a fury sometimes increased by fear--such, in
+brief, is the blood-stained history of the American border.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[5] The children of Daniel Boone were as follows: James (born in 1757),
+Israel (1759), Susannah (1760), Jemima (1762), Lavinia (1766), Rebecca
+(1768), Daniel Morgan (1769), John B. (1773), and Nathan (1780). The
+four daughters all married and died in Kentucky. The two eldest sons
+were killed by Indians, the three younger emigrated to Missouri.
+
+[6] "I had rather receive the blessing of one poor Cherokee, as he casts
+his last look back upon his country, for having, though in vain,
+attempted to prevent his banishment, than to sleep beneath the marble of
+all the Cæsars."--_Extract from a speech of Theodore Frelinghuysen, of
+New Jersey, delivered in the United States Senate, April 7, 1830._
+
+"I am not aware that any community has a right to force another to be
+civilized."--_John Stuart Mill._
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+KENTUCKY REACHED AT LAST
+
+
+When Daniel Boone returned from tidewater Virginia to the Yadkin region
+is not now known. It is probable that the monotony of hauling tobacco to
+market at a time when his old neighbors were living in a state of panic
+palled upon a man who loved excitement and had had a taste of Indian
+warfare. It has been surmised that he served with the Rowan rangers upon
+Lyttleton's campaign, alluded to in the previous chapter, and possibly
+aided in defending Fort Dobbs, or served with Waddell under Montgomery.
+That he was, some time in 1760, in the mountains west of the Yadkin upon
+either a hunt or a scout, or both, appears to be well established; for
+up to a few years ago there was still standing upon the banks of Boone's
+Creek, a small tributary of the Watauga in eastern Tennessee, a tree
+upon whose smooth bark had been rudely carved this characteristic
+legend, undoubtedly by the great hunter himself: "D Boon cilled A BAR on
+this tree year 1760."[7]
+
+We have already seen that he accompanied Waddell in 1761, when that
+popular frontier leader reenforced Colonel Byrd's expedition against the
+Cherokees. Upon Waddell's return to North Carolina his leather-shirted
+followers dispersed to their homes, and Boone was again enabled to
+undertake a protracted hunt, no longer disturbed by fear that in his
+absence Indians might raid the settlement; for hunting was now his chief
+occupation, his wife and children conducting the farm, which held second
+place in his affections. Thus we see how close the borderers came to the
+savage life wherein men are the warriors and hunters and women the
+crop-gatherers and housekeepers. Organizing a party of kindred
+spirits--a goodly portion of the Yadkin settlers were more hunters than
+farmers--Boone crossed the mountains and roamed through the valleys of
+southwest Virginia and eastern Tennessee, being especially delighted
+with the Valley of the Holston, where game was found to be unusually
+abundant. At about the same time another party of nineteen hunters went
+upon a similar expedition into the hills and valleys westward of the
+Yadkin, penetrating well into Tennessee, and being absent for eighteen
+months.
+
+  [Illustration: A BOONE TREE.
+    Tree on Boone's Creek, Tenn., bearing Daniel Boone's autograph. (See
+    pp. 55, 56.)]
+
+We must not conclude, from the passionate devotion to hunting exhibited
+by these backwoodsmen of the eighteenth century, that they led the same
+shiftless, aimless lives as are followed by the "poor whites" found in
+some of the river-bottom communities of our own day, who are in turn
+farmers, fishermen, or hunters, as fancy or the seasons dictate. It must
+be remembered that farming upon the Virginia and Carolina uplands was,
+in the pioneer period, crude as to methods and insignificant as to
+crops. The principal wealth of the well-to-do was in herds of horses and
+cattle which grazed in wild meadows, and in droves of long-nosed swine
+feeding upon the roots and acorns of the hillside forests. Among the
+outlying settlers much of the family food came from the woods, and
+often months would pass without bread being seen inside the cabin walls.
+Besides the live stock of the richer folk, whose herds were driven to
+market, annual caravans to tidewater towns carried furs and skins won by
+the real backwoodsmen, who lived on the fringe of the wilderness. For
+lack of money accounts were kept in pelts, and with these were purchased
+rifles, ammunition, iron, and salt. It was, then, to the forests that
+the borderers largely looked for their sustenance. Hence those long
+hunts, from which the men of the Yadkin, unerring marksmen, would come
+back laden with great packs of pelts for the markets, and dried venison,
+bear's meat, and bear's oil for their family larders. Naturally, this
+wandering, adventurous life, spiced with excitement in many forms,
+strongly appealed to the rough, hardy borderers, and unfitted them for
+other occupations. Under such conditions farming methods were not likely
+to improve, nor the arts of civilization to prosper; for the hunter not
+only best loved the wilderness, but settlement narrowed his
+hunting-grounds. Thus it was that the frontiersman of the Daniel Boone
+type, Indian hater as he was, had at heart much the same interests as
+the savage whom he was seeking to supplant. It was simply a question as
+to which hunter, red or white, should occupy the forest; to neither was
+settlement welcome.
+
+With the opening of 1762 the southwest border began to be reoccupied.
+The abandoned log cabins once more had fires lighted upon their hearths,
+at the base of the great outside chimneys of stones and mud-plastered
+boughs; the deserted clearings, which had become choked with weeds and
+underbrush in the five years of Indian warfare, were again cultivated by
+their reassured owners. Among the returned refugees were Daniel's
+parents, Squire and Sarah Boone, who had ridden on horseback overland
+all the way from Maryland. Three years later Squire Boone died, one of
+the most highly esteemed men in the valley.
+
+The Yadkin country was more favored than some other portions of the
+backwoods of North Carolina. Pontiac's uprising (1763) against the
+English, who had now supplanted the French in Canada and in the
+wilderness between the Alleghanies and the Mississippi, led some of the
+Southern tribes again to attack the frontiers of the Southwest; but they
+were defeated before the Yadkin was affected by this fresh panic.
+
+The Indian wars had lasted so long that the entire border had become
+demoralized. Of course not all the people in the backwoods were of good
+character. Not a few of them had been driven out from the more thickly
+settled parts of the country because of crimes or of bad reputation; and
+some of the fur-traders who lived upon the edge of the settlement were
+sorry rogues. When the panic-stricken people were crowded within the
+narrow walls of the forts they could not work. Many of them found this
+life of enforced idleness to their liking, and fell into the habit of
+making secret expeditions to plunder abandoned houses and to steal
+uncared-for live stock. When peace came these marauders had acquired a
+distaste for honest labor; leaving the forts, they pillaged right and
+left, and horse-stealing became an especially prevalent frontier vice.
+
+Justice on the border was as yet insufficiently organized. Some of the
+Virginia and Carolina magistrates were themselves rascals, whose
+decisions could be purchased by criminals. Many of the best citizens,
+therefore, formed associations whose members were called "regulators."
+They bound themselves to pursue, arrest, and try criminals, and to
+punish them by whipping, also by expulsion from the neighborhood. The
+law-breakers, on the other hand, organized in defense, and popular
+opinion was divided between the two elements; for there were some good
+people who did not like the arbitrary methods of the regulators, and
+insisted upon every man being given a regular trial by jury. In South
+Carolina, particularly, the settlers were much exercised on this
+question, and arrayed themselves into opposing bands, armed to carry out
+their respective views. For a time civil war was feared; but finally,
+after five years of disturbance, an agreement was reached, efficient
+courts were established, and justice triumphed.
+
+Affairs did not reach so serious a stage in North Carolina. Nevertheless
+there were several bands of vicious and indolent men, who, entrenched
+in the hills, long defied the regulators. One of these parties built a
+rude stockaded fort beneath an overhanging cliff in the mountains back
+of the Yadkin settlements. They stole horses, cattle, farming utensils;
+in fact, anything that they could lay their hands upon. One day they
+grew so bold as to kidnap a girl. The settlers, now roused to action,
+organized attacking companies, one of them headed by Daniel Boone, and
+carried the log fortress of the bandits by storm. The culprits were
+taken to Salisbury jail and the clan broken up.
+
+The rapid growth of the country soon made game scarce in Boone's
+neighborhood. Not only did the ever-widening area of cleared fields
+destroy the cover, but there were, of course, more hunters than before.
+Thus our Nimrod, who in his early manhood cared for nothing smaller than
+deer, was compelled to take extended trips in his search for
+less-frequented places. It was not long before he had explored all the
+mountains and valleys within easy reach, and become familiar with the
+views from every peak in the region, many of them five and six thousand
+feet in height.
+
+As early as 1764-65 Boone was in the habit of taking with him, upon
+these trips near home, his little son James, then seven or eight years
+of age. This was partly for company, but mainly for the lad's education
+as a hunter. Frequently they would spend several days together in the
+woods during the autumn and early winter--the deer-hunting season--and
+often, when in "open" camps, were overtaken by snow-storms. On such
+occasions the father would keep the boy warm by clasping him to his
+bosom as they lay with feet toward the glowing camp-fire. As the
+well-taught lad grew into early manhood these two companions would be
+absent from home for two and three months together, always returning
+well laden with the spoils of the chase.
+
+Hunters in Boone's day had two kinds of camp--"open" when upon the move,
+which meant sleeping in their blankets upon the ground wherever darkness
+or weariness overtook them; "closed" where remaining for some time in a
+locality. A closed camp consisted of a rude hut of logs or poles, the
+front entirely open, the sides closely chinked with moss, and the roof
+covered with blankets, boughs, or bark, sloping down to a back-log. In
+times when the Indians were not feared a fire was kept up throughout the
+night, in front, in order to warm the enclosure. Upon a bed of hemlock
+boughs or of dried leaves the hunters lay with heads to the back-log and
+stockinged feet to the blaze, for their spongy moccasins were hung to
+dry.[8] Such a camp, often called a "half-faced cabin," was carefully
+placed so that it might be sheltered by neighboring hills from the cold
+north and west winds. It was fairly successful as a protection from rain
+and snow, and sometimes served a party of hunters throughout several
+successive seasons; but it was ill-fitted for the coldest weather. Boone
+frequently occupied a shelter of this kind in the woods of Kentucky.
+
+During the last four months of 1765 Boone and seven companions went on
+horseback to the new colony of Florida with a view to moving thither if
+they found it suited to their tastes. Wherever possible, they stopped
+overnight at borderers' cabins upon the frontiers of the Carolinas and
+Georgia. But such opportunities did not always occur; they often
+suffered from hunger, and once they might have died from starvation but
+for the timely succor of a roving band of Seminole Indians. They
+explored Florida all the way from St. Augustine to Pensacola, and appear
+to have had a rather wretched time of it. The trails were miry from
+frequent rains, the number and extent of the swamps appalled them, and
+there was not game enough to satisfy a man like Boone, who scorned
+alligators. Pensacola, however, so pleased him that he determined to
+settle there, and purchased a house and lot which he might in due time
+occupy. Upon their return Boone told his wife of his Pensacola venture,
+but this sturdy woman of the frontier spurned the idea of moving to a
+gameless land. So the town lot was left to take care of itself, and
+henceforth the dutiful husband looked only to the West as his model of a
+perfect country.
+
+At the close of the French and Indian War there arrived in the Boone
+settlement a Scotch-Irishman named Benjamin Cutbirth, aged about
+twenty-three years. He was a man of good character and a fine hunter.
+Marrying Elizabeth Wilcoxen, a niece of Daniel Boone, he and Boone went
+upon long hunts together, and attained that degree of comradeship which
+joint life in a wilderness camp is almost certain to produce.
+
+In 1766 several families from North Carolina went to Louisiana,
+apparently by sea to New Orleans, and founded an English settlement
+above Baton Rouge on the Mississippi River. The news of this event gave
+rise to a general desire for exploring the country between the mountains
+and the great river. The year following, Cutbirth, John Stuart, John
+Baker, and John Ward, all of them young married men on the Yadkin, and
+excellent hunters, resolved to perform this feat, and if possible to
+discover a region superior to their own valley. They crossed the
+mountain range and eventually saw the Mississippi, being, so far as we
+know from contemporary documents, the first party of white men to
+succeed in this overland enterprise. Possibly fur-traders may have done
+so before them, but they left no record to prove it.
+
+Cutbirth and his friends spent a year or two upon the river. In the
+autumn they ascended the stream for a considerable distance, also one of
+its tributaries, made a stationary camp for the winter, and in the
+spring descended to New Orleans, where they sold at good prices their
+skins, furs, bear-bacon, bear's oil, buffalo "jerk" (dried meat),
+tallow, and dried venison hams. Their expedition down the river was
+performed at great risks, for they had many hairbreadth escapes from
+snags, river banks shelving in, whirlpools, wind-storms, and Indians.
+Their reward, says a chronicler of the day, was "quite a respectable
+property;" but while upon their return homeward, overland, they were set
+upon by Choctaws, who robbed them of their all.
+
+Meanwhile, Daniel Boone was slow in making up his mind to leave home and
+the wife and family whom he dearly loved for so long and perilous a trip
+as a journey into the now much-talked-of land of Kentucky. Perhaps,
+despite his longings, he might never have gone had affairs upon the
+Yadkin remained satisfactory to him. But game, his chief reliance, was
+year by year becoming harder to obtain. And the rascally agents of Earl
+Granville, the principal landholder of the region, from whom the Boones
+had purchased, were pretending to find flaws in the land-titles and
+insisting upon the necessity for new deeds, for which large fees were
+exacted.
+
+This gave rise to great popular discontent. Boone's protest consisted in
+leaving the Sugar Tree settlement and moving northwest for sixty-five
+miles toward the head of the Yadkin. His new cabin, a primitive shell of
+logs, could still be seen, a few years ago, at the foot of a range of
+hills some seven and a half miles above Wilkesboro, in Wilkes County.
+After a time, dissatisfied with this location, he moved five miles
+farther up the river and about half a mile up Beaver Creek. Again he
+changed his mind, choosing his final home on the upper Yadkin, just
+above the mouth of Beaver. It was from this beautiful region among the
+Alleghany foot-hills, where game and fish were plenty and his swine and
+cattle had good range, that Boone, crowded out by advancing
+civilization, eventually moved to Kentucky.
+
+In the spring and early summer of 1767 there were fresh outbreaks on the
+part of the Indians. Governor Tryon had run a boundary-line between the
+back settlements of the Carolinas and the Cherokee hunting-grounds. But
+hunters and traders would persist in wandering to the west of this line,
+and sometimes they were killed.
+
+In the autumn of that year Daniel Boone and a warm friend, William Hill,
+and possibly Squire Boone, determined to seek Kentucky, of which Finley
+had told him twelve years before. They crossed the mountain wall, were
+in the valleys of the Holston and the Clinch, and reached the head
+waters of the West Fork of the Big Sandy. Following down this river for
+a hundred miles, determined to find the Ohio, they appear to have struck
+a buffalo-path, along which they traveled as far as a salt-lick ten
+miles west of the present town of Prestonburg, on a tributary of the
+West (or Louisa) Fork of the Sandy, within Floyd County, in the extreme
+eastern part of Kentucky.
+
+Caught in a severe snow-storm, they were compelled to camp at this lick
+for the entire winter. It proved to be the most profitable station that
+they could have selected, for buffaloes and other animals came in large
+numbers to lick the brackish soil, and all the hunters had to do was to
+"rise, kill, and eat."
+
+Although now considerably west of the Cumberland Mountains, the
+explorers were not aware that they were within the famed Kentucky; and
+as the country was very hilly, covered with briers which annoyed them
+greatly, and altogether forbidding, they despaired of reaching the
+promised land by this path, and in the spring returned to the Yadkin.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[7] Boone had a strong fancy for carving his name and hunting feats upon
+trees. His wanderings have very largely been traced by this means.
+
+[8] When Indians were about, moccasins were always tied to the guns so
+as to be ready to slip on in case of a night alarm.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+ALONE IN THE WILDERNESS
+
+
+In the winter of 1768-69 a pedler with horse and wagon wandered into the
+valley of the upper Yadkin, offering small wares to the settlers' wives.
+This was thrifty John Finley, former fur-trader and Indian fighter, who,
+thirteen years before, had, as we have seen, fraternized with Boone in
+Braddock's ill-fated army on the Monongahela. Finley had, in 1752, in
+his trade with the Indians, descended the Ohio in a canoe to the site of
+Louisville, accompanied by three or four voyageurs, and, with some of
+his dusky customers, traveled widely through the interior of Kentucky.
+His glowing descriptions of this beautiful land had inspired Boone to
+try to find it. The latter was still sorrowing over his unpromising
+expedition by way of the Big Sandy when, by the merest chance, the man
+who had fired his imagination knocked at his very door.
+
+Throughout the winter that Finley was Daniel's guest, he and his brother
+Squire were ready listeners to the pedler's stories of the over-mountain
+country--tales of countless water-fowl, turkeys, deer, elk, and
+buffaloes, which doubtless lost nothing in the telling. The two Boones
+resolved to try Finley's proposed route by way of Cumberland Gap, and
+the fur-trader promised to lead the way.
+
+After the spring crops were in, Finley, Daniel Boone, and the latter's
+brother-in-law, John Stuart, started from Daniel's house upon the first
+of May. In their employ, as hunters and camp-keepers, were three
+neighbors--Joseph Holden, James Mooney, and William Cooley. Each man was
+fully armed, clad in the usual deerskin costume of the frontier, and
+mounted upon a good horse; blanket or bearskin was strapped on behind
+the saddle, together with camp-kettle, a store of salt, and a small
+supply of provisions, although their chief food was to be game. Squire
+remained to care for the crops of the two families, and agreed to
+reenforce the hunters late in the autumn.
+
+Scaling the lofty Blue Ridge, the explorers passed over Stone and Iron
+Mountains and reached Holston Valley, whence they proceeded through
+Moccasin Gap of Clinch Mountain, and crossed over intervening rivers and
+densely wooded hills until they came to Powell's Valley, then the
+farthest limit of white settlement. Here they found a hunter's trail
+which led them through Cumberland Gap. The "warriors' path"--trodden by
+Indian war-parties from across the mountains--was now discovered, and
+this they followed by easy stages until at last they reached what is now
+called Station Camp Creek, a tributary of the Kentucky River, in Estill
+County, Ky.--so named because here was built their principal, or
+"station" camp, the center of their operations for many months to come.
+
+While Boone, Finley, and Stuart made frequent explorations, and Boone in
+particular ascended numerous lofty hills in order to view the country,
+the chief occupation of the party was hunting. Throughout the summer and
+autumn deerskins were in their best condition. Other animals were
+occasionally killed to afford variety of food, but fur-bearers as a
+rule only furnish fine pelts in the winter season. Even in the days of
+abundant game the hunter was required to exercise much skill, patience,
+and endurance. It was no holiday task to follow this calling. Deer,
+especially, were difficult to obtain. The habits of this excessively
+cautious animal were carefully studied; the hunter must know how to
+imitate its various calls, to take advantage of wind and weather, and to
+practise all the arts of strategy.
+
+Deerskins were, all things considered, the most remunerative of all.
+When roughly dressed and dried they were worth about a dollar each; as
+they were numerous, and a horse could carry for a long distance about a
+hundred such skins, the trade was considered profitable in those
+primitive times, when dollars were hard to obtain. Pelts of beavers,
+found in good condition only in the winter, were worth about two dollars
+and a half each, and of otters from three to five dollars. Thus, a
+horse-load of beaver furs, when obtainable, was worth about five times
+that of a load of deerskins; and if a few otters could be thrown in, the
+value was still greater. The skins of buffaloes, bears, and elks were
+too bulky to carry for long distances, and were not readily marketable.
+A few elk-hides were needed, however, to cut up into harness and straps,
+and bear- and buffalo-robes were useful for bedding.
+
+When an animal was killed the hunter skinned it on the spot, and packed
+on his back the hide and the best portion of the meat. At night the meat
+was smoked or prepared for "jerking," and the skins were scraped and
+cured. When collected at the camps, the bales of skins, protected from
+the weather by strips of bark, were placed upon high scaffolds, secure
+from bears and wolves.
+
+Our Yadkin hunters were in the habit, each day, of dividing themselves
+into pairs for company and mutual aid in times of danger, usually
+leaving one pair behind as camp-keepers. Boone and Stuart frequently
+were companions upon such trips; for the former, being a man of few
+words, enjoyed by contrast the talkative, happy disposition of his
+friend. Occasionally the entire party, when the game grew timid, moved
+for some distance, where they would establish a new camp; but their
+headquarters remained at Station Camp, where were kept their principal
+skins, furs, and stores. In this way the time passed from June to
+December. Boone used to assert, in after years, that these months were
+the happiest of his life. The genial climate, the beauty of the country,
+and the entire freedom of this wild life, strongly appealed to him. Here
+this taciturn but good-natured man, who loved solitary adventure, was
+now in his element. Large packs of skins had been obtained by the little
+company and stored at Station Camp and their outlying shelters; and
+there was now a generous supply of buffalo, bear, and elk meat, venison,
+and turkeys, all properly jerked for the winter which was before them,
+with buffalo tallow and bear's oil to serve as cooking grease.
+
+Finley and Boone were both aware that Kentucky lay between the warring
+tribes of the North and the South; that through it warriors' paths
+crossed in several directions; and that this, probably the finest
+hunting-field in North America, was a debatable land, frequently fought
+over by contending savages--a "dark and bloody ground" indeed. Yet thus
+far there had been no signs of Indians, and the Carolina hunters had
+almost ceased to think of them.
+
+Toward the close of day on the twenty-second of December, while Boone
+and Stuart were ascending a low hill near the Kentucky River, in one of
+the most beautiful districts they had seen, they were suddenly
+surrounded and captured by a large party of Shawnese horsemen returning
+from an autumn hunt on Green River to their homes north of the Ohio. The
+two captives were forced to lead the savages to their camps, which were
+deliberately plundered, one after the other, of everything in them. The
+Shawnese, releasing their prisoners, considerately left with each hunter
+just enough supplies to enable him to support himself on the way back to
+the settlements. The white men were told what was a fact under existing
+treaties with the tribes--treaties, however, of which Boone and his
+companions probably knew nothing--that they were trespassing upon Indian
+hunting-grounds, and must not come again, or "the wasps and
+yellow-jackets will sting you severely."
+
+The others proposed to leave for home at once; but Boone and Stuart,
+enraged at having lost their year's work and all that they had brought
+into the wilderness, and having no sympathy for Indian treaty rights,
+started out to recover their property. After two days they came up with
+the Shawnese, and secreting themselves in the bushes until dark,
+contrived to regain four or five horses and make off with them. But
+they, in turn, were overtaken in two days by the Indians and again made
+prisoners. After a week of captivity, in which they were kindly treated,
+they effected their escape in the dark and returned to Station Camp.
+
+Their companions, giving them up for lost, had departed toward home, but
+were overtaken by the two adventurers. Boone was gratified to find with
+them his brother Squire, who, having gathered the fall crops, had come
+out with a fresh supply of horses, traps, and ammunition. He had
+followed the trail of his predecessors, and in the New River region was
+joined by Alexander Neely. Not finding Daniel and Stuart at Station
+Camp, and grief-stricken at the report concerning them, he was traveling
+homeward with the party.
+
+Daniel, however, who had staked upon this venture almost all that he
+owned, did not relish the thought of returning empty-handed, now that
+reenforcements had arrived, and determined to stay and seek to regain
+his lost fortunes. Squire, Stuart, and Neely concluded also to remain,
+and the four were now left behind in the wilderness. On reaching the
+Holston Valley, Finley turned northward to seek his relatives in
+Pennsylvania; while Holden, Mooney, and Cooley proceeded southeastward
+to their Yadkin homes, carrying dismal news of the events attending this
+notable exploration of Kentucky.
+
+The quartette promptly abandoned Station Camp as being dangerously near
+the warriors' path, and, tradition says, built another on or near the
+northern bank of Kentucky River, not far from the mouth of the Red. The
+deer season was now over, but beavers and otters were in their prime,
+and soon the hunters were enjoying a profitable season. A small canoe
+which they built added greatly to their equipment, and they were now
+enabled to set their traps throughout a wide region.
+
+Hunting in pairs, Daniel was generally accompanied by Stuart, while
+Neely and Squire were partners. In their wanderings the two pairs were
+sometimes several days without seeing each other; and frequently
+partners would be separated throughout the day, but at night met at some
+appointed spot. One day, toward the close of January or early in
+February (1770), Stuart did not return to the rendezvous, much to
+Boone's alarm. The following day the latter discovered the embers of a
+fire, doubtless built by the lost man; but that was all, for Stuart was
+seen no more. Five years later Boone came across the bones of his
+light-hearted comrade in a hollow sycamore tree upon Rockcastle
+River--he recognized them by Stuart's name cut upon his powder-horn.
+What caused Stuart's death is a mystery to the present day; possibly he
+was wounded and chased by Indians to this distant spot, and died while
+in hiding.
+
+Stuart's mysterious disappearance frightened Neely, who at once left for
+home, thus leaving Daniel and Squire to pass the remainder of the winter
+in the wilderness by themselves. Dejected, but not discouraged, the
+brothers built a comfortable hut and continued their work. With the
+close of the trapping season the ammunition was nearly exhausted. Upon
+the first of May, a year after Daniel had left his cabin upon the upper
+Yadkin, Squire started out upon the return, their horses well laden with
+furs, skins, and jerked meat. Both men had, in their enterprise,
+contracted debts of considerable extent for frontier hunters, hence they
+were anxious to square themselves with the world, as well as to obtain
+more horses, ammunition, and miscellaneous supplies.
+
+Daniel was now left alone in Kentucky, "without bread, salt, or sugar,
+without company of his fellow-creatures, or even a horse or dog." In
+after years he acknowledged that he was at times homesick during the
+three months which followed, and felt deeply his absence from the wife
+and family to whom he was so warmly attached. But possessing a
+cheerful, hopeful nature, he forgot his loneliness in untrammeled
+enjoyment of the far-stretching wilderness.
+
+Almost without ammunition, he could not hunt, save to obtain sufficient
+food, and largely spent his time in exploration. Fearing Indians, he
+frequently changed his location, sometimes living in shelters of bark
+and boughs, and again in caves; but seldom venturing to sleep in these
+temporary homes, preferring the thickets and the dense cane-brakes as
+less liable to be sought by savage prowlers.
+
+Kentucky has a remarkably diversified landscape of densely wooded hills
+and valleys and broad prairie expanses. The genial climate admirably
+suited the philosophical wanderer. He enjoyed the exquisite beauty and
+stateliness of the trees--the sycamores, tulip-trees, sugar-trees,
+honey-locusts, coffee-trees, pawpaws, cucumber-trees, and black
+mulberries--and found flowers in surprising variety and loveliness. The
+mineral springs interested him--Big Lick, the Blue Licks, and Big Bone
+Lick, with its fossil remains of mastodons which had become mired when
+coming to lick the brackish soil. He traveled far and wide in his search
+for the beautiful and curious, being chiefly in the valleys of the
+Licking and the Kentucky, and upon the banks of the Ohio as far down as
+the site of Louisville, where, at the foot of the falls, he inspected
+the remains of an old fur trade stockade concerning which Finley had
+told him.
+
+Once he saw some Indians walking upon the northern bank of the Ohio, but
+managed himself to keep out of sight. At another time, when on the
+Kentucky, he saw a savage calmly fishing from the trunk of a fallen
+tree. In mentioning this incident to his family, in later days, he would
+declare with gravity: "While I was looking at the fellow he tumbled into
+the river, and I saw him no more." Probably the man of the Yadkin shot
+him, fearing that the fisherman might carry the news of the former's
+whereabouts to a possible camp near by. On another occasion, when
+exploring Dick's River, he was suddenly surrounded by Indians. Having
+either to surrender or to leap down the precipitous height to a bank
+sixty feet below, he chose to leap. Landing in the top of a small
+sugar-maple, he slid down the tree, and was able to escape by running
+under the overhanging bank and then swimming the stream. Adventures such
+as this gave abundant spice to the joys of solitude.
+
+In the latter part of July Squire arrived from the settlements, having
+paid all their debts and with the surplus purchased sufficient supplies
+for another summer and fall campaign against the deer. This was highly
+successful. They did not lack some interesting experiences, but Indians
+were not again encountered; so that, when winter approached, Squire was
+enabled once more to leave with well-laden horses for the markets of the
+East. Another two months of loneliness were suffered by Daniel; but in
+December Squire rejoined him with horses, ammunition, and other
+necessaries, and the pair joyously settled down for still another winter
+together in the dark and lonely forests of Kentucky.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+PREDECESSORS AND CONTEMPORARIES
+
+
+The reader of this narrative has, of course, already discovered that
+Daniel Boone was neither the original white explorer of Kentucky nor the
+first white hunter within its limits. Many others had been there before
+him. It will be worth our while at this point to take a hasty review of
+some of the previous expeditions which had made the "dark and bloody
+ground" known to the world.
+
+Probably none of the several Spanish explorations of the sixteenth
+century along the Mississippi River and through the Gulf States had
+touched Kentucky. But during the seventeenth century both the French in
+Canada and the English on the Atlantic tidewater came to have fairly
+accurate notions of the country lying immediately to the south of the
+Ohio River. As early as 1650 Governor Berkeley, of Virginia, made a vain
+attempt to cross the Alleghany barrier in search of the Mississippi,
+concerning which he had heard from Indians; and we know that at the same
+time the French, especially the Jesuit missionaries, were looking
+eagerly in that direction. A few years later Colonel Abraham Wood, of
+Virginia, discovered streams which poured into the Ohio and the
+Mississippi. Just a century before Boone's great hunt, John Lederer,
+also of Virginia, explored for a considerable distance beyond the
+mountains. The following year Thomas Batts and his party proclaimed King
+Charles II upon New River, the upper waters of the Great Kanawha--twelve
+months before La Salle took possession of all Western waters for the
+French king, and nineteen before Marquette and Joliet discovered the
+Mississippi.
+
+There is a tradition that in 1678, only five years after the voyage of
+Marquette and Joliet, a party of New Englanders ventured into the
+Western wilderness as far as New Mexico. The later French expeditions of
+La Salle, Hennepin, and D'Iberville are well known. Several Englishmen
+traded with Indians upon the Mississippi before the close of the
+seventeenth century; by 1719 the English were so numerous that Governor
+Keith, of Pennsylvania, suggested that four forts be built for their
+protection in the Wabash and Illinois countries. We hear of a French
+expedition investigating Big Bone Lick, in Kentucky, in 1735; and other
+visits were successively made by bands of their compatriots until the
+downfall of New France, over a quarter of a century later. In 1742 John
+Howard and Peter Salling, of Virginia, were exploring in Kentucky; six
+years after them Dr. Thomas Walker made a notable expedition through the
+same country; and two years after that Washington's backwoods friend,
+Christopher Gist, was on the site of Louisville selecting lands for the
+Ohio Company, which had a large grant upon the Ohio River.
+
+Henceforward, border chronicles abound with reports of the adventures of
+English fur-traders, hunters, and land-viewers, all along the Ohio River
+and tributary waters above Louisville. Among these early adventurers was
+our friend Finley, whose experiences in Kentucky dated from 1752, and
+who piloted Boone to the promised land through the gateway of Cumberland
+Gap. The subsequent Indian wars, with the expeditions into the upper
+Ohio Valley by Generals Braddock, Forbes, and Bouquet, made the country
+still better known; and settlers were soon rushing in by scores,
+although as yet none of them appear to have made clearings within
+Kentucky itself.
+
+Officers and soldiers who had served in the French and Indian War were
+given liberal grants of land in the West. Washington had not only his
+own grant, as the principal officer upon the southwest frontier, but was
+agent for a number of fellow-soldiers, and in 1767 went to the Ohio
+River to select and survey claims. At the very time when Boone was
+engaged upon his fruitless expedition down the Big Sandy, Washington was
+making the first surveys in Kentucky on both the Little and Big Sandy.
+Again, in 1770, when Boone was exploring the Kentucky wilderness,
+Washington was surveying extensive tracts along the Ohio and the Great
+Kanawha, and planning for a large colony upon his own lands. The
+outbreak of the Revolution caused the great man to turn his attention
+from the over-mountain region to the defense of his country. Had he been
+left to carry out his plans, he would doubtless have won fame as the
+most energetic of Western pioneers.
+
+It will be remembered that when Boone and his companions passed through
+Cumberland Gap in the early summer of 1769, they found the well-worn
+trail of other hunters who had preceded them from the settlements. The
+men of the Yadkin Valley were not the only persons seeking game in
+Kentucky that year. At about the time when Boone was bidding farewell to
+his family, Hancock and Richard Taylor, Abraham Hempinstall, and one
+Barbour, frontiersmen of the same type, started from their homes in
+Orange County, Va., to explore the valleys of the Ohio and Mississippi.
+They descended from Pittsburg in a boat, explored Kentucky, and
+proceeded into Arkansas, where they camped and hunted during the
+following winter. The next year two of them traveled eastward to
+Florida, and thence northwardly to their homes; the others stayed in
+Arkansas for another year, and returned by sea from New Orleans to New
+York.
+
+Simultaneously with the expeditions of Boone and the Taylors, a party of
+twenty or more adventurous hunters and explorers was formed in the New
+River region, in the Valley of Virginia. They set out in June (1769),
+piloted by Uriah Stone, who had been in Kentucky three years before.
+Entering by way of the now familiar Cumberland Gap, these men had
+experiences quite similar to those of Boone and his comrades. At some of
+the Kentucky salt-licks they found herds of buffaloes numbering up in
+the thousands--at one lick a hundred acres were densely massed with
+these bulky animals, who exhibited no fear until the wind blew from the
+hunters toward them, and then they would "dash wildly away in large
+droves and disappear." Like Boone's party, they also were the victims of
+Cherokees, who plundered their camps, and after leaving them some guns
+and a little ammunition, ordered them out of the country. The New River
+party being large, however, some of their number were deputed to go to
+the settlements and bring back fresh supplies, so that they could finish
+their hunt. After further adventures with Indians half of the hunters
+returned home; while the others wandered into Tennessee and as far as
+the Ozark Mountains, finally reaching New River through Georgia and the
+Carolinas. Another Virginian, named John McCulloch, who courted the
+perils of exploration, was in Kentucky in the summer of 1769 with a
+white man-servant and a negro. He visited the site of Terre Haute, Ind.,
+and went by canoe to Natchez and New Orleans, and at length reached
+Philadelphia by sea.
+
+But the most famous of all the expeditions of the period was that of the
+"Long Hunters," as they have come to be known in Western history.
+Inspired by the favorable reports of Stone and others, about forty of
+the most noted and successful hunters of New River and Holston Valleys
+formed, in the summer of 1770, a company for hunting and trapping to the
+west of Cumberland Mountains. Under the leadership of two of the best
+woodsmen of the region, Joseph Drake and Henry Skaggs, and including
+several of Stone's party, they set out in early autumn fully prepared
+for meeting Indians and living on game. Each man took with him three
+packhorses, rifles, ammunition, traps, dogs, blankets, and salt, and was
+dressed in the deerskin costume of the times.
+
+Pushing on through Cumberland Gap, the adventurers were soon in the
+heart of Kentucky. In accordance with custom, they visited some of the
+best licks--a few of which were probably first seen by them--for here
+wild beasts were always to be found in profusion. At Knob Licks they
+beheld from an eminence which overlooked the springs "what they
+estimated at largely over a thousand animals, including buffaloe, elk,
+bear, and deer, with many wild turkies scattered among them--all quite
+restless, some playing, and others busily employed in licking the earth;
+but at length they took flight and bounded away all in one direction, so
+that in the brief space of a couple of minutes not an animal was to be
+seen." Within an area of many acres, the animals had eaten the salty
+earth to a depth of several feet.
+
+Successful in a high degree, the party ceased operations in February,
+and had completed preparations for sending a large shipment of skins,
+furs, and "jerk" to the settlements, when, in their temporary absence,
+roving Cherokees robbed them of much of their stores and spoiled the
+greater part of the remainder. "Fifteen hundred skins gone to
+ruination!" was the legend which one of them carved upon the bark of a
+neighboring tree, a record to which were appended the initials of each
+member of the party. A series of disasters followed, in the course of
+which two men were carried off by Indians and never again seen, and
+others fled for home. Those remaining, having still much ammunition and
+the horses, continued their hunt, chiefly upon the Green and Cumberland
+Rivers, and in due time brought together another store of peltries,
+almost as extensive as that despoiled by the savages.
+
+Not long after the robbery, when the Long Hunters were upon Green River,
+one of the parties into which the band was divided were going into camp
+for the night, when a singular noise was heard proceeding from a
+considerable distance in the forest. The leader, Caspar Mausker,
+commanded silence on the part of his comrades, and himself crept
+cautiously from tree to tree in the direction of the sound. Imagine his
+surprise and amusement to find "a man bare-headed, stretched flat upon
+his back on a deerskin spread on the ground, singing merrily at the top
+of his voice!" The singer was our hero, Daniel Boone, who, regardless of
+possible Indian neighbors, was thus enjoying himself while awaiting
+Squire's belated return to camp. Like most woodsmen of his day and ours,
+Boone was fond of singing, in his rude way, as well as of relating tales
+of stirring adventure. In such manner were many hours whiled away around
+the camp-fires of wilderness hunters.
+
+The Boones at once joined and spent some time with the Long Hunters, no
+doubt delighted at this opportunity of once more mingling with men of
+their kind. Among their amusements was that of naming rivers, creeks,
+and hills after members of the party; many of these names are still
+preserved upon the map of Kentucky. At one time they discovered that
+some French hunters from the Illinois country had recently visited a
+lick to kill buffaloes for their tongues and tallow, which they had
+loaded into a keel-boat and taken down the Cumberland. In after years
+one of the Long Hunters declared that this wholesale slaughter was so
+great "that one could walk for several hundred yards in and around the
+lick on buffaloes' skulls and bones, with which the whole flat around
+the lick was bleached."
+
+It was not until August that the Long Hunters returned to their homes,
+after a profitable absence of eleven months. But the Boone brothers left
+their comrades in March and headed for the Yadkin, with horses now well
+laden with spoils of the chase. They were deeply in debt for their
+latest supplies, but were returning in light heart, cheered with the
+prospect of settling their accounts and being able to revisit Kentucky
+in good condition. But in Powell's Valley, near Cumberland Gap, where
+they might well have supposed that small chance of danger remained, they
+were suddenly set upon by a war party of Northern Indians who had been
+raiding the white settlers as well as their Southern foes, the Cherokees
+and Catawbas. Roughly handled and robbed of their packs, the unfortunate
+hunters reached the Yadkin in no happy frame of mind. Daniel had been
+absent for two years, and was now poorer than when he left home. He used
+to say, however, in after years, that having at last seen Kentucky, his
+ideal of an earthly paradise, that served as solace for his woes.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+THE HERO OF CLINCH VALLEY
+
+
+While Daniel Boone had been hunting and exploring amid the deep forests
+and waving greenswards of Kentucky, important events had been taking
+place in the settlements. The colonists along the Atlantic tidewater had
+become so crowded that there were no longer any free lands in that
+region; and settlers' cabins in the western uplands of Pennsylvania,
+Maryland, the Carolinas, and Georgia had so multiplied that now much of
+the best land there had also been taken up. The far-outlying frontier
+upon which the Boones and Bryans had reared their rude log huts nearly a
+quarter of a century before, no longer abounded in game and in free
+pastures for roving herds; indeed, the frontier was now pushed forward
+to the west-flowing streams--to the head waters of the Watauga, Clinch,
+Powell, French Broad, Holston, and Nolichucky, all of them affluents of
+the Tennessee, and to the Monongahela and other tributaries of the
+upper Ohio.
+
+The rising tide of population demanded more room to the westward. The
+forbidding mountain-ranges had long hemmed in the restless borderers;
+but the dark-skinned wilderness tribes had formed a still more serious
+barrier, as, with rifles and tomahawks purchased from white traders,
+they terrorized the slowly advancing outposts of civilization. With the
+French government no longer in control of Canada and the region east of
+the Mississippi--although French-Canadian woodsmen were freely employed
+by the British Indian Department--with the consequent quieting of Indian
+forays, with increased knowledge of the over-mountain passes, and with
+the strong push of population from behind, there had arisen a general
+desire to scale the hills, and beyond them to seek exemption from
+tax-gatherers, free lands, and the abundant game concerning which the
+Kentucky hunters had brought glowing reports.
+
+Upon the defeat of the French, the English king had issued a
+proclamation (1763) forbidding his "loving subjects" to settle to the
+west of the mountains. The home government was no doubt actuated in this
+by two motives: first, a desire to preserve the wilderness for the
+benefit of the growing fur trade, which brought wealth to many London
+merchants; second, a fear that borderers who pushed beyond the mountains
+might not only be beyond the reach of English trade, but also beyond
+English political control. But the frontiersmen were already too far
+distant to have much regard for royal proclamations. The king's command
+appears to have had no more effect than had he, like one of his
+predecessors, bade the ocean tide rise no higher.
+
+In 1768, at Fort Stanwix, N.Y., the Iroquois of that province, whose war
+parties had raided much of the country between the Hudson and the
+Mississippi, surrendered what shadowy rights they might be supposed to
+have over all lands lying between the Ohio and the Tennessee. Meanwhile,
+at the South, the Cherokees had agreed to a frontier which opened to
+settlement eastern Kentucky and Tennessee.
+
+But, without waiting for these treaties, numerous schemes had been
+proposed in England and the Atlantic coast colonies for the settlement
+of Kentucky and the lands of the upper Ohio. Most of these projects
+failed, even the more promising of them being checked by the opening of
+the Revolutionary War; but their existence showed how general was the
+desire of English colonists to occupy those fertile Western lands which
+explorers like Gist, Washington, the Boones, and the Long Hunters had
+now made familiar to the world. The new treaties strengthened this
+desire, so that when Daniel and Squire Boone reached their homes upon
+the Yadkin the subject of Western settlement was uppermost in the minds
+of the people.
+
+The land excitement was, however, less intense in North Carolina than in
+the Valley of Virginia and other mountain troughs to the north and
+northeast. At Boone's home there was unrest of a more serious character.
+The tax-gatherers were arousing great popular discontent because of
+unlawful and extortionate demands, and in some cases Governor Tryon had
+come to blows with the regulators who stood for the people's rights.
+
+For two and a half years after his return Boone quietly conducted his
+little farm, and, as of old, made long hunting trips in autumn and
+winter, occasionally venturing--sometimes alone, sometimes with one or
+two companions--far west into Kentucky, once visiting French Lick, on
+the Cumberland, where he found several French hunters. There is reason
+to believe that in 1772 he moved to the Watauga Valley, but after living
+there for a time went back to the Yadkin. Early in the following year he
+accompanied Benjamin Cutbirth and others as far as the present Jessamine
+County, Ky., and from this trip returned fired with quickened zeal for
+making a settlement in the new country.
+
+The spring and summer were spent in active preparations. He enlisted the
+cooperation of Captain William Russell, the principal pioneer in the
+Clinch Valley; several of the Bryans, whose settlement was now
+sixty-five miles distant, also agreed to join him; and five other
+families in his own neighborhood engaged to join the expedition. The
+Bryan party, numbering forty men, some of them from the Valley of
+Virginia and Powell's Valley, were not to be accompanied by their
+families, as they preferred to go in advance and prepare homes before
+making a final move. But Boone and the other men of the upper Yadkin
+took with them their wives and children; most of them sold their farms,
+as did Boone, thus burning their bridges behind them. Arranging to meet
+the Bryan contingent in Powell's Valley, Boone's party left for the West
+upon the twenty-fifth of September, 1773--fifty-six years after old
+George Boone had departed from England for the Pennsylvania frontier
+near Philadelphia, and twenty-three after the family had set out for the
+new southwest frontier on the Yadkin.
+
+Reaching Powell's, Boone went into camp to await the rear party, his
+riding and packhorses hoppled and belled, after the custom of such
+caravans, and their small herd of cattle properly guarded in a meadow.
+His eldest son, James, now a boy of sixteen years, was sent with two
+men, with pack-animals, across country to notify Russell and to secure
+some flour and farming tools. They were returning laden, in company with
+Russell's son Henry, a year older than James, two of Russell's negro
+slaves, and two or three white workpeople, when, missing their path,
+they went into camp for the night only three miles from Boone's
+quarters. At daybreak they were attacked by a Shawnese war party and all
+killed except a white laborer and a negro. This pathetic tragedy created
+such consternation among the movers that, despite Boone's entreaties to
+go forward, all of them returned to Virginia and Carolina. Daniel and
+his family, no longer having a home on the Yadkin, would not retreat,
+and took up their quarters in an empty cabin upon the farm of Captain
+David Gass, seven or eight miles from Russell's, upon Clinch River.
+Throughout this sorrowful winter the Boones were supported from their
+stock of cattle and by means of Daniel's unerring rifle.
+
+It was long before the intrepid pioneers could again take up their line
+of march. Ever since the Bouquet treaty of 1764 there had been more or
+less disturbance upon the frontiers. During all these years, although
+there was no open warfare between whites and reds, many scores of lives
+had been lost. Indians had wantonly plundered and murdered white men,
+and the latter had been quite as merciless toward the savages. Whenever
+a member of one race met a man of the other the rifle was apt to be at
+once brought into play. Meanwhile, armed parties of surveyors and land
+speculators were swarming into Kentucky, notching the trees for
+landmarks, and giving evidence to apprehensive tribesmen that the hordes
+of civilization were upon them. In 1773 George Rogers Clark, afterward
+the most famous of border leaders, had staked a claim at the mouth of
+Fishing Creek, on the Ohio; Washington had, this summer, descended the
+river to the same point; while at the Falls of the Ohio, and upon
+interior waters of the Kentucky wilderness, other parties were laying
+ambitious plans for the capitals of new colonies.
+
+In the following spring the Cherokees and Shawnese, now wrought to a
+high pitch of ill temper, combined for onslaughts on the advancing
+frontiersmen. The wanton murder by border ruffians of Chief John Logan's
+family, near Mingo Junction, on the Ohio, was the match which, in early
+summer, fired the tinder. The Mingos, ablaze with the fire of vengeance,
+carried the war-pipe through the neighboring villages; runners were sent
+in every direction to rouse the tribes; tomahawks were unearthed,
+war-posts were planted; messages of defiance were sent to the
+"Virginians," as all frontiersmen were generally called by the Western
+Indians; and in a few days the border war to which history has given the
+name of Lord Dunmore, then governor of Virginia, was in full swing from
+Cumberland Gap to Fort Pitt, from the Alleghanies to the Wabash.
+
+Its isolation at first protected the Valley of the Clinch. The
+commandant of the southwest militia--which comprised every boy or man
+capable of bearing arms--was Colonel William Preston; under him was
+Major Arthur Campbell; the principal man in the Clinch Valley was
+Boone's friend, Russell. When, in June, the border captains were
+notified by Lord Dunmore that the war was now on, forts were erected in
+each of the mountain valleys, and scouts sent out along the trails and
+streams to ascertain the whereabouts of the enemy.
+
+There were in Kentucky, at this time, several surveying parties which
+could not obtain news by way of the Ohio because of the blockade
+maintained by the Shawnese. It became necessary to notify them overland,
+and advise their retreat to the settlements by way of Cumberland Gap.
+Russell having been ordered by Preston to employ "two faithful woodsmen"
+for this purpose, chose Daniel Boone and Michael Stoner. "If they are
+alive," wrote Russell to his colonel, "it is indisputable but Boone must
+find them." Leaving the Clinch on June twenty-seventh, the two envoys
+were at Harrodsburg before July eighth. There they found James Harrod
+and thirty-four other men laying off a large town,[9] in which they
+proposed to give each inhabitant a half-acre in-lot and a ten-acre
+out-lot. Boone, who had small capacity for business, but in land was
+something of a speculator, registered as a settler, and in company with
+a neighbor put up a cabin for his future occupancy. This done, he and
+Stoner hurried on down the Kentucky River to its mouth, and thence to
+the Falls of the Ohio (site of Louisville), notifying several bands of
+surveyors and town-builders of their danger. After an absence of
+sixty-one days they were back again upon the Clinch, having traveled
+eight hundred miles through a practically unbroken forest, experienced
+many dangers from Indians, and overcome natural difficulties almost
+without number.
+
+Meanwhile Lord Dunmore, personally unpopular but an energetic and
+competent military manager, had sent out an army of nearly three
+thousand backwoodsmen against the Shawnese north of the Ohio. One wing
+of this army, led by the governor himself, went by way of Fort Pitt and
+descended the Ohio; among its members was George Rogers Clark. The other
+wing, commanded by General Andrew Lewis, included the men of the
+Southwest, eleven hundred strong; they were to descend the Great
+Kanawha and rendezvous with the northern wing at Point Pleasant, at the
+junction of the Kanawha and the Ohio.
+
+When Boone arrived upon the Clinch he found that Russell and most of the
+other militiamen of the district had departed upon the campaign. With a
+party of recruits, the great hunter started out to overtake the
+expedition, but was met by orders to return and aid in defending his own
+valley; for the drawing off of the militia by Dunmore had left the
+southwest frontiers in weak condition. During September the settlers
+upon the Clinch suffered much apprehension; the depredations of the
+tribesmen were not numerous, but several men were either wounded or
+captured.
+
+In a letter written upon the sixth of October, Major Campbell gives a
+list of forts upon the Clinch: "Blackmore's, sixteen men, Sergeant Moore
+commanding; Moore's, twenty miles above, twenty men, Lieutenant Boone
+commanding; Russell's, four miles above, twenty men, Sergeant W. Poage
+commanding; Glade Hollow, twelve miles above, fifteen men, Sergeant
+John Dunkin commanding; Elk Garden, fourteen miles above, eighteen men,
+Sergeant John Kinkead commanding; Maiden Spring, twenty-three miles
+above, five men, Sergeant John Crane commanding; Whitton's Big Crab
+Orchard, twelve miles above, three men, Ensign John Campbell, of Rich
+Valley, commanding." During this month Boone and his little garrison
+made frequent sallies against the enemy, and now and then fought brief
+but desperate skirmishes. He appears to have been by far the most active
+commander in the valley, and when neighboring forts were attacked his
+party of well-trained riflemen generally furnished the relief necessary
+to raise the siege. "Mr. Boone," writes Campbell to Preston, "is very
+diligent at Castle's-woods, and keeps up good order." His conduct is
+frequently alluded to in the military correspondence of that summer;
+Campbell and other leaders exhibited in their references to our hero a
+respectful and even deferential tone. An eye-witness of some of these
+stirring scenes has left us a description of Daniel Boone, now forty
+years of age, in which it is stated that his was then a familiar figure
+throughout the valley as he hurried to and fro upon his military duties
+"dressed in deerskin colored black, and his hair plaited and clubbed
+up."
+
+Upon the tenth of October, Cornstalk, a famous Shawnese chief, taking
+advantage of Dunmore's failure to join the southern wing, led against
+Lewis's little army encamped at Point Pleasant a thousand picked
+warriors gathered from all parts of the Northwest. Here, upon the wooded
+eminence at the junction of the two rivers, was waged from dawn until
+dusk one of the most bloody and stubborn hand-to-hand battles ever
+fought between Indians and whites. It is hard to say who displayed the
+best generalship, Cornstalk or Lewis. The American savage was a splendid
+fighter; although weak in discipline he could competently plan a battle.
+The tactics of surprise were his chief resource, and these are
+legitimate even in civilized warfare; but he could also make a
+determined contest in the open, and when, as at Point Pleasant, the
+opposing numbers were nearly equal, the result was often slow of
+determination. Desperately courageous, pertinacious, with a natural
+aptitude for war combined with consummate treachery, cruelty, and
+cunning, it is small wonder that the Indian long offered a formidable
+barrier to the advance of civilization. In early Virginia, John Smith
+noticed that in Indian warfare the whites won at the expense of losses
+far beyond those suffered by the tribesmen; and here at Point Pleasant,
+while the "Long Knives"[10] gained the day, the number of their dead and
+wounded was double that of the casualties sustained by Cornstalk's
+painted band.
+
+The victory at Point Pleasant practically closed the war upon the
+border. Boone had been made a captain in response to a popular petition
+that the hero of Clinch Valley be thus honored, and was given charge of
+the three lower forts; but there followed only a few alarms, and upon
+the twentieth of November he and his brother militiamen of the region
+received their discharge. The war had cost Virginia £10,000 sterling,
+many valuable lives had been sacrificed, and an incalculable amount of
+suffering and privation had been occasioned all along the three hundred
+and fifty miles of American frontier. But the Shawnese had been humbled,
+the Cherokees had retired behind the new border line, and a lasting
+peace appeared to be assured.
+
+In the following January Captain Boone, true son of the wilderness, was
+celebrating his freedom from duties incident to war's alarms by a
+solitary hunt upon the banks of Kentucky River.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[9] Previous to this there had been built in Kentucky many hunters'
+camps, also a few isolated cabins by "improvers"; but Harrodsburg (at
+first called "Harrodstown") was the first permanent settlement, thus
+having nearly a year's start of Boonesborough. June 16, 1774, is the
+date given by Collins and other chroniclers for the actual settlement by
+Harrod.
+
+[10] The Indians had called the Americans "Knifemen," "Long Knives," or
+"Big Knives," from the earliest historic times; but it was not until
+about the middle of the eighteenth century that the Virginia colonists
+began to make record of the use of this epithet by the Indians with whom
+they came in contact. It was then commonly supposed that it grew out of
+the use of swords by the frontier militiamen, and this is the meaning
+still given in dictionaries; but it has been made apparent by Albert
+Matthews, writing in the New York Nation, March 14, 1901, that the
+epithet originated in the fact that Englishmen used knives as
+distinguished from the early stone tools of the Indians. The French
+introduced knives into America previous to the English, but apparently
+the term was used only by Indians within the English sphere of
+influence.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+THE SETTLEMENT OF KENTUCKY
+
+
+Kentucky had so long been spasmodically occupied and battled over by
+Shawnese, Iroquois, and Cherokees, that it can not be said that any of
+them had well-defined rights over its soil. Not until white men appeared
+anxious to settle there did the tribes begin to assert their respective
+claims, in the hope of gaining presents at the treaties whereat they
+were asked to make cessions. The whites, on their part, when negotiating
+for purchases, were well aware of the shadowy character of these claims;
+but, when armed with a signed deed of cession, they had something
+tangible upon which thenceforth to base their own claims of
+proprietorship. There was therefore much insincerity upon both sides. It
+is well to understand this situation in studying the history of Kentucky
+settlement.
+
+Colonel Richard Henderson was one of the principal judges in North
+Carolina, a scholarly, talented man, eminent in the legal profession;
+although but thirty-nine years of age, he wielded much influence.
+Knowing and respecting Daniel Boone, Henderson was much impressed by the
+former's enthusiastic reports concerning the soil, climate, and scenery
+of Kentucky; and, acting solely upon this information, resolved to
+establish a colony in that attractive country. He associated with
+himself three brothers, Nathaniel, David, and Thomas Hart, the
+last-named of whom in later life wrote that he "had known Boone of old,
+when poverty and distress held him fast by the hand; and in those
+wretched circumstances he had ever found him a noble and generous soul,
+despising everything mean." Their proposed colony was styled
+Transylvania, and the association of proprietors the Transylvania
+Company.
+
+It will be remembered that in the treaty of Fort Stanwix (1768) the
+Iroquois of New York had ceded to the English crown their pretensions to
+lands lying between the Ohio and the Tennessee. The Transylvania
+Company, however, applied to the Cherokees, because this was the tribe
+commanding the path from Virginia and the Carolinas to Kentucky. In
+March, 1775, a great council was held at Sycamore Shoals, on the Watauga
+River, between the company and twelve hundred Cherokees who had been
+brought in for the purpose by Boone. For $50,000 worth of cloths,
+clothing, utensils, ornaments, and firearms, the Indians ceded to
+Henderson and his partners an immense grant including all the country
+lying between the Kentucky and Cumberland Rivers, also a path of
+approach from the east, through Powell's Valley. At this council were
+some of the most prominent Cherokee chiefs and southwestern
+frontiersmen.
+
+When the goods came to be distributed among the Indians it was found
+that, although they filled a large cabin and looked very tempting in
+bulk, there was but little for each warrior, and great dissatisfaction
+arose. One Cherokee, whose portion was a shirt, declared that in one
+day, upon this land, he could have killed deer enough to buy such a
+garment; to surrender his hunting-ground for this trifle naturally
+seemed to him a bad bargain. For the safety of the pioneers the chiefs
+could give no guarantee; they warned Boone, who appears to have acted as
+spokesman for the company, that "a black cloud hung over this land,"
+warpaths crossed it from north to south, and settlers would surely get
+killed; for such results the Cherokees must not be held responsible.
+
+This was not promising. Neither was the news, now received, that
+Governors Martin of North Carolina, and Dunmore of Virginia had both of
+them issued proclamations against the great purchase. The former had
+called Henderson and his partners an "infamous Company of Land Pyrates";
+and they were notified that this movement was in violation of the king's
+proclamation of 1763, forbidding Western settlements.
+
+The company, relying upon popular sympathy and their great distance from
+tidewater seats of government, proceeded without regard to these
+proclamations. Boone, at the head of a party of about thirty enlisted
+men, some of them the best backwoodsmen in the country,[11] was sent
+ahead to mark a path through the forest to Kentucky River, and there
+establish a capital for the new colony. They encountered many
+difficulties, especially when traveling through cane-brakes and brush;
+and once, while asleep, were attacked by Indians, who killed a negro
+servant and wounded two of the party. Boone won hearty commendation for
+his skill and courage throughout the expedition, which finally arrived
+at its destination on the sixth of April. This was Big Lick, on Kentucky
+River, just below the mouth of Otter Creek. Here it was decided to build
+a town to be called Boonesborough, to serve as the capital of
+Transylvania. The site was "a plain on the south side of the river,
+wherein was a lick with sulphur springs strongly impregnated."
+
+To Felix Walker, one of the pioneers, we are indebted for the details of
+this notable colonizing expedition, set forth in a narrative which is
+still preserved. "On entering the plain," he writes, "we were permitted
+to view a very interesting and romantic sight. A number of buffaloes, of
+all sizes, supposed to be between two and three hundred, made off from
+the lick in every direction: some running, some walking, others loping
+slowly and carelessly, with young calves playing, skipping, and bounding
+through the plain. Such a sight some of us never saw before, nor perhaps
+ever may again." A fort was commenced, and a few cabins "strung along
+the river-bank;" but it was long before the stronghold was completed,
+for, now that the journey was at an end, Boone's men had become callous
+to danger.
+
+Meanwhile Henderson was proceeding slowly from the settlements with
+thirty men and several wagons loaded with goods and tools. Delayed from
+many causes, they at last felt obliged to leave the encumbering wagons
+in Powell's Valley. Pushing forward, they were almost daily met by
+parties of men and boys returning home from Kentucky bearing vague
+reports of Indian forays. This resulted in Henderson losing many of his
+own followers from desertion. Arriving at Boonesborough on the twentieth
+of April, the relief party was "saluted by a running fire of about
+twenty-five guns." Some of Boone's men had, in the general uneasiness,
+also deserted, and others had scattered throughout the woods, hunting,
+exploring, or surveying on their own account.
+
+The method of surveying then in vogue upon the Western frontier was of
+the crudest, although it must be acknowledged that any system more
+formal might, at that stage of our country's growth, have prevented
+rapid settlement. Each settler or land speculator was practically his
+own surveyor. With a compass and a chain, a few hours' work would
+suffice to mark the boundaries of a thousand-acre tract. There were as
+yet no adequate maps of the country, and claims overlapped each other
+in the most bewildering manner. A speculator who "ran out" a hundred
+thousand acres might, without knowing it, include in his domain a
+half-dozen claims previously surveyed by modest settlers who wanted but
+a hundred acres each. A man who paid the land-office fees might "patent"
+any land he pleased and have it recorded, the colony, and later the
+State, only guaranteeing such entries as covered land not already
+patented. This overlapping, conscious or unconscious, at last became so
+perplexing that thousands of vexatious lawsuits followed, some of which
+are still unsettled; and even to-day in Kentucky there are lands whose
+ownership is actually unknown, which pay no taxes and support only
+squatters who can not be turned out--possibly some of it, lying between
+patented tracts, by chance has never been entered at all. Nobody can now
+say. Thus it was that we find our friend Daniel Boone quickly
+transformed from a wilderness hunter into a frontier surveyor. Before
+Henderson's arrival he had laid off the town site into lots of two
+acres each. These were now drawn at a public lottery; while those who
+wished larger tracts within the neighborhood were able to obtain them by
+promising to plant a crop of corn and pay to the Transylvania Company a
+quit-rent of two English shillings for each hundred acres.
+
+  [Illustration: A SURVEY NOTE BY BOONE.
+    Reduced facsimile from his field-books in possession of Wisconsin
+    State Historical Society.]
+
+There were now four settlements in the Transylvania grant:
+Boonesborough; Harrodsburg, fifty miles west, with about a hundred men;
+Boiling Spring, some six or seven miles from Harrodsburg; and St. Asaph.
+The crown lands to the north and east of the Kentucky, obtained by the
+Fort Stanwix treaty, contained two small settlements; forty miles north
+of Boonesborough was Hinkson's, later known as Ruddell's Station, where
+were about nineteen persons; lower down the Kentucky, also on the north
+side, was Willis Lee's settlement, near the present Frankfort; and
+ranging at will through the crown lands were several small parties of
+"land-jobbers," surveyors, and explorers, laying off the claims of
+militia officers who had fought in the Indian wars, and here and there
+building cabins to indicate possession.
+
+Henderson had no sooner arrived than he prepared for a convention, at
+which the people should adopt a form of government for the colony and
+elect officers. This was held at Boonesborough, in the open air, under a
+gigantic elm, during the week commencing Tuesday, the twenty-third of
+May. There were eighteen delegates, representing each of the four
+settlements south of the Kentucky. Among them were Daniel and Squire
+Boone, the former of whom proposed laws for the preservation of game and
+for improving the breed of horses; to the latter fell the presentation
+of rules for preserving the cattle-ranges. The compact finally agreed
+upon between the colonists and the proprietors declared "the powers of
+the one and the liberties of the others," and was "the earliest form of
+government in the region west of the Alleghanies." It provided for
+"perfect religious freedom and general toleration," militia and judicial
+systems, and complete liberty on the part of the settlers to conduct
+colonial affairs according to their needs. This liberal and
+well-digested plan appeared to please both Henderson and the settlers.
+But the opposition of the governors, the objections raised by the
+Assembly of Virginia, of which Kentucky was then a part,[12] and
+finally, the outbreak of the Revolution, which put an end to proprietary
+governments in America, caused the downfall of the Transylvania Company.
+The Boonesborough legislative convention met but once more--in December,
+to elect a surveyor-general.
+
+The May meeting had no sooner adjourned than Transylvania began again to
+lose its population. Few of the pioneers who had come out with Boone and
+Henderson, or had since wandered into the district, were genuine
+home-seekers. Many appear to have been mere adventurers, out for the
+excitement of the expedition and to satisfy their curiosity, who either
+returned home or wandered farther into the woods to seek fresh
+experiences of wild life; others had deliberately intended first to
+stake out claims in the neighborhood of the new settlements and then
+return home to look after their crops, and perhaps move to Kentucky in
+the autumn; others there were who, far removed from their families,
+proved restless; while many became uneasy because of Indian outrages,
+reports of which soon began to be circulated. Henderson wrote cheerful
+letters to his partners at home, describing the country as a paradise;
+but by the end of June, when Boone returned to the East for salt,
+Harrodsburg and Boiling Spring were almost deserted, while Boonesborough
+could muster but ten or twelve "guns," as men or boys capable of
+fighting Indians were called in the militia rolls.
+
+The infant colony of Kentucky had certainly reached a crisis in its
+career. Game was rapidly becoming more scarce, largely because of
+careless, inexperienced hunters who wounded more than they killed, and
+killed more than was needed for food; the frightened buffaloes had now
+receded so far west that they were several days' journey from
+Boonesborough. Yet game was still the staff of life. Captain Floyd, the
+surveyor-general, wrote to Colonel Preston: "I must hunt or starve."
+
+As the summer wore away and crops in the Eastern settlements were
+gathered, there was a considerable increase in the population. Many men
+who, in later days, were to exert a powerful influence in Kentucky now
+arrived--George Rogers Clark, the principal Western hero of the
+Revolution; Simon Kenton, famous throughout the border as hunter, scout,
+and Indian fighter; Benjamin Logan, William Whitley, the Lewises,
+Campbells, Christians, Prestons, MacDowells, McAfees, Hite, Bowman,
+Randolph, Todd, McClellan, Benton, Patterson--all of them names familiar
+in Western history.
+
+In the first week of September Boone arrived with his wife and family
+and twenty young men--"twenty-one guns," the report reads; Squire and
+his family soon followed; four Bryans, their brothers-in-law, came at
+the head of thirty men from the Yadkin; and, at the same time,
+Harrodsburg was reached by several other families who had, like the
+Boones, come on horseback through Cumberland Gap and Powell's Valley.
+This powerful reenforcement of pioneers, most of whom proposed to stay,
+had largely been attracted by Henderson's advertisements in Virginia
+newspapers offering terms of settlement on Transylvania lands. "Any
+person," said the announcement, "who will settle on and inhabit the same
+before the first day of June, 1776, shall have the privilege of taking
+up and surveying for himself five hundred acres, and for each tithable
+person he may carry with him and settle there, two hundred and fifty
+acres, on the payment of fifty shillings sterling per hundred, subject
+to a yearly quit-rent of two shillings, like money, to commence in the
+year 1780." Toward the end of November Henderson himself, who had gone
+on a visit to Carolina, returned with forty men, one of whom was Colonel
+Arthur Campbell, a prominent settler in the Holston Valley.
+
+This increase of population, which had been noticeable throughout the
+autumn and early winter, received a sudden check, however, two days
+before Christmas, when the Indians, who had been friendly for several
+months past, began again to annoy settlers, several being either killed
+or carried into captivity. This gave rise to a fresh panic, in the
+course of which many fled to the east of the mountains.
+
+During the year about five hundred persons from the frontiers of
+Pennsylvania, Virginia, and North Carolina had visited and explored
+Kentucky; but now, at the close of December, the population of all the
+settlements did not aggregate over two hundred. The recent outbreak had
+much to do with this situation of affairs; but there were other causes
+conspiring to disturb the minds of the people and postpone the growth of
+settlement--the clashing of interests between the Transylvania Company
+and the governors of Virginia and North Carolina, uncertainty as to the
+possibilities of a general Indian war, the threatened rupture between
+the colonies and the English crown, and the alarming scarcity of
+provisions and ammunition throughout Kentucky.
+
+Nevertheless, over nine hundred entries had been made in the
+Transylvania land-office at Boonesborough, embracing 560,000 acres, and
+most of these tracts were waiting to be surveyed; two hundred and thirty
+acres of corn had been successfully raised; horses, hogs, and poultry
+had been introduced, and apple- and peach-trees had been started at
+several settlements. The germ of a colony was firmly planted, laws had
+been made, the militia had been organized, civil and military officers
+had been commissioned, and in the face of several slight Indian attacks
+the savages had been repelled and the country maintained. Most promising
+of all, there were now twelve women in the country, all of them heads of
+families.
+
+The principal pioneers were nearly all of sturdy Scotch-Irish blood, men
+of sterling merit, intensely devoted to the cause of American liberty,
+and destined to contribute powerfully to its aid in the great war which
+had now begun, and concerning which messengers from over the mountains
+had during the year brought them scanty information.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[11] The names of this party of Kentucky pioneers, as preserved by
+tradition, are worth presenting in our record, for many of them
+afterward became prominent in the annals of the West: Squire Boone,
+Edward Bradley, James Bridges, William Bush, Samuel Coburn, Colonel
+Richard Calloway, Captain Crabtree, Benjamin Cutbirth, David Gass, John
+Hart, William Hays (son-in-law of Daniel Boone), William Hicks, Edmund
+Jennings, Thomas Johnson, John Kennedy, John King, William Miller,
+William Moore, James Nall, James Peeke, Bartlet Searcy, Reuben Searcy,
+Michael Stoner, Samuel Tate, Oswell Towns, Captain William Twitty
+(wounded at Rockcastle), John Vardeman, and Felix Walker (also wounded
+at Rockcastle). Mrs. Hays, Boone's daughter, traveled with her husband;
+a negro woman accompanied Calloway, and a negro man (killed at
+Rockcastle) was with Twitty.
+
+[12] It was then within the far-stretching boundaries of Fincastle
+County. Kentucky was set apart as a county, December 31, 1776.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+TWO YEARS OF DARKNESS
+
+
+With the opening of the year 1776 Daniel and Squire Boone were employed
+for several weeks as hunters or assistants to a party of surveyors sent
+by the Transylvania Company to the Falls of the Ohio, in the vicinity of
+which Henderson and his friends had taken up seventy thousand acres of
+land. They met no Indians and saw plenty of game; but returned to find
+that the settlers were indignant because of this wholesale preemption by
+the proprietors of the colony in a neighborhood where it was now felt
+the chief city in Kentucky was sure to be planted. In response to this
+clamor Henderson promised that hereafter, in that locality, only small
+tracts should be granted to individuals, and that a town should at once
+be laid out at the Falls; but the scanty supply of powder and
+provisions, and the company's growing troubles with the Virginia
+Assembly, prevented the execution of this project.
+
+In the spring newcomers everywhere appeared. In order to please the
+people of Harrodsburg, now the largest settlement, who were disposed to
+be critical, the company's land-office was moved thither, and it at once
+entered upon a flourishing business. Not only did many Virginians and
+Carolinians come in on horseback over the "Wilderness Road," as the
+route through Cumberland Gap was now styled, but hundreds also descended
+the Ohio in boats from the new settlements on the Monongahela, and from
+those farther east in Pennsylvania.
+
+While the horsemen of the Wilderness Road generally settled in
+Transylvania, those journeying by boat were chiefly interested in the
+crown lands north of the Kentucky; through these they ranged at will,
+building rude pens, half-faced cabins, and log huts, as convenience
+dictated, and planting small crops of corn in order to preempt their
+claims. The majority, however, after making sometimes as many as twenty
+such claims each, often upon land already surveyed on militia officers'
+warrants, returned home at the close of the season, seeking to sell
+their fictitious holdings to actual settlers. Of course the unscrupulous
+conduct of these "claim-jumping" speculators led to numerous quarrels.
+John Todd, of Harrodsburg, wrote to a friend: "I am afraid to lose sight
+of my house lest some invader should take possession."
+
+It was difficult, even for those who came to settle, to get down to hard
+work during those earliest years. Never was there a more beautiful
+region than the Kentucky wilderness. Both old and new settlers were fond
+of roaming through this wonderland of forests and glades and winding
+rivers, where the nights were cool and refreshing and the days filled
+with harmonies of sound and sight and smell. Hill and valley, timberland
+and thicket, meadow and prairie, grasslands and cane-brake--these
+abounded on every hand, in happy distribution of light and shadow. The
+soil was extremely fertile; there were many open spots fitted for
+immediate cultivation; the cattle-ranges were of the best, for nowhere
+was cane more abundant; game was more plentiful than men's hopes had
+ever before conceived--of turkeys, bears, deer, and buffaloes it seemed,
+for a time, as if the supply must always far excelled any possible
+demand. It is small wonder that the imaginations of the pioneers were
+fired with dreams of the future, that they saw in fancy great cities
+springing up in this new world of the West, and wealth pouring into the
+laps of those who could first obtain a foothold. Thus, in that beautiful
+spring of 1776, did Kentuckians revel in the pleasures of hope, and cast
+to the winds all thought of the peril and toil by which alone can man
+conquer a savage-haunted wilderness.
+
+But the "dark cloud" foretold at the Watauga treaty soon settled upon
+the land. Incited by British agents--for the Revolution was now on--the
+Cherokees on the south and the Shawnese and Mingos on the north declared
+war upon the American borderers. The Kentuckians were promptly warned by
+messengers from the East. The "cabiners," as claim speculators were
+called by actual settlers; the wandering fur-traders, most of whom were
+shabby rascals, whose example corrupted the savages, and whose conduct
+often led to outbreaks of race hostility; and the irresponsible hunters,
+who were recklessly killing or frightening off the herds of game--all of
+these classes began, with the mutterings of conflict, to draw closer to
+the settlements; while many hurried back to their old homes, carrying
+exaggerated reports of the situation.
+
+Meanwhile, opposition to the Transylvania proprietors was fast
+developing. The settlers in the Harrodsburg neighborhood held a
+convention in June and sent Colonel George Rogers Clark and Captain John
+Gabriel Jones as delegates to the Virginia Convention with a petition to
+that body to make Kentucky a county of Virginia. This project was
+bitterly opposed by Henderson; but upon the adoption by Congress, in
+July, of the Declaration of Independence, there was small chance left
+for the recognition of any proprietary government. When the new Virginia
+legislature met in the autumn, the petition of the "inhabitants of
+Kentuckie" was granted, and a county government organized.[13] David
+Robinson was appointed county lieutenant, John Bowman colonel, Anthony
+Bledsoe and George Rogers Clark majors, and Daniel Boone, James Harrod,
+John Todd, and Benjamin Logan captains.
+
+It was not until July that the Kentuckians fully realized the existence
+of an Indian war. During that month several hunters, surveyors, and
+travelers were killed in various parts of the district. The situation
+promised so badly that Colonel William Russell, of the Holston Valley,
+commandant of the southwestern Virginia militia, advised the immediate
+abandonment of Kentucky. Such advice fell upon unheeding ears in the
+case of men like Boone and his companions, although many of the less
+valorous were quick to retire beyond the mountains.
+
+On Sunday, the seventeenth of July, an incident occurred at
+Boonesborough which created wide-spread consternation. Jemima, the
+second daughter of Daniel Boone, aged fourteen years, together with two
+girl friends, Betsey and Fanny Calloway, sixteen and fourteen
+respectively, were paddling in a canoe upon the Kentucky. Losing control
+of their craft in the swift current, not over a quarter of a mile from
+the settlement, they were swept near the north bank, when five Shawnese
+braves, hiding in the bushes, waded out and captured them. The screams
+of the girls alarmed the settlers, who sallied forth in hot pursuit of
+the kidnappers.
+
+The mounted men, under Colonel Calloway, father of two of the captives,
+pushed forward to Lower Blue Licks, hoping to cut off the Indians as
+they crossed the Licking River on their way to the Shawnese towns in
+Ohio, whither it was correctly supposed they were fleeing. Boone headed
+the footmen, who followed closely on the trail of the fugitives, which
+had been carefully marked by the girls, who, with the self-possession of
+true borderers, furtively scattered broken twigs and scraps of clothing
+as they were hurried along through the forest by their grim captors.
+After a two days' chase, Boone's party caught up with the unsuspecting
+savages some thirty-five miles from Boonesborough, and by dint of a
+skilful dash recaptured the young women, unharmed. Two of the Shawnese
+were killed and the others fled into the woods. Calloway's horsemen met
+no foe.
+
+Although few other attacks were reported during the summer or autumn,
+the people were in a continual state of apprehension, neglected their
+crops, and either huddled in the neighborhood of the settlements, or
+"stations" as they were called, or abandoned the country altogether. In
+the midst of this uneasiness Floyd wrote to his friend Preston, in
+Virginia, urging that help be sent to the distressed colony: "They all
+seem deaf to anything we can say to dissuade them.... I think more than
+three hundred men have left the country since I came out, and not one
+has arrived, except a few _cabiners_ down the Ohio. I want to return as
+much as any man can do; but if I leave the country now there is scarcely
+one single man who will not follow the example. When I think of the
+deplorable condition a few helpless families are likely to be in, I
+conclude to sell my life as dearly as I can in their defense rather
+than make an ignominious escape."
+
+  [Illustration: FORT BOONESBOROUGH.
+    Drawn from Henderson's plans and other historical data by George W.
+    Ranck; reduced from the latter's "Boonesborough" (Filson Club
+    Publications, No. 16).]
+
+Seven stations had now been abandoned--Huston's, on the present site of
+Paris; Hinkson's, on the Licking; Bryan's, on the Elkhorn; Lee's, on the
+Kentucky; Harrod's, or the Boiling Spring settlement; Whitley's, and
+Logan's. But three remained occupied--McClellan's, Harrodsburg, and
+Boonesborough. Up to this time none of the Kentucky stations had been
+fortified; there had been some unfinished work at Boonesborough, but it
+was soon allowed to fall into decay. Work was now resumed at all three
+of the occupied settlements; this consisted simply of connecting the
+cabins, which faced an open square, by lines of palisades. It was only
+at McClellan's, however, that even this slender protection was promptly
+completed; at Boonesborough and Harrodsburg the work, although but a
+task of a few days, dragged slowly, and was not finished for several
+months. It was next to impossible for Boone and the other militia
+captains to induce men to labor at the common defenses in time of
+peace.
+
+Great popular interest was taken by the people of the Carolinas,
+Virginia, and Pennsylvania in the fate of the Kentucky settlements,
+whither so many prominent borderers from those States had moved. The
+frantic appeals for help sent out by Floyd, Logan, and McGary, and
+expressed in person by George Rogers Clark, awakened keen sympathy; but
+the demands of Washington's army were now so great, in battles for
+national liberty upon the Atlantic coast, that little could be spared
+for the Western settlers. During the summer a small supply of powder was
+sent out by Virginia to Captain Boone; in the autumn Harrod and Logan
+rode to the Holston and obtained from the military authorities a
+packhorse-load of lead; and in the closing days of the year Clark
+arrived at Limestone (now Maysville), on the Ohio, with a boat-load of
+powder and other stores, voted to the service of Kentucky by the
+Virginia Assembly. He had experienced a long and exciting voyage from
+Pittsburg with this precious consignment, and about thirty of the
+settlers aided him in the perilous enterprise of transporting it
+overland to the stations on the Kentucky. While the ammunition was
+supposed to be used for defense, the greater part of it was necessarily
+spent in obtaining food. Without the great profusion of game the
+inhabitants must have starved; although several large crops of corn were
+raised, and some wheat, these were as yet insufficient for all.
+
+Early in 1777 Indian "signs" began to multiply. McClellan's was now
+abandoned, leaving Boonesborough and Harrodsburg the only settlements
+maintained--except, perhaps, Price's, on the Cumberland, although
+Logan's Station was reoccupied in February. The number of men now in the
+country fit for duty did not exceed a hundred and fifty. In March the
+fighting men met at their respective stations and organized under
+commissioned officers; hitherto all military operations in Kentucky had
+been voluntary, headed by such temporary leaders as the men chose from
+their own number.
+
+During the greater part of the year the palisaded stations were
+frequently attacked by the savages--Shawnese, Cherokees, and Mingos, in
+turn or in company. Some of these sieges lasted through several days,
+taxing the skill and bravery of the inhabitants to their utmost. Indian
+methods of attacking forts were far different from those that would be
+practised by white men. Being practically without military organization,
+each warrior acted largely on his own behalf. His object was to secrete
+himself, to kill his enemy, and if possible to bear away his scalp as a
+trophy. Every species of cover was taken advantage of--trees, stumps,
+bushes, hillocks, stones, furnished hiding-places. Feints were made to
+draw the attention of the garrison to one side, while the main body of
+the besiegers hurled themselves against the other. Having neither
+artillery nor scaling-ladders, they frequently succeeded in effecting a
+breach by setting fire to the walls. Pretending to retreat, they would
+lull the defenders into carelessness, when they would again appear from
+ambush, picking off those who came out for water, to attend to crops and
+cattle, or to hunt for food; often they exhibited a remarkable spirit of
+daring, especially when making a dash to secure scalps. Destroying
+crops, cattle, hogs, and poultry, stealing the horses for their own
+use, burning the outlying cabins, and guarding the trails against
+possible relief, they sought to reduce the settlers to starvation, and
+thus make them an easy prey. Every artifice known to besiegers was
+skilfully practised by these crafty, keen-eyed, quick-witted wilderness
+fighters, who seldom showed mercy. Only when white men aggressively
+fought them in their own manner could they be overcome.
+
+In the last week of April, while Boone and Kenton were heading a sortie
+against a party of Shawnese besieging Boonesborough, the whites stumbled
+into an ambuscade, and Boone was shot in an ankle, the bone being
+shattered. Kenton, with that cool bravery for which this tall, vigorous
+backwoodsman was known throughout the border, rushed up, and killing a
+warrior whose tomahawk was lifted above the fallen man, picked his
+comrade up in his arms, and desperately fought his way back into the
+enclosure. It was several months before the captain recovered from this
+painful wound; but from his room he directed many a day-and-night
+defense, and laid plans for the scouting expeditions which were
+frequently undertaken throughout the region in order to discover signs
+of the lurking foe.
+
+Being the larger settlement, Harrodsburg was more often attacked than
+Boonesborough, although simultaneous sieges were sometimes in progress,
+thus preventing the little garrisons from helping each other. At both
+stations the women soon became the equal of the men, fearlessly taking
+turns at the port-holes, from which little puffs of white smoke would
+follow the sharp rifle-cracks whenever a savage head revealed itself
+from behind bush or tree. When not on duty as marksmen, women were
+melting their pewter plates into bullets, loading the rifles and handing
+them to the men, caring for the wounded, and cooking whatever food might
+be obtainable. During a siege food was gained only by stealth and at
+great peril. Some brave volunteer would escape into the woods by night,
+and after a day spent in hunting, far away from hostile camps, return,
+if possible under cover of darkness, with what game he could find. It
+was a time to make heroes or cowards of either men or women--there was
+no middle course.
+
+Amid this spasmodic hurly-burly there was no lack of marrying and giving
+in marriage. One day in early August, 1776, Betsey Calloway, the eldest
+of the captive girls, was married at Boonesborough to Samuel Henderson,
+one of the rescuing party--the first wedding in Kentucky. Daniel Boone,
+as justice of the peace, tied the knot. A diarist of the time has this
+record of a similar Harrodsburg event: "July 9, 1777.--Lieutenant Linn
+married--great merriment."
+
+At each garrison, whenever not under actual siege, half of the men were
+acting as guards and scouts while the others cultivated small patches of
+corn within sight of the walls. But even this precaution sometimes
+failed of its purpose. For instance, one day in May two hundred Indians
+suddenly surrounded the corn-field at Boonesborough, and there was a
+lively skirmish before the planters could reach the fort.
+
+Thus the summer wore away. In August Colonel Bowman arrived with a
+hundred militiamen from the Virginia frontier. A little later
+forty-eight horsemen came from the Yadkin country to Boone's relief,
+making so brave a display as they emerged from the tangled woods and in
+open order filed through the gates of the palisade, that some Shawnese
+watching the procession from a neighboring hill fled into Ohio with the
+startling report that two hundred Long Knife warriors had arrived from
+Virginia. In October other Virginians came, to the extent of a hundred
+expert riflemen; and late in the autumn the valiant Logan brought in
+from the Holston as much powder and lead as four packhorses could carry,
+guarded by a dozen sharpshooters, thus insuring a better prospect for
+food.
+
+With these important supplies and reenforcements at hand the settlers
+were inspired by new hope. Instead of waiting for the savages to attack
+them, they thenceforth went in search of the savages, killing them
+wherever seen, thus seeking to outgeneral the enemy. These tactics quite
+disheartened the astonished tribesmen, and the year closed with a
+brighter outlook for the weary Kentuckians. It had been a time of
+constant anxiety and watchfulness. The settlers were a handful in
+comparison with their vigilant enemies. But little corn had been raised;
+the cattle were practically gone; few horses were now left; and on the
+twelfth of December Bowman sent word to Virginia that he had only two
+months' supply of bread for two hundred women and children, many of whom
+were widows and orphans. As for clothing, there was little to be had,
+although from the fiber of nettles a rude cloth was made, and deerskins
+were commonly worn.
+
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[13] It was, however, not until November, 1778, that the legislature
+formally declared the Transylvania Company's claims null and void.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+THE SIEGE OF BOONESBOROUGH
+
+
+We have seen that Kentucky's numerous salt-springs lured wild animals
+thither in astonishing numbers; but for lack of suitable boiling-kettles
+the pioneers were at first dependent upon the older settlements for the
+salt needed in curing their meat. The Indian outbreak now rendered the
+Wilderness Road an uncertain path, and the Kentuckians were beginning to
+suffer from lack of salt--a serious deprivation for a people largely
+dependent upon a diet of game.
+
+Late in the year 1777 the Virginia government sent out several large
+salt-boiling kettles for the use of the Western settlers. Both residents
+and visiting militiamen were allotted into companies, which were to
+relieve each other at salt-making until sufficient was manufactured to
+last the several stations for a year. It was Boone's duty to head the
+first party, thirty strong, which, with the kettles packed on horses,
+went to Lower Blue Licks early in January. A month passed, during which
+a considerable quantity of salt was made; several horse-loads had been
+sent to Boonesborough, but most of it was still at the camp awaiting
+shipment.
+
+The men were daily expecting relief by the second company, when visitors
+of a different character appeared. While half of the men worked at the
+boiling, the others engaged in the double service of watching for
+Indians and obtaining food; of these was Boone. Toward evening of the
+seventh of February he was returning home from a wide circuit with his
+packhorse laden with buffalo-meat and some beaver-skins, for he had many
+traps in the neighborhood. A blinding snow-storm was in progress, which
+caused him to neglect his usual precautions, when suddenly he was
+confronted by four burly Shawnese, who sprang from an ambush. Keen of
+foot, he thought to outrun them, but soon had to surrender, for they
+shot so accurately that it was evident that they could kill him if they
+would.
+
+The prisoner was conducted to the Shawnese camp, a few miles distant.
+There he found a hundred and twenty warriors under Chief Black Fish. Two
+Frenchmen, in English employ, were of the party; also two American
+renegades from the Pittsburg region, James and George Girty. These
+latter, with their brother Simon, had joined the Indians and, dressed
+and painted like savages, were assisting the tribesmen of the Northwest
+in raids against their fellow-borderers of Pennsylvania and Virginia.
+Boone was well known by reputation to all these men of the wilderness,
+reds and whites alike; indeed, he noticed that among the party were his
+captors of eight years before, who laughed heartily at again having him
+in their clutches.
+
+He was loudly welcomed to camp, the Indians shaking his hands, patting
+him on the back, and calling him "brother"--for they always greatly
+enjoyed such exhibitions of mock civility and friendship--and the hunter
+himself pretended to be equally pleased at the meeting. They told him
+that they were on their way to attack Boonesborough, and wished him to
+lead them, but insisted that he first induce his fellow salt-makers to
+surrender. Boone thoroughly understood Indians; he had learned the arts
+of forest diplomacy, and although generally a silent man of action,
+appears to have been a plausible talker when dealing with red men.
+Knowing that only one side of the Boonesborough palisade had been
+completed, and that the war-party was five times as strong as the
+population of the hamlet, he thought to delay operations by strategy. He
+promised to persuade the salt-makers to surrender, in view of the
+overwhelming force and the promise of good treatment, and to go
+peacefully with their captors to the Shawnese towns north of the Ohio;
+and suggested that in the spring, when the weather was warmer, they
+could all go together to Boonesborough, and by means of horses
+comfortably remove the women and children. These would, under his
+persuasion, Boone assured his captors, be content to move to the North,
+and thenceforth either lived with the Shawnese as their adopted children
+or place themselves under British protection at Detroit, where Governor
+Hamilton offered £20 apiece for American prisoners delivered to him
+alive and well.
+
+The proposition appeared reasonable to the Indians, and they readily
+agreed to it. What would be the outcome Boone could not foretell. He
+realized, however, that his station was unprepared, that delay meant
+everything, in view of possible reenforcements from Virginia, and was
+willing that he and his comrades should stand, if need be, as a
+sacrifice--indeed, no other course seemed open. Going with his captors
+to the salt camp, his convincing words caused the men to stack their
+arms and accompany the savages, hoping thereby at least to save their
+families at Boonesborough from immediate attack.
+
+The captives were but twenty-seven in number, some of the hunters not
+having returned to camp. Not all of the captors were, despite their
+promise, in favor of lenient treatment of the prisoners. A council was
+held, at which Black Fish, a chieftain of fine qualities, had much
+difficulty, through a session of two hours, in securing a favorable
+verdict. Boone was permitted to address the savage throng in
+explanation of his plan, his words being interpreted by a negro named
+Pompey, a fellow of some consequence among the Shawnese. The vote was
+close--fifty-nine for at once killing the prisoners, except Boone, and
+sixty-one for mercy; but it was accepted as decisive, and the store of
+salt being destroyed, and kettles, guns, axes, and other plunder packed
+on horses, the march northward promptly commenced.
+
+Each night the captives were made fast and closely watched. The weather
+was unusually severe; there was much suffering from hunger, for the snow
+was deep, game scarce, and slippery-elm bark sometimes the only food
+obtainable. Descending the Licking, the band crossed the Ohio in a large
+boat made of buffalo-hides, which were stretched on a rude frame holding
+twenty persons; they then entered the trail leading to the Shawnese
+towns on the Little Miami, where they arrived upon the tenth day.
+
+The prisoners were taken to the chief town of the Shawnese, Little
+Chillicothe, about three miles north of the present Xenia, Ohio. There
+was great popular rejoicing, for not since Braddock's defeat had so many
+prisoners been brought into Ohio. Boone and sixteen of his companions,
+presumably selected for their good qualities and their apparent capacity
+as warriors, were now formally adopted into the tribe. Boone himself had
+the good fortune to be accepted as the son of Black Fish, and received
+the name Sheltowee (Big Turtle)--perhaps because he was strong and
+compactly built.
+
+Adoption was a favorite method of recruiting the ranks of American
+tribes. The most tractable captives were often taken into the families
+of the captors to supply the place of warriors killed in battle. They
+were thereafter treated with the utmost affection, apparently no
+difference being made between them and actual relatives, save that,
+until it was believed that they were no longer disposed to run away,
+they were watched with care to prevent escape. Such was now Boone's
+experience. Black Fish and his squaw appeared to regard their new son
+with abundant love, and everything was done for his comfort, so far as
+was possible in an Indian camp, save that he found himself carefully
+observed by day and night, and flight long seemed impracticable.
+
+Boone was a shrewd philosopher. In his so-called "autobiography" written
+by Filson, he tells us that the food and lodging were "not so good as I
+could desire, but necessity made everything acceptable." Such as he
+obtained was, however, the lot of all. In the crowded, slightly built
+wigwams it was impossible to avoid drafts; they were filthy to the last
+degree; when in the home villages, there was generally an abundance of
+food--corn, hominy, pumpkins, beans, and game, sometimes all boiled
+together in the same kettle--although it was prepared in so slovenly a
+manner as to disgust even so hardy a man of the forest as our hero; the
+lack of privacy, the ever-present insects, the blinding smoke of the
+lodge-fire, the continual yelping of dogs, and the shrill, querulous
+tones of old women, as they haggled and bickered through the livelong
+day--all these and many other discomforts were intensely irritating to
+most white men. In order to disarm suspicion, Boone appeared to be
+happy. He whistled cheerfully at his tasks, learning what little there
+was left for him to learn of the arts of the warrior, sharing his game
+with his "father," and pretending not to see that he was being watched.
+At the frequent shooting-matches he performed just well enough to win
+the applause of his fellow braves, although, for fear of arousing
+jealousy, careful not to outdo the best of them. His fellow prisoners,
+less tactful, marveled at the ease with which their old leader adapted
+himself to the new life, and his apparent enjoyment of it. Yet never did
+he miss an opportunity to ascertain particulars of the intended attack
+on Boonesborough, and secretly planned for escape when the proper moment
+should arrive.
+
+March was a third gone, when Black Fish and a large party of his braves
+and squaws went to Detroit to secure Governor Hamilton's bounty on those
+of the salt-makers who, from having acted in an ugly manner, had not
+been adopted into the tribe. Boone accompanied his "father," and
+frequently witnessed, unable to interfere, the whipping and
+"gauntlet-running" to which his unhappy fellow Kentuckians were
+subjected in punishment for their fractious behavior. He himself, early
+in his captivity, had been forced to undergo this often deadly ordeal;
+but by taking a dodging, zigzag course, and freely using his head as a
+battering-ram to topple over some of the warriors in the lines, had
+emerged with few bruises.[14]
+
+Upon the arrival of the party at Detroit Governor Hamilton at once sent
+for the now famous Kentucky hunter and paid him many attentions. With
+the view of securing his liberty, the wily forest diplomat used the same
+sort of duplicity with the governor that had proved so effective with
+Black Fish. It was his habit to carry a leather bag fastened about his
+neck, containing his old commission as captain in the British colonial
+forces, signed by Lord Dunmore. This was for the purpose of convincing
+Indians, into whose hands he might fall, that he was a friend of the
+king; which accounts in a large measure for the tender manner in which
+they treated him. Showing the document to Hamilton as proof of his
+devotion to the British cause, he appears to have repeated his promise
+that he would surrender the people of Boonesborough and conduct them to
+Detroit, to live under British jurisdiction and protection. This greatly
+pleased the governor, who sought to ransom him from Black Fish for £100.
+But to this his "father" would not agree, stating that he loved him too
+strongly to let him go--as a matter of fact, he wished his services as
+guide for the Boonesborough expedition. Upon leaving for home, Hamilton
+presented Boone with a pony, saddle, bridle, and blanket, and a supply
+of silver trinkets to be used as currency among the Indians, and bade
+him remember his duty to the king.
+
+Returning to Chillicothe with Black Fish, the hunter saw that
+preparations for the spring invasion of Kentucky were at last under way.
+Delawares, Mingos, and Shawnese were slowly assembling, and runners
+were carrying the war-pipe from village to village throughout Ohio. But
+while they had been absent at Detroit an event occurred which gave Black
+Fish great concern: one of the adopted men, Andrew Johnson--who had
+pretended among the Indians to be a simpleton, in order to throw off
+suspicion, but who in reality was one of the most astute of
+woodsmen--had escaped, carrying warning to Kentucky, and the earliest
+knowledge that reached the settlers of the location of the Shawnese
+towns. In May, Johnson and five comrades went upon a raid against one of
+these villages, capturing several horses and bringing home a bunch of
+Indian scalps, for scalping was now almost as freely practised by the
+frontiersmen as the savages; such is the degeneracy wrought by warlike
+contact with an inferior race. In June there was a similar raid by
+Boonesborough men, resulting to the tribesmen in large losses of lives
+and horses.
+
+Upon the sixteenth of June, while Black Fish's party were boiling salt
+at the saline springs of the Scioto--about a dozen miles south of the
+present Chillicothe--Boone managed, by exercise of rare sagacity and
+enterprise, to escape the watchful eyes of his keepers, their attention
+having been arrested by the appearance of a huge flock of wild turkeys.
+He reached Boonesborough four days later after a perilous journey of a
+hundred and sixty miles through the forest, during which he had eaten
+but one meal--from a buffalo which he shot at Blue Licks. He had been
+absent for four and a half months, and Mrs. Boone, giving him up for
+dead, had returned with their family to her childhood home upon the
+Yadkin. His brother Squire, and his daughter Jemima--now married to
+Flanders Calloway--were the only kinsfolk to greet the returned captive,
+who appeared out of the woods as one suddenly delivered from a tomb.
+
+During the absence of Daniel Boone there had been the usual Indian
+troubles in Kentucky. Colonel Bowman had just written to Colonel George
+Rogers Clark, "The Indians have pushed us hard this summer." But Clark
+himself at this time was gaining an important advantage over the enemy
+in his daring expedition against the British posts of Kaskaskia,
+Cahokia, and Vincennes, in the Illinois country. Realizing that there
+would be no end to Kentucky's trouble so long as the British, aided by
+their French-Canadian agents, were free to organize Indian armies north
+of the Ohio for the purpose of harrying the southern settlements, Clark
+"carried the war into Africa." With about a hundred and fifty men
+gathered from the frontiers of Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Kentucky, he
+descended the Ohio River, built a fort at Louisville, and by an heroic
+forced march across the country captured Kaskaskia, while Cahokia and
+Vincennes at once surrendered to the valorous Kentuckian.
+
+Meanwhile there was business at hand for the people of Boonesborough.
+Amid all these alarms they had still neglected to complete their
+defenses; but now, under the energetic administration of Boone, the
+palisades were finished, gates and fortresses strengthened, and all four
+of the corner blockhouses put in order. In ten days they were ready for
+the slowly advancing host.
+
+Unless fleeing, Indians are never in a hurry; they spend much time in
+noisy preparation. Hunters and scouts came into Boonesborough from time
+to time, and occasionally a retaliatory expedition would return with
+horses and scalps from the Little Miami and the Scioto, all of them
+reporting delays on the part of the enemy; nevertheless all agreed that
+a large force was forming. Toward the close of August Boone, wearied of
+being cooped up in the fort, went forth at the head of thirty woodsmen
+to scout in the neighborhood of the Scioto towns. With him were Kenton
+and Alexander Montgomery, who remained behind in Ohio to capture horses
+and probably prisoners, while Boone and the others returned after a
+week's absence. On their way home they discovered that the enemy was now
+at Lower Blue Licks, but a short distance from Boonesborough.
+
+At about ten o'clock the following morning (September 7th) the Indian
+army appeared before the fort. It numbered fully four hundred warriors,
+mostly Shawnese, but with some Wyandots, Cherokees, Delawares, Mingos,
+and other tribesmen. Accompanying them were some forty French-Canadians,
+all under the command of Boone's "father," the redoubtable Black Fish.
+Pompey served as chief interpreter.
+
+Much time was spent in parleys, Boone in this manner delaying operations
+as long as possible, vainly hoping that promised reenforcements might
+meanwhile arrive from the Holston. Black Fish wept freely, after the
+Indian fashion, over the ingratitude of his runaway "son," and his
+present stubborn attitude; for the latter now told the forest chief that
+he and his people proposed to fight to the last man. Black Fish
+presented letters and proclamations from Hamilton, again offering pardon
+to all who would take the oath of allegiance to the king, and military
+offices for Boone and the other leaders. When these were rejected, the
+Indians attempted treachery, seeking to overpower and kill the white
+commissioners to a treaty being held in front of the fort. From this
+final council, ending in a wild uproar, in which bullets flew and knives
+and tomahawks clashed, the whites escaped with difficulty, the two
+Boones and another commissioner receiving painful wounds.
+
+A siege of ten days now ensued (September 8th to 17th), one of the most
+remarkable in the history of savage warfare. The site of the fort, a
+parallelogram embracing three-quarters of an acre, had been unwisely
+chosen. There was abundant cover for the enemy under the high river
+bank, also beneath an encircling clay bank rising from the salt-lick
+branch; from hills upon either side spies could see what was happening
+within the walls, and occasionally drop a ball into the small herd of
+cattle and horses sheltered behind the palisades; while to these natural
+disadvantages were added the failure of the garrison to clear from the
+neighborhood of the walls the numerous trees, stumps, bushes, and rocks,
+each of which furnished the best of cover for a lurking foe.
+
+  [Illustration: CLIMAX OF THE TREATY.
+    Indians and British agents treacherously attack treaty commissioners.
+    (See pp. 161, 162.) Reduced from Ranck's "Boonesborough."]
+
+Such, however, was the stubbornness of the defense, in which the women
+were, in their way, quite as efficient as the men, that the forces under
+Black Fish could make but small impression upon the valiant little
+garrison. Every artifice known to savages, or that could be suggested
+by the French, was without avail. Almost nightly rains and the energy of
+the riflemen frustrated the numerous attempts to set fire to the cabins
+by throwing torches and lighted fagots upon their roofs; a tunnel,
+intended to be used for blowing up the walls, was well under way from
+the river bank when rain caused it to cave in; attempts at scaling were
+invariably repelled, and in sharpshooting the whites as usual proved the
+superiors.
+
+But the result often hung in the balance. Sometimes the attack lasted
+throughout the night, the scene being constantly lighted by the flash of
+the rifles and the glare of hurling fagots. Besiegers and garrison
+frequently exchanged fierce cries of threat and defiance, mingled with
+many a keen shaft of wit and epithet; at times the yells and whoops of
+the savages, the answering shouts and huzzahs of the defenders, the
+screams of women and girls, the howling of dogs, the snorting and
+bellowing of the plunging live stock, together with the sharp rattle of
+firearms, created a deafening hubbub well calculated to test the nerves
+of the strongest.
+
+At last, on the morning of Friday, the eighteenth, the Indians, now
+thoroughly disheartened, suddenly disappeared into the forest as
+silently as they had come. Again Boonesborough was free, having passed
+through the longest and severest ordeal of attack ever known in
+Kentucky; indeed, it proved to be the last effort against this station.
+Within the walls sixty persons had been capable of bearing arms, but
+only forty were effective, some of these being negroes; Logan's Fort had
+sent a reenforcement of fifteen men, and Harrodsburg a few others. Of
+the garrison but two were killed and four wounded, while Boone estimated
+that the enemy lost thirty-seven killed and a large number wounded. The
+casualties within the fort were astonishingly small, when the large
+amount of ammunition expended by the besiegers is taken into account.
+After they had retired, Boone's men picked up a hundred and twenty-five
+pounds of flattened bullets that had been fired at the log stronghold,
+handfuls being scooped up beneath the port-holes of the bastions; this
+salvage made no account of the balls thickly studding the walls, it
+being estimated that a hundred pounds of lead were buried in the logs of
+one of the bastions.
+
+A week later a small company of militiamen arrived from Virginia, and
+several minor expeditions were now made against the Shawnese upon their
+own soil. These raids were chiefly piloted by Boone's salt-makers, many
+of whom had now returned from captivity. Boone is credited with saying
+in his later years, although no doubt in ruder language than this:
+"Never did the Indians pursue so disastrous a policy as when they
+captured me and my salt-boilers, and taught us, what we did not know
+before, the way to their towns and the geography of their country; for
+though at first our captivity was considered a great calamity to
+Kentucky, it resulted in the most signal benefits to the country."
+
+Captain Boone was not without his critics. Soon after the siege he was
+arraigned before a court-martial at Logan's Fort upon the following
+charges preferred by Colonel Calloway, who thought that the great hunter
+was in favor of the British Government and had sought opportunity to
+play into its hands, therefore should be deprived of his commission in
+the Kentucky County militia:
+
+"1. That Boone had taken out twenty-six men[15] to make salt at the Blue
+Licks, and the Indians had caught him trapping for beaver ten miles
+below on Licking, and he voluntarily surrendered his men at the Licks to
+the enemy.
+
+"2. That when a prisoner, he engaged with Gov. Hamilton to surrender the
+people of Boonesborough to be removed to Detroit, and live under British
+protection and jurisdiction.
+
+"3. That returning from captivity, he encouraged a party of men to
+accompany him to the Paint Lick Town, weakening the garrison at a time
+when the arrival of an Indian army was daily expected to attack the
+fort.
+
+"4. That preceding the attack on Boonesborough, he was willing to take
+the officers of the fort, on pretense of making peace, to the Indian
+camp, beyond the protection of the guns of the garrison."
+
+Boone defended himself at length, maintaining that he aimed only at the
+interests of the country; that while hunting at the licks he was engaged
+in the necessary service of the camp; that he had used duplicity to win
+the confidence of the enemy, and it resulted favorably, as he was
+thereby enabled to escape in time to warn his people and put them in a
+state of defense; that his Scioto expedition was a legitimate scouting
+trip, and turned out well; and that in the negotiations before the fort
+he was simply "playing" the Indians in order to gain time for expected
+reenforcements. He was not only honorably acquitted, but at once
+advanced to the rank of major, and received evidences of the
+unhesitating loyalty of all classes of his fellow borderers, the
+majority of whom appear to have always confided in his sagacity and
+patriotism.
+
+Personally vindicated, the enemy departed, and several companies of
+militia now arriving to garrison the stations for the winter, Major
+Boone once more turned his face to the Yadkin and sought his family. He
+found them at the Bryan settlement, living comfortably in a small log
+cabin, but until then unconscious of his return from the wilderness in
+which they had supposed he found his grave.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[14] Two lines of Indians were formed, five or six feet apart, on either
+side of a marked path. The prisoner was obliged to run between these
+lines, while there were showered upon him lusty blows from whatever
+weapons the tormentors chose to adopt--switches, sticks, clubs, and
+tomahawks. It required great agility, speed in running, and some
+aggressive strategy to arrive at the goal unharmed. Many white captives
+were seriously crippled in this thrilling experience, and not a few lost
+their lives.
+
+[15] Account is only taken, in these charges, of the twenty-seven
+captives.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII
+
+SOLDIER AND STATESMAN
+
+
+In Daniel Boone's "autobiography," he dismisses his year of absence from
+Kentucky with few words: "I went into the settlement, and nothing worthy
+of notice passed for some time." No doubt he hunted in some of his old
+haunts upon the Yadkin; and there is reason for believing that he made a
+trip upon business of some character to Charleston, S.C.
+
+Meanwhile, his fellow settlers of Kentucky had not been inactive. In
+February (1779) Clark repossessed himself of Vincennes after one of the
+most brilliant forced marches of the Revolution; and having there
+captured Governor Hamilton--the "hair-buying general," as the
+frontiersmen called him, because they thought he paid bounties on
+American scalps--had sent him a prisoner to Virginia. The long siege of
+Boonesborough and the other attacks of the preceding year, together
+with more recent assaults upon flatboats descending the Ohio, had
+strongly disposed the Kentuckians to retaliate on the Shawnese. Two
+hundred and thirty riflemen under Colonel Bowman rendezvoused in July at
+the mouth of the Licking, where is now the city of Covington. Nearly a
+third of the force were left to guard the boats in which they crossed
+the Ohio, the rest marching against Old Chillicothe, the chief Shawnese
+town on the Little Miami. They surprised the Indians, and a hotly
+contested battle ensued, lasting from dawn until ten o'clock in the
+morning; but the overpowering numbers of the savages caused Bowman to
+return crestfallen to Kentucky with a loss of nearly a dozen men. This
+was the forerunner of many defeats of Americans, both bordermen and
+regulars, at the hands of the fierce tribesmen of Ohio.
+
+Readers of Revolutionary history as related from the Eastern standpoint
+are led to suppose that the prolonged struggle with the mother country
+everywhere strained the resources of the young nation, and was the chief
+thought of the people. This high tension was, however, principally in
+the tidewater region. In the "back country," as the Western frontiers
+were called, there was no lack of patriotism, and bordermen were
+numerous in the colonial armies; yet the development of the
+trans-Alleghany region was to them of more immediate concern, and went
+forward vigorously, especially during the last half of the war. This did
+not mean that the backwoodsmen of the foot-hills were escaping from the
+conflict by crossing westward beyond the mountains; they were instead
+planting themselves upon the left flank, for French and Indian scalping
+parties were continually harrying the Western settlements, and the
+Eastern forces were too busily engaged to give succor. Kentuckians were
+left practically alone to defend the backdoor of the young Republic.
+
+In this year (1779) the Virginia legislature adopted laws for the
+preemption of land in Kentucky, which promised a more secure tenure than
+had hitherto prevailed, and thus gave great impetus to over-mountain
+emigration. Hitherto those going out to Kentucky were largely hunters,
+explorers, surveyors, and land speculators; comparatively few families
+were established in the wilderness stations. But henceforth the
+emigration was chiefly by households, some by boats down the Ohio River,
+and others overland by the Wilderness Road--for the first official
+improvement of which Virginia made a small appropriation at this time.
+Says Chief Justice Robinson,[16] whose parents settled in Kentucky in
+December:
+
+"This beneficent enactment brought to the country during the fall and
+winter of that year an unexampled tide of emigrants, who, exchanging all
+the comforts of their native society and homes for settlements for
+themselves and their children here, came like pilgrims to a wilderness
+to be made secure by their arms and habitable by the toil of their
+lives. Through privations incredible and perils thick, thousands of men,
+women, and children came in successive caravans, forming continuous
+streams of human beings, horses, cattle, and other domestic animals, all
+moving onward along a lonely and houseless path to a wild and cheerless
+land. Cast your eyes back on that long procession of missionaries in the
+cause of civilization; behold the men on foot with their trusty guns on
+their shoulders, driving stock and leading packhorses; and the women,
+some walking with pails on their heads, others riding, with children in
+their laps, and other children swung in baskets on horses, fastened to
+the tails of others going before; see them encamped at night expecting
+to be massacred by Indians; behold them in the month of December, in
+that ever-memorable season of unprecedented cold called the 'hard
+winter,' traveling two or three miles a day, frequently in danger of
+being frozen, or killed by the falling of horses on the icy and almost
+impassable trace, and subsisting on stinted allowances of stale bread
+and meat; but now, lastly, look at them at the destined fort, perhaps on
+the eve of merry Christmas, when met by the hearty welcome of friends
+who had come before, and cheered by fresh buffalo-meat and parched corn,
+they rejoice at their deliverance, and resolve to be contented with
+their lot."
+
+In October, as a part of this great throng, Daniel Boone and his family
+returned to Kentucky by his old route through Cumberland Gap, being two
+weeks upon the journey. The great hunter was at the head of a company of
+Rowan County folk, and carried with him two small cannon, the first
+artillery sent by Virginia to protect the Western forts. Either as one
+of his party, or later in the season, there came to Kentucky Abraham
+Lincoln, of Rockingham County, Va., grandfather of the martyred
+president. The Lincolns and the Boones had been neighbors and warm
+friends in Pennsylvania, and ever since had maintained pleasant
+relations--indeed, had frequently intermarried. It was by Boone's advice
+and encouragement that Lincoln migrated with his family to the "dark and
+bloody ground" and took up a forest claim in the heart of Jefferson
+County. Daniel's younger brother Edward, killed by Indians a year later,
+was of the same company.
+
+  [Illustration: SITE OF BOONESBOROUGH TO-DAY.
+    Fort site, to which roadway leads, is hidden by foliage on the left;
+    the ridge in the background faced and overlooked the fort. Reduced
+    from Ranck's "Boonesborough."]
+
+Boone also brought news that the legislature had incorporated "the town
+of Boonesborough in the County of Kentuckey," of which he was named a
+trustee, which office he eventually declined. The town, although now
+laid out into building lots, and anticipating a prosperous growth, never
+rose to importance and at last passed away. Nothing now remains upon the
+deserted site, which Boone could have known, save a decrepit
+sycamore-tree and a tumble-down ferry established in the year of the
+incorporation.
+
+As indicated in Robinson's address, quoted above, the winter of 1779-80
+was a season of unwonted severity. After an exceptionally mild autumn,
+cold weather set in by the middle of November and lasted without thaw
+for two months, with deep snow and zero temperature. The rivers were
+frozen as far south as Nashville; emigrant wagons were stalled in the
+drifts while crossing the mountains, and everywhere was reported
+unexampled hardship. It will be remembered that the Revolutionary Army
+in the East suffered intensely from the same cause. The Indians had, the
+preceding summer, destroyed most of the corn throughout Kentucky; the
+game was rapidly decreasing, deer and buffaloes having receded before
+the advance of settlement, and a temporary famine ensued. Hunters were
+employed to obtain meat for the newcomers; and in this occupation Boone
+and Harrod, in particular, were actively engaged throughout the winter,
+making long trips into the forest, both north and south of Kentucky
+River.
+
+The land titles granted by the Transylvania Company having been declared
+void, it became necessary for Boone and the other settlers under that
+grant to purchase from the State government of Virginia new warrants.
+For this purpose Boone set out for Richmond in the spring. Nathaniel and
+Thomas Hart and others of his friends commissioned him to act as their
+agent in this matter. With his own small means and that which was
+entrusted to him for the purpose, he carried $20,000 in depreciated
+paper money--probably worth but half that amount in silver. It appears
+that of this entire sum he was robbed upon his way--where, or under what
+circumstances, we are unable to discover. His petition to the Kentucky
+legislature, in his old age, simply states the fact of the robbery,
+adding that he "was left destitute." A large part of the money was the
+property of his old friends, the Harts, but many others also suffered
+greatly. There was some disposition on the part of a few to attribute
+dishonorable action to Boone; but the Harts, although the chief losers,
+came promptly to the rescue and sharply censured his critics, declaring
+him to be a "just and upright" man, beyond suspicion--a verdict which
+soon became unanimous. Sympathy for the honest but unbusinesslike
+pioneer was so general, that late in June, soon after the robbery,
+Virginia granted him a preemption of a thousand acres of land in what is
+now Bourbon County.
+
+A tradition exists that while in Virginia that summer Boone called upon
+his former host at Detroit, then a prisoner of war, and expressed
+sympathy for the sad plight into which the English governor had fallen;
+also some indignation at the harsh treatment accorded him, and of which
+Hamilton bitterly complained.
+
+The founder of Boonesborough was soon back at his station, for he served
+as a juryman there on the first of July. During his absence immigration
+into Kentucky had been greater than ever; three hundred well-laden
+family boats had arrived in the spring from the Pennsylvania and New
+York frontiers, while many caravans had come from Virginia and the
+Carolinas over the Wilderness Road. Attacks by Indian scalping parties
+had been numerous along both routes, but particularly upon the Ohio. As
+a reprisal for Bowman's expedition of the previous year, and intending
+to interrupt settlement, Colonel Byrd, of the British Army, descended in
+June upon Ruddle's and Martin's Stations, at the forks of the Licking,
+with six hundred Indians and French-Canadians, and bringing six small
+cannon with which to batter the Kentucky palisades. Both garrisons were
+compelled to surrender, and the victors returned to Detroit with a train
+of three hundred prisoners--men, women, and children--upon whom the
+savages practised cruelties of a particularly atrocious character.
+
+This inhuman treatment of prisoners of war created wide-spread
+indignation upon the American border. In retaliation, George Rogers
+Clark at once organized an expedition to destroy Pickaway, one of the
+principal Shawnese towns on the Great Miami. The place was reduced to
+ashes and a large number of Indians killed, the Americans losing
+seventeen men. Clark had previously built Fort Jefferson, upon the first
+bluff on the eastern side of the Mississippi below the mouth of the
+Ohio, in order to accentuate the claim of the United States that it
+extended to the Mississippi on the west; but as this was upon the
+territory of friendly Chickasaws, the invasion aroused their ire, and it
+was deemed prudent temporarily to abandon the post.
+
+Another important event of the year (November, 1780) was the division of
+Kentucky by the Virginia legislature into three counties--Jefferson,
+with its seat at Louisville, now the chief town in the Western country;
+Lincoln, governed from Harrodsburg; and Fayette, with Lexington as its
+seat. Of these, Fayette, embracing the country between the Kentucky and
+the Ohio, was the least populated; and, being the most northern and
+traversed by the Licking River, now the chief war-path of the Shawnese,
+was most exposed to attack. After his return Boone soon tired of
+Boonesborough, for in his absence the population had greatly changed by
+the removal or death of many of his old friends; and, moreover, game had
+quite deserted the neighborhood. With his family, his laden packhorses,
+and his dogs, he therefore moved to a new location across Kentucky
+River, about five miles northwest of his first settlement. Here, at the
+crossing of several buffalo-trails, and on the banks of Boone's Creek,
+he built a palisaded log house called Boone's Station. Upon the division
+of Kentucky this new stronghold fell within the borders of Fayette
+County.
+
+In the primitive stage of frontier settlement, when the common weal
+demanded from every man or boy able to carry a rifle active militia
+service whenever called upon, the military organization was quite equal
+in importance to the civil. The new wilderness counties were therefore
+equipped with a full roll of officers, Fayette County's colonel being
+John Todd, while Daniel Boone was lieutenant-colonel; Floyd, Pope,
+Logan, and Trigg served the sister counties in like manner. The
+three county regiments were formed into a brigade, with Clark as
+brigadier-general, his headquarters being at Louisville (Fort Nelson).
+Each county had also a court to try civil and criminal cases, but
+capital offenses could only be tried at Richmond. There was likewise a
+surveyor for each county, Colonel Thomas Marshall serving for Fayette;
+Boone was his deputy for several years (1782-85).
+
+In October, 1780, Edward Boone, then but thirty-six years of age,
+accompanied Daniel to Grassy Lick, in the northeast part of the present
+Bourbon County, to boil salt. Being attacked by a large band of Indians,
+Edward was killed in the first volley, and fell at the feet of his
+brother, who at once shot the savage whom he thought to be the slayer.
+Daniel then fled, stopping once to load and kill another foe. Closely
+pursued, he had recourse to all the arts of evasion at his
+command--wading streams to break the trail, swinging from tree to tree
+by aid of wild grape-vines, and frequently zigzagging. A hound used in
+the chase kept closely to him, however, and revealed his whereabouts by
+baying, until the hunter killed the wily beast, and finally reached his
+station in safety. Heading an avenging party of sixty men, Boone at once
+went in pursuit of the enemy, and followed them into Ohio, but the
+expedition returned without result.
+
+The following April Boone went to Richmond as one of the first
+representatives of Fayette County in the State legislature. With the
+approach of Cornwallis, La Fayette, whose corps was then protecting
+Virginia, abandoned Richmond, and the Assembly adjourned to
+Charlottesville. Colonel Tarleton, at the head of a body of light horse,
+made a dash upon the town, hoping to capture the law-makers, and
+particularly Governor Jefferson, whose term was just then expiring.
+Jefferson and the entire Assembly had been warned, but had a narrow
+escape (June 4th), for while they were riding out of one end of town
+Tarleton was galloping in at the other. The raider succeeded in
+capturing three or four of the legislators, Boone among them, and after
+destroying a quantity of military stores took his prisoners to
+Cornwallis's camp. The members were paroled after a few days'
+detention. The Assembly fled to Staunton, thirty-five miles distant,
+where it resumed the session. The released members are reported to have
+again taken their seats, although, after his capture, Boone's name does
+not appear in the printed journals. Possibly the conditions of the
+parole did not permit him again to serve at the current session, which
+closed the twenty-third of June. He seems to have spent the summer in
+Kentucky, and late in September went up the Ohio to Pittsburg, thence
+journeying to the home of his boyhood in eastern Pennsylvania, where he
+visited friends and relatives for a month, and then returned to Richmond
+to resume his legislative duties.
+
+Of all the dark years which Kentucky experienced, 1782 was the
+bloodiest. The British authorities at Detroit exerted their utmost
+endeavors to stem the rising tide of settlement and to crush the
+aggressive military operations of Clark and his fellow-borderers. With
+presents and smooth words they enlisted the cooperation of the most
+distant tribes, the hope being held out that success would surely
+follow persistent attack and a policy of "no quarter." It would be
+wearisome to cite all the forays made by savages during this fateful
+year, upon flatboats descending the Ohio, upon parties of immigrants
+following the Wilderness Road, upon outlying forest settlers, and in the
+neighborhood of fortified stations. The border annals of the time abound
+in details of robbery, burning, murder, captivities, and of
+heart-rending tortures worse than death. A few only which have won
+prominence in history must here suffice.
+
+In March, some Wyandots had been operating in the neighborhood of
+Boonesborough and then departed for Estill's Station, fifteen miles
+away, near the present town of Richmond. Captain Estill and his garrison
+of twenty-five men were at the time absent on a scout, and thus unable
+to prevent the killing and scalping of a young woman and the capture of
+a negro slave. According to custom, the Indians retreated rapidly after
+this adventure, but were pursued by Estill. A stubborn fight ensued,
+there being now eighteen whites and twenty-five savages. Each man stood
+behind a tree, and through nearly two hours fought with uncommon
+tenacity. The Indians lost seventeen killed and two wounded, while the
+whites were reduced to three survivors, Estill himself being among the
+slain. The survivors then withdrew by mutual consent.
+
+In May, his station having been attacked with some loss, Captain Ashton
+followed the retreating party of besiegers, much larger than his own
+squad, and had a fierce engagement with them lasting two hours. He and
+eleven of his comrades lost their lives, and the remainder fled in
+dismay. A similar tragedy occurred in August, when Captain Holden,
+chasing a band of scalpers, was defeated with a loss of four killed and
+one wounded.
+
+The month of August marked the height of the onslaught. Horses were
+carried off, cattle killed, men at work in the fields mercilessly
+slaughtered, and several of the more recent and feeble stations were
+abandoned. Bryan's Station, consisting of forty cabins enclosed by a
+stout palisade, was the largest and northernmost of a group of Fayette
+County settlements in the rich country of which Lexington is the center.
+An army of nearly a thousand Indians--the largest of either race that
+had thus far been mustered in the West--was gathered under Captains
+Caldwell and McKee, of the British Army, who were accompanied by the
+renegade Simon Girty and a small party of rangers. Scouts had given a
+brief warning to the little garrison of fifty riflemen, but when the
+invaders appeared during the night of August 15th the defenders were
+still lacking a supply of water.
+
+The Indians at first sought to conceal their presence by hiding in the
+weeds and bushes which, as at Boonesborough, had carelessly been left
+standing. Although aware of the extent of the attacking force, the
+garrison affected to be without suspicion. In the morning the women and
+girls, confident that if no fear were exhibited they would not be shot
+by the hiding savages, volunteered to go to the spring outside the
+walls, and by means of buckets bring in enough water to fill the
+reservoir. This daring feat was successfully accomplished. Although
+painted faces and gleaming rifles could readily be seen in the
+underbrush all about the pool, this bucket-line of brave frontiers-women
+laughed and talked as gaily as if unconscious of danger, and were
+unmolested.
+
+Immediately after their return within the gates, some young men went to
+the spring to draw the enemy's fire, and met a fusillade from which they
+barely escaped with their lives. The assault now began in earnest.
+Runners were soon spreading the news of the invasion among the
+neighboring garrisons. A relief party of forty-six hurrying in from
+Lexington fell into an ambush and lost a few of their number in killed
+and wounded, but the majority reached the fort through a storm of
+bullets. The besiegers adopted the usual methods of savage attack--quick
+rushes, shooting from cover, fire-arrows, and the customary uproar of
+whoops and yells--but without serious effect. The following morning,
+fearful of a general outpouring of settlers, the enemy withdrew
+hurriedly and in sullen mood.
+
+Colonel Boone was soon marching through the forest toward Bryan's, as
+were similar companies from Lexington, McConnell's, and McGee's, the
+other members of the Fayette County group; and men from the counties of
+Jefferson and Lincoln were also upon the way, under their military
+leaders. The neighboring contingents promptly arrived at Bryan's in the
+course of the afternoon.
+
+The next morning a hundred and eighty-two of the best riflemen in
+Kentucky, under Colonel Todd as ranking officer, started in pursuit of
+the foe, who had followed a buffalo-trail to Blue Licks, and were
+crossing the Licking when the pursuers arrived on the scene. A council
+of war was held, at which Boone, the most experienced man in the party,
+advised delay until the expected reenforcements could arrive. The bulk
+of the Indians had by this time escaped, leaving only about three
+hundred behind, who were plainly luring the whites to an attack. Todd,
+Trigg, and most of the other leaders sided with Boone; but Major Hugh
+McGary, an ardent, hot-headed man, with slight military training, dared
+the younger men to follow him, and spurred his horse into the river,
+whither, in the rash enthusiasm of the moment, the hot-bloods followed
+him, leaving the chief officers no choice but to accompany them.
+
+Rushing up a rocky slope on the other side, where a few Indians could be
+seen, the column soon fell into an ambush. A mad panic resulted, in
+which the Kentuckians for the most part acted bravely and caused many of
+the enemy to fall; but they were overpowered and forced to flee in hot
+haste, leaving seventy of their number dead on the field and seven
+captured. Among the killed were Todd and Trigg, fighting gallantly to
+the last. Boone lost his son Israel, battling by his side, and himself
+escaped only by swimming the river amid a shower of lead. A day or two
+later Logan arrived with four hundred men, among whom was Simon Kenton,
+to reenforce Todd; to him was left only the melancholy duty of burying
+the dead, now sadly disfigured by Indians, vultures, and wolves.
+
+The greater part of the savage victors, laden with scalps and spoils,
+returned exultantly to their northern homes, although small bands still
+remained south of the Ohio, carrying wide-spread devastation through the
+settlements, especially in the neighborhood of Salt River, where, at one
+station, thirty-seven prisoners were taken.
+
+While all these tragedies were being enacted, General Clark, at the
+Falls of the Ohio, had offered only slight aid. But indignant protests
+sent in to the Virginia authorities by the Kentucky settlers, who were
+now in a state of great alarm, roused the hero of Kaskaskia and
+Vincennes to a sense of his duty. A vigorous call to arms was now issued
+throughout the three counties. Early in November over a thousand mounted
+riflemen met their brigadier at the mouth of the Licking, and from the
+site of Cincinnati marched through the Ohio forests to the Indian towns
+on the Little Miami. The savages fled in consternation, leaving the
+Kentuckians to burn their cabins and the warehouses of several British
+traders, besides large stores of grain and dried meats, thus entailing
+great suffering among the Shawnese during the winter now close at hand.
+
+The triumphant return of this expedition gave fresh heart to the people
+of Kentucky; and the sequel proved that, although the tribesmen of the
+north frequently raided the over-mountain settlers throughout the decade
+to come, no such important invasions as those of 1782 were again
+undertaken.
+
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[16] Address at Camp Madison, Franklin County, Ky., in 1843.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII
+
+KENTUCKY'S PATH OF THORNS
+
+
+The preliminary articles of peace between the United States and Great
+Britain had been signed on the thirtieth of November, 1782; but it was
+not until the following spring that the news reached Kentucky. The
+northern tribes had information of the peace quite as early; and
+discouraged at apparently losing their British allies, who had fed,
+clothed, armed, and paid them from headquarters in Detroit, for a time
+suspended their organized raids into Kentucky. This welcome respite
+caused immigration to increase rapidly.
+
+We have seen how the old system of making preemptions and surveys led to
+the overlapping of claims, the commission of many acts of injustice, and
+wide-spread confusion in titles. Late in 1782, Colonel Thomas Marshall,
+the surveyor of Fayette County, arrived from Virginia, and began to
+attempt a straightening of the land conflict. Boone was now not only
+the surveyor's deputy, but both sheriff and county lieutenant of
+Fayette, a combination of offices which he held until his departure from
+Kentucky. It was his duty as commandant to provide an escort for
+Marshall through the woods to the Falls of the Ohio, where was now the
+land-office. The following order which he issued for this guard has been
+preserved; it is a characteristic sample of the many scores of letters
+and other documents which have come down to us from the old hero, who
+fought better than he spelled:
+
+       "Orders to Capt. Hazelrigg--your are amedetly to order on
+       Duty 3 of your Company as goude [guard] to scorte Col
+       Marshshall to the falls of ohigho you will call on those
+       who was Exicused from the Shone [Shawnese] Expedistion and
+       those who Come into the County after the army Marched they
+       are to meet at Lexinton on Sunday next with out fale given
+       under my hand this 6 Day of Janury 1783.
+
+      "DNL BOONE"
+
+Another specimen document of the time has reference to the scouting
+which it was necessary to maintain throughout much of the year; for
+small straggling bands of the enemy were still lurking about, eager to
+capture occasional scalps, the proudest trophies which a warrior could
+obtain. It also is apparently addressed to Hazelrigg:
+
+       "orders the 15th feberry 1783
+
+       "Sir you are amedetly to Call on Duty one thurd of our
+       melitia as will mounted on horse as poseble and Eight Days
+       purvistion to take a touere as follows Commanded by Leut
+       Col patison and Rendevues at Strod [Strode's Station] on
+       thusday the 20th from there to March to Colkes [Calk's]
+       Cabin thence an Este Corse till the gat 10 miles above the
+       uper Blew Licks then Down to Lickes thence to Limestown
+       and if no Sine [is] found a stright Corse to Eagel Crick
+       10 miles from the head from then home if Sine be found the
+       Commander to act as he thinks most prudent as you will be
+       the Best Judge when on the Spot. You will first Call on
+       all who [were] Excused from the Expedistion Except those
+       that went to the falls with Col. Marshall and then Call
+       them off as they Stand on the List here in faile not.
+       given und my hand
+
+      "DANIEL BOONE C Lt."
+
+In March the Virginia legislature united the three counties into the
+District of Kentucky, with complete legal and military machinery; in the
+latter, Benjamin Logan ranked as senior colonel and district lieutenant.
+It will be remembered that when the over-mountain country was detached
+from Fincastle, it was styled the County of Kentucky; then the name of
+Kentucky was obliterated by its division into three counties; and now
+the name was revived by the creation of the district, which in due time
+was to become a State. The log-built town of Danville was named as the
+capital.
+
+It is estimated that during the few years immediately following the
+close of the Revolutionary War several thousand persons came each year
+to Kentucky from the seaboard States, although many of these returned to
+their homes either disillusioned or because of Indian scares. In
+addition to the actual settlers, who cared for no more land than they
+could use, there were merchants who saw great profits in taking
+boat-loads of goods down the Ohio or by pack-trains over the mountains;
+lawyers and other young professional men who wished to make a start in
+new communities; and speculators who hoped to make fortunes in obtaining
+for a song extensive tracts of fertile wild land, which they vainly
+imagined would soon be salable at large prices for farms and town sites.
+Many of the towns, although ill-kept and far from prosperous in
+appearance, were fast extending beyond their lines of palisade and
+boasting of stores, law-offices, market-places, and regular streets;
+Louisville had now grown to a village of three hundred inhabitants, of
+whom over a third were fighting-men. Besides Americans, there were among
+the newcomers many Germans, Scotch, and Irish, thrifty in the order
+named.
+
+At last Kentucky was raising produce more than sufficient to feed her
+own people, and an export trade had sprung up. Crops were being
+diversified: Indian corn still remained the staple, but there were also
+melons, pumpkins, tobacco, and orchards; besides, great droves of
+horses, cattle, sheep, and hogs, branded or otherwise marked, ranged at
+large over the country, as in old days on the Virginia and Carolina
+foot-hills. Away from the settlements buffaloes still yielded much beef,
+bacon was made from bears, and venison was a staple commodity.
+
+The fur trade was chiefly carried on by French trappers; but American
+hunters, like the Boones and Kenton, still gathered peltries from the
+streams and forests, and took or sent them to the East, either up the
+Ohio in bateaux or on packhorses over the mountains--paths still
+continually beset by savage assailants. Large quantities of ginseng were
+also shipped to the towns on the seaboard. Of late there had likewise
+developed a considerable trade with New Orleans and other Spanish towns
+down the Mississippi River. Traders with flatboats laden with Kentucky
+produce--bacon, beef, salt, and tobacco--would descend the great
+waterway, both of whose banks were audaciously claimed by Spain as far
+up as the mouth of the Ohio, and take great risks from Indian attack or
+from corrupt Spanish custom-house officials, whom it was necessary to
+bribe freely that they might not confiscate boat and cargo. This
+commerce was always uncertain, often ending in disaster, but immensely
+profitable to the unprincipled men who managed to ingratiate themselves
+with the Spanish authorities.
+
+Boone was now in frequent demand as a pilot and surveyor by capitalists
+who relied upon his unrivaled knowledge of the country to help them find
+desirable tracts of land; often he was engaged to meet incoming parties
+of immigrants over the Wilderness Road, with a band of riflemen to guard
+them against Indians, to furnish them with wild meat--for the newcomers
+at first were inexpert in killing buffaloes--and to show them the way to
+their claims. He was prominent as a pioneer; as county lieutenant he
+summoned his faithful men-at-arms to repel or avenge savage attacks; and
+his fame as hunter and explorer had by this time not only become general
+throughout the United States but had even reached Europe.
+
+His reputation was largely increased by the appearance in 1784 of the
+so-called "autobiography." We have seen that, although capable of
+roughly expressing himself on paper, and of making records of his rude
+surveys, he was in no sense a scholar. Yet this autobiography, although
+signed by himself, is pedantic in form, and deals in words as large and
+sonorous as though uttered by the great Doctor Samuel Johnson. As a
+matter of fact, it is the production of John Filson, the first historian
+of Kentucky and one of the pioneers of Cincinnati. Filson was a
+schoolmaster, quite devoid of humor, and with a strong penchant for
+learned phrases. In setting down the story of Boone's life, as related
+to him by the great hunter, he made the latter talk in the first person,
+in a stilted manner quite foreign to the hardy but unlettered folk of
+whom Boone was a type. Wherever Boone's memory failed, Filson appears to
+have filled in the gaps from tradition and his own imagination; thus the
+autobiography is often wrong as to facts, and possesses but minor value
+as historical material. The little book was, however, widely circulated
+both at home and abroad, and gave Boone a notoriety excelled by few men
+of his day. Some years later Byron wrote some indifferent lines upon
+"General Boone of Kentucky;" the public journals of the time had
+accounts of his prowess, often grossly exaggerated; and English
+travelers into the interior of America eagerly sought the hero and told
+of him in their books.
+
+Yet it must be confessed that he had now ceased to be a real leader in
+the affairs of Kentucky. A kindly, simple-hearted, modest, silent man,
+he had lived so long by himself alone in the woods that he was ill
+fitted to cope with the horde of speculators and other self-seekers who
+were now despoiling the old hunting-grounds to which Finley had piloted
+him only fifteen years before. Of great use to the frontier settlements
+as explorer, hunter, pilot, land-seeker, surveyor, Indian fighter, and
+sheriff--and, indeed, as magistrate and legislator so long as Kentucky
+was a community of riflemen--he had small capacity for the economic and
+political sides of commonwealth-building. For this reason we find him
+hereafter, although still in middle life, taking but slight part in the
+making of Kentucky; none the less did his career continue to be
+adventurous, picturesque, and in a measure typical of the rapidly
+expanding West.
+
+Probably in the early spring of 1786 Boone left the neighborhood of the
+Kentucky River, and for some three years dwelt at Maysville (Limestone),
+still the chief gateway to Kentucky for the crowds of immigrants who
+came by water. He was there a tavern-keeper--probably Mrs. Boone was the
+actual hostess--and small river merchant. He still frequently worked at
+surveying, of course hunted and trapped as of old, and traded up and
+down the Ohio River between Maysville and Point Pleasant--the last-named
+occupation a far from peaceful one, for in those troublous times
+navigation of the Ohio was akin to running the gauntlet; savages haunted
+the banks, and by dint of both strategy and open attack wrought a heavy
+mortality among luckless travelers and tradesmen. The goods which he
+bartered to the Kentuckians for furs, skins, and ginseng were obtained
+in Maryland, whither he and his sons went with laden pack-animals, often
+driving before them loose horses for sale in the Eastern markets.
+Sometimes they followed some familiar mountain road, at others struck
+out over new paths, for no longer was the Wilderness Road the only
+overland highway to the West.
+
+Kentucky was now pursuing a path strewn with thorns. Northward, the
+British still held the military posts on the upper lakes, owing to the
+non-fulfilment of certain stipulations in the treaty of peace. Between
+these and the settlements south of the Ohio lay a wide area populated by
+powerful and hostile tribes of Indians, late allies of the British,
+deadly enemies of Kentucky, and still aided and abetted by military
+agents of the king. To the South, Spain controlled the Mississippi, the
+commercial highway of the West; jealous of American growth, she harshly
+denied to Kentuckians the freedom of the river, and was accused of
+turning against them and their neighbors of Tennessee the fierce
+warriors of the Creek and Cherokee tribes. On their part, the
+Kentuckians looked with hungry eyes upon the rich lands held by Spain.
+
+Not least of Kentucky's trials was the political discontent among her
+own people, which for many years lay like a blight upon her happiness
+and prosperity. Virginia's home necessities had prevented that
+commonwealth from giving much aid to the West during the Revolution, and
+at its conclusion her policy toward the Indians lacked the aggressive
+vigor for which Kentuckians pleaded. This was sufficient cause for
+dissatisfaction; but to this was added another of still greater
+importance. To gain the free navigation of the Mississippi, and thus to
+have an outlet to the sea, long appeared to be essential to Western
+progress. At first the Eastern men in Congress failed to realize this
+need, thereby greatly exasperating the over-mountain men. All manner of
+schemes were in the air, varying with men's temperaments and ambitions.
+Some, like Clark--who, by this time had, under the influence of
+intemperance, greatly fallen in popular esteem, although not without
+followers--favored a filibustering expedition against the Spanish; and
+later (1788), when this did not appear practicable, were willing to join
+hands with Spain herself in the development of the continental interior;
+and later still (1793-94), to help France oust Spain from Louisiana.
+Others wished Kentucky to be an independent State, free to conduct her
+own affairs and make such foreign alliances as were needful; but
+Virginia and Congress did not release her.
+
+Interwoven with this more or less secret agitation for separating the
+West from the East were the corrupt intrigues of Spain, which might have
+been more successful had she pursued a persistent policy. Her
+agents--among whom were some Western pioneers who later found difficulty
+in explaining their conduct--craftily fanned the embers of discontent,
+spread reports that Congress intended to sacrifice to Spain the
+navigation rights of the West, distributed bribes, and were even accused
+of advising Spain to arm the Southern Indians in order to increase
+popular uneasiness over existing conditions. Spain also offered large
+land grants to prominent American borderers who should lead colonies to
+settle beyond the Mississippi and become her subjects--a proposition
+which Clark once offered to accept, but did not; but of which we shall
+see that Daniel Boone, in his days of discontent, took advantage, as did
+also a few other Kentucky pioneers. Ultimately Congress resolved never
+to abandon its claim to the Mississippi (1787); and when the United
+States became strong, and the advantages of union were more clearly seen
+in the West, Kentucky became a member of the sisterhood of States
+(1792).
+
+It is estimated that, between 1783 and 1790, fully fifteen hundred
+Kentuckians were massacred by Indians or taken captive to the savage
+towns; and the frontiers of Virginia and Pennsylvania furnished their
+full quota to the long roll of victims. It is impossible in so small a
+volume as this to mention all of even the principal incidents in the
+catalogue of assaults, heroic defenses, murders, burnings, torturings,
+escapes, reprisals, and ambushes which constitute the lurid annals of
+this protracted border warfare. The reader who has followed thus far
+this story of a strenuous life, will understand what these meant; to
+what deeds of daring they gave rise on the part of the men and women of
+the border; what privation and anguish they entailed. But let us not
+forget that neither race could claim, in this titanic struggle for the
+mastery of the hunting-grounds, a monopoly of courage or of cowardice,
+of brutality or of mercy. The Indians suffered quite as keenly as the
+whites in the burning of their villages, crops, and supplies, and by the
+loss of life either in battle, by stealthy attack, or by treachery. The
+frontiersmen learned from the red men the lessons of forest warfare, and
+often outdid their tutors in ferocity. The contest between civilization
+and savagery is, in the nature of things, unavoidable; the result also
+is foreordained. It is well for our peace of mind that, in the dark
+story of the Juggernaut car, we do not inquire too closely into details.
+
+In 1785, goaded by numerous attacks on settlers and immigrants, Clark
+led a thousand men against the tribes on the Wabash; but by this time he
+had lost control of the situation, and cowardice on the part of his
+troops, combined with lack of provisions, led to the practical failure
+of the expedition, although the Indians were much frightened.
+
+At the same time, Logan was more successful in an attack on the Shawnese
+of the Scioto Valley, who lost heavily in killed and prisoners. In
+neither of these expeditions does Boone appear to have taken part.
+
+The year 1787 was chiefly notable, in the history of the West, for the
+adoption by Congress of the Ordinance for the government of the
+Territory Northwest of the River Ohio, wherein there dwelt perhaps seven
+thousand whites, mostly unprogressive French-Canadians, in small
+settlements flanking the Mississippi and the Great Lakes, and in the
+Wabash Valley. Along the Ohio were scattered a few American hamlets,
+chiefly in Kentucky. In the same year the Indian war reached a height of
+fury which produced a panic throughout the border, and frantic appeals
+to Virginia, which brought insufficient aid. Boone, now a town trustee
+of Maysville, was sent to the legislature that autumn, and occupied his
+seat at Richmond from October until January. While there, we find him
+strongly complaining that the arms sent out to Kentucky by the State
+during the year were unfit for use, the swords being without scabbards,
+and the rifles without cartridge-boxes or flints.
+
+A child of the wilderness, Boone was law-abiding and loved peace, but he
+chafed at legal forms. He had, in various parts of Kentucky, preempted
+much land in the crude fashion of his day, both under the Transylvania
+Company and the later statutes of Virginia--how much, it would now be
+difficult to ascertain. In his old survey-books, still preserved in the
+Wisconsin State Historical Library, one finds numerous claim entries for
+himself, ranging from four hundred to ten thousand acres each--a tract
+which he called "Stockfield," near Boonesborough; on Cartwright's Creek,
+a branch of Beech Fork of Salt River; on the Licking, Elkhorn, Boone's
+Creek, and elsewhere. The following is a specimen entry, dated "Aperel
+the 22 1785," recording a claim made "on the Bank of Cantuckey"; it
+illustrates the loose surveying methods of the time: "Survayd for Dal
+Boone 5000 acres begin at Robert Camels N E Corner at 2 White ashes
+and Buckeyes S 1200 p[oles] to 3 Shuger trees Ealm and walnut E 666 p to
+6 Shuger trees and ash N 1200 p to a poplar and beech W 666 p to the
+begining."
+
+It did not occur to our easy-going hero that any one would question his
+right to as much land as he cared to hold in a wilderness which he had
+done so much to bring to the attention of the world. But claim-jumpers
+were no respecters of persons. It was discovered that Boone had
+carelessly failed to make any of his preemptions according to the letter
+of the law, leaving it open for any adventurer to reenter the choice
+claims which he had selected with the care of an expert, and to treat
+him as an interloper. Suits of ejectment followed one by one (1785-98),
+until in the end his acres were taken from him by the courts, and the
+good-hearted, simple fellow was sent adrift in the world absolutely
+landless.
+
+At first, when his broad acres began to melt away, the great hunter,
+careless of his possessions, appeared to exhibit no concern; but the
+accumulation of his disasters, together with the rapid growth of
+settlement upon the hunting-grounds, and doubtless some domestic
+nagging, developed within him an intensity of depression which led him
+to abandon his long-beloved Kentucky and vow never again to dwell within
+her limits. In the autumn of 1788, before his disasters were quite
+complete, this resolution was carried into effect; with wife and family,
+and what few worldly goods he possessed, he removed to Point Pleasant,
+at the junction of the Great Kanawha and the Ohio--in our day a quaint
+little court-house town in West Virginia.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV
+
+IN THE KANAWHA VALLEY
+
+
+During his early years on the Kanawha, Boone kept a small store at Point
+Pleasant. Later, he moved to the neighborhood of Charleston, where he
+was engaged in the usual variety of occupations--piloting immigrants; as
+deputy surveyor of Kanawha County, surveying lands for settlers and
+speculators; taking small contracts for victualing the militia, who were
+frequently called out to protect the country from Indian forays; and in
+hunting. Some of his expeditions took him to the north of the Ohio,
+where he had several narrow escapes from capture and death at the hands
+of the enemy, and even into his old haunts on the Big Sandy, the
+Licking, and the Kentucky.
+
+He traveled much, for a frontiersman. In 1788 he went with his wife and
+their son Nathan by horseback to the old Pennsylvania home in Berks
+County, where they spent a month with kinsfolk and friends. We find him
+in Maysville, on a business trip, during the year; indeed, there are
+evidences of numerous subsequent visits to that port. In May of the
+following year he was on the Monongahela River with a drove of horses
+for sale, Brownsville then being an important market for ginseng,
+horses, and cattle; and in the succeeding July he writes to a client,
+for whom he had done some surveying, that he would be in Philadelphia
+during the coming winter.
+
+In October, 1789, there came to him, as the result of a popular
+petition, the appointment of lieutenant-colonel of Kanawha County--the
+first military organization in the valley; and in other ways he was
+treated with marked distinction by the primitive border folk of the
+valley, both because of his brilliant career in Kentucky and the fact
+that he was a surveyor and could write letters. One who knew him
+intimately at this time has left a pleasing description of the man,
+which will assist us in picturing him as he appeared to his new
+neighbors: "His large head, full chest, square shoulders, and stout
+form are still impressed upon my mind. He was (I think) about five feet
+ten inches in height, and his weight say 175. He was solid in mind as
+well as in body, never frivolous, thoughtless, or agitated; but was
+always quiet, meditative, and impressive, unpretentious, kind, and
+friendly in his manner. He came very much up to the idea we have of the
+old Grecian philosophers--particularly Diogenes."
+
+By the summer of 1790, Indian raids again became almost unbearable.
+Fresh robberies and murders were daily reported in Kentucky, and along
+the Ohio and the Wabash. The expedition of Major J. F. Hamtramck, of the
+Federal Army, against the tribesmen on the Wabash, resulted in the
+burning of a few villages and the destruction of much corn; but Colonel
+Josiah Harmar's expedition in October against the towns on the Scioto
+and the St. Joseph, at the head of nearly 1,500 men, ended in failure
+and a crushing defeat, although the Indian losses were so great that the
+army was allowed to return to Cincinnati unmolested. Boone does not
+appear to have taken part in these operations, his militiamen probably
+being needed for home protection.
+
+The following year the General Government for the first time took the
+field against the Indians in earnest. For seven years it had attempted
+to bring the tribesmen to terms by means of treaties, but without avail.
+Roused to fury by the steady increase of settlement north as well as
+south of the Ohio, the savages were making life a torment to the
+borderers. War seemed alone the remedy. In June, General Charles Scott,
+of Kentucky, raided the Miami and Wabash Indians. Two months later
+General James Wilkinson, with five hundred Kentuckians, laid waste a
+Miami village and captured many prisoners. These were intended but to
+open the road for an expedition of far greater proportions. In October,
+Governor Arthur St. Clair, of the Northwest Territory, a broken-down man
+unequal to such a task, was despatched against the Miami towns with an
+ill-organized army of two thousand raw troops. Upon the fourth of
+November they were surprised near the principal Miami village; hundreds
+of the men fled at the first alarm, and of those who remained over six
+hundred fell during the engagement, while nearly three hundred were
+wounded. This disastrous termination of the campaign demoralized the
+West and left the entire border again open to attack--an advantage which
+the scalping parties did not neglect.
+
+While this disaster was occurring, Boone was again sitting in the
+legislature at Richmond, where he represented Kanawha County from
+October 17th to December 20th. The journals of the Assembly show him to
+have been a silent member, giving voice only in yea and nay; but he was
+placed upon two then important committees--religion, and propositions
+and licenses. It was voted to send ammunition for the militia on the
+Monongahela and the Kanawha, who were to be called out for the defense
+of the frontier. Before leaving Richmond, Boone wrote as follows to the
+governor:
+
+       "Monday 13th Dec 1791
+
+       "Sir as sum purson Must Carry out the armantstion
+       [ammunition] to Red Stone [Brownsville, Pa.,] if your
+       Exclency should have thought me a proper purson I would
+       undertake it on conditions I have the apintment to vitel
+       the company at Kanhowway [Kanawha] so that I Could take
+       Down the flowre as I paste that place I am your
+       Excelenceys most obedent omble servant
+
+      "DAL BOONE."
+
+Five days later the contract was awarded to him; and we find among his
+papers receipts, obtained at several places on his way home, for the
+lead and flints which he was to deliver to the various military centers.
+But the following May, Colonel George Clendennin sharply complains to
+the governor that the ammunition and rations which Boone was to have
+supplied to Captain Caperton's rangers had not yet been delivered, and
+that Clendennin was forced to purchase these supplies from others. It
+does not appear from the records how this matter was settled; but as
+there seems to have been no official inquiry, the non-delivery was
+probably the result of a misunderstanding.
+
+At last, after a quarter of a century of bloodshed, the United States
+Government was prepared to act in an effective manner. General Anthony
+Wayne--"Mad Anthony," of Stony Point--after spending a year and a half
+in reorganizing the Western army, established himself, in the winter of
+1793-94, in a log fort at Greenville, eighty miles north of Cincinnati,
+and built a strong outpost at Fort Recovery, on the scene of St. Clair's
+defeat. After resisting an attack on Fort Recovery made on the last day
+of June by over two thousand painted warriors from the Upper Lakes, he
+advanced with his legion of about three thousand well-disciplined troops
+to the Maumee Valley and built Fort Defiance. Final battle was given to
+the tribesmen on the twentieth of August at Fallen Timbers. As the
+result of superb charges by infantry and cavalry, in forty minutes the
+Indian army was defeated and scattered. The backbone of savage
+opposition to Northwestern settlement was broken, and at the treaty of
+Greenville in the following summer (1795) a peace was secured which
+remained unbroken for fifteen years.
+
+Wayne's great victory over the men of the wilderness gave new heart to
+Kentucky and the Northwest. The pioneers were exuberant in the
+expression of their joy. The long war, which had lasted practically
+since the mountains were first crossed by Boone and Finley, had been an
+almost constant strain upon the resources of the country. Now no longer
+pent up within palisades, and expecting nightly to be awakened by the
+whoops of savages to meet either slaughter or still more dreaded
+captivity, men could go forth without fear to open up forests, to
+cultivate fields, and peaceably to pursue the chase.
+
+To hunters like Boone, in particular, this great change in their lives
+was a matter for rejoicing. The Kanawha Valley was not as rich in game
+as he had hoped; but in Kentucky and Ohio were still large herds of
+buffaloes and deer feeding on the cane-brake and the rank vegetation of
+the woods, and resorting to the numerous salt-licks which had as yet
+been uncontaminated by settlement.
+
+After the peace, Boone for several seasons devoted himself almost
+exclusively to hunting; in beaver-trapping he was especially
+successful, his favorite haunt for these animals being the neighboring
+Valley of the Gauley. His game he shared freely with neighbors, now fast
+increasing in numbers, and the skins and furs were shipped to market,
+overland or by river, as of old.
+
+Upon removing to the Kanawha, he still had a few claims left in
+Kentucky, but suits for ejectment were pending over most of these. They
+were all decided against him, and the remaining lands were sold by the
+sheriff for taxes, the last of them going in 1798. His failure to secure
+anything for his children to inherit, was to the last a source of sorrow
+to Boone.
+
+The Kanawha in time came to be distasteful to him. Settlements above and
+below were driving away the game, and sometimes his bag was slight; the
+crowding of population disturbed the serenity which he sought in deep
+forests; the nervous energy of these newcomers, and the avarice of some
+of them, annoyed his quiet, hospitable soul; and he fretted to be again
+free, thinking that civilization cost too much in wear and tear of
+spirit.
+
+Boone had long looked kindly toward the broad, practically unoccupied
+lands of forest and plain west of the Mississippi. Adventurous hunters
+brought him glowing tales of buffaloes, grizzly bears, and beavers to be
+found there without number. Spain, fearing an assault upon her
+possessions from Canada, was just now making flattering offers to those
+American pioneers who should colonize her territory, and by casting
+their fortunes with her people strengthen them. This opportunity
+attracted the disappointed man; he thought the time ripe for making a
+move which should leave the crowd far behind, and comfortably establish
+him in a country wherein a hunter might, for many years to come, breathe
+fresh air and follow the chase untrammeled.
+
+In 1796, Daniel Morgan Boone, his oldest son, traveled with other
+adventurers in boats to St. Charles County, in eastern Missouri, where
+they took lands under certificates of cession from Charles Dehault
+Delassus, the Spanish lieutenant-governor of Upper Louisiana, resident
+at St. Louis. There were four families, all settling upon Femme Osage
+Creek, six miles above its junction with the Missouri, some twenty-five
+miles above the town of St. Charles, and forty-five by water from St.
+Louis.
+
+Thither they were followed, apparently in the spring of 1799, by Daniel
+Boone and wife and their younger children. The departure of the great
+hunter, now in his sixty-fifth year, was the occasion for a general
+gathering of Kanawha pioneers at the home near Charleston. They came on
+foot, by horseback, and in canoe, from far and near, and bade him a
+farewell as solemnly affectionate as though he were departing for
+another world; indeed, Missouri then seemed almost as far away to the
+West Virginians as the Klondike is to dwellers in the Mississippi basin
+to-day--a long journey by packhorse or by flatboat into foreign wilds,
+beyond the great waterway concerning which the imaginations of
+untraveled men often ran riot.
+
+The hegira of the Boones, from the junction of the Elk and the Kanawha,
+was accomplished by boats, into which were crowded such of their scant
+herd of live stock as could be accommodated. Upon the way they stopped
+at Kentucky towns along the Ohio, either to visit friends or to obtain
+provisions, and attracted marked attention, for throughout the West
+Boone was, of course, one of the best-known men of his day. In
+Cincinnati he was asked why, at his time of life, he left the comforts
+of an established home again to subject himself to the privations of the
+frontier. "Too crowded!" he replied with feeling. "I want more
+elbow-room!"
+
+Arriving at the little Kentucky colony on Femme Osage Creek, where the
+Spanish authorities had granted him a thousand arpents[17] of land
+abutting his son's estate upon the north, he settled down in a little
+log cabin erected largely by his own hands, for the fourth and last time
+as a pioneer. He was never again in the Kanawha Valley, and but twice in
+Kentucky--once to testify as to some old survey-marks made by him, and
+again to pay the debts which he had left when removing to Point
+Pleasant.
+
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[17] Equivalent to about 845 English acres.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV
+
+A SERENE OLD AGE
+
+
+Missouri's sparse population at that time consisted largely of
+Frenchmen, who had taken easily to the yoke of Spain. For a people of
+easy-going disposition, theirs was an ideal existence. They led a
+patriarchal life, with their flocks and herds grazing upon a common
+pasture, and practised a crude agriculture whose returns were eked out
+by hunting in the limitless forests hard by. For companionship, the
+crude log cabins in the little settlements were assembled by the banks
+of the waterways, and there was small disposition to increase tillage
+beyond domestic necessities. There were practically no taxes to pay;
+military burdens sat lightly; the local syndic (or magistrate), the only
+government servant to be met outside of St. Louis, was sheriff, judge,
+jury, and commandant combined; there were no elections, for
+representative government was unknown; the fur and lead trade with St.
+Louis was the sole commerce, and their vocabulary did not contain the
+words enterprise and speculation.
+
+Here was a paradise for a man of Boone's temperament, and through
+several years to come he was wont to declare that, next to his first
+long hunt in Kentucky, this was the happiest period of his life. On the
+eleventh of July, 1800, Delassus--a well-educated French gentleman, and
+a good judge of character--appointed him syndic for the Femme Osage
+district, a position which the old man held until the cession of
+Louisiana to the United States. This selection was not only because of
+his prominence among the settlers and his recognized honesty and
+fearlessness, but for the reason that he was one of the few among these
+unsophisticated folk who could make records. In a primitive community
+like the Femme Osage, Boone may well have ranked as a man of some
+education; and certainly he wrote a bold, free hand, showing much
+practise with the pen, although we have seen that his spelling and
+grammar might have been improved. When the government was turned over to
+President Jefferson's commissioner, Delassus delivered to that
+officer, by request, a detailed report upon the personality of his
+subordinates, and this is one of the entries in the list of syndics:
+"Mr. Boone, a respectable old man, just and impartial, he has already,
+since I appointed him, offered his resignation owing to his
+infirmities--believing I know his probity, I have induced him to remain,
+in view of my confidence in him, for the public good."
+
+  [Illustration: BOONE'S CABIN IN ST. CHARLES COUNTY, MISSOURI.
+    From photograph in possession of Wisconsin State Historical Society.]
+
+Boone's knowledge did not extend to law-books, but he had a strong sense
+of justice; and during his four years of office passed upon the petty
+disputes of his neighbors with such absolute fairness as to win popular
+approbation. His methods were as primitive and arbitrary as those of an
+Oriental pasha; his penalties frequently consisted of lashes on the bare
+back "well laid on;" he would observe no rules of evidence, saying he
+wished only to know the truth; and sometimes both parties to a suit were
+compelled to divide the costs and begone. The French settlers had a
+fondness for taking their quarrels to court; but the decisions of the
+good-hearted syndic of Femme Osage, based solely upon common sense in
+the rough, were respected as if coming from a supreme bench. His
+contemporaries said that in no other office ever held by the great
+rifleman did he give such evidence of undisguised satisfaction, or
+display so great dignity as in this rôle of magistrate. Showing newly
+arrived American immigrants to desirable tracts of land was one of his
+most agreeable duties; when thus tendering the hospitalities of the
+country to strangers, it was remarked that our patriarch played the
+Spanish "don" to perfection.
+
+In October, 1800, Spain agreed to deliver Louisiana to France; but the
+latter found it impracticable at that time to take possession of the
+territory. By the treaty of April 30, 1803, the United States, long
+eager to secure for the West the open navigation of the Mississippi,
+purchased the rights of France. It was necessary to go through the form,
+both in New Orleans and in St. Louis, of transfer by Spain to France,
+and then by France to the United States. The former ceremony took place
+in St. Louis, the capital of Upper Louisiana, upon the ninth of March,
+1804, and the latter upon the following day. Daniel Boone's authority as
+a Spanish magistrate ended when the flag of his adopted country was
+hauled down for the last time in the Valley of the Mississippi.
+
+The coming of the Americans into power was welcomed by few of the people
+of Louisiana. The French had slight patience with the land-grabbing
+temper of the "Yankees," who were eager to cut down the forests, to open
+up farms, to build towns, to extend commerce, to erect factories--to
+inaugurate a reign of noise and bustle and avarice. Neither did men of
+the Boone type--who had become Spanish subjects in order to avoid the
+crowds, to get and to keep cheap lands, to avoid taxes, to hunt big
+game, and to live a simple Arcadian life--at all enjoy this sudden
+crossing of the Mississippi River, which they had vainly hoped to
+maintain as a perpetual barrier to so-called progress.
+
+Our hero soon had still greater reason for lamenting the advent of the
+new _régime_. His sad experience with lands in Kentucky had not taught
+him prudence. When the United States commission came to examine the
+titles of Louisiana settlers to the claims which they held, it was
+discovered that Boone had failed properly to enter the tract which had
+been ceded to him by Delassus. The signature of the lieutenant-governor
+was sufficient to insure a temporary holding, but a permanent cession
+required the approval of the governor at New Orleans; this Boone failed
+to obtain, being misled, he afterward stated, by the assertion of
+Delassus that so important an officer as a syndic need not take such
+precautions, for he would never be disturbed. The commissioners, while
+highly respecting him, were regretfully obliged under the terms of the
+treaty to dispossess the old pioneer, who again found himself landless.
+Six years later (1810) Congress tardily hearkened to his pathetic
+appeal, backed by the resolutions of the Kentucky legislature, and
+confirmed his Spanish grant in words of praise for "the man who has
+opened the way to millions of his fellow men."
+
+By the time he was seventy years old, Boone's skill as a hunter had
+somewhat lessened. His eyes had lost their phenomenal strength; he could
+no longer perform those nice feats of marksmanship for which in his
+prime he had attained wide celebrity, and rheumatism made him less
+agile. But as a trapper he was still unexcelled, and for many years made
+long trips into the Western wilderness, even into far-off Kansas, and at
+least once (1814, when eighty years old) to the great game fields of the
+Yellowstone. Upon such expeditions, often lasting several months, he was
+accompanied by one or more of his sons, by his son-in-law Flanders
+Calloway, or by an old Indian servant who was sworn to bring his master
+back to the Femme Osage dead or alive--for, curiously enough, this
+wandering son of the wilderness ever yearned for a burial near home.
+
+Beaver-skins, which were his chief desire, were then worth nine dollars
+each in the St. Louis market. He appears to have amassed a considerable
+sum from this source, and from the sale of his land grant to his sons,
+and in 1810 we find him in Kentucky paying his debts. This accomplished,
+tradition says that he had remaining only fifty cents; but he gloried in
+the fact that he was at last "square with the world," and returned to
+Missouri exultant.
+
+The War of 1812-15 brought Indian troubles to this new frontier, and
+some of the farm property of the younger Boones was destroyed in one of
+the savage forays. The old man fretted at his inability to assist in the
+militia organization, of which his sons Daniel Morgan and Nathan were
+conspicuous leaders; and the state of the border did not permit of
+peaceful hunting. In the midst of the war he deeply mourned the death of
+his wife (1813)--a woman of meek, generous, heroic nature, who had
+journeyed over the mountains with him from North Carolina, and upon his
+subsequent pilgrimages, sharing all his hardships and perils, a proper
+helpmeet in storm and calm.
+
+Penniless, and a widower, he now went to live with his sons, chiefly
+with Nathan, then forty-three years of age. After being first a hunter
+and explorer, and then an industrious and successful farmer, Nathan had
+won distinction in the war just closed and entered the regular army,
+where he reached the rank of lieutenant-colonel and had a wide and
+thrilling experience in Indian fighting. Daniel Morgan is thought to
+have been the first settler in Kansas (1827); A. G. Boone, a
+grandson, was one of the early settlers of Colorado, and prominently
+connected with Western Indian treaties and Rocky Mountain exploration;
+and another grandson of the great Kentuckian was Kit Carson, the famous
+scout for Frémont's transcontinental expedition.
+
+  [Illustration: NATHAN BOONE'S HOUSE IN ST. CHARLES COUNTY, MISSOURI.
+    Herein Daniel Boone died.]
+
+It was not long before the Yankee _régime_ confirmed Boone's fears. The
+tide of immigration crossed the river, and rolling westward again passed
+the door of the great Kentuckian, driving off the game and monopolizing
+the hunting-grounds. Laws, courts, politics, speculation, and
+improvements were being talked about, to the bewilderment of the French
+and the unconcealed disgust of the former syndic. Despite his great age,
+he talked strongly of moving still farther West, hoping to get beyond
+the reach of settlement; but his sons and neighbors persuaded him
+against it, and he was obliged to accommodate himself as best he might
+to the new conditions. In summer he would work on the now substantial
+and prosperous farms of his children, chopping trees for the winter's
+wood. But at the advent of autumn the spirit of restlessness seized him,
+when he would take his canoe, with some relative or his Indian servant,
+and disappear up the Missouri and its branches for weeks together. In
+1816, we hear of him as being at Fort Osage, on his way to the Platte,
+"in the dress of the roughest, poorest hunter." Two years later, he
+writes to his son Daniel M.: "I intend by next autumn to take two or
+three whites and a party of Osage Indians to visit the salt mountains,
+lakes, and ponds and see these natural curiosities. They are about five
+or six hundred miles west of here"--presumably the rock salt in Indian
+Territory; it is not known whether this trip was taken. He was greatly
+interested in Rocky Mountain exploration, then much talked of, and
+eagerly sought information regarding California; and was the cause of
+several young men migrating thither. A tale of new lands ever found in
+him a delighted listener.
+
+In these his declining years, although he had suffered much at the hands
+of the world, Boone's temperament, always kindly, mellowed in tone.
+Decay came gradually, without palsy or pain; and, amid kind friends and
+an admiring public, his days passed in tranquillity. The following
+letter written by him at this period to his sister-in-law Sarah (Day)
+Boone, wife of his brother Samuel, is characteristic of the man, and
+gives to us, moreover, probably the only reliable account we possess of
+his religious views:
+
+       "october the 19th 1816
+
+       "Deer Sister
+
+       "With pleasuer I Rad a Later from your sun Samuel Boone
+       who informs me that you are yett Liveing and in good
+       health Considing your age I wright to you to Latt you know
+       I have Not forgot you and to inform you of my own
+       Situation sence the Death of your Sister Rabacah I Leve
+       with flanders Calaway But am at present at my sun Nathans
+       and in tolarabel halth you Can gass at my feilings by your
+       own as we are So Near one age I Need Not write you of our
+       satuation as Samuel Bradley or James grimes Can inform you
+       of Every Surcomstance Relating to our famaly and how we
+       Leve in this World and what Chance we shall have in the
+       next we know Not for my part I am as ignerant as a Child
+       all the Relegan I have to Love and fear god beleve in
+       Jeses Christ Don all the good to my Nighbour and my self
+       that I Can and Do as Little harm as I Can help and trust
+       on gods marcy for the Rest and I Beleve god neve made a
+       man of my prisepel to be Lost and I flater my self Deer
+       sister that you are well on your way in Cristeanaty gave
+       my Love to all your Childran and all my frends fearwell my
+       Deer sister
+
+      "DANIEL BOONE
+
+      "Mrs. Sarah Boone
+
+       "N B I Red a Later yesterday from sister Hanah peninton by
+       hir grand sun Dal Ringe she and all hir Childran are Well
+       at present
+
+      "D B"
+
+  [Illustration: BOONE'S RELIGIOUS VIEWS.
+    Reduced facsimile from original MS. in possession of Wisconsin State
+    Historical Society.]
+
+Many strangers of distinction visited him at Nathan's home near the
+banks of the Missouri, and the public journals of the day always
+welcomed an anecdote of the great hunter's prowess--although most of the
+stories which found their way into print were either deliberate
+inventions or unconsciously exaggerated traditions. From published
+descriptions of the man by those who could discriminate, we may gain
+some idea of his appearance and manner. The great naturalist Audubon
+once passed a night under a West Virginia roof in the same room with
+Boone, whose "extraordinary skill in the management of a rifle" is
+alluded to. He says: "The stature and general appearance of this
+wanderer of the Western forests approached the gigantic. His chest was
+broad and prominent; his muscular powers displayed themselves in every
+limb; his countenance gave indication of his great courage, enterprise,
+and perseverance; and when he spoke the very motion of his lips brought
+the impression that whatever he uttered could not be otherwise than
+strictly true. I undressed, whilst he merely took off his hunting-shirt
+and arranged a few folds of blankets on the floor, choosing rather to
+lie there, as he observed, than on the softest bed."
+
+Timothy Flint, one of his early biographers, knew the "grand old man" in
+Missouri, and thus pictures him: "He was five feet ten inches in
+height, of a very erect, clean-limbed, and athletic form--admirably
+fitted in structure, muscle, temperament, and habit for the endurance of
+the labors, changes, and sufferings he underwent. He had what
+phrenologists would have considered a model head--with a forehead
+peculiarly high, noble, and bold--thin and compressed lips--a mild,
+clear, blue eye--a large and prominent chin, and a general expression of
+countenance in which fearlessness and courage sat enthroned, and which
+told the beholder at a glance what he had been and was formed to be."
+Flint declares that the busts, paintings, and engravings of Boone bear
+little resemblance to him. "They want the high port and noble daring of
+his countenance.... Never was old age more green, or gray hairs more
+graceful. His high, calm, bold forehead seemed converted by years into
+iron."
+
+Rev. James E. Welch, a revivalist, thus tells of Boone as he saw him at
+his meetings in 1818: "He was rather low of stature, broad shoulders,
+high cheek-bones, very mild countenance, fair complexion, soft and
+quiet in his manner, but little to say unless spoken to, amiable and
+kind in his feelings, very fond of quiet retirement, of cool
+self-possession and indomitable perseverance. He never made a profession
+of religion, but still was what the world calls a very moral man."
+
+In 1819, the year before the death of Boone, Chester Harding, an
+American portrait-painter of some note, went out from St. Louis to make
+a life study of the aged Kentuckian. He found him at the time "living
+alone in a cabin, a part of an old blockhouse," evidently having escaped
+for a time from the conventionalities of home life, which palled upon
+him. The great man was roasting a steak of venison on the end of his
+ramrod. He had a marvelous memory of the incidents of early days,
+although forgetful of passing events. "I asked him," says Harding, "if
+he never got lost in his long wanderings after game? He said 'No, I was
+never lost, but I was bewildered once for three days.'" The portrait is
+now in the possession of the painter's grandson, Mr. William H. King, of
+Winnetka, Ill. Harding says that he "never finished the drapery of the
+original picture, but copied the head, I think, at three different
+times." It is from this portrait (our frontispiece), made when Boone was
+an octogenarian, emaciated and feeble--although not appearing older than
+seventy years--that most others have been taken; thus giving us, as
+Flint says, but a shadowy notion of how the famous explorer looked in
+his prime. There is in existence, however, a portrait made by Audubon,
+from memory--a charming picture, representing Boone in middle life.[18]
+
+Serene and unworldly to the last, and with slight premonition of the
+end, Daniel Boone passed from this life upon the twenty-sixth of
+September, 1820, in the eighty-sixth year of his age. The event took
+place in the home of his son Nathan, said to be the first stone house
+built in Missouri. The convention for drafting the first constitution of
+the new State was then in session in St. Louis. Upon learning the news,
+the commonwealth-builders adjourned for the day in respect to his
+memory; and as a further mark of regard wore crape on their left arms
+for twenty days. The St. Louis Gazette, in formally announcing his
+death, said: "Colonel Boone was a man of common stature, of great
+enterprise, strong intellect, amiable disposition, and inviolable
+integrity--he died universally regretted by all who knew him.... Such is
+the veneration for his name and character."
+
+Pursuant to his oft-repeated request, he was buried by the side of his
+wife, upon the bank of Teugue Creek, about a mile from the Missouri.
+There, in sight of the great river of the new West, the two founders of
+Boonesborough rested peacefully. Their graves were, however, neglected
+until 1845, when the legislature of Kentucky made a strong appeal to the
+people of Missouri to allow the bones to be removed to Frankfort, where,
+it was promised, they should be surmounted by a fitting monument. The
+eloquence of Kentucky's commissioners succeeded in overcoming the strong
+reluctance of the Missourians, and such fragments as had not been
+resolved into dust were removed amid much display. But in their new
+abiding-place they were again the victims of indifference; it was not
+until 1880, thirty-five years later, that the present monument was
+erected.
+
+  [Illustration: BOONE'S MONUMENT AT FRANKFORT, KENTUCKY.]
+
+We have seen that Daniel Boone was neither the first explorer nor the
+first settler of Kentucky. The trans-Alleghany wilds had been trodden by
+many before him; even he was piloted through Cumberland Gap by Finley,
+and Harrodsburg has nearly a year's priority over Boonesborough. He had
+not the intellect of Clark or of Logan, and his services in the defense
+of the country were of less importance than theirs. He was not a
+constructive agent of civilization. But in the minds of most Americans
+there is a pathetic, romantic interest attaching to Boone that is
+associated with few if any others of the early Kentuckians. His
+migrations in the vanguard of settlement into North Carolina, Kentucky,
+West Virginia, and Missouri, each in their turn; his heroic wanderings
+in search of game and fresh lands; his activity and numerous thrilling
+adventures during nearly a half-century of border warfare; his
+successive failures to acquire a legal foothold in the wilderness to
+which he had piloted others; his persistent efforts to escape the
+civilization of which he had been the forerunner; his sunny temper amid
+trials of the sort that made of Clark a plotter and a misanthrope; his
+sterling integrity; his serene old age--all these have conspired to make
+for Daniel Boone a place in American history as one of the most lovable
+and picturesque of our popular heroes; indeed, the typical backwoodsman
+of the trans-Alleghany region.
+
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[18] The story of the original Harding portrait, as gathered from
+statements to the present writer by members of the painter's family,
+supplemented by letters of Harding himself to the late Lyman C. Draper,
+is an interesting one. The artist used for his portrait a piece of
+ordinary table oil-cloth. For many years the painting was in the capitol
+at Frankfort, Ky., "from the fact that it was hoped the State would buy
+it." But the State had meanwhile become possessed of another oil
+portrait painted about 1839 or 1840 by a Mr. Allen, of Harrodsburg,
+Ky.--an ideal sketch, of no special merit. Harding's portrait,
+apparently the only one of Boone painted from life, was not purchased,
+for the State did not wish to be at the expense of two paintings. Being
+upon a Western trip, in 1861, Harding, then an old man and a resident of
+Springfield, Mass., rescued his portrait, which was in bad condition,
+and carried it home. The process of restoration was necessarily a
+vigorous one. The artist writes (October 6, 1861): "The picture had been
+banged about until the greater part of it was broken to pieces.... The
+head is as perfect as when it was painted, in color, though there are
+some small, almost imperceptible, cracks in it." The head and neck, down
+to the shirt-collar, were cut out and pasted upon a full-sized canvas;
+on this, Harding had "a very skilful artist" repaint the bust, drapery,
+and background, under the former's immediate direction. The picture in
+the present state is, therefore, a composite. The joining shows plainly
+in most lights. Upon the completion of the work, Harding offered to sell
+it to Draper, but the negotiation fell through. The restored portrait
+was then presented by the artist to his son-in-law, John L. King, of
+Springfield, Mass., and in due course it came into the possession of the
+latter's son, the present owner.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+      Abingdon (Pa.), Boones in, 4.
+
+      Alleghany Mountains, bound French claims, 19, 60;
+        border Valley of Virginia, 14;
+        pioneers on eastern foot-hills, 27, 35, 69;
+        barrier to Western advance, 13;
+        Berkeley's exploration, 85, 86;
+        crossed by Americans, 20;
+        in Dunmore's War, 105;
+        first government west of, 122, 123.
+
+      Allen, ----, paints Boone's portrait, 238.
+
+      Amherst, Gen. Jeffrey, of British Army, 44.
+
+      Appalachian Mountains, troughs of, 13-15.
+        See also Alleghany Mountains.
+
+      Arkansas, Virginia hunters in, 89, 90.
+
+      Ashton, Captain, killed by Indians, 185.
+
+      Audubon, John James, knew Boone, 10, 235, 238.
+
+
+      Baker, John, explores Kentucky, 66.
+
+      Barbour, ----, hunts in Kentucky, 89, 90.
+
+      Baton Rouge (La.), North Carolinians near, 66.
+
+      Batts, Thomas, on New River, 86.
+
+      Bears, 18, 56, 58, 67, 75, 76, 92, 133, 197.
+
+      Beaver Creek, Boone on, 68.
+
+      Beavers, 18, 74, 229.
+
+      Benton, ----, Kentucky pioneer, 125.
+
+      Berkeley, Gov. William, in Alleghanies, 85, 86.
+
+      Berks County (Pa.), Boones in, 4-15, 211, 212.
+
+      Black Fish, Shawnese chief, 148-157, 161-167.
+
+      Bledsoe, Maj. Anthony, militia leader, 134.
+
+      Blue Ridge, borders Valley of Virginia, 14, 15;
+        crossed by Boone, 72.
+
+      Boiling Spring (Ky.), founded, 121.
+        See also Fort Boiling Spring.
+
+      Boone, A. G., grandson of Daniel, 231.
+
+      --, Benjamin, son of George{1}, 1.
+
+      --, Daniel, Dutch painter, 7.
+
+      --, Daniel, born, 6;
+        youth, 7-15;
+        training, 10-12;
+        education, 199, 224;
+        moves to Yadkin, 16, 17;
+        explores Yadkin region, 62, 63;
+        in French and Indian War, 21-23;
+        marriage, 25-27, 36;
+        list of children, 43;
+        life on the Yadkin, 17-20, 28-36;
+        flees to Virginia, 43, 55;
+        returns to Yadkin, 50, 55;
+        visits Florida, 64, 65;
+        early Kentucky explorations, 24, 69, 70;
+        trains James, 63;
+        discontented in North Carolina, 67-69;
+        hunts in Tennessee, 55, 56;
+        in Cherokee War, 50, 55, 56;
+        carves name on trees, 56;
+        captures criminals, 62;
+        opinion of Indians, 52, 59;
+        piloted by Finley, 218, 241;
+        crosses Cumberland Gap, ix, 89, 200, 218;
+        long hunt in Kentucky, 72-84, 86, 94-97, 100, 224;
+        starts for Kentucky, 101-103;
+        on Clinch, 103;
+        in Dunmore's War, 105-112;
+        pioneer for Transylvania Company, 114-117;
+        settles Boonesborough, 117-119, 124, 125;
+        defends Boonesborough, 137, 138, 141, 142;
+        capture of daughter, 134-136;
+        captured by Shawnese, 146-158;
+        returns to Kentucky, 174-178;
+        hunts for settlers, 176;
+        robbed of money, 176, 177;
+        militia leader, 112, 134, 180, 212, 213;
+        Indian expeditions, 181, 182, 187-189;
+        pilot for immigrants, 198, 211, 226;
+        leaves Boonesborough, 180;
+        justice of peace, 143;
+        surveyor, 120, 121, 129, 181, 193, 198, 208, 209, 211, 212;
+        member of legislature, 182, 183, 215;
+        revisits Pennsylvania, 211, 212;
+        loses Kentucky lands, 208-210, 219;
+        at Maysville, 201, 202, 207-210;
+        river trader, 201, 202;
+        life on Kanawha, 210-222;
+        "autobiography," 153, 169, 199;
+        ships furs to East, 197, 201, 202;
+        moves to Missouri, 205, 219-222;
+        Spanish syndic, 224-227;
+        hunts in Missouri, 220, 229-232;
+        laments growth of settlement, 227, 231;
+        loses Spanish grant, 227, 228;
+        pays debts, 229;
+        old age, 228-241;
+        death and burial, 239, 240;
+        character, vii-ix, 200, 232, 233, 241, 242;
+        religious views, 233, 234;
+        specimen letters, 193-195, 233-235;
+        descriptions of, 109, 110, 212-214, 225, 235-237, 239, 240;
+        not first in Kentucky, 85;
+        Byron's verses, 200;
+        nature of services, 200;
+        extent of fame, 198, 199, 222, 233-235;
+        portraits, 237-239;
+        Draper's proposed biography, ix, x.
+
+      Boone, Mrs. Daniel, marriage, 25-27, 36;
+        life on Yadkin, 29, 30;
+        flees to Virginia, 43;
+        scorns Florida, 65;
+        in Kentucky, 125, 158, 168, 201;
+        death and burial, 230, 240.
+
+      --, Daniel Morgan, son of Daniel, 43;
+        in Missouri, 220, 230, 232;
+        in Kansas, 230, 231.
+
+      --, Edward, brother of Daniel, 7;
+        killed by Indians, 7, 174, 181.
+
+      --, Elizabeth, sister of Daniel, 7.
+
+      --, George{1}, grandfather of Daniel, early life, 1-3;
+        moves to Pennsylvania, 3, 4, 102;
+        death, 5.
+
+      --, George{2}, son of foregoing, born, 1;
+        in Pennsylvania, 2-5.
+
+      --, George{3}, brother of Daniel, 7.
+
+      --, Hannah, sister of Daniel, 7.
+
+      --, Israel{1}, brother of Daniel, 7, 12.
+
+      --, Israel{2}, son of Daniel, 43;
+        killed by Indians, 189.
+
+      --, James{1}, son of George{1}, 1, 15.
+
+      --, James{2}, son of Daniel, 43;
+        trained as hunter, 63;
+        killed by Indians, 102, 103.
+
+      --, Jemima, daughter of Daniel, 43;
+        captured by Indians, 134-136;
+        marries Flanders Calloway, 158.
+
+      --, John, son of George{1}, 1, 2, 15.
+
+      --, John B., son of Daniel, 43.
+
+      --, Jonathan, brother of Daniel, 7.
+
+      --, Joseph, son of George{1}, 1.
+
+      --, Lavinia, daughter of Daniel, 43.
+
+      --, Mary{1}, daughter of George{1}, 1.
+
+      --, Mary{2}, sister of Daniel, 7.
+
+      --, Nathan, son of Daniel, 43;
+        visits Pennsylvania, 211, 212;
+        in Missouri, 230, 233, 239.
+
+      --, Rebecca, daughter of Daniel, 43.
+
+      --, Samuel{1}, son of George{1}, 1.
+
+      Boone, Samuel{2}, brother of Daniel, 7, 10;
+        marries Sarah Day, 233.
+
+      --, Samuel{3}, son of foregoing, 233.
+
+      --, Sarah{1}, daughter of George{1}, born, 1;
+        moves to Pennsylvania, 2, 3;
+        marries Jacob Stover, 4, 5.
+
+      --, Sarah{2}, sister of Daniel, 7, 12.
+
+      --, Sarah Day, letter from Daniel, 233.
+        See also Sarah Day.
+
+      --, Squire{1}, father of Daniel, born, 1;
+        moves to Pennsylvania, 2, 3;
+        marriage, 5;
+        life in Pennsylvania, 5-15;
+        expelled by Quakers, 12;
+        moves to Yadkin, 15-17;
+        flees to Virginia, 43;
+        returns to Yadkin, 59;
+        life on Yadkin, 25, 27;
+        death, 59.
+
+      --, Squire{2}, brother of Daniel, 7;
+        on Big Sandy, 69;
+        visits Kentucky, 72, 78-81, 84, 94-97, 100;
+        at Boonesborough, 117, 122, 125, 129, 158, 162.
+
+      --, Susannah, daughter of Daniel, 43.
+
+      -- family, in Cherokee War, 43, 44;
+        in Kentucky, 43;
+        in Missouri, 44, 220-241.
+
+      Boone's Creek (Ky.), Boone on, 180, 208.
+
+      -- Creek (Tenn.), Boone on, 55, 56.
+
+      -- Station. See Fort Boone.
+
+      Boonesborough (Ky.), 118, 119, 121, 124-128, 240, 241;
+        Transylvania convention at, 122, 123;
+        capture of girls, 134-136;
+        in Revolutionary War, 137, 139, 141-143, 148, 149, 154,
+          156-158, 184;
+        besieged by Indians, 159-167, 169, 186;
+        Boone's return to, 174-180, 208, 209;
+        incorporated, 174, 175;
+        left by Boone, 180;
+        present condition, 175;
+        Ranck's monograph, x.
+
+      Bouquet, Gen. Henry, campaign of, 88;
+        treats with Indians, 103, 104.
+
+      Bourbon County (Ky.), Boone in, 177, 181.
+
+      Bowman, Col. John, Kentucky pioneer, 125;
+        militia leader, 134;
+        in Revolutionary War, 143-145, 158, 170, 178.
+
+      Braddock, Gen. Edward, defeated by French, 21-23, 25, 50, 71, 81,
+          152.
+
+      Bradley, Edward, Kentucky pioneer, 117.
+
+      --, Samuel, mentioned by Boone, 233.
+
+      Bradninch (Eng.), early home of Boones, 1-3.
+
+      Bridges, James, Kentucky pioneer, 117.
+
+      Brownsville (Pa.), Boone at, 212, 215, 216.
+
+      Bryan, Joseph, father-in-law of Boone, 25.
+
+      --, Rebecca. See Mrs. Daniel Boone.
+
+      -- family, Yadkin pioneers, 24-27, 36, 168;
+        in Cherokee War, 43, 44;
+        in Kentucky, 101, 102, 125.
+
+      Buffaloes, 17, 18, 23, 67, 69, 70, 72, 75, 76, 90, 92, 95, 118,
+          133, 158, 197.
+
+      Bush, William, Kentucky pioneer, 117.
+
+      Byrd, Colonel, of British Army, 178.
+
+      --, Col. William, raids Cherokees, 49, 50, 56.
+
+      Byron, George Noel Gordon, Lord, lines on Boone, 200.
+
+
+      Cahokia (Ill.), won by Clark, 159.
+
+      Caldwell, Capt. William, raids Kentucky, 186.
+
+      California, Boone interested in, 232.
+
+      Calk, William, Kentucky pioneer, 194.
+
+      Calloway, Betsey, captured by Indians, 135, 136;
+        marries Samuel Henderson, 143.
+
+      Calloway, Fanny, captured by Indians, 135, 136.
+
+      --, Flanders, marries Jemima Boone, 158;
+        in Missouri, 229, 233.
+
+      --, Col. Richard, Kentucky pioneer, 117;
+        daughters captured, 135, 136;
+        accuses Boone, 165-167.
+
+      Campbell, Maj. Arthur, in Dunmore's War, 105, 108, 109;
+        in Kentucky, 126.
+
+      --, Ensign John, in Dunmore's War, 109.
+
+      -- (Camel), Robert, Kentucky pioneer, 209.
+
+      -- family, Kentucky pioneers, 125.
+
+      Camp Madison (Ky.), 172.
+
+      Caperton, Captain, militia leader, 216.
+
+      Captain Jack, Indian hero, 52.
+
+      Carson, Kit, grandson of Boone, 231.
+
+      Cartwright's Creek, Boone on, 208.
+
+      Castle's-woods, Boone at, 109.
+
+      Catawba Indians, relations with Yadkin settlers, 18, 19, 22, 36,
+          42;
+        allies of whites, 45;
+        raided by Northern Indians, 96.
+
+      Cattle-raising, on frontier, 8, 9, 15, 16, 30, 31, 35, 36, 57,
+          58, 62, 69, 102, 122, 127, 128, 131, 132, 140, 162, 163, 173,
+          197, 223.
+
+      Charleston (S.C.), in Cherokee War, 43, 46;
+        Boone at, 169.
+
+      -- (W. Va.), Boone near, 211, 221.
+
+      Charlottesville (Va.), Boone at, 182.
+
+      Cherokee Indians, raided by Northern tribes, 96;
+        relations with Yadkin settlers, 18, 19, 22;
+        war with whites, 36-56, 60, 69;
+        plunder Kentucky hunters, 90, 91, 93;
+        treaty with settlers, 99;
+        in Dunmore's War, 104, 105, 112, 113;
+        in Transylvania cession, 113-116;
+        in Revolutionary War, 132, 139-144, 160-167;
+        inflamed by Spain, 202, 204.
+
+      Chickasaw Indians, in Revolutionary War, 179.
+
+      Chillicothe (Ohio), Boone near, 158.
+
+      --, Little, Shawnese town, 151, 152, 156, 166.
+
+      --, Old, Shawnese town, 170.
+
+      Choctaw Indians, rob hunters, 67.
+
+      Christian family, Kentucky pioneers, 125.
+
+      Cincinnati, founded, 199;
+        Clark at, 190;
+        Harmar, 213;
+        Boone, 222;
+        Wayne, 218.
+
+      Clark, George Rogers, arrival in Kentucky, 104, 125;
+        delegate to Virginia, 133;
+        in Dunmore's War, 107;
+        in Revolutionary War, 125, 134, 138, 139, 158, 159, 169, 178,
+          179, 181, 183, 190;
+        Wabash expedition, 206, 207;
+        separatist intrigues, 203-205, 242;
+        misanthropic, vii;
+        character of services, vii, 241.
+
+      Clendennin, Col. George, militia leader, 216.
+
+      Clinch Mountain, crossed by Boone, 73.
+
+      Coburn, Samuel, Kentucky pioneer, 117.
+
+      Colorado, A. G. Boone in, 231.
+
+      Cooley, William, accompanies Boone, 72-79.
+
+      Cornstalk, Shawnese chief, 110, 111.
+
+      Cornwallis, Lord, imprisons Boone, 182, 183.
+
+      Covington (Ky.), Bowman at, 170.
+
+      Crabtree, Capt. Jacob, Kentucky pioneer, 117.
+
+      Crane, Sergt. John, in Dunmore's War, 109.
+
+      Creek Indians, inflamed by Spain, 202, 204.
+
+      Crime, on frontier, 33, 34, 60-62.
+
+      Croghan, George, fur-trader, 23.
+
+      Culpeper County (Va.), Boone in, 43.
+
+      Cumberland Gap, crossed by Virginia hunters, 90, 92;
+        Finley, 23, 88;
+        Boone, vii, 72, 73, 88, 89, 95, 125, 230, 241;
+        in Dunmore's War, 105.
+        See also Wilderness Road.
+
+      -- Mountains, bound Kentucky, 70, 91.
+
+      Cutbirth, Benjamin, friend of Boone, 66;
+        in Kentucky, 66, 67, 101.
+
+
+      Danville (Ky.), district capital, 195.
+
+      Davie County (N.C.), Boones in, 27.
+
+      Dawson, Miss Marjory, aid acknowledged, xi.
+
+      Day, Rebecca, 233.
+
+      --, Sarah, marries Samuel Boone, 10;
+        teaches Daniel, 10, 11.
+
+      Deer, 18, 58, 63, 67, 72-74, 76, 92, 133, 197.
+
+      Delassus, Charles Dehault, lieutenant-governor of Upper Louisiana,
+          220, 224, 225, 228.
+
+      Delaware Indians, Christian converts, 7, 8;
+        in Revolutionary War, 156, 157, 160-167.
+
+      Detroit, Boone at, 154-157, 166, 177;
+        British headquarters, 178, 183, 192.
+
+      District of Columbia, Squire Boone in, 43.
+
+      Doddridge, Joseph, _Notes on Virginia_, 39-41.
+
+      Drake, Joseph, heads Long Hunters, 91, 92.
+
+      Draper, Lyman Copeland, gathers Boone manuscripts, ix, x;
+        letters from Harding, 238, 239.
+
+      Dress, of pioneers, 28, 29.
+
+      Dunkin, Sergt. John, in Dunmore's War, 109.
+
+      Dunmore, Lord, commissions Boone, 155, 156;
+        raids Indians, 105-112;
+        opposes Henderson, 116.
+
+      Durrett, Col. Reuben T., aid acknowledged, x.
+
+      Dutchman's Creek, Boones on, 17.
+
+
+      Eagle Creek, in Indian campaign, 194.
+
+      Education, on frontier, 10, 11, 27, 53, 224.
+
+      Elk, 72, 75, 76, 92.
+
+      English, in French and Indian War, 19-23;
+        defeat French, 59, 60;
+        employ French woodsmen, 98;
+        fur trade of, 42;
+        oppose American settlement, 98, 99, 202;
+        in Revolutionary War, 132, 149, 154-156, 159, 165-167, 171,
+          178, 186, 190, 192;
+        designs on Louisiana, 220.
+
+      Estill, Capt. James, killed by Indians, 184, 185.
+
+      -- County (Ky.), Boone in, 73.
+
+      Etting, J. Marx, aid acknowledged, xi.
+
+      Exeter township (Pa.), Boones in, 5-7.
+
+
+      Fayette County (Ky.), organized, 179-182;
+        raided by Indians, 186;
+        surveying, 181, 192, 193.
+
+      Fallen Timbers, battle of, 217, 218.
+
+      Falls of Ohio. See Louisville.
+
+      Femme Osage Creek, Boone on, 220-222, 224, 225, 229.
+
+      Filson, John, writes Boone's "autobiography," 153, 199, 200.
+
+      Fincastle County (Va.), includes Kentucky, 123, 195.
+
+      Finley, John, early exploration of Kentucky, 22, 23, 87, 88;
+        tells Boone thereof, 22-24, 69, 71;
+        pilots Boone thither, vii, 71-79, 88, 200, 218, 241.
+
+      Fishing Creek, Clark on, 104.
+
+      Flint, Timothy, describes Boone, 235, 236, 238.
+
+      Florida, Virginia hunters in, 89;
+        Boone, 64, 65.
+
+      Floyd, Capt. John, on state of frontier, 136, 137;
+        in Revolutionary War, 138, 180.
+
+      Forbes, Gen. John, campaign of, 88.
+
+      Fort Blackmore, in Dunmore's War, 108.
+
+      -- Boiling Spring, in Revolutionary War, 137.
+
+      -- Boone (Boone's Station), built, 180.
+
+      -- Bryan (Ky.), in Revolutionary War, 137, 185-188.
+
+      -- Defiance, Wayne at, 217.
+
+      -- Dobbs, erected, 37-39;
+        in Cherokee War, 41-44, 55.
+
+      -- Duquesne. See Pittsburg.
+
+      -- Elk Garden, in Dunmore's War, 109.
+
+      -- Estill, attacked by Indians, 184.
+
+      -- Glade Hollow, in Dunmore's War, 109.
+
+      -- Harrod. See Fort Boiling Spring.
+
+      -- Hinkson, in Revolutionary War, 137.
+
+      -- Huston (Ky.), in Revolutionary War, 137.
+
+      -- Jefferson, built by Clark, 179.
+
+      -- Logan, in Revolutionary War, 137, 139, 164, 165.
+
+      -- Loudon, erected, 37;
+        in Cherokee War, 44, 46, 47.
+
+      -- McClellan, in Revolutionary War, 137, 139.
+
+      -- McConnell, in Revolutionary War, 188.
+
+      -- McGee, in Revolutionary War, 188.
+
+      -- Maiden Spring, in Dunmore's War, 109.
+
+      -- Martin, besieged, 178.
+
+      -- Massac, French at, 41, 42, 48.
+
+      -- Moore, in Dunmore's War, 108.
+
+      -- Nelson. See Louisville.
+
+      -- Osage, Boone at, 232.
+
+      -- Pitt. See Pittsburg.
+
+      -- Price (Ky.), in Revolutionary War, 139.
+
+      -- Prince George, in Cherokee War, 37, 44, 48.
+
+      -- Recovery, Wayne at, 217.
+
+      -- Robinson, erected, 50.
+
+      -- Ruddell, founded, 121;
+        besieged, 178.
+
+      -- Russell, in Dunmore's War, 108.
+
+      -- Stanwix, treaty of, 99, 114, 121.
+
+      -- Strode, militia rendezvous, 194.
+
+      -- Whitley, in Revolutionary War, 137.
+
+      -- Whitton (Big Crab Orchard), in Dunmore's War, 109.
+
+      Forts on frontier, described, 37-41;
+        methods of defense, 142, 143.
+
+      Frankfort (Ky.), 121;
+        Boone portrait at, 238;
+        Boone's grave, 240.
+
+      Fredericksburg (Va.), Boone in, 43.
+
+      Frelinghuysen, Theodore, on Cherokee bravery, 51.
+
+      Frémont, Gen. John C., explorer, 231.
+
+      French, introduce knives, 111;
+        early knowledge of Kentucky, 85-87;
+        in French and Indian War, 19-23, 66;
+        inflame Southern Indians, 36, 37, 41, 42, 48, 51, 98;
+        fall of New France, 48, 60;
+        hunting in Kentucky, 95, 101, 197;
+        employed by English, 98, 148, 159, 161, 171, 178;
+        in Northwest Territory, 207;
+        in Missouri, 223-226, 231;
+        intrigue against Spain, 204;
+        cede Louisiana to United States, 226, 227.
+
+      -- Creek, French on, 20.
+
+      Fur trade, near Philadelphia, 4, 10;
+        French and English rivalry, 19, 20;
+        Ohio Company, 20, 24, 87;
+        Finley, 22, 23, 71, 83, 87, 88;
+        Croghan, 23;
+        with Southern Indians, 18, 42, 44, 58, 60, 132, 133;
+        roving of traders, 67, 69;
+        English operations, 87, 99, 190;
+        character of traders, 60, 132, 133;
+        autumnal caravans, 31, 58, 197;
+        Boone's operations, 201, 202, 219.
+
+
+      Gass, Capt. David, on Clinch, 103;
+        Kentucky pioneer, 117.
+
+      Gauntlet-running, described, 154, 155.
+
+      Georgetown (D.C.), Squire Boone in, 43.
+
+      Georgia, Virginia hunters in, 91;
+        Boone, 65;
+        increase of settlement, 97.
+
+      Germans, among frontiersmen, 4, 5, 14, 196.
+
+      Girty, George, met by Boone, 148.
+
+      --, James, met by Boone, 148.
+
+      --, Simon, American renegade, 148, 186.
+
+      Gist, Christopher, explores Kentucky, 87, 100.
+
+      Grant, Lieut.-Col. James, raids Cherokees, 48-50.
+
+      Granville, Earl, North Carolina landholder, 68.
+
+      Great Lakes, French posts on, 19.
+
+      -- Meadows, defeat of Washington, 20.
+
+      Greenville (Ohio), treaty of, 217.
+
+      Grimes, James, mentioned by Boone, 233.
+
+      Gwynedd township (Pa.), Boones in, 4-6.
+
+
+      Hamilton, Gov. Henry, 149, 150;
+        relations with Boone, 154-156, 161, 166;
+        imprisoned, 169, 177.
+
+      Hamtramck, Maj. J. F., raids Indians, 213.
+
+      Harding, Chester, paints Boone's portrait, 237-239.
+
+      Harmar, Col. Josiah, raids Indians, 213.
+
+      Harper's Ferry (Va.), Boones at, 16.
+
+      Harrisonburg (Va.), Boones near, 16.
+
+      Harrod, Capt. James, in Revolutionary War, 134, 138, 176.
+
+      Harrodsburg, founded, vii, 121, 131, 238, 241;
+        convention at, 133;
+        in Revolutionary War, 137, 139, 142, 143, 164;
+        seat of Lincoln County, 179.
+
+      Hart, David, of Transylvania Company, 114.
+
+      --, John, Kentucky pioneer, 117.
+
+      --, Nathaniel, of Transylvania Company, 114, 176, 177.
+
+      --, Thomas, of Transylvania Company, 114, 176, 177.
+
+      Hays, William, Boone's son-in-law, 117.
+
+      --, Mrs. William, daughter of Boone, 117.
+
+      Hazelrigg, Captain, letters from Boone, 193-195.
+
+      Hempinstall, Abraham, hunts in Kentucky, 89, 90.
+
+      Henderson, Col. Richard, settles Kentucky, 113-115, 118-120,
+          122-124, 126, 129, 133.
+
+      --, Samuel, marries Betsey Calloway, 143.
+
+      Hennepin, Father Louis, explorations of, 86.
+
+      Hewett, Gen. Fayette, aid acknowledged, xi.
+
+      Hicks, William, Kentucky pioneer, 117.
+
+      Hill, William, accompanies Boone, 69, 70.
+
+      Hinkson, Maj. John, Kentucky pioneer, 121.
+
+      Hite, Isaac, Kentucky pioneer, 125.
+
+      Holden, Capt. Joseph, accompanies Boone, 72-77;
+        defeated by Indians, 185.
+
+      Howard, John, in Kentucky, 87.
+
+      Hunting, early practised by Boone, 9-12, 16;
+        in Yadkin country, 17, 18, 28-34, 55, 58, 62, 63;
+        early trail through Cumberland Gap, 73, 89;
+        in Tennessee, 55-57;
+        abundant in Kentucky, 76, 98, 132, 218;
+        Long Hunters, 91-95;
+        Boone's long Kentucky hunt, 72-84, 86, 94-97;
+        Boone's contemporaries, 87-91;
+        after Revolution, in Kentucky, 197, 211, 218;
+        in Kanawha Valley, 218, 219;
+        in Missouri, 220, 229-232;
+        profits of, 57-59, 73-75, 229;
+        methods employed, 75, 76;
+        camps described, 63, 64;
+        game decreasing, 62, 97, 124, 219.
+        See also the several animals.
+
+
+      Iberville, Lemoyne d', explorations of, 86.
+
+      Illinois, French in, 42;
+        English, 87.
+
+      Indian Territory, mentioned by Boone, 232.
+
+      Indians, understood by Boone, viii, 7, 8, 10;
+        influence of women, 46;
+        lodge life, 153;
+        adopt captives, 152, 153;
+        affected by fur trade, 133;
+        barrier to settlement, 98;
+        in eastern Pennsylvania, 4, 7, 8, 10, 13;
+        infest mountain valleys, 14, 16;
+        in French and Indian War, 19-23, 36-56;
+        raid Yadkin region, 27, 36-56;
+        raid Kentucky, 126, 127;
+        warrior's paths, 73, 76, 79, 180;
+        gauntlet-running, 154, 155;
+        methods of warfare, 39-41, 52-54, 111, 140, 141, 160-167,
+          186-189, 205;
+        ethics of border warfare, 50-54, 206;
+        finally quieted in Northwest, 216-218.
+        See also the several tribes.
+
+      Irish, among frontiersmen, 14, 24, 196.
+
+      Iron Mountain, crossed by Boone, 73.
+
+      Iroquois, in Kentucky, 99, 113, 114.
+
+
+      Jefferson, Thomas, governor of Virginia, 182;
+        President, 224.
+
+      Jefferson County (Ky.), organized, 179-181;
+        in Revolutionary War, 188;
+        Lincolns in, 174.
+
+      Jennings, Edmund, Kentucky pioneer, 117.
+
+      Jessamine County (Ky.), Bone in, 101.
+
+      Jesuits, seek Mississippi River, 86.
+
+      Johnson, Andrew, escapes from Indians, 157.
+
+      --, Thomas, Kentucky pioneer, 117.
+
+      Joliet, Louis, discovers Mississippi, 86.
+
+      Jones, Capt. John Gabriel, delegate to Virginia, 133.
+
+      Justice, on frontier, 61, 223, 225, 226.
+
+
+      Kanawha County (W. Va.), Boone in, 210-222.
+
+      Kansas, Boone in, 229.
+
+      Kaskaskia (Ill.), won by Clark, 159, 190.
+
+      Keith, Sir William, governor of Pennsylvania, 87.
+
+      Kennedy, John, Kentucky pioneer, 117.
+
+      Kenton, Simon, scout, 125;
+        in Revolutionary War, 141, 160, 189.
+
+      Kentucky, described, 82, 131, 132;
+        debatable land between tribes, 76, 77;
+        early explorations, vii, 85-87, 89-91;
+        Virginia hunters, 20;
+        Finley, 22, 23, 71, 87, 88;
+        Boone's early explorations, 24, 64, 68-70, 88, 89, 101;
+        Boone's long hunt, 72-84, 86, 94-97;
+        Long Hunters in, 91-95;
+        Washington, 88, 89;
+        Cutbirth, 66, 67;
+        Boone family, 25, 43, 241;
+        game abundant, 98, 129, 218;
+        Cherokee lands settled, 99;
+        early colonial projects, 100;
+        Transylvania Company, 113-176;
+        first settled, vii, viii;
+        rush of settlers, 104, 178, 195-198, 207;
+        in Dunmore's War, 106, 107, 113;
+        during Revolutionary War, 132-192;
+        losses in Indian wars, 205;
+        Indians finally quelled, 213-218;
+        established as Virginia County, 123, 133, 134;
+        divided into three counties, 179-181;
+        made a district, 195;
+        becomes a State, 205;
+        sends Boone to legislature, 182, 183;
+        separatist agitation, 202-205;
+        first wedding, 143;
+        first artillery, 174;
+        hard winter, 173, 175, 176;
+        early commerce, 196, 197;
+        Boone pays debts, 229;
+        Boone's services to, 200, 201;
+        petitions Congress for Boone, 176, 177, 228;
+        obtains Boone's remains, ix, 240;
+        declines to buy Harding's portrait, 238;
+        Filson's _History_, 199.
+
+      King, John, Kentucky pioneer, 117.
+
+      --, John L., owns Boone portrait, 239.
+
+      --, William H., owns Boone portrait, 237-239;
+        aid acknowledged, xi.
+
+      King Philip, Indian hero, 51, 52.
+
+      Kinkead, Sergt. John, in Dunmore's War, 109.
+
+
+      Lackey, W. G., aid acknowledged, xi.
+
+      La Fayette, Gen. Marquis de, in Virginia, 182.
+
+      Land grants, to French and Indian War veterans, 88, 121, 131;
+        by Iroquois to whites, 114;
+        by Cherokees to whites, 113-116;
+        Boone from Virginia, 177;
+        Boone from Spain, 222, 227, 228.
+        See also Transylvania Company.
+
+      La Salle, Robert Cavelier, sieur de, on Western waters, 86.
+
+      Law, on frontier, 33, 34, 224-227.
+
+      Lederer, John, on Western waters, 86.
+
+      Lee, William, Kentucky pioneer, 121, 137.
+
+      Lewis, Gen. Andrew, in Dunmore's War, 107, 110, 111.
+
+      -- family, Kentucky pioneers. 125.
+
+      Lexington (Ky.), seat of Fayette County, 179, 193;
+        in Revolutionary War, 186-188.
+
+      Limestone. See Maysville.
+
+      Lincoln, Abraham, Kentucky pioneer, 174.
+
+      -- County (Ky.), organized, 179-181;
+        in Revolutionary War, 188.
+
+      Linn, Lieutenant, marries, 143.
+
+      Linnville Creek, Boones on, 16.
+
+      Logan, Benjamin, arrives in Kentucky, 125;
+        raids Indians, vii, 134, 207;
+        in Revolutionary War, 138, 144, 164, 165, 180, 181, 189;
+        character of services, 241.
+
+      Logan, Chief John, attacks whites, 105.
+
+      Long Hunters, in Kentucky, 91-95.
+
+      Long Island, of Holston, 50.
+
+      Long Knives, use of term, 11, 144.
+
+      Louisiana, North Carolinians in, 66;
+        French, 19;
+        owned by Spain, 220;
+        French intrigue against, 204;
+        ceded to United States, 224, 226-228.
+
+      Louisville (Ky.), Gist at site of, 87;
+        Finley, 22, 23, 71;
+        Washington, 104;
+        Clark, 159;
+        Boone, 83, 129, 193;
+        in Revolutionary War, 181, 190;
+        seat of Jefferson County, 179;
+        early growth, 196.
+
+      Lyttleton, William Henry, governor of South Carolina, 43, 55.
+
+
+      McAfee family, Kentucky pioneers, 125.
+
+      McClellan, Alexander, Kentucky pioneer, 125.
+
+      McCulloch, John, explores Kentucky, 91.
+
+      MacDowell family, Kentucky pioneers, 125.
+
+      McGary, Maj. Hugh, in Revolutionary War, 138, 188, 189.
+
+      McKee, Capt. Alexander, raids Kentucky, 186.
+
+      Marquette, Father Jacques, discovers Mississippi, 86.
+
+      Marshall, Col. Thomas, surveyor, 181, 192, 193, 195.
+
+      Martin, Josiah, governor of North Carolina, 116.
+
+      Maryland, Boones in, 43, 59;
+        increase of settlement, 97;
+        commerce with Kentucky, 202.
+
+      Matthews, Albert, on "Long Knives," 111.
+
+      Maugridge, Mary, marries George Boone{1}, 1.
+
+      Mausker, Caspar, of Long Hunters, 94.
+
+      Maysville (Ky.), 194;
+        in Revolutionary War, 138;
+        Boone at, 201, 202, 207-210, 212.
+
+      Medicine, on frontier, 32.
+
+      Mill, John Stuart, on forcing civilization, 51.
+
+      Miller, William, Kentucky pioneer, 117.
+
+      Mingo Indians, in Dunmore's War, 105;
+        in Revolutionary War, 132, 139-144, 156, 157, 161-167.
+
+      Mingo Junction (Ohio), Logan tragedy near, 105.
+
+      Missouri, Boone family in, viii, 43, 220-241;
+        life previous to cession, 223-226;
+        first stone house, 239;
+        Constitutional Convention, viii, 239;
+        releases Boone's remains, 240.
+
+      Moccasin Gap, followed by Boone, 73.
+
+      Monocacy Valley, Boone in, 10.
+
+      Montgomery, Alexander, scout, 160.
+
+      --, Col. John, raids Cherokees, 44-46, 55.
+
+      Mooney, James, accompanies Boone, 72-79.
+
+      Moore, Sergeant, in Dunmore's War, 108.
+
+      --, William, Kentucky pioneer, 117.
+
+      Moravian Indian missions, 7, 8.
+
+      Morgan, John, grandfather of Daniel Boone, 5.
+
+      --, Sarah, marries Squire Boone{1}, 5, 59;
+        life in Oley, 5-15.
+
+      -- family, Welsh settlers, 5.
+
+      Morton, Mrs. Jennie C., aid acknowledged, x.
+
+      Muskrats, 18.
+
+
+      Nall, James, Kentucky pioneer, 117.
+
+      Nashville (Tenn.), hard winter at, 175.
+
+      Neely, Alexander, joins Boone, 78-81.
+
+      Neversink Mountains, Boone in, 10.
+
+      New France, fall of, 48, 60, 87, 98.
+        See also French.
+
+      New Mexico, New Englanders in, 86.
+
+      New Orleans, French at, 19;
+        Spanish, 228;
+        North Carolinians, 66, 67;
+        Virginians, 90, 91;
+        early commerce with, 197.
+
+      New York (State), Indian uprising, 37;
+        sends emigrants to Kentucky, 178.
+
+      North Carolina, pioneers of, 13-15;
+        sends colony to Louisiana, 66;
+        Boones in, viii, 17-102, 241;
+        in French and Indian War, 21-23, 48-50, 56;
+        interest in Western settlement, 100, 138, 178;
+        Henderson's colony, 113-176;
+        opposition to Henderson, 116, 123, 127;
+        regulators, 61, 62;
+        rapid settlement, 42.
+
+      North Wales (Pa.), Boones in, 4, 5.
+
+      Northwest Territory, organized, 207.
+
+
+      Ohio, Shawnese in, 135, 144, 149-160, 170, 182, 190;
+        Boone hunts in, 211, 218.
+
+      -- Company, founded, 20;
+        operations of, 24;
+        land grants on Ohio River, 87.
+
+      Oley township (Pa.), Boones in, 4-15.
+
+      Opecancano, Indian hero, 52.
+
+      Orange County (Va.), settlers hunt in Kentucky, 89, 90.
+
+      Ordinance of 1787, 205.
+
+      Osage Indians, mentioned by Boone, 232.
+
+      Otter Creek, Boone on, 117.
+
+      Otters, 18, 74.
+
+      Owatin Creek (Pa.), Boones on, 6.
+
+      Ozark Mountains, Virginians in, 91.
+
+
+      Paint Lick Town. See Chillicothe, Little.
+
+      Panthers, 18.
+
+      Paris (Ky.), fort on site of, 137.
+
+      Patterson, Col. Robert, Kentucky pioneer, 125, 194.
+
+      Peeke, James, Kentucky pioneer, 117.
+
+      Penn, William, founds Pennsylvania, 2.
+
+      Pennington (Peninton), Hannah, mentioned by Boone, 234.
+
+      Pennsylvania, founded by Penn, 2;
+        Boones in, viii, 2-14, 102, 174, 183, 211, 212;
+        Finley, 79;
+        sends settlers to southwest, 13-15, 20, 24:
+        interest in Western settlement, 138, 178;
+        increase of settlement, 97, 130;
+        in French and Indian War, 20-23, 37;
+        in Revolutionary War, 148, 159;
+        losses in Indian wars, 205.
+
+      Pensacola (Fla.), Boone in, 65.
+
+      Philadelphia, in time of Boones, 3, 4, 10, 102, 212.
+
+      Pickaway, Shawnese town, 179.
+
+      Pittsburg, French at, 20, 21, 41;
+        Virginia hunters, 89;
+        in Dunmore's War, 105, 107;
+        in Revolutionary War, 138, 148, 183.
+
+      Poage, Sergt. W., in Dunmore's War, 108.
+
+      Point Pleasant (W. Va.), battle at, 108, 110-112;
+        Boone, 201, 210-222.
+
+      Pompey, negro interpreter, 151, 161.
+
+      Pontiac, Indian hero, 52, 59, 60.
+
+      Pope, Col. William, militia leader, 180, 181.
+
+      Presbyterians, among frontiersmen, 33.
+
+      Preston, Col. William, in Dunmore's War, 105, 109;
+        in Revolutionary War, 136.
+
+      -- family, Kentucky pioneers, 125.
+
+      Prestonburg (Ky.), Boone near, 69, 70.
+
+
+      Quakers, Boones of this persuasion, 1, 2, 4-7, 10-12;
+        expel Boones, 12;
+        familiar with Indians, 13;
+        among frontiersmen, 14, 33.
+
+
+      Ranck, George W., _Boonesborough_, x.
+
+      --, Mrs. George W., aid acknowledged, x.
+
+      Randolph, Nathaniel, Kentucky pioneer, 125.
+
+      Reading (Pa.), Boones near, 6.
+
+      Red Jacket, Indian hero, 52.
+
+      -- Stone. See Brownsville, Pa.
+
+      Regulators, in Carolinas, 61, 101.
+
+      Religion, on frontier, 33.
+        See also the several denominations.
+
+      Revolutionary War, 175;
+        effect on proprietary governments, 123;
+        causes Washington to turn from West, 89;
+        checks Western colonies, 100;
+        Western interest in, 128, 170, 171;
+        G. R. Clark, 125, 138, 139, 158, 159, 169;
+        Kentucky in, 132-192.
+
+      Richmond (Va.), seat of government, 181, 182, 207, 208, 215.
+
+      Ringe, Daniel, 234.
+
+      River Alleghany, French on, 20.
+
+      -- Big Sandy, Boone on, 69-71, 211;
+        Washington, 88.
+
+      -- Catawba, early settlements on, 17;
+        Indian hostilities, 42.
+
+      -- Clinch, Boone on, 69, 101, 103-112;
+        early settlement, 97.
+
+      -- Cumberland, Long Hunters on, 93, 95;
+        Boone, 101;
+        in Transylvania cession, 115;
+        in Revolutionary War, 139.
+
+      -- Dick's, Boone on, 83.
+
+      -- Elk, Boone on, 221.
+
+      -- Elkhorn, Boone on, 208;
+        in Revolutionary War, 137.
+
+      -- French Broad, early settlement on, 97.
+
+      -- Gauley, Boone on, 219.
+
+      -- Green, Long Hunters on, 93, 94;
+        Boone, 77.
+
+      -- Great Miami, Shawnese on, 179.
+
+      -- Holston, Finley on, 79;
+        Boone, 57, 69, 73;
+        Long Hunters, 91;
+        in Cherokee War, 47, 50;
+        in Revolutionary War, 134, 138, 144, 161;
+        early settlements, 97, 126.
+
+      -- Hudson, Iroquois on, 99.
+
+      -- Kanawha (Great Kanawha), explored, 86;
+        in Dunmore's War, 108;
+        Boone on, viii, 210-222;
+        hunting, 218, 219.
+
+      -- Kentucky, Boone on, 73, 79, 83, 112, 180, 211;
+        Transylvania settlement, 115-119, 121;
+        crown lands abutting, 121, 130;
+        capture of girls, 134-136;
+        in Revolutionary War, 137, 139, 176;
+        bounds Fayette County, 179;
+        Boone leaves, 201.
+
+      -- Keowee, Cherokees on, 45.
+
+      -- Licking, Shawnese on, 135, 137, 151, 166, 170, 178-180, 188,
+          190;
+        Boone, 83, 208, 211.
+
+      -- Little Miami, Shawnese on, 151, 190;
+        in Revolutionary War, 160, 170.
+
+      -- Little Sandy, Washington on, 88.
+
+      -- Little Tennessee, Cherokees on, 45, 48, 49.
+
+      -- Maumee, Wayne on, 217.
+
+      -- Miami, Indians raided on, 214.
+
+      -- Mississippi, Iroquois on, 99;
+        French, 19, 60, 85-87, 207;
+        early English explorations, 20, 85-87, 89-91;
+        North Carolinians, 66, 67;
+        in Revolutionary War, 179;
+        Spanish, 85, 197, 198, 202-205;
+        free navigation sought by West, 203-205, 226;
+        early commerce on, 197, 198.
+
+      -- Missouri, Boone on, 221, 232, 234, 240.
+
+      -- Monongahela, fur trade route, 24;
+        Braddock on, 71;
+        early settlements, 98, 130;
+        Boone, 212, 215, 216.
+
+      -- New, Batts on, 86;
+        Squire Boone, 78;
+        settlers explore Kentucky, 90, 91.
+
+      -- Nolichucky, early settlement on, 97.
+
+      -- Ohio, drains Virginia, 16;
+        French on, 19, 20, 41, 42;
+        early explorations, 22;
+        Virginia hunters, 89-91;
+        Gist, 87;
+        Finley, 22, 23, 71;
+        in Dunmore's War, 105;
+        Iroquois land sale, 99;
+        Boone on, 69, 70, 83, 183, 201, 202, 210, 222;
+        in Transylvania cession, 114, 129;
+        in Revolutionary War, 138, 151, 159, 170;
+        Indian wars on, 88, 107, 108;
+        early settlements, 98, 100, 104, 207, 214;
+        highway for emigrants, 130, 172, 178, 184, 196, 201;
+        early commerce, 197, 198;
+        last of Indian raids, 213-218.
+
+      River Platte, Boone on, 232.
+
+      -- Potomac, fur trade route, 24.
+
+      -- Powell, Boone on, 73, 95, 96, 125;
+        early settlements, 97, 102, 115, 119.
+
+      -- Red, Boone on, 79.
+
+      -- Rich, in Dunmore's War, 109.
+
+      -- Rockcastle, Indians on, 80, 117.
+
+      -- St. Joseph, Indians raided on, 213.
+
+      -- St. Lawrence, Indians on, 19.
+
+      -- Salt, Indians near, 190.
+
+      -- --, Beech Fork of, 208.
+
+      -- Sandy, West Fork of, Boone on, 70.
+
+      -- Savannah, Indians on, 37.
+
+      -- Schuylkill, Boones on, 6-15.
+
+      -- Scioto, Shawnese on, 157, 158, 160, 167, 207;
+        Indians raided, 213.
+
+      -- Shenandoah, Boones on, 16.
+
+      -- Tennessee, Indian uprising, 37, 45;
+        Iroquois land sale, 99, 114;
+        in Transylvania cession, 114.
+
+      -- Wabash, Shawnese on, 206, 207;
+        French, 207;
+        English, 87;
+        in Dunmore's War, 105;
+        Indians raided on, 213, 214.
+
+      -- Watauga, Boone on, 55, 56, 101, 115;
+        Cherokee council, 115, 116, 133;
+        early settlement, 97.
+
+      -- Yadkin, early known to Pennsylvanians, 14;
+        Bryan family on, 25-27, 43;
+        Boone family, 16-20, 24-27, 34, 43, 55-57, 68-70, 81, 89, 95,
+          96, 100, 102, 103, 125, 158, 168, 169, 208, 209;
+        Indians on, 18, 19, 22, 37-56, 59, 60;
+        hunting, 17, 18, 28-34, 55, 58;
+        trading caravans, 31, 58;
+        crime, 60-62;
+        Finley's arrival, 71, 72.
+
+      -- Yellowstone, Boone on, 229.
+
+      Robinson, Chief Justice, on Wilderness Road, 172, 173, 175.
+
+      --, David, militia leader, 134.
+
+      Rockingham County (Va.), Boones in, 16;
+        Lincolns, 174.
+
+      Rocky Mountains, explorations of, 231, 232.
+
+      Rowan County (N.C.), Boones in, 25, 55, 174.
+
+      Russell, Henry, killed by Indians, 103.
+
+      --, Col. William, starts for Kentucky, 101-103;
+        in Dunmore's War, 105, 108;
+        in Revolutionary War, 134.
+
+
+      St. Asaph (Ky.), founded, 121.
+
+      St. Augustine (Fla.), Boone in, 65.
+
+      St. Charles County (Mo.), Boones in, 220-241.
+
+      St. Clair, Gov. Arthur, raids Indians, 214, 215, 217.
+
+      St. Louis, Spanish seat, 220, 221, 223;
+        fur market, 229;
+        Harding at, 237;
+        _Gazette_, 239, 240.
+
+      Salisbury (N.C.), Boone near, 18, 62.
+
+      Salling, Peter, in Kentucky, 87.
+
+      Salt Licks, in Kentucky, 90, 92, 118, 146, 151;
+        near Prestonburg, 69, 70;
+        Big, 82, 117;
+        Big Bone, 82, 83, 87;
+        Blue, 82, 158, 166, 188, 189, 194;
+        Buffalo, 17;
+        French, 101;
+        Grassy, 181;
+        Knob, 92;
+        Lower Blue, 135, 147-151, 160.
+
+      Scotch-Irish, among frontiersmen, 5, 14, 22, 66, 128, 196.
+
+      Scott, Gen. Charles, raids Indians, 214.
+
+      Searcy, Bartlet, Kentucky pioneer, 117.
+
+      --, Reuben, Kentucky pioneer, 117.
+
+      Shawnese Indians, raid Southern tribes, 19;
+        in Kentucky, 23;
+        in Dunmore's War, 104, 105, 107, 108, 110-113;
+        capture Boone, 77, 78, 146-158;
+        capture girls, 134-136;
+        attack Boone, 103;
+        in Revolutionary War, 132, 139-144, 156, 157, 160-167, 170, 179,
+          180, 183-191, 193;
+        raided by Kentuckians, 206, 207.
+
+      Sheltowee (Big Turtle), Boone's Indian name, 152.
+
+      Silouee, Cherokee chief, 45.
+
+      Sitting Bull, Indian hero, 52.
+
+      Skaggs, Henry, heads Long Hunters, 92.
+
+      Slavery, among Indians, 42;
+        negro, 33, 103, 184.
+
+      Smith, John, on Indian warfare, 111.
+
+      South Carolina, pioneers of, 13-15;
+        in Cherokee War, 43, 44, 48;
+        regulators, 61;
+        interest in Western settlement, 138, 178.
+
+      Southern Indians, attack whites, 60, 202, 204.
+        See also Cherokee Indians.
+
+      Spanish, extent of explorations, 85;
+        control Mississippi River, 202-205;
+        relations with Kentuckians, 197, 198, 202-205;
+        entice American colonists, 204, 205, 220, 222.
+
+      Sports, of pioneers, 32, 33.
+
+      Station Camp Creek, Boone on, 73-79.
+
+      Staunton (Va.), Boone at, 183.
+
+      Stephen, Col. Adam, raids Cherokees, 50.
+
+      Stockfield, owned by Boone, 208.
+
+      Stone, Uriah, in Kentucky, 90-92.
+
+      Stone Mountain, crossed by Boone, 73.
+
+      Stoner, Michael, Kentucky pioneer, 117.
+
+      Stuart, John, early exploration of Kentucky, 66, 67;
+        accompanies Boone, 72-80;
+        death, 80.
+
+      Sugar Tree Creek, Boones on, 27, 68.
+
+      Surveying, on frontier, 88, 104, 107, 119-121, 127, 131, 171, 172,
+          181, 192, 193, 198, 200, 208, 209, 211, 212.
+
+      Sycamore Shoals, treaty at, 115, 116.
+
+
+      Tarleton, Col. Banastre, captures Boone, 182.
+
+      Tate, Samuel, Kentucky pioneer, 117.
+
+      Taylor, Hancock, hunts in Kentucky, 89, 90.
+
+      --, Richard, hunts in Kentucky, 89, 90.
+
+      Tecumseh, Indian hero, 52.
+
+      Tennessee, Virginia hunters in, 20, 91;
+        Boone, 55-57;
+        Cherokee lands settled, 99;
+        attacked by Southern Indians, 202, 204.
+
+      Terre Haute (Ind.), Virginians at, 91.
+
+      Teugue Creek, Boone buried on, 240.
+
+      Thoreau, Henry David, likened to Boone, 10.
+
+      Todd, Capt. John, Kentucky pioneer, 125, 131;
+       militia leader, 134, 180;
+       killed by  Indians, 188, 189.
+
+      Towns, Oswell, Kentucky pioneer, 117.
+
+      Transylvania Company, settles Kentucky, 113-176, 208;
+        nullified by Virginia, 134, 176.
+
+      Trigg, Col. Stephen, militia leader, 181;
+        killed by Indians, 188, 189.
+
+      Tryon, Gov. William, conflict with regulators, 101;
+        runs boundary line, 69.
+
+      Turkeys, 18, 72, 76, 92, 133.
+
+      Turtle Creek, Braddock's defeat on, 21.
+
+      Twitty, Capt. William, Kentucky pioneer, 117.
+
+
+      Vardeman, John, Kentucky pioneer, 117.
+
+      Vincennes (Ind.), won by Clark, 159, 169, 190.
+
+      Virginia, early Indian hostilities, 111;
+        early explorations from, 85-87, 89-91;
+        pioneer advance through, 13-15, 20;
+        Boones in, 16, 43, 57;
+        path to Kentucky, 115;
+        in French and Indian War, 20-23, 37, 41, 47-49;
+        in Dunmore's War, 105-112;
+        losses in Indian wars, 205;
+        sends settlers to Kentucky, 178, 192;
+        opposition to Henderson, 116, 123, 127, 130, 133, 134, 176;
+        interest in Western settlement, 138;
+        regulators, 61;
+        organizes Kentucky County, 123, 133, 134, 174;
+        in Revolutionary War, 148, 169, 171, 203;
+        aids Kentucky, 138, 139, 143, 146, 150, 159, 165, 172, 174, 190,
+          207, 208;
+        erects district of Kentucky, 195;
+        Boone in Assembly, 182, 183, 215;
+        grants land to Boone, 177;
+        fails to release Kentucky, 204.
+
+      --, Valley of, its pioneers, 13-16, 19, 20, 24, 31, 35, 100, 102.
+
+
+      Waddell, Capt. Hugh, in French and Indian War, 21;
+        in Cherokee War, 44, 45, 49, 50, 55, 56.
+
+      Walker, Felix, Kentucky pioneer, 117, 118.
+
+      --, Dr. Thomas, in Kentucky, 87.
+
+      War of 1812-15, effect on Missouri, 230.
+
+      Ward, John, explores Kentucky, 66.
+
+      Warriors' paths, 73, 76, 79, 180.
+
+      Washington, George, in French and Indian War, 20, 21;
+        in Kentucky, 87-89, 100, 104;
+        in Revolutionary War, 138.
+
+      Wayne, Gen. Anthony, conquers Indians, 217, 218.
+
+      Welch, Rev. James E., describes Boone, 236, 237.
+
+      Welsh, among frontiersmen, 4, 5.
+
+      West Virginia, pioneer advance through, 13-15;
+        Boone in, 210-222, 235.
+
+      Whitley, William, arrives in Kentucky, 125.
+
+      Wilcoxen, Elizabeth, marries Benjamin Cutbirth, 66.
+
+      Wildcats, 18.
+
+      Wilderness Road, 130, 146, 172-174, 178, 184, 198, 202.
+        See also Cumberland Gap.
+
+      Wilkes County (N.C.), Boone in, 68.
+
+      Wilkesboro (N.C.), Boone near, 68.
+
+      Wilkinson, Gen. James, raids Indians, 214.
+
+      Wisconsin State Historical Society, possesses Boone's records, ix,
+          x, 208.
+
+      Wolves, 18.
+
+      Wood, Col. Abraham, on Western waters, 86.
+
+      Wyandot Indians, in Revolutionary War, 184.
+
+
+      Xenia (O.), Boone near, 151, 152.
+
+
+      Zinzendorf und Pottendorf, Nikolaus Ludwig, Count von, Moravian
+          missionary, 7, 8.
+
+
+
+
+AN IMPORTANT HISTORICAL BOOK.
+
+The History of the Louisiana Purchase.
+
+By Dr. JAMES K. HOSMER, Author of "A Short History of the Mississippi
+Valley," etc. With Illustrations and Maps. 12mo. Cloth, $1.20 net;
+postage, 12 cents additional.
+
+
+The story that Dr. Hosmer tells of the acquisition of the western empire
+included in the Louisiana Purchase presents fresh and picturesque phases
+of a most important historical event of peculiar and timely interest, in
+view of the anniversary which comes next year. He pictures the vague and
+curious ideas of the Louisiana country held by most Americans one
+hundred years ago, and the objections to this form of expansion. He
+treats the changes in the ownership of the territory from France to
+Spain, and again to France, and he develops fully the purposes and acts
+of Jefferson and the American Commissioners in Paris.
+
+Of special importance from both the historical and personal points of
+view are the chapters which picture more fully and vividly than has been
+done before the leading part taken by Napoleon in bringing about the
+sale of Louisiana, and the relations between France and America, which
+are shown to possess a historical importance that has not been
+appreciated.
+
+There has been no account of the Louisiana Purchase which is so popular
+and constant in its interest, and the authoritative character of the
+historian's work renders the volume indispensable for younger and older
+readers who wish to gain a thorough knowledge of the personal elements
+and the historic significance of the acquisition of Louisiana.
+
+
+
+
+McMASTER'S FIFTH VOLUME.
+
+History of the People of the United States.
+
+By Prof. JOHN BACH MCMASTER. Vols. I, II, III, IV, and V now ready. 8vo.
+Cloth, with Maps, $2.50 per volume.
+
+
+The fifth volume covers the time of the administrations of John Quincy
+Adams and Andrew Jackson, and describes the development of the
+democratic spirit, the manifestations of new interest in social
+problems, and the various conditions and plans presented between 1821
+and 1830. Many of the subjects included have necessitated years of
+first-hand investigations, and are now treated adequately for the first
+time.
+
+       "John Bach McMaster needs no introduction, but only a
+       greeting.... The appearance of this fifth volume is an
+       event in American literature second to none in importance
+       this season."--_New York Times._
+
+       "This volume contains 576 pages, and every page is worth
+       reading. The author has ransacked a thousand new sources
+       of information, and has found a wealth of new details
+       throwing light upon all the private and public activities
+       of the American people of three quarters of a century
+       ago."--_Chicago Tribune._
+
+       "In the fifth volume Professor McMaster has kept up to the
+       high standard he set for himself in the previous numbers.
+       It is hard to realize thoroughly the amount of detailed
+       work necessary to produce these books, which contain the
+       best history of our country that has yet been
+       published."--_Philadelphia Telegraph._
+
+       "The first installment of the history came as a pleasant
+       surprise, and the later volumes have maintained a high
+       standard in regard to research and style of
+       treatment."--_New York Critic._
+
+       "A monumental work.... Professor McMaster gives on every
+       page ample evidence of exhaustive research for his
+       facts."--_Rochester Herald._
+
+       "The reader can not fail to be impressed by the wealth of
+       material out of which the author has weighed and condensed
+       and arranged his matter."--_Detroit Free Press._
+
+       "Professor McMaster is our most popular historian.... He
+       never wearies, even when dealing with subjects that would
+       be most wearisome under clumsier handling. This fifth
+       volume is the most triumphant evidence of his art."--_New
+       York Herald._
+
+
+
+
+By EDGAR STANTON MACLAY, A. M.
+
+=A History of the United States Navy.= (=1775 to 1902.=)--New and
+revised edition.
+
+
+In three volumes, the new volume containing an Account of the Navy since
+the Civil War, with a history of the Spanish-American War revised to the
+date of this edition, and an Account of naval operations in the
+Philippines, etc. Technical Revision of the first two volumes by
+Lieutenant ROY C. SMITH, U. S. N. Illustrated. 8vo. Cloth, $3.00 net per
+volume; postage, 26 cents per volume additional.
+
+In the new edition of Vol. III, which is now ready for publication, the
+author brings his History of the Navy down to the present time. In the
+prefaces of the volumes of this history the author has expressed and
+emphasized his desire for suggestions, new information, and corrections
+which might be utilized in perfecting his work. He has, therefore,
+carefully studied the evidence brought out at the recent Schley Court of
+Inquiry, and while the findings of that Court were for the most part in
+accordance with the results of his own historical investigations, he has
+modified certain portions of his narrative. Whatever opinions may be
+held regarding any phases of our recent naval history, the fact remains
+that the industry, care, and thoroughness, which were unanimously
+praised by newspaper reviewers and experts in the case of the first two
+volumes, have been sedulously applied to the preparation of this new
+edition of the third volume.
+
+
+A History of American Privateers.
+
+Uniform with "A History of the United States Navy." One volume.
+Illustrated. 8vo. Cloth, $3.00 net; postage, 24 cents additional.
+
+After several years of research the distinguished historian of American
+sea power presents the first comprehensive account of one of the most
+picturesque and absorbing phases of our maritime warfare. The importance
+of the theme is indicated by the fact that the value of prizes and
+cargoes taken by privateers in the Revolution was three times that of
+the prizes and cargoes taken by naval vessels, while in the War of 1812
+we had 517 privateers and only 23 vessels in our navy. Mr. Maclay's
+romantic tale is accompanied by reproductions of contemporary pictures,
+portraits, and documents, and also by illustrations by Mr. George Gibbs.
+
+
+The Private Journal of William Maclay,
+
+United States Senator from Pennsylvania, 1789-1791. With Portrait from
+Original Miniature. Edited by EDGAR STANTON MACLAY, A. M. Large 8vo.
+Cloth, $2.25.
+
+During his two years in the Senate William Maclay kept a journal of his
+own in which he minutely recorded the transactions of each day. This
+record throws a flood of light on the doings of our first legislators.
+
+
+
+
+APPLETONS' WORLD SERIES.
+
+
+A New Geographical Library.
+
+Edited by H. J. MACKINDER, M. A., Student of Christ Church, Reader in
+Geography in the University of Oxford, Principal of Reading College.
+Each, 8vo. Cloth.
+
+The series will consist of twelve volumes, each being an essay
+descriptive of a great natural region, its marked physical features, and
+the life of the people. Together, the volumes will give a complete
+account of the world, more especially as the field of human activity.
+
+
+_NOW READY._
+
+=Britain and the British Seas.= By the EDITOR. With numerous Maps and
+Diagrams. $2.00 net; postage, 19 cents additional.
+
+=The Nearer East.= By D. G. HOGARTH, M. A., Fellow of Magdalen College,
+Oxford; Director of the British School at Athens; Author of "A Wandering
+Scholar in the Levant." $2.00 net; postage, 17 cents additional.
+
+
+_IN PREPARATION._
+
+CENTRAL EUROPE. By Dr. JOSEPH PARTSCH, Professor of Geography in the
+University of Breslau.
+
+INDIA. By Sir T. HUNGERFORD HOLDICH, K. C. I. E., C. B., R. E.,
+Superintendent of Indian Frontier Surveys; author of numerous papers on
+Military Surveying and Geographical subjects.
+
+SCANDINAVIA AND THE ARCTIC OCEAN. By Sir CLEMENTS R. MARKHAM, K. C. B.,
+F. R. S., President of the Royal Geographical Society.
+
+THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE. By Prince KROPOTKIN, author of the articles "Russia"
+and "Siberia" in the _Encyclopædia Britannica_.
+
+AFRICA. By J. SCOTT KELTIE, Secretary of the Royal Geographical Society;
+Editor of _The Statesman's Year-Book_; Author of "The Partition of
+Africa."
+
+THE FARTHER EAST. By ARCHIBALD LITTLE.
+
+WESTERN EUROPE AND THE MEDITERRANEAN. By ELISÉE RECLUS, author of the
+"Nouvelle Géographie Universelle."
+
+AUSTRALASIA AND ANTARCTICA. By Dr. H. O. FORBES, Curator of the
+Liverpool Museum, late Curator of the Christ Church Museum, N. Z.;
+Author of "A Naturalist's Wanderings in the Eastern Archipelago."
+
+NORTH AMERICA. By Prof. ISRAEL COOK RUSSELL, M. S., C. E., LL. D.,
+Professor of Geology in the University of Michigan; author of numerous
+works on geological and physiographical subjects.
+
+SOUTH AMERICA. By JOHN CASPER BRANNER, Ph.D., LL. D., Professor of
+Geology, and sometime Vice-President Leland Stanford Junior University;
+author of many publications on Brazil, Geology, and Physical Geography.
+
+      Maps by J. G. BARTHOLOMEW.
+
+
+
+
+THE GREAT PEOPLES SERIES.
+
+Edited by DR. YORK POWELL, Regius Professor of Modern History in the
+University of Oxford. Each 12mo. Cloth, $1.50 net; postage, 14 cents
+additional.
+
+The aim of this series is to give in well-printed, clearly written, and
+readable volumes a view of the process by which the leading peoples of
+the world have become great and earned their title to greatness, to
+describe the share each has contributed to the common stock of
+civilization. It is not so much a set of political or military or even
+social histories, as a sequence of readable studies on the tendencies
+and potencies of the chief peoples of the world, that this series will
+strive to present.
+
+
+_NOW READY:_
+
+=THE SPANISH PEOPLE.=
+
+By Dr. MARTIN A. S. HUME.
+
+       "The reader quickly perceives that the riches promised by
+       Dr. Powell are amply found, at least in this first volume.
+       The history is written with a new object and from a new
+       standpoint; there is not a dull page in it. Mr. Hume
+       writes with all the advantages of the modern historical
+       specialist, and his picture of the development of the
+       Spaniard is an important history of a people whose
+       picturesque career is one of unfailing interest."--_Boston
+       Daily Advertiser_.
+
+=THE FRENCH PEOPLE.=
+
+By ARTHUR HASSALL, M. A., Student of Christ Church, Oxford; Author of
+"The Balance of Power," etc.
+
+In accordance with the general plan of the series, this important work
+presents the evolution of a people. The method is modern, and although
+the sources, development, and transitions of a great race are fully
+indicated in a comparatively small compass, the author's aims and
+results differ widely from the set record of political, dynastic, and
+military facts which are chronicled in the dry language of the usual
+hand-book. The part that France has played in the world's history has
+been frequently so picturesque and dramatic, as well as great, that a
+vital analysis of her history like this possesses a profound interest.
+The author is one of the ablest of the rising English historians and a
+lecturer at Christ Church, Oxford.
+
+
+_IN PREPARATION:_
+
+=THE RUSSIAN PEOPLE.=
+
+By J. FITZMAURICE-KELLY.
+
+
+
+
+THE STANDARD AUTHORITY.
+
+=The Presidents of the United States.=
+
+By JOHN FISKE, CARL SCHURZ, ROBERT C. WINTHROP, DANIEL G. GILMAN,
+WILLIAM WALTER PHELPS, GEORGE TICKNOR CURTIS, GEORGE BANCROFT, JOHN HAY
+and others. Edited by General JAMES GRANT WILSON. New and revised
+edition with complete life of William McKinley and sketch of Theodore
+Roosevelt. Illustrated with steel engravings and photogravures. 8vo.
+Cloth. $3.50. Half Morocco, or Half Calf, $6.00.
+
+This book has been the standard authority for many years and justly so.
+Its list of contributors lifts it far above the commonplace, and
+infinitely removes it from the possibility of political coloring or
+sectionalism. The article on President McKinley gives a brief and
+accurate résumé of the Spanish war while the book as a whole is a
+composite review of the constitutional history of the United States with
+the White House as the keynote.
+
+       "A book well worth owning, for reading and for
+       reference."--_The Outlook._
+
+       "Such a work as this can not fail to appeal to the pride
+       of patriotic Americans."--_Chicago Dial._
+
+       "A monumental volume, which no American who cares for the
+       memory of the public men of his country can afford to be
+       without."--_New York Mail and Express._
+
+       "A valuable addition to both our biographical and
+       historical literature, and meets a want long
+       recognized."--_Boston Advertiser._
+
+       "A book which every one should read over and over
+       again.... We have carefully run through it, and laid it
+       down with the feeling that some such book ought to find
+       its way into every household."--_New York Herald._
+
+       "General Wilson has performed a public service in
+       presenting this volume to the public in so attractive a
+       shape. It is full of incentive to ambitious youth; it
+       abounds in encouragement to every patriotic
+       heart."--_Charleston News and Courier._
+
+       "It is precisely the book which ought to have a very wide
+       sale in this country--a book which one needs to own rather
+       than to read and lay aside. No common-school library or
+       collection of books for young readers should be without
+       it."--_The Churchman._
+
+       "These names are in themselves sufficient to guarantee
+       adequacy of treatment and interest in the presentation,
+       and it is safe to say that such succinct biographies of
+       the complete portrait gallery of our Presidents, written
+       with such unquestioned ability, have never before been
+       published."--_Hartford Courant._
+
+       "Just the sort of book that the American who wishes to fix
+       in his mind the varying phases of his country's history as
+       it is woven on the warp of the administrations will find
+       most useful. Everything is presented in a clear-cut way,
+       and no pleasanter excursions into history can be found
+       than a study of 'The Presidents of the United
+       States.'"--_Philadelphia Press._
+
+
+
+
+=The United States of America.=
+
+_A Study of the American Commonwealth, its Natural Resources, People,
+Industries, Manufactures, Commerce, and its Work in Literature, Science,
+Education, and Self-Government._
+
+Edited by NATHANIEL S. SHALER, S. D.,
+
+PROFESSOR OF GEOLOGY IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
+
+=In two volumes, royal 8vo. Maps, and 150 full-page Illustrations.
+Cloth, $10.00.=
+
+Every subject in this comprehensive work is timely, because it is of
+immediate interest to every American. Special attention, however, may be
+called to the account of "American Productive Industry," by the Hon.
+Edward Atkinson, with its array of immensely informing diagrams and
+tables; and also to "Industry and Finance," a succinct and logical
+presentation of the subject by Professor F. W. Taussig, of Harvard
+University. Both these eminent authorities deal with questions which are
+uppermost to-day.
+
+
+LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.
+
+      HON. WILLIAM L. WILSON, Chairman of the Ways and Means
+        Committee, Fifty-third Congress.
+      HON. J. R. SOLEY, formerly Assistant Secretary of the Navy.
+      EDWARD ATKINSON, LL. D., PH. D.
+      COL. T. A. DODGE, U. S. A.
+      COL. GEORGE E. WARING, JR.
+      J. B. McMASTER, Professor of History in the University of
+        Pennsylvania.
+      CHARLES DUDLEY WARNER, LL. D.
+      MAJOR J. W. POWELL, Director of the United States Geological
+        Survey and the Bureau of Ethnology.
+      WILLIAM T. HARRIS, LL. D., U. S. Commissioner of Education.
+      LYMAN ABBOTT, D. D.
+      H. H. BANCROFT, author of "Native Races of the Pacific Coast."
+      HARRY PRATT JUDSON, Head Dean of the Colleges, Univ. of Chicago.
+      JUDGE THOMAS M. COOLEY, formerly Chairman of the Interstate
+        Commerce Commission.
+      CHARLES FRANCIS ADAMS.
+      D. A. SARGENT, M. D., Director Hemenway Gymnasium, Harvard Univ.
+      CHARLES HORTON COOLEY.
+      A. E. KENNELLY, Assistant to Thomas A. Edison.
+      D. C. GILMAN, LL. D., President of Johns Hopkins University.
+      H. G. PROUT, Editor of the Railroad Gazette.
+      F. D. MILLET, formerly Vice-Pres. of the National Academy of
+        Design.
+      F. W. TAUSSIG, Professor of Political Economy in Harvard
+        University.
+      HENRY VAN BRUNT.
+      H. P. FAIRFIELD.
+      SAMUEL W. ABBOTT, M. D., Sec. State Board of Health, Massachusetts.
+      N. S. SHALER.
+
+
+       Sold only by subscription. Prospectus, giving detailed
+       chapter titles and specimen illustrations, mailed free on
+       request.
+
+
+
+
+=THE CONCISE KNOWLEDGE LIBRARY.=
+
+Each, small 8vo, half leather, $2.00.
+
+=The History of the World,=
+
+From the Earliest Historical Time to the Year 1898. By EDGAR SANDERSON,
+M. A., author of "A History of the British Empire," etc.
+
+
+=The Historical Reference-Book.=
+
+Comprising a Chronological Table of Universal History, a Chronological
+Dictionary of Universal History, and a Biographical Dictionary. With
+Geographical Notes. For the use of Students, Teachers, and Readers. By
+LOUIS HEILPRIN. Fifth edition, revised to 1898.
+
+
+=Natural History.=
+
+By R. LYDEKKER, B. A.; W. F. KIRBY, F. L. S.; B. B. WOODWARD, F. L. S.;
+R. KIRKPATRICK; R. I. POCOCK; R. BOWDLER SHARPE, LL. D.; W. GARSTANG, M.
+A.; F. A. BATHER, M. A., and H. M. BERNARD, M. A. Nearly 800 pages, and
+500 Illustrations drawn especially for this work.
+
+
+=Astronomy.=
+
+Fully illustrated. By AGNES M. CLERKE, A. FOWLER, F. R. A. S.,
+Demonstrator of Astronomical Physics of the Royal College of Science,
+and J. ELLARD GORE, F. R. A. S.
+
+
+
+
+THE ROMANCE OF HISTORY.
+
+Peter the Great.
+
+By K. WALISZEWSKI. Translated by Lady Mary Loyd. With Portrait. Small
+8vo. Cloth, $2.00.
+
+
+The Romance of an Empress. Catharine II of Russia.
+
+By K. WALISZEWSKI. Uniform with "Peter the Great." With Portrait. Small
+8vo. Cloth, $2.00.
+
+
+New Letters of Napoleon I.
+
+Omitted from the Collection published under the auspices of Napoleon
+III. Edited by M. LÉON LECESTRE, Curator of the French Archives.
+Translated by Lady Mary Loyd. With Portrait. Small 8vo. Cloth, $2.00.
+
+
+       Uniform with the "New Letters."
+
+Memoirs illustrating the History of Napoleon I,
+
+from 1802 to 1815. By Baron CLAUDE FRANÇOIS DE MÉNEVAL, Private
+Secretary of Napoleon. Edited by his Grandson, Baron Napoleon Joseph de
+Méneval. With Portraits and Autograph Letters. In three volumes. Small
+8vo. Cloth, $6.00.
+
+
+An Aide-de-Camp of Napoleon.
+
+Memoirs of General Count de Ségur, of the French Academy, 1800-1812.
+Revised by his Grandson, Count LOUIS DE SÉGUR. With Portrait. Small 8vo.
+Cloth, $2.00.
+
+
+Memoirs of Marshal Oudinot,
+
+Duc de Reggio. Compiled from the Hitherto Unpublished Souvenirs of the
+Duchesse de Reggio, by GASTON STIEGLER, and now first translated into
+English by Alexander Teixeira de Mattos. With Two Portraits. Small 8vo.
+Cloth, $2.00.
+
+
+A Friend of the Queen.
+
+(Marie Antoinette--Count de Fersen.) By PAUL GAULOT. With Two Portraits.
+12mo. Cloth, $2.00.
+
+
+
+
+THE LIVES OF ROYALTIES.
+
+The Private Life of the Sultan.
+
+By GEORGES DORYS, son of the late Prince of Samos, a former minister of
+the Sultan, and formerly Governor of Crete. Translated by Arthur
+Hornblow. Uniform with "The Private Life of King Edward VII."
+Illustrated. 12mo. Cloth, $1.20 net; postage, 10 cents additional.
+
+      The high position which the writer's father held at
+      Constantinople gave the son a close insight into the
+      personality of one of the least known of modern rulers, so
+      far as personality is concerned. It is unnecessary to say
+      that the author has long since left the domain of the
+      Sultan of Turkey, and he is now a member of the Young Turk
+      party and a resident of Paris. It is announced that he has
+      been recently condemned to death by the Sultan on account
+      of this book.
+
+
+The Private Life of King Edward VII.
+
+By a Member of the Royal Household. Illustrated. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50.
+
+       "While the book gives a narrative that is intimate and
+       personal in character, it does not descend to vulgar
+       narrative. It is a book which will be found of unusual
+       interest."--_Brooklyn Eagle._
+
+
+The Private Life of the Queen.
+
+By a Member of the Royal Household. Illustrated. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50.
+
+       "A singularly attractive picture of Queen Victoria.... The
+       interests and occupations that make up the Queen's day,
+       and the functions of many of the members of her household,
+       are described in a manner calculated to gratify the
+       natural desire to know what goes on behind closed doors
+       that very few of the world's dignitaries are privileged to
+       pass."--_Boston Herald._
+
+
+The Sovereigns and Courts of Europe.
+
+The Home and Court Life and Characteristics of the Reigning Families. By
+"POLITIKOS." With many Portraits. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50.
+
+       "The anonymous author of these sketches of the reigning
+       sovereigns of Europe appears to have gathered a good deal
+       of curious information about their private lives, manners,
+       and customs, and has certainly in several instances had
+       access to unusual sources. The result is a volume which
+       furnishes views of the kings and queens concerned, far
+       fuller and more intimate than can be found
+       elsewhere."--_New York Tribune._
+
+
+The Life of his Royal Highness the Prince Consort.
+
+By Sir THEODORE MARTIN. In five volumes, each with Portrait. 12mo.
+Cloth, $10.00.
+
+       "A full and impartial biography of a noble and enlightened
+       prince.... Mr. Martin's work is not gossipy, not light,
+       nor yet dull, guarded in its details of the domestic lives
+       of Albert and Victoria, but sufficiently full and familiar
+       to contribute much interesting information."--_Chicago
+       Tribune._
+
+
+
+
+THE STORY OF THE WEST SERIES.
+
+Edited by RIPLEY HITCHCOCK.
+
+Each, illustrated, 12mo, cloth, $1.50.
+
+
+The Story of the Soldier.
+
+       By General G. A. FORSYTH, U. S. Army (retired).
+       Illustrated by R. F. Zogbaum.
+
+       "A very complete and vivid picture of the development of
+       the West from a military point of view, with side lights
+       on the civil war."--_The Churchman._
+
+
+The Story of the Railroad.
+
+       By CY WARMAN, author of "The Express Messenger," etc. With
+       Maps and many Illustrations by B. West Clinedinst and from
+       photographs.
+
+       "In Mr. Warman's book we are kept constantly reminded of
+       the fortitude, the suffering, the enterprise, and the
+       endurance of the pioneers."--_The Railroad Gazette._
+
+The Story of the Cowboy.
+
+       By E. HOUGH, author of "The Singing Mouse Stories," etc.
+       Illustrated by William L. Wells and C. M. Russell.
+
+       "Mr. Hough is to be thanked for having written so
+       excellent a book. The cowboy story, as this author has
+       told it, will be the cowboy's fitting eulogy. This volume
+       will be consulted in years to come as an authority on past
+       conditions of the far West. For fine literary work the
+       author is to be highly complimented. Here, certainly, we
+       have a choice piece of writing."--_New York Times._
+
+The Story of the Mine.
+
+       As illustrated by the Great Comstock Lode of Nevada. By
+       CHARLES HOWARD SHINN.
+
+       "The author has written a book not alone full of
+       information, but replete with the true romance of the
+       American mine."--_New York Times._
+
+
+The Story of the Indian.
+
+       By GEORGE BIRD GRINNELL, author of "Pawnee Hero Stories,"
+       "Blackfoot Lodge Tales," etc.
+
+       "Only an author qualified by personal experience could
+       offer us a profitable study of a race so alien from our
+       own as is the Indian in thought, feeling, and culture.
+       Only long association with Indians can enable a white man
+       measurably to comprehend their thoughts and enter into
+       their feelings. Such association has been _Mr.
+       Grinnell's."--New York Sun._
+
+
+
+
+STANDARD HISTORICAL WORKS.
+
+
+The American Revolution, 1763-1783.
+
+Being the Chapters and Passages relating to America, from the Author's
+"History of England in the Eighteenth Century." By WILLIAM EDWARD
+HARTPOLE LECKY, M. P. Arranged and edited, with Historical and
+Biographical Notes, by James Albert Woodburn, Professor of American
+History and Politics in Indiana University. 12mo. Cloth, $1.25.
+
+
+The Rise and Growth of the English Nation.
+
+With Special Reference to Epochs and Crises. A History of and for the
+People. By W. H. S. Aubrey, LL. D. In three volumes. 12mo. Cloth, $4.50.
+
+       This work is written in no partisan or sectarian spirit,
+       and is not designed to advocate any particular theory of
+       politics, of philosophy, or of religion; but it claims to
+       be thoroughly patriotic, and is inspired by a love of the
+       freedom that springs out of righteousness and justice.
+
+
+A History of Germany, from the Earliest Times to the Present Day.
+
+By BAYARD TAYLOR. With an additional Chapter by MRS. BAYARD TAYLOR. With
+Portrait and Maps. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50.
+
+       "When one considers the confused, complicated, and
+       sporadic elements of German history, it seems scarcely
+       possible to present a clear, continuous narrative. Yet
+       this is what Bayard Taylor did. He omitted no episode of
+       importance, and yet managed to preserve a main line of
+       connection from century to century throughout the
+       narrative."--_Philadelphia Ledger._
+
+
+A French Volunteer of the War of Independence.
+
+By the Chevalier DE PONTGIBAUD. Translated and edited by Robert B.
+Douglas. With Introduction and Frontispiece. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50.
+
+
+
+
+STANDARD HISTORICAL WORKS.
+
+
+History of the People of the United States,
+
+From the Revolution to the Civil War. By JOHN BACH MCMASTER. To be
+completed in Six Volumes. Vols. I, II, III, IV, and V now ready. 8vo.
+Cloth, gilt top, $2.50 each.
+
+
+The Beginners of a Nation.
+
+By EDWARD EGGLESTON. A History of the Source and Rise of the Earliest
+English Settlements in America, with Special Reference to the Life and
+Character of the People. The first volume in a History of Life in the
+United States. Small 8vo. Gilt top, uncut, with Maps. Cloth, $1.50.
+
+
+The Transit of Civilization.
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+From England to America in the Seventeenth Century. By EDWARD EGGLESTON.
+Uniform with "The Beginners of a Nation." Small 8vo. Gilt top, uncut.
+Cloth, $1.50.
+
+
+The Household History of the United States and its People.
+
+By EDWARD EGGLESTON. For Young Americans. Richly illustrated with 350
+Drawings, 75 Maps, etc. Square 8vo. Cloth, $2.50.
+
+
+Bancroft's History of the United States,
+
+From the Discovery of the Continent to the Establishment of the
+Constitution in 1789. (Also _Edition de Luxe_, on large paper, limited
+to one hundred sets, numbered.) Complete in six volumes, with a Portrait
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+GREAT COMMANDERS.
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+Edited by General JAMES GRANT WILSON.
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+of men who have been conspicuously eminent in the great conflicts that
+established American independence and maintained our national integrity
+and unity. Each biography has been written by an author especially well
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+      Each, 12mo, cloth, gilt top, $1.50 net.
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+      NOW READY.
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+      Admiral Farragut           By Captain A. T. MAHAN, U. S. N.
+      General Taylor            By General O. O. HOWARD, U. S. A.
+      General Jackson                            By JAMES PARTON.
+      General Greene                By General FRANCIS V. GREENE.
+      General J. E. Johnston    By ROBERT M. HUGHES, of Virginia.
+      General Thomas                      By HENRY COPPEE, LL. D.
+      General Scott                  By General MARCUS J. WRIGHT.
+      General Washington           By General BRADLEY T. JOHNSON.
+      General Lee                        By General FITZHUGH LEE.
+      General Hancock               By General FRANCIS A. WALKER.
+      General Sheridan                By General HENRY E. DAVIES.
+      General Grant                By General JAMES GRANT WILSON.
+      General Sherman                By General MANNING F. FORCE.
+      Commodore Paul Jones               By CYRUS TOWNSEND BRADY.
+      General Meade                      By ISAAC R. PENNYPACKER.
+      General McClellan               By General PETER S. MICHIE.
+      General Forrest                By Captain J. HARVEY MATHES.
+
+
+      IN PREPARATION.
+
+      Admiral Porter   By JAMES R. SOLEY, late Ass't Sec'y U. S. Navy.
+      General Schofield                              An Autobiography.
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DANIEL BOONE***
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+<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, Daniel Boone, by Reuben Gold Thwaites</h1>
+<p>This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at <a
+href="http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></p>
+<p>Title: Daniel Boone</p>
+<p>Author: Reuben Gold Thwaites</p>
+<p>Release Date: June 5, 2012  [eBook #39927]</p>
+<p>Language: English</p>
+<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p>
+<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DANIEL BOONE***</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h4>E-text prepared by David Edwards, Melissa McDaniel,<br />
+    and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br />
+    (<a href="http://www.pgdp.net">http://www.pgdp.net</a>)<br />
+    from page images generously made available by<br />
+    Internet Archive<br />
+    (<a href="http://archive.org">http://archive.org</a>)</h4>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<table border="0" style="background-color: #ccccff;margin: 0 auto;" cellpadding="10">
+  <tr>
+    <td valign="top">
+      Note:
+    </td>
+    <td>
+      Images of the original pages are available through
+      Internet Archive. See
+      <a href="http://archive.org/details/danielboone00thwaiala">
+      http://archive.org/details/danielboone00thwaiala</a>
+	</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="tnbox">
+<p class="center"><b>Transcriber's Note:</b></p>
+<p>Obvious typographical errors have been corrected.
+Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation in the original
+document have been preserved.</p>
+<p>The author used superscripted numbers to indicate which of several
+people with the same name are being referred to (e.g. George<sup>1</sup>,
+George<sup>2</sup>).</p>
+</div>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a name="frontis" id="frontis"></a>
+<img src="images/frontis.jpg" width="383" height="550" alt="Daniel Boone: Portrait" />
+<p class="caption">DANIEL BOONE.</p>
+<p class="caption"><span class="s08">From the portrait by Chester Harding made in 1819, when Boone
+was eighty-five years old. (See pp. <a href="#Page_237">237</a>-239.)</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter p6">
+<img src="images/title.jpg" width="356" height="550" alt="Title Page" />
+</div>
+
+<h1 class="p2">Daniel Boone</h1>
+
+<p class="center"><i>BY</i><br />
+<span class="b13">REUBEN GOLD THWAITES</span></p>
+
+<p class="center">Author of "Father Marquette," "The Colonies, 1492-1750,"<br />
+"Down Historic Waterways," "Afloat on the<br />
+Ohio," etc.; Editor of "The Jesuit Relations and<br />
+Allied Documents," "Chronicles of Border<br />
+Warfare," "Wisconsin Historical<br />
+Collections," etc.</p>
+
+<p class="center b13"> <i>Illustrated</i></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">New York</span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="b13">D. Appleton &amp; Company</span><br />
+1902</p>
+
+<p class="center p6"><span class="smcap">Copyright, 1902<br />
+By</span> D. APPLETON AND COMPANY</p>
+
+<p class="p4"><i>Published September, 1902</i></p>
+
+<p class="center p6">TO THE MEMORY OF THE LATE<br /><br />
+
+<span class="b13">LYMAN COPELAND DRAPER, LL.D.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center">WHOSE UNPARALLELED COLLECTION OF<br />
+MANUSCRIPT MATERIALS FOR WESTERN<br />
+HISTORY IN THE LIBRARY OF THE<br />
+WISCONSIN STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY<br />
+HAS MADE PRACTICABLE THE<br />
+PREPARATION OF THIS LITTLE BOOK</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">vii</a></span></p>
+
+<h3 class="p6">PREFACE</h3>
+<hr class="l15" />
+
+<p>Poets, historians, and orators have for
+a hundred years sung the praises of Daniel
+Boone as the typical backwoodsman of the
+trans-Alleghany region. Despite popular
+belief, he was not really the founder of Kentucky.
+Other explorers and hunters had
+been there long before him; he himself was
+piloted through Cumberland Gap by John
+Finley; and his was not even the first permanent
+settlement in Kentucky, for Harrodsburg
+preceded it by nearly a year; his services
+in defense of the West, during nearly a
+half century of border warfare, were not
+comparable to those of George Rogers Clark
+or Benjamin Logan; as a commonwealth
+builder he was surpassed by several. Nevertheless,
+Boone's picturesque career possesses
+a romantic and even pathetic interest
+that can never fail to charm the student of
+history. He was great as a hunter, explorer,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">viii</a></span>
+surveyor, and land-pilot&mdash;probably he found
+few equals as a rifleman; no man on the
+border knew Indians more thoroughly or
+fought them more skilfully than he; his life
+was filled to the brim with perilous adventures.
+He was not a man of affairs, he did
+not understand the art of money-getting, and
+he lost his lands because, although a surveyor,
+he was careless of legal forms of entry.
+He fled before the advance of the civilization
+which he had ushered in: from Pennsylvania,
+wandering with his parents to
+North Carolina in search of broader lands;
+thence into Kentucky because the Carolina
+borders were crowded; then to the Kanawha
+Valley, for the reason that Kentucky was
+being settled too fast to suit his fancy; lastly
+to far-off Missouri, in order, as he said, to
+get "elbow room." Experiences similar to
+his have made misanthropes of many another
+man&mdash;like Clark, for instance; but the
+temperament of this honest, silent, nature-loving
+man only mellowed with age; his
+closing years were radiant with the sunshine
+of serene content and the dimly appreciated
+consciousness of world-wide fame; and he
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">ix</a></span>
+died full of years, in heart a simple hunter
+to the last&mdash;although he had also served with
+credit as magistrate, soldier, and legislator.
+At his death the Constitutional Convention
+of Missouri went into mourning for twenty
+days, and the State of Kentucky claimed his
+bones, and has erected over them a suitable
+monument.</p>
+
+<p>There have been published many lives of
+Boone, but none of them in recent years.
+Had the late Dr. Lyman Copeland Draper, of
+Wisconsin, ever written the huge biography
+for which he gathered materials throughout
+a lifetime of laborious collection, those volumes&mdash;there
+were to be several&mdash;would
+doubtless have uttered the last possible word
+concerning the famous Kentucky pioneer.
+Draper's manuscript, however, never advanced
+beyond a few chapters; but the raw
+materials which he gathered for this work,
+and for many others of like character, are
+now in the library of the Wisconsin State
+Historical Society, available to all scholars.
+From this almost inexhaustible treasure-house
+the present writer has obtained the
+bulk of his information, and has had the advantage
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">x</a></span>
+of being able to consult numerous
+critical notes made by his dear and learned
+friend. A book so small as this, concerning a
+character every phase of whose career was
+replete with thrilling incident, would doubtless
+not have won the approbation of Dr.
+Draper, whose unaccomplished biographical
+plans were all drawn upon a large scale;
+but we are living in a busy age, and life is
+brief&mdash;condensation is the necessary order
+of the day. It will always be a source of regret
+that Draper's projected literary monument
+to Boone was not completed for the
+press, although its bulk would have been forbidding
+to any but specialists, who would
+have sought its pages as a cyclopedia of
+Western border history.</p>
+
+<p>Through the courtesy both of Colonel
+Reuben T. Durrett, of Louisville, President
+of the Filson Club, and of Mrs. Ranck, we
+are permitted to include among our illustrations
+reproductions of some of the plates in
+the late George W. Ranck's stately monograph
+upon Boonesborough. Aid in tracing
+original portraits of Boone has been received
+from Mrs. Jennie C. Morton and General
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">xi</a></span>
+Fayette Hewitt, of Frankfort; Miss Marjory
+Dawson and Mr. W. G. Lackey, of St. Louis;
+Mr. William H. King, of Winnetka, Ill.; and
+Mr. J. Marx Etting, of Philadelphia.</p>
+
+<p class="left65">R. G. T.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Madison, Wis.</span>, <i>1902</i>.</p>
+
+<h3 class="p6">CONTENTS</h3>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiii" id="Page_xiii">xiii</a></span></p>
+<hr class="l15" />
+
+<table summary="contents">
+<tr>
+<td><span class="s05">CHAPTER</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="tdr"><span class="s05">PAGE</span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td><td><span class="smcap">Preface</span></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_vii">vii</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">I.</td><td><span class="smcap">Ancestry and Training</span></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">II.</td><td><span class="smcap">The Nimrod of the Yadkin</span></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_13">13</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">III.</td><td><span class="smcap">Life on the Border</span></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">IV.</td><td><span class="smcap">Red Man against White Man</span></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">V.</td><td><span class="smcap">Kentucky Reached at Last</span></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">VI.</td><td><span class="smcap">Alone in the Wilderness</span></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">VII.</td><td><span class="smcap">Predecessors and Contemporaries</span></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_85">85</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">VIII.</td><td><span class="smcap">The Hero of Clinch Valley</span></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">IX.</td><td><span class="smcap">The Settlement of Kentucky</span></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_113">113</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">X.</td><td><span class="smcap">Two Years of Darkness</span></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_129">129</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">XI.</td><td><span class="smcap">The Siege of Boonesborough</span></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_146">146</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">XII.</td><td><span class="smcap">Soldier and Statesman</span></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_169">169</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">XIII.</td><td><span class="smcap">Kentucky's Path of Thorns</span></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_192">192</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">XIV.</td><td><span class="smcap">In the Kanawha Valley</span></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_211">211</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">XV.</td><td><span class="smcap">A Serene Old Age</span></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_223">223</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td><td><span class="smcap">Index</span></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_243">243</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<h3 class="p6">LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS</h3>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xv" id="Page_xv">xv</a></span></p>
+<hr class="l15" />
+<table summary="list of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td><td class="tdr"><span class="s08">FACING<br />PAGE</span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Portrait of Daniel Boone</td><td class="tdr"><i><a href="#frontis">Frontispiece</a></i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Boone's powder-horn and bake-kettle</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#i001">30</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>A Boone tree, 1760</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#i002">56</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>A survey note by Boone</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#i003">120</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Fort Boonesborough</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#i004">136</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Climax of the treaty</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#i005">162</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Site of Boonesborough to-day</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#i006">174</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Boone's cabin in St. Charles County, Missouri</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#i007">224</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Nathan Boone's house in St. Charles County, Missouri</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#i008">230</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Boone's religious views (two pages)</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#i009">234</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Boone's monument at Frankfort, Ky.</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#i011">240</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<h2 class="p6">DANIEL BOONE</h2>
+
+<hr class="l15" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">1</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>CHAPTER I<br />
+ANCESTRY AND TRAINING</h3>
+
+<p>The grandfather of Daniel Boone&mdash;George
+by name&mdash;was born in 1666 at the
+peaceful little hamlet of Stoak, near the city
+of Exeter, in Devonshire, England. His
+father had been a blacksmith; but he himself
+acquired the weaver's art. In due time
+George married Mary Maugridge, a young
+woman three years his junior, and native of
+the neighboring village of Bradninch, whither
+he had gone to follow his trade. This worthy
+couple, professed Quakers, became the parents
+of nine children, all born in Bradninch&mdash;George,
+Sarah, Squire,<a name="FNanchor_1" id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> Mary, John, Joseph,
+Benjamin, James, and Samuel. All of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">2</a></span>
+these, except John, married, and left numerous
+descendants in America.</p>
+
+<p>The elder Boones were ambitious for the
+welfare of their large family. They were
+also fretful under the bitter intolerance
+encountered by Quakers in those unrestful
+times. As the children grew to maturity,
+the enterprising weaver sought information
+regarding the colony which his coreligionist
+William Penn had, some thirty years previous,
+established in America, where were
+promised cheap lands, religious freedom,
+political equality, and exact justice to all
+men. There were then no immigration bureaus
+to encourage and instruct those who
+proposed settling in America; no news-letters
+from traveling correspondents, to tell the
+people at home about the Western world; or
+books or pamphlets illustrating the country.
+The only method which occurred to George
+Boone, of Bradninch, by which he could satisfy
+himself regarding the possibilities of
+Pennsylvania as a future home for his household,
+was to send out some of his older children
+as prospectors.</p>
+
+<p>Accordingly&mdash;somewhere about 1712-14,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">3</a></span>
+family tradition says&mdash;young George (aged
+from twenty-two to twenty-four years), Sarah
+(a year and a half younger), and Squire
+(born November 25, 1696) were despatched
+to the promised land, and spent several
+months in its inspection. Leaving Sarah
+and Squire in Pennsylvania, George returned
+to his parents with a favorable report.</p>
+
+<p>On the seventeenth of August, 1717, the
+Boones, parents and children, bade a sorrowful
+but brave farewell to their relatives and
+friends in old Bradninch, whom they were
+never again to see. After journeying some
+eighty miles over rugged country to the port
+of Bristol, they there entered a sailing vessel
+bound for Philadelphia, where they safely arrived
+upon the tenth of October.</p>
+
+<p>Philadelphia was then but a village. Laid
+out like a checker-board, with architecture of
+severe simplicity, its best residences were
+surrounded by gardens and orchards. The
+town was substantial, neat, and had the appearance
+of prosperity; but the frontier was
+not far away&mdash;beyond outlying fields the untamed
+forest closed in upon the little capital.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">4</a></span>
+The fur trade flourished but two or three
+days' journey into the forest, and Indians
+were frequently seen upon the streets.
+When, therefore, the Boones decided to settle
+in what is now Abingdon, twelve or fourteen
+miles north of the town, in a sparse
+neighborhood of Quaker farmers, they at
+once became backwoodsmen, such as they remained
+for the rest of their lives.</p>
+
+<p>They were, however, not long in Abingdon.
+Soon after, we find them domiciled a
+few miles to the northwest in the little frontier
+hamlet of North Wales, in Gwynedd
+township; this was a Welsh community
+whose members had, a few years before,
+turned Quakers.</p>
+
+<p>Sarah Boone appears, about this time, to
+have married one Jacob Stover, a German
+who settled in Oley township, now in Berks
+County. The elder George Boone, now that
+he had become accustomed to moving, after
+his long, quiet years as a Devonshire weaver,
+appears to have made small ado over folding
+his family tent and seeking other pastures.
+In 1718 he took out a warrant for four hundred
+acres of land in Oley, and near the close
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">5</a></span>
+of the following year removed to his daughter's
+neighborhood. This time he settled in
+earnest, for here in Oley&mdash;or rather the later
+subdivision thereof called Exeter&mdash;he spent
+the remainder of his days, dying in his original
+log cabin there, in 1744, at the age of
+seventy-eight. He left eight children, fifty-two
+grandchildren, and ten great-grandchildren&mdash;in
+all, seventy descendants: Devonshire
+men, Germans, Welsh, and Scotch-Irish
+amalgamated into a sturdy race of American
+pioneers.</p>
+
+<p>Among the early Welsh Quakers in the
+rustic neighborhood of North Wales were the
+Morgans. On the twenty-third of July, 1720,
+at the Gwynedd meeting-house, in accordance
+with the Quaker ceremony, Squire Boone
+married Sarah Morgan, daughter of John.
+A descendant tells us that at this time
+"Squire Boone was a man of rather small
+stature, fair complexion, red hair, and gray
+eyes; while his wife was a woman something
+over the common size, strong and active, with
+black hair and eyes, and raised in the Quaker
+order."</p>
+
+<p>For ten or eleven years Squire and Sarah
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">6</a></span>
+Boone lived in Gwynedd township, probably
+on rented land, the former adding to their
+small income by occasional jobs of weaving,
+for he had learned his father's trade. They
+were thrifty folk, but it took ten years under
+these primitive conditions to accumulate even
+the small sum sufficient to acquire a farm of
+their own. Toward the close of the year
+1730, Squire obtained for a modest price a
+grant of 250 acres of land situated in his
+father's township, Oley&mdash;a level tract adapted
+to grazing purposes, on Owatin Creek,
+some eight miles southeast of the present
+city of Reading, and a mile and a half from
+Exeter meeting-house. Here, probably early
+in 1731, the Boones removed with their four
+children. Relatives and Quaker neighbors
+assisted, after the manner of the frontier, in
+erecting a log cabin for the new-comers and
+in clearing and fencing for them a small
+patch of ground.</p>
+
+<p>In this rude backwoods home, in the valley
+of the Schuylkill, was born, upon the second
+of November (new style), 1734, Daniel
+Boone, fourth son and sixth child of Squire
+and Sarah. It is thought that the name
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">7</a></span>
+Daniel was suggested by that of Daniel
+Boone, a well-known Dutch painter who
+had died in London in 1698, "and who
+may have been known, or distantly related,
+to the family." The other children were:
+Sarah (born in 1724), Israel (1726), Samuel
+(1728), Jonathan (1730), Elizabeth (1732),
+Mary (1736), George (1739), Edward (1744),
+Squire, and Hannah, all of them natives of
+Oley.<a name="FNanchor_2" id="FNanchor_2" href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p>
+
+<p>Born into a frontier community, Daniel
+Boone's entire life was spent amid similar
+surroundings, varying only in degree. With
+the sight of Indians he was from the first
+familiar. They frequently visited Oley and
+Exeter, and were cordially received by the
+Quakers. George Boone's house was the
+scene of many a friendly gathering of the
+tribesmen. When Daniel was eight years of
+age, the celebrated Moravian missionary,
+Count Zinzendorf, held a synod in a barn at
+Oley, a party of converted Delaware Indians,
+who preached in favor of Christianity, being
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">8</a></span>
+the principal attractions at this meeting.
+Thus young Boone started in life with an accurate
+knowledge of the American savage,
+which served him well during his later years
+of adventurous exploration and settlement-building.</p>
+
+<p>Squire Boone appears soon to have become
+a leader in his community. His farm,
+to whose acres he from time to time added,
+was attended to as closely as was usual
+among the frontiersmen of his day; and at
+home the business of weaving was not neglected,
+for he kept in frequent employment
+five or six looms, making "homespun"
+cloths for his neighbors and the market. He
+had an excellent grazing range some five or
+six miles north of the homestead, and each
+season sent his stock thither, as was the custom
+at that time. Mrs. Boone and Daniel accompanied
+the cows, and from early spring
+until late in autumn lived in a rustic cabin,
+far from any other human beings. Hard by,
+over a cool spring, was a dairy-house, in
+which the stout-armed mother made and kept
+her butter and cheese; while her favorite boy
+watched the herd as, led by their bell-carriers,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">9</a></span>
+they roamed at will through the woods,
+his duty at sunset being to drive them to the
+cabin for milking, and later to lock them for
+the night within the cow-pens, secure from
+wild animals or prowling cattle-thieves.</p>
+
+<p>While tending his cattle, a work involving
+abundant leisure, the young herdsman was
+also occupied in acquiring the arts of the forest.
+For the first two or three years&mdash;his
+pastoral life having commenced at the tender
+age of ten&mdash;his only weapon was a slender,
+smoothly shaved sapling, with a small bunch
+of gnarled roots at the end, in throwing
+which he grew so expert as easily to kill
+birds and other small game. When reaching
+the dignity of a dozen years, his father
+bought him a rifle, with which he soon became
+an unerring marksman. But, although
+he henceforth provided wild meat enough for
+the family, his passion for hunting sometimes
+led him to neglect the cattle, which
+were allowed to stray far from home and
+pass the night in the deep forest.</p>
+
+<p>Soon each summer of herding came to be
+succeeded by a winter's hunt. In this occupation
+the boy roved far and wide over the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">10</a></span>
+Neversink mountain-range to the north and
+west of Monocacy Valley, killing and curing
+game for the family, and taking the skins to
+Philadelphia, where he exchanged them for
+articles needed in the chase&mdash;long hunting-knives,
+and flints, lead, and powder for his
+gun.</p>
+
+<p>In those days the children of the frontier
+grew up with but slight store of such education
+as is obtainable from books. The open
+volume of nature, however, they carefully
+conned. The ways of the wilderness they
+knew full well&mdash;concerning the storms and
+floods, the trees and hills, the wild animals
+and the Indians, they were deeply learned;
+well they knew how to live alone in the forest,
+and to thrive happily although surrounded
+by a thousand lurking dangers. This quiet,
+mild-mannered, serious-faced Quaker youth,
+Daniel Boone, was an ardent lover of the
+wild woods and their inhabitants, which he
+knew as did Audubon and Thoreau; but of
+regular schooling he had none. When he
+was about fourteen years of age, his brother
+Samuel, nearly seven years his senior, married
+Sarah Day, an intelligent young Quakeress
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">11</a></span>
+who had more education than was customary
+in this neighborhood. Sarah taught
+Daniel the elements of "the three R's." To
+this knowledge he added somewhat by later
+self-teaching, so that as a man he could read
+understandingly, do rough surveying, keep
+notes of his work, and write a sensible although
+badly spelled letter&mdash;for our backwoods
+hero was, in truth, no scholar, although
+as well equipped in this direction as
+were most of his fellows.</p>
+
+<p>In time Squire Boone, a man of enterprise
+and vigor, added blacksmithing to his
+list of occupations, and employed his young
+sons in this lusty work. Thus Daniel served,
+for a time, as a worker in iron as well as a
+hunter and herdsman; although it was noticed
+that his art was chiefly developed in
+the line of making and mending whatever
+pertained to traps and guns. He was a fearless
+rider of his father's horses; quick,
+though bred a Quaker, to resent what he
+considered wrong treatment;<a name="FNanchor_3" id="FNanchor_3" href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> true to his
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">12</a></span>
+young friends; fond of long, solitary tramps
+through the dark forest, or of climbing hilltops
+for bird's-eye views of the far-stretching
+wilderness. Effective training this, for
+the typical pioneer of North America.</p>
+
+<h3 class="p6">CHAPTER II<br />
+THE NIMROD OF THE YADKIN</h3>
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">13</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The lofty barrier of the Alleghany Mountains
+was of itself sufficient to prevent the
+pioneers of Pennsylvania from wandering
+far westward. Moreover, the Indians beyond
+these hills were fiercer than those with
+whom the Quakers were familiar; their occasional
+raids to the eastward, through the
+mountain passes, won for them a reputation
+which did not incline the border farmers to
+cultivate their further acquaintance. To the
+southwest, however, there were few obstacles
+to the spread of settlement. For several
+hundred miles the Appalachians run in parallel
+ranges from northeast to southwest&mdash;from
+Pennsylvania, through Virginia, West
+Virginia, the Carolinas, and east Tennessee,
+until at last they degenerate into scattered
+foot-hills upon the Georgia plain. Through
+the long, deep troughs between these ranges&mdash;notably
+in the famous Valley of Virginia
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">14</a></span>
+between the Blue Ridge and the Alleghanies&mdash;Pennsylvanians
+freely wandered into the
+south and southwest, whenever possessed by
+thirst for new and broader lands. Hostile
+Indians sometimes penetrated these great
+valleys and brought misery in their train;
+but the work of pioneering along this path
+was less arduous than had the western mountains
+been scaled at a time when the colonists
+were still few and weak.</p>
+
+<p>Between the years 1732 and 1750, numerous
+groups of Pennsylvanians&mdash;Germans
+and Irish largely, with many Quakers among
+them&mdash;had been wending their way through
+the mountain troughs, and gradually pushing
+forward the line of settlement, until now it
+had reached the upper waters of the Yadkin
+River, in the northwest corner of North
+Carolina. Trials abundant fell to their lot;
+but the soil of the valleys was unusually fertile,
+game was abundant, the climate mild,
+the country beautiful, and life in general upon
+the new frontier, although rough, such as to
+appeal to the borderers as a thing desirable.
+The glowing reports of each new group attracted
+others. Thus was the wilderness
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">15</a></span>
+tamed by a steady stream of immigration
+from the older lands of the northern colonies,
+while not a few penetrated to this Arcadia
+through the passes of the Blue Ridge,
+from eastern Virginia and the Carolinas.</p>
+
+<p>Squire and Sarah Boone, of Oley, now
+possessed eleven children, some of whom
+were married and settled within this neighborhood
+which consisted so largely of the
+Boones and their relatives. The choicest
+lands of eastern Pennsylvania had at last
+been located. The outlook for the younger
+Boones, who soon would need new homesteads,
+did not appear encouraging. The
+fame of the Yadkin Valley, five hundred
+miles southwestward, had reached Oley, and
+thither, in the spring of 1750, the majority
+of the Boones, after selling their lands and
+surplus stock, bravely took up the line of
+march.<a name="FNanchor_4" id="FNanchor_4" href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p>
+
+<p>With the women and children stowed in
+canvas-covered wagons, the men and boys
+riding their horses at front and rear, and
+driving the lagging cattle, the picturesque
+little caravan slowly found its way to the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">16</a></span>
+ford at Harper's Ferry, thence up the
+beautiful valley of the Shenandoah. By
+night they pitched their camps beside some
+gurgling spring, gathered the animals within
+the circle of the wagons, and, with sentinel
+posted against possible surprises by
+Indians, sat around the blazing fire to discuss
+the experiences of the day&mdash;Daniel,
+as the hunter for the party, doubtless having
+the most interesting adventures of
+them all.</p>
+
+<p>Tradition has it that the Boones tarried
+by the way, for a year or more, on Linnville
+Creek, six miles north of Harrisonburg, in
+Rockingham County, Va. In any event,
+they appear to have resumed their journey
+by the autumn of 1751. Pushing on through
+the Valley of Virginia&mdash;an undulating,
+heavily forested table-land from three to
+ten miles in width&mdash;they forded the upper
+waters of numerous rivers, some of which,
+according to the tilt of the land, flow eastward
+and southeastward toward the Atlantic,
+and others westward and southwestward
+toward the Ohio. This is one of the fairest
+and most salubrious regions in America; but
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">17</a></span>
+they did not again stop until the promised
+land of the Yadkin was reached.</p>
+
+<p>The country was before them, to choose
+from it practically what they would. Between
+the Yadkin and the Catawba there was
+a broad expanse of elevated prairie, yielding
+a luxuriant growth of grass, while the bottoms
+skirting the numerous streams were
+thick-grown to canebrake. Here were abundant
+meadows for the cattle, fish and game
+and wild fruits in quantity quite exceeding
+young Daniel's previous experience, a well-tempered
+climate, and to the westward a
+mountain-range which cast long afternoon
+shadows over the plain and spoke eloquently
+of untamed dominions beyond. Out of this
+land of plenty Squire Boone chose a claim at
+Buffalo Lick, where Dutchman's Creek joins
+with the North Fork of Yadkin.</p>
+
+<p>Daniel was now a lad of eighteen. Nominally,
+he helped in the working of his father's
+farm and in the family smithy; actually,
+he was more often in the woods with
+his long rifle. At first, buffaloes were so
+plenty that a party of three or four men,
+with dogs, could kill from ten to twenty in
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">18</a></span>
+a day; but soon the sluggish animals receded
+before the advance of white men, hiding
+themselves behind the mountain wall. An
+ordinary hunter could slaughter four or five
+deer in a day; in the autumn, he might from
+sunrise to sunset shoot enough bears to provide
+over a ton of bear-bacon for winter use;
+wild turkeys were easy prey; beavers, otters,
+and muskrats abounded; while wolves, panthers,
+and wildcats overran the country.
+Overcome by his passion for the chase, our
+young Nimrod soon began to spend months
+at a time in the woods, especially in autumn
+and winter. He found also more profit in
+this occupation than at either the forge or
+the plow; for at their nearest market town,
+Salisbury, twenty miles away, good prices
+were paid for skins, which were regularly
+shipped thence to the towns upon the Atlantic
+coast.</p>
+
+<p>The Catawba Indians lived about sixty
+miles distant, and the Cherokees still farther.
+These tribesmen not infrequently visited the
+thinly scattered settlement on the Yadkin,
+seeking trade with the whites, with whom
+they were as yet on good terms. They were,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">19</a></span>
+however, now and then raided by Northern
+Indians, particularly the Shawnese, who, collecting
+in the Valley of Virginia, swept down
+upon them with fury; sometimes also committing
+depredations upon the whites who
+had befriended their tribal enemies, and who
+unfortunately had staked their farms in the
+old-time war-path of the marauders.</p>
+
+<p>In the year 1754, the entire American
+border, from the Yadkin to the St. Lawrence,
+became deeply concerned in the Indian question.
+France and England had long been
+rivals for the mastery of the North American
+continent lying west of the Alleghanies.
+France had established a weak chain of posts
+upon the upper Great Lakes, and down the
+Mississippi River to New Orleans, thus connecting
+Canada with Louisiana. In the Valley
+of the Ohio, however, without which the
+French could not long hold the Western
+country, there was a protracted rivalry between
+French and English fur-traders, each
+seeking to supplant the intruding foreigner.
+This led to the outbreak of the French and
+Indian War, which was waged vigorously for
+five years, until New France fell, and the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">20</a></span>
+English obtained control of all Canada and
+that portion of the continent lying between
+the Atlantic Ocean and the Mississippi.</p>
+
+<p>As early as 1748, backwoodsmen from
+Pennsylvania had made a small settlement
+on New River, just west of the Alleghanies&mdash;a
+settlement which the Boones must have visited,
+as it lay upon the road to the Yadkin;
+and in the same season several adventurous
+Virginians hunted and made land-claims in
+Kentucky and Tennessee. In the following
+year there was formed for Western fur trading
+and colonizing purposes, the Ohio Company,
+composed of wealthy Virginians,
+among them two brothers of George Washington.
+In 1753 French soldiers built a little
+log fort on French Creek, a tributary of the
+Alleghany; and, despite Virginia's protest,
+delivered by young Major Washington, were
+planning to erect another at the forks of the
+Ohio, where Pittsburg now is. Thither
+Washington went, in the succeeding year,
+with a body of Virginia militiamen, to construct
+an English stockade at the forks; but
+the French defeated him in the Great Meadows
+hard by and themselves erected the fort.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">21</a></span>
+It is thought by some writers that young
+Boone, then twenty years of age, served in
+the Pennsylvania militia which protected the
+frontier from the Indian forays which succeeded
+this episode. A year later (1755) the
+inexperienced General Braddock, fresh from
+England, set out, with Washington upon his
+staff, to teach a lesson to these Frenchmen
+who had intruded upon land claimed by the
+colony of Virginia.</p>
+
+<p>In Braddock's little army were a hundred
+North Carolina frontiersmen, under Captain
+Hugh Waddell; their wagoner and blacksmith
+was Daniel Boone. His was one of
+those heavily laden baggage-wagons which,
+history tells us, greatly impeded the progress
+of the English, and contributed not a little
+to the terrible disaster which overtook the
+column in the ravine of Turtle Creek, only
+a few miles from Pittsburg. The baggage-train
+was the center of a fierce attack from
+Indians, led by French officers, and many
+drivers were killed. Young Boone, however,
+cut the traces of his team, and mounting a
+horse, fortunately escaped by flight. Behind
+him the Indian allies of the French, now unchecked,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">22</a></span>
+laid waste the panic-stricken frontiers
+of Pennsylvania and Virginia. But the
+Yadkin, which Boone soon reached, was as
+yet unscarred; the Northern tribes were
+busied in the tide of intercolonial warfare,
+and the Catawbas and Cherokees thus far
+remained steadfast to their old-time promises
+of peace.</p>
+
+<p>Daniel was now a man, full-grown. He
+had brought home with him not only some
+knowledge of what war meant, but his imagination
+had become heated by a new passion&mdash;the
+desire to explore as well as to hunt.
+While upon the campaign he had fallen in
+with another adventurous soul, John Finley
+by name, who fired his heart with strange
+tales of lands and game to the west of the
+mountains. Finley was a Scotch-Irishman
+of roving tendencies, who had emigrated to
+Pennsylvania and joined a colony of his compatriots.
+As early as 1752 he had become a
+fur-trader. In the course of his rambles
+many perilous adventures befell him in the
+Kentucky wilds, into which he had penetrated
+as far as the Falls of the Ohio, where
+Louisville is now built. Hurrying, with
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">23</a></span>
+other woodsmen, to Braddock's support, he
+enrolled himself under George Croghan, a famous
+trader to the Indians. But the expert
+services of Croghan and his men, who, well
+understanding the methods of savages upon
+the war-path, offered to serve as scouts, were
+coldly rejected by Braddock, who soon had
+occasion to regret that he had not taken their
+advice.</p>
+
+<p>Finley found in the Yadkin wagoner a
+kindred spirit, and suggested to him with
+eagerness a method of reaching Kentucky by
+following the trail of the buffaloes and the
+Shawnese, northwestward through Cumberland
+Gap. To reach this hunter's paradise,
+to which Finley had pointed the way, was
+now Boone's daily dream.</p>
+
+<h3 class="p6">CHAPTER III<br />
+LIFE ON THE BORDER</h3>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">24</a></span></p>
+<p>It was many years before Daniel Boone
+realized his dream of reaching Kentucky.
+Such an expedition into the far-off wilderness
+could not be lightly undertaken; its
+hardships and dangers were innumerable;
+and the way thither from the forks of the
+Yadkin was not as easily found, through this
+perplexing tangle of valleys and mountains,
+as Finley had supposed. His own route had
+doubtless been over the Ohio Company's pass
+from the upper waters of the Potomac to a
+tributary of the Monongahela.</p>
+
+<p>Another reason caused Daniel long to
+linger near his home. A half-dozen years
+before the Boones reached the Yadkin country
+there had located here a group of several
+related families, the Bryans, originally
+from Ireland. Pennsylvanians at first, they
+had, as neighbors crowded them, drifted
+southwestward into the Valley of Virginia;
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">25</a></span>
+and finally, keeping well ahead of other settlers,
+established themselves at the forks of
+the Yadkin. They took kindly to the Boones,
+the two groups intermarried, and both were
+in due course pioneers of Kentucky. Rebecca,
+the daughter of Joseph Bryan, was
+fifteen years of age when Daniel first read
+his fate in her shining black eyes. In the
+spring following his return from Braddock's
+slaughter-pen he led her to the altar, the
+ceremony being performed by old Squire
+Boone&mdash;farmer, weaver, blacksmith, and now
+justice of the peace for Rowan County.</p>
+
+<p>An historian of the border, who had studied
+well the family traditions, thus describes
+Daniel and Rebecca at the time when they
+set forth together upon the journey of life:
+"Behold that young man, exhibiting such unusual
+firmness and energy of character, five
+feet eight inches in height, with broad chest
+and shoulders, his form gradually tapering
+downward to his extremities; his hair moderately
+black; blue eyes arched with yellowish
+eyebrows; his lips thin, with a mouth
+peculiarly wide; a countenance fair and
+ruddy, with a nose a little bordering on the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">26</a></span>
+Roman order. Such was Daniel Boone, now
+past twenty-one, presenting altogether a noble,
+manly, prepossessing appearance....
+Rebecca Bryan, whose brow had now been
+fanned by the breezes of seventeen summers,
+was, like Rebecca of old, 'very fair to look
+upon,' with jet-black hair and eyes, complexion
+rather dark, and something over the common
+size of her sex; her whole demeanor
+expressive of her childlike artlessness, pleasing
+in her address, and unaffectedly kind in
+all her deportment. Never was there a more
+gentle, affectionate, forbearing creature than
+this same fair youthful bride of the Yadkin."
+In the annals of the frontier, as elsewhere,
+all brides are fair and grooms are manly;
+but, allowing for the natural enthusiasm of
+hero-worshipers, we may, from the abundance
+of testimony to that effect, at least conclude
+that Daniel and Rebecca Boone were a
+well-favored couple, fit to rear a family of
+sturdy borderers.</p>
+
+<p>It was neither the day nor the place for
+expensive trousseaus and wedding journeys.
+After a hilarious wedding-feast, Boone and
+his wife, with scanty equipment, immediately
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">27</a></span>
+commenced their hard task of winning a livelihood
+from the soil and the forest. At first
+occupying a rude log cabin in his father's
+yard, they soon afterward acquired some
+level land of their own, lying upon Sugar
+Tree, a tributary of Dutchman's Creek, in
+the Bryan settlement, a few miles north of
+Squire Boone's. All of this neighborhood
+lies within what is now Davie County, still
+one of the richest farming districts in North
+Carolina. Save when driven out by Indian
+alarms and forays, they here lived quietly
+for many years.</p>
+
+<p>The pioneers in the then back country,
+along the eastern foot-hills of the Alleghanies,
+led a rough, primitive life, such as is
+hardly possible to-day, when there is no longer
+any frontier within the United States, and
+but few districts are so isolated as to be more
+than two or three days' journey from a railway.
+Most of them, however, had been bred,
+as were the Boones and the Bryans, to the
+rude experiences of the border. With slight
+knowledge of books, they were accustomed
+to living in the simplest manner, and from
+childhood were inured to the hardships and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">28</a></span>
+privations incident to great distance from
+the centers of settlement; they possessed the
+virtues of hospitality and neighborliness, and
+were hardy, rugged, honest-hearted folk, admirably
+suited to their self-appointed task
+of forcing back the walls of savagery, in
+order that civilization might cover the land.
+We may well honor them for the great service
+that they rendered to mankind.</p>
+
+<p>The dress of a backwoodsman like Daniel
+Boone was a combination of Indian and civilized
+attire. A long hunting-shirt, of coarse
+cloth or of dressed deerskins, sometimes with
+an ornamental collar, was his principal garment;
+drawers and leggings of like material
+were worn; the feet were encased in moccasins
+of deerskin&mdash;soft and pliant, but cold
+in winter, even when stuffed with deer's hair
+or dry leaves, and so spongy as to be no
+protection against wet feet, which made
+every hunter an early victim to rheumatism.
+Hanging from the belt, which girt the hunting-shirt,
+were the powder-horn, bullet-pouch,
+scalping-knife, and tomahawk; while
+the breast of the shirt served as a generous
+pocket for food when the hunter or warrior
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">29</a></span>
+was upon the trail. For head-covering, the
+favorite was a soft cap of coonskin, with the
+bushy tail dangling behind; but Boone himself
+despised this gear, and always wore a
+hat. The women wore huge sunbonnets and
+loose gowns of home-made cloth; they generally
+went barefoot in summer, but wore moccasins
+in winter.</p>
+
+<p>Daniel Boone's cabin was a simple box of
+logs, reared in "cob-house" style, the chinks
+stuffed with moss and clay, with a door and
+perhaps but a single window. Probably there
+was but one room below, with a low attic
+under the rafters, reached by a ladder. A
+great outside chimney, built either of rough
+stones or of small logs, coated on the inside
+with clay mortar and carefully chinked with
+the same, was built against one end of this
+rude house. In the fireplace, large enough
+for logs five or six feet in length, there was
+a crane from which was hung the iron pot
+in which the young wife cooked simple meals
+of corn-mush, pumpkins, squashes, beans,
+potatoes, and pork, or wild meat of many
+kinds, fresh and dried; in a bake-kettle, laid
+upon the live coals, she made the bread and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">30</a></span>
+corn pone, or fried her steaks, which added
+variety to the fare.</p>
+
+<p>Dishes and other utensils were few&mdash;some
+pewter plates, forks, and spoons; wooden
+bowls and trenchers, with gourds and hard-shelled
+squashes for drinking-mugs. For
+knife, Boone doubtless used his belt-weapon,
+and scorned the crock plates, now slowly
+creeping into the valley, as calculated to dull
+its edge. Over the fireplace deer's horns
+served as rests for his gun. Into the log
+wall were driven great wooden pegs, hanging
+from which flitches of dried and smoked
+bacon, venison, and bear's-meat mingled
+freely with the family's scanty wardrobe.</p>
+
+<p>With her cooking and rude mending, her
+moccasin-making, her distaff and loom for
+making cloths, her occasional plying of the
+hoe in the small vegetable patch, and her
+ever-present care of the children and dairy,
+Rebecca Boone was abundantly occupied.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a name="i001" id="i001"></a>
+<img src="images/i001.jpg" width="410" height="550" alt="Powder-horn and Kettle" />
+<p class="caption">BOONE'S POWDER-HORN AND BAKE-KETTLE.</p>
+
+<p class="caption s08">In possession of Wisconsin State Historical Society. The horn once
+belonged to Daniel's brother Israel, and bears the initials "I B".</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In these early years of married life Daniel
+proved a good husbandman, planting and
+garnering his crops with regularity, and pasturing
+a few scrawny cattle and swine upon
+the wild lands adjoining his farm. Doubtless
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">31</a></span>
+at times he did smithy-work for the
+neighbors and took a hand at the loom, as
+had his father and grandfather before him.
+Sometimes he was engaged with his wagon
+in the caravans which each autumn found
+their way from the Yadkin and the other
+mountain valleys down to the Atlantic
+cities, carrying furs to market; it was as
+yet too early in the history of the back
+country for the cattle-raisers to send their
+animals to the coast. In the Valley of Virginia,
+hemmed in upon the east by the Blue
+Ridge, packhorses were alone used in this
+traffic, for the mountain paths were rough
+and narrow; but wagons could be utilized
+in the more southern districts. The caravans
+brought back to the pioneers salt, iron,
+cloths, and a few other manufactured goods.
+This annual expedition over, Boone was free
+to go upon long hunts in the forest, where
+he cured great stores of meat for his family
+and prepared the furs for market.</p>
+
+<p>The backwoodsmen of the Yadkin had
+few machines to assist them in their labor,
+and these were of the simplest sort. Practically,
+every settler was his own mechanic&mdash;although
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">32</a></span>
+some men became, in certain lines,
+more expert than their neighbors, and to
+them fell such work for the entire settlement.
+Grinding corn into meal, or cracking it into
+hominy, were, as usual with primitive peoples,
+tasks involving the most machinery.
+Rude mortars and pestles, some of the latter
+ingeniously worked by means of springy
+"sweeps," were commonly seen; a device
+something like a nutmeg-grater was often
+used when the corn was soft; two circular
+millstones, worked by hand, were effective,
+and there were some operated by water-power.</p>
+
+<p>Medicine was at a crude stage, many of
+the so-called cures being as old as Egypt,
+while others were borrowed from the Indians.
+The borderers firmly believed in the
+existence of witches; bad dreams, eclipses of
+the sun, the howling of dogs, and the croaking
+of ravens, were sure to bring disasters
+in their train.</p>
+
+<p>Their sports laid stress on physical accomplishments&mdash;great
+strength, dexterity
+with the rifle, hunting, imitating the calls of
+wild birds and beasts, throwing the tomahawk,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">33</a></span>
+running, jumping, wrestling, dancing,
+and horse-racing; they were also fond, as
+they gathered around one another's great
+fireplaces in the long winter evenings, of
+story-telling and dramatic recitation. Some
+of the wealthier members of this primitive
+society owned negro slaves, to whom, sometimes,
+they were cruel, freely using the whip
+upon both women and men. Indeed, in their
+own frequent quarrels fierce brutality was
+sometimes used, adversaries in a fist-fight
+being occasionally maimed or otherwise disfigured
+for life.</p>
+
+<p>There was, for a long time, "neither law
+nor gospel" upon this far-away frontier.
+Justices of the peace had small authority.
+Preachers were at first unknown. Many of
+the borderers were Presbyterians, and others
+Quakers; but under such social conditions
+these were little else than names. Nevertheless,
+there was a sound public sentiment
+among these rude, isolated people, who were
+a law unto themselves. They respected and
+honored candor, honesty, hospitality, regular
+habits, and good behavior generally; and
+very severe were the punishments with which
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">34</a></span>
+they visited offenders. If a man acted as
+a coward in time of war, shirked his full
+measure of duty to the public, failed to care
+for his family, was careless about his debts,
+stole from his neighbors, was needlessly profane,
+or failed to treat women respectfully,
+he was either shunned by his fellows or
+forced to leave the settlement.</p>
+
+<p>Amid such surroundings and of such stuff
+was Daniel Boone in the days when he was
+living uneventfully in the valley of the Yadkin
+as farmer, blacksmith, wagoner, and
+hunter, before the Indian wars and his explorations
+west of the long-shadowed mountain-range
+made of him a popular hero.
+</p>
+
+<h3 class="p6">CHAPTER IV<br />
+RED MAN AGAINST WHITE MAN</h3>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">35</a></span></p>
+<p>The borderers in the Valley of Virginia
+and on the western highlands of the Carolinas
+were largely engaged in raising horses,
+cattle, sheep, and hogs, which grazed at will
+upon the broad slopes of the eastern foot-hills
+of the Alleghanies, most of them being
+in as wild a state as the great roving herds
+now to be seen upon the semi-arid plains
+of the far West. Indeed, there are some
+strong points of resemblance between the life
+of the frontier herdsman of the middle of the
+eighteenth century and that of the "cow"
+ranchers of our own day, although the most
+primitive conditions now existing would have
+seemed princely to Daniel Boone. The annual
+round-up, the branding of young stock,
+the sometimes deadly disputes between
+herdsmen, and the autumnal drive to market,
+are features in common.</p>
+
+<p>With the settlement of the valleys and the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">36</a></span>
+steady increase in the herds, it was necessary
+each season to find new pastures. Thus
+the herdsmen pushed farther and farther
+into the wilderness to the south and west,
+and actually crossed the mountains at many
+points. Even before the arrival of the
+Boones, the Bryans had frequently, toward
+the end of summer, as the lower pastures
+thinned, driven their stock to a distance of
+sixty and seventy miles to green valleys lying
+between the western buttresses of the mountain
+wall.</p>
+
+<p>This gradual pressure upon the hunting-grounds
+of the Cherokees and the Catawbas
+was not unnoticed by the tribesmen. There
+had long been heard deep mutterings, especially
+by the former, who were well-disposed
+toward the ever-meddling French; but
+until the year of Daniel Boone's wedding
+the southern frontiers had not known an Indian
+uprising.</p>
+
+<p>The year previous (1755) the Cherokees
+had given reluctant permission to the whites
+to build two posts in their country for the
+protection of the frontiers against the
+French, who, with their Indian allies, were
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">37</a></span>
+continually active against the New York,
+Pennsylvania, and Virginia frontiers, and
+were known to be attempting the corruption
+of the Southern Indians. Fort Prince
+George was accordingly erected upon the Savannah
+River, and Fort Loudon upon the
+Tennessee. In 1756 Fort Dobbs was constructed
+a short distance south of the South
+Fork of the Yadkin. These three centers of
+refuge were upon the extreme southwestern
+borders of the English colonies.</p>
+
+<p>These "forts" of the American border
+would have proved slight defenses in the
+presence of an enemy armed with even the
+lightest artillery, but were generally sufficient
+to withstand a foe possessing only muskets
+and rifles. Fort Dobbs was an oblong
+space forty-three by fifty-three feet, girt by
+walls about twelve feet high, consisting of
+double rows of logs standing on end; earth
+dug from the ditch which surrounded the fort
+was piled against the feet of these palisades,
+inside and out, to steady them; they were
+fastened to one another by wooden pins, and
+their tops were sharpened so as to impede
+those who might seek to climb over. At the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">38</a></span>
+angles of the stockade were blockhouses
+three stories high, each story projecting
+about eighteen inches beyond the one beneath;
+there were openings in the floors of
+the two upper stories to enable the defenders
+to fire down upon an enemy which sought
+to enter below. Along the inside of one, or
+perhaps two, of the four walls of the stockade
+was a range of cabins&mdash;or rather, one long
+cabin with log partitions&mdash;with the slope of
+the roof turned inward to the square; this
+furnished a platform for the garrison, who,
+protected by the rampart of pointed logs,
+could fire into the attacking party. Other
+platforms were bracketed against the walls
+not backed by cabins. There was a large
+double gate made of thick slabs and so situated
+as to be guarded by the blockhouses on
+either corner; this was the main entrance,
+but another and smaller gate furnished a
+rear exit to and entrance from the spring
+hard by. Blockhouses, cabins, and walls
+were all amply provided with port-holes;
+Fort Dobbs had capacity for a hundred men-at-arms
+to fire at one volley. Destructive
+fusillades could be maintained from within,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">39</a></span>
+and everywhere the walls were bullet-proof;
+but good marksmen in the attacking force
+could work great havoc by firing through the
+port-holes, and thus quietly picking off those
+who chanced to be in range. Fortunately for
+the whites few Indians became so expert as
+this.</p>
+
+<p>Upon the arrival of breathless messengers
+bringing news of the approach of hostile Indians,
+the men, women, and children of a
+wide district would flock into such a fort as
+this. "I well remember," says Dr. Doddridge
+in his Notes on Virginia, "that when
+a little boy the family were sometimes waked
+up in the dead of night by an express with
+a report that the Indians were at hand. The
+express came softly to the door or back window,
+and by gentle tapping waked the family;
+this was easily done, as an habitual fear
+made us ever watchful and sensible to the
+slightest alarm. The whole family were instantly
+in motion: my father seized his gun
+and other implements of war; my stepmother
+waked up and dressed the children as well
+as she could; and being myself the oldest of
+the children, I had to take my share of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">40</a></span>
+burthens to be carried to the fort. There
+was no possibility of getting a horse in the
+night to aid us in removing to the fort; besides
+the little children, we caught up what
+articles of clothing and provisions we could
+get hold of in the dark, for we durst not
+light a candle or even stir the fire. All this
+was done with the utmost despatch and the
+silence of death; the greatest care was taken
+not to awaken the youngest child; to the rest
+it was enough to say <i>Indian</i>, and not a
+whimper was heard afterwards. Thus it
+often happened that the whole number of
+families belonging to a fort, who were in the
+evening at their homes, were all in their little
+fortress before the dawn of the next morning.
+In the course of the succeeding day
+their household furniture was brought in by
+parties of the men under arms."</p>
+
+<p>The large public frontier forts, such as
+we have described, did not house all of the
+backwoodsmen. There were some who,
+either because of great distance or other
+reasons, erected their own private defenses;
+or, in many cases, several isolated families
+united in such a structure. Often these were
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">41</a></span>
+but single blockhouses, with a few outlying
+cabins. It was difficult to induce some of
+the more venturesome folk to enter the forts
+unless Indians were actually in the settlement;
+they took great risks in order to care
+for their crops and stock until the last moment;
+and, soon tiring of the monotony of
+life within the fort cabins, would often leave
+the refuge before the danger was really over.
+"Such families," reports Doddridge, "gave
+no small amount of trouble by creating frequent
+necessities of sending runners to warn
+them of their danger, and sometimes parties
+of our men to protect them during their removal."</p>
+
+<p>For the first few years Fort Dobbs was
+but little used. There was, however, much
+uneasiness. The year 1757 had, all along the
+line, been disastrous to English arms in the
+North, and the Cherokees became increasingly
+insolent. The next year they committed
+several deadly assaults in the Valley
+of Virginia, but themselves suffered greatly
+in return. The French, at last driven from
+Fort Duquesne (Pittsburg), had retreated
+down the Ohio River to Fort Massac, in
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">42</a></span>
+southern Illinois, and sent their emissaries
+far and near to stir up the Indians west of
+the mountains. The following April (1759)
+the Yadkin and Catawba Valleys were raided
+by the Cherokees, with the usual results of
+ruined crops, burned farm-buildings, and
+murdered households; not a few of the borderers
+being carried off as prisoners into the
+Indian country, there generally to suffer
+either slavery or slow death from the most
+horrid forms of torture. The Catawbas,
+meanwhile, remained faithful to their white
+friends.</p>
+
+<p>Until this outbreak the Carolinas had
+prospered greatly. Hundreds of settlers
+had poured in from the more exposed northern
+valleys, and the western uplands were
+now rapidly being dotted over with clearings
+and log cabins. The Indian forays at once
+created a general panic throughout this region,
+heretofore considered safe. Most of
+the Yadkin families, together with English
+fur-traders who hurried in from the woods,
+huddled within the walls either of Fort
+Dobbs or of small neighborhood forts hastily
+constructed; but many others, in their fright,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">43</a></span>
+fled with all their possessions to settlements
+on or near the Atlantic coast.</p>
+
+<p>Among the latter were old Squire Boone
+and his wife, Daniel and Rebecca, with their
+two sons,<a name="FNanchor_5" id="FNanchor_5" href="#Footnote_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> and several other families of
+Bryans and Boones, although some of both
+names preferred to remain at Fort Dobbs.
+The fugitives scattered to various parts of
+Virginia and Maryland&mdash;Squire going to
+Georgetown, now in the District of Columbia,
+where he lived for three years and then returned
+to the Yadkin; while Daniel's family
+went in their two-horse wagon to Culpeper
+County, in eastern Virginia. The
+settlers there employed him with his wagon
+in hauling tobacco to Fredericksburg, the
+nearest market-town.</p>
+
+<p>The April forays created almost as much
+consternation at Charleston as on the Yadkin.
+Governor Lyttleton, of South Carolina,
+sent out fifteen hundred men to overcome the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">44</a></span>
+Cherokees, who now pretended to be grieved
+at the acts of their young hot-bloods and
+patched up a peace. Fur-traders, eager to
+renew their profitable barter, hastened back
+into the western forests. But very soon their
+confidence was shattered, for the Indians
+again dug up the tomahawk. Their war-parties
+infested every road and trail; most of
+the traders, with trains of packhorses to
+carry their goods and furs, fell an easy prey
+to their forest customers; and Forts Loudon,
+Dobbs, and Prince George were besieged.
+By January (1760) the entire southwest
+border was once more a scene of carnage.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Waddell, our old friend of Braddock's
+campaign, commanded at Fort Dobbs,
+with several Bryans and Boones in his little
+garrison. Here the Cherokees were repulsed
+with great loss. At Fort Prince George the
+country round about was sadly harried by
+the enemy, who finally withdrew. Fort
+Loudon, however, had one of the saddest experiences
+in the thrilling annals of the
+frontier.</p>
+
+<p>In April General Amherst, of the British
+Army, sent Colonel Montgomery against the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">45</a></span>
+Cherokees with a formidable column composed
+of twelve hundred regular troops&mdash;among
+them six hundred kilted Highlanders&mdash;to
+whom were attached seven hundred
+Carolina backwoods rangers under Waddell,
+with some Catawba allies. They laid waste
+with fire and sword all the Cherokee villages
+on the Keowee and Tennessee Rivers, including
+the growing crops and magazines of corn.
+The soldiers killed seventy Indians, captured
+forty prisoners, and reduced the greater part
+of the tribe to the verge of starvation.</p>
+
+<p>The Cherokees were good fighters, and
+soon had their revenge. On the morning of
+the twenty-seventh of June the army was
+proceeding along a rough road on the southern
+bank of the Little Tennessee, where on
+one side is a sheer descent to the stream, on
+the other a lofty cliff. Here it was ambuscaded
+by over six hundred savage warriors
+under the noted chief Silouee. In the course
+of an engagement lasting several hours the
+whites lost twenty killed and sixty wounded,
+and the Cherokee casualties were perhaps
+greater. Montgomery desperately beat his
+way to a level tract, but in the night hastily
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">46</a></span>
+withdrew, and did not stop until he reached
+Charleston. Despite the entreaties of the
+Assembly, he at once retired to the North
+with his little army, and left the frontiers
+of Carolina open to the assaults of the merciless
+foe.</p>
+
+<p>The siege of Fort Loudon was now pushed
+by the Cherokees with vigor. It had already
+withstood several desperate and protracted
+assaults. But the garrison contrived to exist
+for several months, almost wholly upon the
+active sympathy of several Indian women
+who were married to frontiersmen shut up
+within the walls. The dusky wives frequently
+contrived to smuggle food into the
+fort despite the protests of the Indian leaders.
+Women, however, despite popular notions
+to the contrary, have a powerful influence
+in Indian camps; and they but laughed
+the chiefs to scorn, saying that they would
+suffer death rather than refuse assistance to
+their white husbands.</p>
+
+<p>This relief, however, furnished but a precarious
+existence. Receiving no help from
+the settlements, which were cut off from communication
+with them, and weak from irregular
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">47</a></span>
+food, the garrison finally surrendered on
+promise of a safe-conduct to their fellows in
+the East. Early in the morning of August
+ninth they marched out&mdash;men, women, and
+children to the number of several hundred&mdash;leaving
+behind them their cannon, ammunition,
+and spare arms. The next day, upon
+their sorry march, they were set upon by a
+bloodthirsty mob of seven hundred Cherokees.
+Many were killed outright, others surrendered
+merely to meet torture and death.
+Finally, after several hours of horror, a
+friendly chief succeeded, by browbeating his
+people and by subterfuge, in saving the lives
+of about two hundred persons, who in due
+time and after great suffering, reached the
+relief party which had for several months
+been making its way thither from Virginia;
+but it had been delayed by storms and high
+water in the mountain streams, and was now
+seeking needed rest in a camp at the head
+of the Holston. It is recorded that during
+the heartrending mêlée several other Indians
+risked their lives for white friends, performing
+deeds of heroism which deserve to be
+remembered.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">48</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Although New France was now tottering
+to its fall, the French officers at Fort Massac
+still continued, with their limited resources,
+to keep alive the Cherokee war spirit.
+French outrages occurred throughout the autumn
+and early winter of 1760. At nearly
+all of the forts, large and small, skirmishes
+took place, some of these giving occasion for
+exhibitions of rare enterprise and courage
+on the part of the garrisons, women and men
+alike.</p>
+
+<p>During the winter, the governors of Virginia,
+North Carolina, and South Carolina
+agreed upon a joint campaign against the
+hostiles. The southern column, comprising
+twenty-six hundred men, chiefly Highlanders,
+was under Lieutenant-Colonel James Grant.
+Starting early in June, they carried with
+them seven hundred packhorses, four hundred
+head of cattle, and a large train of baggage
+and supplies. Their route from Fort
+Prince George to the lower and middle
+Cherokee towns on the Little Tennessee lay
+through a rough, mountainous country; high
+water, storms, intensely warm weather, the
+lack of tents, and bruises from rocks and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">49</a></span>
+briers, caused the troops to suffer greatly.
+After heavy losses from ambuscades in narrow
+defiles, they finally reached their destination,
+and spent a month in burning and
+ravaging fifteen or more large villages and
+fourteen hundred acres of growing corn, and
+in driving five thousand men, women, and
+children into the hills to starve. Wrote one
+of the pious participators in this terrible
+work of devastation: "Heaven has blest us
+with the greatest success; we have finished
+our business as completely as the most sanguine
+of us could have wished." The Cherokees,
+completely crushed, humbly begged for
+peace, which was granted upon liberal terms
+and proved to be permanent.</p>
+
+<p>The northern column was composed of
+backwoodsmen from Virginia and North
+Carolina, under Colonel William Byrd, an
+experienced campaigner. Byrd was much
+hampered for both men and supplies, and
+accomplished little. He appears to have
+largely spent his time in making roads and
+building blockhouses&mdash;laborious methods ill-fitted
+for Indian warfare, and loudly criticized
+by Waddell, who joined him with a
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">50</a></span>
+regiment of five hundred North Carolinians,
+among whom was Daniel Boone, now returned
+to the Yadkin. Waddell and Boone
+had experienced the folly of this sort of
+thing in Braddock's ill-fated campaign. As
+a result of dissatisfaction, Byrd resigned, and
+Colonel Stephen succeeded him. The force,
+now composed of about twelve hundred men,
+pushed on to the Long Island of Holston
+River, where they were met by four hundred
+Cherokees, who, brought to their knees by
+Grant, likewise sought peace from Stephen.
+Articles were accordingly signed on the nineteenth
+of November. The North Carolina
+men returned home; but a portion of the Virginia
+regiment remained as a winter garrison
+for Fort Robinson, as the new fort at
+Long Island was called.</p>
+
+<p>Now that the Yadkin region has, after its
+sad experience, been blessed with a promise
+of peace, we may well pause, briefly to consider
+the ethics of border warfare. This life-history
+will, to its close, have much to do
+with Indian forays and white reprisals, and
+it is well that we should consider them dispassionately.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">51</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The Cherokees were conducting a warfare
+in defense of their villages, fields, and hunting-grounds,
+which were being rapidly destroyed
+by the inrush of white settlers, who
+seemed to think that the Indians had no
+rights worth consideration. Encouraged by
+the French, who deemed the English intruders
+on lands which they had first explored, the
+American aborigines seriously thought that
+they might stem the tide of English settlement.
+It was impossible that they should
+win, for civilization has in such cases ever
+triumphed over savagery; but that they
+should make the attempt was to be expected
+from a high-spirited race trained to war.
+We can but sympathize with and honor them
+for making their several stout stands against
+the European wave which was ultimately to
+sweep them from their native land.<a name="FNanchor_6" id="FNanchor_6" href="#Footnote_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> King
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">52</a></span>
+Philip, Opecancano, Pontiac, Tecumseh, Red
+Jacket, Sitting Bull, Captain Jack, were
+types of successive leaders who, at various
+stages of our growth westward, have stood
+as bravely as any Spartan hero to contest
+our all-conquering advance.</p>
+
+<p>It is the time-honored custom of historians
+of the frontier to consider Indians as
+all wrong and whites as all right; and that,
+of course, was the opinion of the borderers
+themselves&mdash;of Daniel Boone and all the men
+of his day. But we are now far enough removed
+from these events, and the fierce passions
+they engendered, to see them more
+clearly. The Indian was a savage and
+fought like a savage&mdash;cruel, bloodthirsty, unrelenting,
+treacherous, seldom a respecter of
+childhood, of age, or of women. But one
+can not read closely the chronicles of border
+warfare without discovering that civilized
+men at times could, in fighting savages, descend
+quite as low in the scale as they, in
+bloodthirstiness and treachery. Some of the
+most atrocious acts in the pioneer history of
+Kentucky and the Middle West were performed
+by whites; and some of the most
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">53</a></span>
+Christianlike deeds&mdash;there were many such
+on both sides&mdash;were those of painted savages.</p>
+
+<p>It is needless to blame either of the contending
+races; their conflict was inevitable.
+The frontiersman was generally unlettered,
+and used, without ceremony, to overcoming
+the obstacles which nature set in his path;
+one more patient could not have tamed the
+wilderness as quickly as he. His children
+often rose to high positions as scholars,
+statesmen, and diplomats. But he himself
+was a diamond in the rough, and not accustomed
+to nice ethical distinctions. To his
+mind the Indian was an inferior being, if
+not a child of Satan; he was not making the
+best use of the soil; his customs and habits
+of thought were such as to repel the British
+mind, however much they may have attracted
+the French. The tribesmen, whom the pioneer
+could not and would not understand,
+stood in his way, hence must be made to go or
+to die in his tracks. When the savage, quick
+to resentment, struck back, the turbulent passions
+of the overbearing white were aroused,
+and with compound interest he repaid the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">54</a></span>
+blow. Upon the theory that the devil must
+be fought with fire, the borderer not seldom
+adopted methods of reprisal that outdid the
+savage in brutality.</p>
+
+<p>The red man fighting, after his own wild
+standards, for all that he held most dear, and
+the white man, who brooks no opposition
+from an inferior race, hitting back with a
+fury sometimes increased by fear&mdash;such, in
+brief, is the blood-stained history of the
+American border.
+</p>
+
+<h3 class="p6">CHAPTER V<br />
+KENTUCKY REACHED AT LAST</h3>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">55</a></span></p>
+
+<p>When Daniel Boone returned from tidewater
+Virginia to the Yadkin region is not
+now known. It is probable that the monotony
+of hauling tobacco to market at a time when
+his old neighbors were living in a state of
+panic palled upon a man who loved excitement
+and had had a taste of Indian warfare.
+It has been surmised that he served with
+the Rowan rangers upon Lyttleton's campaign,
+alluded to in the previous chapter,
+and possibly aided in defending Fort Dobbs,
+or served with Waddell under Montgomery.
+That he was, some time in 1760, in the mountains
+west of the Yadkin upon either a hunt
+or a scout, or both, appears to be well established;
+for up to a few years ago there
+was still standing upon the banks of Boone's
+Creek, a small tributary of the Watauga in
+eastern Tennessee, a tree upon whose smooth
+bark had been rudely carved this characteristic
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">56</a></span>
+legend, undoubtedly by the great hunter
+himself: "D Boon cilled A BAR on this tree
+year 1760."<a name="FNanchor_7" id="FNanchor_7" href="#Footnote_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></p>
+
+<p>We have already seen that he accompanied
+Waddell in 1761, when that popular
+frontier leader reenforced Colonel Byrd's expedition
+against the Cherokees. Upon Waddell's
+return to North Carolina his leather-shirted
+followers dispersed to their homes,
+and Boone was again enabled to undertake a
+protracted hunt, no longer disturbed by fear
+that in his absence Indians might raid the
+settlement; for hunting was now his chief
+occupation, his wife and children conducting
+the farm, which held second place in his affections.
+Thus we see how close the borderers
+came to the savage life wherein men are
+the warriors and hunters and women the
+crop-gatherers and housekeepers. Organizing
+a party of kindred spirits&mdash;a goodly portion
+of the Yadkin settlers were more hunters
+than farmers&mdash;Boone crossed the mountains
+and roamed through the valleys of southwest
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">57</a></span>
+Virginia and eastern Tennessee, being especially
+delighted with the Valley of the
+Holston, where game was found to be unusually
+abundant. At about the same time another
+party of nineteen hunters went upon a
+similar expedition into the hills and valleys
+westward of the Yadkin, penetrating well
+into Tennessee, and being absent for eighteen
+months.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a name="i002" id="i002"></a>
+<img src="images/i002.jpg" width="408" height="550" alt="Boone Tree" />
+
+<p class="caption">A BOONE TREE.</p>
+
+<p class="caption s08">Tree on Boone's Creek, Tenn., bearing Daniel Boone's autograph.
+(See pp. <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>We must not conclude, from the passionate
+devotion to hunting exhibited by these
+backwoodsmen of the eighteenth century,
+that they led the same shiftless, aimless lives
+as are followed by the "poor whites" found
+in some of the river-bottom communities of
+our own day, who are in turn farmers, fishermen,
+or hunters, as fancy or the seasons dictate.
+It must be remembered that farming
+upon the Virginia and Carolina uplands was,
+in the pioneer period, crude as to methods
+and insignificant as to crops. The principal
+wealth of the well-to-do was in herds of
+horses and cattle which grazed in wild meadows,
+and in droves of long-nosed swine feeding
+upon the roots and acorns of the hillside
+forests. Among the outlying settlers much
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">58</a></span>
+of the family food came from the woods, and
+often months would pass without bread being
+seen inside the cabin walls. Besides the
+live stock of the richer folk, whose herds were
+driven to market, annual caravans to tidewater
+towns carried furs and skins won by
+the real backwoodsmen, who lived on the
+fringe of the wilderness. For lack of money
+accounts were kept in pelts, and with these
+were purchased rifles, ammunition, iron, and
+salt. It was, then, to the forests that the
+borderers largely looked for their sustenance.
+Hence those long hunts, from which
+the men of the Yadkin, unerring marksmen,
+would come back laden with great packs of
+pelts for the markets, and dried venison,
+bear's meat, and bear's oil for their family
+larders. Naturally, this wandering, adventurous
+life, spiced with excitement in
+many forms, strongly appealed to the rough,
+hardy borderers, and unfitted them for other
+occupations. Under such conditions farming
+methods were not likely to improve, nor
+the arts of civilization to prosper; for the
+hunter not only best loved the wilderness,
+but settlement narrowed his hunting-grounds.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">59</a></span>
+Thus it was that the frontiersman
+of the Daniel Boone type, Indian hater as he
+was, had at heart much the same interests
+as the savage whom he was seeking to supplant.
+It was simply a question as to which
+hunter, red or white, should occupy the forest;
+to neither was settlement welcome.</p>
+
+<p>With the opening of 1762 the southwest
+border began to be reoccupied. The abandoned
+log cabins once more had fires lighted
+upon their hearths, at the base of the great
+outside chimneys of stones and mud-plastered
+boughs; the deserted clearings, which had
+become choked with weeds and underbrush
+in the five years of Indian warfare, were
+again cultivated by their reassured owners.
+Among the returned refugees were Daniel's
+parents, Squire and Sarah Boone, who had
+ridden on horseback overland all the way
+from Maryland. Three years later Squire
+Boone died, one of the most highly esteemed
+men in the valley.</p>
+
+<p>The Yadkin country was more favored
+than some other portions of the backwoods
+of North Carolina. Pontiac's uprising
+(1763) against the English, who had now
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">60</a></span>
+supplanted the French in Canada and in the
+wilderness between the Alleghanies and the
+Mississippi, led some of the Southern tribes
+again to attack the frontiers of the Southwest;
+but they were defeated before the Yadkin
+was affected by this fresh panic.</p>
+
+<p>The Indian wars had lasted so long that
+the entire border had become demoralized.
+Of course not all the people in the backwoods
+were of good character. Not a few of them
+had been driven out from the more thickly
+settled parts of the country because of crimes
+or of bad reputation; and some of the fur-traders
+who lived upon the edge of the settlement
+were sorry rogues. When the panic-stricken
+people were crowded within the narrow
+walls of the forts they could not work.
+Many of them found this life of enforced
+idleness to their liking, and fell into the habit
+of making secret expeditions to plunder
+abandoned houses and to steal uncared-for
+live stock. When peace came these marauders
+had acquired a distaste for honest labor;
+leaving the forts, they pillaged right and left,
+and horse-stealing became an especially
+prevalent frontier vice.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">61</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Justice on the border was as yet insufficiently
+organized. Some of the Virginia and
+Carolina magistrates were themselves rascals,
+whose decisions could be purchased by
+criminals. Many of the best citizens, therefore,
+formed associations whose members
+were called "regulators." They bound
+themselves to pursue, arrest, and try criminals,
+and to punish them by whipping, also
+by expulsion from the neighborhood. The
+law-breakers, on the other hand, organized
+in defense, and popular opinion was divided
+between the two elements; for there were
+some good people who did not like the arbitrary
+methods of the regulators, and insisted
+upon every man being given a regular trial
+by jury. In South Carolina, particularly,
+the settlers were much exercised on this
+question, and arrayed themselves into opposing
+bands, armed to carry out their respective
+views. For a time civil war was feared;
+but finally, after five years of disturbance,
+an agreement was reached, efficient courts
+were established, and justice triumphed.</p>
+
+<p>Affairs did not reach so serious a stage
+in North Carolina. Nevertheless there were
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">62</a></span>
+several bands of vicious and indolent men,
+who, entrenched in the hills, long defied the
+regulators. One of these parties built a
+rude stockaded fort beneath an overhanging
+cliff in the mountains back of the Yadkin
+settlements. They stole horses, cattle, farming
+utensils; in fact, anything that they could
+lay their hands upon. One day they grew so
+bold as to kidnap a girl. The settlers, now
+roused to action, organized attacking companies,
+one of them headed by Daniel Boone,
+and carried the log fortress of the bandits
+by storm. The culprits were taken to Salisbury
+jail and the clan broken up.</p>
+
+<p>The rapid growth of the country soon
+made game scarce in Boone's neighborhood.
+Not only did the ever-widening area of
+cleared fields destroy the cover, but there
+were, of course, more hunters than before.
+Thus our Nimrod, who in his early manhood
+cared for nothing smaller than deer, was
+compelled to take extended trips in his
+search for less-frequented places. It was not
+long before he had explored all the mountains
+and valleys within easy reach, and become
+familiar with the views from every
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">63</a></span>
+peak in the region, many of them five and six
+thousand feet in height.</p>
+
+<p>As early as 1764-65 Boone was in the
+habit of taking with him, upon these trips
+near home, his little son James, then seven
+or eight years of age. This was partly for
+company, but mainly for the lad's education
+as a hunter. Frequently they would spend
+several days together in the woods during the
+autumn and early winter&mdash;the deer-hunting
+season&mdash;and often, when in "open" camps,
+were overtaken by snow-storms. On such
+occasions the father would keep the boy
+warm by clasping him to his bosom as they
+lay with feet toward the glowing camp-fire.
+As the well-taught lad grew into early manhood
+these two companions would be absent
+from home for two and three months together,
+always returning well laden with the
+spoils of the chase.</p>
+
+<p>Hunters in Boone's day had two kinds of
+camp&mdash;"open" when upon the move, which
+meant sleeping in their blankets upon the
+ground wherever darkness or weariness
+overtook them; "closed" where remaining
+for some time in a locality. A closed camp
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">64</a></span>
+consisted of a rude hut of logs or poles, the
+front entirely open, the sides closely chinked
+with moss, and the roof covered with blankets,
+boughs, or bark, sloping down to a back-log.
+In times when the Indians were not
+feared a fire was kept up throughout the
+night, in front, in order to warm the enclosure.
+Upon a bed of hemlock boughs or of
+dried leaves the hunters lay with heads to
+the back-log and stockinged feet to the blaze,
+for their spongy moccasins were hung to dry.<a name="FNanchor_8" id="FNanchor_8" href="#Footnote_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a>
+Such a camp, often called a "half-faced
+cabin," was carefully placed so that it might
+be sheltered by neighboring hills from the
+cold north and west winds. It was fairly
+successful as a protection from rain and
+snow, and sometimes served a party of hunters
+throughout several successive seasons;
+but it was ill-fitted for the coldest weather.
+Boone frequently occupied a shelter of this
+kind in the woods of Kentucky.</p>
+
+<p>During the last four months of 1765
+Boone and seven companions went on horseback
+to the new colony of Florida with a view
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">65</a></span>
+to moving thither if they found it suited
+to their tastes. Wherever possible, they
+stopped overnight at borderers' cabins upon
+the frontiers of the Carolinas and Georgia.
+But such opportunities did not always occur;
+they often suffered from hunger, and once
+they might have died from starvation but for
+the timely succor of a roving band of Seminole
+Indians. They explored Florida all the
+way from St. Augustine to Pensacola, and
+appear to have had a rather wretched time
+of it. The trails were miry from frequent
+rains, the number and extent of the swamps
+appalled them, and there was not game
+enough to satisfy a man like Boone, who
+scorned alligators. Pensacola, however, so
+pleased him that he determined to settle
+there, and purchased a house and lot which
+he might in due time occupy. Upon their return
+Boone told his wife of his Pensacola venture,
+but this sturdy woman of the frontier
+spurned the idea of moving to a gameless
+land. So the town lot was left to take care
+of itself, and henceforth the dutiful husband
+looked only to the West as his model of a
+perfect country.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">66</a></span></p>
+
+<p>At the close of the French and Indian
+War there arrived in the Boone settlement
+a Scotch-Irishman named Benjamin Cutbirth,
+aged about twenty-three years. He
+was a man of good character and a fine hunter.
+Marrying Elizabeth Wilcoxen, a niece of
+Daniel Boone, he and Boone went upon long
+hunts together, and attained that degree of
+comradeship which joint life in a wilderness
+camp is almost certain to produce.</p>
+
+<p>In 1766 several families from North Carolina
+went to Louisiana, apparently by sea to
+New Orleans, and founded an English settlement
+above Baton Rouge on the Mississippi
+River. The news of this event gave
+rise to a general desire for exploring the
+country between the mountains and the great
+river. The year following, Cutbirth, John
+Stuart, John Baker, and John Ward, all of
+them young married men on the Yadkin, and
+excellent hunters, resolved to perform this
+feat, and if possible to discover a region superior
+to their own valley. They crossed the
+mountain range and eventually saw the Mississippi,
+being, so far as we know from contemporary
+documents, the first party of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">67</a></span>
+white men to succeed in this overland enterprise.
+Possibly fur-traders may have done
+so before them, but they left no record to
+prove it.</p>
+
+<p>Cutbirth and his friends spent a year or
+two upon the river. In the autumn they ascended
+the stream for a considerable distance,
+also one of its tributaries, made a stationary
+camp for the winter, and in the
+spring descended to New Orleans, where they
+sold at good prices their skins, furs, bear-bacon,
+bear's oil, buffalo "jerk" (dried
+meat), tallow, and dried venison hams.
+Their expedition down the river was performed
+at great risks, for they had many
+hairbreadth escapes from snags, river banks
+shelving in, whirlpools, wind-storms, and Indians.
+Their reward, says a chronicler of
+the day, was "quite a respectable property;"
+but while upon their return homeward,
+overland, they were set upon by Choctaws,
+who robbed them of their all.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile, Daniel Boone was slow in
+making up his mind to leave home and the
+wife and family whom he dearly loved for so
+long and perilous a trip as a journey into
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">68</a></span>
+the now much-talked-of land of Kentucky.
+Perhaps, despite his longings, he might never
+have gone had affairs upon the Yadkin remained
+satisfactory to him. But game, his
+chief reliance, was year by year becoming
+harder to obtain. And the rascally agents
+of Earl Granville, the principal landholder
+of the region, from whom the Boones had
+purchased, were pretending to find flaws in
+the land-titles and insisting upon the necessity
+for new deeds, for which large fees were
+exacted.</p>
+
+<p>This gave rise to great popular discontent.
+Boone's protest consisted in leaving
+the Sugar Tree settlement and moving northwest
+for sixty-five miles toward the head of
+the Yadkin. His new cabin, a primitive shell
+of logs, could still be seen, a few years ago,
+at the foot of a range of hills some seven
+and a half miles above Wilkesboro, in Wilkes
+County. After a time, dissatisfied with this
+location, he moved five miles farther up the
+river and about half a mile up Beaver Creek.
+Again he changed his mind, choosing his
+final home on the upper Yadkin, just above
+the mouth of Beaver. It was from this beautiful
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">69</a></span>
+region among the Alleghany foot-hills,
+where game and fish were plenty and his
+swine and cattle had good range, that Boone,
+crowded out by advancing civilization, eventually
+moved to Kentucky.</p>
+
+<p>In the spring and early summer of 1767
+there were fresh outbreaks on the part of
+the Indians. Governor Tryon had run a
+boundary-line between the back settlements
+of the Carolinas and the Cherokee hunting-grounds.
+But hunters and traders would
+persist in wandering to the west of this line,
+and sometimes they were killed.</p>
+
+<p>In the autumn of that year Daniel Boone
+and a warm friend, William Hill, and possibly
+Squire Boone, determined to seek Kentucky,
+of which Finley had told him twelve
+years before. They crossed the mountain
+wall, were in the valleys of the Holston and
+the Clinch, and reached the head waters of
+the West Fork of the Big Sandy. Following
+down this river for a hundred miles, determined
+to find the Ohio, they appear to have
+struck a buffalo-path, along which they traveled
+as far as a salt-lick ten miles west of
+the present town of Prestonburg, on a tributary
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">70</a></span>
+of the West (or Louisa) Fork of the
+Sandy, within Floyd County, in the extreme
+eastern part of Kentucky.</p>
+
+<p>Caught in a severe snow-storm, they were
+compelled to camp at this lick for the entire
+winter. It proved to be the most profitable
+station that they could have selected, for buffaloes
+and other animals came in large numbers
+to lick the brackish soil, and all the hunters
+had to do was to "rise, kill, and eat."</p>
+
+<p>Although now considerably west of the
+Cumberland Mountains, the explorers were
+not aware that they were within the famed
+Kentucky; and as the country was very hilly,
+covered with briers which annoyed them
+greatly, and altogether forbidding, they despaired
+of reaching the promised land by
+this path, and in the spring returned to the
+Yadkin.
+</p>
+
+<h3 class="p6">CHAPTER VI<br />
+ALONE IN THE WILDERNESS</h3>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">71</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In the winter of 1768-69 a pedler with
+horse and wagon wandered into the valley
+of the upper Yadkin, offering small wares
+to the settlers' wives. This was thrifty John
+Finley, former fur-trader and Indian fighter,
+who, thirteen years before, had, as we have
+seen, fraternized with Boone in Braddock's
+ill-fated army on the Monongahela. Finley
+had, in 1752, in his trade with the Indians,
+descended the Ohio in a canoe to the site of
+Louisville, accompanied by three or four
+voyageurs, and, with some of his dusky customers,
+traveled widely through the interior
+of Kentucky. His glowing descriptions of
+this beautiful land had inspired Boone to try
+to find it. The latter was still sorrowing over
+his unpromising expedition by way of the Big
+Sandy when, by the merest chance, the man
+who had fired his imagination knocked at his
+very door.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">72</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Throughout the winter that Finley was
+Daniel's guest, he and his brother Squire were
+ready listeners to the pedler's stories of the
+over-mountain country&mdash;tales of countless
+water-fowl, turkeys, deer, elk, and buffaloes,
+which doubtless lost nothing in the telling.
+The two Boones resolved to try Finley's proposed
+route by way of Cumberland Gap, and
+the fur-trader promised to lead the way.</p>
+
+<p>After the spring crops were in, Finley,
+Daniel Boone, and the latter's brother-in-law,
+John Stuart, started from Daniel's house
+upon the first of May. In their employ, as
+hunters and camp-keepers, were three neighbors&mdash;Joseph
+Holden, James Mooney, and
+William Cooley. Each man was fully armed,
+clad in the usual deerskin costume of the
+frontier, and mounted upon a good horse;
+blanket or bearskin was strapped on behind
+the saddle, together with camp-kettle, a store
+of salt, and a small supply of provisions, although
+their chief food was to be game.
+Squire remained to care for the crops of the
+two families, and agreed to reenforce the
+hunters late in the autumn.</p>
+
+<p>Scaling the lofty Blue Ridge, the explorers
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">73</a></span>
+passed over Stone and Iron Mountains and
+reached Holston Valley, whence they proceeded
+through Moccasin Gap of Clinch
+Mountain, and crossed over intervening rivers
+and densely wooded hills until they came
+to Powell's Valley, then the farthest limit of
+white settlement. Here they found a hunter's
+trail which led them through Cumberland
+Gap. The "warriors' path"&mdash;trodden
+by Indian war-parties from across the mountains&mdash;was
+now discovered, and this they followed
+by easy stages until at last they
+reached what is now called Station Camp
+Creek, a tributary of the Kentucky River, in
+Estill County, Ky.&mdash;so named because here
+was built their principal, or "station" camp,
+the center of their operations for many
+months to come.</p>
+
+<p>While Boone, Finley, and Stuart made
+frequent explorations, and Boone in particular
+ascended numerous lofty hills in order to
+view the country, the chief occupation of the
+party was hunting. Throughout the summer
+and autumn deerskins were in their best
+condition. Other animals were occasionally
+killed to afford variety of food, but fur-bearers
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">74</a></span>
+as a rule only furnish fine pelts in the
+winter season. Even in the days of abundant
+game the hunter was required to exercise
+much skill, patience, and endurance. It
+was no holiday task to follow this calling.
+Deer, especially, were difficult to obtain.
+The habits of this excessively cautious animal
+were carefully studied; the hunter must
+know how to imitate its various calls, to take
+advantage of wind and weather, and to practise
+all the arts of strategy.</p>
+
+<p>Deerskins were, all things considered, the
+most remunerative of all. When roughly
+dressed and dried they were worth about a
+dollar each; as they were numerous, and a
+horse could carry for a long distance about a
+hundred such skins, the trade was considered
+profitable in those primitive times, when dollars
+were hard to obtain. Pelts of beavers,
+found in good condition only in the winter,
+were worth about two dollars and a half
+each, and of otters from three to five dollars.
+Thus, a horse-load of beaver furs, when obtainable,
+was worth about five times that of a
+load of deerskins; and if a few otters could
+be thrown in, the value was still greater. The
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">75</a></span>
+skins of buffaloes, bears, and elks were too
+bulky to carry for long distances, and were
+not readily marketable. A few elk-hides were
+needed, however, to cut up into harness and
+straps, and bear- and buffalo-robes were useful
+for bedding.</p>
+
+<p>When an animal was killed the hunter
+skinned it on the spot, and packed on his
+back the hide and the best portion of the
+meat. At night the meat was smoked or prepared
+for "jerking," and the skins were
+scraped and cured. When collected at the
+camps, the bales of skins, protected from
+the weather by strips of bark, were placed
+upon high scaffolds, secure from bears and
+wolves.</p>
+
+<p>Our Yadkin hunters were in the habit,
+each day, of dividing themselves into pairs
+for company and mutual aid in times of
+danger, usually leaving one pair behind as
+camp-keepers. Boone and Stuart frequently
+were companions upon such trips; for the
+former, being a man of few words, enjoyed
+by contrast the talkative, happy disposition
+of his friend. Occasionally the entire party,
+when the game grew timid, moved for some
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">76</a></span>
+distance, where they would establish a new
+camp; but their headquarters remained at
+Station Camp, where were kept their principal
+skins, furs, and stores. In this way the
+time passed from June to December. Boone
+used to assert, in after years, that these
+months were the happiest of his life. The
+genial climate, the beauty of the country, and
+the entire freedom of this wild life, strongly
+appealed to him. Here this taciturn but
+good-natured man, who loved solitary adventure,
+was now in his element. Large packs of
+skins had been obtained by the little company
+and stored at Station Camp and their
+outlying shelters; and there was now a generous
+supply of buffalo, bear, and elk meat,
+venison, and turkeys, all properly jerked for
+the winter which was before them, with buffalo
+tallow and bear's oil to serve as cooking
+grease.</p>
+
+<p>Finley and Boone were both aware that
+Kentucky lay between the warring tribes of
+the North and the South; that through it
+warriors' paths crossed in several directions;
+and that this, probably the finest hunting-field
+in North America, was a debatable land,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">77</a></span>
+frequently fought over by contending savages&mdash;a
+"dark and bloody ground" indeed.
+Yet thus far there had been no signs of Indians,
+and the Carolina hunters had almost
+ceased to think of them.</p>
+
+<p>Toward the close of day on the twenty-second
+of December, while Boone and Stuart
+were ascending a low hill near the Kentucky
+River, in one of the most beautiful districts
+they had seen, they were suddenly surrounded
+and captured by a large party of Shawnese
+horsemen returning from an autumn
+hunt on Green River to their homes north
+of the Ohio. The two captives were forced
+to lead the savages to their camps, which
+were deliberately plundered, one after the
+other, of everything in them. The Shawnese,
+releasing their prisoners, considerately
+left with each hunter just enough supplies
+to enable him to support himself on the way
+back to the settlements. The white men
+were told what was a fact under existing
+treaties with the tribes&mdash;treaties, however, of
+which Boone and his companions probably
+knew nothing&mdash;that they were trespassing
+upon Indian hunting-grounds, and must not
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">78</a></span>
+come again, or "the wasps and yellow-jackets
+will sting you severely."</p>
+
+<p>The others proposed to leave for home at
+once; but Boone and Stuart, enraged at having
+lost their year's work and all that they
+had brought into the wilderness, and having
+no sympathy for Indian treaty rights, started
+out to recover their property. After two
+days they came up with the Shawnese, and
+secreting themselves in the bushes until dark,
+contrived to regain four or five horses and
+make off with them. But they, in turn, were
+overtaken in two days by the Indians and
+again made prisoners. After a week of captivity,
+in which they were kindly treated, they
+effected their escape in the dark and returned
+to Station Camp.</p>
+
+<p>Their companions, giving them up for
+lost, had departed toward home, but were
+overtaken by the two adventurers. Boone
+was gratified to find with them his brother
+Squire, who, having gathered the fall crops,
+had come out with a fresh supply of horses,
+traps, and ammunition. He had followed
+the trail of his predecessors, and in the New
+River region was joined by Alexander Neely.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">79</a></span>
+Not finding Daniel and Stuart at Station
+Camp, and grief-stricken at the report concerning
+them, he was traveling homeward
+with the party.</p>
+
+<p>Daniel, however, who had staked upon
+this venture almost all that he owned, did
+not relish the thought of returning empty-handed,
+now that reenforcements had arrived,
+and determined to stay and seek to
+regain his lost fortunes. Squire, Stuart, and
+Neely concluded also to remain, and the four
+were now left behind in the wilderness. On
+reaching the Holston Valley, Finley turned
+northward to seek his relatives in Pennsylvania;
+while Holden, Mooney, and Cooley
+proceeded southeastward to their Yadkin
+homes, carrying dismal news of the events attending
+this notable exploration of Kentucky.</p>
+
+<p>The quartette promptly abandoned Station
+Camp as being dangerously near the
+warriors' path, and, tradition says, built another
+on or near the northern bank of Kentucky
+River, not far from the mouth of the
+Red. The deer season was now over, but
+beavers and otters were in their prime, and
+soon the hunters were enjoying a profitable
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">80</a></span>
+season. A small canoe which they built added
+greatly to their equipment, and they were
+now enabled to set their traps throughout
+a wide region.</p>
+
+<p>Hunting in pairs, Daniel was generally
+accompanied by Stuart, while Neely and
+Squire were partners. In their wanderings
+the two pairs were sometimes several days
+without seeing each other; and frequently
+partners would be separated throughout the
+day, but at night met at some appointed spot.
+One day, toward the close of January or
+early in February (1770), Stuart did not return
+to the rendezvous, much to Boone's
+alarm. The following day the latter discovered
+the embers of a fire, doubtless built by
+the lost man; but that was all, for Stuart
+was seen no more. Five years later Boone
+came across the bones of his light-hearted
+comrade in a hollow sycamore tree upon
+Rockcastle River&mdash;he recognized them by
+Stuart's name cut upon his powder-horn.
+What caused Stuart's death is a mystery to
+the present day; possibly he was wounded
+and chased by Indians to this distant spot,
+and died while in hiding.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">81</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Stuart's mysterious disappearance frightened
+Neely, who at once left for home, thus
+leaving Daniel and Squire to pass the remainder
+of the winter in the wilderness by
+themselves. Dejected, but not discouraged,
+the brothers built a comfortable hut and continued
+their work. With the close of the
+trapping season the ammunition was nearly
+exhausted. Upon the first of May, a year
+after Daniel had left his cabin upon the upper
+Yadkin, Squire started out upon the return,
+their horses well laden with furs, skins,
+and jerked meat. Both men had, in their
+enterprise, contracted debts of considerable
+extent for frontier hunters, hence they were
+anxious to square themselves with the world,
+as well as to obtain more horses, ammunition,
+and miscellaneous supplies.</p>
+
+<p>Daniel was now left alone in Kentucky,
+"without bread, salt, or sugar, without company
+of his fellow-creatures, or even a horse
+or dog." In after years he acknowledged
+that he was at times homesick during the
+three months which followed, and felt deeply
+his absence from the wife and family to
+whom he was so warmly attached. But possessing
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">82</a></span>
+a cheerful, hopeful nature, he forgot
+his loneliness in untrammeled enjoyment of
+the far-stretching wilderness.</p>
+
+<p>Almost without ammunition, he could not
+hunt, save to obtain sufficient food, and largely
+spent his time in exploration. Fearing Indians,
+he frequently changed his location,
+sometimes living in shelters of bark and
+boughs, and again in caves; but seldom venturing
+to sleep in these temporary homes,
+preferring the thickets and the dense cane-brakes
+as less liable to be sought by savage
+prowlers.</p>
+
+<p>Kentucky has a remarkably diversified
+landscape of densely wooded hills and valleys
+and broad prairie expanses. The genial
+climate admirably suited the philosophical
+wanderer. He enjoyed the exquisite beauty
+and stateliness of the trees&mdash;the sycamores,
+tulip-trees, sugar-trees, honey-locusts, coffee-trees,
+pawpaws, cucumber-trees, and black
+mulberries&mdash;and found flowers in surprising
+variety and loveliness. The mineral springs
+interested him&mdash;Big Lick, the Blue Licks, and
+Big Bone Lick, with its fossil remains of
+mastodons which had become mired when
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">83</a></span>
+coming to lick the brackish soil. He traveled
+far and wide in his search for the beautiful
+and curious, being chiefly in the valleys of
+the Licking and the Kentucky, and upon the
+banks of the Ohio as far down as the site of
+Louisville, where, at the foot of the falls, he
+inspected the remains of an old fur trade
+stockade concerning which Finley had told
+him.</p>
+
+<p>Once he saw some Indians walking upon
+the northern bank of the Ohio, but managed
+himself to keep out of sight. At another
+time, when on the Kentucky, he saw a savage
+calmly fishing from the trunk of a fallen
+tree. In mentioning this incident to his family,
+in later days, he would declare with gravity:
+"While I was looking at the fellow he
+tumbled into the river, and I saw him no
+more." Probably the man of the Yadkin
+shot him, fearing that the fisherman might
+carry the news of the former's whereabouts
+to a possible camp near by. On another occasion,
+when exploring Dick's River, he was
+suddenly surrounded by Indians. Having
+either to surrender or to leap down the precipitous
+height to a bank sixty feet below,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">84</a></span>
+he chose to leap. Landing in the top of a
+small sugar-maple, he slid down the tree,
+and was able to escape by running under the
+overhanging bank and then swimming the
+stream. Adventures such as this gave
+abundant spice to the joys of solitude.</p>
+
+<p>In the latter part of July Squire arrived
+from the settlements, having paid all their
+debts and with the surplus purchased sufficient
+supplies for another summer and fall
+campaign against the deer. This was highly
+successful. They did not lack some interesting
+experiences, but Indians were not again
+encountered; so that, when winter approached,
+Squire was enabled once more to
+leave with well-laden horses for the markets
+of the East. Another two months of loneliness
+were suffered by Daniel; but in December
+Squire rejoined him with horses, ammunition,
+and other necessaries, and the pair
+joyously settled down for still another winter
+together in the dark and lonely forests of
+Kentucky.
+</p>
+
+<h3 class="p6">CHAPTER VII<br />
+PREDECESSORS AND CONTEMPORARIES</h3>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">85</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The reader of this narrative has, of
+course, already discovered that Daniel Boone
+was neither the original white explorer of
+Kentucky nor the first white hunter within
+its limits. Many others had been there before
+him. It will be worth our while at this
+point to take a hasty review of some of the
+previous expeditions which had made the
+"dark and bloody ground" known to the
+world.</p>
+
+<p>Probably none of the several Spanish explorations
+of the sixteenth century along the
+Mississippi River and through the Gulf
+States had touched Kentucky. But during
+the seventeenth century both the French in
+Canada and the English on the Atlantic tidewater
+came to have fairly accurate notions
+of the country lying immediately to the south
+of the Ohio River. As early as 1650 Governor
+Berkeley, of Virginia, made a vain attempt
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">86</a></span>
+to cross the Alleghany barrier in
+search of the Mississippi, concerning which
+he had heard from Indians; and we know
+that at the same time the French, especially
+the Jesuit missionaries, were looking eagerly
+in that direction. A few years later Colonel
+Abraham Wood, of Virginia, discovered
+streams which poured into the Ohio and the
+Mississippi. Just a century before Boone's
+great hunt, John Lederer, also of Virginia,
+explored for a considerable distance beyond
+the mountains. The following year Thomas
+Batts and his party proclaimed King Charles
+II upon New River, the upper waters of the
+Great Kanawha&mdash;twelve months before La
+Salle took possession of all Western waters
+for the French king, and nineteen before
+Marquette and Joliet discovered the Mississippi.</p>
+
+<p>There is a tradition that in 1678, only
+five years after the voyage of Marquette and
+Joliet, a party of New Englanders ventured
+into the Western wilderness as far as New
+Mexico. The later French expeditions of
+La Salle, Hennepin, and D'Iberville are well
+known. Several Englishmen traded with Indians
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">87</a></span>
+upon the Mississippi before the close
+of the seventeenth century; by 1719 the English
+were so numerous that Governor Keith,
+of Pennsylvania, suggested that four forts
+be built for their protection in the Wabash
+and Illinois countries. We hear of a French
+expedition investigating Big Bone Lick, in
+Kentucky, in 1735; and other visits were successively
+made by bands of their compatriots
+until the downfall of New France, over a
+quarter of a century later. In 1742 John
+Howard and Peter Salling, of Virginia, were
+exploring in Kentucky; six years after them
+Dr. Thomas Walker made a notable expedition
+through the same country; and two years
+after that Washington's backwoods friend,
+Christopher Gist, was on the site of Louisville
+selecting lands for the Ohio Company,
+which had a large grant upon the Ohio
+River.</p>
+
+<p>Henceforward, border chronicles abound
+with reports of the adventures of English
+fur-traders, hunters, and land-viewers, all
+along the Ohio River and tributary waters
+above Louisville. Among these early adventurers
+was our friend Finley, whose experiences
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">88</a></span>
+in Kentucky dated from 1752, and
+who piloted Boone to the promised land
+through the gateway of Cumberland Gap.
+The subsequent Indian wars, with the expeditions
+into the upper Ohio Valley by Generals
+Braddock, Forbes, and Bouquet, made
+the country still better known; and settlers
+were soon rushing in by scores, although as
+yet none of them appear to have made clearings
+within Kentucky itself.</p>
+
+<p>Officers and soldiers who had served in
+the French and Indian War were given liberal
+grants of land in the West. Washington
+had not only his own grant, as the principal
+officer upon the southwest frontier, but
+was agent for a number of fellow-soldiers,
+and in 1767 went to the Ohio River to select
+and survey claims. At the very time when
+Boone was engaged upon his fruitless expedition
+down the Big Sandy, Washington was
+making the first surveys in Kentucky on both
+the Little and Big Sandy. Again, in 1770,
+when Boone was exploring the Kentucky
+wilderness, Washington was surveying extensive
+tracts along the Ohio and the Great
+Kanawha, and planning for a large colony
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">89</a></span>
+upon his own lands. The outbreak of the
+Revolution caused the great man to turn his
+attention from the over-mountain region to
+the defense of his country. Had he been left
+to carry out his plans, he would doubtless
+have won fame as the most energetic of
+Western pioneers.</p>
+
+<p>It will be remembered that when Boone
+and his companions passed through Cumberland
+Gap in the early summer of 1769, they
+found the well-worn trail of other hunters
+who had preceded them from the settlements.
+The men of the Yadkin Valley were not the
+only persons seeking game in Kentucky that
+year. At about the time when Boone was
+bidding farewell to his family, Hancock
+and Richard Taylor, Abraham Hempinstall,
+and one Barbour, frontiersmen of the same
+type, started from their homes in Orange
+County, Va., to explore the valleys of the
+Ohio and Mississippi. They descended from
+Pittsburg in a boat, explored Kentucky, and
+proceeded into Arkansas, where they camped
+and hunted during the following winter.
+The next year two of them traveled eastward
+to Florida, and thence northwardly to their
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">90</a></span>
+homes; the others stayed in Arkansas for
+another year, and returned by sea from New
+Orleans to New York.</p>
+
+<p>Simultaneously with the expeditions of
+Boone and the Taylors, a party of twenty or
+more adventurous hunters and explorers was
+formed in the New River region, in the Valley
+of Virginia. They set out in June
+(1769), piloted by Uriah Stone, who had been
+in Kentucky three years before. Entering
+by way of the now familiar Cumberland Gap,
+these men had experiences quite similar to
+those of Boone and his comrades. At some
+of the Kentucky salt-licks they found herds
+of buffaloes numbering up in the thousands&mdash;at
+one lick a hundred acres were densely
+massed with these bulky animals, who exhibited
+no fear until the wind blew from the
+hunters toward them, and then they would
+"dash wildly away in large droves and disappear."
+Like Boone's party, they also were
+the victims of Cherokees, who plundered
+their camps, and after leaving them some
+guns and a little ammunition, ordered them
+out of the country. The New River party
+being large, however, some of their number
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">91</a></span>
+were deputed to go to the settlements and
+bring back fresh supplies, so that they could
+finish their hunt. After further adventures
+with Indians half of the hunters returned
+home; while the others wandered into Tennessee
+and as far as the Ozark Mountains,
+finally reaching New River through Georgia
+and the Carolinas. Another Virginian,
+named John McCulloch, who courted the
+perils of exploration, was in Kentucky in the
+summer of 1769 with a white man-servant
+and a negro. He visited the site of Terre
+Haute, Ind., and went by canoe to Natchez
+and New Orleans, and at length reached
+Philadelphia by sea.</p>
+
+<p>But the most famous of all the expeditions
+of the period was that of the "Long
+Hunters," as they have come to be known in
+Western history. Inspired by the favorable
+reports of Stone and others, about forty of
+the most noted and successful hunters of
+New River and Holston Valleys formed, in
+the summer of 1770, a company for hunting
+and trapping to the west of Cumberland
+Mountains. Under the leadership of two of
+the best woodsmen of the region, Joseph
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">92</a></span>
+Drake and Henry Skaggs, and including several
+of Stone's party, they set out in early
+autumn fully prepared for meeting Indians
+and living on game. Each man took with
+him three packhorses, rifles, ammunition,
+traps, dogs, blankets, and salt, and was
+dressed in the deerskin costume of the times.</p>
+
+<p>Pushing on through Cumberland Gap, the
+adventurers were soon in the heart of Kentucky.
+In accordance with custom, they visited
+some of the best licks&mdash;a few of which
+were probably first seen by them&mdash;for here
+wild beasts were always to be found in profusion.
+At Knob Licks they beheld from
+an eminence which overlooked the springs
+"what they estimated at largely over a thousand
+animals, including buffaloe, elk, bear,
+and deer, with many wild turkies scattered
+among them&mdash;all quite restless, some playing,
+and others busily employed in licking the
+earth; but at length they took flight and
+bounded away all in one direction, so that in
+the brief space of a couple of minutes not
+an animal was to be seen." Within an area
+of many acres, the animals had eaten the
+salty earth to a depth of several feet.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">93</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Successful in a high degree, the party
+ceased operations in February, and had completed
+preparations for sending a large shipment
+of skins, furs, and "jerk" to the settlements,
+when, in their temporary absence,
+roving Cherokees robbed them of much of
+their stores and spoiled the greater part of
+the remainder. "Fifteen hundred skins
+gone to ruination!" was the legend which
+one of them carved upon the bark of a neighboring
+tree, a record to which were appended
+the initials of each member of the party. A
+series of disasters followed, in the course of
+which two men were carried off by Indians
+and never again seen, and others fled for home.
+Those remaining, having still much ammunition
+and the horses, continued their hunt,
+chiefly upon the Green and Cumberland Rivers,
+and in due time brought together another
+store of peltries, almost as extensive as
+that despoiled by the savages.</p>
+
+<p>Not long after the robbery, when the
+Long Hunters were upon Green River, one
+of the parties into which the band was divided
+were going into camp for the night,
+when a singular noise was heard proceeding
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">94</a></span>
+from a considerable distance in the forest.
+The leader, Caspar Mausker, commanded
+silence on the part of his comrades, and himself
+crept cautiously from tree to tree in the
+direction of the sound. Imagine his surprise
+and amusement to find "a man bare-headed,
+stretched flat upon his back on a deerskin
+spread on the ground, singing merrily at the
+top of his voice!" The singer was our hero,
+Daniel Boone, who, regardless of possible
+Indian neighbors, was thus enjoying himself
+while awaiting Squire's belated return to
+camp. Like most woodsmen of his day and
+ours, Boone was fond of singing, in his rude
+way, as well as of relating tales of stirring
+adventure. In such manner were many
+hours whiled away around the camp-fires of
+wilderness hunters.</p>
+
+<p>The Boones at once joined and spent some
+time with the Long Hunters, no doubt delighted
+at this opportunity of once more
+mingling with men of their kind. Among
+their amusements was that of naming rivers,
+creeks, and hills after members of the party;
+many of these names are still preserved upon
+the map of Kentucky. At one time they discovered
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">95</a></span>
+that some French hunters from the
+Illinois country had recently visited a lick to
+kill buffaloes for their tongues and tallow,
+which they had loaded into a keel-boat and
+taken down the Cumberland. In after years
+one of the Long Hunters declared that this
+wholesale slaughter was so great "that one
+could walk for several hundred yards in and
+around the lick on buffaloes' skulls and
+bones, with which the whole flat around the
+lick was bleached."</p>
+
+<p>It was not until August that the Long
+Hunters returned to their homes, after a
+profitable absence of eleven months. But
+the Boone brothers left their comrades in
+March and headed for the Yadkin, with
+horses now well laden with spoils of the
+chase. They were deeply in debt for their
+latest supplies, but were returning in light
+heart, cheered with the prospect of settling
+their accounts and being able to revisit Kentucky
+in good condition. But in Powell's
+Valley, near Cumberland Gap, where they
+might well have supposed that small chance
+of danger remained, they were suddenly set
+upon by a war party of Northern Indians
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">96</a></span>
+who had been raiding the white settlers as
+well as their Southern foes, the Cherokees
+and Catawbas. Roughly handled and robbed
+of their packs, the unfortunate hunters
+reached the Yadkin in no happy frame of
+mind. Daniel had been absent for two years,
+and was now poorer than when he left home.
+He used to say, however, in after years, that
+having at last seen Kentucky, his ideal of
+an earthly paradise, that served as solace for
+his woes.
+</p>
+
+<h3 class="p6">CHAPTER VIII<br />
+THE HERO OF CLINCH VALLEY</h3>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">97</a></span></p>
+<p>While Daniel Boone had been hunting
+and exploring amid the deep forests and waving
+greenswards of Kentucky, important
+events had been taking place in the settlements.
+The colonists along the Atlantic tidewater
+had become so crowded that there were
+no longer any free lands in that region; and
+settlers' cabins in the western uplands of
+Pennsylvania, Maryland, the Carolinas, and
+Georgia had so multiplied that now much of
+the best land there had also been taken up.
+The far-outlying frontier upon which the
+Boones and Bryans had reared their rude
+log huts nearly a quarter of a century before,
+no longer abounded in game and in free pastures
+for roving herds; indeed, the frontier
+was now pushed forward to the west-flowing
+streams&mdash;to the head waters of the Watauga,
+Clinch, Powell, French Broad, Holston, and
+Nolichucky, all of them affluents of the Tennessee,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">98</a></span>
+and to the Monongahela and other
+tributaries of the upper Ohio.</p>
+
+<p>The rising tide of population demanded
+more room to the westward. The forbidding
+mountain-ranges had long hemmed in the
+restless borderers; but the dark-skinned
+wilderness tribes had formed a still more
+serious barrier, as, with rifles and tomahawks
+purchased from white traders, they
+terrorized the slowly advancing outposts of
+civilization. With the French government no
+longer in control of Canada and the region
+east of the Mississippi&mdash;although French-Canadian
+woodsmen were freely employed
+by the British Indian Department&mdash;with the
+consequent quieting of Indian forays, with
+increased knowledge of the over-mountain
+passes, and with the strong push of population
+from behind, there had arisen a general
+desire to scale the hills, and beyond them
+to seek exemption from tax-gatherers, free
+lands, and the abundant game concerning
+which the Kentucky hunters had brought
+glowing reports.</p>
+
+<p>Upon the defeat of the French, the English
+king had issued a proclamation (1763)
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">99</a></span>
+forbidding his "loving subjects" to settle to
+the west of the mountains. The home government
+was no doubt actuated in this by
+two motives: first, a desire to preserve the
+wilderness for the benefit of the growing fur
+trade, which brought wealth to many London
+merchants; second, a fear that borderers
+who pushed beyond the mountains might not
+only be beyond the reach of English trade,
+but also beyond English political control.
+But the frontiersmen were already too far
+distant to have much regard for royal proclamations.
+The king's command appears to
+have had no more effect than had he, like
+one of his predecessors, bade the ocean tide
+rise no higher.</p>
+
+<p>In 1768, at Fort Stanwix, N.Y., the
+Iroquois of that province, whose war parties
+had raided much of the country between the
+Hudson and the Mississippi, surrendered
+what shadowy rights they might be supposed
+to have over all lands lying between the Ohio
+and the Tennessee. Meanwhile, at the South,
+the Cherokees had agreed to a frontier which
+opened to settlement eastern Kentucky and
+Tennessee.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">100</a></span></p>
+
+<p>But, without waiting for these treaties,
+numerous schemes had been proposed in
+England and the Atlantic coast colonies for
+the settlement of Kentucky and the lands of
+the upper Ohio. Most of these projects
+failed, even the more promising of them being
+checked by the opening of the Revolutionary
+War; but their existence showed how
+general was the desire of English colonists
+to occupy those fertile Western lands which
+explorers like Gist, Washington, the Boones,
+and the Long Hunters had now made familiar
+to the world. The new treaties
+strengthened this desire, so that when Daniel
+and Squire Boone reached their homes upon
+the Yadkin the subject of Western settlement
+was uppermost in the minds of the
+people.</p>
+
+<p>The land excitement was, however, less
+intense in North Carolina than in the Valley
+of Virginia and other mountain troughs to
+the north and northeast. At Boone's home
+there was unrest of a more serious character.
+The tax-gatherers were arousing great popular
+discontent because of unlawful and extortionate
+demands, and in some cases Governor
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">101</a></span>
+Tryon had come to blows with the
+regulators who stood for the people's rights.</p>
+
+<p>For two and a half years after his return
+Boone quietly conducted his little farm, and,
+as of old, made long hunting trips in autumn
+and winter, occasionally venturing&mdash;sometimes
+alone, sometimes with one or two companions&mdash;far
+west into Kentucky, once visiting
+French Lick, on the Cumberland, where
+he found several French hunters. There is
+reason to believe that in 1772 he moved to
+the Watauga Valley, but after living there
+for a time went back to the Yadkin. Early
+in the following year he accompanied Benjamin
+Cutbirth and others as far as the present
+Jessamine County, Ky., and from this
+trip returned fired with quickened zeal for
+making a settlement in the new country.</p>
+
+<p>The spring and summer were spent in
+active preparations. He enlisted the cooperation
+of Captain William Russell, the
+principal pioneer in the Clinch Valley; several
+of the Bryans, whose settlement was
+now sixty-five miles distant, also agreed to
+join him; and five other families in his own
+neighborhood engaged to join the expedition.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">102</a></span>
+The Bryan party, numbering forty men,
+some of them from the Valley of Virginia
+and Powell's Valley, were not to be accompanied
+by their families, as they preferred
+to go in advance and prepare homes before
+making a final move. But Boone and the
+other men of the upper Yadkin took with
+them their wives and children; most of
+them sold their farms, as did Boone, thus
+burning their bridges behind them. Arranging
+to meet the Bryan contingent in Powell's
+Valley, Boone's party left for the West upon
+the twenty-fifth of September, 1773&mdash;fifty-six
+years after old George Boone had departed
+from England for the Pennsylvania
+frontier near Philadelphia, and twenty-three
+after the family had set out for the new
+southwest frontier on the Yadkin.</p>
+
+<p>Reaching Powell's, Boone went into camp
+to await the rear party, his riding and packhorses
+hoppled and belled, after the custom
+of such caravans, and their small herd of
+cattle properly guarded in a meadow. His
+eldest son, James, now a boy of sixteen
+years, was sent with two men, with pack-animals,
+across country to notify Russell and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">103</a></span>
+to secure some flour and farming tools.
+They were returning laden, in company with
+Russell's son Henry, a year older than
+James, two of Russell's negro slaves, and
+two or three white workpeople, when, missing
+their path, they went into camp for the
+night only three miles from Boone's quarters.
+At daybreak they were attacked by a Shawnese
+war party and all killed except a white
+laborer and a negro. This pathetic tragedy
+created such consternation among the movers
+that, despite Boone's entreaties to go forward,
+all of them returned to Virginia and
+Carolina. Daniel and his family, no longer
+having a home on the Yadkin, would not retreat,
+and took up their quarters in an empty
+cabin upon the farm of Captain David Gass,
+seven or eight miles from Russell's, upon
+Clinch River. Throughout this sorrowful
+winter the Boones were supported from their
+stock of cattle and by means of Daniel's unerring
+rifle.</p>
+
+<p>It was long before the intrepid pioneers
+could again take up their line of march.
+Ever since the Bouquet treaty of 1764 there
+had been more or less disturbance upon the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">104</a></span>
+frontiers. During all these years, although
+there was no open warfare between whites
+and reds, many scores of lives had been lost.
+Indians had wantonly plundered and murdered
+white men, and the latter had been
+quite as merciless toward the savages.
+Whenever a member of one race met a man
+of the other the rifle was apt to be at once
+brought into play. Meanwhile, armed parties
+of surveyors and land speculators were
+swarming into Kentucky, notching the trees
+for landmarks, and giving evidence to apprehensive
+tribesmen that the hordes of civilization
+were upon them. In 1773 George
+Rogers Clark, afterward the most famous of
+border leaders, had staked a claim at the
+mouth of Fishing Creek, on the Ohio; Washington
+had, this summer, descended the river
+to the same point; while at the Falls of the
+Ohio, and upon interior waters of the Kentucky
+wilderness, other parties were laying
+ambitious plans for the capitals of new colonies.</p>
+
+<p>In the following spring the Cherokees and
+Shawnese, now wrought to a high pitch of ill
+temper, combined for onslaughts on the advancing
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">105</a></span>
+frontiersmen. The wanton murder
+by border ruffians of Chief John Logan's
+family, near Mingo Junction, on the Ohio,
+was the match which, in early summer, fired
+the tinder. The Mingos, ablaze with the fire
+of vengeance, carried the war-pipe through
+the neighboring villages; runners were sent
+in every direction to rouse the tribes; tomahawks
+were unearthed, war-posts were planted;
+messages of defiance were sent to the
+"Virginians," as all frontiersmen were generally
+called by the Western Indians; and in
+a few days the border war to which history
+has given the name of Lord Dunmore, then
+governor of Virginia, was in full swing from
+Cumberland Gap to Fort Pitt, from the Alleghanies
+to the Wabash.</p>
+
+<p>Its isolation at first protected the Valley
+of the Clinch. The commandant of the
+southwest militia&mdash;which comprised every
+boy or man capable of bearing arms&mdash;was
+Colonel William Preston; under him was
+Major Arthur Campbell; the principal man
+in the Clinch Valley was Boone's friend,
+Russell. When, in June, the border captains
+were notified by Lord Dunmore that the war
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">106</a></span>
+was now on, forts were erected in each of the
+mountain valleys, and scouts sent out along
+the trails and streams to ascertain the whereabouts
+of the enemy.</p>
+
+<p>There were in Kentucky, at this time,
+several surveying parties which could not
+obtain news by way of the Ohio because of
+the blockade maintained by the Shawnese.
+It became necessary to notify them overland,
+and advise their retreat to the settlements
+by way of Cumberland Gap. Russell having
+been ordered by Preston to employ "two
+faithful woodsmen" for this purpose, chose
+Daniel Boone and Michael Stoner. "If they
+are alive," wrote Russell to his colonel, "it
+is indisputable but Boone must find them."
+Leaving the Clinch on June twenty-seventh,
+the two envoys were at Harrodsburg before
+July eighth. There they found James Harrod
+and thirty-four other men laying off a
+large town,<a name="FNanchor_9" id="FNanchor_9" href="#Footnote_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> in which they proposed to give
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">107</a></span>
+each inhabitant a half-acre in-lot and a ten-acre
+out-lot. Boone, who had small capacity
+for business, but in land was something of a
+speculator, registered as a settler, and in
+company with a neighbor put up a cabin for
+his future occupancy. This done, he and
+Stoner hurried on down the Kentucky River
+to its mouth, and thence to the Falls of the
+Ohio (site of Louisville), notifying several
+bands of surveyors and town-builders of
+their danger. After an absence of sixty-one
+days they were back again upon the Clinch,
+having traveled eight hundred miles through
+a practically unbroken forest, experienced
+many dangers from Indians, and overcome
+natural difficulties almost without number.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile Lord Dunmore, personally unpopular
+but an energetic and competent military
+manager, had sent out an army of nearly
+three thousand backwoodsmen against the
+Shawnese north of the Ohio. One wing of
+this army, led by the governor himself, went
+by way of Fort Pitt and descended the Ohio;
+among its members was George Rogers Clark.
+The other wing, commanded by General Andrew
+Lewis, included the men of the Southwest,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">108</a></span>
+eleven hundred strong; they were
+to descend the Great Kanawha and rendezvous
+with the northern wing at Point Pleasant,
+at the junction of the Kanawha and the
+Ohio.</p>
+
+<p>When Boone arrived upon the Clinch he
+found that Russell and most of the other militiamen
+of the district had departed upon the
+campaign. With a party of recruits, the
+great hunter started out to overtake the expedition,
+but was met by orders to return
+and aid in defending his own valley; for the
+drawing off of the militia by Dunmore had
+left the southwest frontiers in weak condition.
+During September the settlers upon
+the Clinch suffered much apprehension; the
+depredations of the tribesmen were not numerous,
+but several men were either wounded
+or captured.</p>
+
+<p>In a letter written upon the sixth of October,
+Major Campbell gives a list of forts
+upon the Clinch: "Blackmore's, sixteen men,
+Sergeant Moore commanding; Moore's, twenty
+miles above, twenty men, Lieutenant
+Boone commanding; Russell's, four miles
+above, twenty men, Sergeant W. Poage commanding;
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">109</a></span>
+Glade Hollow, twelve miles above,
+fifteen men, Sergeant John Dunkin commanding;
+Elk Garden, fourteen miles above,
+eighteen men, Sergeant John Kinkead commanding;
+Maiden Spring, twenty-three miles
+above, five men, Sergeant John Crane commanding;
+Whitton's Big Crab Orchard,
+twelve miles above, three men, Ensign John
+Campbell, of Rich Valley, commanding."
+During this month Boone and his little garrison
+made frequent sallies against the enemy,
+and now and then fought brief but desperate
+skirmishes. He appears to have been by far
+the most active commander in the valley, and
+when neighboring forts were attacked his
+party of well-trained riflemen generally furnished
+the relief necessary to raise the siege.
+"Mr. Boone," writes Campbell to Preston,
+"is very diligent at Castle's-woods, and
+keeps up good order." His conduct is frequently
+alluded to in the military correspondence
+of that summer; Campbell and other
+leaders exhibited in their references to our
+hero a respectful and even deferential tone.
+An eye-witness of some of these stirring
+scenes has left us a description of Daniel
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">110</a></span>
+Boone, now forty years of age, in which it is
+stated that his was then a familiar figure
+throughout the valley as he hurried to and
+fro upon his military duties "dressed in
+deerskin colored black, and his hair plaited
+and clubbed up."</p>
+
+<p>Upon the tenth of October, Cornstalk, a
+famous Shawnese chief, taking advantage of
+Dunmore's failure to join the southern wing,
+led against Lewis's little army encamped at
+Point Pleasant a thousand picked warriors
+gathered from all parts of the Northwest.
+Here, upon the wooded eminence at the junction
+of the two rivers, was waged from dawn
+until dusk one of the most bloody and stubborn
+hand-to-hand battles ever fought between
+Indians and whites. It is hard to say
+who displayed the best generalship, Cornstalk
+or Lewis. The American savage was a
+splendid fighter; although weak in discipline
+he could competently plan a battle. The tactics
+of surprise were his chief resource, and
+these are legitimate even in civilized warfare;
+but he could also make a determined
+contest in the open, and when, as at Point
+Pleasant, the opposing numbers were nearly
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">111</a></span>
+equal, the result was often slow of determination.
+Desperately courageous, pertinacious,
+with a natural aptitude for war combined
+with consummate treachery, cruelty, and cunning,
+it is small wonder that the Indian long
+offered a formidable barrier to the advance
+of civilization. In early Virginia, John
+Smith noticed that in Indian warfare the
+whites won at the expense of losses far beyond
+those suffered by the tribesmen; and
+here at Point Pleasant, while the "Long
+Knives"<a name="FNanchor_10" id="FNanchor_10" href="#Footnote_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> gained the day, the number of
+their dead and wounded was double that of
+the casualties sustained by Cornstalk's painted
+band.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">112</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The victory at Point Pleasant practically
+closed the war upon the border. Boone had
+been made a captain in response to a popular
+petition that the hero of Clinch Valley be
+thus honored, and was given charge of the
+three lower forts; but there followed only
+a few alarms, and upon the twentieth of
+November he and his brother militiamen of
+the region received their discharge. The
+war had cost Virginia £10,000 sterling, many
+valuable lives had been sacrificed, and an incalculable
+amount of suffering and privation
+had been occasioned all along the three hundred
+and fifty miles of American frontier.
+But the Shawnese had been humbled, the
+Cherokees had retired behind the new border
+line, and a lasting peace appeared to be
+assured.</p>
+
+<p>In the following January Captain Boone,
+true son of the wilderness, was celebrating
+his freedom from duties incident to war's
+alarms by a solitary hunt upon the banks of
+Kentucky River.
+</p>
+
+<h3 class="p6">CHAPTER IX<br />
+THE SETTLEMENT OF KENTUCKY</h3>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">113</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Kentucky had so long been spasmodically
+occupied and battled over by Shawnese,
+Iroquois, and Cherokees, that it can not be
+said that any of them had well-defined rights
+over its soil. Not until white men appeared
+anxious to settle there did the tribes begin
+to assert their respective claims, in the hope
+of gaining presents at the treaties whereat
+they were asked to make cessions. The
+whites, on their part, when negotiating for
+purchases, were well aware of the shadowy
+character of these claims; but, when armed
+with a signed deed of cession, they had something
+tangible upon which thenceforth to
+base their own claims of proprietorship.
+There was therefore much insincerity upon
+both sides. It is well to understand this situation
+in studying the history of Kentucky
+settlement.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Richard Henderson was one of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">114</a></span>
+principal judges in North Carolina, a scholarly,
+talented man, eminent in the legal profession;
+although but thirty-nine years of
+age, he wielded much influence. Knowing
+and respecting Daniel Boone, Henderson was
+much impressed by the former's enthusiastic
+reports concerning the soil, climate, and
+scenery of Kentucky; and, acting solely upon
+this information, resolved to establish a colony
+in that attractive country. He associated
+with himself three brothers, Nathaniel,
+David, and Thomas Hart, the last-named of
+whom in later life wrote that he "had known
+Boone of old, when poverty and distress held
+him fast by the hand; and in those wretched
+circumstances he had ever found him a noble
+and generous soul, despising everything
+mean." Their proposed colony was styled
+Transylvania, and the association of proprietors
+the Transylvania Company.</p>
+
+<p>It will be remembered that in the treaty
+of Fort Stanwix (1768) the Iroquois of New
+York had ceded to the English crown their
+pretensions to lands lying between the Ohio
+and the Tennessee. The Transylvania Company,
+however, applied to the Cherokees, because
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">115</a></span>
+this was the tribe commanding the path
+from Virginia and the Carolinas to Kentucky.
+In March, 1775, a great council was held at
+Sycamore Shoals, on the Watauga River, between
+the company and twelve hundred
+Cherokees who had been brought in for the
+purpose by Boone. For $50,000 worth of
+cloths, clothing, utensils, ornaments, and firearms,
+the Indians ceded to Henderson and
+his partners an immense grant including all
+the country lying between the Kentucky and
+Cumberland Rivers, also a path of approach
+from the east, through Powell's Valley. At
+this council were some of the most prominent
+Cherokee chiefs and southwestern frontiersmen.</p>
+
+<p>When the goods came to be distributed
+among the Indians it was found that, although
+they filled a large cabin and looked
+very tempting in bulk, there was but little
+for each warrior, and great dissatisfaction
+arose. One Cherokee, whose portion was a
+shirt, declared that in one day, upon this
+land, he could have killed deer enough to
+buy such a garment; to surrender his hunting-ground
+for this trifle naturally seemed
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">116</a></span>
+to him a bad bargain. For the safety of the
+pioneers the chiefs could give no guarantee;
+they warned Boone, who appears to have
+acted as spokesman for the company, that
+"a black cloud hung over this land," warpaths
+crossed it from north to south, and
+settlers would surely get killed; for such results
+the Cherokees must not be held responsible.</p>
+
+<p>This was not promising. Neither was
+the news, now received, that Governors
+Martin of North Carolina, and Dunmore
+of Virginia had both of them issued proclamations
+against the great purchase. The
+former had called Henderson and his partners
+an "infamous Company of Land
+Pyrates"; and they were notified that this
+movement was in violation of the king's
+proclamation of 1763, forbidding Western
+settlements.</p>
+
+<p>The company, relying upon popular sympathy
+and their great distance from tidewater
+seats of government, proceeded without
+regard to these proclamations. Boone,
+at the head of a party of about thirty enlisted
+men, some of them the best backwoodsmen
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">117</a></span>
+in the country,<a name="FNanchor_11" id="FNanchor_11" href="#Footnote_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> was sent ahead to mark
+a path through the forest to Kentucky River,
+and there establish a capital for the new
+colony. They encountered many difficulties,
+especially when traveling through cane-brakes
+and brush; and once, while asleep,
+were attacked by Indians, who killed a negro
+servant and wounded two of the party.
+Boone won hearty commendation for his skill
+and courage throughout the expedition,
+which finally arrived at its destination on the
+sixth of April. This was Big Lick, on Kentucky
+River, just below the mouth of Otter
+Creek. Here it was decided to build a town
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">118</a></span>
+to be called Boonesborough, to serve as the
+capital of Transylvania. The site was "a
+plain on the south side of the river, wherein
+was a lick with sulphur springs strongly impregnated."</p>
+
+<p>To Felix Walker, one of the pioneers, we
+are indebted for the details of this notable
+colonizing expedition, set forth in a narrative
+which is still preserved. "On entering
+the plain," he writes, "we were permitted to
+view a very interesting and romantic sight.
+A number of buffaloes, of all sizes, supposed
+to be between two and three hundred, made
+off from the lick in every direction: some
+running, some walking, others loping slowly
+and carelessly, with young calves playing,
+skipping, and bounding through the plain.
+Such a sight some of us never saw before,
+nor perhaps ever may again." A fort was
+commenced, and a few cabins "strung along
+the river-bank;" but it was long before the
+stronghold was completed, for, now that the
+journey was at an end, Boone's men had become
+callous to danger.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile Henderson was proceeding
+slowly from the settlements with thirty men
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">119</a></span>
+and several wagons loaded with goods and
+tools. Delayed from many causes, they at
+last felt obliged to leave the encumbering
+wagons in Powell's Valley. Pushing forward,
+they were almost daily met by parties
+of men and boys returning home from
+Kentucky bearing vague reports of Indian
+forays. This resulted in Henderson losing
+many of his own followers from desertion.
+Arriving at Boonesborough on the twentieth
+of April, the relief party was "saluted by a
+running fire of about twenty-five guns."
+Some of Boone's men had, in the general
+uneasiness, also deserted, and others had
+scattered throughout the woods, hunting,
+exploring, or surveying on their own account.</p>
+
+<p>The method of surveying then in vogue
+upon the Western frontier was of the crudest,
+although it must be acknowledged that
+any system more formal might, at that stage
+of our country's growth, have prevented
+rapid settlement. Each settler or land speculator
+was practically his own surveyor. With
+a compass and a chain, a few hours' work
+would suffice to mark the boundaries of a
+thousand-acre tract. There were as yet no
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">120</a></span>
+adequate maps of the country, and claims
+overlapped each other in the most bewildering
+manner. A speculator who "ran out"
+a hundred thousand acres might, without
+knowing it, include in his domain a half-dozen
+claims previously surveyed by modest
+settlers who wanted but a hundred acres
+each. A man who paid the land-office fees
+might "patent" any land he pleased and
+have it recorded, the colony, and later the
+State, only guaranteeing such entries as covered
+land not already patented. This overlapping,
+conscious or unconscious, at last became
+so perplexing that thousands of vexatious
+lawsuits followed, some of which are
+still unsettled; and even to-day in Kentucky
+there are lands whose ownership is actually
+unknown, which pay no taxes and support
+only squatters who can not be turned out&mdash;possibly
+some of it, lying between patented
+tracts, by chance has never been entered at
+all. Nobody can now say. Thus it was
+that we find our friend Daniel Boone quickly
+transformed from a wilderness hunter
+into a frontier surveyor. Before Henderson's
+arrival he had laid off the town site
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">121</a></span>
+into lots of two acres each. These were now
+drawn at a public lottery; while those who
+wished larger tracts within the neighborhood
+were able to obtain them by promising to
+plant a crop of corn and pay to the Transylvania
+Company a quit-rent of two English
+shillings for each hundred acres.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a name="i003" id="i003"></a>
+<img src="images/i003.jpg" width="550" height="506" alt="Survey Note" />
+<p class="caption">A SURVEY NOTE BY BOONE.</p>
+
+<p class="caption s08">Reduced facsimile from his field-books in possession of Wisconsin State
+Historical Society.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>There were now four settlements in the
+Transylvania grant: Boonesborough; Harrodsburg,
+fifty miles west, with about a hundred
+men; Boiling Spring, some six or seven
+miles from Harrodsburg; and St. Asaph.
+The crown lands to the north and east of the
+Kentucky, obtained by the Fort Stanwix
+treaty, contained two small settlements;
+forty miles north of Boonesborough was
+Hinkson's, later known as Ruddell's Station,
+where were about nineteen persons; lower
+down the Kentucky, also on the north side,
+was Willis Lee's settlement, near the present
+Frankfort; and ranging at will through the
+crown lands were several small parties of
+"land-jobbers," surveyors, and explorers,
+laying off the claims of militia officers who
+had fought in the Indian wars, and here and
+there building cabins to indicate possession.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">122</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Henderson had no sooner arrived than
+he prepared for a convention, at which the
+people should adopt a form of government
+for the colony and elect officers. This was
+held at Boonesborough, in the open air, under
+a gigantic elm, during the week commencing
+Tuesday, the twenty-third of May. There
+were eighteen delegates, representing each of
+the four settlements south of the Kentucky.
+Among them were Daniel and Squire Boone,
+the former of whom proposed laws for the
+preservation of game and for improving the
+breed of horses; to the latter fell the presentation
+of rules for preserving the cattle-ranges.
+The compact finally agreed upon
+between the colonists and the proprietors
+declared "the powers of the one and the liberties
+of the others," and was "the earliest
+form of government in the region west of
+the Alleghanies." It provided for "perfect
+religious freedom and general toleration,"
+militia and judicial systems, and complete
+liberty on the part of the settlers to conduct
+colonial affairs according to their needs.
+This liberal and well-digested plan appeared
+to please both Henderson and the settlers.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">123</a></span>
+But the opposition of the governors, the objections
+raised by the Assembly of Virginia,
+of which Kentucky was then a part,<a name="FNanchor_12" id="FNanchor_12" href="#Footnote_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> and
+finally, the outbreak of the Revolution, which
+put an end to proprietary governments in
+America, caused the downfall of the Transylvania
+Company. The Boonesborough legislative
+convention met but once more&mdash;in
+December, to elect a surveyor-general.</p>
+
+<p>The May meeting had no sooner adjourned
+than Transylvania began again to
+lose its population. Few of the pioneers
+who had come out with Boone and Henderson,
+or had since wandered into the district,
+were genuine home-seekers. Many appear
+to have been mere adventurers, out for the
+excitement of the expedition and to satisfy
+their curiosity, who either returned home or
+wandered farther into the woods to seek
+fresh experiences of wild life; others had
+deliberately intended first to stake out claims
+in the neighborhood of the new settlements
+and then return home to look after their
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">124</a></span>
+crops, and perhaps move to Kentucky in the
+autumn; others there were who, far removed
+from their families, proved restless; while
+many became uneasy because of Indian outrages,
+reports of which soon began to be circulated.
+Henderson wrote cheerful letters to
+his partners at home, describing the country
+as a paradise; but by the end of June, when
+Boone returned to the East for salt, Harrodsburg
+and Boiling Spring were almost
+deserted, while Boonesborough could muster
+but ten or twelve "guns," as men or boys
+capable of fighting Indians were called in
+the militia rolls.</p>
+
+<p>The infant colony of Kentucky had certainly
+reached a crisis in its career. Game
+was rapidly becoming more scarce, largely
+because of careless, inexperienced hunters
+who wounded more than they killed, and
+killed more than was needed for food; the
+frightened buffaloes had now receded so far
+west that they were several days' journey
+from Boonesborough. Yet game was still the
+staff of life. Captain Floyd, the surveyor-general,
+wrote to Colonel Preston: "I must
+hunt or starve."
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">125</a></span></p>
+
+<p>As the summer wore away and crops in the
+Eastern settlements were gathered, there was
+a considerable increase in the population.
+Many men who, in later days, were to exert
+a powerful influence in Kentucky now arrived&mdash;George
+Rogers Clark, the principal
+Western hero of the Revolution; Simon
+Kenton, famous throughout the border as
+hunter, scout, and Indian fighter; Benjamin
+Logan, William Whitley, the Lewises, Campbells,
+Christians, Prestons, MacDowells, McAfees,
+Hite, Bowman, Randolph, Todd, McClellan,
+Benton, Patterson&mdash;all of them
+names familiar in Western history.</p>
+
+<p>In the first week of September Boone arrived
+with his wife and family and twenty
+young men&mdash;"twenty-one guns," the report
+reads; Squire and his family soon followed;
+four Bryans, their brothers-in-law, came at
+the head of thirty men from the Yadkin; and,
+at the same time, Harrodsburg was reached
+by several other families who had, like the
+Boones, come on horseback through Cumberland
+Gap and Powell's Valley. This powerful
+reenforcement of pioneers, most of whom
+proposed to stay, had largely been attracted
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">126</a></span>
+by Henderson's advertisements in Virginia
+newspapers offering terms of settlement on
+Transylvania lands. "Any person," said
+the announcement, "who will settle on and
+inhabit the same before the first day of June,
+1776, shall have the privilege of taking up
+and surveying for himself five hundred acres,
+and for each tithable person he may carry
+with him and settle there, two hundred and
+fifty acres, on the payment of fifty shillings
+sterling per hundred, subject to a yearly
+quit-rent of two shillings, like money, to commence
+in the year 1780." Toward the end
+of November Henderson himself, who had
+gone on a visit to Carolina, returned with
+forty men, one of whom was Colonel Arthur
+Campbell, a prominent settler in the Holston
+Valley.</p>
+
+<p>This increase of population, which had
+been noticeable throughout the autumn and
+early winter, received a sudden check, however,
+two days before Christmas, when the
+Indians, who had been friendly for several
+months past, began again to annoy settlers,
+several being either killed or carried into
+captivity. This gave rise to a fresh panic,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">127</a></span>
+in the course of which many fled to the east
+of the mountains.</p>
+
+<p>During the year about five hundred persons
+from the frontiers of Pennsylvania,
+Virginia, and North Carolina had visited and
+explored Kentucky; but now, at the close of
+December, the population of all the settlements
+did not aggregate over two hundred.
+The recent outbreak had much to do with
+this situation of affairs; but there were other
+causes conspiring to disturb the minds of
+the people and postpone the growth of settlement&mdash;the
+clashing of interests between
+the Transylvania Company and the governors
+of Virginia and North Carolina, uncertainty
+as to the possibilities of a general Indian
+war, the threatened rupture between the
+colonies and the English crown, and the
+alarming scarcity of provisions and ammunition
+throughout Kentucky.</p>
+
+<p>Nevertheless, over nine hundred entries
+had been made in the Transylvania land-office
+at Boonesborough, embracing 560,000
+acres, and most of these tracts were waiting
+to be surveyed; two hundred and thirty acres
+of corn had been successfully raised; horses,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">128</a></span>
+hogs, and poultry had been introduced, and
+apple- and peach-trees had been started at
+several settlements. The germ of a colony
+was firmly planted, laws had been made,
+the militia had been organized, civil and military
+officers had been commissioned, and in
+the face of several slight Indian attacks the
+savages had been repelled and the country
+maintained. Most promising of all, there
+were now twelve women in the country, all
+of them heads of families.</p>
+
+<p>The principal pioneers were nearly all of
+sturdy Scotch-Irish blood, men of sterling
+merit, intensely devoted to the cause of
+American liberty, and destined to contribute
+powerfully to its aid in the great war which
+had now begun, and concerning which messengers
+from over the mountains had during
+the year brought them scanty information.
+</p>
+
+<h3 class="p6">CHAPTER X<br />
+TWO YEARS OF DARKNESS</h3>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">129</a></span></p>
+
+<p>With the opening of the year 1776 Daniel
+and Squire Boone were employed for several
+weeks as hunters or assistants to a party of
+surveyors sent by the Transylvania Company
+to the Falls of the Ohio, in the vicinity
+of which Henderson and his friends had
+taken up seventy thousand acres of land.
+They met no Indians and saw plenty of
+game; but returned to find that the settlers
+were indignant because of this wholesale preemption
+by the proprietors of the colony in
+a neighborhood where it was now felt the
+chief city in Kentucky was sure to be planted.
+In response to this clamor Henderson promised
+that hereafter, in that locality, only
+small tracts should be granted to individuals,
+and that a town should at once be laid out
+at the Falls; but the scanty supply of powder
+and provisions, and the company's growing
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">130</a></span>
+troubles with the Virginia Assembly, prevented
+the execution of this project.</p>
+
+<p>In the spring newcomers everywhere appeared.
+In order to please the people of
+Harrodsburg, now the largest settlement,
+who were disposed to be critical, the company's
+land-office was moved thither, and it
+at once entered upon a flourishing business.
+Not only did many Virginians and Carolinians
+come in on horseback over the "Wilderness
+Road," as the route through Cumberland
+Gap was now styled, but hundreds also
+descended the Ohio in boats from the new
+settlements on the Monongahela, and from
+those farther east in Pennsylvania.</p>
+
+<p>While the horsemen of the Wilderness
+Road generally settled in Transylvania,
+those journeying by boat were chiefly interested
+in the crown lands north of the Kentucky;
+through these they ranged at will,
+building rude pens, half-faced cabins, and
+log huts, as convenience dictated, and planting
+small crops of corn in order to preempt
+their claims. The majority, however, after
+making sometimes as many as twenty such
+claims each, often upon land already surveyed
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">131</a></span>
+on militia officers' warrants, returned
+home at the close of the season, seeking to
+sell their fictitious holdings to actual settlers.
+Of course the unscrupulous conduct of these
+"claim-jumping" speculators led to numerous
+quarrels. John Todd, of Harrodsburg,
+wrote to a friend: "I am afraid to lose sight
+of my house lest some invader should take
+possession."</p>
+
+<p>It was difficult, even for those who came
+to settle, to get down to hard work during
+those earliest years. Never was there a
+more beautiful region than the Kentucky
+wilderness. Both old and new settlers were
+fond of roaming through this wonderland of
+forests and glades and winding rivers,
+where the nights were cool and refreshing
+and the days filled with harmonies of sound
+and sight and smell. Hill and valley, timberland
+and thicket, meadow and prairie, grasslands
+and cane-brake&mdash;these abounded on
+every hand, in happy distribution of light
+and shadow. The soil was extremely fertile;
+there were many open spots fitted for immediate
+cultivation; the cattle-ranges were
+of the best, for nowhere was cane more
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">132</a></span>
+abundant; game was more plentiful than
+men's hopes had ever before conceived&mdash;of
+turkeys, bears, deer, and buffaloes it seemed,
+for a time, as if the supply must always far
+excelled any possible demand. It is small
+wonder that the imaginations of the pioneers
+were fired with dreams of the future, that
+they saw in fancy great cities springing up
+in this new world of the West, and wealth
+pouring into the laps of those who could first
+obtain a foothold. Thus, in that beautiful
+spring of 1776, did Kentuckians revel in the
+pleasures of hope, and cast to the winds all
+thought of the peril and toil by which alone
+can man conquer a savage-haunted wilderness.</p>
+
+<p>But the "dark cloud" foretold at the Watauga
+treaty soon settled upon the land. Incited
+by British agents&mdash;for the Revolution
+was now on&mdash;the Cherokees on the south and
+the Shawnese and Mingos on the north declared
+war upon the American borderers.
+The Kentuckians were promptly warned by
+messengers from the East. The "cabiners,"
+as claim speculators were called by actual
+settlers; the wandering fur-traders, most of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">133</a></span>
+whom were shabby rascals, whose example
+corrupted the savages, and whose conduct
+often led to outbreaks of race hostility; and
+the irresponsible hunters, who were recklessly
+killing or frightening off the herds of
+game&mdash;all of these classes began, with the
+mutterings of conflict, to draw closer to the
+settlements; while many hurried back to their
+old homes, carrying exaggerated reports of
+the situation.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile, opposition to the Transylvania
+proprietors was fast developing. The
+settlers in the Harrodsburg neighborhood
+held a convention in June and sent Colonel
+George Rogers Clark and Captain John Gabriel
+Jones as delegates to the Virginia Convention
+with a petition to that body to make
+Kentucky a county of Virginia. This project
+was bitterly opposed by Henderson; but
+upon the adoption by Congress, in July, of
+the Declaration of Independence, there was
+small chance left for the recognition of any
+proprietary government. When the new
+Virginia legislature met in the autumn, the
+petition of the "inhabitants of Kentuckie"
+was granted, and a county government organized.<a name="FNanchor_13" id="FNanchor_13" href="#Footnote_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">134</a></span>
+David Robinson was appointed
+county lieutenant, John Bowman colonel, Anthony
+Bledsoe and George Rogers Clark majors,
+and Daniel Boone, James Harrod, John
+Todd, and Benjamin Logan captains.</p>
+
+<p>It was not until July that the Kentuckians
+fully realized the existence of an Indian war.
+During that month several hunters, surveyors,
+and travelers were killed in various parts
+of the district. The situation promised so
+badly that Colonel William Russell, of the
+Holston Valley, commandant of the southwestern
+Virginia militia, advised the immediate
+abandonment of Kentucky. Such advice
+fell upon unheeding ears in the case of men
+like Boone and his companions, although
+many of the less valorous were quick to retire
+beyond the mountains.</p>
+
+<p>On Sunday, the seventeenth of July,
+an incident occurred at Boonesborough which
+created wide-spread consternation. Jemima,
+the second daughter of Daniel Boone, aged
+fourteen years, together with two girl
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">135</a></span>
+friends, Betsey and Fanny Calloway, sixteen
+and fourteen respectively, were paddling in
+a canoe upon the Kentucky. Losing control
+of their craft in the swift current, not over
+a quarter of a mile from the settlement, they
+were swept near the north bank, when five
+Shawnese braves, hiding in the bushes, waded
+out and captured them. The screams of
+the girls alarmed the settlers, who sallied
+forth in hot pursuit of the kidnappers.</p>
+
+<p>The mounted men, under Colonel Calloway,
+father of two of the captives, pushed
+forward to Lower Blue Licks, hoping to cut
+off the Indians as they crossed the Licking
+River on their way to the Shawnese towns
+in Ohio, whither it was correctly supposed
+they were fleeing. Boone headed the footmen,
+who followed closely on the trail of the
+fugitives, which had been carefully marked
+by the girls, who, with the self-possession
+of true borderers, furtively scattered broken
+twigs and scraps of clothing as they were
+hurried along through the forest by their
+grim captors. After a two days' chase,
+Boone's party caught up with the unsuspecting
+savages some thirty-five miles from
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">136</a></span>
+Boonesborough, and by dint of a skilful dash
+recaptured the young women, unharmed.
+Two of the Shawnese were killed and the
+others fled into the woods. Calloway's
+horsemen met no foe.</p>
+
+<p>Although few other attacks were reported
+during the summer or autumn, the people
+were in a continual state of apprehension,
+neglected their crops, and either huddled in
+the neighborhood of the settlements, or
+"stations" as they were called, or abandoned
+the country altogether. In the midst
+of this uneasiness Floyd wrote to his friend
+Preston, in Virginia, urging that help be sent
+to the distressed colony: "They all seem
+deaf to anything we can say to dissuade
+them.... I think more than three hundred
+men have left the country since I came out,
+and not one has arrived, except a few <i>cabiners</i>
+down the Ohio. I want to return as much
+as any man can do; but if I leave the country
+now there is scarcely one single man
+who will not follow the example. When I
+think of the deplorable condition a few
+helpless families are likely to be in, I conclude
+to sell my life as dearly as I can in
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">137</a></span>
+their defense rather than make an ignominious
+escape."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a name="i004" id="i004"></a>
+<img src="images/i004.jpg" width="550" height="366" alt="Fort Boonesborough" />
+<p class="caption">FORT BOONESBOROUGH.</p>
+
+<p class="caption s08">Drawn from Henderson's plans and other historical data by George W. Ranck; reduced from the latter's
+"Boonesborough" (Filson Club Publications, No. 16).</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Seven stations had now been abandoned&mdash;Huston's,
+on the present site of Paris;
+Hinkson's, on the Licking; Bryan's, on the
+Elkhorn; Lee's, on the Kentucky; Harrod's,
+or the Boiling Spring settlement; Whitley's,
+and Logan's. But three remained occupied&mdash;McClellan's,
+Harrodsburg, and Boonesborough.
+Up to this time none of the Kentucky
+stations had been fortified; there had been
+some unfinished work at Boonesborough, but
+it was soon allowed to fall into decay. Work
+was now resumed at all three of the occupied
+settlements; this consisted simply of connecting
+the cabins, which faced an open square,
+by lines of palisades. It was only at McClellan's,
+however, that even this slender
+protection was promptly completed; at
+Boonesborough and Harrodsburg the work,
+although but a task of a few days, dragged
+slowly, and was not finished for several
+months. It was next to impossible for Boone
+and the other militia captains to induce men
+to labor at the common defenses in time of
+peace.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">138</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Great popular interest was taken by the
+people of the Carolinas, Virginia, and Pennsylvania
+in the fate of the Kentucky settlements,
+whither so many prominent borderers
+from those States had moved. The frantic
+appeals for help sent out by Floyd, Logan,
+and McGary, and expressed in person by
+George Rogers Clark, awakened keen sympathy;
+but the demands of Washington's
+army were now so great, in battles for national
+liberty upon the Atlantic coast, that little
+could be spared for the Western settlers.
+During the summer a small supply of powder
+was sent out by Virginia to Captain Boone;
+in the autumn Harrod and Logan rode to
+the Holston and obtained from the military
+authorities a packhorse-load of lead; and in
+the closing days of the year Clark arrived
+at Limestone (now Maysville), on the Ohio,
+with a boat-load of powder and other stores,
+voted to the service of Kentucky by the Virginia
+Assembly. He had experienced a long
+and exciting voyage from Pittsburg with this
+precious consignment, and about thirty of
+the settlers aided him in the perilous enterprise
+of transporting it overland to the stations
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">139</a></span>
+on the Kentucky. While the ammunition
+was supposed to be used for defense,
+the greater part of it was necessarily spent
+in obtaining food. Without the great profusion
+of game the inhabitants must have
+starved; although several large crops of corn
+were raised, and some wheat, these were as
+yet insufficient for all.</p>
+
+<p>Early in 1777 Indian "signs" began to
+multiply. McClellan's was now abandoned,
+leaving Boonesborough and Harrodsburg
+the only settlements maintained&mdash;except, perhaps,
+Price's, on the Cumberland, although
+Logan's Station was reoccupied in February.
+The number of men now in the country
+fit for duty did not exceed a hundred
+and fifty. In March the fighting men met at
+their respective stations and organized under
+commissioned officers; hitherto all military
+operations in Kentucky had been voluntary,
+headed by such temporary leaders as the
+men chose from their own number.</p>
+
+<p>During the greater part of the year the
+palisaded stations were frequently attacked
+by the savages&mdash;Shawnese, Cherokees, and
+Mingos, in turn or in company. Some of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">140</a></span>
+these sieges lasted through several days,
+taxing the skill and bravery of the inhabitants
+to their utmost. Indian methods of attacking
+forts were far different from those
+that would be practised by white men. Being
+practically without military organization,
+each warrior acted largely on his own behalf.
+His object was to secrete himself, to kill his
+enemy, and if possible to bear away his scalp
+as a trophy. Every species of cover was
+taken advantage of&mdash;trees, stumps, bushes,
+hillocks, stones, furnished hiding-places.
+Feints were made to draw the attention of
+the garrison to one side, while the main body
+of the besiegers hurled themselves against
+the other. Having neither artillery nor scaling-ladders,
+they frequently succeeded in
+effecting a breach by setting fire to the walls.
+Pretending to retreat, they would lull the defenders
+into carelessness, when they would
+again appear from ambush, picking off those
+who came out for water, to attend to crops
+and cattle, or to hunt for food; often they exhibited
+a remarkable spirit of daring, especially
+when making a dash to secure scalps.
+Destroying crops, cattle, hogs, and poultry,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">141</a></span>
+stealing the horses for their own use, burning
+the outlying cabins, and guarding the trails
+against possible relief, they sought to reduce
+the settlers to starvation, and thus make
+them an easy prey. Every artifice known
+to besiegers was skilfully practised by these
+crafty, keen-eyed, quick-witted wilderness
+fighters, who seldom showed mercy. Only
+when white men aggressively fought them
+in their own manner could they be overcome.</p>
+
+<p>In the last week of April, while Boone
+and Kenton were heading a sortie against a
+party of Shawnese besieging Boonesborough,
+the whites stumbled into an ambuscade, and
+Boone was shot in an ankle, the bone being
+shattered. Kenton, with that cool bravery
+for which this tall, vigorous backwoodsman
+was known throughout the border, rushed up,
+and killing a warrior whose tomahawk was
+lifted above the fallen man, picked his comrade
+up in his arms, and desperately fought
+his way back into the enclosure. It was several
+months before the captain recovered
+from this painful wound; but from his room
+he directed many a day-and-night defense,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">142</a></span>
+and laid plans for the scouting expeditions
+which were frequently undertaken throughout
+the region in order to discover signs of
+the lurking foe.</p>
+
+<p>Being the larger settlement, Harrodsburg
+was more often attacked than Boonesborough,
+although simultaneous sieges were
+sometimes in progress, thus preventing the
+little garrisons from helping each other. At
+both stations the women soon became the
+equal of the men, fearlessly taking turns at
+the port-holes, from which little puffs of
+white smoke would follow the sharp rifle-cracks
+whenever a savage head revealed
+itself from behind bush or tree. When not
+on duty as marksmen, women were melting
+their pewter plates into bullets, loading the
+rifles and handing them to the men, caring
+for the wounded, and cooking whatever food
+might be obtainable. During a siege food
+was gained only by stealth and at great
+peril. Some brave volunteer would escape
+into the woods by night, and after a day spent
+in hunting, far away from hostile camps, return,
+if possible under cover of darkness,
+with what game he could find. It was a time
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">143</a></span>
+to make heroes or cowards of either men or
+women&mdash;there was no middle course.</p>
+
+<p>Amid this spasmodic hurly-burly there
+was no lack of marrying and giving in marriage.
+One day in early August, 1776, Betsey
+Calloway, the eldest of the captive girls,
+was married at Boonesborough to Samuel
+Henderson, one of the rescuing party&mdash;the
+first wedding in Kentucky. Daniel Boone,
+as justice of the peace, tied the knot. A
+diarist of the time has this record of a similar
+Harrodsburg event: "July 9, 1777.&mdash;Lieutenant
+Linn married&mdash;great merriment."</p>
+
+<p>At each garrison, whenever not under
+actual siege, half of the men were acting as
+guards and scouts while the others cultivated
+small patches of corn within sight of the
+walls. But even this precaution sometimes
+failed of its purpose. For instance, one day
+in May two hundred Indians suddenly surrounded
+the corn-field at Boonesborough,
+and there was a lively skirmish before the
+planters could reach the fort.</p>
+
+<p>Thus the summer wore away. In August
+Colonel Bowman arrived with a hundred
+militiamen from the Virginia frontier. A
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">144</a></span>
+little later forty-eight horsemen came from
+the Yadkin country to Boone's relief, making
+so brave a display as they emerged from the
+tangled woods and in open order filed
+through the gates of the palisade, that some
+Shawnese watching the procession from a
+neighboring hill fled into Ohio with the startling
+report that two hundred Long Knife
+warriors had arrived from Virginia. In October
+other Virginians came, to the extent
+of a hundred expert riflemen; and late in
+the autumn the valiant Logan brought in
+from the Holston as much powder and lead
+as four packhorses could carry, guarded by
+a dozen sharpshooters, thus insuring a better
+prospect for food.</p>
+
+<p>With these important supplies and reenforcements
+at hand the settlers were inspired
+by new hope. Instead of waiting for the
+savages to attack them, they thenceforth
+went in search of the savages, killing them
+wherever seen, thus seeking to outgeneral
+the enemy. These tactics quite disheartened
+the astonished tribesmen, and the year closed
+with a brighter outlook for the weary Kentuckians.
+It had been a time of constant
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">145</a></span>
+anxiety and watchfulness. The settlers were
+a handful in comparison with their vigilant
+enemies. But little corn had been raised;
+the cattle were practically gone; few horses
+were now left; and on the twelfth of December
+Bowman sent word to Virginia that
+he had only two months' supply of bread
+for two hundred women and children, many
+of whom were widows and orphans. As for
+clothing, there was little to be had, although
+from the fiber of nettles a rude cloth was
+made, and deerskins were commonly worn.
+</p>
+
+<h3 class="p6">CHAPTER XI<br />
+THE SIEGE OF BOONESBOROUGH</h3>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">146</a></span></p>
+
+<p>We have seen that Kentucky's numerous
+salt-springs lured wild animals thither in astonishing
+numbers; but for lack of suitable
+boiling-kettles the pioneers were at first dependent
+upon the older settlements for the
+salt needed in curing their meat. The Indian
+outbreak now rendered the Wilderness
+Road an uncertain path, and the Kentuckians
+were beginning to suffer from lack of salt&mdash;a
+serious deprivation for a people largely
+dependent upon a diet of game.</p>
+
+<p>Late in the year 1777 the Virginia government
+sent out several large salt-boiling
+kettles for the use of the Western settlers.
+Both residents and visiting militiamen were
+allotted into companies, which were to relieve
+each other at salt-making until sufficient was
+manufactured to last the several stations for
+a year. It was Boone's duty to head the first
+party, thirty strong, which, with the kettles
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">147</a></span>
+packed on horses, went to Lower Blue Licks
+early in January. A month passed, during
+which a considerable quantity of salt was
+made; several horse-loads had been sent to
+Boonesborough, but most of it was still at
+the camp awaiting shipment.</p>
+
+<p>The men were daily expecting relief by
+the second company, when visitors of a different
+character appeared. While half of
+the men worked at the boiling, the others
+engaged in the double service of watching
+for Indians and obtaining food; of these was
+Boone. Toward evening of the seventh of
+February he was returning home from a
+wide circuit with his packhorse laden with
+buffalo-meat and some beaver-skins, for he
+had many traps in the neighborhood. A
+blinding snow-storm was in progress, which
+caused him to neglect his usual precautions,
+when suddenly he was confronted by four
+burly Shawnese, who sprang from an ambush.
+Keen of foot, he thought to outrun
+them, but soon had to surrender, for they
+shot so accurately that it was evident that
+they could kill him if they would.</p>
+
+<p>The prisoner was conducted to the Shawnese
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">148</a></span>
+camp, a few miles distant. There he
+found a hundred and twenty warriors under
+Chief Black Fish. Two Frenchmen, in English
+employ, were of the party; also two
+American renegades from the Pittsburg region,
+James and George Girty. These latter,
+with their brother Simon, had joined the Indians
+and, dressed and painted like savages,
+were assisting the tribesmen of the Northwest
+in raids against their fellow-borderers
+of Pennsylvania and Virginia. Boone was
+well known by reputation to all these men
+of the wilderness, reds and whites alike; indeed,
+he noticed that among the party were
+his captors of eight years before, who
+laughed heartily at again having him in their
+clutches.</p>
+
+<p>He was loudly welcomed to camp, the Indians
+shaking his hands, patting him on the
+back, and calling him "brother"&mdash;for they
+always greatly enjoyed such exhibitions of
+mock civility and friendship&mdash;and the hunter
+himself pretended to be equally pleased at
+the meeting. They told him that they were
+on their way to attack Boonesborough, and
+wished him to lead them, but insisted that
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">149</a></span>
+he first induce his fellow salt-makers to surrender.
+Boone thoroughly understood Indians;
+he had learned the arts of forest
+diplomacy, and although generally a silent
+man of action, appears to have been a plausible
+talker when dealing with red men.
+Knowing that only one side of the Boonesborough
+palisade had been completed, and
+that the war-party was five times as strong
+as the population of the hamlet, he thought
+to delay operations by strategy. He promised
+to persuade the salt-makers to surrender,
+in view of the overwhelming force and
+the promise of good treatment, and to go
+peacefully with their captors to the Shawnese
+towns north of the Ohio; and suggested
+that in the spring, when the weather was
+warmer, they could all go together to
+Boonesborough, and by means of horses comfortably
+remove the women and children.
+These would, under his persuasion, Boone
+assured his captors, be content to move to
+the North, and thenceforth either lived with
+the Shawnese as their adopted children or
+place themselves under British protection at
+Detroit, where Governor Hamilton offered
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">150</a></span>
+£20 apiece for American prisoners delivered
+to him alive and well.</p>
+
+<p>The proposition appeared reasonable to
+the Indians, and they readily agreed to it.
+What would be the outcome Boone could not
+foretell. He realized, however, that his station
+was unprepared, that delay meant everything,
+in view of possible reenforcements
+from Virginia, and was willing that he and
+his comrades should stand, if need be, as a
+sacrifice&mdash;indeed, no other course seemed
+open. Going with his captors to the salt
+camp, his convincing words caused the men
+to stack their arms and accompany the savages,
+hoping thereby at least to save their
+families at Boonesborough from immediate
+attack.</p>
+
+<p>The captives were but twenty-seven in
+number, some of the hunters not having returned
+to camp. Not all of the captors were,
+despite their promise, in favor of lenient
+treatment of the prisoners. A council was
+held, at which Black Fish, a chieftain of fine
+qualities, had much difficulty, through a session
+of two hours, in securing a favorable
+verdict. Boone was permitted to address
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">151</a></span>
+the savage throng in explanation of his plan,
+his words being interpreted by a negro
+named Pompey, a fellow of some consequence
+among the Shawnese. The vote was
+close&mdash;fifty-nine for at once killing the prisoners,
+except Boone, and sixty-one for
+mercy; but it was accepted as decisive, and
+the store of salt being destroyed, and kettles,
+guns, axes, and other plunder packed on
+horses, the march northward promptly commenced.</p>
+
+<p>Each night the captives were made fast
+and closely watched. The weather was unusually
+severe; there was much suffering
+from hunger, for the snow was deep, game
+scarce, and slippery-elm bark sometimes the
+only food obtainable. Descending the Licking,
+the band crossed the Ohio in a large boat
+made of buffalo-hides, which were stretched
+on a rude frame holding twenty persons;
+they then entered the trail leading to the
+Shawnese towns on the Little Miami, where
+they arrived upon the tenth day.</p>
+
+<p>The prisoners were taken to the chief
+town of the Shawnese, Little Chillicothe,
+about three miles north of the present Xenia,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">152</a></span>
+Ohio. There was great popular rejoicing,
+for not since Braddock's defeat had so many
+prisoners been brought into Ohio. Boone
+and sixteen of his companions, presumably
+selected for their good qualities and their
+apparent capacity as warriors, were now
+formally adopted into the tribe. Boone himself
+had the good fortune to be accepted as
+the son of Black Fish, and received the name
+Sheltowee (Big Turtle)&mdash;perhaps because he
+was strong and compactly built.</p>
+
+<p>Adoption was a favorite method of recruiting
+the ranks of American tribes. The
+most tractable captives were often taken into
+the families of the captors to supply the
+place of warriors killed in battle. They
+were thereafter treated with the utmost affection,
+apparently no difference being made
+between them and actual relatives, save that,
+until it was believed that they were no longer
+disposed to run away, they were watched
+with care to prevent escape. Such was now
+Boone's experience. Black Fish and his
+squaw appeared to regard their new son with
+abundant love, and everything was done for
+his comfort, so far as was possible in an
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">153</a></span>
+Indian camp, save that he found himself
+carefully observed by day and night, and
+flight long seemed impracticable.</p>
+
+<p>Boone was a shrewd philosopher. In his
+so-called "autobiography" written by Filson,
+he tells us that the food and lodging were
+"not so good as I could desire, but necessity
+made everything acceptable." Such as
+he obtained was, however, the lot of all. In
+the crowded, slightly built wigwams it was
+impossible to avoid drafts; they were filthy
+to the last degree; when in the home villages,
+there was generally an abundance of food&mdash;corn,
+hominy, pumpkins, beans, and game,
+sometimes all boiled together in the same kettle&mdash;although
+it was prepared in so slovenly
+a manner as to disgust even so hardy a man
+of the forest as our hero; the lack of privacy,
+the ever-present insects, the blinding smoke
+of the lodge-fire, the continual yelping of
+dogs, and the shrill, querulous tones of old
+women, as they haggled and bickered through
+the livelong day&mdash;all these and many other
+discomforts were intensely irritating to most
+white men. In order to disarm suspicion,
+Boone appeared to be happy. He whistled
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">154</a></span>
+cheerfully at his tasks, learning what little
+there was left for him to learn of the arts
+of the warrior, sharing his game with his
+"father," and pretending not to see that he
+was being watched. At the frequent shooting-matches
+he performed just well enough to
+win the applause of his fellow braves, although,
+for fear of arousing jealousy, careful
+not to outdo the best of them. His fellow
+prisoners, less tactful, marveled at the ease
+with which their old leader adapted himself
+to the new life, and his apparent enjoyment
+of it. Yet never did he miss an opportunity
+to ascertain particulars of the intended attack
+on Boonesborough, and secretly planned for
+escape when the proper moment should arrive.</p>
+
+<p>March was a third gone, when Black Fish
+and a large party of his braves and squaws
+went to Detroit to secure Governor Hamilton's
+bounty on those of the salt-makers who,
+from having acted in an ugly manner, had
+not been adopted into the tribe. Boone accompanied
+his "father," and frequently witnessed,
+unable to interfere, the whipping and
+"gauntlet-running" to which his unhappy
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">155</a></span>
+fellow Kentuckians were subjected in punishment
+for their fractious behavior. He himself,
+early in his captivity, had been forced
+to undergo this often deadly ordeal; but by
+taking a dodging, zigzag course, and freely
+using his head as a battering-ram to topple
+over some of the warriors in the lines, had
+emerged with few bruises.<a name="FNanchor_14" id="FNanchor_14" href="#Footnote_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a></p>
+
+<p>Upon the arrival of the party at Detroit
+Governor Hamilton at once sent for the now
+famous Kentucky hunter and paid him many
+attentions. With the view of securing his
+liberty, the wily forest diplomat used the
+same sort of duplicity with the governor that
+had proved so effective with Black Fish. It
+was his habit to carry a leather bag fastened
+about his neck, containing his old commission
+as captain in the British colonial forces,
+signed by Lord Dunmore. This was for the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">156</a></span>
+purpose of convincing Indians, into whose
+hands he might fall, that he was a friend of
+the king; which accounts in a large measure
+for the tender manner in which they treated
+him. Showing the document to Hamilton as
+proof of his devotion to the British cause,
+he appears to have repeated his promise that
+he would surrender the people of Boonesborough
+and conduct them to Detroit, to live
+under British jurisdiction and protection.
+This greatly pleased the governor, who
+sought to ransom him from Black Fish for
+£100. But to this his "father" would not
+agree, stating that he loved him too strongly
+to let him go&mdash;as a matter of fact, he
+wished his services as guide for the Boonesborough
+expedition. Upon leaving for home,
+Hamilton presented Boone with a pony, saddle,
+bridle, and blanket, and a supply of silver
+trinkets to be used as currency among
+the Indians, and bade him remember his duty
+to the king.</p>
+
+<p>Returning to Chillicothe with Black Fish,
+the hunter saw that preparations for the
+spring invasion of Kentucky were at last
+under way. Delawares, Mingos, and Shawnese
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">157</a></span>
+were slowly assembling, and runners
+were carrying the war-pipe from village to
+village throughout Ohio. But while they had
+been absent at Detroit an event occurred
+which gave Black Fish great concern: one
+of the adopted men, Andrew Johnson&mdash;who
+had pretended among the Indians to be a
+simpleton, in order to throw off suspicion,
+but who in reality was one of the most astute
+of woodsmen&mdash;had escaped, carrying warning
+to Kentucky, and the earliest knowledge
+that reached the settlers of the location of the
+Shawnese towns. In May, Johnson and five
+comrades went upon a raid against one of
+these villages, capturing several horses and
+bringing home a bunch of Indian scalps,
+for scalping was now almost as freely practised
+by the frontiersmen as the savages;
+such is the degeneracy wrought by warlike
+contact with an inferior race. In June there
+was a similar raid by Boonesborough men,
+resulting to the tribesmen in large losses of
+lives and horses.</p>
+
+<p>Upon the sixteenth of June, while Black
+Fish's party were boiling salt at the saline
+springs of the Scioto&mdash;about a dozen miles
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">158</a></span>
+south of the present Chillicothe&mdash;Boone managed,
+by exercise of rare sagacity and enterprise,
+to escape the watchful eyes of his keepers,
+their attention having been arrested by
+the appearance of a huge flock of wild turkeys.
+He reached Boonesborough four days
+later after a perilous journey of a hundred
+and sixty miles through the forest, during
+which he had eaten but one meal&mdash;from a
+buffalo which he shot at Blue Licks. He had
+been absent for four and a half months, and
+Mrs. Boone, giving him up for dead, had returned
+with their family to her childhood
+home upon the Yadkin. His brother Squire,
+and his daughter Jemima&mdash;now married to
+Flanders Calloway&mdash;were the only kinsfolk
+to greet the returned captive, who appeared
+out of the woods as one suddenly delivered
+from a tomb.</p>
+
+<p>During the absence of Daniel Boone there
+had been the usual Indian troubles in Kentucky.
+Colonel Bowman had just written to
+Colonel George Rogers Clark, "The Indians
+have pushed us hard this summer." But
+Clark himself at this time was gaining an
+important advantage over the enemy in his
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">159</a></span>
+daring expedition against the British posts
+of Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and Vincennes, in the
+Illinois country. Realizing that there would
+be no end to Kentucky's trouble so long as
+the British, aided by their French-Canadian
+agents, were free to organize Indian armies
+north of the Ohio for the purpose of harrying
+the southern settlements, Clark "carried
+the war into Africa." With about a hundred
+and fifty men gathered from the frontiers
+of Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Kentucky, he
+descended the Ohio River, built a fort at
+Louisville, and by an heroic forced march
+across the country captured Kaskaskia, while
+Cahokia and Vincennes at once surrendered
+to the valorous Kentuckian.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile there was business at hand
+for the people of Boonesborough. Amid
+all these alarms they had still neglected to
+complete their defenses; but now, under
+the energetic administration of Boone, the
+palisades were finished, gates and fortresses
+strengthened, and all four of the
+corner blockhouses put in order. In ten
+days they were ready for the slowly advancing
+host.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">160</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Unless fleeing, Indians are never in a
+hurry; they spend much time in noisy preparation.
+Hunters and scouts came into
+Boonesborough from time to time, and occasionally
+a retaliatory expedition would return
+with horses and scalps from the Little
+Miami and the Scioto, all of them reporting
+delays on the part of the enemy; nevertheless
+all agreed that a large force was forming.
+Toward the close of August Boone,
+wearied of being cooped up in the fort,
+went forth at the head of thirty woodsmen
+to scout in the neighborhood of the Scioto
+towns. With him were Kenton and Alexander
+Montgomery, who remained behind in
+Ohio to capture horses and probably prisoners,
+while Boone and the others returned
+after a week's absence. On their way home
+they discovered that the enemy was now at
+Lower Blue Licks, but a short distance from
+Boonesborough.</p>
+
+<p>At about ten o'clock the following morning
+(September 7th) the Indian army appeared
+before the fort. It numbered fully
+four hundred warriors, mostly Shawnese,
+but with some Wyandots, Cherokees, Delawares,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">161</a></span>
+Mingos, and other tribesmen. Accompanying
+them were some forty French-Canadians,
+all under the command of Boone's
+"father," the redoubtable Black Fish. Pompey
+served as chief interpreter.</p>
+
+<p>Much time was spent in parleys, Boone
+in this manner delaying operations as long
+as possible, vainly hoping that promised reenforcements
+might meanwhile arrive from
+the Holston. Black Fish wept freely, after
+the Indian fashion, over the ingratitude of
+his runaway "son," and his present stubborn
+attitude; for the latter now told the
+forest chief that he and his people proposed
+to fight to the last man. Black Fish presented
+letters and proclamations from Hamilton,
+again offering pardon to all who would
+take the oath of allegiance to the king, and
+military offices for Boone and the other leaders.
+When these were rejected, the Indians
+attempted treachery, seeking to overpower
+and kill the white commissioners to a treaty
+being held in front of the fort. From this
+final council, ending in a wild uproar, in
+which bullets flew and knives and tomahawks
+clashed, the whites escaped with difficulty,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">162</a></span>
+the two Boones and another commissioner
+receiving painful wounds.</p>
+
+<p>A siege of ten days now ensued (September
+8th to 17th), one of the most remarkable
+in the history of savage warfare. The site
+of the fort, a parallelogram embracing three-quarters
+of an acre, had been unwisely chosen.
+There was abundant cover for the enemy
+under the high river bank, also beneath
+an encircling clay bank rising from the salt-lick
+branch; from hills upon either side spies
+could see what was happening within the
+walls, and occasionally drop a ball into the
+small herd of cattle and horses sheltered behind
+the palisades; while to these natural
+disadvantages were added the failure of the
+garrison to clear from the neighborhood of
+the walls the numerous trees, stumps, bushes,
+and rocks, each of which furnished the best
+of cover for a lurking foe.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a name="i005" id="i005"></a>
+<img src="images/i005.jpg" width="550" height="252" alt="Climax of the Treaty" />
+<p class="caption">CLIMAX OF THE TREATY.</p>
+
+<p class="caption s08">Indians and British agents treacherously attack treaty commissioners. (See pp. <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>.) Reduced from
+Ranck's "Boonesborough."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Such, however, was the stubbornness of
+the defense, in which the women were, in
+their way, quite as efficient as the men, that
+the forces under Black Fish could make but
+small impression upon the valiant little garrison.
+Every artifice known to savages, or
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">163</a></span>
+that could be suggested by the French, was
+without avail. Almost nightly rains and the
+energy of the riflemen frustrated the numerous
+attempts to set fire to the cabins by
+throwing torches and lighted fagots upon
+their roofs; a tunnel, intended to be used for
+blowing up the walls, was well under way
+from the river bank when rain caused it to
+cave in; attempts at scaling were invariably
+repelled, and in sharpshooting the whites as
+usual proved the superiors.</p>
+
+<p>But the result often hung in the balance.
+Sometimes the attack lasted throughout the
+night, the scene being constantly lighted by
+the flash of the rifles and the glare of hurling
+fagots. Besiegers and garrison frequently
+exchanged fierce cries of threat and defiance,
+mingled with many a keen shaft of wit and
+epithet; at times the yells and whoops of
+the savages, the answering shouts and huzzahs
+of the defenders, the screams of women
+and girls, the howling of dogs, the snorting
+and bellowing of the plunging live stock, together
+with the sharp rattle of firearms, created
+a deafening hubbub well calculated to
+test the nerves of the strongest.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">164</a></span></p>
+
+<p>At last, on the morning of Friday, the
+eighteenth, the Indians, now thoroughly disheartened,
+suddenly disappeared into the
+forest as silently as they had come. Again
+Boonesborough was free, having passed
+through the longest and severest ordeal of
+attack ever known in Kentucky; indeed, it
+proved to be the last effort against this station.
+Within the walls sixty persons had
+been capable of bearing arms, but only forty
+were effective, some of these being negroes;
+Logan's Fort had sent a reenforcement of
+fifteen men, and Harrodsburg a few others.
+Of the garrison but two were killed and four
+wounded, while Boone estimated that the
+enemy lost thirty-seven killed and a large
+number wounded. The casualties within the
+fort were astonishingly small, when the large
+amount of ammunition expended by the besiegers
+is taken into account. After they had
+retired, Boone's men picked up a hundred
+and twenty-five pounds of flattened bullets
+that had been fired at the log stronghold,
+handfuls being scooped up beneath the port-holes
+of the bastions; this salvage made no
+account of the balls thickly studding the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">165</a></span>
+walls, it being estimated that a hundred
+pounds of lead were buried in the logs of
+one of the bastions.</p>
+
+<p>A week later a small company of militiamen
+arrived from Virginia, and several minor
+expeditions were now made against the Shawnese
+upon their own soil. These raids were
+chiefly piloted by Boone's salt-makers, many
+of whom had now returned from captivity.
+Boone is credited with saying in his later
+years, although no doubt in ruder language
+than this: "Never did the Indians pursue so
+disastrous a policy as when they captured
+me and my salt-boilers, and taught us, what
+we did not know before, the way to their
+towns and the geography of their country;
+for though at first our captivity was considered
+a great calamity to Kentucky, it resulted
+in the most signal benefits to the
+country."</p>
+
+<p>Captain Boone was not without his critics.
+Soon after the siege he was arraigned
+before a court-martial at Logan's Fort upon
+the following charges preferred by Colonel
+Calloway, who thought that the great hunter
+was in favor of the British Government
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">166</a></span>
+and had sought opportunity to play into
+its hands, therefore should be deprived of
+his commission in the Kentucky County militia:</p>
+
+<p>"1. That Boone had taken out twenty-six
+men<a name="FNanchor_15" id="FNanchor_15" href="#Footnote_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> to make salt at the Blue Licks, and the
+Indians had caught him trapping for beaver
+ten miles below on Licking, and he voluntarily
+surrendered his men at the Licks to
+the enemy.</p>
+
+<p>"2. That when a prisoner, he engaged
+with Gov. Hamilton to surrender the people
+of Boonesborough to be removed to Detroit,
+and live under British protection and jurisdiction.</p>
+
+<p>"3. That returning from captivity, he encouraged
+a party of men to accompany him
+to the Paint Lick Town, weakening the garrison
+at a time when the arrival of an Indian
+army was daily expected to attack the
+fort.</p>
+
+<p>"4. That preceding the attack on Boonesborough,
+he was willing to take the officers
+of the fort, on pretense of making peace, to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">167</a></span>
+the Indian camp, beyond the protection of
+the guns of the garrison."</p>
+
+<p>Boone defended himself at length, maintaining
+that he aimed only at the interests
+of the country; that while hunting at the
+licks he was engaged in the necessary service
+of the camp; that he had used duplicity to
+win the confidence of the enemy, and it resulted
+favorably, as he was thereby enabled
+to escape in time to warn his people and
+put them in a state of defense; that his Scioto
+expedition was a legitimate scouting trip,
+and turned out well; and that in the negotiations
+before the fort he was simply "playing"
+the Indians in order to gain time for
+expected reenforcements. He was not only
+honorably acquitted, but at once advanced
+to the rank of major, and received evidences
+of the unhesitating loyalty of all classes of
+his fellow borderers, the majority of whom
+appear to have always confided in his sagacity
+and patriotism.</p>
+
+<p>Personally vindicated, the enemy departed,
+and several companies of militia now arriving
+to garrison the stations for the winter,
+Major Boone once more turned his face to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">168</a></span>
+the Yadkin and sought his family. He found
+them at the Bryan settlement, living comfortably
+in a small log cabin, but until then
+unconscious of his return from the wilderness
+in which they had supposed he found
+his grave.
+</p>
+
+<h3 class="p6">CHAPTER XII<br />
+SOLDIER AND STATESMAN</h3>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">169</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In Daniel Boone's "autobiography," he
+dismisses his year of absence from Kentucky
+with few words: "I went into the settlement,
+and nothing worthy of notice passed for some
+time." No doubt he hunted in some of his
+old haunts upon the Yadkin; and there is
+reason for believing that he made a trip upon
+business of some character to Charleston,
+S.C.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile, his fellow settlers of Kentucky
+had not been inactive. In February
+(1779) Clark repossessed himself of Vincennes
+after one of the most brilliant forced
+marches of the Revolution; and having there
+captured Governor Hamilton&mdash;the "hair-buying
+general," as the frontiersmen called
+him, because they thought he paid bounties
+on American scalps&mdash;had sent him a prisoner
+to Virginia. The long siege of Boonesborough
+and the other attacks of the preceding
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">170</a></span>
+year, together with more recent assaults
+upon flatboats descending the Ohio, had
+strongly disposed the Kentuckians to retaliate
+on the Shawnese. Two hundred and
+thirty riflemen under Colonel Bowman rendezvoused
+in July at the mouth of the Licking,
+where is now the city of Covington.
+Nearly a third of the force were left to guard
+the boats in which they crossed the Ohio,
+the rest marching against Old Chillicothe,
+the chief Shawnese town on the Little Miami.
+They surprised the Indians, and a hotly contested
+battle ensued, lasting from dawn until
+ten o'clock in the morning; but the overpowering
+numbers of the savages caused Bowman
+to return crestfallen to Kentucky with
+a loss of nearly a dozen men. This was the
+forerunner of many defeats of Americans,
+both bordermen and regulars, at the hands
+of the fierce tribesmen of Ohio.</p>
+
+<p>Readers of Revolutionary history as related
+from the Eastern standpoint are led
+to suppose that the prolonged struggle with
+the mother country everywhere strained the
+resources of the young nation, and was the
+chief thought of the people. This high tension
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">171</a></span>
+was, however, principally in the tidewater
+region. In the "back country," as the
+Western frontiers were called, there was no
+lack of patriotism, and bordermen were
+numerous in the colonial armies; yet the development
+of the trans-Alleghany region was
+to them of more immediate concern, and
+went forward vigorously, especially during
+the last half of the war. This did not mean
+that the backwoodsmen of the foot-hills were
+escaping from the conflict by crossing westward
+beyond the mountains; they were instead
+planting themselves upon the left flank,
+for French and Indian scalping parties were
+continually harrying the Western settlements,
+and the Eastern forces were too
+busily engaged to give succor. Kentuckians
+were left practically alone to defend the backdoor
+of the young Republic.</p>
+
+<p>In this year (1779) the Virginia legislature
+adopted laws for the preemption of land
+in Kentucky, which promised a more secure
+tenure than had hitherto prevailed, and thus
+gave great impetus to over-mountain emigration.
+Hitherto those going out to Kentucky
+were largely hunters, explorers, surveyors,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">172</a></span>
+and land speculators; comparatively
+few families were established in the wilderness
+stations. But henceforth the emigration
+was chiefly by households, some by
+boats down the Ohio River, and others overland
+by the Wilderness Road&mdash;for the first
+official improvement of which Virginia made
+a small appropriation at this time. Says
+Chief Justice Robinson,<a name="FNanchor_16" id="FNanchor_16" href="#Footnote_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> whose parents settled
+in Kentucky in December:</p>
+
+<p>"This beneficent enactment brought to
+the country during the fall and winter of
+that year an unexampled tide of emigrants,
+who, exchanging all the comforts of their
+native society and homes for settlements for
+themselves and their children here, came like
+pilgrims to a wilderness to be made secure
+by their arms and habitable by the toil of
+their lives. Through privations incredible
+and perils thick, thousands of men, women,
+and children came in successive caravans,
+forming continuous streams of human beings,
+horses, cattle, and other domestic animals,
+all moving onward along a lonely and houseless
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">173</a></span>
+path to a wild and cheerless land. Cast
+your eyes back on that long procession of
+missionaries in the cause of civilization; behold
+the men on foot with their trusty guns
+on their shoulders, driving stock and leading
+packhorses; and the women, some walking
+with pails on their heads, others riding,
+with children in their laps, and other children
+swung in baskets on horses, fastened
+to the tails of others going before; see them
+encamped at night expecting to be massacred
+by Indians; behold them in the month of December,
+in that ever-memorable season of unprecedented
+cold called the 'hard winter,'
+traveling two or three miles a day, frequently
+in danger of being frozen, or killed
+by the falling of horses on the icy and almost
+impassable trace, and subsisting on stinted
+allowances of stale bread and meat; but now,
+lastly, look at them at the destined fort, perhaps
+on the eve of merry Christmas, when
+met by the hearty welcome of friends who
+had come before, and cheered by fresh buffalo-meat
+and parched corn, they rejoice at
+their deliverance, and resolve to be contented
+with their lot."</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">174</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In October, as a part of this great throng,
+Daniel Boone and his family returned to
+Kentucky by his old route through Cumberland
+Gap, being two weeks upon the journey.
+The great hunter was at the head of a company
+of Rowan County folk, and carried
+with him two small cannon, the first artillery
+sent by Virginia to protect the Western forts.
+Either as one of his party, or later in the
+season, there came to Kentucky Abraham
+Lincoln, of Rockingham County, Va., grandfather
+of the martyred president. The Lincolns
+and the Boones had been neighbors and
+warm friends in Pennsylvania, and ever
+since had maintained pleasant relations&mdash;indeed,
+had frequently intermarried. It was
+by Boone's advice and encouragement that
+Lincoln migrated with his family to the
+"dark and bloody ground" and took up a
+forest claim in the heart of Jefferson County.
+Daniel's younger brother Edward, killed by
+Indians a year later, was of the same company.</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><a name="i006" id="i006"></a>
+<img src="images/i006.jpg" width="550" height="310" alt="Boonesborough Today" />
+<p class="caption">SITE OF BOONESBOROUGH TO-DAY.</p>
+
+<p class="caption s08">Fort site, to which roadway leads, is hidden by foliage on the left; the ridge in the background faced and
+overlooked the fort. Reduced from Ranck's "Boonesborough."</p>
+</div>
+<p>Boone also brought news that the legislature
+had incorporated "the town of
+Boonesborough in the County of Kentuckey,"
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">175</a></span>
+of which he was named a trustee, which
+office he eventually declined. The town, although
+now laid out into building lots, and anticipating
+a prosperous growth, never rose to
+importance and at last passed away. Nothing
+now remains upon the deserted site,
+which Boone could have known, save a decrepit
+sycamore-tree and a tumble-down
+ferry established in the year of the incorporation.</p>
+
+<p>As indicated in Robinson's address, quoted
+above, the winter of 1779-80 was a season
+of unwonted severity. After an exceptionally
+mild autumn, cold weather set in by the
+middle of November and lasted without thaw
+for two months, with deep snow and zero
+temperature. The rivers were frozen as far
+south as Nashville; emigrant wagons were
+stalled in the drifts while crossing the mountains,
+and everywhere was reported unexampled
+hardship. It will be remembered that
+the Revolutionary Army in the East suffered
+intensely from the same cause. The Indians
+had, the preceding summer, destroyed most
+of the corn throughout Kentucky; the game
+was rapidly decreasing, deer and buffaloes
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">176</a></span>
+having receded before the advance of settlement,
+and a temporary famine ensued.
+Hunters were employed to obtain meat for
+the newcomers; and in this occupation Boone
+and Harrod, in particular, were actively engaged
+throughout the winter, making long
+trips into the forest, both north and south
+of Kentucky River.</p>
+
+<p>The land titles granted by the Transylvania
+Company having been declared
+void, it became necessary for Boone and the
+other settlers under that grant to purchase
+from the State government of Virginia new
+warrants. For this purpose Boone set out
+for Richmond in the spring. Nathaniel and
+Thomas Hart and others of his friends commissioned
+him to act as their agent in this
+matter. With his own small means and that
+which was entrusted to him for the purpose,
+he carried $20,000 in depreciated paper
+money&mdash;probably worth but half that amount
+in silver. It appears that of this entire sum
+he was robbed upon his way&mdash;where, or under
+what circumstances, we are unable to
+discover. His petition to the Kentucky legislature,
+in his old age, simply states the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">177</a></span>
+fact of the robbery, adding that he "was
+left destitute." A large part of the money
+was the property of his old friends, the
+Harts, but many others also suffered greatly.
+There was some disposition on the part of
+a few to attribute dishonorable action to
+Boone; but the Harts, although the chief
+losers, came promptly to the rescue and
+sharply censured his critics, declaring him
+to be a "just and upright" man, beyond suspicion&mdash;a
+verdict which soon became unanimous.
+Sympathy for the honest but unbusinesslike
+pioneer was so general, that late in
+June, soon after the robbery, Virginia granted
+him a preemption of a thousand acres of
+land in what is now Bourbon County.</p>
+
+<p>A tradition exists that while in Virginia
+that summer Boone called upon his former
+host at Detroit, then a prisoner of war, and
+expressed sympathy for the sad plight into
+which the English governor had fallen;
+also some indignation at the harsh treatment
+accorded him, and of which Hamilton bitterly
+complained.</p>
+
+<p>The founder of Boonesborough was soon
+back at his station, for he served as a juryman
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">178</a></span>
+there on the first of July. During his
+absence immigration into Kentucky had been
+greater than ever; three hundred well-laden
+family boats had arrived in the spring from
+the Pennsylvania and New York frontiers,
+while many caravans had come from Virginia
+and the Carolinas over the Wilderness
+Road. Attacks by Indian scalping parties
+had been numerous along both routes, but
+particularly upon the Ohio. As a reprisal
+for Bowman's expedition of the previous
+year, and intending to interrupt settlement,
+Colonel Byrd, of the British Army, descended
+in June upon Ruddle's and Martin's
+Stations, at the forks of the Licking, with six
+hundred Indians and French-Canadians, and
+bringing six small cannon with which to batter
+the Kentucky palisades. Both garrisons
+were compelled to surrender, and the victors
+returned to Detroit with a train of three hundred
+prisoners&mdash;men, women, and children&mdash;upon
+whom the savages practised cruelties
+of a particularly atrocious character.</p>
+
+<p>This inhuman treatment of prisoners of
+war created wide-spread indignation upon
+the American border. In retaliation, George
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">179</a></span>
+Rogers Clark at once organized an expedition
+to destroy Pickaway, one of the principal
+Shawnese towns on the Great Miami.
+The place was reduced to ashes and a large
+number of Indians killed, the Americans losing
+seventeen men. Clark had previously
+built Fort Jefferson, upon the first bluff on
+the eastern side of the Mississippi below the
+mouth of the Ohio, in order to accentuate
+the claim of the United States that it extended
+to the Mississippi on the west; but as this
+was upon the territory of friendly Chickasaws,
+the invasion aroused their ire, and it
+was deemed prudent temporarily to abandon
+the post.</p>
+
+<p>Another important event of the year (November,
+1780) was the division of Kentucky
+by the Virginia legislature into three counties&mdash;Jefferson,
+with its seat at Louisville,
+now the chief town in the Western country;
+Lincoln, governed from Harrodsburg; and
+Fayette, with Lexington as its seat. Of
+these, Fayette, embracing the country between
+the Kentucky and the Ohio, was the
+least populated; and, being the most northern
+and traversed by the Licking River, now
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">180</a></span>
+the chief war-path of the Shawnese, was most
+exposed to attack. After his return Boone
+soon tired of Boonesborough, for in his absence
+the population had greatly changed by
+the removal or death of many of his old
+friends; and, moreover, game had quite deserted
+the neighborhood. With his family,
+his laden packhorses, and his dogs, he therefore
+moved to a new location across Kentucky
+River, about five miles northwest of
+his first settlement. Here, at the crossing of
+several buffalo-trails, and on the banks of
+Boone's Creek, he built a palisaded log house
+called Boone's Station. Upon the division of
+Kentucky this new stronghold fell within the
+borders of Fayette County.</p>
+
+<p>In the primitive stage of frontier settlement,
+when the common weal demanded from
+every man or boy able to carry a rifle active
+militia service whenever called upon, the
+military organization was quite equal in importance
+to the civil. The new wilderness
+counties were therefore equipped with a full
+roll of officers, Fayette County's colonel being
+John Todd, while Daniel Boone was lieutenant-colonel;
+Floyd, Pope, Logan, and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">181</a></span>
+Trigg served the sister counties in like manner.
+The three county regiments were
+formed into a brigade, with Clark as brigadier-general,
+his headquarters being at Louisville
+(Fort Nelson). Each county had also
+a court to try civil and criminal cases, but
+capital offenses could only be tried at Richmond.
+There was likewise a surveyor for
+each county, Colonel Thomas Marshall serving
+for Fayette; Boone was his deputy for
+several years (1782-85).</p>
+
+<p>In October, 1780, Edward Boone, then but
+thirty-six years of age, accompanied Daniel
+to Grassy Lick, in the northeast part of the
+present Bourbon County, to boil salt. Being
+attacked by a large band of Indians, Edward
+was killed in the first volley, and fell at the
+feet of his brother, who at once shot the
+savage whom he thought to be the slayer.
+Daniel then fled, stopping once to load and
+kill another foe. Closely pursued, he had
+recourse to all the arts of evasion at his command&mdash;wading
+streams to break the trail,
+swinging from tree to tree by aid of wild
+grape-vines, and frequently zigzagging. A
+hound used in the chase kept closely to him,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">182</a></span>
+however, and revealed his whereabouts by
+baying, until the hunter killed the wily beast,
+and finally reached his station in safety.
+Heading an avenging party of sixty men,
+Boone at once went in pursuit of the enemy,
+and followed them into Ohio, but the expedition
+returned without result.</p>
+
+<p>The following April Boone went to Richmond
+as one of the first representatives of
+Fayette County in the State legislature.
+With the approach of Cornwallis, La Fayette,
+whose corps was then protecting Virginia,
+abandoned Richmond, and the Assembly adjourned
+to Charlottesville. Colonel Tarleton,
+at the head of a body of light horse, made a
+dash upon the town, hoping to capture the
+law-makers, and particularly Governor Jefferson,
+whose term was just then expiring.
+Jefferson and the entire Assembly had been
+warned, but had a narrow escape (June 4th),
+for while they were riding out of one end
+of town Tarleton was galloping in at the
+other. The raider succeeded in capturing
+three or four of the legislators, Boone among
+them, and after destroying a quantity of military
+stores took his prisoners to Cornwallis's
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">183</a></span>
+camp. The members were paroled after a
+few days' detention. The Assembly fled to
+Staunton, thirty-five miles distant, where it
+resumed the session. The released members
+are reported to have again taken their seats,
+although, after his capture, Boone's name
+does not appear in the printed journals.
+Possibly the conditions of the parole did not
+permit him again to serve at the current session,
+which closed the twenty-third of June.
+He seems to have spent the summer in Kentucky,
+and late in September went up the
+Ohio to Pittsburg, thence journeying to the
+home of his boyhood in eastern Pennsylvania,
+where he visited friends and relatives
+for a month, and then returned to Richmond
+to resume his legislative duties.</p>
+
+<p>Of all the dark years which Kentucky experienced,
+1782 was the bloodiest. The British
+authorities at Detroit exerted their utmost
+endeavors to stem the rising tide of
+settlement and to crush the aggressive military
+operations of Clark and his fellow-borderers.
+With presents and smooth words
+they enlisted the cooperation of the most
+distant tribes, the hope being held out that
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">184</a></span>
+success would surely follow persistent attack
+and a policy of "no quarter." It would be
+wearisome to cite all the forays made by savages
+during this fateful year, upon flatboats
+descending the Ohio, upon parties of immigrants
+following the Wilderness Road, upon
+outlying forest settlers, and in the neighborhood
+of fortified stations. The border annals
+of the time abound in details of robbery,
+burning, murder, captivities, and of
+heart-rending tortures worse than death. A
+few only which have won prominence in history
+must here suffice.</p>
+
+<p>In March, some Wyandots had been operating
+in the neighborhood of Boonesborough
+and then departed for Estill's Station,
+fifteen miles away, near the present town
+of Richmond. Captain Estill and his garrison
+of twenty-five men were at the time
+absent on a scout, and thus unable to prevent
+the killing and scalping of a young
+woman and the capture of a negro slave.
+According to custom, the Indians retreated
+rapidly after this adventure, but were pursued
+by Estill. A stubborn fight ensued,
+there being now eighteen whites and twenty-five
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">185</a></span>
+savages. Each man stood behind a tree,
+and through nearly two hours fought with
+uncommon tenacity. The Indians lost seventeen
+killed and two wounded, while the whites
+were reduced to three survivors, Estill himself
+being among the slain. The survivors
+then withdrew by mutual consent.</p>
+
+<p>In May, his station having been attacked
+with some loss, Captain Ashton followed the
+retreating party of besiegers, much larger
+than his own squad, and had a fierce engagement
+with them lasting two hours. He and
+eleven of his comrades lost their lives, and
+the remainder fled in dismay. A similar
+tragedy occurred in August, when Captain
+Holden, chasing a band of scalpers, was defeated
+with a loss of four killed and one
+wounded.</p>
+
+<p>The month of August marked the height
+of the onslaught. Horses were carried off,
+cattle killed, men at work in the fields
+mercilessly slaughtered, and several of the
+more recent and feeble stations were abandoned.
+Bryan's Station, consisting of forty
+cabins enclosed by a stout palisade, was the
+largest and northernmost of a group of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">186</a></span>
+Fayette County settlements in the rich country
+of which Lexington is the center. An
+army of nearly a thousand Indians&mdash;the largest
+of either race that had thus far been
+mustered in the West&mdash;was gathered under
+Captains Caldwell and McKee, of the British
+Army, who were accompanied by the renegade
+Simon Girty and a small party of rangers.
+Scouts had given a brief warning to
+the little garrison of fifty riflemen, but when
+the invaders appeared during the night of
+August 15th the defenders were still lacking
+a supply of water.</p>
+
+<p>The Indians at first sought to conceal
+their presence by hiding in the weeds and
+bushes which, as at Boonesborough, had
+carelessly been left standing. Although
+aware of the extent of the attacking force,
+the garrison affected to be without suspicion.
+In the morning the women and girls, confident
+that if no fear were exhibited they
+would not be shot by the hiding savages, volunteered
+to go to the spring outside the walls,
+and by means of buckets bring in enough
+water to fill the reservoir. This daring feat
+was successfully accomplished. Although
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">187</a></span>
+painted faces and gleaming rifles could readily
+be seen in the underbrush all about the
+pool, this bucket-line of brave frontiers-women
+laughed and talked as gaily as if unconscious
+of danger, and were unmolested.</p>
+
+<p>Immediately after their return within the
+gates, some young men went to the spring
+to draw the enemy's fire, and met a fusillade
+from which they barely escaped with their
+lives. The assault now began in earnest.
+Runners were soon spreading the news of
+the invasion among the neighboring garrisons.
+A relief party of forty-six hurrying in
+from Lexington fell into an ambush and lost
+a few of their number in killed and wounded,
+but the majority reached the fort through a
+storm of bullets. The besiegers adopted the
+usual methods of savage attack&mdash;quick rushes,
+shooting from cover, fire-arrows, and the
+customary uproar of whoops and yells&mdash;but
+without serious effect. The following morning,
+fearful of a general outpouring of settlers,
+the enemy withdrew hurriedly and in
+sullen mood.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Boone was soon marching
+through the forest toward Bryan's, as were
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">188</a></span>
+similar companies from Lexington, McConnell's,
+and McGee's, the other members of
+the Fayette County group; and men from
+the counties of Jefferson and Lincoln were
+also upon the way, under their military leaders.
+The neighboring contingents promptly
+arrived at Bryan's in the course of the afternoon.</p>
+
+<p>The next morning a hundred and eighty-two
+of the best riflemen in Kentucky, under
+Colonel Todd as ranking officer, started in
+pursuit of the foe, who had followed a buffalo-trail
+to Blue Licks, and were crossing
+the Licking when the pursuers arrived on the
+scene. A council of war was held, at which
+Boone, the most experienced man in the
+party, advised delay until the expected reenforcements
+could arrive. The bulk of the
+Indians had by this time escaped, leaving
+only about three hundred behind, who were
+plainly luring the whites to an attack. Todd,
+Trigg, and most of the other leaders sided
+with Boone; but Major Hugh McGary, an ardent,
+hot-headed man, with slight military
+training, dared the younger men to follow
+him, and spurred his horse into the river,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">189</a></span>
+whither, in the rash enthusiasm of the moment,
+the hot-bloods followed him, leaving
+the chief officers no choice but to accompany
+them.</p>
+
+<p>Rushing up a rocky slope on the other
+side, where a few Indians could be seen, the
+column soon fell into an ambush. A mad
+panic resulted, in which the Kentuckians for
+the most part acted bravely and caused many
+of the enemy to fall; but they were overpowered
+and forced to flee in hot haste, leaving
+seventy of their number dead on the field
+and seven captured. Among the killed were
+Todd and Trigg, fighting gallantly to the last.
+Boone lost his son Israel, battling by his
+side, and himself escaped only by swimming
+the river amid a shower of lead. A day or
+two later Logan arrived with four hundred
+men, among whom was Simon Kenton, to
+reenforce Todd; to him was left only the
+melancholy duty of burying the dead, now
+sadly disfigured by Indians, vultures, and
+wolves.</p>
+
+<p>The greater part of the savage victors,
+laden with scalps and spoils, returned exultantly
+to their northern homes, although
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">190</a></span>
+small bands still remained south of the Ohio,
+carrying wide-spread devastation through
+the settlements, especially in the neighborhood
+of Salt River, where, at one station,
+thirty-seven prisoners were taken.</p>
+
+<p>While all these tragedies were being enacted,
+General Clark, at the Falls of the Ohio,
+had offered only slight aid. But indignant
+protests sent in to the Virginia authorities
+by the Kentucky settlers, who were now in
+a state of great alarm, roused the hero of
+Kaskaskia and Vincennes to a sense of his
+duty. A vigorous call to arms was now issued
+throughout the three counties. Early in
+November over a thousand mounted riflemen
+met their brigadier at the mouth of the Licking,
+and from the site of Cincinnati marched
+through the Ohio forests to the Indian towns
+on the Little Miami. The savages fled in
+consternation, leaving the Kentuckians to
+burn their cabins and the warehouses of several
+British traders, besides large stores of
+grain and dried meats, thus entailing great
+suffering among the Shawnese during the
+winter now close at hand.</p>
+
+<p>The triumphant return of this expedition
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">191</a></span>
+gave fresh heart to the people of Kentucky;
+and the sequel proved that, although the
+tribesmen of the north frequently raided the
+over-mountain settlers throughout the decade
+to come, no such important invasions as
+those of 1782 were again undertaken.
+</p>
+
+<h3 class="p6">CHAPTER XIII<br />
+KENTUCKY'S PATH OF THORNS</h3>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">192</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The preliminary articles of peace between
+the United States and Great Britain
+had been signed on the thirtieth of November,
+1782; but it was not until the following
+spring that the news reached Kentucky. The
+northern tribes had information of the peace
+quite as early; and discouraged at apparently
+losing their British allies, who had fed,
+clothed, armed, and paid them from headquarters
+in Detroit, for a time suspended
+their organized raids into Kentucky. This
+welcome respite caused immigration to increase
+rapidly.</p>
+
+<p>We have seen how the old system of making
+preemptions and surveys led to the overlapping
+of claims, the commission of many
+acts of injustice, and wide-spread confusion
+in titles. Late in 1782, Colonel Thomas Marshall,
+the surveyor of Fayette County, arrived
+from Virginia, and began to attempt a
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">193</a></span>
+straightening of the land conflict. Boone
+was now not only the surveyor's deputy, but
+both sheriff and county lieutenant of Fayette,
+a combination of offices which he held until
+his departure from Kentucky. It was his
+duty as commandant to provide an escort
+for Marshall through the woods to the Falls
+of the Ohio, where was now the land-office.
+The following order which he issued for this
+guard has been preserved; it is a characteristic
+sample of the many scores of letters
+and other documents which have come down
+to us from the old hero, who fought better
+than he spelled:</p>
+
+<p class="p2">
+"Orders to Capt. Hazelrigg&mdash;your are
+amedetly to order on Duty 3 of your Company
+as goude [guard] to scorte Col Marshshall
+to the falls of ohigho you will call on
+those who was Exicused from the Shone
+[Shawnese] Expedistion and those who
+Come into the County after the army
+Marched they are to meet at Lexinton on
+Sunday next with out fale given under my
+hand this 6 Day of Janury 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="left65">
+"<span class="smcap">Dnl Boone</span>"</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">194</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="p2">Another specimen document of the time
+has reference to the scouting which it was
+necessary to maintain throughout much of
+the year; for small straggling bands of the
+enemy were still lurking about, eager to capture
+occasional scalps, the proudest trophies
+which a warrior could obtain. It also is apparently
+addressed to Hazelrigg:</p>
+
+<p class="p2">"orders the 15th feberry 1783</p>
+
+<p>"Sir you are amedetly to Call on Duty
+one thurd of our melitia as will mounted on
+horse as poseble and Eight Days purvistion
+to take a touere as follows Commanded by
+Leut Col patison and Rendevues at Strod
+[Strode's Station] on thusday the 20th from
+there to March to Colkes [Calk's] Cabin
+thence an Este Corse till the gat 10 miles
+above the uper Blew Licks then Down to
+Lickes thence to Limestown and if no Sine
+[is] found a stright Corse to Eagel Crick 10
+miles from the head from then home if Sine
+be found the Commander to act as he thinks
+most prudent as you will be the Best Judge
+when on the Spot. You will first Call on all
+who [were] Excused from the Expedistion
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">195</a></span>
+Except those that went to the falls with Col.
+Marshall and then Call them off as they
+Stand on the List here in faile not. given und
+my hand</p>
+
+<p class="left65">
+"<span class="smcap">Daniel Boone</span> C Lt."</p>
+
+<p class="p2">In March the Virginia legislature united
+the three counties into the District of Kentucky,
+with complete legal and military machinery;
+in the latter, Benjamin Logan
+ranked as senior colonel and district lieutenant.
+It will be remembered that when the
+over-mountain country was detached from
+Fincastle, it was styled the County of Kentucky;
+then the name of Kentucky was obliterated
+by its division into three counties;
+and now the name was revived by the creation
+of the district, which in due time was
+to become a State. The log-built town of
+Danville was named as the capital.</p>
+
+<p>It is estimated that during the few years
+immediately following the close of the Revolutionary
+War several thousand persons
+came each year to Kentucky from the seaboard
+States, although many of these returned
+to their homes either disillusioned or
+because of Indian scares. In addition to the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">196</a></span>
+actual settlers, who cared for no more land
+than they could use, there were merchants
+who saw great profits in taking boat-loads of
+goods down the Ohio or by pack-trains over
+the mountains; lawyers and other young professional
+men who wished to make a start in
+new communities; and speculators who hoped
+to make fortunes in obtaining for a song extensive
+tracts of fertile wild land, which they
+vainly imagined would soon be salable at
+large prices for farms and town sites. Many
+of the towns, although ill-kept and far from
+prosperous in appearance, were fast extending
+beyond their lines of palisade and boasting
+of stores, law-offices, market-places, and
+regular streets; Louisville had now grown
+to a village of three hundred inhabitants, of
+whom over a third were fighting-men. Besides
+Americans, there were among the newcomers
+many Germans, Scotch, and Irish,
+thrifty in the order named.</p>
+
+<p>At last Kentucky was raising produce
+more than sufficient to feed her own people,
+and an export trade had sprung up. Crops
+were being diversified: Indian corn still remained
+the staple, but there were also melons,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">197</a></span>
+pumpkins, tobacco, and orchards; besides,
+great droves of horses, cattle, sheep,
+and hogs, branded or otherwise marked,
+ranged at large over the country, as
+in old days on the Virginia and Carolina
+foot-hills. Away from the settlements buffaloes
+still yielded much beef, bacon was
+made from bears, and venison was a staple
+commodity.</p>
+
+<p>The fur trade was chiefly carried on by
+French trappers; but American hunters, like
+the Boones and Kenton, still gathered peltries
+from the streams and forests, and took or
+sent them to the East, either up the Ohio in
+bateaux or on packhorses over the mountains&mdash;paths
+still continually beset by savage
+assailants. Large quantities of ginseng
+were also shipped to the towns on the seaboard.
+Of late there had likewise developed
+a considerable trade with New Orleans and
+other Spanish towns down the Mississippi
+River. Traders with flatboats laden with
+Kentucky produce&mdash;bacon, beef, salt, and
+tobacco&mdash;would descend the great waterway,
+both of whose banks were audaciously
+claimed by Spain as far up as the mouth of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">198</a></span>
+the Ohio, and take great risks from Indian attack
+or from corrupt Spanish custom-house
+officials, whom it was necessary to bribe freely
+that they might not confiscate boat and
+cargo. This commerce was always uncertain,
+often ending in disaster, but immensely profitable
+to the unprincipled men who managed
+to ingratiate themselves with the Spanish authorities.</p>
+
+<p>Boone was now in frequent demand as a
+pilot and surveyor by capitalists who relied
+upon his unrivaled knowledge of the country
+to help them find desirable tracts of land;
+often he was engaged to meet incoming parties
+of immigrants over the Wilderness Road,
+with a band of riflemen to guard them against
+Indians, to furnish them with wild meat&mdash;for
+the newcomers at first were inexpert in
+killing buffaloes&mdash;and to show them the way
+to their claims. He was prominent as a pioneer;
+as county lieutenant he summoned his
+faithful men-at-arms to repel or avenge savage
+attacks; and his fame as hunter and explorer
+had by this time not only become general
+throughout the United States but had
+even reached Europe.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">199</a></span></p>
+
+<p>His reputation was largely increased by
+the appearance in 1784 of the so-called "autobiography."
+We have seen that, although
+capable of roughly expressing himself on
+paper, and of making records of his rude
+surveys, he was in no sense a scholar. Yet
+this autobiography, although signed by himself,
+is pedantic in form, and deals in words
+as large and sonorous as though uttered by
+the great Doctor Samuel Johnson. As a
+matter of fact, it is the production of John
+Filson, the first historian of Kentucky and
+one of the pioneers of Cincinnati. Filson
+was a schoolmaster, quite devoid of humor,
+and with a strong penchant for learned
+phrases. In setting down the story of
+Boone's life, as related to him by the great
+hunter, he made the latter talk in the first
+person, in a stilted manner quite foreign
+to the hardy but unlettered folk of whom
+Boone was a type. Wherever Boone's memory
+failed, Filson appears to have filled in
+the gaps from tradition and his own imagination;
+thus the autobiography is often wrong
+as to facts, and possesses but minor value as
+historical material. The little book was, however,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">200</a></span>
+widely circulated both at home and
+abroad, and gave Boone a notoriety excelled
+by few men of his day. Some years later
+Byron wrote some indifferent lines upon
+"General Boone of Kentucky;" the public
+journals of the time had accounts of his
+prowess, often grossly exaggerated; and
+English travelers into the interior of America
+eagerly sought the hero and told of him
+in their books.</p>
+
+<p>Yet it must be confessed that he had now
+ceased to be a real leader in the affairs of
+Kentucky. A kindly, simple-hearted, modest,
+silent man, he had lived so long by himself
+alone in the woods that he was ill fitted to
+cope with the horde of speculators and other
+self-seekers who were now despoiling the old
+hunting-grounds to which Finley had piloted
+him only fifteen years before. Of great use
+to the frontier settlements as explorer, hunter,
+pilot, land-seeker, surveyor, Indian fighter,
+and sheriff&mdash;and, indeed, as magistrate
+and legislator so long as Kentucky was a
+community of riflemen&mdash;he had small capacity
+for the economic and political sides of
+commonwealth-building. For this reason we
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">201</a></span>
+find him hereafter, although still in middle
+life, taking but slight part in the making of
+Kentucky; none the less did his career
+continue to be adventurous, picturesque, and
+in a measure typical of the rapidly expanding
+West.</p>
+
+<p>Probably in the early spring of 1786
+Boone left the neighborhood of the Kentucky
+River, and for some three years dwelt at
+Maysville (Limestone), still the chief gateway
+to Kentucky for the crowds of immigrants
+who came by water. He was there a
+tavern-keeper&mdash;probably Mrs. Boone was
+the actual hostess&mdash;and small river merchant.
+He still frequently worked at surveying,
+of course hunted and trapped as of
+old, and traded up and down the Ohio River
+between Maysville and Point Pleasant&mdash;the
+last-named occupation a far from peaceful
+one, for in those troublous times navigation
+of the Ohio was akin to running the gauntlet;
+savages haunted the banks, and by dint
+of both strategy and open attack wrought a
+heavy mortality among luckless travelers and
+tradesmen. The goods which he bartered to
+the Kentuckians for furs, skins, and ginseng
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">202</a></span>
+were obtained in Maryland, whither he and
+his sons went with laden pack-animals, often
+driving before them loose horses for sale in
+the Eastern markets. Sometimes they followed
+some familiar mountain road, at others
+struck out over new paths, for no longer was
+the Wilderness Road the only overland highway
+to the West.</p>
+
+<p>Kentucky was now pursuing a path
+strewn with thorns. Northward, the British
+still held the military posts on the upper
+lakes, owing to the non-fulfilment of certain
+stipulations in the treaty of peace. Between
+these and the settlements south of the Ohio
+lay a wide area populated by powerful and
+hostile tribes of Indians, late allies of the
+British, deadly enemies of Kentucky, and
+still aided and abetted by military agents of
+the king. To the South, Spain controlled the
+Mississippi, the commercial highway of the
+West; jealous of American growth, she
+harshly denied to Kentuckians the freedom
+of the river, and was accused of turning
+against them and their neighbors of Tennessee
+the fierce warriors of the Creek and Cherokee
+tribes. On their part, the Kentuckians
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">203</a></span>
+looked with hungry eyes upon the rich lands
+held by Spain.</p>
+
+<p>Not least of Kentucky's trials was the political
+discontent among her own people,
+which for many years lay like a blight upon
+her happiness and prosperity. Virginia's
+home necessities had prevented that commonwealth
+from giving much aid to the West
+during the Revolution, and at its conclusion
+her policy toward the Indians lacked the aggressive
+vigor for which Kentuckians pleaded.
+This was sufficient cause for dissatisfaction;
+but to this was added another of still greater
+importance. To gain the free navigation of
+the Mississippi, and thus to have an outlet
+to the sea, long appeared to be essential to
+Western progress. At first the Eastern men
+in Congress failed to realize this need,
+thereby greatly exasperating the over-mountain
+men. All manner of schemes were in
+the air, varying with men's temperaments
+and ambitions. Some, like Clark&mdash;who, by
+this time had, under the influence of intemperance,
+greatly fallen in popular esteem,
+although not without followers&mdash;favored a
+filibustering expedition against the Spanish;
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">204</a></span>
+and later (1788), when this did not appear
+practicable, were willing to join hands with
+Spain herself in the development of the continental
+interior; and later still (1793-94), to
+help France oust Spain from Louisiana.
+Others wished Kentucky to be an independent
+State, free to conduct her own affairs
+and make such foreign alliances as were
+needful; but Virginia and Congress did not
+release her.</p>
+
+<p>Interwoven with this more or less secret
+agitation for separating the West from the
+East were the corrupt intrigues of Spain,
+which might have been more successful had
+she pursued a persistent policy. Her agents&mdash;among
+whom were some Western pioneers
+who later found difficulty in explaining their
+conduct&mdash;craftily fanned the embers of discontent,
+spread reports that Congress intended
+to sacrifice to Spain the navigation rights
+of the West, distributed bribes, and were
+even accused of advising Spain to arm the
+Southern Indians in order to increase popular
+uneasiness over existing conditions.
+Spain also offered large land grants to prominent
+American borderers who should lead
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">205</a></span>
+colonies to settle beyond the Mississippi and
+become her subjects&mdash;a proposition which
+Clark once offered to accept, but did not;
+but of which we shall see that Daniel
+Boone, in his days of discontent, took advantage,
+as did also a few other Kentucky
+pioneers. Ultimately Congress resolved never
+to abandon its claim to the Mississippi
+(1787); and when the United States became
+strong, and the advantages of union were
+more clearly seen in the West, Kentucky became
+a member of the sisterhood of States
+(1792).</p>
+
+<p>It is estimated that, between 1783 and
+1790, fully fifteen hundred Kentuckians were
+massacred by Indians or taken captive to
+the savage towns; and the frontiers of Virginia
+and Pennsylvania furnished their full
+quota to the long roll of victims. It is impossible
+in so small a volume as this to
+mention all of even the principal incidents
+in the catalogue of assaults, heroic defenses,
+murders, burnings, torturings, escapes, reprisals,
+and ambushes which constitute the
+lurid annals of this protracted border warfare.
+The reader who has followed thus far
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">206</a></span>
+this story of a strenuous life, will understand
+what these meant; to what deeds of daring
+they gave rise on the part of the men and
+women of the border; what privation and anguish
+they entailed. But let us not forget
+that neither race could claim, in this titanic
+struggle for the mastery of the hunting-grounds,
+a monopoly of courage or of cowardice,
+of brutality or of mercy. The Indians
+suffered quite as keenly as the whites
+in the burning of their villages, crops, and
+supplies, and by the loss of life either in
+battle, by stealthy attack, or by treachery.
+The frontiersmen learned from the red men
+the lessons of forest warfare, and often outdid
+their tutors in ferocity. The contest between
+civilization and savagery is, in the nature
+of things, unavoidable; the result also
+is foreordained. It is well for our peace of
+mind that, in the dark story of the Juggernaut
+car, we do not inquire too closely into
+details.</p>
+
+<p>In 1785, goaded by numerous attacks on
+settlers and immigrants, Clark led a thousand
+men against the tribes on the Wabash;
+but by this time he had lost control of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">207</a></span>
+situation, and cowardice on the part of his
+troops, combined with lack of provisions, led
+to the practical failure of the expedition,
+although the Indians were much frightened.</p>
+
+<p>At the same time, Logan was more successful
+in an attack on the Shawnese of the
+Scioto Valley, who lost heavily in killed and
+prisoners. In neither of these expeditions
+does Boone appear to have taken part.</p>
+
+<p>The year 1787 was chiefly notable, in the
+history of the West, for the adoption by Congress
+of the Ordinance for the government
+of the Territory Northwest of the River Ohio,
+wherein there dwelt perhaps seven thousand
+whites, mostly unprogressive French-Canadians,
+in small settlements flanking the Mississippi
+and the Great Lakes, and in the Wabash
+Valley. Along the Ohio were scattered
+a few American hamlets, chiefly in Kentucky.
+In the same year the Indian war reached
+a height of fury which produced a panic
+throughout the border, and frantic appeals
+to Virginia, which brought insufficient aid.
+Boone, now a town trustee of Maysville, was
+sent to the legislature that autumn, and occupied
+his seat at Richmond from October until
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">208</a></span>
+January. While there, we find him strongly
+complaining that the arms sent out to Kentucky
+by the State during the year were unfit
+for use, the swords being without scabbards,
+and the rifles without cartridge-boxes or
+flints.</p>
+
+<p>A child of the wilderness, Boone was law-abiding
+and loved peace, but he chafed at
+legal forms. He had, in various parts
+of Kentucky, preempted much land in the
+crude fashion of his day, both under the
+Transylvania Company and the later statutes
+of Virginia&mdash;how much, it would now be
+difficult to ascertain. In his old survey-books,
+still preserved in the Wisconsin State
+Historical Library, one finds numerous claim
+entries for himself, ranging from four hundred
+to ten thousand acres each&mdash;a tract
+which he called "Stockfield," near Boonesborough;
+on Cartwright's Creek, a branch of
+Beech Fork of Salt River; on the Licking,
+Elkhorn, Boone's Creek, and elsewhere. The
+following is a specimen entry, dated "Aperel
+the 22 1785," recording a claim made "on
+the Bank of Cantuckey"; it illustrates the
+loose surveying methods of the time: "Survayd
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">209</a></span>
+for Dal Boone 5000 acres begin at Robert
+Camels N E Corner at a 2 White ashes
+and Buckeyes S 1200 p[oles] to 3 Shuger
+trees Ealm and walnut E 666 p to 6 Shuger
+trees and ash N 1200 p to a poplar and beech
+W 666 p to the begining."</p>
+
+<p>It did not occur to our easy-going hero
+that any one would question his right to as
+much land as he cared to hold in a wilderness
+which he had done so much to bring to
+the attention of the world. But claim-jumpers
+were no respecters of persons. It was
+discovered that Boone had carelessly failed
+to make any of his preemptions according
+to the letter of the law, leaving it open for
+any adventurer to reenter the choice claims
+which he had selected with the care of an
+expert, and to treat him as an interloper.
+Suits of ejectment followed one by one
+(1785-98), until in the end his acres were
+taken from him by the courts, and the good-hearted,
+simple fellow was sent adrift in the
+world absolutely landless.</p>
+
+<p>At first, when his broad acres began to
+melt away, the great hunter, careless of his
+possessions, appeared to exhibit no concern;
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">210</a></span>
+but the accumulation of his disasters, together
+with the rapid growth of settlement
+upon the hunting-grounds, and doubtless
+some domestic nagging, developed within
+him an intensity of depression which led him
+to abandon his long-beloved Kentucky and
+vow never again to dwell within her limits.
+In the autumn of 1788, before his disasters
+were quite complete, this resolution was carried
+into effect; with wife and family, and
+what few worldly goods he possessed, he removed
+to Point Pleasant, at the junction of
+the Great Kanawha and the Ohio&mdash;in our
+day a quaint little court-house town in West
+Virginia.
+</p>
+
+<h3 class="p6">CHAPTER XIV<br />
+IN THE KANAWHA VALLEY</h3>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">211</a></span></p>
+
+<p>During his early years on the Kanawha,
+Boone kept a small store at Point Pleasant.
+Later, he moved to the neighborhood of
+Charleston, where he was engaged in the
+usual variety of occupations&mdash;piloting immigrants;
+as deputy surveyor of Kanawha
+County, surveying lands for settlers and
+speculators; taking small contracts for victualing
+the militia, who were frequently
+called out to protect the country from Indian
+forays; and in hunting. Some of his expeditions
+took him to the north of the Ohio,
+where he had several narrow escapes from
+capture and death at the hands of the enemy,
+and even into his old haunts on the Big
+Sandy, the Licking, and the Kentucky.</p>
+
+<p>He traveled much, for a frontiersman.
+In 1788 he went with his wife and their son
+Nathan by horseback to the old Pennsylvania
+home in Berks County, where they spent a
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">212</a></span>
+month with kinsfolk and friends. We find
+him in Maysville, on a business trip, during
+the year; indeed, there are evidences of numerous
+subsequent visits to that port. In
+May of the following year he was on the
+Monongahela River with a drove of horses
+for sale, Brownsville then being an important
+market for ginseng, horses, and cattle; and
+in the succeeding July he writes to a client,
+for whom he had done some surveying, that
+he would be in Philadelphia during the coming
+winter.</p>
+
+<p>In October, 1789, there came to him, as
+the result of a popular petition, the appointment
+of lieutenant-colonel of Kanawha County&mdash;the
+first military organization in the valley;
+and in other ways he was treated with
+marked distinction by the primitive border
+folk of the valley, both because of his brilliant
+career in Kentucky and the fact that
+he was a surveyor and could write letters.
+One who knew him intimately at this time
+has left a pleasing description of the man,
+which will assist us in picturing him as he
+appeared to his new neighbors: "His large
+head, full chest, square shoulders, and stout
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">213</a></span>
+form are still impressed upon my mind. He
+was (I think) about five feet ten inches in
+height, and his weight say 175. He was
+solid in mind as well as in body, never frivolous,
+thoughtless, or agitated; but was always
+quiet, meditative, and impressive, unpretentious,
+kind, and friendly in his manner.
+He came very much up to the idea we have
+of the old Grecian philosophers&mdash;particularly
+Diogenes."</p>
+
+<p>By the summer of 1790, Indian raids
+again became almost unbearable. Fresh
+robberies and murders were daily reported
+in Kentucky, and along the Ohio and the Wabash.
+The expedition of Major J. F. Hamtramck,
+of the Federal Army, against the
+tribesmen on the Wabash, resulted in the
+burning of a few villages and the destruction
+of much corn; but Colonel Josiah Harmar's
+expedition in October against the
+towns on the Scioto and the St. Joseph, at
+the head of nearly 1,500 men, ended in failure
+and a crushing defeat, although the Indian
+losses were so great that the army was allowed
+to return to Cincinnati unmolested.
+Boone does not appear to have taken part in
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">214</a></span>
+these operations, his militiamen probably
+being needed for home protection.</p>
+
+<p>The following year the General Government
+for the first time took the field against
+the Indians in earnest. For seven years it
+had attempted to bring the tribesmen to
+terms by means of treaties, but without avail.
+Roused to fury by the steady increase of settlement
+north as well as south of the Ohio,
+the savages were making life a torment to
+the borderers. War seemed alone the remedy.
+In June, General Charles Scott, of
+Kentucky, raided the Miami and Wabash
+Indians. Two months later General James
+Wilkinson, with five hundred Kentuckians,
+laid waste a Miami village and captured
+many prisoners. These were intended but
+to open the road for an expedition of far
+greater proportions. In October, Governor
+Arthur St. Clair, of the Northwest Territory,
+a broken-down man unequal to such a task,
+was despatched against the Miami towns
+with an ill-organized army of two thousand
+raw troops. Upon the fourth of November
+they were surprised near the principal Miami
+village; hundreds of the men fled at the first
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">215</a></span>
+alarm, and of those who remained over six
+hundred fell during the engagement, while
+nearly three hundred were wounded. This
+disastrous termination of the campaign demoralized
+the West and left the entire border
+again open to attack&mdash;an advantage which
+the scalping parties did not neglect.</p>
+
+<p>While this disaster was occurring, Boone
+was again sitting in the legislature at Richmond,
+where he represented Kanawha County
+from October 17th to December 20th. The
+journals of the Assembly show him to have
+been a silent member, giving voice only in
+yea and nay; but he was placed upon two
+then important committees&mdash;religion, and
+propositions and licenses. It was voted to
+send ammunition for the militia on the Monongahela
+and the Kanawha, who were to be
+called out for the defense of the frontier.
+Before leaving Richmond, Boone wrote as
+follows to the governor:</p>
+
+<p class="p2 left65 s08">
+"Monday 13th Dec 1791</p>
+
+<p>"Sir as sum purson Must Carry out the
+armantstion [ammunition] to Red Stone
+[Brownsville, Pa.,] if your Exclency should
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">216</a></span>
+have thought me a proper purson I would
+undertake it on conditions I have the apintment
+to vitel the company at Kanhowway
+[Kanawha] so that I Could take Down the
+flowre as I paste that place I am your Excelenceys
+most obedent omble servant</p>
+
+<p class="left65">
+"<span class="smcap">Da<sup>l</sup> Boone.</span>"</p>
+
+<p class="p2">Five days later the contract was awarded
+to him; and we find among his papers receipts,
+obtained at several places on his way
+home, for the lead and flints which he was
+to deliver to the various military centers.
+But the following May, Colonel George Clendennin
+sharply complains to the governor
+that the ammunition and rations which Boone
+was to have supplied to Captain Caperton's
+rangers had not yet been delivered, and that
+Clendennin was forced to purchase these supplies
+from others. It does not appear from
+the records how this matter was settled; but
+as there seems to have been no official inquiry,
+the non-delivery was probably the result of a
+misunderstanding.</p>
+
+<p>At last, after a quarter of a century of
+bloodshed, the United States Government
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">217</a></span>
+was prepared to act in an effective manner.
+General Anthony Wayne&mdash;"Mad Anthony,"
+of Stony Point&mdash;after spending a year and
+a half in reorganizing the Western army,
+established himself, in the winter of 1793-94,
+in a log fort at Greenville, eighty miles
+north of Cincinnati, and built a strong outpost
+at Fort Recovery, on the scene of St.
+Clair's defeat. After resisting an attack on
+Fort Recovery made on the last day of June
+by over two thousand painted warriors from
+the Upper Lakes, he advanced with his
+legion of about three thousand well-disciplined
+troops to the Maumee Valley and
+built Fort Defiance. Final battle was given
+to the tribesmen on the twentieth of August
+at Fallen Timbers. As the result of superb
+charges by infantry and cavalry, in forty
+minutes the Indian army was defeated and
+scattered. The backbone of savage opposition
+to Northwestern settlement was broken,
+and at the treaty of Greenville in the following
+summer (1795) a peace was secured
+which remained unbroken for fifteen years.</p>
+
+<p>Wayne's great victory over the men of
+the wilderness gave new heart to Kentucky
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">218</a></span>
+and the Northwest. The pioneers were exuberant
+in the expression of their joy. The
+long war, which had lasted practically since
+the mountains were first crossed by Boone
+and Finley, had been an almost constant
+strain upon the resources of the country.
+Now no longer pent up within palisades, and
+expecting nightly to be awakened by the
+whoops of savages to meet either slaughter
+or still more dreaded captivity, men could
+go forth without fear to open up forests, to
+cultivate fields, and peaceably to pursue the
+chase.</p>
+
+<p>To hunters like Boone, in particular, this
+great change in their lives was a matter for
+rejoicing. The Kanawha Valley was not as
+rich in game as he had hoped; but in Kentucky
+and Ohio were still large herds of buffaloes
+and deer feeding on the cane-brake
+and the rank vegetation of the woods, and
+resorting to the numerous salt-licks which
+had as yet been uncontaminated by settlement.</p>
+
+<p>After the peace, Boone for several seasons
+devoted himself almost exclusively to
+hunting; in beaver-trapping he was especially
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">219</a></span>
+successful, his favorite haunt for these
+animals being the neighboring Valley of
+the Gauley. His game he shared freely with
+neighbors, now fast increasing in numbers,
+and the skins and furs were shipped
+to market, overland or by river, as of old.</p>
+
+<p>Upon removing to the Kanawha, he still
+had a few claims left in Kentucky, but suits
+for ejectment were pending over most of
+these. They were all decided against him,
+and the remaining lands were sold by the
+sheriff for taxes, the last of them going in
+1798. His failure to secure anything for his
+children to inherit, was to the last a source
+of sorrow to Boone.</p>
+
+<p>The Kanawha in time came to be distasteful
+to him. Settlements above and below were
+driving away the game, and sometimes his
+bag was slight; the crowding of population
+disturbed the serenity which he sought in
+deep forests; the nervous energy of these
+newcomers, and the avarice of some of them,
+annoyed his quiet, hospitable soul; and he
+fretted to be again free, thinking that civilization
+cost too much in wear and tear of
+spirit.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">220</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Boone had long looked kindly toward the
+broad, practically unoccupied lands of forest
+and plain west of the Mississippi. Adventurous
+hunters brought him glowing tales of
+buffaloes, grizzly bears, and beavers to be
+found there without number. Spain, fearing
+an assault upon her possessions from
+Canada, was just now making flattering
+offers to those American pioneers who
+should colonize her territory, and by casting
+their fortunes with her people strengthen
+them. This opportunity attracted the disappointed
+man; he thought the time ripe for
+making a move which should leave the crowd
+far behind, and comfortably establish him in
+a country wherein a hunter might, for many
+years to come, breathe fresh air and follow
+the chase untrammeled.</p>
+
+<p>In 1796, Daniel Morgan Boone, his oldest
+son, traveled with other adventurers in boats
+to St. Charles County, in eastern Missouri,
+where they took lands under certificates of
+cession from Charles Dehault Delassus, the
+Spanish lieutenant-governor of Upper Louisiana,
+resident at St. Louis. There were
+four families, all settling upon Femme Osage
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">221</a></span>
+Creek, six miles above its junction with the
+Missouri, some twenty-five miles above the
+town of St. Charles, and forty-five by water
+from St. Louis.</p>
+
+<p>Thither they were followed, apparently
+in the spring of 1799, by Daniel Boone and
+wife and their younger children. The departure
+of the great hunter, now in his sixty-fifth
+year, was the occasion for a general
+gathering of Kanawha pioneers at the home
+near Charleston. They came on foot, by
+horseback, and in canoe, from far and near,
+and bade him a farewell as solemnly affectionate
+as though he were departing for another
+world; indeed, Missouri then seemed
+almost as far away to the West Virginians
+as the Klondike is to dwellers in the Mississippi
+basin to-day&mdash;a long journey by
+packhorse or by flatboat into foreign wilds,
+beyond the great waterway concerning which
+the imaginations of untraveled men often
+ran riot.</p>
+
+<p>The hegira of the Boones, from the junction
+of the Elk and the Kanawha, was accomplished
+by boats, into which were crowded
+such of their scant herd of live stock as
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">222</a></span>
+could be accommodated. Upon the way they
+stopped at Kentucky towns along the Ohio,
+either to visit friends or to obtain provisions,
+and attracted marked attention, for throughout
+the West Boone was, of course, one of
+the best-known men of his day. In Cincinnati
+he was asked why, at his time of life,
+he left the comforts of an established home
+again to subject himself to the privations of
+the frontier. "Too crowded!" he replied
+with feeling. "I want more elbow-room!"</p>
+
+<p>Arriving at the little Kentucky colony on
+Femme Osage Creek, where the Spanish authorities
+had granted him a thousand arpents<a name="FNanchor_17" id="FNanchor_17" href="#Footnote_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a>
+of land abutting his son's estate upon
+the north, he settled down in a little log cabin
+erected largely by his own hands, for the
+fourth and last time as a pioneer. He was
+never again in the Kanawha Valley, and but
+twice in Kentucky&mdash;once to testify as to some
+old survey-marks made by him, and again to
+pay the debts which he had left when removing
+to Point Pleasant.</p>
+
+<h3 class="p6">CHAPTER XV<br />
+A SERENE OLD AGE</h3>
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">223</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Missouri's sparse population at that time
+consisted largely of Frenchmen, who had
+taken easily to the yoke of Spain. For a
+people of easy-going disposition, theirs was
+an ideal existence. They led a patriarchal
+life, with their flocks and herds grazing upon
+a common pasture, and practised a crude agriculture
+whose returns were eked out by
+hunting in the limitless forests hard by. For
+companionship, the crude log cabins in the
+little settlements were assembled by the
+banks of the waterways, and there was small
+disposition to increase tillage beyond domestic
+necessities. There were practically no
+taxes to pay; military burdens sat lightly;
+the local syndic (or magistrate), the only
+government servant to be met outside of St.
+Louis, was sheriff, judge, jury, and commandant
+combined; there were no elections,
+for representative government was unknown;
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">224</a></span>
+the fur and lead trade with St. Louis was the
+sole commerce, and their vocabulary did not
+contain the words enterprise and speculation.</p>
+
+<p>Here was a paradise for a man of Boone's
+temperament, and through several years to
+come he was wont to declare that, next to his
+first long hunt in Kentucky, this was the happiest
+period of his life. On the eleventh of
+July, 1800, Delassus&mdash;a well-educated French
+gentleman, and a good judge of character&mdash;appointed
+him syndic for the Femme Osage
+district, a position which the old man held
+until the cession of Louisiana to the United
+States. This selection was not only because
+of his prominence among the settlers and his
+recognized honesty and fearlessness, but for
+the reason that he was one of the few among
+these unsophisticated folk who could make
+records. In a primitive community like the
+Femme Osage, Boone may well have ranked
+as a man of some education; and certainly he
+wrote a bold, free hand, showing much practise
+with the pen, although we have seen that
+his spelling and grammar might have been
+improved. When the government was turned
+over to President Jefferson's commissioner,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">225</a></span>
+Delassus delivered to that officer, by request,
+a detailed report upon the personality of his
+subordinates, and this is one of the entries
+in the list of syndics: "Mr. Boone, a respectable
+old man, just and impartial, he has already,
+since I appointed him, offered his resignation
+owing to his infirmities&mdash;believing I
+know his probity, I have induced him to remain,
+in view of my confidence in him, for
+the public good."</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><a name="i007" id="i007"></a>
+<img src="images/i007.jpg" width="550" height="347" alt="Boone's Cabin" />
+
+<p class="caption">BOONE'S CABIN IN ST. CHARLES COUNTY, MISSOURI.</p>
+
+<p class="caption s08">From photograph in possession of Wisconsin State Historical Society.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Boone's knowledge did not extend to law-books,
+but he had a strong sense of justice;
+and during his four years of office passed
+upon the petty disputes of his neighbors with
+such absolute fairness as to win popular approbation.
+His methods were as primitive
+and arbitrary as those of an Oriental pasha;
+his penalties frequently consisted of lashes
+on the bare back "well laid on;" he would
+observe no rules of evidence, saying he
+wished only to know the truth; and sometimes
+both parties to a suit were compelled
+to divide the costs and begone. The French
+settlers had a fondness for taking their quarrels
+to court; but the decisions of the good-hearted
+syndic of Femme Osage, based solely
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">226</a></span>
+upon common sense in the rough, were respected
+as if coming from a supreme bench.
+His contemporaries said that in no other
+office ever held by the great rifleman did he
+give such evidence of undisguised satisfaction,
+or display so great dignity as in this
+rôle of magistrate. Showing newly arrived
+American immigrants to desirable tracts of
+land was one of his most agreeable duties;
+when thus tendering the hospitalities of the
+country to strangers, it was remarked that
+our patriarch played the Spanish "don" to
+perfection.</p>
+
+<p>In October, 1800, Spain agreed to deliver
+Louisiana to France; but the latter found
+it impracticable at that time to take possession
+of the territory. By the treaty of April
+30, 1803, the United States, long eager to
+secure for the West the open navigation of
+the Mississippi, purchased the rights of
+France. It was necessary to go through the
+form, both in New Orleans and in St. Louis,
+of transfer by Spain to France, and then by
+France to the United States. The former
+ceremony took place in St. Louis, the capital
+of Upper Louisiana, upon the ninth of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">227</a></span>
+March, 1804, and the latter upon the following
+day. Daniel Boone's authority as a
+Spanish magistrate ended when the flag of his
+adopted country was hauled down for the last
+time in the Valley of the Mississippi.</p>
+
+<p>The coming of the Americans into power
+was welcomed by few of the people of Louisiana.
+The French had slight patience with
+the land-grabbing temper of the "Yankees,"
+who were eager to cut down the forests, to
+open up farms, to build towns, to extend
+commerce, to erect factories&mdash;to inaugurate
+a reign of noise and bustle and avarice.
+Neither did men of the Boone type&mdash;who had
+become Spanish subjects in order to avoid
+the crowds, to get and to keep cheap lands,
+to avoid taxes, to hunt big game, and to live
+a simple Arcadian life&mdash;at all enjoy this sudden
+crossing of the Mississippi River, which
+they had vainly hoped to maintain as a perpetual
+barrier to so-called progress.</p>
+
+<p>Our hero soon had still greater reason
+for lamenting the advent of the new <i>régime</i>.
+His sad experience with lands in Kentucky
+had not taught him prudence. When the
+United States commission came to examine
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">228</a></span>
+the titles of Louisiana settlers to the claims
+which they held, it was discovered that Boone
+had failed properly to enter the tract which
+had been ceded to him by Delassus. The
+signature of the lieutenant-governor was
+sufficient to insure a temporary holding, but
+a permanent cession required the approval of
+the governor at New Orleans; this Boone
+failed to obtain, being misled, he afterward
+stated, by the assertion of Delassus that so
+important an officer as a syndic need not
+take such precautions, for he would never be
+disturbed. The commissioners, while highly
+respecting him, were regretfully obliged under
+the terms of the treaty to dispossess the
+old pioneer, who again found himself landless.
+Six years later (1810) Congress tardily
+hearkened to his pathetic appeal, backed by
+the resolutions of the Kentucky legislature,
+and confirmed his Spanish grant in words of
+praise for "the man who has opened the way
+to millions of his fellow men."</p>
+
+<p>By the time he was seventy years old,
+Boone's skill as a hunter had somewhat lessened.
+His eyes had lost their phenomenal
+strength; he could no longer perform those
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">229</a></span>
+nice feats of marksmanship for which in his
+prime he had attained wide celebrity, and
+rheumatism made him less agile. But as a
+trapper he was still unexcelled, and for many
+years made long trips into the Western wilderness,
+even into far-off Kansas, and at
+least once (1814, when eighty years old) to
+the great game fields of the Yellowstone.
+Upon such expeditions, often lasting several
+months, he was accompanied by one or more
+of his sons, by his son-in-law Flanders Calloway,
+or by an old Indian servant who was
+sworn to bring his master back to the Femme
+Osage dead or alive&mdash;for, curiously enough,
+this wandering son of the wilderness ever
+yearned for a burial near home.</p>
+
+<p>Beaver-skins, which were his chief desire,
+were then worth nine dollars each in the St.
+Louis market. He appears to have amassed a
+considerable sum from this source, and from
+the sale of his land grant to his sons, and in
+1810 we find him in Kentucky paying his debts.
+This accomplished, tradition says that he had
+remaining only fifty cents; but he gloried in
+the fact that he was at last "square with the
+world," and returned to Missouri exultant.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">230</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The War of 1812-15 brought Indian troubles
+to this new frontier, and some of the
+farm property of the younger Boones was
+destroyed in one of the savage forays. The
+old man fretted at his inability to assist in
+the militia organization, of which his sons
+Daniel Morgan and Nathan were conspicuous
+leaders; and the state of the border did not
+permit of peaceful hunting. In the midst of
+the war he deeply mourned the death of his
+wife (1813)&mdash;a woman of meek, generous,
+heroic nature, who had journeyed over the
+mountains with him from North Carolina,
+and upon his subsequent pilgrimages, sharing
+all his hardships and perils, a proper
+helpmeet in storm and calm.</p>
+
+<p>Penniless, and a widower, he now went to
+live with his sons, chiefly with Nathan, then
+forty-three years of age. After being first a
+hunter and explorer, and then an industrious
+and successful farmer, Nathan had won distinction
+in the war just closed and entered the
+regular army, where he reached the rank of
+lieutenant-colonel and had a wide and thrilling
+experience in Indian fighting. Daniel
+Morgan is thought to have been the first settler
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">231</a></span>
+in Kansas (1827); A. G. Boone, a grandson,
+was one of the early settlers of Colorado,
+and prominently connected with Western Indian
+treaties and Rocky Mountain exploration;
+and another grandson of the great
+Kentuckian was Kit Carson, the famous
+scout for Frémont's transcontinental expedition.</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><a name="i008" id="i008"></a>
+<img src="images/i008.jpg" width="550" height="375" alt="Nathan Boone's House" />
+<p class="caption">NATHAN BOONE'S HOUSE IN ST. CHARLES COUNTY, MISSOURI.</p>
+
+<p class="caption s08">Herein Daniel Boone died.</p>
+</div>
+<p>It was not long before the Yankee <i>régime</i>
+confirmed Boone's fears. The tide of immigration
+crossed the river, and rolling westward
+again passed the door of the great
+Kentuckian, driving off the game and
+monopolizing the hunting-grounds. Laws,
+courts, politics, speculation, and improvements
+were being talked about, to the bewilderment
+of the French and the unconcealed
+disgust of the former syndic. Despite his
+great age, he talked strongly of moving still
+farther West, hoping to get beyond the reach
+of settlement; but his sons and neighbors
+persuaded him against it, and he was obliged
+to accommodate himself as best he might to
+the new conditions. In summer he would
+work on the now substantial and prosperous
+farms of his children, chopping trees for the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">232</a></span>
+winter's wood. But at the advent of autumn
+the spirit of restlessness seized him, when
+he would take his canoe, with some relative
+or his Indian servant, and disappear up the
+Missouri and its branches for weeks together.
+In 1816, we hear of him as being at Fort
+Osage, on his way to the Platte, "in the
+dress of the roughest, poorest hunter." Two
+years later, he writes to his son Daniel M.:
+"I intend by next autumn to take two or
+three whites and a party of Osage Indians
+to visit the salt mountains, lakes, and ponds
+and see these natural curiosities. They are
+about five or six hundred miles west of here"&mdash;presumably
+the rock salt in Indian Territory;
+it is not known whether this trip was
+taken. He was greatly interested in Rocky
+Mountain exploration, then much talked of,
+and eagerly sought information regarding
+California; and was the cause of several
+young men migrating thither. A tale of
+new lands ever found in him a delighted
+listener.</p>
+
+<p>In these his declining years, although he
+had suffered much at the hands of the world,
+Boone's temperament, always kindly, mellowed
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">233</a></span>
+in tone. Decay came gradually, without
+palsy or pain; and, amid kind friends
+and an admiring public, his days passed in
+tranquillity. The following letter written by
+him at this period to his sister-in-law Sarah
+(Day) Boone, wife of his brother Samuel, is
+characteristic of the man, and gives to us,
+moreover, probably the only reliable account
+we possess of his religious views:</p>
+
+<p class="left65 p2 s08">"october the 19<sup>th</sup> 1816</p>
+
+<p>"Deer Sister</p>
+
+<p>"With pleasuer I Rad a Later from your
+sun Samuel Boone who informs me that you
+are yett Liveing and in good health Considing
+your age I wright to you to Latt you
+know I have Not forgot you and to inform
+you of my own Situation sence the Death of
+your Sister Rabacah I Leve with flanders
+Calaway But am at present at my sun Nathans
+and in tolarabel halth you Can gass
+at my feilings by your own as we are So
+Near one age I Need Not write you of our
+satuation as Samuel Bradley or James
+grimes Can inform you of Every Surcomstance
+Relating to our famaly and how we
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">234</a></span>
+Leve in this World and what Chance we shall
+have in the next we know Not for my part
+I am as ignerant as a Child all the Relegan I
+have to Love and fear god beleve in Jeses
+Christ Don all the good to my Nighbour and
+my self that I Can and Do as Little harm as
+I Can help and trust on gods marcy for the
+Rest and I Beleve god neve made a man of
+my prisepel to be Lost and I flater my self
+Deer sister that you are well on your way
+in Cristeanaty gave my Love to all your
+Childran and all my frends fearwell my
+Deer sister</p>
+
+<p class="left65">
+"<span class="smcap">Daniel Boone</span></p>
+
+<p class="p2">
+"Mrs. Sarah Boone</p>
+
+<p>"N B I Red a Later yesterday from sister
+Hanah peninton by hir grand sun Da<sup>l</sup> Ringe
+she and all hir Childran are Well at present</p>
+
+<p class="left65">"D B"</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a name="i009" id="i009"></a>
+<img src="images/i009.jpg" width="416" height="550" alt="Boone Letter" />
+<p class="caption">BOONE'S RELIGIOUS VIEWS.</p>
+
+<p class="caption s08">Reduced facsimile from original MS. in possession of Wisconsin State
+Historical Society.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a name="i010" id="i010"></a>
+<img src="images/i010.jpg" width="459" height="550" alt="Boone Letter" />
+</div>
+
+<p>Many strangers of distinction visited him
+at Nathan's home near the banks of the Missouri,
+and the public journals of the day
+always welcomed an anecdote of the great
+hunter's prowess&mdash;although most of the stories
+which found their way into print were
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">235</a></span>
+either deliberate inventions or unconsciously
+exaggerated traditions. From published descriptions
+of the man by those who could
+discriminate, we may gain some idea of his
+appearance and manner. The great naturalist
+Audubon once passed a night under a
+West Virginia roof in the same room with
+Boone, whose "extraordinary skill in the
+management of a rifle" is alluded to. He
+says: "The stature and general appearance
+of this wanderer of the Western forests approached
+the gigantic. His chest was broad
+and prominent; his muscular powers displayed
+themselves in every limb; his countenance
+gave indication of his great courage,
+enterprise, and perseverance; and when he
+spoke the very motion of his lips brought the
+impression that whatever he uttered could
+not be otherwise than strictly true. I undressed,
+whilst he merely took off his hunting-shirt
+and arranged a few folds of blankets
+on the floor, choosing rather to lie there,
+as he observed, than on the softest bed."</p>
+
+<p>Timothy Flint, one of his early biographers,
+knew the "grand old man" in Missouri,
+and thus pictures him: "He was five
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">236</a></span>
+feet ten inches in height, of a very erect,
+clean-limbed, and athletic form&mdash;admirably
+fitted in structure, muscle, temperament, and
+habit for the endurance of the labors,
+changes, and sufferings he underwent. He
+had what phrenologists would have considered
+a model head&mdash;with a forehead peculiarly
+high, noble, and bold&mdash;thin and compressed
+lips&mdash;a mild, clear, blue eye&mdash;a large
+and prominent chin, and a general expression
+of countenance in which fearlessness
+and courage sat enthroned, and which told
+the beholder at a glance what he had been
+and was formed to be." Flint declares that
+the busts, paintings, and engravings of
+Boone bear little resemblance to him. "They
+want the high port and noble daring of his
+countenance.... Never was old age more
+green, or gray hairs more graceful. His
+high, calm, bold forehead seemed converted
+by years into iron."</p>
+
+<p>Rev. James E. Welch, a revivalist, thus
+tells of Boone as he saw him at his meetings
+in 1818: "He was rather low of stature,
+broad shoulders, high cheek-bones, very mild
+countenance, fair complexion, soft and quiet
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">237</a></span>
+in his manner, but little to say unless spoken
+to, amiable and kind in his feelings, very
+fond of quiet retirement, of cool self-possession
+and indomitable perseverance. He
+never made a profession of religion, but still
+was what the world calls a very moral man."</p>
+
+<p>In 1819, the year before the death of
+Boone, Chester Harding, an American portrait-painter
+of some note, went out from St.
+Louis to make a life study of the aged Kentuckian.
+He found him at the time "living
+alone in a cabin, a part of an old blockhouse,"
+evidently having escaped for a time from
+the conventionalities of home life, which
+palled upon him. The great man was roasting
+a steak of venison on the end of his ramrod.
+He had a marvelous memory of the
+incidents of early days, although forgetful
+of passing events. "I asked him," says
+Harding, "if he never got lost in his long
+wanderings after game? He said 'No, I was
+never lost, but I was bewildered once for
+three days.'" The portrait is now in the possession
+of the painter's grandson, Mr. William
+H. King, of Winnetka, Ill. Harding says
+that he "never finished the drapery of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">238</a></span>
+original picture, but copied the head, I think,
+at three different times." It is from this
+portrait (our frontispiece), made when
+Boone was an octogenarian, emaciated and
+feeble&mdash;although not appearing older than
+seventy years&mdash;that most others have been
+taken; thus giving us, as Flint says, but a
+shadowy notion of how the famous explorer
+looked in his prime. There is in existence,
+however, a portrait made by Audubon, from
+memory&mdash;a charming picture, representing
+Boone in middle life.<a name="FNanchor_18" id="FNanchor_18" href="#Footnote_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a></p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">239</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Serene and unworldly to the last, and
+with slight premonition of the end, Daniel
+Boone passed from this life upon the twenty-sixth
+of September, 1820, in the eighty-sixth
+year of his age. The event took place in the
+home of his son Nathan, said to be the first
+stone house built in Missouri. The convention
+for drafting the first constitution of the
+new State was then in session in St. Louis.
+Upon learning the news, the commonwealth-builders
+adjourned for the day in respect
+to his memory; and as a further mark of regard
+wore crape on their left arms for twenty
+days. The St. Louis Gazette, in formally
+announcing his death, said: "Colonel Boone
+was a man of common stature, of great enterprise,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">240</a></span>
+strong intellect, amiable disposition,
+and inviolable integrity&mdash;he died universally
+regretted by all who knew him.... Such
+is the veneration for his name and character."</p>
+
+<p>Pursuant to his oft-repeated request, he
+was buried by the side of his wife, upon the
+bank of Teugue Creek, about a mile from the
+Missouri. There, in sight of the great river
+of the new West, the two founders of Boonesborough
+rested peacefully. Their graves
+were, however, neglected until 1845, when the
+legislature of Kentucky made a strong appeal
+to the people of Missouri to allow the
+bones to be removed to Frankfort, where, it
+was promised, they should be surmounted
+by a fitting monument. The eloquence of
+Kentucky's commissioners succeeded in overcoming
+the strong reluctance of the Missourians,
+and such fragments as had not
+been resolved into dust were removed amid
+much display. But in their new abiding-place
+they were again the victims of indifference;
+it was not until 1880, thirty-five
+years later, that the present monument was
+erected.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">241</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a name="i011" id="i011"></a>
+<img src="images/i011.jpg" width="372" height="550" alt="Boone's Monument" />
+
+<p class="caption">BOONE'S MONUMENT AT FRANKFORT, KENTUCKY.</p>
+</div>
+<p>We have seen that Daniel Boone was
+neither the first explorer nor the first settler
+of Kentucky. The trans-Alleghany wilds
+had been trodden by many before him; even
+he was piloted through Cumberland Gap by
+Finley, and Harrodsburg has nearly a year's
+priority over Boonesborough. He had not
+the intellect of Clark or of Logan, and his
+services in the defense of the country were
+of less importance than theirs. He was not
+a constructive agent of civilization. But in
+the minds of most Americans there is a pathetic,
+romantic interest attaching to Boone
+that is associated with few if any others of
+the early Kentuckians. His migrations in
+the vanguard of settlement into North Carolina,
+Kentucky, West Virginia, and Missouri,
+each in their turn; his heroic wanderings in
+search of game and fresh lands; his activity
+and numerous thrilling adventures during
+nearly a half-century of border warfare; his
+successive failures to acquire a legal foothold
+in the wilderness to which he had piloted
+others; his persistent efforts to escape the
+civilization of which he had been the forerunner;
+his sunny temper amid trials of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">242</a></span>
+sort that made of Clark a plotter and a misanthrope;
+his sterling integrity; his serene old
+age&mdash;all these have conspired to make for
+Daniel Boone a place in American history as
+one of the most lovable and picturesque of
+our popular heroes; indeed, the typical backwoodsman
+of the trans-Alleghany region.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">243</a></span></p>
+
+<h3 class="p6">INDEX</h3>
+<div class="indx">
+<ul class="none">
+<li>Abingdon (Pa.), Boones in, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.</li>
+
+<li><a name="Alleghany_Mountains" id="Alleghany_Mountains"></a>Alleghany Mountains, bound French claims, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;
+  border Valley of Virginia, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>;
+  pioneers on eastern foot-hills, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>;
+  barrier to Western advance, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;
+  Berkeley's exploration, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>;
+  crossed by Americans, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;
+  in Dunmore's War, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>;
+  first government west of, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Allen, &mdash;&mdash;, paints Boone's portrait, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Amherst, Gen. Jeffrey, of British Army, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Appalachian Mountains, troughs of, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>-<a href="#Page_15">15</a>.
+  See also <a href="#Alleghany_Mountains">Alleghany Mountains</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Arkansas, Virginia hunters in, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Ashton, Captain, killed by Indians, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Audubon, John James, knew Boone, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="indx">
+<ul class="none">
+
+<li>Baker, John, explores Kentucky, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Barbour, &mdash;&mdash;, hunts in Kentucky, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Baton Rouge (La.), North Carolinians near, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Batts, Thomas, on New River, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Bears, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Beaver Creek, Boone on, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Beavers, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Benton, &mdash;&mdash;, Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Berkeley, Gov. William, in Alleghanies, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Berks County (Pa.), Boones in, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>-<a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Black Fish, Shawnese chief, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>-<a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>-<a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Bledsoe, Maj. Anthony, militia leader, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Blue Ridge, borders Valley of Virginia, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;
+  crossed by Boone, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Boiling Spring (Ky.), founded, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>.
+  See also <a href="#Boiling_Spring">Fort Boiling Spring</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Boone, A. G., grandson of Daniel, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;, Benjamin, son of George<sup>1</sup>, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;, Daniel, Dutch painter, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;, Daniel, born, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;
+  youth, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>-<a href="#Page_15">15</a>;
+  training, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>-<a href="#Page_12">12</a>;
+  education, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>;
+  moves to Yadkin, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;
+  explores Yadkin region, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;
+  in French and Indian War, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>-<a href="#Page_23">23</a>;
+  marriage, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>-<a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>;
+  list of children, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;
+  life on the Yadkin, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>-<a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>-<a href="#Page_36">36</a>;
+  flees to Virginia, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;
+  returns to Yadkin, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;
+  visits Florida, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;
+  early Kentucky explorations, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;
+  trains James, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;
+  discontented in North Carolina, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>-<a href="#Page_69">69</a>;
+  hunts in Tennessee, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>;
+  in Cherokee War, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>;
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">244</a></span>
+  carves name on trees, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>;
+  captures criminals, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;
+  opinion of Indians, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;
+  piloted by Finley, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>;
+  crosses Cumberland Gap, <a href="#Page_ix">ix</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>;
+  long hunt in Kentucky, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>-<a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>-<a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>;
+  starts for Kentucky, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>-<a href="#Page_103">103</a>;
+  on Clinch, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>;
+  in Dunmore's War, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>-<a href="#Page_112">112</a>;
+  pioneer for Transylvania Company, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>-<a href="#Page_117">117</a>;
+  settles Boonesborough, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>-<a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;
+  defends Boonesborough, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;
+  capture of daughter, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>-<a href="#Page_136">136</a>;
+  captured by Shawnese, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>-<a href="#Page_158">158</a>;
+  returns to Kentucky, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>-<a href="#Page_178">178</a>;
+  hunts for settlers, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;
+  robbed of money, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>;
+  militia leader, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>;
+  Indian expeditions, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>-<a href="#Page_189">189</a>;
+  pilot for immigrants, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>;
+  leaves Boonesborough, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;
+  justice of peace, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>;
+  surveyor, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>;
+  member of legislature, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>;
+  revisits Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>;
+  loses Kentucky lands, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>-<a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>;
+  at Maysville, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>-<a href="#Page_210">210</a>;
+  river trader, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>;
+  life on Kanawha, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>-<a href="#Page_222">222</a>;
+  "autobiography," <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>;
+  ships furs to East, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>;
+  moves to Missouri, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>-<a href="#Page_222">222</a>;
+  Spanish syndic, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>-<a href="#Page_227">227</a>;
+  hunts in Missouri, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>-<a href="#Page_232">232</a>;
+  laments growth of settlement, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>;
+  loses Spanish grant, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>;
+  pays debts, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>;
+  old age, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>-<a href="#Page_241">241</a>;
+  death and burial, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>;
+  character, <a href="#Page_vii">vii</a>-<a href="#Page_ix">ix</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>;
+  religious views, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>;
+  specimen letters, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>-<a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>-<a href="#Page_235">235</a>;
+  descriptions of, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>-<a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>-<a href="#Page_237">237</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>;
+  not first in Kentucky, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>;
+  Byron's verses, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>;
+  nature of services, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>;
+  extent of fame, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>-<a href="#Page_235">235</a>;
+  portraits, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>-<a href="#Page_239">239</a>;
+  Draper's proposed biography, <a href="#Page_ix">ix</a>-<a href="#Page_x">x</a>.</li>
+
+<li><a name="Boone_Mrs_Daniel" id="Boone_Mrs_Daniel"></a>Boone, Mrs. Daniel, marriage, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>-<a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>;
+  life on Yadkin, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;
+  flees to Virginia, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;
+  scorns Florida, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;
+  in Kentucky, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>;
+  death and burial, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;, Daniel Morgan, son of Daniel, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;
+  in Missouri, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>;
+  in Kansas, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;, Edward, brother of Daniel, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>;
+  killed by Indians, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;, Elizabeth, sister of Daniel, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;, George<sup>1</sup>, grandfather of Daniel, early life, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>-<a href="#Page_3">3</a>;
+  moves to Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>;
+  death, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;, George<sup>2</sup>, son of foregoing, born, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>;
+  in Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>-<a href="#Page_5">5</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;, George<sup>3</sup>, brother of Daniel, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;, Hannah, sister of Daniel, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;, Israel<sup>1</sup>, brother of Daniel, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;, Israel<sup>2</sup>, son of Daniel, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;
+  killed by Indians, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;, James<sup>1</sup>, son of George<sup>1</sup>, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;, James<sup>2</sup>, son of Daniel, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;
+  trained as hunter, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;
+  killed by Indians, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;, Jemima, daughter of Daniel, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;
+  captured by Indians, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>-<a href="#Page_136">136</a>;
+  marries Flanders Calloway, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;, John, son of George<sup>1</sup>, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;, John B., son of Daniel, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;, Jonathan, brother of Daniel, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;, Joseph, son of George<sup>1</sup>, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;, Lavinia, daughter of Daniel, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;, Mary<sup>1</sup>, daughter of George<sup>1</sup>, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;, Mary<sup>2</sup>, sister of Daniel, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;, Nathan, son of Daniel, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;
+  visits Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>;
+  in Missouri, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;, Rebecca, daughter of Daniel, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;, Samuel<sup>1</sup>, son of George<sup>1</sup>, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">245</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Boone, Samuel<sup>2</sup>, brother of Daniel, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;
+  marries Sarah Day, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;, Samuel<sup>3</sup>, son of foregoing, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;, Sarah<sup>1</sup>, daughter of George<sup>1</sup>, born, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>;
+  moves to Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;
+  marries Jacob Stover, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;, Sarah<sup>2</sup>, sister of Daniel, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;, Sarah Day, letter from Daniel, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.
+  See also <a href="#SarahDay">Sarah Day</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;, Squire<sup>1</sup>, father of Daniel, born, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>;
+  moves to Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;
+  marriage, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>;
+  life in Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>-<a href="#Page_15">15</a>;
+  expelled by Quakers, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;
+  moves to Yadkin, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>-<a href="#Page_17">17</a>;
+  flees to Virginia, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;
+  returns to Yadkin, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;
+  life on Yadkin, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;
+  death, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;, Squire<sup>2</sup>, brother of Daniel, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>;
+  on Big Sandy, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>;
+  visits Kentucky, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>-<a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>-<a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>;
+  at Boonesborough, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;, Susannah, daughter of Daniel, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; family, in Cherokee War, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>;
+  in Kentucky, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;
+  in Missouri, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>-<a href="#Page_241">241</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Boone's Creek (Ky.), Boone on, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Creek (Tenn.), Boone on, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Station. See <a href="#FortBoone">Fort Boone</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Boonesborough (Ky.), <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>-<a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>;
+  Transylvania convention at, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>;
+  capture of girls, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>-<a href="#Page_136">136</a>;
+  in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>-<a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>-<a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>;
+  besieged by Indians, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>-<a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>;
+  Boone's return to, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>-<a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>;
+  incorporated, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>;
+  left by Boone, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;
+  present condition, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>;
+  Ranck's monograph, <a href="#Page_x">x</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Bouquet, Gen. Henry, campaign of, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>;
+  treats with Indians, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Bourbon County (Ky.), Boone in, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Bowman, Col. John, Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;
+  militia leader, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>;
+  in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>-<a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Braddock, Gen. Edward, defeated by French, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>-<a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Bradley, Edward, Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;, Samuel, mentioned by Boone, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Bradninch (Eng.), early home of Boones, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>-<a href="#Page_3">3</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Bridges, James, Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li>
+
+<li><a name="Brownsville" id="Brownsville"></a>Brownsville (Pa.), Boone at, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Bryan, Joseph, father-in-law of Boone, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;, Rebecca. See <a href="#Boone_Mrs_Daniel">Mrs. Daniel Boone</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; family, Yadkin pioneers, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>-<a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;
+  in Cherokee War, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>;
+  in Kentucky, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Buffaloes, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Bush, William, Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Byrd, Colonel, of British Army, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;, Col. William, raids Cherokees, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Byron, George Noel Gordon, Lord, lines on Boone, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="indx">
+<ul class="none">
+<li>Cahokia (Ill.), won by Clark, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Caldwell, Capt. William, raids Kentucky, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.</li>
+
+<li>California, Boone interested in, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Calk, William, Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Calloway, Betsey, captured by Indians, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;
+  marries Samuel Henderson, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">246</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Calloway, Fanny, captured by Indians, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;, Flanders, marries Jemima Boone, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>;
+  in Missouri, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;, Col. Richard, Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>;
+  daughters captured, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;
+  accuses Boone, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>-<a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Campbell, Maj. Arthur, in Dunmore's War, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>;
+  in Kentucky, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;, Ensign John, in Dunmore's War, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; (Camel), Robert, Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; family, Kentucky pioneers, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Camp Madison (Ky.), <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Caperton, Captain, militia leader, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Captain Jack, Indian hero, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Carson, Kit, grandson of Boone, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Cartwright's Creek, Boone on, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Castle's-woods, Boone at, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Catawba Indians, relations with Yadkin settlers, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;
+  allies of whites, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>;
+  raided by Northern Indians, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Cattle-raising, on frontier, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Charleston (S.C.), in Cherokee War, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;
+  Boone at, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; (W. Va.), Boone near, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Charlottesville (Va.), Boone at, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</li>
+
+<li><a name="Cherokee" id="Cherokee"></a>Cherokee Indians, raided by Northern tribes, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>;
+  relations with Yadkin settlers, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;
+  war with whites, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>-<a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>;
+  plunder Kentucky hunters, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>;
+  treaty with settlers, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>;
+  in Dunmore's War, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>;
+  in Transylvania cession, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>-<a href="#Page_116">116</a>;
+  in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>-<a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>-<a href="#Page_167">167</a>;
+  inflamed by Spain, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Chickasaw Indians, in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</li>
+
+<li><a name="Chillicothe" id="Chillicothe"></a>Chillicothe (Ohio), Boone near, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;, Little, Shawnese town, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;, Old, Shawnese town, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Choctaw Indians, rob hunters, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Christian family, Kentucky pioneers, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Cincinnati, founded, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>;
+  Clark at, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>;
+  Harmar, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>;
+  Boone, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>;
+  Wayne, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Clark, George Rogers, arrival in Kentucky, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;
+  delegate to Virginia, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>;
+  in Dunmore's War, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>;
+  in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>;
+  Wabash expedition, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;
+  separatist intrigues, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>-<a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>;
+  misanthropic, <a href="#Page_vii">vii</a>;
+  character of services, <a href="#Page_vii">vii</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Clendennin, Col. George, militia leader, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Clinch Mountain, crossed by Boone, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Coburn, Samuel, Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Colorado, A. G. Boone in, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Cooley, William, accompanies Boone, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>-<a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Cornstalk, Shawnese chief, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Cornwallis, Lord, imprisons Boone, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Covington (Ky.), Bowman at, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Crabtree, Capt. Jacob, Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Crane, Sergt. John, in Dunmore's War, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Creek Indians, inflamed by Spain, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Crime, on frontier, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>-<a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Croghan, George, fur-trader, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Culpeper County (Va.), Boone in, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">247</a></span></li>
+
+<li><a name="Cumberland" id="Cumberland"></a>Cumberland Gap, crossed by Virginia hunters, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>;
+  Finley, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>;
+  Boone, <a href="#Page_vii">vii</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>;
+  in Dunmore's War, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.
+  See also <a href="#Wilderness_Road">Wilderness Road</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Mountains, bound Kentucky, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Cutbirth, Benjamin, friend of Boone, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;
+  in Kentucky, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="indx">
+<ul class="none">
+
+<li>Danville (Ky.), district capital, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Davie County (N.C.), Boones in, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Dawson, Miss Marjory, aid acknowledged,<a href="#Page_xi"> xi</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Day, Rebecca, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;, <a name="SarahDay" id="SarahDay"></a>Sarah, marries Samuel Boone, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;
+  teaches Daniel, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Deer, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>-<a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Delassus, Charles Dehault, lieutenant-governor of Upper Louisiana, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Delaware Indians, Christian converts, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;
+  in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>-<a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Detroit, Boone at, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>-<a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>;
+  British headquarters, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</li>
+
+<li>District of Columbia, Squire Boone in, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Doddridge, Joseph, <i>Notes on Virginia</i>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>-<a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Drake, Joseph, heads Long Hunters, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Draper, Lyman Copeland, gathers Boone manuscripts, <a href="#Page_ix">ix</a>-<a href="#Page_x">x</a>;
+  letters from Harding, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Dress, of pioneers, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Dunkin, Sergt. John, in Dunmore's War, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Dunmore, Lord, commissions Boone, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>;
+  raids Indians, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>-<a href="#Page_112">112</a>;
+  opposes Henderson, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Durrett, Col. Reuben T., aid acknowledged, <a href="#Page_x">x</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Dutchman's Creek, Boones on, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="indx">
+<ul class="none">
+<li>Eagle Creek, in Indian campaign, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Education, on frontier, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Elk, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.</li>
+
+<li>English, in French and Indian War, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>-<a href="#Page_23">23</a>;
+  defeat French, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;
+  employ French woodsmen, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>;
+  fur trade of, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;
+  oppose American settlement, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>;
+  in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>-<a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>-<a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>;
+  designs on Louisiana, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Estill, Capt. James, killed by Indians, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; County (Ky.), Boone in, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Etting, J. Marx, aid acknowledged, <a href="#Page_xi">xi</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Exeter township (Pa.), Boones in, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>-<a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="indx">
+<ul class="none">
+<li>Fayette County (Ky.), organized, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>-<a href="#Page_182">182</a>;
+  raided by Indians, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>;
+  surveying, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Fallen Timbers, battle of, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Falls of Ohio. See <a href="#Louisville">Louisville</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Femme Osage Creek, Boone on, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>-<a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Filson, John, writes Boone's "autobiography," <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Fincastle County (Va.), includes Kentucky, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Finley, John, early exploration of Kentucky, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>;
+  tells Boone thereof, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>-<a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;
+  pilots Boone thither, <a href="#Page_vii">vii</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>-<a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Fishing Creek, Clark on, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Flint, Timothy, describes Boone, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">248</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Florida, Virginia hunters in, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>;
+  Boone, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Floyd, Capt. John, on state of frontier, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>;
+  in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Forbes, Gen. John, campaign of, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Fort Blackmore, in Dunmore's War, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; <a name="Boiling_Spring" id="Boiling_Spring"></a>Boiling Spring, in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; <a name="FortBoone" id="FortBoone"></a>Boone (Boone's Station), built, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Bryan (Ky.), in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>-<a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Defiance, Wayne at, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Dobbs, erected, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>-<a href="#Page_39">39</a>;
+  in Cherokee War, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>-<a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Duquesne. See <a href="#Pittsburg">Pittsburg</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Elk Garden, in Dunmore's War, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Estill, attacked by Indians, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Glade Hollow, in Dunmore's War, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Harrod. See <a href="#Boiling_Spring">Fort Boiling Spring</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Hinkson, in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Huston (Ky.), in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Jefferson, built by Clark, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Logan, in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Loudon, erected, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;
+  in Cherokee War, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; McClellan, in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; McConnell, in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; McGee, in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Maiden Spring, in Dunmore's War, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Martin, besieged, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Massac, French at, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Moore, in Dunmore's War, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Nelson. See <a href="#Louisville">Louisville</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Osage, Boone at, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Pitt. See <a href="#Pittsburg">Pittsburg</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Price (Ky.), in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Prince George, in Cherokee War, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Recovery, Wayne at, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Robinson, erected, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Ruddell, founded, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>;
+  besieged, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Russell, in Dunmore's War, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Stanwix, treaty of, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Strode, militia rendezvous, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Whitley, in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Whitton (Big Crab Orchard), in Dunmore's War, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Forts on frontier, described, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>-<a href="#Page_41">41</a>;
+  methods of defense, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Frankfort (Ky.), <a href="#Page_121">121</a>;
+  Boone portrait at, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>;
+  Boone's grave, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Fredericksburg (Va.), Boone in, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Frelinghuysen, Theodore, on Cherokee bravery, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Frémont, Gen. John C., explorer, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>.</li>
+
+<li><a name="French" id="French"></a>French, introduce knives, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>;
+  early knowledge of Kentucky, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>-<a href="#Page_87">87</a>;
+  in French and Indian War, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>-<a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;
+  inflame Southern Indians, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>;
+  fall of New France, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;
+  hunting in Kentucky, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>;
+  employed by English, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>;
+  in Northwest Territory, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;
+  in Missouri, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>-<a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>;
+  intrigue against Spain, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>;
+  cede Louisiana to United States, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Creek, French on, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Fur trade, near Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;
+  French and English rivalry, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;
+  Ohio Company, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>;
+  Finley, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>;
+  Croghan, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;
+  with Southern Indians, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>;
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">249</a></span>
+  roving of traders, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>;
+  English operations, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>;
+  character of traders, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>;
+  autumnal caravans, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>;
+  Boone's operations, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="indx">
+<ul class="none">
+<li>Gass, Capt. David, on Clinch, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>;
+  Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Gauntlet-running, described, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Georgetown (D.C.), Squire Boone in, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Georgia, Virginia hunters in, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>;
+  Boone, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;
+  increase of settlement, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Germans, among frontiersmen, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Girty, George, met by Boone, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;, James, met by Boone, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;, Simon, American renegade, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Gist, Christopher, explores Kentucky, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Grant, Lieut.-Col. James, raids Cherokees, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>-<a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Granville, Earl, North Carolina landholder, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Great Lakes, French posts on, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Meadows, defeat of Washington, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Greenville (Ohio), treaty of, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Grimes, James, mentioned by Boone, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Gwynedd township (Pa.), Boones in, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>-<a href="#Page_6">6</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="indx">
+<ul class="none">
+<li>Hamilton, Gov. Henry, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>;
+  relations with Boone, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>-<a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>;
+  imprisoned, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Hamtramck, Maj. J. F., raids Indians, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Harding, Chester, paints Boone's portrait, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>-<a href="#Page_239">239</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Harmar, Col. Josiah, raids Indians, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Harper's Ferry (Va.), Boones at, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Harrisonburg (Va.), Boones near, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Harrod, Capt. James, in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Harrodsburg, founded, <a href="#Page_vii">vii</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>;
+  convention at, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>;
+  in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>;
+  seat of Lincoln County, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Hart, David, of Transylvania Company, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;, John, Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;, Nathaniel, of Transylvania Company, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;, Thomas, of Transylvania Company, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Hays, William, Boone's son-in-law, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;, Mrs. William, daughter of Boone, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Hazelrigg, Captain, letters from Boone, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>-<a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Hempinstall, Abraham, hunts in Kentucky, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Henderson, Col. Richard, settles Kentucky, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>-<a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>-<a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>-<a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;, Samuel, marries Betsey Calloway, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Hennepin, Father Louis, explorations of, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Hewett, Gen. Fayette, aid acknowledged, <a href="#Page_xi">xi</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Hicks, William, Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Hill, William, accompanies Boone, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Hinkson, Maj. John, Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Hite, Isaac, Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Holden, Capt. Joseph, accompanies Boone, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>-<a href="#Page_77">77</a>;
+  defeated by Indians, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">250</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Howard, John, in Kentucky, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Hunting, early practised by Boone, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>-<a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>;
+  in Yadkin country, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>-<a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;
+  early trail through Cumberland Gap, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>;
+  in Tennessee, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>-<a href="#Page_57">57</a>;
+  abundant in Kentucky, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>;
+  Long Hunters, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>-<a href="#Page_95">95</a>;
+  Boone's long Kentucky hunt, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>-<a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>-<a href="#Page_97">97</a>;
+  Boone's contemporaries, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>-<a href="#Page_91">91</a>;
+  after Revolution, in Kentucky, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>;
+  in Kanawha Valley, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>;
+  in Missouri, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>-<a href="#Page_232">232</a>;
+  profits of, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>-<a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>-<a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>;
+  methods employed, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>;
+  camps described, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;
+  game decreasing, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>.
+  See also the several animals.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="indx">
+<ul class="none">
+<li>Iberville, Lemoyne d', explorations of, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Illinois, French in, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;
+  English, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Indian Territory, mentioned by Boone, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Indians, understood by Boone, <a href="#Page_viii">viii</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;
+  influence of women, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;
+  lodge life, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>;
+  adopt captives, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>;
+  affected by fur trade, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>;
+  barrier to settlement, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>;
+  in eastern Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;
+  infest mountain valleys, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>;
+  in French and Indian War, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>-<a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>-<a href="#Page_56">56</a>;
+  raid Yadkin region, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>-<a href="#Page_56">56</a>;
+  raid Kentucky, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>;
+  warrior's paths, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;
+  gauntlet-running, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>;
+  methods of warfare, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>-<a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>-<a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>-<a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>-<a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>;
+  ethics of border warfare, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>-<a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>;
+  finally quieted in Northwest, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>-<a href="#Page_218">218</a>.
+  See also the several tribes.</li>
+
+<li>Irish, among frontiersmen, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Iron Mountain, crossed by Boone, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Iroquois, in Kentucky, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="indx">
+<ul class="none">
+<li>Jefferson, Thomas, governor of Virginia, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>;
+  President, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Jefferson County (Ky.), organized, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>-<a href="#Page_181">181</a>;
+  in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>;
+  Lincolns in, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Jennings, Edmund, Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Jessamine County (Ky.), Bone in, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Jesuits, seek Mississippi River, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Johnson, Andrew, escapes from Indians, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;, Thomas, Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Joliet, Louis, discovers Mississippi, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Jones, Capt. John Gabriel, delegate to Virginia, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Justice, on frontier, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="indx">
+<ul class="none">
+<li>Kanawha County (W. Va.), Boone in, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>-<a href="#Page_222">222</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Kansas, Boone in, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Kaskaskia (Ill.), won by Clark, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Keith, Sir William, governor of Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Kennedy, John, Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Kenton, Simon, scout, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;
+  in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Kentucky, described, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>;
+  debatable land between tribes, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;
+  early explorations, <a href="#Page_vii">vii</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>-<a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>-<a href="#Page_91">91</a>;
+  Virginia hunters, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;
+  Finley, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>;
+  Boone's early explorations, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>-<a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;
+  Boone's long hunt, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>-<a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>-<a href="#Page_97">97</a>;
+  Long Hunters in, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>-<a href="#Page_95">95</a>;
+  Washington, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>;
+  Cutbirth, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;
+  Boone family, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>;
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">251</a></span>
+  game abundant, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>;
+  Cherokee lands settled, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>;
+  early colonial projects, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>;
+  Transylvania Company, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>-<a href="#Page_176">176</a>;
+  first settled, <a href="#Page_vii">vii</a>-<a href="#Page_viii">viii</a>;
+  rush of settlers, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>-<a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;
+  in Dunmore's War, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>;
+  during Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>-<a href="#Page_192">192</a>;
+  losses in Indian wars, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>;
+  Indians finally quelled, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>-<a href="#Page_218">218</a>;
+  established as Virginia County, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>;
+  divided into three counties, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>-<a href="#Page_181">181</a>;
+  made a district, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>;
+  becomes a State, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>;
+  sends Boone to legislature, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>;
+  separatist agitation, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>-<a href="#Page_205">205</a>;
+  first wedding, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>;
+  first artillery, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;
+  hard winter, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;
+  early commerce, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>;
+  Boone pays debts, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>;
+  Boone's services to, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>;
+  petitions Congress for Boone, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>;
+  obtains Boone's remains, <a href="#Page_ix">ix</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>;
+  declines to buy Harding's portrait, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>;
+  Filson's <i>History</i>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>.</li>
+
+<li>King, John, Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;, John L., owns Boone portrait, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;, William H., owns Boone portrait, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>-<a href="#Page_239">239</a>;
+  aid acknowledged, <a href="#Page_xi">xi</a>.</li>
+
+<li>King Philip, Indian hero, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Kinkead, Sergt. John, in Dunmore's War, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="indx">
+<ul class="none">
+<li>Lackey, W. G., aid acknowledged, <a href="#Page_xi">xi</a>.</li>
+
+<li>La Fayette, Gen. Marquis de, in Virginia, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Land grants, to French and Indian War veterans, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>;
+  by Iroquois to whites, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>;
+  by Cherokees to whites, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>-<a href="#Page_116">116</a>;
+  Boone from Virginia, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>;
+  Boone from Spain, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>.
+  See also <a href="#Transylvania_Company">Transylvania Company</a>.</li>
+
+<li>La Salle, Robert Cavelier, sieur de, on Western waters, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Law, on frontier, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>-<a href="#Page_227">227</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Lederer, John, on Western waters, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Lee, William, Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Lewis, Gen. Andrew, in Dunmore's War, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; family, Kentucky pioneers, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Lexington (Ky.), seat of Fayette County, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>;
+  in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>-<a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Limestone. See <a href="#Maysville">Maysville</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Lincoln, Abraham, Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; County (Ky.), organized, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>-<a href="#Page_181">181</a>;
+  in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Linn, Lieutenant, marries, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Linnville Creek, Boones on, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Logan, Benjamin, arrives in Kentucky, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;
+  raids Indians, <a href="#Page_vii">vii</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;
+  in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>;
+  character of services, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Logan, Chief John, attacks whites, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Long Hunters, in Kentucky, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>-<a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Long Island, of Holston, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Long Knives, use of term, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Louisiana, North Carolinians in, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;
+  French, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;
+  owned by Spain, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>;
+  French intrigue against, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>;
+  ceded to United States, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>-<a href="#Page_228">228</a>.</li>
+
+<li><a name="Louisville" id="Louisville"></a>Louisville (Ky.), Gist at site of, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>;
+  Finley, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;
+  Washington, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>;
+  Clark, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;
+  Boone, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>;
+  in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>;
+  seat of Jefferson County, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>;
+  early growth, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Lyttleton, William Henry, governor of South Carolina, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">252</a></span></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="indx">
+<ul class="none">
+<li>McAfee family, Kentucky pioneers, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</li>
+
+<li>McClellan, Alexander, Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</li>
+
+<li>McCulloch, John, explores Kentucky, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</li>
+
+<li>MacDowell family, Kentucky pioneers, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</li>
+
+<li>McGary, Maj. Hugh, in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</li>
+
+<li>McKee, Capt. Alexander, raids Kentucky, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Marquette, Father Jacques, discovers Mississippi, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Marshall, Col. Thomas, surveyor, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Martin, Josiah, governor of North Carolina, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Maryland, Boones in, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;
+  increase of settlement, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>;
+  commerce with Kentucky, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Matthews, Albert, on "Long Knives," <a href="#Page_111">111</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Maugridge, Mary, marries George Boone<sup>1</sup>, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Mausker, Caspar, of Long Hunters, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>.</li>
+
+<li><a name="Maysville" id="Maysville"></a>Maysville (Ky.), <a href="#Page_194">194</a>;
+  in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>;
+  Boone at, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>-<a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Medicine, on frontier, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Mill, John Stuart, on forcing civilization, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Miller, William, Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Mingo Indians, in Dunmore's War, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>;
+  in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>-<a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>-<a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Mingo Junction (Ohio), Logan tragedy near, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Missouri, Boone family in, <a href="#Page_viii">viii</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>-<a href="#Page_241">241</a>;
+  life previous to cession, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>-<a href="#Page_226">226</a>;
+  first stone house, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>;
+  Constitutional Convention, <a href="#Page_viii">viii</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>;
+  releases Boone's remains, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Moccasin Gap, followed by Boone, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Monocacy Valley, Boone in, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Montgomery, Alexander, scout, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;, Col. John, raids Cherokees, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>-<a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Mooney, James, accompanies Boone, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>-<a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Moore, Sergeant, in Dunmore's War, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;, William, Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Moravian Indian missions, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Morgan, John, grandfather of Daniel Boone, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;, Sarah, marries Squire Boone<sup>1</sup>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;
+  life in Oley, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>-<a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; family, Welsh settlers, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Morton, Mrs. Jennie C., aid acknowledged, <a href="#Page_x">x</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Muskrats, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="indx">
+<ul class="none">
+<li>Nall, James, Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Nashville (Tenn.), hard winter at, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Neely, Alexander, joins Boone, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>-<a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Neversink Mountains, Boone in, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.</li>
+
+<li>New France, fall of, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.
+  See also <a href="#French">French</a>.</li>
+
+<li>New Mexico, New Englanders in, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li>
+
+<li>New Orleans, French at, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;
+  Spanish, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>;
+  North Carolinians, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;
+  Virginians, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>;
+  early commerce with, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>.</li>
+
+<li>New York (State), Indian uprising, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;
+  sends emigrants to Kentucky, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li>
+
+<li>North Carolina, pioneers of, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>-<a href="#Page_15">15</a>;
+  sends colony to Louisiana, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;
+  Boones in, <a href="#Page_viii">viii</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>-<a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>;
+  in French and Indian War, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>-<a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>-<a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>;
+  interest in Western settlement, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>;
+  Henderson's colony, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>-<a href="#Page_176">176</a>;
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">253</a></span>
+  opposition to Henderson, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>;
+  regulators, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;
+  rapid settlement, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</li>
+
+<li>North Wales (Pa.), Boones in, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Northwest Territory, organized, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="indx">
+<ul class="none">
+<li>Ohio, Shawnese in, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>-<a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>;
+  Boone hunts in, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Company, founded, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;
+  operations of, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;
+  land grants on Ohio River, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Oley township (Pa.), Boones in, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>-<a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Opecancano, Indian hero, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Orange County (Va.), settlers hunt in Kentucky, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Ordinance of 1787, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Osage Indians, mentioned by Boone, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Otter Creek, Boone on, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Otters, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Owatin Creek (Pa.), Boones on, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Ozark Mountains, Virginians in, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="indx">
+<ul class="none">
+<li>Paint Lick Town. See <a href="#Chillicothe">Chillicothe, Little</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Panthers, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Paris (Ky.), fort on site of, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Patterson, Col. Robert, Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Peeke, James, Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Penn, William, founds Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Pennington (Peninton), Hannah, mentioned by Boone, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Pennsylvania, founded by Penn, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;
+  Boones in, <a href="#Page_viii">viii</a>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>-<a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>;
+  Finley, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>;
+  sends settlers to southwest, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>-<a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>:
+  interest in Western settlement, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>;
+  increase of settlement, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>;
+  in French and Indian War, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>-<a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;
+  in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;
+  losses in Indian wars, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Pensacola (Fla.), Boone in, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Philadelphia, in time of Boones, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Pickaway, Shawnese town, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</li>
+
+<li><a name="Pittsburg" id="Pittsburg"></a>Pittsburg, French at, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;
+  Virginia hunters, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>;
+  in Dunmore's War, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>;
+  in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Poage, Sergt. W., in Dunmore's War, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Point Pleasant (W. Va.), battle at, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>-<a href="#Page_112">112</a>;
+  Boone, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>-<a href="#Page_222">222</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Pompey, negro interpreter, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Pontiac, Indian hero, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Pope, Col. William, militia leader, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Presbyterians, among frontiersmen, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Preston, Col. William, in Dunmore's War, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>;
+  in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; family, Kentucky pioneers, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Prestonburg (Ky.), Boone near, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="indx">
+<ul class="none">
+<li>Quakers, Boones of this persuasion, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>-<a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>-<a href="#Page_12">12</a>;
+  expel Boones, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;
+  familiar with Indians, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;
+  among frontiersmen, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="indx">
+<ul class="none">
+<li>Ranck, George W., <i>Boonesborough</i>, <a href="#Page_x">x</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;, Mrs. George W., aid acknowledged, <a href="#Page_x">x</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Randolph, Nathaniel, Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Reading (Pa.), Boones near, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Red Jacket, Indian hero, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Stone. See <a href="#Brownsville">Brownsville, Pa</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Regulators, in Carolinas, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">254</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Religion, on frontier, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.
+  See also the several denominations.</li>
+
+<li>Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>;
+  effect on proprietary governments, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>;
+  causes Washington to turn from West, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>;
+  checks Western colonies, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>;
+  Western interest in, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>;
+  G. R. Clark, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;
+  Kentucky in, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>-<a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Richmond (Va.), seat of government, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Ringe, Daniel, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</li>
+
+<li>River Alleghany, French on, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Big Sandy, Boone on, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>-<a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>;
+  Washington, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Catawba, early settlements on, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;
+  Indian hostilities, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Clinch, Boone on, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>-<a href="#Page_112">112</a>;
+  early settlement, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Cumberland, Long Hunters on, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>;
+  Boone, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;
+  in Transylvania cession, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;
+  in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Dick's, Boone on, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Elk, Boone on, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Elkhorn, Boone on, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>;
+  in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; French Broad, early settlement on, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Gauley, Boone on, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Green, Long Hunters on, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>;
+  Boone, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Great Miami, Shawnese on, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Holston, Finley on, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>;
+  Boone, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>;
+  Long Hunters, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>;
+  in Cherokee War, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>;
+  in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>;
+  early settlements, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Hudson, Iroquois on, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Kanawha (Great Kanawha), explored, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>;
+  in Dunmore's War, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>;
+  Boone on, <a href="#Page_viii">viii</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>-<a href="#Page_222">222</a>;
+  hunting, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Kentucky, Boone on, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>;
+  Transylvania settlement, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>-<a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>;
+  crown lands abutting, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>;
+  capture of girls, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>-<a href="#Page_136">136</a>;
+  in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;
+  bounds Fayette County, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>;
+  Boone leaves, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Keowee, Cherokees on, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Licking, Shawnese on, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>-<a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>;
+  Boone, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Little Miami, Shawnese on, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>;
+  in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Little Sandy, Washington on, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Little Tennessee, Cherokees on, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Maumee, Wayne on, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Miami, Indians raided on, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Mississippi, Iroquois on, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>;
+  French, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>-<a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;
+  early English explorations, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>-<a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>-<a href="#Page_91">91</a>;
+  North Carolinians, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;
+  in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>;
+  Spanish, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>-<a href="#Page_205">205</a>;
+  free navigation sought by West, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>-<a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>;
+  early commerce on, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Missouri, Boone on, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Monongahela, fur trade route, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;
+  Braddock on, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;
+  early settlements, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>;
+  Boone, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; New, Batts on, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>;
+  Squire Boone, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>;
+  settlers explore Kentucky, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Nolichucky, early settlement on, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Ohio, drains Virginia, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>;
+  French on, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;
+  early explorations, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;
+  Virginia hunters, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>-<a href="#Page_91">91</a>;
+  Gist, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>;
+  Finley, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;
+  in Dunmore's War, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>;
+  Iroquois land sale, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>;
+  Boone on, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>;
+  in Transylvania cession, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>;
+  in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>;
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">255</a></span>
+  Indian wars on, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>;
+  early settlements, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>;
+  highway for emigrants, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>;
+  early commerce, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>;
+  last of Indian raids, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>-<a href="#Page_218">218</a>.</li>
+
+<li>River Platte, Boone on, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Potomac, fur trade route, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Powell, Boone on, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;
+  early settlements, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Red, Boone on, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Rich, in Dunmore's War, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Rockcastle, Indians on, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; St. Joseph, Indians raided on, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; St. Lawrence, Indians on, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Salt, Indians near, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; &mdash;, Beech Fork of, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Sandy, West Fork of, Boone on, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Savannah, Indians on, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Schuylkill, Boones on, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>-<a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Scioto, Shawnese on, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;
+  Indians raided, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Shenandoah, Boones on, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Tennessee, Indian uprising, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>;
+  Iroquois land sale, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>;
+  in Transylvania cession, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Wabash, Shawnese on, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;
+  French, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;
+  English, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>;
+  in Dunmore's War, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>;
+  Indians raided on, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Watauga, Boone on, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;
+  Cherokee council, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>;
+  early settlement, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Yadkin, early known to Pennsylvanians, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>;
+  Bryan family on, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>-<a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;
+  Boone family, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>-<a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>-<a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>-<a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>-<a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>;
+  Indians on, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>-<a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;
+  hunting, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>-<a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;
+  trading caravans, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;
+  crime, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>-<a href="#Page_62">62</a>;
+  Finley's arrival, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash; Yellowstone, Boone on, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Robinson, Chief Justice, on Wilderness Road, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;, David, militia leader, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Rockingham County (Va.), Boones in, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>;
+  Lincolns, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Rocky Mountains, explorations of, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Rowan County (N.C.), Boones in, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Russell, Henry, killed by Indians, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;, Col. William, starts for Kentucky, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>-<a href="#Page_103">103</a>;
+  in Dunmore's War, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>;
+  in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="indx">
+<ul class="none">
+<li>St. Asaph (Ky.), founded, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>.</li>
+
+<li>St. Augustine (Fla.), Boone in, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li>
+
+<li>St. Charles County (Mo.), Boones in, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>-<a href="#Page_241">241</a>.</li>
+
+<li>St. Clair, Gov. Arthur, raids Indians, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.</li>
+
+<li>St. Louis, Spanish seat, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>;
+  fur market, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>;
+  Harding at, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>;
+  <i>Gazette</i>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Salisbury (N.C.), Boone near, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Salling, Peter, in Kentucky, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Salt Licks, in Kentucky, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>;
+  near Prestonburg, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;
+  Big, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>;
+  Big Bone, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>;
+  Blue, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>;
+  Buffalo, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;
+  French, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;
+  Grassy, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>;
+  Knob, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>;
+  Lower Blue, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>-<a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Scotch-Irish, among frontiersmen, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Scott, Gen. Charles, raids Indians, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Searcy, Bartlet, Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;, Reuben, Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">256</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Shawnese Indians, raid Southern tribes, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;
+  in Kentucky, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;
+  in Dunmore's War, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>-<a href="#Page_113">113</a>;
+  capture Boone, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>-<a href="#Page_158">158</a>;
+  capture girls, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>-<a href="#Page_136">136</a>;
+  attack Boone, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>;
+  in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>-<a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>-<a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>-<a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>;
+  raided by Kentuckians, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Sheltowee (Big Turtle), Boone's Indian name, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Silouee, Cherokee chief, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Sitting Bull, Indian hero, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Skaggs, Henry, heads Long Hunters, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Slavery, among Indians, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;
+  negro, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Smith, John, on Indian warfare, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>.</li>
+
+<li>South Carolina, pioneers of, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>-<a href="#Page_15">15</a>;
+  in Cherokee War, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;
+  regulators, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>;
+  interest in Western settlement, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Southern Indians, attack whites, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.
+  See also <a href="#Cherokee">Cherokee Indians</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Spanish, extent of explorations, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>;
+  control Mississippi River, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>-<a href="#Page_205">205</a>;
+  relations with Kentuckians, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>-<a href="#Page_205">205</a>;
+  entice American colonists, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Sports, of pioneers, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Station Camp Creek, Boone on, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>-<a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Staunton (Va.), Boone at, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Stephen, Col. Adam, raids Cherokees, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Stockfield, owned by Boone, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Stone, Uriah, in Kentucky, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>-<a href="#Page_92">92</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Stone Mountain, crossed by Boone, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Stoner, Michael, Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Stuart, John, early exploration of Kentucky, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;
+  accompanies Boone, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>-<a href="#Page_80">80</a>;
+  death, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Sugar Tree Creek, Boones on, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Surveying, on frontier, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>-<a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Sycamore Shoals, treaty at, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="indx">
+<ul class="none">
+<li>Tarleton, Col. Banastre, captures Boone, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Tate, Samuel, Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Taylor, Hancock, hunts in Kentucky, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;, Richard, hunts in Kentucky, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Tecumseh, Indian hero, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Tennessee, Virginia hunters in, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>;
+  Boone, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>-<a href="#Page_57">57</a>;
+  Cherokee lands settled, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>;
+  attacked by Southern Indians, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Terre Haute (Ind.), Virginians at, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Teugue Creek, Boone buried on, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Thoreau, Henry David, likened to Boone, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Todd, Capt. John, Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>;
+ militia leader, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;
+ killed by  Indians, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Towns, Oswell, Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li>
+
+<li><a name="Transylvania_Company" id="Transylvania_Company"></a>Transylvania Company, settles Kentucky, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>-<a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>;
+  nullified by Virginia, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Trigg, Col. Stephen, militia leader, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>;
+  killed by Indians, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Tryon, Gov. William, conflict with regulators, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;
+  runs boundary line, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Turkeys, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Turtle Creek, Braddock's defeat on, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">257</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Twitty, Capt. William, Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="indx">
+<ul class="none">
+<li>Vardeman, John, Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Vincennes (Ind.), won by Clark, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Virginia, early Indian hostilities, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>;
+  early explorations from, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>-<a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>-<a href="#Page_91">91</a>;
+  pioneer advance through, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>-<a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;
+  Boones in, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;
+  path to Kentucky, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;
+  in French and Indian War, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>-<a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>-<a href="#Page_49">49</a>;
+  in Dunmore's War, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>-<a href="#Page_112">112</a>;
+  losses in Indian wars, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>;
+  sends settlers to Kentucky, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>;
+  opposition to Henderson, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;
+  interest in Western settlement, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>;
+  regulators, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>;
+  organizes Kentucky County, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;
+  in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>;
+  aids Kentucky, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>;
+  erects district of Kentucky, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>;
+  Boone in Assembly, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>;
+  grants land to Boone, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>;
+  fails to release Kentucky, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;, Valley of, its pioneers, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>-<a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="indx">
+<ul class="none">
+<li>Waddell, Capt. Hugh, in French and Indian War, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;
+  in Cherokee War, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Walker, Felix, Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;, Dr. Thomas, in Kentucky, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li>
+
+<li>War of 1812-15, effect on Missouri, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Ward, John, explores Kentucky, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Warriors' paths, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Washington, George, in French and Indian War, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;
+  in Kentucky, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>-<a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>;
+  in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Wayne, Gen. Anthony, conquers Indians, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Welch, Rev. James E., describes Boone, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Welsh, among frontiersmen, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.</li>
+
+<li>West Virginia, pioneer advance through, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>-<a href="#Page_15">15</a>;
+  Boone in, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>-<a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Whitley, William, arrives in Kentucky, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Wilcoxen, Elizabeth, marries Benjamin Cutbirth, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Wildcats, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</li>
+
+<li><a name="Wilderness_Road" id="Wilderness_Road"></a>Wilderness Road, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>-<a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>.
+  See also <a href="#Cumberland">Cumberland Gap</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Wilkes County (N.C.), Boone in, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Wilkesboro (N.C.), Boone near, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Wilkinson, Gen. James, raids Indians, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Wisconsin State Historical Society, possesses Boone's records, <a href="#Page_ix">ix</a>-<a href="#Page_x">x</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Wolves, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Wood, Col. Abraham, on Western waters, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Wyandot Indians, in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="indx">
+<ul class="none">
+<li>Xenia (O.), Boone near, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="indx">
+<ul class="none">
+<li>Zinzendorf und Pottendorf, Nikolaus Ludwig, Count von, Moravian missionary, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+<div class="widead p6">
+<hr class="l30" />
+<p class="center b15">AN IMPORTANT HISTORICAL BOOK.</p>
+<hr class="l30" />
+<p class="center b15">The History of the Louisiana Purchase.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging b13">
+By Dr. <span class="smcap">James K. Hosmer</span>, Author of "A Short History
+of the Mississippi Valley," etc. With Illustrations and
+Maps. 12mo. Cloth, $1.20 net; postage, 12 cents
+additional.</p>
+
+<p class="p2">The story that Dr. Hosmer tells of the acquisition of the western
+empire included in the Louisiana Purchase presents fresh and picturesque
+phases of a most important historical event of peculiar and
+timely interest, in view of the anniversary which comes next year. He
+pictures the vague and curious ideas of the Louisiana country held by
+most Americans one hundred years ago, and the objections to this
+form of expansion. He treats the changes in the ownership of the
+territory from France to Spain, and again to France, and he develops
+fully the purposes and acts of Jefferson and the American Commissioners
+in Paris.</p>
+
+<p>Of special importance from both the historical and personal points
+of view are the chapters which picture more fully and vividly than has
+been done before the leading part taken by Napoleon in bringing about
+the sale of Louisiana, and the relations between France and America,
+which are shown to possess a historical importance that has not been
+appreciated.</p>
+
+<p>There has been no account of the Louisiana Purchase which is so
+popular and constant in its interest, and the authoritative character of
+the historian's work renders the volume indispensable for younger
+and older readers who wish to gain a thorough knowledge of the personal
+elements and the historic significance of the acquisition of
+Louisiana.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="widead p6">
+<hr class="l30" />
+<p class="center b15">McMASTER'S FIFTH VOLUME.</p>
+<hr class="l30" />
+<p class="center b15">History of the People of the United
+States.</p>
+
+<p class="b15">By Prof. <span class="smcap">John Bach McMaster</span>. Vols. I, II, III,
+IV, and V now ready. 8vo. Cloth, with Maps,
+$2.50 per volume.</p>
+
+<p>The fifth volume covers the time of the administrations of
+John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson, and describes the
+development of the democratic spirit, the manifestations of new
+interest in social problems, and the various conditions and plans
+presented between 1821 and 1830. Many of the subjects included
+have necessitated years of first-hand investigations, and
+are now treated adequately for the first time.</p>
+
+<p class="s08">
+"John Bach McMaster needs no introduction, but only a greeting....
+The appearance of this fifth volume is an event in American literature
+second to none in importance this season."&mdash;<i>New York Times.</i></p>
+
+<p class="s08">"This volume contains 576 pages, and every page is worth reading.
+The author has ransacked a thousand new sources of information, and has
+found a wealth of new details throwing light upon all the private and public
+activities of the American people of three quarters of a century ago."&mdash;<i>Chicago
+Tribune.</i></p>
+
+<p class="s08">"In the fifth volume Professor McMaster has kept up to the high standard
+he set for himself in the previous numbers. It is hard to realize thoroughly
+the amount of detailed work necessary to produce these books, which contain
+the best history of our country that has yet been published."&mdash;<i>Philadelphia
+Telegraph.</i></p>
+
+<p class="s08">"The first installment of the history came as a pleasant surprise, and
+the later volumes have maintained a high standard in regard to research
+and style of treatment."&mdash;<i>New York Critic.</i></p>
+
+<p class="s08">"A monumental work.... Professor McMaster gives on every page
+ample evidence of exhaustive research for his facts."&mdash;<i>Rochester Herald.</i></p>
+
+<p class="s08">"The reader can not fail to be impressed by the wealth of material out
+of which the author has weighed and condensed and arranged his matter."&mdash;<i>Detroit
+Free Press.</i></p>
+
+<p class="s08">"Professor McMaster is our most popular historian.... He never
+wearies, even when dealing with subjects that would be most wearisome
+under clumsier handling. This fifth volume is the most triumphant evidence
+of his art."&mdash;<i>New York Herald.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="widead p6">
+<hr class="l30" />
+<p class="center b15">By EDGAR STANTON MACLAY, A. M.</p>
+<hr class="l30" />
+<p class="center b13"><b>A History of the United States Navy.</b> (<b>1775
+to 1902.</b>)&mdash;New and revised edition.</p>
+
+<p>In three volumes, the new volume containing an Account of the Navy
+since the Civil War, with a history of the Spanish-American War
+revised to the date of this edition, and an Account of naval operations
+in the Philippines, etc. Technical Revision of the first two volumes
+by Lieutenant <span class="smcap">Roy C. Smith</span>, U. S. N. Illustrated. 8vo. Cloth,
+$3.00 net per volume; postage, 26 cents per volume additional.</p>
+
+<p class="s08">
+In the new edition of Vol. III, which is now ready for publication, the author brings
+his History of the Navy down to the present time. In the prefaces of the volumes of
+this history the author has expressed and emphasized his desire for suggestions, new
+information, and corrections which might be utilized in perfecting his work. He has,
+therefore, carefully studied the evidence brought out at the recent Schley Court of
+Inquiry, and while the findings of that Court were for the most part in accordance with
+the results of his own historical investigations, he has modified certain portions of his
+narrative. Whatever opinions may be held regarding any phases of our recent naval
+history, the fact remains that the industry, care, and thoroughness, which were unanimously
+praised by newspaper reviewers and experts in the case of the first two volumes,
+have been sedulously applied to the preparation of this new edition of the third volume.</p>
+
+<p class="center b13"><b>A History of American Privateers.</b></p>
+
+<p>Uniform with "A History of the United States Navy." One volume.
+Illustrated. 8vo. Cloth, $3.00 net; postage, 24 cents additional.</p>
+
+<p class="s08">
+After several years of research the distinguished historian of American sea power
+presents the first comprehensive account of one of the most picturesque and absorbing
+phases of our maritime warfare. The importance of the theme is indicated by the fact
+that the value of prizes and cargoes taken by privateers in the Revolution was three
+times that of the prizes and cargoes taken by naval vessels, while in the War of 1812
+we had 517 privateers and only 23 vessels in our navy. Mr. Maclay's romantic tale is
+accompanied by reproductions of contemporary pictures, portraits, and documents, and
+also by illustrations by Mr. George Gibbs.</p>
+
+<p class="center b13"><b>The Private Journal of William Maclay,</b></p>
+
+<p>United States Senator from Pennsylvania, 1789-1791. With Portrait
+from Original Miniature. Edited by <span class="smcap">Edgar Stanton Maclay</span>, A. M.
+Large 8vo. Cloth, $2.25.</p>
+
+<p class="s08">
+During his two years in the Senate William Maclay kept a journal of his own in
+which he minutely recorded the transactions of each day. This record throws a flood
+of light on the doings of our first legislators.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="widead p6">
+<hr class="l30" />
+<p class="center b15">APPLETONS' WORLD SERIES.</p>
+<hr class="l30" />
+
+<p class="center b13">A New Geographical Library.</p>
+
+<p>Edited by <span class="smcap">H. J. Mackinder</span>, M. A., Student of Christ Church, Reader in
+Geography in the University of Oxford, Principal of Reading College. Each,
+8vo. Cloth.</p>
+<hr class="l30" />
+<p class="s08">
+The series will consist of twelve volumes, each being an essay descriptive
+of a great natural region, its marked physical features, and the life of the
+people. Together, the volumes will give a complete account of the world,
+more especially as the field of human activity.</p>
+<hr class="l30" />
+
+<p class="center"><i>NOW READY.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hanging">
+<b>Britain and the British Seas.</b> By the <span class="smcap">Editor</span>. With numerous
+Maps and Diagrams. $2.00 net; postage, 19 cents additional.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging"><b>The Nearer East.</b> By <span class="smcap">D. G. Hogarth</span>, M. A., Fellow of Magdalen
+College, Oxford; Director of the British School at Athens;
+Author of "A Wandering Scholar in the Levant." $2.00 net;
+postage, 17 cents additional.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>IN PREPARATION.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hanging">
+CENTRAL EUROPE. By Dr. <span class="smcap">Joseph Partsch</span>, Professor of Geography
+in the University of Breslau.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">INDIA. By Sir <span class="smcap">T. Hungerford Holdich</span>, K. C. I. E., C. B., R. E.,
+Superintendent of Indian Frontier Surveys; author of numerous papers
+on Military Surveying and Geographical subjects.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">SCANDINAVIA AND THE ARCTIC OCEAN. By Sir <span class="smcap">Clements R.
+Markham</span>, K. C. B., F. R. S., President of the Royal Geographical
+Society.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE. By Prince <span class="smcap">Kropotkin</span>, author of the articles
+"Russia" and "Siberia" in the <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">AFRICA. By <span class="smcap">J. Scott Keltie</span>, Secretary of the Royal Geographical
+Society; Editor of <i>The Statesman's Year-Book</i>; Author of "The
+Partition of Africa."</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">THE FARTHER EAST. By <span class="smcap">Archibald Little</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">WESTERN EUROPE AND THE MEDITERRANEAN. By <span class="smcap">Elisée
+Reclus</span>, author of the "Nouvelle Géographie Universelle."</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">AUSTRALASIA AND ANTARCTICA. By Dr. <span class="smcap">H. O. Forbes</span>, Curator
+of the Liverpool Museum, late Curator of the Christ Church Museum, N.
+Z.; Author of "A Naturalist's Wanderings in the Eastern Archipelago."</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">NORTH AMERICA. By Prof. <span class="smcap">Israel Cook Russell</span>, M. S., C. E.,
+LL. D., Professor of Geology in the University of Michigan; author of
+numerous works on geological and physiographical subjects.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">SOUTH AMERICA. By <span class="smcap">John Casper Branner</span>, Ph.D., LL. D.,
+Professor of Geology, and sometime Vice-President Leland Stanford
+Junior University; author of many publications on Brazil, Geology,
+and Physical Geography.</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+Maps by <span class="smcap">J. G. Bartholomew</span>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="widead p6">
+<hr class="l30" />
+<p class="center b15">THE GREAT PEOPLES SERIES.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="b13">Edited by</span> <span class="smcap b13">Dr.</span><span class="b13"> YORK POWELL,</span><br />
+Regius Professor of Modern History in the University of Oxford.<br />
+Each 12mo. Cloth, $1.50 net; postage, 14 cents additional.</p>
+
+<hr class="l30" />
+
+<p class="s08">
+The aim of this series is to give in well-printed, clearly written, and readable
+volumes a view of the process by which the leading peoples of the world
+have become great and earned their title to greatness, to describe the share
+each has contributed to the common stock of civilization. It is not so much
+a set of political or military or even social histories, as a sequence of readable
+studies on the tendencies and potencies of the chief peoples of the world,
+that this series will strive to present.</p>
+<hr class="l30" />
+
+<p class="center"><i>NOW READY:</i></p>
+
+<p class="center b13"><b>THE SPANISH PEOPLE.</b></p>
+
+<p>By Dr. <span class="smcap">Martin A. S. Hume</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="s08">
+"The reader quickly perceives that the riches promised by Dr. Powell
+are amply found, at least in this first volume. The history is written with a
+new object and from a new standpoint; there is not a dull page in it.
+Mr. Hume writes with all the advantages of the modern historical specialist,
+and his picture of the development of the Spaniard is an important history
+of a people whose picturesque career is one of unfailing interest."&mdash;<i>Boston
+Daily Advertiser</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="center b13"><b>THE FRENCH PEOPLE.</b></p>
+
+<p>By <span class="smcap">Arthur Hassall</span>, M. A., Student of Christ Church,
+Oxford; Author of "The Balance of Power," etc.</p>
+
+<p class="s08">
+In accordance with the general plan of the series, this important work
+presents the evolution of a people. The method is modern, and although
+the sources, development, and transitions of a great race are fully indicated
+in a comparatively small compass, the author's aims and results differ widely
+from the set record of political, dynastic, and military facts which are chronicled
+in the dry language of the usual hand-book. The part that France has
+played in the world's history has been frequently so picturesque and dramatic,
+as well as great, that a vital analysis of her history like this possesses
+a profound interest. The author is one of the ablest of the rising English
+historians and a lecturer at Christ Church, Oxford.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>IN PREPARATION:</i></p>
+
+<p class="center b13"><b>THE RUSSIAN PEOPLE.</b></p>
+
+<p>By <span class="smcap">J. Fitzmaurice-Kelly</span>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="widead p6">
+<hr class="l30" />
+<p class="center b15">THE STANDARD AUTHORITY.</p>
+<hr class="l30" />
+
+<p class="center b13"><b>The Presidents of the United States.</b></p>
+
+<p>By <span class="smcap">John Fiske</span>, <span class="smcap">Carl Schurz</span>, <span class="smcap">Robert C. Winthrop</span>, <span class="smcap">Daniel G.
+Gilman</span>, <span class="smcap">William Walter Phelps</span>, <span class="smcap">George Ticknor Curtis</span>, <span class="smcap">George
+Bancroft</span>, <span class="smcap">John Hay</span> and others. Edited by General <span class="smcap">James Grant
+Wilson</span>. New and revised edition with complete life of William McKinley
+and sketch of Theodore Roosevelt. Illustrated with steel engravings and
+photogravures. 8vo. Cloth. $3.50. Half Morocco, or Half Calf, $6.00.</p>
+
+<hr class="l15" />
+
+<p>This book has been the standard authority for many years and
+justly so. Its list of contributors lifts it far above the commonplace,
+and infinitely removes it from the possibility of political coloring or
+sectionalism. The article on President McKinley gives a brief and
+accurate résumé of the Spanish war while the book as a whole is a
+composite review of the constitutional history of the United States
+with the White House as the keynote.</p>
+
+<hr class="l15" />
+<p class="s08">
+"A book well worth owning, for reading and for reference."&mdash;<i>The Outlook.</i></p>
+
+<p class="s08">"Such a work as this can not fail to appeal to the pride of patriotic Americans."&mdash;<i>Chicago
+Dial.</i></p>
+
+<p class="s08">"A monumental volume, which no American who cares for the memory of the
+public men of his country can afford to be without."&mdash;<i>New York Mail and Express.</i></p>
+
+<p class="s08">"A valuable addition to both our biographical and historical literature, and
+meets a want long recognized."&mdash;<i>Boston Advertiser.</i></p>
+
+<p class="s08">"A book which every one should read over and over again.... We have carefully
+run through it, and laid it down with the feeling that some such book ought to
+find its way into every household."&mdash;<i>New York Herald.</i></p>
+
+<p class="s08">"General Wilson has performed a public service in presenting this volume to the
+public in so attractive a shape. It is full of incentive to ambitious youth; it abounds
+in encouragement to every patriotic heart."&mdash;<i>Charleston News and Courier.</i></p>
+
+<p class="s08">"It is precisely the book which ought to have a very wide sale in this country&mdash;a
+book which one needs to own rather than to read and lay aside. No common-school
+library or collection of books for young readers should be without it."&mdash;<i>The
+Churchman.</i></p>
+
+<p class="s08">"These names are in themselves sufficient to guarantee adequacy of treatment
+and interest in the presentation, and it is safe to say that such succinct biographies
+of the complete portrait gallery of our Presidents, written with such unquestioned
+ability, have never before been published."&mdash;<i>Hartford Courant.</i></p>
+
+<p class="s08">"Just the sort of book that the American who wishes to fix in his mind the
+varying phases of his country's history as it is woven on the warp of the administrations
+will find most useful. Everything is presented in a clear-cut way, and no
+pleasanter excursions into history can be found than a study of 'The Presidents of
+the United States.'"&mdash;<i>Philadelphia Press.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="widead p6">
+<hr class="l30" />
+<p class="center b15"><b>The United States of America.</b></p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>A Study of the American Commonwealth, its
+Natural Resources, People, Industries, Manufactures,
+Commerce, and its Work in Literature,
+Science, Education, and Self-Government.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center b13">Edited by NATHANIEL S. SHALER, S. D.,</p>
+
+<p class="center s08">PROFESSOR OF GEOLOGY IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>In two volumes, royal 8vo.  Maps, and 150 full-page
+Illustrations.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cloth, $10.00.</b></p>
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">E</span>very subject in this comprehensive work is timely, because it is of immediate
+interest to every American. Special attention, however, may be
+called to the account of "American Productive Industry," by the Hon. Edward
+Atkinson, with its array of immensely informing diagrams and tables;
+and also to "Industry and Finance," a succinct and logical presentation of
+the subject by Professor F. W. Taussig, of Harvard University. Both these
+eminent authorities deal with questions which are uppermost to-day.</p>
+
+<hr class="l15" />
+
+<p class="center">LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.</p>
+
+<ul class="none">
+<li><span class="smcap">Hon.</span> WILLIAM L. WILSON, Chairman of the Ways and Means Committee, Fifty-third Congress.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hon.</span> J. R. SOLEY, formerly Assistant Secretary of the Navy.</li>
+<li>EDWARD ATKINSON, LL. D., <span class="smcap">Ph. D.</span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Col.</span> T. A. DODGE, U. S. A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Col.</span> GEORGE E. WARING, <span class="smcap">Jr.</span></li>
+<li>J. B. McMASTER, Professor of History in the University of Pennsylvania.</li>
+<li>CHARLES DUDLEY WARNER, LL. D.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Major</span> J. W. POWELL, Director of the United States Geological Survey and the Bureau of Ethnology.</li>
+<li>WILLIAM T. HARRIS, LL. D., U. S. Commissioner of Education.</li>
+<li>LYMAN ABBOTT, D. D.</li>
+<li>H. H. BANCROFT, author of "Native Races of the Pacific Coast."</li>
+<li>HARRY PRATT JUDSON, Head Dean of the Colleges, Univ. of Chicago.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Judge</span> THOMAS M. COOLEY, formerly Chairman of the Interstate Commerce Commission.</li>
+<li>CHARLES FRANCIS ADAMS.</li>
+<li>D. A. SARGENT, M. D., Director Hemenway Gymnasium, Harvard Univ.</li>
+<li>CHARLES HORTON COOLEY.</li>
+<li>A. E. KENNELLY, Assistant to Thomas A. Edison.</li>
+<li>D. C. GILMAN, LL. D., President of Johns Hopkins University.</li>
+<li>H. G. PROUT, Editor of the Railroad Gazette.</li>
+<li>F. D. MILLET, formerly Vice-Pres. of the National Academy of Design.</li>
+<li>F. W. TAUSSIG, Professor of Political Economy in Harvard University.</li>
+<li>HENRY VAN BRUNT.</li>
+<li>H. P. FAIRFIELD.</li>
+<li>SAMUEL W. ABBOTT, M. D., Sec. State Board of Health, Massachusetts.</li>
+<li>N. S. SHALER.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="center">
+Sold only by subscription. Prospectus, giving detailed chapter titles
+and specimen illustrations, mailed free on request.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="widead p6">
+<hr class="l30" />
+<p class="center b15"><b>THE CONCISE KNOWLEDGE LIBRARY.</b></p>
+<hr class="l30" />
+<p class="center">Each, small 8vo, half leather, $2.00.</p>
+
+<p><b>The History of the World,</b></p>
+
+<p>From the Earliest Historical Time to the Year 1898. By
+<span class="smcap">Edgar Sanderson</span>, M. A., author of "A History of the British
+Empire," etc.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Historical Reference-Book.</b></p>
+
+<p>Comprising a Chronological Table of Universal History, a
+Chronological Dictionary of Universal History, and a Biographical
+Dictionary. With Geographical Notes. For the use of
+Students, Teachers, and Readers. By <span class="smcap">Louis Heilprin</span>. Fifth
+edition, revised to 1898.</p>
+
+<p><b>Natural History.</b></p>
+
+<p>By R. <span class="smcap">Lydekker</span>, B. A.; W. F. <span class="smcap">Kirby</span>, F. L. S.; B. B. <span class="smcap">Woodward</span>,
+F. L. S.; R. <span class="smcap">Kirkpatrick</span>; R. I. <span class="smcap">Pocock</span>; R. <span class="smcap">Bowdler
+Sharpe</span>, LL. D.; W. <span class="smcap">Garstang</span>, M. A.; F. A. <span class="smcap">Bather</span>, M. A.,
+and H. M. <span class="smcap">Bernard</span>, M. A. Nearly 800 pages, and 500
+Illustrations drawn especially for this work.</p>
+
+<p><b>Astronomy.</b></p>
+
+<p>Fully illustrated. By <span class="smcap">Agnes</span> M. <span class="smcap">Clerke</span>, A. <span class="smcap">Fowler</span>, F. R. A. S.,
+Demonstrator of Astronomical Physics of the Royal College of
+Science, and J. <span class="smcap">Ellard Gore</span>, F. R. A. S.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="widead p6">
+<hr class="l30" />
+<p class="center b15">THE ROMANCE OF HISTORY.</p>
+<hr class="l30" />
+
+<p><b>Peter the Great.</b></p>
+
+<p>By <span class="smcap">K. Waliszewski</span>. Translated by Lady Mary Loyd. With
+Portrait. Small 8vo. Cloth, $2.00.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Romance of an Empress. Catharine II of
+Russia.</b></p>
+
+<p>By <span class="smcap">K. Waliszewski</span>. Uniform with "Peter the Great." With
+Portrait. Small 8vo. Cloth, $2.00.</p>
+
+<p><b>New Letters of Napoleon I.</b></p>
+
+<p>Omitted from the Collection published under the auspices of
+Napoleon III. Edited by <span class="smcap">M. Léon Lecestre</span>, Curator of the
+French Archives. Translated by Lady Mary Loyd. With Portrait.
+Small 8vo. Cloth, $2.00.</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+Uniform with the "New Letters."</p>
+
+<p><b>Memoirs illustrating the History of Napoleon I,</b></p>
+
+<p>from 1802 to 1815. By Baron <span class="smcap">Claude François de Méneval</span>,
+Private Secretary of Napoleon. Edited by his Grandson, Baron
+Napoleon Joseph de Méneval. With Portraits and Autograph
+Letters. In three volumes. Small 8vo. Cloth, $6.00.</p>
+
+<p><b>An Aide-de-Camp of Napoleon.</b></p>
+
+<p>Memoirs of General Count de Ségur, of the French Academy,
+1800-1812. Revised by his Grandson, Count <span class="smcap">Louis de Ségur</span>.
+With Portrait. Small 8vo. Cloth, $2.00.</p>
+
+<p><b>Memoirs of Marshal Oudinot,</b></p>
+
+<p>Duc de Reggio. Compiled from the Hitherto Unpublished
+Souvenirs of the Duchesse de Reggio, by <span class="smcap">Gaston Stiegler</span>, and
+now first translated into English by Alexander Teixeira de Mattos.
+With Two Portraits. Small 8vo. Cloth, $2.00.</p>
+
+<p><b>A Friend of the Queen.</b></p>
+
+<p>(Marie Antoinette&mdash;Count de Fersen.) By <span class="smcap">Paul Gaulot</span>.
+With Two Portraits. 12mo. Cloth, $2.00.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="widead p6">
+<hr class="l30" />
+<p class="center b15">
+THE LIVES OF ROYALTIES.</p>
+<hr class="l30" />
+
+<p class="b13"><b>The Private Life of the Sultan.</b></p>
+
+<p>By <span class="smcap">Georges Dorys</span>, son of the late Prince of Samos, a former minister
+of the Sultan, and formerly Governor of Crete. Translated by Arthur
+Hornblow. Uniform with "The Private Life of King Edward VII."
+Illustrated. 12mo. Cloth, $1.20 net; postage, 10 cents additional.</p>
+
+<p class="s08">
+The high position which the writer's father held at Constantinople gave the son a
+close insight into the personality of one of the least known of modern rulers, so far
+as personality is concerned. It is unnecessary to say that the author has long since
+left the domain of the Sultan of Turkey, and he is now a member of the Young Turk
+party and a resident of Paris. It is announced that he has been recently condemned
+to death by the Sultan on account of this book.</p>
+
+<p class="b13"><b>The Private Life of King Edward VII.</b></p>
+
+<p>By a Member of the Royal Household. Illustrated. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50.</p>
+
+<p class="s08">
+"While the book gives a narrative that is intimate and personal in character, it does
+not descend to vulgar narrative. It is a book which will be found of unusual interest."&mdash;<i>Brooklyn
+Eagle.</i></p>
+
+<p class="b13"><b>The Private Life of the Queen.</b></p>
+
+<p>By a Member of the Royal Household. Illustrated. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50.</p>
+
+<p class="s08">
+"A singularly attractive picture of Queen Victoria.... The interests and occupations
+that make up the Queen's day, and the functions of many of the members of her
+household, are described in a manner calculated to gratify the natural desire to know
+what goes on behind closed doors that very few of the world's dignitaries are privileged
+to pass."&mdash;<i>Boston Herald.</i></p>
+
+<p class="b13"><b>The Sovereigns and Courts of Europe.</b></p>
+
+<p>The Home and Court Life and Characteristics of the Reigning Families.
+By "<span class="smcap">Politikos</span>." With many Portraits. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50.</p>
+
+<p class="s08">
+"The anonymous author of these sketches of the reigning sovereigns of Europe
+appears to have gathered a good deal of curious information about their private lives,
+manners, and customs, and has certainly in several instances had access to unusual
+sources. The result is a volume which furnishes views of the kings and queens concerned,
+far fuller and more intimate than can be found elsewhere."&mdash;<i>New York
+Tribune.</i></p>
+
+<p class="b13"><b>The Life of his Royal Highness the Prince
+Consort.</b></p>
+
+<p>By Sir <span class="smcap">Theodore Martin</span>. In five volumes, each with Portrait. 12mo.
+Cloth, $10.00.</p>
+
+<p class="s08">
+"A full and impartial biography of a noble and enlightened prince.... Mr. Martin's
+work is not gossipy, not light, nor yet dull, guarded in its details of the domestic
+lives of Albert and Victoria, but sufficiently full and familiar to contribute much interesting
+information."&mdash;<i>Chicago Tribune.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="widead p6">
+<hr class="l30" />
+<p class="center b15">
+THE STORY OF THE WEST SERIES.</p>
+
+<p class="center b13">Edited by RIPLEY HITCHCOCK.</p>
+<hr class="l30" />
+
+<p class="center">Each, illustrated, 12mo, cloth, $1.50.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging"><b>The Story of the Soldier.</b><br />
+
+By General <span class="smcap">G. A. Forsyth</span>, U. S. Army (retired). Illustrated by
+R. F. Zogbaum.</p>
+
+<p class="s08">"A very complete and vivid picture of the development of the West from a military
+point of view, with side lights on the civil war."&mdash;<i>The Churchman.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hanging"><b>The Story of the Railroad.</b><br />
+
+By <span class="smcap">Cy Warman</span>, author of "The Express Messenger," etc.
+With Maps and many Illustrations by B. West Clinedinst and
+from photographs.</p>
+
+<p class="s08">"In Mr. Warman's book we are kept constantly reminded of the fortitude, the suffering,
+the enterprise, and the endurance of the pioneers."&mdash;<i>The Railroad Gazette.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hanging"><b>The Story of the Cowboy.</b><br />
+
+By <span class="smcap">E. Hough</span>, author of "The Singing Mouse Stories," etc.
+Illustrated by William L. Wells and C. M. Russell.</p>
+
+<p class="s08">"Mr. Hough is to be thanked for having written so excellent a book. The cowboy
+story, as this author has told it, will be the cowboy's fitting eulogy. This volume will
+be consulted in years to come as an authority on past conditions of the far West. For
+fine literary work the author is to be highly complimented. Here, certainly, we have a
+choice piece of writing."&mdash;<i>New York Times.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hanging"><b>The Story of the Mine.</b><br />
+
+As illustrated by the Great Comstock Lode of Nevada. By
+<span class="smcap">Charles Howard Shinn</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="s08">"The author has written a book not alone full of information, but replete with the
+true romance of the American mine."&mdash;<i>New York Times.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hanging"><b>The Story of the Indian.</b><br />
+
+By <span class="smcap">George Bird Grinnell</span>, author of "Pawnee Hero Stories,"
+"Blackfoot Lodge Tales," etc.</p>
+
+<p class="s08">"Only an author qualified by personal experience could offer us a profitable study
+of a race so alien from our own as is the Indian in thought, feeling, and culture. Only
+long association with Indians can enable a white man measurably to comprehend their
+thoughts and enter into their feelings. Such association has been <i>Mr. Grinnell's."&mdash;New
+York Sun.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="widead p6">
+<hr class="l30" />
+<p class="center b15">
+STANDARD HISTORICAL WORKS.</p>
+<hr class="l30" />
+
+<p class="b11"><b>The American Revolution, 1763-1783.</b></p>
+
+<p>Being the Chapters and Passages relating to America, from the
+Author's "History of England in the Eighteenth Century."
+By <span class="smcap">William Edward Hartpole Lecky</span>, M. P. Arranged and
+edited, with Historical and Biographical Notes, by James Albert
+Woodburn, Professor of American History and Politics in Indiana
+University. 12mo. Cloth, $1.25.</p>
+
+<p class="b11"><b>The Rise and Growth of the English Nation.</b></p>
+
+<p>With Special Reference to Epochs and Crises. A History of and
+for the People. By W. H. S. Aubrey, LL. D. In three volumes.
+12mo. Cloth, $4.50.</p>
+
+<p class="s08">
+This work is written in no partisan or sectarian spirit, and is not designed
+to advocate any particular theory of politics, of philosophy, or of religion; but
+it claims to be thoroughly patriotic, and is inspired by a love of the freedom
+that springs out of righteousness and justice.</p>
+
+<p class="b11"><b>A History of Germany, from the Earliest Times
+to the Present Day.</b></p>
+
+<p>By <span class="smcap">Bayard Taylor</span>. With an additional Chapter by <span class="smcap">Mrs. Bayard
+Taylor</span>. With Portrait and Maps. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50.</p>
+
+<p class="s08">
+"When one considers the confused, complicated, and sporadic elements
+of German history, it seems scarcely possible to present a clear, continuous
+narrative. Yet this is what Bayard Taylor did. He omitted no episode of
+importance, and yet managed to preserve a main line of connection from century
+to century throughout the narrative."&mdash;<i>Philadelphia Ledger.</i></p>
+
+<p class="b11"><b>A French Volunteer of the War of Independence.</b></p>
+
+<p>By the Chevalier <span class="smcap">de Pontgibaud</span>. Translated and edited by
+Robert B. Douglas. With Introduction and Frontispiece. 12mo.
+Cloth, $1.50.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="widead p6">
+<hr class="l30" />
+<p class="center b15">
+STANDARD HISTORICAL WORKS.</p>
+
+<p class="b11"><b>History of the People of the United States,</b></p>
+
+<p>From the Revolution to the Civil War. By <span class="smcap">John Bach
+McMaster</span>. To be completed in Six Volumes. Vols.
+I, II, III, IV, and V now ready. 8vo. Cloth, gilt top,
+$2.50 each.</p>
+
+<p class="b11"><b>The Beginners of a Nation.</b></p>
+
+<p>By <span class="smcap">Edward Eggleston</span>. A History of the Source
+and Rise of the Earliest English Settlements in America,
+with Special Reference to the Life and Character of the
+People. The first volume in a History of Life in the
+United States. Small 8vo. Gilt top, uncut, with Maps.
+Cloth, $1.50.</p>
+
+<p class="b11"><b>The Transit of Civilization.</b></p>
+
+<p>From England to America in the Seventeenth Century.
+By <span class="smcap">Edward Eggleston</span>. Uniform with "The Beginners
+of a Nation." Small 8vo. Gilt top, uncut. Cloth, $1.50.</p>
+
+<p class="b11"><b>The Household History of the United States and
+its People.</b></p>
+
+<p>By <span class="smcap">Edward Eggleston</span>. For Young Americans.
+Richly illustrated with 350 Drawings, 75 Maps, etc.
+Square 8vo. Cloth, $2.50.</p>
+
+<p class="b11"><b>Bancroft's History of the United States,</b></p>
+
+<p>From the Discovery of the Continent to the Establishment
+of the Constitution in 1789. (Also <i>Edition de Luxe</i>,
+on large paper, limited to one hundred sets, numbered.)
+Complete in six volumes, with a Portrait of the Author.
+8vo. Cloth, uncut, gilt top, $15.00; half calf or half
+morocco, $27.00; tree calf, $50.00.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="widead p6">
+<hr class="l30" />
+<p class="center b15">
+GREAT COMMANDERS.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Edited by General <span class="b13">JAMES GRANT WILSON.</span></p>
+<hr class="l30" />
+
+<p>This series forms one of the most notable collections of books that has
+been published for many years. The success it has met with since the first
+volume was issued, and the widespread attention it has attracted, indicate
+that it has satisfactorily fulfilled its purpose, viz., to provide in a popular
+form and moderate compass the records of the lives of men who have been
+conspicuously eminent in the great conflicts that established American independence
+and maintained our national integrity and unity. Each biography
+has been written by an author especially well qualified for the task,
+and the result is not only a series of fascinating stories of the lives and deeds
+of great men, but a rich mine of valuable information for the student of
+American history and biography.</p>
+<hr class="l30" />
+
+<p class="center">Each, 12mo, cloth, gilt top, $1.50 net.<br />
+Postage, 11 cents additional,<br />
+NOW READY.</p>
+
+<table summary="Great Commanders">
+<col width="200" />
+<col width="300" />
+<tr><td>Admiral Farragut</td><td class="tdr">By Captain <span class="smcap">A. T. Mahan</span>, U. S. N.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>General Taylor</td><td class="tdr">By General <span class="smcap">O. O. Howard</span>, U. S. A.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>General Jackson</td><td class="tdr">By <span class="smcap">James Parton</span>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>General Greene</td><td class="tdr">By General <span class="smcap">Francis V. Greene</span>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>General J. E. Johnston</td><td class="tdr">By <span class="smcap">Robert M. Hughes</span>, of Virginia.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>General Thomas</td><td class="tdr">By <span class="smcap">Henry Coppee</span>, LL. D.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>General Scott</td><td class="tdr">By General <span class="smcap">Marcus J. Wright</span>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>General Washington</td><td class="tdr">By General <span class="smcap">Bradley T. Johnson</span>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>General Lee</td><td class="tdr">By General <span class="smcap">Fitzhugh Lee</span>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>General Hancock</td><td class="tdr">By General <span class="smcap">Francis A. Walker</span>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>General Sheridan</td><td class="tdr">By General <span class="smcap">Henry E. Davies</span>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>General Grant</td><td class="tdr">By General <span class="smcap">James Grant Wilson</span>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>General Sherman</td><td class="tdr">By General <span class="smcap">Manning F. Force</span>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Commodore Paul Jones</td><td class="tdr">By <span class="smcap">Cyrus Townsend Brady</span>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>General Meade</td><td class="tdr">By <span class="smcap">Isaac R. Pennypacker</span>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>General McClellan</td><td class="tdr">By General <span class="smcap">Peter S. Michie</span>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>General Forrest</td><td class="tdr">By Captain <span class="smcap">J. Harvey Mathes</span>.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center">IN PREPARATION.</p>
+<table summary="In Preparation">
+<col width="150" />
+<col width="350" />
+<tr><td>Admiral Porter</td><td class="tdr">By <span class="smcap">James R. Soley</span>, late Ass't Sec'y U. S. Navy.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>General Schofield</td><td class="tdr">An Autobiography.</td></tr>
+</table>
+<hr class="l30" />
+<p class="center">D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, NEW YORK.</p>
+<hr class="l30" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnotes p6">
+<p class="center b13"><b>FOOTNOTES</b></p>
+<p class="footnote p2"><a name="Footnote_1" id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Not an abbreviation of "esquire," as has been supposed,
+but given because of some old family connection. This name
+was transmitted through several generations of Boones.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_2" id="Footnote_2" href="#FNanchor_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Edward was killed by Indians when thirty-six years old,
+and Squire died at the age of seventy-six. Their brothers and
+sisters lived to ages varying from eighty-three to ninety-one.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_3" id="Footnote_3" href="#FNanchor_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Indeed, it is a matter of record that other members also
+of this stout-hearted Devonshire family were "sometimes
+rather too belligerent and self-willed," and had "occasionally
+to be dealt with by the meeting." Daniel's oldest sister,
+Sarah, married a man who was not a Quaker, and consequently
+she was "disowned" by the society. His oldest
+brother, Israel, also married a worldling and was similarly
+treated; and their father, who countenanced Israel's disloyal
+act and would not retract his error, was in 1748 likewise expelled.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_4" id="Footnote_4" href="#FNanchor_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> John and James remained, and lived and died in Oley.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_5" id="Footnote_5" href="#FNanchor_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> The children of Daniel Boone were as follows: James
+(born in 1757), Israel (1759), Susannah (1760), Jemima (1762),
+Lavinia (1766), Rebecca (1768), Daniel Morgan (1769), John B.
+(1773), and Nathan (1780). The four daughters all married and
+died in Kentucky. The two eldest sons were killed by Indians,
+the three younger emigrated to Missouri.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_6" id="Footnote_6" href="#FNanchor_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> "I had rather receive the blessing of one poor Cherokee,
+as he casts his last look back upon his country, for having,
+though in vain, attempted to prevent his banishment, than to
+sleep beneath the marble of all the Cæsars."&mdash;<i>Extract from a
+speech of Theodore Frelinghuysen, of New Jersey, delivered
+in the United States Senate, April 7, 1830.</i></p>
+
+<p class="footnote">"I am not aware that any community has a right to force
+another to be civilized."&mdash;<i>John Stuart Mill.</i></p>
+
+<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_7" id="Footnote_7" href="#FNanchor_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> Boone had a strong fancy for carving his name and hunting
+feats upon trees. His wanderings have very largely been
+traced by this means.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_8" id="Footnote_8" href="#FNanchor_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> When Indians were about, moccasins were always tied to
+the guns so as to be ready to slip on in case of a night alarm.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_9" id="Footnote_9" href="#FNanchor_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> Previous to this there had been built in Kentucky many
+hunters' camps, also a few isolated cabins by "improvers";
+but Harrodsburg (at first called "Harrodstown") was the first
+permanent settlement, thus having nearly a year's start of
+Boonesborough. June 16, 1774, is the date given by Collins
+and other chroniclers for the actual settlement by Harrod.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_10" id="Footnote_10" href="#FNanchor_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> The Indians had called the Americans "Knifemen,"
+"Long Knives," or "Big Knives," from the earliest historic
+times; but it was not until about the middle of the eighteenth
+century that the Virginia colonists began to make record of
+the use of this epithet by the Indians with whom they came
+in contact. It was then commonly supposed that it grew out
+of the use of swords by the frontier militiamen, and this is the
+meaning still given in dictionaries; but it has been made apparent
+by Albert Matthews, writing in the New York Nation,
+March 14, 1901, that the epithet originated in the fact that
+Englishmen used knives as distinguished from the early stone
+tools of the Indians. The French introduced knives into
+America previous to the English, but apparently the term was
+used only by Indians within the English sphere of influence.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_11" id="Footnote_11" href="#FNanchor_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> The names of this party of Kentucky pioneers, as preserved
+by tradition, are worth presenting in our record, for
+many of them afterward became prominent in the annals of
+the West: Squire Boone, Edward Bradley, James Bridges,
+William Bush, Samuel Coburn, Colonel Richard Calloway,
+Captain Crabtree, Benjamin Cutbirth, David Gass, John Hart,
+William Hays (son-in-law of Daniel Boone), William Hicks,
+Edmund Jennings, Thomas Johnson, John Kennedy, John
+King, William Miller, William Moore, James Nall, James
+Peeke, Bartlet Searcy, Reuben Searcy, Michael Stoner, Samuel
+Tate, Oswell Towns, Captain William Twitty (wounded at
+Rockcastle), John Vardeman, and Felix Walker (also wounded
+at Rockcastle). Mrs. Hays, Boone's daughter, traveled with
+her husband; a negro woman accompanied Calloway, and a
+negro man (killed at Rockcastle) was with Twitty.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_12" id="Footnote_12" href="#FNanchor_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> It was then within the far-stretching boundaries of Fincastle
+County. Kentucky was set apart as a county, December
+31, 1776.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_13" id="Footnote_13" href="#FNanchor_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> It was, however, not until November, 1778, that the
+legislature formally declared the Transylvania Company's
+claims null and void.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_14" id="Footnote_14" href="#FNanchor_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> Two lines of Indians were formed, five or six feet apart,
+on either side of a marked path. The prisoner was obliged to
+run between these lines, while there were showered upon him
+lusty blows from whatever weapons the tormentors chose to
+adopt&mdash;switches, sticks, clubs, and tomahawks. It required
+great agility, speed in running, and some aggressive strategy
+to arrive at the goal unharmed. Many white captives were
+seriously crippled in this thrilling experience, and not a few
+lost their lives.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_15" id="Footnote_15" href="#FNanchor_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> Account is only taken, in these charges, of the twenty-seven
+captives.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_16" id="Footnote_16" href="#FNanchor_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> Address at Camp Madison, Franklin County, Ky., in
+1843.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_17" id="Footnote_17" href="#FNanchor_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> Equivalent to about 845 English acres.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_18" id="Footnote_18" href="#FNanchor_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> The story of the original Harding portrait, as gathered
+from statements to the present writer by members of the
+painter's family, supplemented by letters of Harding himself
+to the late Lyman C. Draper, is an interesting one. The
+artist used for his portrait a piece of ordinary table oil-cloth.
+For many years the painting was in the capitol at Frankfort,
+Ky., "from the fact that it was hoped the State would buy
+it." But the State had meanwhile become possessed of another
+oil portrait painted about 1839 or 1840 by a Mr. Allen,
+of Harrodsburg, Ky.&mdash;an ideal sketch, of no special merit.
+Harding's portrait, apparently the only one of Boone painted
+from life, was not purchased, for the State did not wish to
+be at the expense of two paintings. Being upon a Western
+trip, in 1861, Harding, then an old man and a resident of
+Springfield, Mass., rescued his portrait, which was in bad condition,
+and carried it home. The process of restoration was
+necessarily a vigorous one. The artist writes (October 6, 1861):
+"The picture had been banged about until the greater part
+of it was broken to pieces.... The head is as perfect as when
+it was painted, in color, though there are some small, almost
+imperceptible, cracks in it." The head and neck, down to
+the shirt-collar, were cut out and pasted upon a full-sized canvas;
+on this, Harding had "a very skilful artist" repaint
+the bust, drapery, and background, under the former's immediate
+direction. The picture in the present state is, therefore,
+a composite. The joining shows plainly in most
+lights. Upon the completion of the work, Harding offered
+to sell it to Draper, but the negotiation fell through. The
+restored portrait was then presented by the artist to his son-in-law,
+John L. King, of Springfield, Mass., and in due
+course it came into the possession of the latter's son, the present
+owner.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DANIEL BOONE***</p>
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@@ -0,0 +1,7291 @@
+The Project Gutenberg eBook, Daniel Boone, by Reuben Gold Thwaites
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: Daniel Boone
+
+
+Author: Reuben Gold Thwaites
+
+
+
+Release Date: June 5, 2012  [eBook #39927]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DANIEL BOONE***
+
+
+E-text prepared by David Edwards, Melissa McDaniel, and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page images
+generously made available by Internet Archive (http://archive.org)
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustrations.
+      See 39927-h.htm or 39927-h.zip:
+      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/39927/39927-h/39927-h.htm)
+      or
+      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/39927/39927-h.zip)
+
+
+      Images of the original pages are available through
+      Internet Archive. See
+      http://archive.org/details/danielboone00thwaiala
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+      Inconsistent hyphenation and spelling in the original
+      document have been preserved.  Obvious typographical
+      errors have been corrected.
+
+      Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_).
+
+      Text enclosed by equal signs is in bold face (=bold=).
+
+      The author used superscripted numbers to indicate which
+      of several people with the same name are being referred
+      to. The superscript notation has been replaced in the
+      text with a number within curly brackets (e.g., George{1},
+      George{2}).
+
+
+
+
+  [Illustration: DANIEL BOONE.
+    From the portrait by Chester Harding made in 1819, when Boone was
+    eighty-five years old. (See pp. 237-239.)]
+
+
+
+
+DANIEL BOONE
+
+by
+
+REUBEN GOLD THWAITES
+
+Author of "Father Marquette," "The Colonies, 1492-1750,"
+"Down Historic Waterways," "Afloat on the
+Ohio," etc.; Editor of "The Jesuit Relations and
+Allied Documents," "Chronicles of Border
+Warfare," "Wisconsin Historical
+Collections," etc.
+
+Illustrated
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+NEW YORK
+D. Appleton & Company
+1902
+
+Copyright, 1902
+By D. Appleton and Company
+
+Published September, 1902
+
+
+
+
+      TO THE MEMORY OF THE LATE
+
+      LYMAN COPELAND DRAPER, LL.D.
+
+      WHOSE UNPARALLELED COLLECTION OF
+      MANUSCRIPT MATERIALS FOR WESTERN
+      HISTORY IN THE LIBRARY OF THE
+      WISCONSIN STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY
+      HAS MADE PRACTICABLE THE
+      PREPARATION OF THIS LITTLE BOOK
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+Poets, historians, and orators have for a hundred years sung the praises
+of Daniel Boone as the typical backwoodsman of the trans-Alleghany
+region. Despite popular belief, he was not really the founder of
+Kentucky. Other explorers and hunters had been there long before him; he
+himself was piloted through Cumberland Gap by John Finley; and his was
+not even the first permanent settlement in Kentucky, for Harrodsburg
+preceded it by nearly a year; his services in defense of the West,
+during nearly a half century of border warfare, were not comparable to
+those of George Rogers Clark or Benjamin Logan; as a commonwealth
+builder he was surpassed by several. Nevertheless, Boone's picturesque
+career possesses a romantic and even pathetic interest that can never
+fail to charm the student of history. He was great as a hunter,
+explorer, surveyor, and land-pilot--probably he found few equals as a
+rifleman; no man on the border knew Indians more thoroughly or fought
+them more skilfully than he; his life was filled to the brim with
+perilous adventures. He was not a man of affairs, he did not understand
+the art of money-getting, and he lost his lands because, although a
+surveyor, he was careless of legal forms of entry. He fled before the
+advance of the civilization which he had ushered in: from Pennsylvania,
+wandering with his parents to North Carolina in search of broader lands;
+thence into Kentucky because the Carolina borders were crowded; then to
+the Kanawha Valley, for the reason that Kentucky was being settled too
+fast to suit his fancy; lastly to far-off Missouri, in order, as he
+said, to get "elbow room." Experiences similar to his have made
+misanthropes of many another man--like Clark, for instance; but the
+temperament of this honest, silent, nature-loving man only mellowed with
+age; his closing years were radiant with the sunshine of serene content
+and the dimly appreciated consciousness of world-wide fame; and he died
+full of years, in heart a simple hunter to the last--although he had
+also served with credit as magistrate, soldier, and legislator. At his
+death the Constitutional Convention of Missouri went into mourning for
+twenty days, and the State of Kentucky claimed his bones, and has
+erected over them a suitable monument.
+
+There have been published many lives of Boone, but none of them in
+recent years. Had the late Dr. Lyman Copeland Draper, of Wisconsin, ever
+written the huge biography for which he gathered materials throughout a
+lifetime of laborious collection, those volumes--there were to be
+several--would doubtless have uttered the last possible word concerning
+the famous Kentucky pioneer. Draper's manuscript, however, never
+advanced beyond a few chapters; but the raw materials which he gathered
+for this work, and for many others of like character, are now in the
+library of the Wisconsin State Historical Society, available to all
+scholars. From this almost inexhaustible treasure-house the present
+writer has obtained the bulk of his information, and has had the
+advantage of being able to consult numerous critical notes made by his
+dear and learned friend. A book so small as this, concerning a character
+every phase of whose career was replete with thrilling incident, would
+doubtless not have won the approbation of Dr. Draper, whose
+unaccomplished biographical plans were all drawn upon a large scale; but
+we are living in a busy age, and life is brief--condensation is the
+necessary order of the day. It will always be a source of regret that
+Draper's projected literary monument to Boone was not completed for the
+press, although its bulk would have been forbidding to any but
+specialists, who would have sought its pages as a cyclopedia of Western
+border history.
+
+Through the courtesy both of Colonel Reuben T. Durrett, of Louisville,
+President of the Filson Club, and of Mrs. Ranck, we are permitted to
+include among our illustrations reproductions of some of the plates in
+the late George W. Ranck's stately monograph upon Boonesborough. Aid in
+tracing original portraits of Boone has been received from Mrs. Jennie
+C. Morton and General Fayette Hewitt, of Frankfort; Miss Marjory Dawson
+and Mr. W. G. Lackey, of St. Louis; Mr. William H. King, of Winnetka,
+Ill.; and Mr. J. Marx Etting, of Philadelphia.
+
+      R. G. T.
+      MADISON, WIS., _1902_.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+   CHAPTER                                                        PAGE
+
+         PREFACE                                                   vii
+
+      I. ANCESTRY AND TRAINING                                       1
+
+     II. THE NIMROD OF THE YADKIN                                   13
+
+    III. LIFE ON THE BORDER                                         24
+
+     IV. RED MAN AGAINST WHITE MAN                                  35
+
+      V. KENTUCKY REACHED AT LAST                                   55
+
+     VI. ALONE IN THE WILDERNESS                                    71
+
+    VII. PREDECESSORS AND CONTEMPORARIES                            85
+
+   VIII. THE HERO OF CLINCH VALLEY                                  97
+
+     IX. THE SETTLEMENT OF KENTUCKY                                113
+
+      X. TWO YEARS OF DARKNESS                                     129
+
+     XI. THE SIEGE OF BOONESBOROUGH                                146
+
+    XII. SOLDIER AND STATESMAN                                     169
+
+   XIII. KENTUCKY'S PATH OF THORNS                                 192
+
+   XIV. IN THE KANAWHA VALLEY                                      211
+
+    XV. A SERENE OLD AGE                                           223
+
+        INDEX                                                      243
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+                                                           FACING PAGE
+
+      Portrait of Daniel Boone                          _Frontispiece_
+
+      Boone's powder-horn and bake-kettle                           30
+
+      A Boone tree, 1760                                            56
+
+      A survey note by Boone                                       120
+
+      Fort Boonesborough                                           136
+
+      Climax of the treaty                                         162
+
+      Site of Boonesborough to-day                                 174
+
+      Boone's cabin in St. Charles County, Missouri                224
+
+      Nathan Boone's house in St. Charles County, Missouri         230
+
+      Boone's religious views (two pages)                          234
+
+      Boone's monument at Frankfort, Ky.                           240
+
+
+
+
+DANIEL BOONE
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+ANCESTRY AND TRAINING
+
+
+The grandfather of Daniel Boone--George by name--was born in 1666 at the
+peaceful little hamlet of Stoak, near the city of Exeter, in Devonshire,
+England. His father had been a blacksmith; but he himself acquired the
+weaver's art. In due time George married Mary Maugridge, a young woman
+three years his junior, and native of the neighboring village of
+Bradninch, whither he had gone to follow his trade. This worthy couple,
+professed Quakers, became the parents of nine children, all born in
+Bradninch--George, Sarah, Squire,[1] Mary, John, Joseph, Benjamin,
+James, and Samuel. All of these, except John, married, and left
+numerous descendants in America.
+
+The elder Boones were ambitious for the welfare of their large family.
+They were also fretful under the bitter intolerance encountered by
+Quakers in those unrestful times. As the children grew to maturity, the
+enterprising weaver sought information regarding the colony which his
+coreligionist William Penn had, some thirty years previous, established
+in America, where were promised cheap lands, religious freedom,
+political equality, and exact justice to all men. There were then no
+immigration bureaus to encourage and instruct those who proposed
+settling in America; no news-letters from traveling correspondents, to
+tell the people at home about the Western world; or books or pamphlets
+illustrating the country. The only method which occurred to George
+Boone, of Bradninch, by which he could satisfy himself regarding the
+possibilities of Pennsylvania as a future home for his household, was to
+send out some of his older children as prospectors.
+
+Accordingly--somewhere about 1712-14, family tradition says--young
+George (aged from twenty-two to twenty-four years), Sarah (a year and a
+half younger), and Squire (born November 25, 1696) were despatched to
+the promised land, and spent several months in its inspection. Leaving
+Sarah and Squire in Pennsylvania, George returned to his parents with a
+favorable report.
+
+On the seventeenth of August, 1717, the Boones, parents and children,
+bade a sorrowful but brave farewell to their relatives and friends in
+old Bradninch, whom they were never again to see. After journeying some
+eighty miles over rugged country to the port of Bristol, they there
+entered a sailing vessel bound for Philadelphia, where they safely
+arrived upon the tenth of October.
+
+Philadelphia was then but a village. Laid out like a checker-board, with
+architecture of severe simplicity, its best residences were surrounded
+by gardens and orchards. The town was substantial, neat, and had the
+appearance of prosperity; but the frontier was not far away--beyond
+outlying fields the untamed forest closed in upon the little capital.
+The fur trade flourished but two or three days' journey into the forest,
+and Indians were frequently seen upon the streets. When, therefore, the
+Boones decided to settle in what is now Abingdon, twelve or fourteen
+miles north of the town, in a sparse neighborhood of Quaker farmers,
+they at once became backwoodsmen, such as they remained for the rest of
+their lives.
+
+They were, however, not long in Abingdon. Soon after, we find them
+domiciled a few miles to the northwest in the little frontier hamlet of
+North Wales, in Gwynedd township; this was a Welsh community whose
+members had, a few years before, turned Quakers.
+
+Sarah Boone appears, about this time, to have married one Jacob Stover,
+a German who settled in Oley township, now in Berks County. The elder
+George Boone, now that he had become accustomed to moving, after his
+long, quiet years as a Devonshire weaver, appears to have made small ado
+over folding his family tent and seeking other pastures. In 1718 he took
+out a warrant for four hundred acres of land in Oley, and near the
+close of the following year removed to his daughter's neighborhood.
+This time he settled in earnest, for here in Oley--or rather the later
+subdivision thereof called Exeter--he spent the remainder of his days,
+dying in his original log cabin there, in 1744, at the age of
+seventy-eight. He left eight children, fifty-two grandchildren, and ten
+great-grandchildren--in all, seventy descendants: Devonshire men,
+Germans, Welsh, and Scotch-Irish amalgamated into a sturdy race of
+American pioneers.
+
+Among the early Welsh Quakers in the rustic neighborhood of North Wales
+were the Morgans. On the twenty-third of July, 1720, at the Gwynedd
+meeting-house, in accordance with the Quaker ceremony, Squire Boone
+married Sarah Morgan, daughter of John. A descendant tells us that at
+this time "Squire Boone was a man of rather small stature, fair
+complexion, red hair, and gray eyes; while his wife was a woman
+something over the common size, strong and active, with black hair and
+eyes, and raised in the Quaker order."
+
+For ten or eleven years Squire and Sarah Boone lived in Gwynedd
+township, probably on rented land, the former adding to their small
+income by occasional jobs of weaving, for he had learned his father's
+trade. They were thrifty folk, but it took ten years under these
+primitive conditions to accumulate even the small sum sufficient to
+acquire a farm of their own. Toward the close of the year 1730, Squire
+obtained for a modest price a grant of 250 acres of land situated in his
+father's township, Oley--a level tract adapted to grazing purposes, on
+Owatin Creek, some eight miles southeast of the present city of Reading,
+and a mile and a half from Exeter meeting-house. Here, probably early in
+1731, the Boones removed with their four children. Relatives and Quaker
+neighbors assisted, after the manner of the frontier, in erecting a log
+cabin for the new-comers and in clearing and fencing for them a small
+patch of ground.
+
+In this rude backwoods home, in the valley of the Schuylkill, was born,
+upon the second of November (new style), 1734, Daniel Boone, fourth son
+and sixth child of Squire and Sarah. It is thought that the name Daniel
+was suggested by that of Daniel Boone, a well-known Dutch painter who
+had died in London in 1698, "and who may have been known, or distantly
+related, to the family." The other children were: Sarah (born in 1724),
+Israel (1726), Samuel (1728), Jonathan (1730), Elizabeth (1732), Mary
+(1736), George (1739), Edward (1744), Squire, and Hannah, all of them
+natives of Oley.[2]
+
+Born into a frontier community, Daniel Boone's entire life was spent
+amid similar surroundings, varying only in degree. With the sight of
+Indians he was from the first familiar. They frequently visited Oley and
+Exeter, and were cordially received by the Quakers. George Boone's house
+was the scene of many a friendly gathering of the tribesmen. When Daniel
+was eight years of age, the celebrated Moravian missionary, Count
+Zinzendorf, held a synod in a barn at Oley, a party of converted
+Delaware Indians, who preached in favor of Christianity, being the
+principal attractions at this meeting. Thus young Boone started in life
+with an accurate knowledge of the American savage, which served him well
+during his later years of adventurous exploration and settlement-building.
+
+Squire Boone appears soon to have become a leader in his community. His
+farm, to whose acres he from time to time added, was attended to as
+closely as was usual among the frontiersmen of his day; and at home the
+business of weaving was not neglected, for he kept in frequent
+employment five or six looms, making "homespun" cloths for his neighbors
+and the market. He had an excellent grazing range some five or six miles
+north of the homestead, and each season sent his stock thither, as was
+the custom at that time. Mrs. Boone and Daniel accompanied the cows, and
+from early spring until late in autumn lived in a rustic cabin, far from
+any other human beings. Hard by, over a cool spring, was a dairy-house,
+in which the stout-armed mother made and kept her butter and cheese;
+while her favorite boy watched the herd as, led by their bell-carriers,
+they roamed at will through the woods, his duty at sunset being to drive
+them to the cabin for milking, and later to lock them for the night
+within the cow-pens, secure from wild animals or prowling
+cattle-thieves.
+
+While tending his cattle, a work involving abundant leisure, the young
+herdsman was also occupied in acquiring the arts of the forest. For the
+first two or three years--his pastoral life having commenced at the
+tender age of ten--his only weapon was a slender, smoothly shaved
+sapling, with a small bunch of gnarled roots at the end, in throwing
+which he grew so expert as easily to kill birds and other small game.
+When reaching the dignity of a dozen years, his father bought him a
+rifle, with which he soon became an unerring marksman. But, although he
+henceforth provided wild meat enough for the family, his passion for
+hunting sometimes led him to neglect the cattle, which were allowed to
+stray far from home and pass the night in the deep forest.
+
+Soon each summer of herding came to be succeeded by a winter's hunt. In
+this occupation the boy roved far and wide over the Neversink
+mountain-range to the north and west of Monocacy Valley, killing and
+curing game for the family, and taking the skins to Philadelphia, where
+he exchanged them for articles needed in the chase--long hunting-knives,
+and flints, lead, and powder for his gun.
+
+In those days the children of the frontier grew up with but slight store
+of such education as is obtainable from books. The open volume of
+nature, however, they carefully conned. The ways of the wilderness they
+knew full well--concerning the storms and floods, the trees and hills,
+the wild animals and the Indians, they were deeply learned; well they
+knew how to live alone in the forest, and to thrive happily although
+surrounded by a thousand lurking dangers. This quiet, mild-mannered,
+serious-faced Quaker youth, Daniel Boone, was an ardent lover of the
+wild woods and their inhabitants, which he knew as did Audubon and
+Thoreau; but of regular schooling he had none. When he was about
+fourteen years of age, his brother Samuel, nearly seven years his
+senior, married Sarah Day, an intelligent young Quakeress who had more
+education than was customary in this neighborhood. Sarah taught Daniel
+the elements of "the three R's." To this knowledge he added somewhat by
+later self-teaching, so that as a man he could read understandingly, do
+rough surveying, keep notes of his work, and write a sensible although
+badly spelled letter--for our backwoods hero was, in truth, no scholar,
+although as well equipped in this direction as were most of his fellows.
+
+In time Squire Boone, a man of enterprise and vigor, added blacksmithing
+to his list of occupations, and employed his young sons in this lusty
+work. Thus Daniel served, for a time, as a worker in iron as well as a
+hunter and herdsman; although it was noticed that his art was chiefly
+developed in the line of making and mending whatever pertained to traps
+and guns. He was a fearless rider of his father's horses; quick, though
+bred a Quaker, to resent what he considered wrong treatment;[3] true to
+his young friends; fond of long, solitary tramps through the dark
+forest, or of climbing hilltops for bird's-eye views of the
+far-stretching wilderness. Effective training this, for the typical
+pioneer of North America.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] Not an abbreviation of "esquire," as has been supposed, but given
+because of some old family connection. This name was transmitted through
+several generations of Boones.
+
+[2] Edward was killed by Indians when thirty-six years old, and Squire
+died at the age of seventy-six. Their brothers and sisters lived to ages
+varying from eighty-three to ninety-one.
+
+[3] Indeed, it is a matter of record that other members also of this
+stout-hearted Devonshire family were "sometimes rather too belligerent
+and self-willed," and had "occasionally to be dealt with by the
+meeting." Daniel's oldest sister, Sarah, married a man who was not a
+Quaker, and consequently she was "disowned" by the society. His oldest
+brother, Israel, also married a worldling and was similarly treated; and
+their father, who countenanced Israel's disloyal act and would not
+retract his error, was in 1748 likewise expelled.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+THE NIMROD OF THE YADKIN
+
+
+The lofty barrier of the Alleghany Mountains was of itself sufficient to
+prevent the pioneers of Pennsylvania from wandering far westward.
+Moreover, the Indians beyond these hills were fiercer than those with
+whom the Quakers were familiar; their occasional raids to the eastward,
+through the mountain passes, won for them a reputation which did not
+incline the border farmers to cultivate their further acquaintance. To
+the southwest, however, there were few obstacles to the spread of
+settlement. For several hundred miles the Appalachians run in parallel
+ranges from northeast to southwest--from Pennsylvania, through Virginia,
+West Virginia, the Carolinas, and east Tennessee, until at last they
+degenerate into scattered foot-hills upon the Georgia plain. Through the
+long, deep troughs between these ranges--notably in the famous Valley of
+Virginia between the Blue Ridge and the Alleghanies--Pennsylvanians
+freely wandered into the south and southwest, whenever possessed by
+thirst for new and broader lands. Hostile Indians sometimes penetrated
+these great valleys and brought misery in their train; but the work of
+pioneering along this path was less arduous than had the western
+mountains been scaled at a time when the colonists were still few and
+weak.
+
+Between the years 1732 and 1750, numerous groups of
+Pennsylvanians--Germans and Irish largely, with many Quakers among
+them--had been wending their way through the mountain troughs, and
+gradually pushing forward the line of settlement, until now it had
+reached the upper waters of the Yadkin River, in the northwest corner of
+North Carolina. Trials abundant fell to their lot; but the soil of the
+valleys was unusually fertile, game was abundant, the climate mild, the
+country beautiful, and life in general upon the new frontier, although
+rough, such as to appeal to the borderers as a thing desirable. The
+glowing reports of each new group attracted others. Thus was the
+wilderness tamed by a steady stream of immigration from the older lands
+of the northern colonies, while not a few penetrated to this Arcadia
+through the passes of the Blue Ridge, from eastern Virginia and the
+Carolinas.
+
+Squire and Sarah Boone, of Oley, now possessed eleven children, some of
+whom were married and settled within this neighborhood which consisted
+so largely of the Boones and their relatives. The choicest lands of
+eastern Pennsylvania had at last been located. The outlook for the
+younger Boones, who soon would need new homesteads, did not appear
+encouraging. The fame of the Yadkin Valley, five hundred miles
+southwestward, had reached Oley, and thither, in the spring of 1750, the
+majority of the Boones, after selling their lands and surplus stock,
+bravely took up the line of march.[4]
+
+With the women and children stowed in canvas-covered wagons, the men and
+boys riding their horses at front and rear, and driving the lagging
+cattle, the picturesque little caravan slowly found its way to the ford
+at Harper's Ferry, thence up the beautiful valley of the Shenandoah. By
+night they pitched their camps beside some gurgling spring, gathered the
+animals within the circle of the wagons, and, with sentinel posted
+against possible surprises by Indians, sat around the blazing fire to
+discuss the experiences of the day--Daniel, as the hunter for the party,
+doubtless having the most interesting adventures of them all.
+
+Tradition has it that the Boones tarried by the way, for a year or more,
+on Linnville Creek, six miles north of Harrisonburg, in Rockingham
+County, Va. In any event, they appear to have resumed their journey by
+the autumn of 1751. Pushing on through the Valley of Virginia--an
+undulating, heavily forested table-land from three to ten miles in
+width--they forded the upper waters of numerous rivers, some of which,
+according to the tilt of the land, flow eastward and southeastward
+toward the Atlantic, and others westward and southwestward toward the
+Ohio. This is one of the fairest and most salubrious regions in America;
+but they did not again stop until the promised land of the Yadkin was
+reached.
+
+The country was before them, to choose from it practically what they
+would. Between the Yadkin and the Catawba there was a broad expanse of
+elevated prairie, yielding a luxuriant growth of grass, while the
+bottoms skirting the numerous streams were thick-grown to canebrake.
+Here were abundant meadows for the cattle, fish and game and wild fruits
+in quantity quite exceeding young Daniel's previous experience, a
+well-tempered climate, and to the westward a mountain-range which cast
+long afternoon shadows over the plain and spoke eloquently of untamed
+dominions beyond. Out of this land of plenty Squire Boone chose a claim
+at Buffalo Lick, where Dutchman's Creek joins with the North Fork of
+Yadkin.
+
+Daniel was now a lad of eighteen. Nominally, he helped in the working of
+his father's farm and in the family smithy; actually, he was more often
+in the woods with his long rifle. At first, buffaloes were so plenty
+that a party of three or four men, with dogs, could kill from ten to
+twenty in a day; but soon the sluggish animals receded before the
+advance of white men, hiding themselves behind the mountain wall. An
+ordinary hunter could slaughter four or five deer in a day; in the
+autumn, he might from sunrise to sunset shoot enough bears to provide
+over a ton of bear-bacon for winter use; wild turkeys were easy prey;
+beavers, otters, and muskrats abounded; while wolves, panthers, and
+wildcats overran the country. Overcome by his passion for the chase, our
+young Nimrod soon began to spend months at a time in the woods,
+especially in autumn and winter. He found also more profit in this
+occupation than at either the forge or the plow; for at their nearest
+market town, Salisbury, twenty miles away, good prices were paid for
+skins, which were regularly shipped thence to the towns upon the
+Atlantic coast.
+
+The Catawba Indians lived about sixty miles distant, and the Cherokees
+still farther. These tribesmen not infrequently visited the thinly
+scattered settlement on the Yadkin, seeking trade with the whites, with
+whom they were as yet on good terms. They were, however, now and then
+raided by Northern Indians, particularly the Shawnese, who, collecting
+in the Valley of Virginia, swept down upon them with fury; sometimes
+also committing depredations upon the whites who had befriended their
+tribal enemies, and who unfortunately had staked their farms in the
+old-time war-path of the marauders.
+
+In the year 1754, the entire American border, from the Yadkin to the St.
+Lawrence, became deeply concerned in the Indian question. France and
+England had long been rivals for the mastery of the North American
+continent lying west of the Alleghanies. France had established a weak
+chain of posts upon the upper Great Lakes, and down the Mississippi
+River to New Orleans, thus connecting Canada with Louisiana. In the
+Valley of the Ohio, however, without which the French could not long
+hold the Western country, there was a protracted rivalry between French
+and English fur-traders, each seeking to supplant the intruding
+foreigner. This led to the outbreak of the French and Indian War, which
+was waged vigorously for five years, until New France fell, and the
+English obtained control of all Canada and that portion of the continent
+lying between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mississippi.
+
+As early as 1748, backwoodsmen from Pennsylvania had made a small
+settlement on New River, just west of the Alleghanies--a settlement
+which the Boones must have visited, as it lay upon the road to the
+Yadkin; and in the same season several adventurous Virginians hunted and
+made land-claims in Kentucky and Tennessee. In the following year there
+was formed for Western fur trading and colonizing purposes, the Ohio
+Company, composed of wealthy Virginians, among them two brothers of
+George Washington. In 1753 French soldiers built a little log fort on
+French Creek, a tributary of the Alleghany; and, despite Virginia's
+protest, delivered by young Major Washington, were planning to erect
+another at the forks of the Ohio, where Pittsburg now is. Thither
+Washington went, in the succeeding year, with a body of Virginia
+militiamen, to construct an English stockade at the forks; but the
+French defeated him in the Great Meadows hard by and themselves erected
+the fort. It is thought by some writers that young Boone, then twenty
+years of age, served in the Pennsylvania militia which protected the
+frontier from the Indian forays which succeeded this episode. A year
+later (1755) the inexperienced General Braddock, fresh from England, set
+out, with Washington upon his staff, to teach a lesson to these
+Frenchmen who had intruded upon land claimed by the colony of Virginia.
+
+In Braddock's little army were a hundred North Carolina frontiersmen,
+under Captain Hugh Waddell; their wagoner and blacksmith was Daniel
+Boone. His was one of those heavily laden baggage-wagons which, history
+tells us, greatly impeded the progress of the English, and contributed
+not a little to the terrible disaster which overtook the column in the
+ravine of Turtle Creek, only a few miles from Pittsburg. The
+baggage-train was the center of a fierce attack from Indians, led by
+French officers, and many drivers were killed. Young Boone, however, cut
+the traces of his team, and mounting a horse, fortunately escaped by
+flight. Behind him the Indian allies of the French, now unchecked, laid
+waste the panic-stricken frontiers of Pennsylvania and Virginia. But the
+Yadkin, which Boone soon reached, was as yet unscarred; the Northern
+tribes were busied in the tide of intercolonial warfare, and the
+Catawbas and Cherokees thus far remained steadfast to their old-time
+promises of peace.
+
+Daniel was now a man, full-grown. He had brought home with him not only
+some knowledge of what war meant, but his imagination had become heated
+by a new passion--the desire to explore as well as to hunt. While upon
+the campaign he had fallen in with another adventurous soul, John Finley
+by name, who fired his heart with strange tales of lands and game to the
+west of the mountains. Finley was a Scotch-Irishman of roving
+tendencies, who had emigrated to Pennsylvania and joined a colony of his
+compatriots. As early as 1752 he had become a fur-trader. In the course
+of his rambles many perilous adventures befell him in the Kentucky
+wilds, into which he had penetrated as far as the Falls of the Ohio,
+where Louisville is now built. Hurrying, with other woodsmen, to
+Braddock's support, he enrolled himself under George Croghan, a famous
+trader to the Indians. But the expert services of Croghan and his men,
+who, well understanding the methods of savages upon the war-path,
+offered to serve as scouts, were coldly rejected by Braddock, who soon
+had occasion to regret that he had not taken their advice.
+
+Finley found in the Yadkin wagoner a kindred spirit, and suggested to
+him with eagerness a method of reaching Kentucky by following the trail
+of the buffaloes and the Shawnese, northwestward through Cumberland Gap.
+To reach this hunter's paradise, to which Finley had pointed the way,
+was now Boone's daily dream.
+
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[4] John and James remained, and lived and died in Oley.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+LIFE ON THE BORDER
+
+
+It was many years before Daniel Boone realized his dream of reaching
+Kentucky. Such an expedition into the far-off wilderness could not be
+lightly undertaken; its hardships and dangers were innumerable; and the
+way thither from the forks of the Yadkin was not as easily found,
+through this perplexing tangle of valleys and mountains, as Finley had
+supposed. His own route had doubtless been over the Ohio Company's pass
+from the upper waters of the Potomac to a tributary of the Monongahela.
+
+Another reason caused Daniel long to linger near his home. A half-dozen
+years before the Boones reached the Yadkin country there had located
+here a group of several related families, the Bryans, originally from
+Ireland. Pennsylvanians at first, they had, as neighbors crowded them,
+drifted southwestward into the Valley of Virginia; and finally, keeping
+well ahead of other settlers, established themselves at the forks of the
+Yadkin. They took kindly to the Boones, the two groups intermarried, and
+both were in due course pioneers of Kentucky. Rebecca, the daughter of
+Joseph Bryan, was fifteen years of age when Daniel first read his fate
+in her shining black eyes. In the spring following his return from
+Braddock's slaughter-pen he led her to the altar, the ceremony being
+performed by old Squire Boone--farmer, weaver, blacksmith, and now
+justice of the peace for Rowan County.
+
+An historian of the border, who had studied well the family traditions,
+thus describes Daniel and Rebecca at the time when they set forth
+together upon the journey of life: "Behold that young man, exhibiting
+such unusual firmness and energy of character, five feet eight inches in
+height, with broad chest and shoulders, his form gradually tapering
+downward to his extremities; his hair moderately black; blue eyes arched
+with yellowish eyebrows; his lips thin, with a mouth peculiarly wide; a
+countenance fair and ruddy, with a nose a little bordering on the Roman
+order. Such was Daniel Boone, now past twenty-one, presenting altogether
+a noble, manly, prepossessing appearance.... Rebecca Bryan, whose brow
+had now been fanned by the breezes of seventeen summers, was, like
+Rebecca of old, 'very fair to look upon,' with jet-black hair and eyes,
+complexion rather dark, and something over the common size of her sex;
+her whole demeanor expressive of her childlike artlessness, pleasing in
+her address, and unaffectedly kind in all her deportment. Never was
+there a more gentle, affectionate, forbearing creature than this same
+fair youthful bride of the Yadkin." In the annals of the frontier, as
+elsewhere, all brides are fair and grooms are manly; but, allowing for
+the natural enthusiasm of hero-worshipers, we may, from the abundance of
+testimony to that effect, at least conclude that Daniel and Rebecca
+Boone were a well-favored couple, fit to rear a family of sturdy
+borderers.
+
+It was neither the day nor the place for expensive trousseaus and
+wedding journeys. After a hilarious wedding-feast, Boone and his wife,
+with scanty equipment, immediately commenced their hard task of winning
+a livelihood from the soil and the forest. At first occupying a rude log
+cabin in his father's yard, they soon afterward acquired some level land
+of their own, lying upon Sugar Tree, a tributary of Dutchman's Creek, in
+the Bryan settlement, a few miles north of Squire Boone's. All of this
+neighborhood lies within what is now Davie County, still one of the
+richest farming districts in North Carolina. Save when driven out by
+Indian alarms and forays, they here lived quietly for many years.
+
+The pioneers in the then back country, along the eastern foot-hills of
+the Alleghanies, led a rough, primitive life, such as is hardly possible
+to-day, when there is no longer any frontier within the United States,
+and but few districts are so isolated as to be more than two or three
+days' journey from a railway. Most of them, however, had been bred, as
+were the Boones and the Bryans, to the rude experiences of the border.
+With slight knowledge of books, they were accustomed to living in the
+simplest manner, and from childhood were inured to the hardships and
+privations incident to great distance from the centers of settlement;
+they possessed the virtues of hospitality and neighborliness, and were
+hardy, rugged, honest-hearted folk, admirably suited to their
+self-appointed task of forcing back the walls of savagery, in order that
+civilization might cover the land. We may well honor them for the great
+service that they rendered to mankind.
+
+The dress of a backwoodsman like Daniel Boone was a combination of
+Indian and civilized attire. A long hunting-shirt, of coarse cloth or of
+dressed deerskins, sometimes with an ornamental collar, was his
+principal garment; drawers and leggings of like material were worn; the
+feet were encased in moccasins of deerskin--soft and pliant, but cold in
+winter, even when stuffed with deer's hair or dry leaves, and so spongy
+as to be no protection against wet feet, which made every hunter an
+early victim to rheumatism. Hanging from the belt, which girt the
+hunting-shirt, were the powder-horn, bullet-pouch, scalping-knife, and
+tomahawk; while the breast of the shirt served as a generous pocket for
+food when the hunter or warrior was upon the trail. For head-covering,
+the favorite was a soft cap of coonskin, with the bushy tail dangling
+behind; but Boone himself despised this gear, and always wore a hat. The
+women wore huge sunbonnets and loose gowns of home-made cloth; they
+generally went barefoot in summer, but wore moccasins in winter.
+
+Daniel Boone's cabin was a simple box of logs, reared in "cob-house"
+style, the chinks stuffed with moss and clay, with a door and perhaps
+but a single window. Probably there was but one room below, with a low
+attic under the rafters, reached by a ladder. A great outside chimney,
+built either of rough stones or of small logs, coated on the inside with
+clay mortar and carefully chinked with the same, was built against one
+end of this rude house. In the fireplace, large enough for logs five or
+six feet in length, there was a crane from which was hung the iron pot
+in which the young wife cooked simple meals of corn-mush, pumpkins,
+squashes, beans, potatoes, and pork, or wild meat of many kinds, fresh
+and dried; in a bake-kettle, laid upon the live coals, she made the
+bread and corn pone, or fried her steaks, which added variety to the
+fare.
+
+Dishes and other utensils were few--some pewter plates, forks, and
+spoons; wooden bowls and trenchers, with gourds and hard-shelled
+squashes for drinking-mugs. For knife, Boone doubtless used his
+belt-weapon, and scorned the crock plates, now slowly creeping into the
+valley, as calculated to dull its edge. Over the fireplace deer's horns
+served as rests for his gun. Into the log wall were driven great wooden
+pegs, hanging from which flitches of dried and smoked bacon, venison,
+and bear's-meat mingled freely with the family's scanty wardrobe.
+
+With her cooking and rude mending, her moccasin-making, her distaff and
+loom for making cloths, her occasional plying of the hoe in the small
+vegetable patch, and her ever-present care of the children and dairy,
+Rebecca Boone was abundantly occupied.
+
+  [Illustration: BOONE'S POWDER-HORN AND BAKE-KETTLE.
+    In possession of Wisconsin State Historical Society. The horn once
+    belonged to Daniel's brother Israel, and bears the initials "I B".]
+
+In these early years of married life Daniel proved a good husbandman,
+planting and garnering his crops with regularity, and pasturing a few
+scrawny cattle and swine upon the wild lands adjoining his farm.
+Doubtless at times he did smithy-work for the neighbors and took a
+hand at the loom, as had his father and grandfather before him.
+Sometimes he was engaged with his wagon in the caravans which each
+autumn found their way from the Yadkin and the other mountain valleys
+down to the Atlantic cities, carrying furs to market; it was as yet too
+early in the history of the back country for the cattle-raisers to send
+their animals to the coast. In the Valley of Virginia, hemmed in upon
+the east by the Blue Ridge, packhorses were alone used in this traffic,
+for the mountain paths were rough and narrow; but wagons could be
+utilized in the more southern districts. The caravans brought back to
+the pioneers salt, iron, cloths, and a few other manufactured goods.
+This annual expedition over, Boone was free to go upon long hunts in the
+forest, where he cured great stores of meat for his family and prepared
+the furs for market.
+
+The backwoodsmen of the Yadkin had few machines to assist them in their
+labor, and these were of the simplest sort. Practically, every settler
+was his own mechanic--although some men became, in certain lines, more
+expert than their neighbors, and to them fell such work for the entire
+settlement. Grinding corn into meal, or cracking it into hominy, were,
+as usual with primitive peoples, tasks involving the most machinery.
+Rude mortars and pestles, some of the latter ingeniously worked by means
+of springy "sweeps," were commonly seen; a device something like a
+nutmeg-grater was often used when the corn was soft; two circular
+millstones, worked by hand, were effective, and there were some operated
+by water-power.
+
+Medicine was at a crude stage, many of the so-called cures being as old
+as Egypt, while others were borrowed from the Indians. The borderers
+firmly believed in the existence of witches; bad dreams, eclipses of the
+sun, the howling of dogs, and the croaking of ravens, were sure to bring
+disasters in their train.
+
+Their sports laid stress on physical accomplishments--great strength,
+dexterity with the rifle, hunting, imitating the calls of wild birds and
+beasts, throwing the tomahawk, running, jumping, wrestling, dancing,
+and horse-racing; they were also fond, as they gathered around one
+another's great fireplaces in the long winter evenings, of story-telling
+and dramatic recitation. Some of the wealthier members of this primitive
+society owned negro slaves, to whom, sometimes, they were cruel, freely
+using the whip upon both women and men. Indeed, in their own frequent
+quarrels fierce brutality was sometimes used, adversaries in a
+fist-fight being occasionally maimed or otherwise disfigured for life.
+
+There was, for a long time, "neither law nor gospel" upon this far-away
+frontier. Justices of the peace had small authority. Preachers were at
+first unknown. Many of the borderers were Presbyterians, and others
+Quakers; but under such social conditions these were little else than
+names. Nevertheless, there was a sound public sentiment among these
+rude, isolated people, who were a law unto themselves. They respected
+and honored candor, honesty, hospitality, regular habits, and good
+behavior generally; and very severe were the punishments with which
+they visited offenders. If a man acted as a coward in time of war,
+shirked his full measure of duty to the public, failed to care for his
+family, was careless about his debts, stole from his neighbors, was
+needlessly profane, or failed to treat women respectfully, he was either
+shunned by his fellows or forced to leave the settlement.
+
+Amid such surroundings and of such stuff was Daniel Boone in the days
+when he was living uneventfully in the valley of the Yadkin as farmer,
+blacksmith, wagoner, and hunter, before the Indian wars and his
+explorations west of the long-shadowed mountain-range made of him a
+popular hero.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+RED MAN AGAINST WHITE MAN
+
+
+The borderers in the Valley of Virginia and on the western highlands of
+the Carolinas were largely engaged in raising horses, cattle, sheep, and
+hogs, which grazed at will upon the broad slopes of the eastern
+foot-hills of the Alleghanies, most of them being in as wild a state as
+the great roving herds now to be seen upon the semi-arid plains of the
+far West. Indeed, there are some strong points of resemblance between
+the life of the frontier herdsman of the middle of the eighteenth
+century and that of the "cow" ranchers of our own day, although the most
+primitive conditions now existing would have seemed princely to Daniel
+Boone. The annual round-up, the branding of young stock, the sometimes
+deadly disputes between herdsmen, and the autumnal drive to market, are
+features in common.
+
+With the settlement of the valleys and the steady increase in the
+herds, it was necessary each season to find new pastures. Thus the
+herdsmen pushed farther and farther into the wilderness to the south and
+west, and actually crossed the mountains at many points. Even before the
+arrival of the Boones, the Bryans had frequently, toward the end of
+summer, as the lower pastures thinned, driven their stock to a distance
+of sixty and seventy miles to green valleys lying between the western
+buttresses of the mountain wall.
+
+This gradual pressure upon the hunting-grounds of the Cherokees and the
+Catawbas was not unnoticed by the tribesmen. There had long been heard
+deep mutterings, especially by the former, who were well-disposed toward
+the ever-meddling French; but until the year of Daniel Boone's wedding
+the southern frontiers had not known an Indian uprising.
+
+The year previous (1755) the Cherokees had given reluctant permission to
+the whites to build two posts in their country for the protection of the
+frontiers against the French, who, with their Indian allies, were
+continually active against the New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia
+frontiers, and were known to be attempting the corruption of the
+Southern Indians. Fort Prince George was accordingly erected upon the
+Savannah River, and Fort Loudon upon the Tennessee. In 1756 Fort Dobbs
+was constructed a short distance south of the South Fork of the Yadkin.
+These three centers of refuge were upon the extreme southwestern borders
+of the English colonies.
+
+These "forts" of the American border would have proved slight defenses
+in the presence of an enemy armed with even the lightest artillery, but
+were generally sufficient to withstand a foe possessing only muskets and
+rifles. Fort Dobbs was an oblong space forty-three by fifty-three feet,
+girt by walls about twelve feet high, consisting of double rows of logs
+standing on end; earth dug from the ditch which surrounded the fort was
+piled against the feet of these palisades, inside and out, to steady
+them; they were fastened to one another by wooden pins, and their tops
+were sharpened so as to impede those who might seek to climb over. At
+the angles of the stockade were blockhouses three stories high, each
+story projecting about eighteen inches beyond the one beneath; there
+were openings in the floors of the two upper stories to enable the
+defenders to fire down upon an enemy which sought to enter below. Along
+the inside of one, or perhaps two, of the four walls of the stockade was
+a range of cabins--or rather, one long cabin with log partitions--with
+the slope of the roof turned inward to the square; this furnished a
+platform for the garrison, who, protected by the rampart of pointed
+logs, could fire into the attacking party. Other platforms were
+bracketed against the walls not backed by cabins. There was a large
+double gate made of thick slabs and so situated as to be guarded by the
+blockhouses on either corner; this was the main entrance, but another
+and smaller gate furnished a rear exit to and entrance from the spring
+hard by. Blockhouses, cabins, and walls were all amply provided with
+port-holes; Fort Dobbs had capacity for a hundred men-at-arms to fire at
+one volley. Destructive fusillades could be maintained from within, and
+everywhere the walls were bullet-proof; but good marksmen in the
+attacking force could work great havoc by firing through the port-holes,
+and thus quietly picking off those who chanced to be in range.
+Fortunately for the whites few Indians became so expert as this.
+
+Upon the arrival of breathless messengers bringing news of the approach
+of hostile Indians, the men, women, and children of a wide district
+would flock into such a fort as this. "I well remember," says Dr.
+Doddridge in his Notes on Virginia, "that when a little boy the family
+were sometimes waked up in the dead of night by an express with a report
+that the Indians were at hand. The express came softly to the door or
+back window, and by gentle tapping waked the family; this was easily
+done, as an habitual fear made us ever watchful and sensible to the
+slightest alarm. The whole family were instantly in motion: my father
+seized his gun and other implements of war; my stepmother waked up and
+dressed the children as well as she could; and being myself the oldest
+of the children, I had to take my share of the burthens to be carried
+to the fort. There was no possibility of getting a horse in the night to
+aid us in removing to the fort; besides the little children, we caught
+up what articles of clothing and provisions we could get hold of in the
+dark, for we durst not light a candle or even stir the fire. All this
+was done with the utmost despatch and the silence of death; the greatest
+care was taken not to awaken the youngest child; to the rest it was
+enough to say _Indian_, and not a whimper was heard afterwards. Thus it
+often happened that the whole number of families belonging to a fort,
+who were in the evening at their homes, were all in their little
+fortress before the dawn of the next morning. In the course of the
+succeeding day their household furniture was brought in by parties of
+the men under arms."
+
+The large public frontier forts, such as we have described, did not
+house all of the backwoodsmen. There were some who, either because of
+great distance or other reasons, erected their own private defenses; or,
+in many cases, several isolated families united in such a structure.
+Often these were but single blockhouses, with a few outlying cabins. It
+was difficult to induce some of the more venturesome folk to enter the
+forts unless Indians were actually in the settlement; they took great
+risks in order to care for their crops and stock until the last moment;
+and, soon tiring of the monotony of life within the fort cabins, would
+often leave the refuge before the danger was really over. "Such
+families," reports Doddridge, "gave no small amount of trouble by
+creating frequent necessities of sending runners to warn them of their
+danger, and sometimes parties of our men to protect them during their
+removal."
+
+For the first few years Fort Dobbs was but little used. There was,
+however, much uneasiness. The year 1757 had, all along the line, been
+disastrous to English arms in the North, and the Cherokees became
+increasingly insolent. The next year they committed several deadly
+assaults in the Valley of Virginia, but themselves suffered greatly in
+return. The French, at last driven from Fort Duquesne (Pittsburg), had
+retreated down the Ohio River to Fort Massac, in southern Illinois, and
+sent their emissaries far and near to stir up the Indians west of the
+mountains. The following April (1759) the Yadkin and Catawba Valleys
+were raided by the Cherokees, with the usual results of ruined crops,
+burned farm-buildings, and murdered households; not a few of the
+borderers being carried off as prisoners into the Indian country, there
+generally to suffer either slavery or slow death from the most horrid
+forms of torture. The Catawbas, meanwhile, remained faithful to their
+white friends.
+
+Until this outbreak the Carolinas had prospered greatly. Hundreds of
+settlers had poured in from the more exposed northern valleys, and the
+western uplands were now rapidly being dotted over with clearings and
+log cabins. The Indian forays at once created a general panic throughout
+this region, heretofore considered safe. Most of the Yadkin families,
+together with English fur-traders who hurried in from the woods, huddled
+within the walls either of Fort Dobbs or of small neighborhood forts
+hastily constructed; but many others, in their fright, fled with all
+their possessions to settlements on or near the Atlantic coast.
+
+Among the latter were old Squire Boone and his wife, Daniel and Rebecca,
+with their two sons,[5] and several other families of Bryans and Boones,
+although some of both names preferred to remain at Fort Dobbs. The
+fugitives scattered to various parts of Virginia and Maryland--Squire
+going to Georgetown, now in the District of Columbia, where he lived for
+three years and then returned to the Yadkin; while Daniel's family went
+in their two-horse wagon to Culpeper County, in eastern Virginia. The
+settlers there employed him with his wagon in hauling tobacco to
+Fredericksburg, the nearest market-town.
+
+The April forays created almost as much consternation at Charleston as
+on the Yadkin. Governor Lyttleton, of South Carolina, sent out fifteen
+hundred men to overcome the Cherokees, who now pretended to be grieved
+at the acts of their young hot-bloods and patched up a peace.
+Fur-traders, eager to renew their profitable barter, hastened back into
+the western forests. But very soon their confidence was shattered, for
+the Indians again dug up the tomahawk. Their war-parties infested every
+road and trail; most of the traders, with trains of packhorses to carry
+their goods and furs, fell an easy prey to their forest customers; and
+Forts Loudon, Dobbs, and Prince George were besieged. By January (1760)
+the entire southwest border was once more a scene of carnage.
+
+Captain Waddell, our old friend of Braddock's campaign, commanded at
+Fort Dobbs, with several Bryans and Boones in his little garrison. Here
+the Cherokees were repulsed with great loss. At Fort Prince George the
+country round about was sadly harried by the enemy, who finally
+withdrew. Fort Loudon, however, had one of the saddest experiences in
+the thrilling annals of the frontier.
+
+In April General Amherst, of the British Army, sent Colonel Montgomery
+against the Cherokees with a formidable column composed of twelve
+hundred regular troops--among them six hundred kilted Highlanders--to
+whom were attached seven hundred Carolina backwoods rangers under
+Waddell, with some Catawba allies. They laid waste with fire and sword
+all the Cherokee villages on the Keowee and Tennessee Rivers, including
+the growing crops and magazines of corn. The soldiers killed seventy
+Indians, captured forty prisoners, and reduced the greater part of the
+tribe to the verge of starvation.
+
+The Cherokees were good fighters, and soon had their revenge. On the
+morning of the twenty-seventh of June the army was proceeding along a
+rough road on the southern bank of the Little Tennessee, where on one
+side is a sheer descent to the stream, on the other a lofty cliff. Here
+it was ambuscaded by over six hundred savage warriors under the noted
+chief Silouee. In the course of an engagement lasting several hours the
+whites lost twenty killed and sixty wounded, and the Cherokee casualties
+were perhaps greater. Montgomery desperately beat his way to a level
+tract, but in the night hastily withdrew, and did not stop until he
+reached Charleston. Despite the entreaties of the Assembly, he at once
+retired to the North with his little army, and left the frontiers of
+Carolina open to the assaults of the merciless foe.
+
+The siege of Fort Loudon was now pushed by the Cherokees with vigor. It
+had already withstood several desperate and protracted assaults. But the
+garrison contrived to exist for several months, almost wholly upon the
+active sympathy of several Indian women who were married to frontiersmen
+shut up within the walls. The dusky wives frequently contrived to
+smuggle food into the fort despite the protests of the Indian leaders.
+Women, however, despite popular notions to the contrary, have a powerful
+influence in Indian camps; and they but laughed the chiefs to scorn,
+saying that they would suffer death rather than refuse assistance to
+their white husbands.
+
+This relief, however, furnished but a precarious existence. Receiving no
+help from the settlements, which were cut off from communication with
+them, and weak from irregular food, the garrison finally surrendered on
+promise of a safe-conduct to their fellows in the East. Early in the
+morning of August ninth they marched out--men, women, and children to
+the number of several hundred--leaving behind them their cannon,
+ammunition, and spare arms. The next day, upon their sorry march, they
+were set upon by a bloodthirsty mob of seven hundred Cherokees. Many
+were killed outright, others surrendered merely to meet torture and
+death. Finally, after several hours of horror, a friendly chief
+succeeded, by browbeating his people and by subterfuge, in saving the
+lives of about two hundred persons, who in due time and after great
+suffering, reached the relief party which had for several months been
+making its way thither from Virginia; but it had been delayed by storms
+and high water in the mountain streams, and was now seeking needed rest
+in a camp at the head of the Holston. It is recorded that during the
+heartrending melee several other Indians risked their lives for white
+friends, performing deeds of heroism which deserve to be remembered.
+
+Although New France was now tottering to its fall, the French officers
+at Fort Massac still continued, with their limited resources, to keep
+alive the Cherokee war spirit. French outrages occurred throughout the
+autumn and early winter of 1760. At nearly all of the forts, large and
+small, skirmishes took place, some of these giving occasion for
+exhibitions of rare enterprise and courage on the part of the garrisons,
+women and men alike.
+
+During the winter, the governors of Virginia, North Carolina, and South
+Carolina agreed upon a joint campaign against the hostiles. The southern
+column, comprising twenty-six hundred men, chiefly Highlanders, was
+under Lieutenant-Colonel James Grant. Starting early in June, they
+carried with them seven hundred packhorses, four hundred head of cattle,
+and a large train of baggage and supplies. Their route from Fort Prince
+George to the lower and middle Cherokee towns on the Little Tennessee
+lay through a rough, mountainous country; high water, storms, intensely
+warm weather, the lack of tents, and bruises from rocks and briers,
+caused the troops to suffer greatly. After heavy losses from ambuscades
+in narrow defiles, they finally reached their destination, and spent a
+month in burning and ravaging fifteen or more large villages and
+fourteen hundred acres of growing corn, and in driving five thousand
+men, women, and children into the hills to starve. Wrote one of the
+pious participators in this terrible work of devastation: "Heaven has
+blest us with the greatest success; we have finished our business as
+completely as the most sanguine of us could have wished." The Cherokees,
+completely crushed, humbly begged for peace, which was granted upon
+liberal terms and proved to be permanent.
+
+The northern column was composed of backwoodsmen from Virginia and North
+Carolina, under Colonel William Byrd, an experienced campaigner. Byrd
+was much hampered for both men and supplies, and accomplished little. He
+appears to have largely spent his time in making roads and building
+blockhouses--laborious methods ill-fitted for Indian warfare, and loudly
+criticized by Waddell, who joined him with a regiment of five hundred
+North Carolinians, among whom was Daniel Boone, now returned to the
+Yadkin. Waddell and Boone had experienced the folly of this sort of
+thing in Braddock's ill-fated campaign. As a result of dissatisfaction,
+Byrd resigned, and Colonel Stephen succeeded him. The force, now
+composed of about twelve hundred men, pushed on to the Long Island of
+Holston River, where they were met by four hundred Cherokees, who,
+brought to their knees by Grant, likewise sought peace from Stephen.
+Articles were accordingly signed on the nineteenth of November. The
+North Carolina men returned home; but a portion of the Virginia regiment
+remained as a winter garrison for Fort Robinson, as the new fort at Long
+Island was called.
+
+Now that the Yadkin region has, after its sad experience, been blessed
+with a promise of peace, we may well pause, briefly to consider the
+ethics of border warfare. This life-history will, to its close, have
+much to do with Indian forays and white reprisals, and it is well that
+we should consider them dispassionately.
+
+The Cherokees were conducting a warfare in defense of their villages,
+fields, and hunting-grounds, which were being rapidly destroyed by the
+inrush of white settlers, who seemed to think that the Indians had no
+rights worth consideration. Encouraged by the French, who deemed the
+English intruders on lands which they had first explored, the American
+aborigines seriously thought that they might stem the tide of English
+settlement. It was impossible that they should win, for civilization has
+in such cases ever triumphed over savagery; but that they should make
+the attempt was to be expected from a high-spirited race trained to war.
+We can but sympathize with and honor them for making their several stout
+stands against the European wave which was ultimately to sweep them from
+their native land.[6] King Philip, Opecancano, Pontiac, Tecumseh, Red
+Jacket, Sitting Bull, Captain Jack, were types of successive leaders
+who, at various stages of our growth westward, have stood as bravely as
+any Spartan hero to contest our all-conquering advance.
+
+It is the time-honored custom of historians of the frontier to consider
+Indians as all wrong and whites as all right; and that, of course, was
+the opinion of the borderers themselves--of Daniel Boone and all the men
+of his day. But we are now far enough removed from these events, and the
+fierce passions they engendered, to see them more clearly. The Indian
+was a savage and fought like a savage--cruel, bloodthirsty, unrelenting,
+treacherous, seldom a respecter of childhood, of age, or of women. But
+one can not read closely the chronicles of border warfare without
+discovering that civilized men at times could, in fighting savages,
+descend quite as low in the scale as they, in bloodthirstiness and
+treachery. Some of the most atrocious acts in the pioneer history of
+Kentucky and the Middle West were performed by whites; and some of the
+most Christianlike deeds--there were many such on both sides--were
+those of painted savages.
+
+It is needless to blame either of the contending races; their conflict
+was inevitable. The frontiersman was generally unlettered, and used,
+without ceremony, to overcoming the obstacles which nature set in his
+path; one more patient could not have tamed the wilderness as quickly as
+he. His children often rose to high positions as scholars, statesmen,
+and diplomats. But he himself was a diamond in the rough, and not
+accustomed to nice ethical distinctions. To his mind the Indian was an
+inferior being, if not a child of Satan; he was not making the best use
+of the soil; his customs and habits of thought were such as to repel the
+British mind, however much they may have attracted the French. The
+tribesmen, whom the pioneer could not and would not understand, stood in
+his way, hence must be made to go or to die in his tracks. When the
+savage, quick to resentment, struck back, the turbulent passions of the
+overbearing white were aroused, and with compound interest he repaid
+the blow. Upon the theory that the devil must be fought with fire, the
+borderer not seldom adopted methods of reprisal that outdid the savage
+in brutality.
+
+The red man fighting, after his own wild standards, for all that he held
+most dear, and the white man, who brooks no opposition from an inferior
+race, hitting back with a fury sometimes increased by fear--such, in
+brief, is the blood-stained history of the American border.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[5] The children of Daniel Boone were as follows: James (born in 1757),
+Israel (1759), Susannah (1760), Jemima (1762), Lavinia (1766), Rebecca
+(1768), Daniel Morgan (1769), John B. (1773), and Nathan (1780). The
+four daughters all married and died in Kentucky. The two eldest sons
+were killed by Indians, the three younger emigrated to Missouri.
+
+[6] "I had rather receive the blessing of one poor Cherokee, as he casts
+his last look back upon his country, for having, though in vain,
+attempted to prevent his banishment, than to sleep beneath the marble of
+all the Caesars."--_Extract from a speech of Theodore Frelinghuysen, of
+New Jersey, delivered in the United States Senate, April 7, 1830._
+
+"I am not aware that any community has a right to force another to be
+civilized."--_John Stuart Mill._
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+KENTUCKY REACHED AT LAST
+
+
+When Daniel Boone returned from tidewater Virginia to the Yadkin region
+is not now known. It is probable that the monotony of hauling tobacco to
+market at a time when his old neighbors were living in a state of panic
+palled upon a man who loved excitement and had had a taste of Indian
+warfare. It has been surmised that he served with the Rowan rangers upon
+Lyttleton's campaign, alluded to in the previous chapter, and possibly
+aided in defending Fort Dobbs, or served with Waddell under Montgomery.
+That he was, some time in 1760, in the mountains west of the Yadkin upon
+either a hunt or a scout, or both, appears to be well established; for
+up to a few years ago there was still standing upon the banks of Boone's
+Creek, a small tributary of the Watauga in eastern Tennessee, a tree
+upon whose smooth bark had been rudely carved this characteristic
+legend, undoubtedly by the great hunter himself: "D Boon cilled A BAR on
+this tree year 1760."[7]
+
+We have already seen that he accompanied Waddell in 1761, when that
+popular frontier leader reenforced Colonel Byrd's expedition against the
+Cherokees. Upon Waddell's return to North Carolina his leather-shirted
+followers dispersed to their homes, and Boone was again enabled to
+undertake a protracted hunt, no longer disturbed by fear that in his
+absence Indians might raid the settlement; for hunting was now his chief
+occupation, his wife and children conducting the farm, which held second
+place in his affections. Thus we see how close the borderers came to the
+savage life wherein men are the warriors and hunters and women the
+crop-gatherers and housekeepers. Organizing a party of kindred
+spirits--a goodly portion of the Yadkin settlers were more hunters than
+farmers--Boone crossed the mountains and roamed through the valleys of
+southwest Virginia and eastern Tennessee, being especially delighted
+with the Valley of the Holston, where game was found to be unusually
+abundant. At about the same time another party of nineteen hunters went
+upon a similar expedition into the hills and valleys westward of the
+Yadkin, penetrating well into Tennessee, and being absent for eighteen
+months.
+
+  [Illustration: A BOONE TREE.
+    Tree on Boone's Creek, Tenn., bearing Daniel Boone's autograph. (See
+    pp. 55, 56.)]
+
+We must not conclude, from the passionate devotion to hunting exhibited
+by these backwoodsmen of the eighteenth century, that they led the same
+shiftless, aimless lives as are followed by the "poor whites" found in
+some of the river-bottom communities of our own day, who are in turn
+farmers, fishermen, or hunters, as fancy or the seasons dictate. It must
+be remembered that farming upon the Virginia and Carolina uplands was,
+in the pioneer period, crude as to methods and insignificant as to
+crops. The principal wealth of the well-to-do was in herds of horses and
+cattle which grazed in wild meadows, and in droves of long-nosed swine
+feeding upon the roots and acorns of the hillside forests. Among the
+outlying settlers much of the family food came from the woods, and
+often months would pass without bread being seen inside the cabin walls.
+Besides the live stock of the richer folk, whose herds were driven to
+market, annual caravans to tidewater towns carried furs and skins won by
+the real backwoodsmen, who lived on the fringe of the wilderness. For
+lack of money accounts were kept in pelts, and with these were purchased
+rifles, ammunition, iron, and salt. It was, then, to the forests that
+the borderers largely looked for their sustenance. Hence those long
+hunts, from which the men of the Yadkin, unerring marksmen, would come
+back laden with great packs of pelts for the markets, and dried venison,
+bear's meat, and bear's oil for their family larders. Naturally, this
+wandering, adventurous life, spiced with excitement in many forms,
+strongly appealed to the rough, hardy borderers, and unfitted them for
+other occupations. Under such conditions farming methods were not likely
+to improve, nor the arts of civilization to prosper; for the hunter not
+only best loved the wilderness, but settlement narrowed his
+hunting-grounds. Thus it was that the frontiersman of the Daniel Boone
+type, Indian hater as he was, had at heart much the same interests as
+the savage whom he was seeking to supplant. It was simply a question as
+to which hunter, red or white, should occupy the forest; to neither was
+settlement welcome.
+
+With the opening of 1762 the southwest border began to be reoccupied.
+The abandoned log cabins once more had fires lighted upon their hearths,
+at the base of the great outside chimneys of stones and mud-plastered
+boughs; the deserted clearings, which had become choked with weeds and
+underbrush in the five years of Indian warfare, were again cultivated by
+their reassured owners. Among the returned refugees were Daniel's
+parents, Squire and Sarah Boone, who had ridden on horseback overland
+all the way from Maryland. Three years later Squire Boone died, one of
+the most highly esteemed men in the valley.
+
+The Yadkin country was more favored than some other portions of the
+backwoods of North Carolina. Pontiac's uprising (1763) against the
+English, who had now supplanted the French in Canada and in the
+wilderness between the Alleghanies and the Mississippi, led some of the
+Southern tribes again to attack the frontiers of the Southwest; but they
+were defeated before the Yadkin was affected by this fresh panic.
+
+The Indian wars had lasted so long that the entire border had become
+demoralized. Of course not all the people in the backwoods were of good
+character. Not a few of them had been driven out from the more thickly
+settled parts of the country because of crimes or of bad reputation; and
+some of the fur-traders who lived upon the edge of the settlement were
+sorry rogues. When the panic-stricken people were crowded within the
+narrow walls of the forts they could not work. Many of them found this
+life of enforced idleness to their liking, and fell into the habit of
+making secret expeditions to plunder abandoned houses and to steal
+uncared-for live stock. When peace came these marauders had acquired a
+distaste for honest labor; leaving the forts, they pillaged right and
+left, and horse-stealing became an especially prevalent frontier vice.
+
+Justice on the border was as yet insufficiently organized. Some of the
+Virginia and Carolina magistrates were themselves rascals, whose
+decisions could be purchased by criminals. Many of the best citizens,
+therefore, formed associations whose members were called "regulators."
+They bound themselves to pursue, arrest, and try criminals, and to
+punish them by whipping, also by expulsion from the neighborhood. The
+law-breakers, on the other hand, organized in defense, and popular
+opinion was divided between the two elements; for there were some good
+people who did not like the arbitrary methods of the regulators, and
+insisted upon every man being given a regular trial by jury. In South
+Carolina, particularly, the settlers were much exercised on this
+question, and arrayed themselves into opposing bands, armed to carry out
+their respective views. For a time civil war was feared; but finally,
+after five years of disturbance, an agreement was reached, efficient
+courts were established, and justice triumphed.
+
+Affairs did not reach so serious a stage in North Carolina. Nevertheless
+there were several bands of vicious and indolent men, who, entrenched
+in the hills, long defied the regulators. One of these parties built a
+rude stockaded fort beneath an overhanging cliff in the mountains back
+of the Yadkin settlements. They stole horses, cattle, farming utensils;
+in fact, anything that they could lay their hands upon. One day they
+grew so bold as to kidnap a girl. The settlers, now roused to action,
+organized attacking companies, one of them headed by Daniel Boone, and
+carried the log fortress of the bandits by storm. The culprits were
+taken to Salisbury jail and the clan broken up.
+
+The rapid growth of the country soon made game scarce in Boone's
+neighborhood. Not only did the ever-widening area of cleared fields
+destroy the cover, but there were, of course, more hunters than before.
+Thus our Nimrod, who in his early manhood cared for nothing smaller than
+deer, was compelled to take extended trips in his search for
+less-frequented places. It was not long before he had explored all the
+mountains and valleys within easy reach, and become familiar with the
+views from every peak in the region, many of them five and six thousand
+feet in height.
+
+As early as 1764-65 Boone was in the habit of taking with him, upon
+these trips near home, his little son James, then seven or eight years
+of age. This was partly for company, but mainly for the lad's education
+as a hunter. Frequently they would spend several days together in the
+woods during the autumn and early winter--the deer-hunting season--and
+often, when in "open" camps, were overtaken by snow-storms. On such
+occasions the father would keep the boy warm by clasping him to his
+bosom as they lay with feet toward the glowing camp-fire. As the
+well-taught lad grew into early manhood these two companions would be
+absent from home for two and three months together, always returning
+well laden with the spoils of the chase.
+
+Hunters in Boone's day had two kinds of camp--"open" when upon the move,
+which meant sleeping in their blankets upon the ground wherever darkness
+or weariness overtook them; "closed" where remaining for some time in a
+locality. A closed camp consisted of a rude hut of logs or poles, the
+front entirely open, the sides closely chinked with moss, and the roof
+covered with blankets, boughs, or bark, sloping down to a back-log. In
+times when the Indians were not feared a fire was kept up throughout the
+night, in front, in order to warm the enclosure. Upon a bed of hemlock
+boughs or of dried leaves the hunters lay with heads to the back-log and
+stockinged feet to the blaze, for their spongy moccasins were hung to
+dry.[8] Such a camp, often called a "half-faced cabin," was carefully
+placed so that it might be sheltered by neighboring hills from the cold
+north and west winds. It was fairly successful as a protection from rain
+and snow, and sometimes served a party of hunters throughout several
+successive seasons; but it was ill-fitted for the coldest weather. Boone
+frequently occupied a shelter of this kind in the woods of Kentucky.
+
+During the last four months of 1765 Boone and seven companions went on
+horseback to the new colony of Florida with a view to moving thither if
+they found it suited to their tastes. Wherever possible, they stopped
+overnight at borderers' cabins upon the frontiers of the Carolinas and
+Georgia. But such opportunities did not always occur; they often
+suffered from hunger, and once they might have died from starvation but
+for the timely succor of a roving band of Seminole Indians. They
+explored Florida all the way from St. Augustine to Pensacola, and appear
+to have had a rather wretched time of it. The trails were miry from
+frequent rains, the number and extent of the swamps appalled them, and
+there was not game enough to satisfy a man like Boone, who scorned
+alligators. Pensacola, however, so pleased him that he determined to
+settle there, and purchased a house and lot which he might in due time
+occupy. Upon their return Boone told his wife of his Pensacola venture,
+but this sturdy woman of the frontier spurned the idea of moving to a
+gameless land. So the town lot was left to take care of itself, and
+henceforth the dutiful husband looked only to the West as his model of a
+perfect country.
+
+At the close of the French and Indian War there arrived in the Boone
+settlement a Scotch-Irishman named Benjamin Cutbirth, aged about
+twenty-three years. He was a man of good character and a fine hunter.
+Marrying Elizabeth Wilcoxen, a niece of Daniel Boone, he and Boone went
+upon long hunts together, and attained that degree of comradeship which
+joint life in a wilderness camp is almost certain to produce.
+
+In 1766 several families from North Carolina went to Louisiana,
+apparently by sea to New Orleans, and founded an English settlement
+above Baton Rouge on the Mississippi River. The news of this event gave
+rise to a general desire for exploring the country between the mountains
+and the great river. The year following, Cutbirth, John Stuart, John
+Baker, and John Ward, all of them young married men on the Yadkin, and
+excellent hunters, resolved to perform this feat, and if possible to
+discover a region superior to their own valley. They crossed the
+mountain range and eventually saw the Mississippi, being, so far as we
+know from contemporary documents, the first party of white men to
+succeed in this overland enterprise. Possibly fur-traders may have done
+so before them, but they left no record to prove it.
+
+Cutbirth and his friends spent a year or two upon the river. In the
+autumn they ascended the stream for a considerable distance, also one of
+its tributaries, made a stationary camp for the winter, and in the
+spring descended to New Orleans, where they sold at good prices their
+skins, furs, bear-bacon, bear's oil, buffalo "jerk" (dried meat),
+tallow, and dried venison hams. Their expedition down the river was
+performed at great risks, for they had many hairbreadth escapes from
+snags, river banks shelving in, whirlpools, wind-storms, and Indians.
+Their reward, says a chronicler of the day, was "quite a respectable
+property;" but while upon their return homeward, overland, they were set
+upon by Choctaws, who robbed them of their all.
+
+Meanwhile, Daniel Boone was slow in making up his mind to leave home and
+the wife and family whom he dearly loved for so long and perilous a trip
+as a journey into the now much-talked-of land of Kentucky. Perhaps,
+despite his longings, he might never have gone had affairs upon the
+Yadkin remained satisfactory to him. But game, his chief reliance, was
+year by year becoming harder to obtain. And the rascally agents of Earl
+Granville, the principal landholder of the region, from whom the Boones
+had purchased, were pretending to find flaws in the land-titles and
+insisting upon the necessity for new deeds, for which large fees were
+exacted.
+
+This gave rise to great popular discontent. Boone's protest consisted in
+leaving the Sugar Tree settlement and moving northwest for sixty-five
+miles toward the head of the Yadkin. His new cabin, a primitive shell of
+logs, could still be seen, a few years ago, at the foot of a range of
+hills some seven and a half miles above Wilkesboro, in Wilkes County.
+After a time, dissatisfied with this location, he moved five miles
+farther up the river and about half a mile up Beaver Creek. Again he
+changed his mind, choosing his final home on the upper Yadkin, just
+above the mouth of Beaver. It was from this beautiful region among the
+Alleghany foot-hills, where game and fish were plenty and his swine and
+cattle had good range, that Boone, crowded out by advancing
+civilization, eventually moved to Kentucky.
+
+In the spring and early summer of 1767 there were fresh outbreaks on the
+part of the Indians. Governor Tryon had run a boundary-line between the
+back settlements of the Carolinas and the Cherokee hunting-grounds. But
+hunters and traders would persist in wandering to the west of this line,
+and sometimes they were killed.
+
+In the autumn of that year Daniel Boone and a warm friend, William Hill,
+and possibly Squire Boone, determined to seek Kentucky, of which Finley
+had told him twelve years before. They crossed the mountain wall, were
+in the valleys of the Holston and the Clinch, and reached the head
+waters of the West Fork of the Big Sandy. Following down this river for
+a hundred miles, determined to find the Ohio, they appear to have struck
+a buffalo-path, along which they traveled as far as a salt-lick ten
+miles west of the present town of Prestonburg, on a tributary of the
+West (or Louisa) Fork of the Sandy, within Floyd County, in the extreme
+eastern part of Kentucky.
+
+Caught in a severe snow-storm, they were compelled to camp at this lick
+for the entire winter. It proved to be the most profitable station that
+they could have selected, for buffaloes and other animals came in large
+numbers to lick the brackish soil, and all the hunters had to do was to
+"rise, kill, and eat."
+
+Although now considerably west of the Cumberland Mountains, the
+explorers were not aware that they were within the famed Kentucky; and
+as the country was very hilly, covered with briers which annoyed them
+greatly, and altogether forbidding, they despaired of reaching the
+promised land by this path, and in the spring returned to the Yadkin.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[7] Boone had a strong fancy for carving his name and hunting feats upon
+trees. His wanderings have very largely been traced by this means.
+
+[8] When Indians were about, moccasins were always tied to the guns so
+as to be ready to slip on in case of a night alarm.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+ALONE IN THE WILDERNESS
+
+
+In the winter of 1768-69 a pedler with horse and wagon wandered into the
+valley of the upper Yadkin, offering small wares to the settlers' wives.
+This was thrifty John Finley, former fur-trader and Indian fighter, who,
+thirteen years before, had, as we have seen, fraternized with Boone in
+Braddock's ill-fated army on the Monongahela. Finley had, in 1752, in
+his trade with the Indians, descended the Ohio in a canoe to the site of
+Louisville, accompanied by three or four voyageurs, and, with some of
+his dusky customers, traveled widely through the interior of Kentucky.
+His glowing descriptions of this beautiful land had inspired Boone to
+try to find it. The latter was still sorrowing over his unpromising
+expedition by way of the Big Sandy when, by the merest chance, the man
+who had fired his imagination knocked at his very door.
+
+Throughout the winter that Finley was Daniel's guest, he and his brother
+Squire were ready listeners to the pedler's stories of the over-mountain
+country--tales of countless water-fowl, turkeys, deer, elk, and
+buffaloes, which doubtless lost nothing in the telling. The two Boones
+resolved to try Finley's proposed route by way of Cumberland Gap, and
+the fur-trader promised to lead the way.
+
+After the spring crops were in, Finley, Daniel Boone, and the latter's
+brother-in-law, John Stuart, started from Daniel's house upon the first
+of May. In their employ, as hunters and camp-keepers, were three
+neighbors--Joseph Holden, James Mooney, and William Cooley. Each man was
+fully armed, clad in the usual deerskin costume of the frontier, and
+mounted upon a good horse; blanket or bearskin was strapped on behind
+the saddle, together with camp-kettle, a store of salt, and a small
+supply of provisions, although their chief food was to be game. Squire
+remained to care for the crops of the two families, and agreed to
+reenforce the hunters late in the autumn.
+
+Scaling the lofty Blue Ridge, the explorers passed over Stone and Iron
+Mountains and reached Holston Valley, whence they proceeded through
+Moccasin Gap of Clinch Mountain, and crossed over intervening rivers and
+densely wooded hills until they came to Powell's Valley, then the
+farthest limit of white settlement. Here they found a hunter's trail
+which led them through Cumberland Gap. The "warriors' path"--trodden by
+Indian war-parties from across the mountains--was now discovered, and
+this they followed by easy stages until at last they reached what is now
+called Station Camp Creek, a tributary of the Kentucky River, in Estill
+County, Ky.--so named because here was built their principal, or
+"station" camp, the center of their operations for many months to come.
+
+While Boone, Finley, and Stuart made frequent explorations, and Boone in
+particular ascended numerous lofty hills in order to view the country,
+the chief occupation of the party was hunting. Throughout the summer and
+autumn deerskins were in their best condition. Other animals were
+occasionally killed to afford variety of food, but fur-bearers as a
+rule only furnish fine pelts in the winter season. Even in the days of
+abundant game the hunter was required to exercise much skill, patience,
+and endurance. It was no holiday task to follow this calling. Deer,
+especially, were difficult to obtain. The habits of this excessively
+cautious animal were carefully studied; the hunter must know how to
+imitate its various calls, to take advantage of wind and weather, and to
+practise all the arts of strategy.
+
+Deerskins were, all things considered, the most remunerative of all.
+When roughly dressed and dried they were worth about a dollar each; as
+they were numerous, and a horse could carry for a long distance about a
+hundred such skins, the trade was considered profitable in those
+primitive times, when dollars were hard to obtain. Pelts of beavers,
+found in good condition only in the winter, were worth about two dollars
+and a half each, and of otters from three to five dollars. Thus, a
+horse-load of beaver furs, when obtainable, was worth about five times
+that of a load of deerskins; and if a few otters could be thrown in, the
+value was still greater. The skins of buffaloes, bears, and elks were
+too bulky to carry for long distances, and were not readily marketable.
+A few elk-hides were needed, however, to cut up into harness and straps,
+and bear- and buffalo-robes were useful for bedding.
+
+When an animal was killed the hunter skinned it on the spot, and packed
+on his back the hide and the best portion of the meat. At night the meat
+was smoked or prepared for "jerking," and the skins were scraped and
+cured. When collected at the camps, the bales of skins, protected from
+the weather by strips of bark, were placed upon high scaffolds, secure
+from bears and wolves.
+
+Our Yadkin hunters were in the habit, each day, of dividing themselves
+into pairs for company and mutual aid in times of danger, usually
+leaving one pair behind as camp-keepers. Boone and Stuart frequently
+were companions upon such trips; for the former, being a man of few
+words, enjoyed by contrast the talkative, happy disposition of his
+friend. Occasionally the entire party, when the game grew timid, moved
+for some distance, where they would establish a new camp; but their
+headquarters remained at Station Camp, where were kept their principal
+skins, furs, and stores. In this way the time passed from June to
+December. Boone used to assert, in after years, that these months were
+the happiest of his life. The genial climate, the beauty of the country,
+and the entire freedom of this wild life, strongly appealed to him. Here
+this taciturn but good-natured man, who loved solitary adventure, was
+now in his element. Large packs of skins had been obtained by the little
+company and stored at Station Camp and their outlying shelters; and
+there was now a generous supply of buffalo, bear, and elk meat, venison,
+and turkeys, all properly jerked for the winter which was before them,
+with buffalo tallow and bear's oil to serve as cooking grease.
+
+Finley and Boone were both aware that Kentucky lay between the warring
+tribes of the North and the South; that through it warriors' paths
+crossed in several directions; and that this, probably the finest
+hunting-field in North America, was a debatable land, frequently fought
+over by contending savages--a "dark and bloody ground" indeed. Yet thus
+far there had been no signs of Indians, and the Carolina hunters had
+almost ceased to think of them.
+
+Toward the close of day on the twenty-second of December, while Boone
+and Stuart were ascending a low hill near the Kentucky River, in one of
+the most beautiful districts they had seen, they were suddenly
+surrounded and captured by a large party of Shawnese horsemen returning
+from an autumn hunt on Green River to their homes north of the Ohio. The
+two captives were forced to lead the savages to their camps, which were
+deliberately plundered, one after the other, of everything in them. The
+Shawnese, releasing their prisoners, considerately left with each hunter
+just enough supplies to enable him to support himself on the way back to
+the settlements. The white men were told what was a fact under existing
+treaties with the tribes--treaties, however, of which Boone and his
+companions probably knew nothing--that they were trespassing upon Indian
+hunting-grounds, and must not come again, or "the wasps and
+yellow-jackets will sting you severely."
+
+The others proposed to leave for home at once; but Boone and Stuart,
+enraged at having lost their year's work and all that they had brought
+into the wilderness, and having no sympathy for Indian treaty rights,
+started out to recover their property. After two days they came up with
+the Shawnese, and secreting themselves in the bushes until dark,
+contrived to regain four or five horses and make off with them. But
+they, in turn, were overtaken in two days by the Indians and again made
+prisoners. After a week of captivity, in which they were kindly treated,
+they effected their escape in the dark and returned to Station Camp.
+
+Their companions, giving them up for lost, had departed toward home, but
+were overtaken by the two adventurers. Boone was gratified to find with
+them his brother Squire, who, having gathered the fall crops, had come
+out with a fresh supply of horses, traps, and ammunition. He had
+followed the trail of his predecessors, and in the New River region was
+joined by Alexander Neely. Not finding Daniel and Stuart at Station
+Camp, and grief-stricken at the report concerning them, he was traveling
+homeward with the party.
+
+Daniel, however, who had staked upon this venture almost all that he
+owned, did not relish the thought of returning empty-handed, now that
+reenforcements had arrived, and determined to stay and seek to regain
+his lost fortunes. Squire, Stuart, and Neely concluded also to remain,
+and the four were now left behind in the wilderness. On reaching the
+Holston Valley, Finley turned northward to seek his relatives in
+Pennsylvania; while Holden, Mooney, and Cooley proceeded southeastward
+to their Yadkin homes, carrying dismal news of the events attending this
+notable exploration of Kentucky.
+
+The quartette promptly abandoned Station Camp as being dangerously near
+the warriors' path, and, tradition says, built another on or near the
+northern bank of Kentucky River, not far from the mouth of the Red. The
+deer season was now over, but beavers and otters were in their prime,
+and soon the hunters were enjoying a profitable season. A small canoe
+which they built added greatly to their equipment, and they were now
+enabled to set their traps throughout a wide region.
+
+Hunting in pairs, Daniel was generally accompanied by Stuart, while
+Neely and Squire were partners. In their wanderings the two pairs were
+sometimes several days without seeing each other; and frequently
+partners would be separated throughout the day, but at night met at some
+appointed spot. One day, toward the close of January or early in
+February (1770), Stuart did not return to the rendezvous, much to
+Boone's alarm. The following day the latter discovered the embers of a
+fire, doubtless built by the lost man; but that was all, for Stuart was
+seen no more. Five years later Boone came across the bones of his
+light-hearted comrade in a hollow sycamore tree upon Rockcastle
+River--he recognized them by Stuart's name cut upon his powder-horn.
+What caused Stuart's death is a mystery to the present day; possibly he
+was wounded and chased by Indians to this distant spot, and died while
+in hiding.
+
+Stuart's mysterious disappearance frightened Neely, who at once left for
+home, thus leaving Daniel and Squire to pass the remainder of the winter
+in the wilderness by themselves. Dejected, but not discouraged, the
+brothers built a comfortable hut and continued their work. With the
+close of the trapping season the ammunition was nearly exhausted. Upon
+the first of May, a year after Daniel had left his cabin upon the upper
+Yadkin, Squire started out upon the return, their horses well laden with
+furs, skins, and jerked meat. Both men had, in their enterprise,
+contracted debts of considerable extent for frontier hunters, hence they
+were anxious to square themselves with the world, as well as to obtain
+more horses, ammunition, and miscellaneous supplies.
+
+Daniel was now left alone in Kentucky, "without bread, salt, or sugar,
+without company of his fellow-creatures, or even a horse or dog." In
+after years he acknowledged that he was at times homesick during the
+three months which followed, and felt deeply his absence from the wife
+and family to whom he was so warmly attached. But possessing a
+cheerful, hopeful nature, he forgot his loneliness in untrammeled
+enjoyment of the far-stretching wilderness.
+
+Almost without ammunition, he could not hunt, save to obtain sufficient
+food, and largely spent his time in exploration. Fearing Indians, he
+frequently changed his location, sometimes living in shelters of bark
+and boughs, and again in caves; but seldom venturing to sleep in these
+temporary homes, preferring the thickets and the dense cane-brakes as
+less liable to be sought by savage prowlers.
+
+Kentucky has a remarkably diversified landscape of densely wooded hills
+and valleys and broad prairie expanses. The genial climate admirably
+suited the philosophical wanderer. He enjoyed the exquisite beauty and
+stateliness of the trees--the sycamores, tulip-trees, sugar-trees,
+honey-locusts, coffee-trees, pawpaws, cucumber-trees, and black
+mulberries--and found flowers in surprising variety and loveliness. The
+mineral springs interested him--Big Lick, the Blue Licks, and Big Bone
+Lick, with its fossil remains of mastodons which had become mired when
+coming to lick the brackish soil. He traveled far and wide in his search
+for the beautiful and curious, being chiefly in the valleys of the
+Licking and the Kentucky, and upon the banks of the Ohio as far down as
+the site of Louisville, where, at the foot of the falls, he inspected
+the remains of an old fur trade stockade concerning which Finley had
+told him.
+
+Once he saw some Indians walking upon the northern bank of the Ohio, but
+managed himself to keep out of sight. At another time, when on the
+Kentucky, he saw a savage calmly fishing from the trunk of a fallen
+tree. In mentioning this incident to his family, in later days, he would
+declare with gravity: "While I was looking at the fellow he tumbled into
+the river, and I saw him no more." Probably the man of the Yadkin shot
+him, fearing that the fisherman might carry the news of the former's
+whereabouts to a possible camp near by. On another occasion, when
+exploring Dick's River, he was suddenly surrounded by Indians. Having
+either to surrender or to leap down the precipitous height to a bank
+sixty feet below, he chose to leap. Landing in the top of a small
+sugar-maple, he slid down the tree, and was able to escape by running
+under the overhanging bank and then swimming the stream. Adventures such
+as this gave abundant spice to the joys of solitude.
+
+In the latter part of July Squire arrived from the settlements, having
+paid all their debts and with the surplus purchased sufficient supplies
+for another summer and fall campaign against the deer. This was highly
+successful. They did not lack some interesting experiences, but Indians
+were not again encountered; so that, when winter approached, Squire was
+enabled once more to leave with well-laden horses for the markets of the
+East. Another two months of loneliness were suffered by Daniel; but in
+December Squire rejoined him with horses, ammunition, and other
+necessaries, and the pair joyously settled down for still another winter
+together in the dark and lonely forests of Kentucky.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+PREDECESSORS AND CONTEMPORARIES
+
+
+The reader of this narrative has, of course, already discovered that
+Daniel Boone was neither the original white explorer of Kentucky nor the
+first white hunter within its limits. Many others had been there before
+him. It will be worth our while at this point to take a hasty review of
+some of the previous expeditions which had made the "dark and bloody
+ground" known to the world.
+
+Probably none of the several Spanish explorations of the sixteenth
+century along the Mississippi River and through the Gulf States had
+touched Kentucky. But during the seventeenth century both the French in
+Canada and the English on the Atlantic tidewater came to have fairly
+accurate notions of the country lying immediately to the south of the
+Ohio River. As early as 1650 Governor Berkeley, of Virginia, made a vain
+attempt to cross the Alleghany barrier in search of the Mississippi,
+concerning which he had heard from Indians; and we know that at the same
+time the French, especially the Jesuit missionaries, were looking
+eagerly in that direction. A few years later Colonel Abraham Wood, of
+Virginia, discovered streams which poured into the Ohio and the
+Mississippi. Just a century before Boone's great hunt, John Lederer,
+also of Virginia, explored for a considerable distance beyond the
+mountains. The following year Thomas Batts and his party proclaimed King
+Charles II upon New River, the upper waters of the Great Kanawha--twelve
+months before La Salle took possession of all Western waters for the
+French king, and nineteen before Marquette and Joliet discovered the
+Mississippi.
+
+There is a tradition that in 1678, only five years after the voyage of
+Marquette and Joliet, a party of New Englanders ventured into the
+Western wilderness as far as New Mexico. The later French expeditions of
+La Salle, Hennepin, and D'Iberville are well known. Several Englishmen
+traded with Indians upon the Mississippi before the close of the
+seventeenth century; by 1719 the English were so numerous that Governor
+Keith, of Pennsylvania, suggested that four forts be built for their
+protection in the Wabash and Illinois countries. We hear of a French
+expedition investigating Big Bone Lick, in Kentucky, in 1735; and other
+visits were successively made by bands of their compatriots until the
+downfall of New France, over a quarter of a century later. In 1742 John
+Howard and Peter Salling, of Virginia, were exploring in Kentucky; six
+years after them Dr. Thomas Walker made a notable expedition through the
+same country; and two years after that Washington's backwoods friend,
+Christopher Gist, was on the site of Louisville selecting lands for the
+Ohio Company, which had a large grant upon the Ohio River.
+
+Henceforward, border chronicles abound with reports of the adventures of
+English fur-traders, hunters, and land-viewers, all along the Ohio River
+and tributary waters above Louisville. Among these early adventurers was
+our friend Finley, whose experiences in Kentucky dated from 1752, and
+who piloted Boone to the promised land through the gateway of Cumberland
+Gap. The subsequent Indian wars, with the expeditions into the upper
+Ohio Valley by Generals Braddock, Forbes, and Bouquet, made the country
+still better known; and settlers were soon rushing in by scores,
+although as yet none of them appear to have made clearings within
+Kentucky itself.
+
+Officers and soldiers who had served in the French and Indian War were
+given liberal grants of land in the West. Washington had not only his
+own grant, as the principal officer upon the southwest frontier, but was
+agent for a number of fellow-soldiers, and in 1767 went to the Ohio
+River to select and survey claims. At the very time when Boone was
+engaged upon his fruitless expedition down the Big Sandy, Washington was
+making the first surveys in Kentucky on both the Little and Big Sandy.
+Again, in 1770, when Boone was exploring the Kentucky wilderness,
+Washington was surveying extensive tracts along the Ohio and the Great
+Kanawha, and planning for a large colony upon his own lands. The
+outbreak of the Revolution caused the great man to turn his attention
+from the over-mountain region to the defense of his country. Had he been
+left to carry out his plans, he would doubtless have won fame as the
+most energetic of Western pioneers.
+
+It will be remembered that when Boone and his companions passed through
+Cumberland Gap in the early summer of 1769, they found the well-worn
+trail of other hunters who had preceded them from the settlements. The
+men of the Yadkin Valley were not the only persons seeking game in
+Kentucky that year. At about the time when Boone was bidding farewell to
+his family, Hancock and Richard Taylor, Abraham Hempinstall, and one
+Barbour, frontiersmen of the same type, started from their homes in
+Orange County, Va., to explore the valleys of the Ohio and Mississippi.
+They descended from Pittsburg in a boat, explored Kentucky, and
+proceeded into Arkansas, where they camped and hunted during the
+following winter. The next year two of them traveled eastward to
+Florida, and thence northwardly to their homes; the others stayed in
+Arkansas for another year, and returned by sea from New Orleans to New
+York.
+
+Simultaneously with the expeditions of Boone and the Taylors, a party of
+twenty or more adventurous hunters and explorers was formed in the New
+River region, in the Valley of Virginia. They set out in June (1769),
+piloted by Uriah Stone, who had been in Kentucky three years before.
+Entering by way of the now familiar Cumberland Gap, these men had
+experiences quite similar to those of Boone and his comrades. At some of
+the Kentucky salt-licks they found herds of buffaloes numbering up in
+the thousands--at one lick a hundred acres were densely massed with
+these bulky animals, who exhibited no fear until the wind blew from the
+hunters toward them, and then they would "dash wildly away in large
+droves and disappear." Like Boone's party, they also were the victims of
+Cherokees, who plundered their camps, and after leaving them some guns
+and a little ammunition, ordered them out of the country. The New River
+party being large, however, some of their number were deputed to go to
+the settlements and bring back fresh supplies, so that they could finish
+their hunt. After further adventures with Indians half of the hunters
+returned home; while the others wandered into Tennessee and as far as
+the Ozark Mountains, finally reaching New River through Georgia and the
+Carolinas. Another Virginian, named John McCulloch, who courted the
+perils of exploration, was in Kentucky in the summer of 1769 with a
+white man-servant and a negro. He visited the site of Terre Haute, Ind.,
+and went by canoe to Natchez and New Orleans, and at length reached
+Philadelphia by sea.
+
+But the most famous of all the expeditions of the period was that of the
+"Long Hunters," as they have come to be known in Western history.
+Inspired by the favorable reports of Stone and others, about forty of
+the most noted and successful hunters of New River and Holston Valleys
+formed, in the summer of 1770, a company for hunting and trapping to the
+west of Cumberland Mountains. Under the leadership of two of the best
+woodsmen of the region, Joseph Drake and Henry Skaggs, and including
+several of Stone's party, they set out in early autumn fully prepared
+for meeting Indians and living on game. Each man took with him three
+packhorses, rifles, ammunition, traps, dogs, blankets, and salt, and was
+dressed in the deerskin costume of the times.
+
+Pushing on through Cumberland Gap, the adventurers were soon in the
+heart of Kentucky. In accordance with custom, they visited some of the
+best licks--a few of which were probably first seen by them--for here
+wild beasts were always to be found in profusion. At Knob Licks they
+beheld from an eminence which overlooked the springs "what they
+estimated at largely over a thousand animals, including buffaloe, elk,
+bear, and deer, with many wild turkies scattered among them--all quite
+restless, some playing, and others busily employed in licking the earth;
+but at length they took flight and bounded away all in one direction, so
+that in the brief space of a couple of minutes not an animal was to be
+seen." Within an area of many acres, the animals had eaten the salty
+earth to a depth of several feet.
+
+Successful in a high degree, the party ceased operations in February,
+and had completed preparations for sending a large shipment of skins,
+furs, and "jerk" to the settlements, when, in their temporary absence,
+roving Cherokees robbed them of much of their stores and spoiled the
+greater part of the remainder. "Fifteen hundred skins gone to
+ruination!" was the legend which one of them carved upon the bark of a
+neighboring tree, a record to which were appended the initials of each
+member of the party. A series of disasters followed, in the course of
+which two men were carried off by Indians and never again seen, and
+others fled for home. Those remaining, having still much ammunition and
+the horses, continued their hunt, chiefly upon the Green and Cumberland
+Rivers, and in due time brought together another store of peltries,
+almost as extensive as that despoiled by the savages.
+
+Not long after the robbery, when the Long Hunters were upon Green River,
+one of the parties into which the band was divided were going into camp
+for the night, when a singular noise was heard proceeding from a
+considerable distance in the forest. The leader, Caspar Mausker,
+commanded silence on the part of his comrades, and himself crept
+cautiously from tree to tree in the direction of the sound. Imagine his
+surprise and amusement to find "a man bare-headed, stretched flat upon
+his back on a deerskin spread on the ground, singing merrily at the top
+of his voice!" The singer was our hero, Daniel Boone, who, regardless of
+possible Indian neighbors, was thus enjoying himself while awaiting
+Squire's belated return to camp. Like most woodsmen of his day and ours,
+Boone was fond of singing, in his rude way, as well as of relating tales
+of stirring adventure. In such manner were many hours whiled away around
+the camp-fires of wilderness hunters.
+
+The Boones at once joined and spent some time with the Long Hunters, no
+doubt delighted at this opportunity of once more mingling with men of
+their kind. Among their amusements was that of naming rivers, creeks,
+and hills after members of the party; many of these names are still
+preserved upon the map of Kentucky. At one time they discovered that
+some French hunters from the Illinois country had recently visited a
+lick to kill buffaloes for their tongues and tallow, which they had
+loaded into a keel-boat and taken down the Cumberland. In after years
+one of the Long Hunters declared that this wholesale slaughter was so
+great "that one could walk for several hundred yards in and around the
+lick on buffaloes' skulls and bones, with which the whole flat around
+the lick was bleached."
+
+It was not until August that the Long Hunters returned to their homes,
+after a profitable absence of eleven months. But the Boone brothers left
+their comrades in March and headed for the Yadkin, with horses now well
+laden with spoils of the chase. They were deeply in debt for their
+latest supplies, but were returning in light heart, cheered with the
+prospect of settling their accounts and being able to revisit Kentucky
+in good condition. But in Powell's Valley, near Cumberland Gap, where
+they might well have supposed that small chance of danger remained, they
+were suddenly set upon by a war party of Northern Indians who had been
+raiding the white settlers as well as their Southern foes, the Cherokees
+and Catawbas. Roughly handled and robbed of their packs, the unfortunate
+hunters reached the Yadkin in no happy frame of mind. Daniel had been
+absent for two years, and was now poorer than when he left home. He used
+to say, however, in after years, that having at last seen Kentucky, his
+ideal of an earthly paradise, that served as solace for his woes.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+THE HERO OF CLINCH VALLEY
+
+
+While Daniel Boone had been hunting and exploring amid the deep forests
+and waving greenswards of Kentucky, important events had been taking
+place in the settlements. The colonists along the Atlantic tidewater had
+become so crowded that there were no longer any free lands in that
+region; and settlers' cabins in the western uplands of Pennsylvania,
+Maryland, the Carolinas, and Georgia had so multiplied that now much of
+the best land there had also been taken up. The far-outlying frontier
+upon which the Boones and Bryans had reared their rude log huts nearly a
+quarter of a century before, no longer abounded in game and in free
+pastures for roving herds; indeed, the frontier was now pushed forward
+to the west-flowing streams--to the head waters of the Watauga, Clinch,
+Powell, French Broad, Holston, and Nolichucky, all of them affluents of
+the Tennessee, and to the Monongahela and other tributaries of the
+upper Ohio.
+
+The rising tide of population demanded more room to the westward. The
+forbidding mountain-ranges had long hemmed in the restless borderers;
+but the dark-skinned wilderness tribes had formed a still more serious
+barrier, as, with rifles and tomahawks purchased from white traders,
+they terrorized the slowly advancing outposts of civilization. With the
+French government no longer in control of Canada and the region east of
+the Mississippi--although French-Canadian woodsmen were freely employed
+by the British Indian Department--with the consequent quieting of Indian
+forays, with increased knowledge of the over-mountain passes, and with
+the strong push of population from behind, there had arisen a general
+desire to scale the hills, and beyond them to seek exemption from
+tax-gatherers, free lands, and the abundant game concerning which the
+Kentucky hunters had brought glowing reports.
+
+Upon the defeat of the French, the English king had issued a
+proclamation (1763) forbidding his "loving subjects" to settle to the
+west of the mountains. The home government was no doubt actuated in this
+by two motives: first, a desire to preserve the wilderness for the
+benefit of the growing fur trade, which brought wealth to many London
+merchants; second, a fear that borderers who pushed beyond the mountains
+might not only be beyond the reach of English trade, but also beyond
+English political control. But the frontiersmen were already too far
+distant to have much regard for royal proclamations. The king's command
+appears to have had no more effect than had he, like one of his
+predecessors, bade the ocean tide rise no higher.
+
+In 1768, at Fort Stanwix, N.Y., the Iroquois of that province, whose war
+parties had raided much of the country between the Hudson and the
+Mississippi, surrendered what shadowy rights they might be supposed to
+have over all lands lying between the Ohio and the Tennessee. Meanwhile,
+at the South, the Cherokees had agreed to a frontier which opened to
+settlement eastern Kentucky and Tennessee.
+
+But, without waiting for these treaties, numerous schemes had been
+proposed in England and the Atlantic coast colonies for the settlement
+of Kentucky and the lands of the upper Ohio. Most of these projects
+failed, even the more promising of them being checked by the opening of
+the Revolutionary War; but their existence showed how general was the
+desire of English colonists to occupy those fertile Western lands which
+explorers like Gist, Washington, the Boones, and the Long Hunters had
+now made familiar to the world. The new treaties strengthened this
+desire, so that when Daniel and Squire Boone reached their homes upon
+the Yadkin the subject of Western settlement was uppermost in the minds
+of the people.
+
+The land excitement was, however, less intense in North Carolina than in
+the Valley of Virginia and other mountain troughs to the north and
+northeast. At Boone's home there was unrest of a more serious character.
+The tax-gatherers were arousing great popular discontent because of
+unlawful and extortionate demands, and in some cases Governor Tryon had
+come to blows with the regulators who stood for the people's rights.
+
+For two and a half years after his return Boone quietly conducted his
+little farm, and, as of old, made long hunting trips in autumn and
+winter, occasionally venturing--sometimes alone, sometimes with one or
+two companions--far west into Kentucky, once visiting French Lick, on
+the Cumberland, where he found several French hunters. There is reason
+to believe that in 1772 he moved to the Watauga Valley, but after living
+there for a time went back to the Yadkin. Early in the following year he
+accompanied Benjamin Cutbirth and others as far as the present Jessamine
+County, Ky., and from this trip returned fired with quickened zeal for
+making a settlement in the new country.
+
+The spring and summer were spent in active preparations. He enlisted the
+cooperation of Captain William Russell, the principal pioneer in the
+Clinch Valley; several of the Bryans, whose settlement was now
+sixty-five miles distant, also agreed to join him; and five other
+families in his own neighborhood engaged to join the expedition. The
+Bryan party, numbering forty men, some of them from the Valley of
+Virginia and Powell's Valley, were not to be accompanied by their
+families, as they preferred to go in advance and prepare homes before
+making a final move. But Boone and the other men of the upper Yadkin
+took with them their wives and children; most of them sold their farms,
+as did Boone, thus burning their bridges behind them. Arranging to meet
+the Bryan contingent in Powell's Valley, Boone's party left for the West
+upon the twenty-fifth of September, 1773--fifty-six years after old
+George Boone had departed from England for the Pennsylvania frontier
+near Philadelphia, and twenty-three after the family had set out for the
+new southwest frontier on the Yadkin.
+
+Reaching Powell's, Boone went into camp to await the rear party, his
+riding and packhorses hoppled and belled, after the custom of such
+caravans, and their small herd of cattle properly guarded in a meadow.
+His eldest son, James, now a boy of sixteen years, was sent with two
+men, with pack-animals, across country to notify Russell and to secure
+some flour and farming tools. They were returning laden, in company with
+Russell's son Henry, a year older than James, two of Russell's negro
+slaves, and two or three white workpeople, when, missing their path,
+they went into camp for the night only three miles from Boone's
+quarters. At daybreak they were attacked by a Shawnese war party and all
+killed except a white laborer and a negro. This pathetic tragedy created
+such consternation among the movers that, despite Boone's entreaties to
+go forward, all of them returned to Virginia and Carolina. Daniel and
+his family, no longer having a home on the Yadkin, would not retreat,
+and took up their quarters in an empty cabin upon the farm of Captain
+David Gass, seven or eight miles from Russell's, upon Clinch River.
+Throughout this sorrowful winter the Boones were supported from their
+stock of cattle and by means of Daniel's unerring rifle.
+
+It was long before the intrepid pioneers could again take up their line
+of march. Ever since the Bouquet treaty of 1764 there had been more or
+less disturbance upon the frontiers. During all these years, although
+there was no open warfare between whites and reds, many scores of lives
+had been lost. Indians had wantonly plundered and murdered white men,
+and the latter had been quite as merciless toward the savages. Whenever
+a member of one race met a man of the other the rifle was apt to be at
+once brought into play. Meanwhile, armed parties of surveyors and land
+speculators were swarming into Kentucky, notching the trees for
+landmarks, and giving evidence to apprehensive tribesmen that the hordes
+of civilization were upon them. In 1773 George Rogers Clark, afterward
+the most famous of border leaders, had staked a claim at the mouth of
+Fishing Creek, on the Ohio; Washington had, this summer, descended the
+river to the same point; while at the Falls of the Ohio, and upon
+interior waters of the Kentucky wilderness, other parties were laying
+ambitious plans for the capitals of new colonies.
+
+In the following spring the Cherokees and Shawnese, now wrought to a
+high pitch of ill temper, combined for onslaughts on the advancing
+frontiersmen. The wanton murder by border ruffians of Chief John Logan's
+family, near Mingo Junction, on the Ohio, was the match which, in early
+summer, fired the tinder. The Mingos, ablaze with the fire of vengeance,
+carried the war-pipe through the neighboring villages; runners were sent
+in every direction to rouse the tribes; tomahawks were unearthed,
+war-posts were planted; messages of defiance were sent to the
+"Virginians," as all frontiersmen were generally called by the Western
+Indians; and in a few days the border war to which history has given the
+name of Lord Dunmore, then governor of Virginia, was in full swing from
+Cumberland Gap to Fort Pitt, from the Alleghanies to the Wabash.
+
+Its isolation at first protected the Valley of the Clinch. The
+commandant of the southwest militia--which comprised every boy or man
+capable of bearing arms--was Colonel William Preston; under him was
+Major Arthur Campbell; the principal man in the Clinch Valley was
+Boone's friend, Russell. When, in June, the border captains were
+notified by Lord Dunmore that the war was now on, forts were erected in
+each of the mountain valleys, and scouts sent out along the trails and
+streams to ascertain the whereabouts of the enemy.
+
+There were in Kentucky, at this time, several surveying parties which
+could not obtain news by way of the Ohio because of the blockade
+maintained by the Shawnese. It became necessary to notify them overland,
+and advise their retreat to the settlements by way of Cumberland Gap.
+Russell having been ordered by Preston to employ "two faithful woodsmen"
+for this purpose, chose Daniel Boone and Michael Stoner. "If they are
+alive," wrote Russell to his colonel, "it is indisputable but Boone must
+find them." Leaving the Clinch on June twenty-seventh, the two envoys
+were at Harrodsburg before July eighth. There they found James Harrod
+and thirty-four other men laying off a large town,[9] in which they
+proposed to give each inhabitant a half-acre in-lot and a ten-acre
+out-lot. Boone, who had small capacity for business, but in land was
+something of a speculator, registered as a settler, and in company with
+a neighbor put up a cabin for his future occupancy. This done, he and
+Stoner hurried on down the Kentucky River to its mouth, and thence to
+the Falls of the Ohio (site of Louisville), notifying several bands of
+surveyors and town-builders of their danger. After an absence of
+sixty-one days they were back again upon the Clinch, having traveled
+eight hundred miles through a practically unbroken forest, experienced
+many dangers from Indians, and overcome natural difficulties almost
+without number.
+
+Meanwhile Lord Dunmore, personally unpopular but an energetic and
+competent military manager, had sent out an army of nearly three
+thousand backwoodsmen against the Shawnese north of the Ohio. One wing
+of this army, led by the governor himself, went by way of Fort Pitt and
+descended the Ohio; among its members was George Rogers Clark. The other
+wing, commanded by General Andrew Lewis, included the men of the
+Southwest, eleven hundred strong; they were to descend the Great
+Kanawha and rendezvous with the northern wing at Point Pleasant, at the
+junction of the Kanawha and the Ohio.
+
+When Boone arrived upon the Clinch he found that Russell and most of the
+other militiamen of the district had departed upon the campaign. With a
+party of recruits, the great hunter started out to overtake the
+expedition, but was met by orders to return and aid in defending his own
+valley; for the drawing off of the militia by Dunmore had left the
+southwest frontiers in weak condition. During September the settlers
+upon the Clinch suffered much apprehension; the depredations of the
+tribesmen were not numerous, but several men were either wounded or
+captured.
+
+In a letter written upon the sixth of October, Major Campbell gives a
+list of forts upon the Clinch: "Blackmore's, sixteen men, Sergeant Moore
+commanding; Moore's, twenty miles above, twenty men, Lieutenant Boone
+commanding; Russell's, four miles above, twenty men, Sergeant W. Poage
+commanding; Glade Hollow, twelve miles above, fifteen men, Sergeant
+John Dunkin commanding; Elk Garden, fourteen miles above, eighteen men,
+Sergeant John Kinkead commanding; Maiden Spring, twenty-three miles
+above, five men, Sergeant John Crane commanding; Whitton's Big Crab
+Orchard, twelve miles above, three men, Ensign John Campbell, of Rich
+Valley, commanding." During this month Boone and his little garrison
+made frequent sallies against the enemy, and now and then fought brief
+but desperate skirmishes. He appears to have been by far the most active
+commander in the valley, and when neighboring forts were attacked his
+party of well-trained riflemen generally furnished the relief necessary
+to raise the siege. "Mr. Boone," writes Campbell to Preston, "is very
+diligent at Castle's-woods, and keeps up good order." His conduct is
+frequently alluded to in the military correspondence of that summer;
+Campbell and other leaders exhibited in their references to our hero a
+respectful and even deferential tone. An eye-witness of some of these
+stirring scenes has left us a description of Daniel Boone, now forty
+years of age, in which it is stated that his was then a familiar figure
+throughout the valley as he hurried to and fro upon his military duties
+"dressed in deerskin colored black, and his hair plaited and clubbed
+up."
+
+Upon the tenth of October, Cornstalk, a famous Shawnese chief, taking
+advantage of Dunmore's failure to join the southern wing, led against
+Lewis's little army encamped at Point Pleasant a thousand picked
+warriors gathered from all parts of the Northwest. Here, upon the wooded
+eminence at the junction of the two rivers, was waged from dawn until
+dusk one of the most bloody and stubborn hand-to-hand battles ever
+fought between Indians and whites. It is hard to say who displayed the
+best generalship, Cornstalk or Lewis. The American savage was a splendid
+fighter; although weak in discipline he could competently plan a battle.
+The tactics of surprise were his chief resource, and these are
+legitimate even in civilized warfare; but he could also make a
+determined contest in the open, and when, as at Point Pleasant, the
+opposing numbers were nearly equal, the result was often slow of
+determination. Desperately courageous, pertinacious, with a natural
+aptitude for war combined with consummate treachery, cruelty, and
+cunning, it is small wonder that the Indian long offered a formidable
+barrier to the advance of civilization. In early Virginia, John Smith
+noticed that in Indian warfare the whites won at the expense of losses
+far beyond those suffered by the tribesmen; and here at Point Pleasant,
+while the "Long Knives"[10] gained the day, the number of their dead and
+wounded was double that of the casualties sustained by Cornstalk's
+painted band.
+
+The victory at Point Pleasant practically closed the war upon the
+border. Boone had been made a captain in response to a popular petition
+that the hero of Clinch Valley be thus honored, and was given charge of
+the three lower forts; but there followed only a few alarms, and upon
+the twentieth of November he and his brother militiamen of the region
+received their discharge. The war had cost Virginia L10,000 sterling,
+many valuable lives had been sacrificed, and an incalculable amount of
+suffering and privation had been occasioned all along the three hundred
+and fifty miles of American frontier. But the Shawnese had been humbled,
+the Cherokees had retired behind the new border line, and a lasting
+peace appeared to be assured.
+
+In the following January Captain Boone, true son of the wilderness, was
+celebrating his freedom from duties incident to war's alarms by a
+solitary hunt upon the banks of Kentucky River.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[9] Previous to this there had been built in Kentucky many hunters'
+camps, also a few isolated cabins by "improvers"; but Harrodsburg (at
+first called "Harrodstown") was the first permanent settlement, thus
+having nearly a year's start of Boonesborough. June 16, 1774, is the
+date given by Collins and other chroniclers for the actual settlement by
+Harrod.
+
+[10] The Indians had called the Americans "Knifemen," "Long Knives," or
+"Big Knives," from the earliest historic times; but it was not until
+about the middle of the eighteenth century that the Virginia colonists
+began to make record of the use of this epithet by the Indians with whom
+they came in contact. It was then commonly supposed that it grew out of
+the use of swords by the frontier militiamen, and this is the meaning
+still given in dictionaries; but it has been made apparent by Albert
+Matthews, writing in the New York Nation, March 14, 1901, that the
+epithet originated in the fact that Englishmen used knives as
+distinguished from the early stone tools of the Indians. The French
+introduced knives into America previous to the English, but apparently
+the term was used only by Indians within the English sphere of
+influence.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+THE SETTLEMENT OF KENTUCKY
+
+
+Kentucky had so long been spasmodically occupied and battled over by
+Shawnese, Iroquois, and Cherokees, that it can not be said that any of
+them had well-defined rights over its soil. Not until white men appeared
+anxious to settle there did the tribes begin to assert their respective
+claims, in the hope of gaining presents at the treaties whereat they
+were asked to make cessions. The whites, on their part, when negotiating
+for purchases, were well aware of the shadowy character of these claims;
+but, when armed with a signed deed of cession, they had something
+tangible upon which thenceforth to base their own claims of
+proprietorship. There was therefore much insincerity upon both sides. It
+is well to understand this situation in studying the history of Kentucky
+settlement.
+
+Colonel Richard Henderson was one of the principal judges in North
+Carolina, a scholarly, talented man, eminent in the legal profession;
+although but thirty-nine years of age, he wielded much influence.
+Knowing and respecting Daniel Boone, Henderson was much impressed by the
+former's enthusiastic reports concerning the soil, climate, and scenery
+of Kentucky; and, acting solely upon this information, resolved to
+establish a colony in that attractive country. He associated with
+himself three brothers, Nathaniel, David, and Thomas Hart, the
+last-named of whom in later life wrote that he "had known Boone of old,
+when poverty and distress held him fast by the hand; and in those
+wretched circumstances he had ever found him a noble and generous soul,
+despising everything mean." Their proposed colony was styled
+Transylvania, and the association of proprietors the Transylvania
+Company.
+
+It will be remembered that in the treaty of Fort Stanwix (1768) the
+Iroquois of New York had ceded to the English crown their pretensions to
+lands lying between the Ohio and the Tennessee. The Transylvania
+Company, however, applied to the Cherokees, because this was the tribe
+commanding the path from Virginia and the Carolinas to Kentucky. In
+March, 1775, a great council was held at Sycamore Shoals, on the Watauga
+River, between the company and twelve hundred Cherokees who had been
+brought in for the purpose by Boone. For $50,000 worth of cloths,
+clothing, utensils, ornaments, and firearms, the Indians ceded to
+Henderson and his partners an immense grant including all the country
+lying between the Kentucky and Cumberland Rivers, also a path of
+approach from the east, through Powell's Valley. At this council were
+some of the most prominent Cherokee chiefs and southwestern
+frontiersmen.
+
+When the goods came to be distributed among the Indians it was found
+that, although they filled a large cabin and looked very tempting in
+bulk, there was but little for each warrior, and great dissatisfaction
+arose. One Cherokee, whose portion was a shirt, declared that in one
+day, upon this land, he could have killed deer enough to buy such a
+garment; to surrender his hunting-ground for this trifle naturally
+seemed to him a bad bargain. For the safety of the pioneers the chiefs
+could give no guarantee; they warned Boone, who appears to have acted as
+spokesman for the company, that "a black cloud hung over this land,"
+warpaths crossed it from north to south, and settlers would surely get
+killed; for such results the Cherokees must not be held responsible.
+
+This was not promising. Neither was the news, now received, that
+Governors Martin of North Carolina, and Dunmore of Virginia had both of
+them issued proclamations against the great purchase. The former had
+called Henderson and his partners an "infamous Company of Land Pyrates";
+and they were notified that this movement was in violation of the king's
+proclamation of 1763, forbidding Western settlements.
+
+The company, relying upon popular sympathy and their great distance from
+tidewater seats of government, proceeded without regard to these
+proclamations. Boone, at the head of a party of about thirty enlisted
+men, some of them the best backwoodsmen in the country,[11] was sent
+ahead to mark a path through the forest to Kentucky River, and there
+establish a capital for the new colony. They encountered many
+difficulties, especially when traveling through cane-brakes and brush;
+and once, while asleep, were attacked by Indians, who killed a negro
+servant and wounded two of the party. Boone won hearty commendation for
+his skill and courage throughout the expedition, which finally arrived
+at its destination on the sixth of April. This was Big Lick, on Kentucky
+River, just below the mouth of Otter Creek. Here it was decided to build
+a town to be called Boonesborough, to serve as the capital of
+Transylvania. The site was "a plain on the south side of the river,
+wherein was a lick with sulphur springs strongly impregnated."
+
+To Felix Walker, one of the pioneers, we are indebted for the details of
+this notable colonizing expedition, set forth in a narrative which is
+still preserved. "On entering the plain," he writes, "we were permitted
+to view a very interesting and romantic sight. A number of buffaloes, of
+all sizes, supposed to be between two and three hundred, made off from
+the lick in every direction: some running, some walking, others loping
+slowly and carelessly, with young calves playing, skipping, and bounding
+through the plain. Such a sight some of us never saw before, nor perhaps
+ever may again." A fort was commenced, and a few cabins "strung along
+the river-bank;" but it was long before the stronghold was completed,
+for, now that the journey was at an end, Boone's men had become callous
+to danger.
+
+Meanwhile Henderson was proceeding slowly from the settlements with
+thirty men and several wagons loaded with goods and tools. Delayed from
+many causes, they at last felt obliged to leave the encumbering wagons
+in Powell's Valley. Pushing forward, they were almost daily met by
+parties of men and boys returning home from Kentucky bearing vague
+reports of Indian forays. This resulted in Henderson losing many of his
+own followers from desertion. Arriving at Boonesborough on the twentieth
+of April, the relief party was "saluted by a running fire of about
+twenty-five guns." Some of Boone's men had, in the general uneasiness,
+also deserted, and others had scattered throughout the woods, hunting,
+exploring, or surveying on their own account.
+
+The method of surveying then in vogue upon the Western frontier was of
+the crudest, although it must be acknowledged that any system more
+formal might, at that stage of our country's growth, have prevented
+rapid settlement. Each settler or land speculator was practically his
+own surveyor. With a compass and a chain, a few hours' work would
+suffice to mark the boundaries of a thousand-acre tract. There were as
+yet no adequate maps of the country, and claims overlapped each other
+in the most bewildering manner. A speculator who "ran out" a hundred
+thousand acres might, without knowing it, include in his domain a
+half-dozen claims previously surveyed by modest settlers who wanted but
+a hundred acres each. A man who paid the land-office fees might "patent"
+any land he pleased and have it recorded, the colony, and later the
+State, only guaranteeing such entries as covered land not already
+patented. This overlapping, conscious or unconscious, at last became so
+perplexing that thousands of vexatious lawsuits followed, some of which
+are still unsettled; and even to-day in Kentucky there are lands whose
+ownership is actually unknown, which pay no taxes and support only
+squatters who can not be turned out--possibly some of it, lying between
+patented tracts, by chance has never been entered at all. Nobody can now
+say. Thus it was that we find our friend Daniel Boone quickly
+transformed from a wilderness hunter into a frontier surveyor. Before
+Henderson's arrival he had laid off the town site into lots of two
+acres each. These were now drawn at a public lottery; while those who
+wished larger tracts within the neighborhood were able to obtain them by
+promising to plant a crop of corn and pay to the Transylvania Company a
+quit-rent of two English shillings for each hundred acres.
+
+  [Illustration: A SURVEY NOTE BY BOONE.
+    Reduced facsimile from his field-books in possession of Wisconsin
+    State Historical Society.]
+
+There were now four settlements in the Transylvania grant:
+Boonesborough; Harrodsburg, fifty miles west, with about a hundred men;
+Boiling Spring, some six or seven miles from Harrodsburg; and St. Asaph.
+The crown lands to the north and east of the Kentucky, obtained by the
+Fort Stanwix treaty, contained two small settlements; forty miles north
+of Boonesborough was Hinkson's, later known as Ruddell's Station, where
+were about nineteen persons; lower down the Kentucky, also on the north
+side, was Willis Lee's settlement, near the present Frankfort; and
+ranging at will through the crown lands were several small parties of
+"land-jobbers," surveyors, and explorers, laying off the claims of
+militia officers who had fought in the Indian wars, and here and there
+building cabins to indicate possession.
+
+Henderson had no sooner arrived than he prepared for a convention, at
+which the people should adopt a form of government for the colony and
+elect officers. This was held at Boonesborough, in the open air, under a
+gigantic elm, during the week commencing Tuesday, the twenty-third of
+May. There were eighteen delegates, representing each of the four
+settlements south of the Kentucky. Among them were Daniel and Squire
+Boone, the former of whom proposed laws for the preservation of game and
+for improving the breed of horses; to the latter fell the presentation
+of rules for preserving the cattle-ranges. The compact finally agreed
+upon between the colonists and the proprietors declared "the powers of
+the one and the liberties of the others," and was "the earliest form of
+government in the region west of the Alleghanies." It provided for
+"perfect religious freedom and general toleration," militia and judicial
+systems, and complete liberty on the part of the settlers to conduct
+colonial affairs according to their needs. This liberal and
+well-digested plan appeared to please both Henderson and the settlers.
+But the opposition of the governors, the objections raised by the
+Assembly of Virginia, of which Kentucky was then a part,[12] and
+finally, the outbreak of the Revolution, which put an end to proprietary
+governments in America, caused the downfall of the Transylvania Company.
+The Boonesborough legislative convention met but once more--in December,
+to elect a surveyor-general.
+
+The May meeting had no sooner adjourned than Transylvania began again to
+lose its population. Few of the pioneers who had come out with Boone and
+Henderson, or had since wandered into the district, were genuine
+home-seekers. Many appear to have been mere adventurers, out for the
+excitement of the expedition and to satisfy their curiosity, who either
+returned home or wandered farther into the woods to seek fresh
+experiences of wild life; others had deliberately intended first to
+stake out claims in the neighborhood of the new settlements and then
+return home to look after their crops, and perhaps move to Kentucky in
+the autumn; others there were who, far removed from their families,
+proved restless; while many became uneasy because of Indian outrages,
+reports of which soon began to be circulated. Henderson wrote cheerful
+letters to his partners at home, describing the country as a paradise;
+but by the end of June, when Boone returned to the East for salt,
+Harrodsburg and Boiling Spring were almost deserted, while Boonesborough
+could muster but ten or twelve "guns," as men or boys capable of
+fighting Indians were called in the militia rolls.
+
+The infant colony of Kentucky had certainly reached a crisis in its
+career. Game was rapidly becoming more scarce, largely because of
+careless, inexperienced hunters who wounded more than they killed, and
+killed more than was needed for food; the frightened buffaloes had now
+receded so far west that they were several days' journey from
+Boonesborough. Yet game was still the staff of life. Captain Floyd, the
+surveyor-general, wrote to Colonel Preston: "I must hunt or starve."
+
+As the summer wore away and crops in the Eastern settlements were
+gathered, there was a considerable increase in the population. Many men
+who, in later days, were to exert a powerful influence in Kentucky now
+arrived--George Rogers Clark, the principal Western hero of the
+Revolution; Simon Kenton, famous throughout the border as hunter, scout,
+and Indian fighter; Benjamin Logan, William Whitley, the Lewises,
+Campbells, Christians, Prestons, MacDowells, McAfees, Hite, Bowman,
+Randolph, Todd, McClellan, Benton, Patterson--all of them names familiar
+in Western history.
+
+In the first week of September Boone arrived with his wife and family
+and twenty young men--"twenty-one guns," the report reads; Squire and
+his family soon followed; four Bryans, their brothers-in-law, came at
+the head of thirty men from the Yadkin; and, at the same time,
+Harrodsburg was reached by several other families who had, like the
+Boones, come on horseback through Cumberland Gap and Powell's Valley.
+This powerful reenforcement of pioneers, most of whom proposed to stay,
+had largely been attracted by Henderson's advertisements in Virginia
+newspapers offering terms of settlement on Transylvania lands. "Any
+person," said the announcement, "who will settle on and inhabit the same
+before the first day of June, 1776, shall have the privilege of taking
+up and surveying for himself five hundred acres, and for each tithable
+person he may carry with him and settle there, two hundred and fifty
+acres, on the payment of fifty shillings sterling per hundred, subject
+to a yearly quit-rent of two shillings, like money, to commence in the
+year 1780." Toward the end of November Henderson himself, who had gone
+on a visit to Carolina, returned with forty men, one of whom was Colonel
+Arthur Campbell, a prominent settler in the Holston Valley.
+
+This increase of population, which had been noticeable throughout the
+autumn and early winter, received a sudden check, however, two days
+before Christmas, when the Indians, who had been friendly for several
+months past, began again to annoy settlers, several being either killed
+or carried into captivity. This gave rise to a fresh panic, in the
+course of which many fled to the east of the mountains.
+
+During the year about five hundred persons from the frontiers of
+Pennsylvania, Virginia, and North Carolina had visited and explored
+Kentucky; but now, at the close of December, the population of all the
+settlements did not aggregate over two hundred. The recent outbreak had
+much to do with this situation of affairs; but there were other causes
+conspiring to disturb the minds of the people and postpone the growth of
+settlement--the clashing of interests between the Transylvania Company
+and the governors of Virginia and North Carolina, uncertainty as to the
+possibilities of a general Indian war, the threatened rupture between
+the colonies and the English crown, and the alarming scarcity of
+provisions and ammunition throughout Kentucky.
+
+Nevertheless, over nine hundred entries had been made in the
+Transylvania land-office at Boonesborough, embracing 560,000 acres, and
+most of these tracts were waiting to be surveyed; two hundred and thirty
+acres of corn had been successfully raised; horses, hogs, and poultry
+had been introduced, and apple- and peach-trees had been started at
+several settlements. The germ of a colony was firmly planted, laws had
+been made, the militia had been organized, civil and military officers
+had been commissioned, and in the face of several slight Indian attacks
+the savages had been repelled and the country maintained. Most promising
+of all, there were now twelve women in the country, all of them heads of
+families.
+
+The principal pioneers were nearly all of sturdy Scotch-Irish blood, men
+of sterling merit, intensely devoted to the cause of American liberty,
+and destined to contribute powerfully to its aid in the great war which
+had now begun, and concerning which messengers from over the mountains
+had during the year brought them scanty information.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[11] The names of this party of Kentucky pioneers, as preserved by
+tradition, are worth presenting in our record, for many of them
+afterward became prominent in the annals of the West: Squire Boone,
+Edward Bradley, James Bridges, William Bush, Samuel Coburn, Colonel
+Richard Calloway, Captain Crabtree, Benjamin Cutbirth, David Gass, John
+Hart, William Hays (son-in-law of Daniel Boone), William Hicks, Edmund
+Jennings, Thomas Johnson, John Kennedy, John King, William Miller,
+William Moore, James Nall, James Peeke, Bartlet Searcy, Reuben Searcy,
+Michael Stoner, Samuel Tate, Oswell Towns, Captain William Twitty
+(wounded at Rockcastle), John Vardeman, and Felix Walker (also wounded
+at Rockcastle). Mrs. Hays, Boone's daughter, traveled with her husband;
+a negro woman accompanied Calloway, and a negro man (killed at
+Rockcastle) was with Twitty.
+
+[12] It was then within the far-stretching boundaries of Fincastle
+County. Kentucky was set apart as a county, December 31, 1776.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+TWO YEARS OF DARKNESS
+
+
+With the opening of the year 1776 Daniel and Squire Boone were employed
+for several weeks as hunters or assistants to a party of surveyors sent
+by the Transylvania Company to the Falls of the Ohio, in the vicinity of
+which Henderson and his friends had taken up seventy thousand acres of
+land. They met no Indians and saw plenty of game; but returned to find
+that the settlers were indignant because of this wholesale preemption by
+the proprietors of the colony in a neighborhood where it was now felt
+the chief city in Kentucky was sure to be planted. In response to this
+clamor Henderson promised that hereafter, in that locality, only small
+tracts should be granted to individuals, and that a town should at once
+be laid out at the Falls; but the scanty supply of powder and
+provisions, and the company's growing troubles with the Virginia
+Assembly, prevented the execution of this project.
+
+In the spring newcomers everywhere appeared. In order to please the
+people of Harrodsburg, now the largest settlement, who were disposed to
+be critical, the company's land-office was moved thither, and it at once
+entered upon a flourishing business. Not only did many Virginians and
+Carolinians come in on horseback over the "Wilderness Road," as the
+route through Cumberland Gap was now styled, but hundreds also descended
+the Ohio in boats from the new settlements on the Monongahela, and from
+those farther east in Pennsylvania.
+
+While the horsemen of the Wilderness Road generally settled in
+Transylvania, those journeying by boat were chiefly interested in the
+crown lands north of the Kentucky; through these they ranged at will,
+building rude pens, half-faced cabins, and log huts, as convenience
+dictated, and planting small crops of corn in order to preempt their
+claims. The majority, however, after making sometimes as many as twenty
+such claims each, often upon land already surveyed on militia officers'
+warrants, returned home at the close of the season, seeking to sell
+their fictitious holdings to actual settlers. Of course the unscrupulous
+conduct of these "claim-jumping" speculators led to numerous quarrels.
+John Todd, of Harrodsburg, wrote to a friend: "I am afraid to lose sight
+of my house lest some invader should take possession."
+
+It was difficult, even for those who came to settle, to get down to hard
+work during those earliest years. Never was there a more beautiful
+region than the Kentucky wilderness. Both old and new settlers were fond
+of roaming through this wonderland of forests and glades and winding
+rivers, where the nights were cool and refreshing and the days filled
+with harmonies of sound and sight and smell. Hill and valley, timberland
+and thicket, meadow and prairie, grasslands and cane-brake--these
+abounded on every hand, in happy distribution of light and shadow. The
+soil was extremely fertile; there were many open spots fitted for
+immediate cultivation; the cattle-ranges were of the best, for nowhere
+was cane more abundant; game was more plentiful than men's hopes had
+ever before conceived--of turkeys, bears, deer, and buffaloes it seemed,
+for a time, as if the supply must always far excelled any possible
+demand. It is small wonder that the imaginations of the pioneers were
+fired with dreams of the future, that they saw in fancy great cities
+springing up in this new world of the West, and wealth pouring into the
+laps of those who could first obtain a foothold. Thus, in that beautiful
+spring of 1776, did Kentuckians revel in the pleasures of hope, and cast
+to the winds all thought of the peril and toil by which alone can man
+conquer a savage-haunted wilderness.
+
+But the "dark cloud" foretold at the Watauga treaty soon settled upon
+the land. Incited by British agents--for the Revolution was now on--the
+Cherokees on the south and the Shawnese and Mingos on the north declared
+war upon the American borderers. The Kentuckians were promptly warned by
+messengers from the East. The "cabiners," as claim speculators were
+called by actual settlers; the wandering fur-traders, most of whom were
+shabby rascals, whose example corrupted the savages, and whose conduct
+often led to outbreaks of race hostility; and the irresponsible hunters,
+who were recklessly killing or frightening off the herds of game--all of
+these classes began, with the mutterings of conflict, to draw closer to
+the settlements; while many hurried back to their old homes, carrying
+exaggerated reports of the situation.
+
+Meanwhile, opposition to the Transylvania proprietors was fast
+developing. The settlers in the Harrodsburg neighborhood held a
+convention in June and sent Colonel George Rogers Clark and Captain John
+Gabriel Jones as delegates to the Virginia Convention with a petition to
+that body to make Kentucky a county of Virginia. This project was
+bitterly opposed by Henderson; but upon the adoption by Congress, in
+July, of the Declaration of Independence, there was small chance left
+for the recognition of any proprietary government. When the new Virginia
+legislature met in the autumn, the petition of the "inhabitants of
+Kentuckie" was granted, and a county government organized.[13] David
+Robinson was appointed county lieutenant, John Bowman colonel, Anthony
+Bledsoe and George Rogers Clark majors, and Daniel Boone, James Harrod,
+John Todd, and Benjamin Logan captains.
+
+It was not until July that the Kentuckians fully realized the existence
+of an Indian war. During that month several hunters, surveyors, and
+travelers were killed in various parts of the district. The situation
+promised so badly that Colonel William Russell, of the Holston Valley,
+commandant of the southwestern Virginia militia, advised the immediate
+abandonment of Kentucky. Such advice fell upon unheeding ears in the
+case of men like Boone and his companions, although many of the less
+valorous were quick to retire beyond the mountains.
+
+On Sunday, the seventeenth of July, an incident occurred at
+Boonesborough which created wide-spread consternation. Jemima, the
+second daughter of Daniel Boone, aged fourteen years, together with two
+girl friends, Betsey and Fanny Calloway, sixteen and fourteen
+respectively, were paddling in a canoe upon the Kentucky. Losing control
+of their craft in the swift current, not over a quarter of a mile from
+the settlement, they were swept near the north bank, when five Shawnese
+braves, hiding in the bushes, waded out and captured them. The screams
+of the girls alarmed the settlers, who sallied forth in hot pursuit of
+the kidnappers.
+
+The mounted men, under Colonel Calloway, father of two of the captives,
+pushed forward to Lower Blue Licks, hoping to cut off the Indians as
+they crossed the Licking River on their way to the Shawnese towns in
+Ohio, whither it was correctly supposed they were fleeing. Boone headed
+the footmen, who followed closely on the trail of the fugitives, which
+had been carefully marked by the girls, who, with the self-possession of
+true borderers, furtively scattered broken twigs and scraps of clothing
+as they were hurried along through the forest by their grim captors.
+After a two days' chase, Boone's party caught up with the unsuspecting
+savages some thirty-five miles from Boonesborough, and by dint of a
+skilful dash recaptured the young women, unharmed. Two of the Shawnese
+were killed and the others fled into the woods. Calloway's horsemen met
+no foe.
+
+Although few other attacks were reported during the summer or autumn,
+the people were in a continual state of apprehension, neglected their
+crops, and either huddled in the neighborhood of the settlements, or
+"stations" as they were called, or abandoned the country altogether. In
+the midst of this uneasiness Floyd wrote to his friend Preston, in
+Virginia, urging that help be sent to the distressed colony: "They all
+seem deaf to anything we can say to dissuade them.... I think more than
+three hundred men have left the country since I came out, and not one
+has arrived, except a few _cabiners_ down the Ohio. I want to return as
+much as any man can do; but if I leave the country now there is scarcely
+one single man who will not follow the example. When I think of the
+deplorable condition a few helpless families are likely to be in, I
+conclude to sell my life as dearly as I can in their defense rather
+than make an ignominious escape."
+
+  [Illustration: FORT BOONESBOROUGH.
+    Drawn from Henderson's plans and other historical data by George W.
+    Ranck; reduced from the latter's "Boonesborough" (Filson Club
+    Publications, No. 16).]
+
+Seven stations had now been abandoned--Huston's, on the present site of
+Paris; Hinkson's, on the Licking; Bryan's, on the Elkhorn; Lee's, on the
+Kentucky; Harrod's, or the Boiling Spring settlement; Whitley's, and
+Logan's. But three remained occupied--McClellan's, Harrodsburg, and
+Boonesborough. Up to this time none of the Kentucky stations had been
+fortified; there had been some unfinished work at Boonesborough, but it
+was soon allowed to fall into decay. Work was now resumed at all three
+of the occupied settlements; this consisted simply of connecting the
+cabins, which faced an open square, by lines of palisades. It was only
+at McClellan's, however, that even this slender protection was promptly
+completed; at Boonesborough and Harrodsburg the work, although but a
+task of a few days, dragged slowly, and was not finished for several
+months. It was next to impossible for Boone and the other militia
+captains to induce men to labor at the common defenses in time of
+peace.
+
+Great popular interest was taken by the people of the Carolinas,
+Virginia, and Pennsylvania in the fate of the Kentucky settlements,
+whither so many prominent borderers from those States had moved. The
+frantic appeals for help sent out by Floyd, Logan, and McGary, and
+expressed in person by George Rogers Clark, awakened keen sympathy; but
+the demands of Washington's army were now so great, in battles for
+national liberty upon the Atlantic coast, that little could be spared
+for the Western settlers. During the summer a small supply of powder was
+sent out by Virginia to Captain Boone; in the autumn Harrod and Logan
+rode to the Holston and obtained from the military authorities a
+packhorse-load of lead; and in the closing days of the year Clark
+arrived at Limestone (now Maysville), on the Ohio, with a boat-load of
+powder and other stores, voted to the service of Kentucky by the
+Virginia Assembly. He had experienced a long and exciting voyage from
+Pittsburg with this precious consignment, and about thirty of the
+settlers aided him in the perilous enterprise of transporting it
+overland to the stations on the Kentucky. While the ammunition was
+supposed to be used for defense, the greater part of it was necessarily
+spent in obtaining food. Without the great profusion of game the
+inhabitants must have starved; although several large crops of corn were
+raised, and some wheat, these were as yet insufficient for all.
+
+Early in 1777 Indian "signs" began to multiply. McClellan's was now
+abandoned, leaving Boonesborough and Harrodsburg the only settlements
+maintained--except, perhaps, Price's, on the Cumberland, although
+Logan's Station was reoccupied in February. The number of men now in the
+country fit for duty did not exceed a hundred and fifty. In March the
+fighting men met at their respective stations and organized under
+commissioned officers; hitherto all military operations in Kentucky had
+been voluntary, headed by such temporary leaders as the men chose from
+their own number.
+
+During the greater part of the year the palisaded stations were
+frequently attacked by the savages--Shawnese, Cherokees, and Mingos, in
+turn or in company. Some of these sieges lasted through several days,
+taxing the skill and bravery of the inhabitants to their utmost. Indian
+methods of attacking forts were far different from those that would be
+practised by white men. Being practically without military organization,
+each warrior acted largely on his own behalf. His object was to secrete
+himself, to kill his enemy, and if possible to bear away his scalp as a
+trophy. Every species of cover was taken advantage of--trees, stumps,
+bushes, hillocks, stones, furnished hiding-places. Feints were made to
+draw the attention of the garrison to one side, while the main body of
+the besiegers hurled themselves against the other. Having neither
+artillery nor scaling-ladders, they frequently succeeded in effecting a
+breach by setting fire to the walls. Pretending to retreat, they would
+lull the defenders into carelessness, when they would again appear from
+ambush, picking off those who came out for water, to attend to crops and
+cattle, or to hunt for food; often they exhibited a remarkable spirit of
+daring, especially when making a dash to secure scalps. Destroying
+crops, cattle, hogs, and poultry, stealing the horses for their own
+use, burning the outlying cabins, and guarding the trails against
+possible relief, they sought to reduce the settlers to starvation, and
+thus make them an easy prey. Every artifice known to besiegers was
+skilfully practised by these crafty, keen-eyed, quick-witted wilderness
+fighters, who seldom showed mercy. Only when white men aggressively
+fought them in their own manner could they be overcome.
+
+In the last week of April, while Boone and Kenton were heading a sortie
+against a party of Shawnese besieging Boonesborough, the whites stumbled
+into an ambuscade, and Boone was shot in an ankle, the bone being
+shattered. Kenton, with that cool bravery for which this tall, vigorous
+backwoodsman was known throughout the border, rushed up, and killing a
+warrior whose tomahawk was lifted above the fallen man, picked his
+comrade up in his arms, and desperately fought his way back into the
+enclosure. It was several months before the captain recovered from this
+painful wound; but from his room he directed many a day-and-night
+defense, and laid plans for the scouting expeditions which were
+frequently undertaken throughout the region in order to discover signs
+of the lurking foe.
+
+Being the larger settlement, Harrodsburg was more often attacked than
+Boonesborough, although simultaneous sieges were sometimes in progress,
+thus preventing the little garrisons from helping each other. At both
+stations the women soon became the equal of the men, fearlessly taking
+turns at the port-holes, from which little puffs of white smoke would
+follow the sharp rifle-cracks whenever a savage head revealed itself
+from behind bush or tree. When not on duty as marksmen, women were
+melting their pewter plates into bullets, loading the rifles and handing
+them to the men, caring for the wounded, and cooking whatever food might
+be obtainable. During a siege food was gained only by stealth and at
+great peril. Some brave volunteer would escape into the woods by night,
+and after a day spent in hunting, far away from hostile camps, return,
+if possible under cover of darkness, with what game he could find. It
+was a time to make heroes or cowards of either men or women--there was
+no middle course.
+
+Amid this spasmodic hurly-burly there was no lack of marrying and giving
+in marriage. One day in early August, 1776, Betsey Calloway, the eldest
+of the captive girls, was married at Boonesborough to Samuel Henderson,
+one of the rescuing party--the first wedding in Kentucky. Daniel Boone,
+as justice of the peace, tied the knot. A diarist of the time has this
+record of a similar Harrodsburg event: "July 9, 1777.--Lieutenant Linn
+married--great merriment."
+
+At each garrison, whenever not under actual siege, half of the men were
+acting as guards and scouts while the others cultivated small patches of
+corn within sight of the walls. But even this precaution sometimes
+failed of its purpose. For instance, one day in May two hundred Indians
+suddenly surrounded the corn-field at Boonesborough, and there was a
+lively skirmish before the planters could reach the fort.
+
+Thus the summer wore away. In August Colonel Bowman arrived with a
+hundred militiamen from the Virginia frontier. A little later
+forty-eight horsemen came from the Yadkin country to Boone's relief,
+making so brave a display as they emerged from the tangled woods and in
+open order filed through the gates of the palisade, that some Shawnese
+watching the procession from a neighboring hill fled into Ohio with the
+startling report that two hundred Long Knife warriors had arrived from
+Virginia. In October other Virginians came, to the extent of a hundred
+expert riflemen; and late in the autumn the valiant Logan brought in
+from the Holston as much powder and lead as four packhorses could carry,
+guarded by a dozen sharpshooters, thus insuring a better prospect for
+food.
+
+With these important supplies and reenforcements at hand the settlers
+were inspired by new hope. Instead of waiting for the savages to attack
+them, they thenceforth went in search of the savages, killing them
+wherever seen, thus seeking to outgeneral the enemy. These tactics quite
+disheartened the astonished tribesmen, and the year closed with a
+brighter outlook for the weary Kentuckians. It had been a time of
+constant anxiety and watchfulness. The settlers were a handful in
+comparison with their vigilant enemies. But little corn had been raised;
+the cattle were practically gone; few horses were now left; and on the
+twelfth of December Bowman sent word to Virginia that he had only two
+months' supply of bread for two hundred women and children, many of whom
+were widows and orphans. As for clothing, there was little to be had,
+although from the fiber of nettles a rude cloth was made, and deerskins
+were commonly worn.
+
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[13] It was, however, not until November, 1778, that the legislature
+formally declared the Transylvania Company's claims null and void.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+THE SIEGE OF BOONESBOROUGH
+
+
+We have seen that Kentucky's numerous salt-springs lured wild animals
+thither in astonishing numbers; but for lack of suitable boiling-kettles
+the pioneers were at first dependent upon the older settlements for the
+salt needed in curing their meat. The Indian outbreak now rendered the
+Wilderness Road an uncertain path, and the Kentuckians were beginning to
+suffer from lack of salt--a serious deprivation for a people largely
+dependent upon a diet of game.
+
+Late in the year 1777 the Virginia government sent out several large
+salt-boiling kettles for the use of the Western settlers. Both residents
+and visiting militiamen were allotted into companies, which were to
+relieve each other at salt-making until sufficient was manufactured to
+last the several stations for a year. It was Boone's duty to head the
+first party, thirty strong, which, with the kettles packed on horses,
+went to Lower Blue Licks early in January. A month passed, during which
+a considerable quantity of salt was made; several horse-loads had been
+sent to Boonesborough, but most of it was still at the camp awaiting
+shipment.
+
+The men were daily expecting relief by the second company, when visitors
+of a different character appeared. While half of the men worked at the
+boiling, the others engaged in the double service of watching for
+Indians and obtaining food; of these was Boone. Toward evening of the
+seventh of February he was returning home from a wide circuit with his
+packhorse laden with buffalo-meat and some beaver-skins, for he had many
+traps in the neighborhood. A blinding snow-storm was in progress, which
+caused him to neglect his usual precautions, when suddenly he was
+confronted by four burly Shawnese, who sprang from an ambush. Keen of
+foot, he thought to outrun them, but soon had to surrender, for they
+shot so accurately that it was evident that they could kill him if they
+would.
+
+The prisoner was conducted to the Shawnese camp, a few miles distant.
+There he found a hundred and twenty warriors under Chief Black Fish. Two
+Frenchmen, in English employ, were of the party; also two American
+renegades from the Pittsburg region, James and George Girty. These
+latter, with their brother Simon, had joined the Indians and, dressed
+and painted like savages, were assisting the tribesmen of the Northwest
+in raids against their fellow-borderers of Pennsylvania and Virginia.
+Boone was well known by reputation to all these men of the wilderness,
+reds and whites alike; indeed, he noticed that among the party were his
+captors of eight years before, who laughed heartily at again having him
+in their clutches.
+
+He was loudly welcomed to camp, the Indians shaking his hands, patting
+him on the back, and calling him "brother"--for they always greatly
+enjoyed such exhibitions of mock civility and friendship--and the hunter
+himself pretended to be equally pleased at the meeting. They told him
+that they were on their way to attack Boonesborough, and wished him to
+lead them, but insisted that he first induce his fellow salt-makers to
+surrender. Boone thoroughly understood Indians; he had learned the arts
+of forest diplomacy, and although generally a silent man of action,
+appears to have been a plausible talker when dealing with red men.
+Knowing that only one side of the Boonesborough palisade had been
+completed, and that the war-party was five times as strong as the
+population of the hamlet, he thought to delay operations by strategy. He
+promised to persuade the salt-makers to surrender, in view of the
+overwhelming force and the promise of good treatment, and to go
+peacefully with their captors to the Shawnese towns north of the Ohio;
+and suggested that in the spring, when the weather was warmer, they
+could all go together to Boonesborough, and by means of horses
+comfortably remove the women and children. These would, under his
+persuasion, Boone assured his captors, be content to move to the North,
+and thenceforth either lived with the Shawnese as their adopted children
+or place themselves under British protection at Detroit, where Governor
+Hamilton offered L20 apiece for American prisoners delivered to him
+alive and well.
+
+The proposition appeared reasonable to the Indians, and they readily
+agreed to it. What would be the outcome Boone could not foretell. He
+realized, however, that his station was unprepared, that delay meant
+everything, in view of possible reenforcements from Virginia, and was
+willing that he and his comrades should stand, if need be, as a
+sacrifice--indeed, no other course seemed open. Going with his captors
+to the salt camp, his convincing words caused the men to stack their
+arms and accompany the savages, hoping thereby at least to save their
+families at Boonesborough from immediate attack.
+
+The captives were but twenty-seven in number, some of the hunters not
+having returned to camp. Not all of the captors were, despite their
+promise, in favor of lenient treatment of the prisoners. A council was
+held, at which Black Fish, a chieftain of fine qualities, had much
+difficulty, through a session of two hours, in securing a favorable
+verdict. Boone was permitted to address the savage throng in
+explanation of his plan, his words being interpreted by a negro named
+Pompey, a fellow of some consequence among the Shawnese. The vote was
+close--fifty-nine for at once killing the prisoners, except Boone, and
+sixty-one for mercy; but it was accepted as decisive, and the store of
+salt being destroyed, and kettles, guns, axes, and other plunder packed
+on horses, the march northward promptly commenced.
+
+Each night the captives were made fast and closely watched. The weather
+was unusually severe; there was much suffering from hunger, for the snow
+was deep, game scarce, and slippery-elm bark sometimes the only food
+obtainable. Descending the Licking, the band crossed the Ohio in a large
+boat made of buffalo-hides, which were stretched on a rude frame holding
+twenty persons; they then entered the trail leading to the Shawnese
+towns on the Little Miami, where they arrived upon the tenth day.
+
+The prisoners were taken to the chief town of the Shawnese, Little
+Chillicothe, about three miles north of the present Xenia, Ohio. There
+was great popular rejoicing, for not since Braddock's defeat had so many
+prisoners been brought into Ohio. Boone and sixteen of his companions,
+presumably selected for their good qualities and their apparent capacity
+as warriors, were now formally adopted into the tribe. Boone himself had
+the good fortune to be accepted as the son of Black Fish, and received
+the name Sheltowee (Big Turtle)--perhaps because he was strong and
+compactly built.
+
+Adoption was a favorite method of recruiting the ranks of American
+tribes. The most tractable captives were often taken into the families
+of the captors to supply the place of warriors killed in battle. They
+were thereafter treated with the utmost affection, apparently no
+difference being made between them and actual relatives, save that,
+until it was believed that they were no longer disposed to run away,
+they were watched with care to prevent escape. Such was now Boone's
+experience. Black Fish and his squaw appeared to regard their new son
+with abundant love, and everything was done for his comfort, so far as
+was possible in an Indian camp, save that he found himself carefully
+observed by day and night, and flight long seemed impracticable.
+
+Boone was a shrewd philosopher. In his so-called "autobiography" written
+by Filson, he tells us that the food and lodging were "not so good as I
+could desire, but necessity made everything acceptable." Such as he
+obtained was, however, the lot of all. In the crowded, slightly built
+wigwams it was impossible to avoid drafts; they were filthy to the last
+degree; when in the home villages, there was generally an abundance of
+food--corn, hominy, pumpkins, beans, and game, sometimes all boiled
+together in the same kettle--although it was prepared in so slovenly a
+manner as to disgust even so hardy a man of the forest as our hero; the
+lack of privacy, the ever-present insects, the blinding smoke of the
+lodge-fire, the continual yelping of dogs, and the shrill, querulous
+tones of old women, as they haggled and bickered through the livelong
+day--all these and many other discomforts were intensely irritating to
+most white men. In order to disarm suspicion, Boone appeared to be
+happy. He whistled cheerfully at his tasks, learning what little there
+was left for him to learn of the arts of the warrior, sharing his game
+with his "father," and pretending not to see that he was being watched.
+At the frequent shooting-matches he performed just well enough to win
+the applause of his fellow braves, although, for fear of arousing
+jealousy, careful not to outdo the best of them. His fellow prisoners,
+less tactful, marveled at the ease with which their old leader adapted
+himself to the new life, and his apparent enjoyment of it. Yet never did
+he miss an opportunity to ascertain particulars of the intended attack
+on Boonesborough, and secretly planned for escape when the proper moment
+should arrive.
+
+March was a third gone, when Black Fish and a large party of his braves
+and squaws went to Detroit to secure Governor Hamilton's bounty on those
+of the salt-makers who, from having acted in an ugly manner, had not
+been adopted into the tribe. Boone accompanied his "father," and
+frequently witnessed, unable to interfere, the whipping and
+"gauntlet-running" to which his unhappy fellow Kentuckians were
+subjected in punishment for their fractious behavior. He himself, early
+in his captivity, had been forced to undergo this often deadly ordeal;
+but by taking a dodging, zigzag course, and freely using his head as a
+battering-ram to topple over some of the warriors in the lines, had
+emerged with few bruises.[14]
+
+Upon the arrival of the party at Detroit Governor Hamilton at once sent
+for the now famous Kentucky hunter and paid him many attentions. With
+the view of securing his liberty, the wily forest diplomat used the same
+sort of duplicity with the governor that had proved so effective with
+Black Fish. It was his habit to carry a leather bag fastened about his
+neck, containing his old commission as captain in the British colonial
+forces, signed by Lord Dunmore. This was for the purpose of convincing
+Indians, into whose hands he might fall, that he was a friend of the
+king; which accounts in a large measure for the tender manner in which
+they treated him. Showing the document to Hamilton as proof of his
+devotion to the British cause, he appears to have repeated his promise
+that he would surrender the people of Boonesborough and conduct them to
+Detroit, to live under British jurisdiction and protection. This greatly
+pleased the governor, who sought to ransom him from Black Fish for L100.
+But to this his "father" would not agree, stating that he loved him too
+strongly to let him go--as a matter of fact, he wished his services as
+guide for the Boonesborough expedition. Upon leaving for home, Hamilton
+presented Boone with a pony, saddle, bridle, and blanket, and a supply
+of silver trinkets to be used as currency among the Indians, and bade
+him remember his duty to the king.
+
+Returning to Chillicothe with Black Fish, the hunter saw that
+preparations for the spring invasion of Kentucky were at last under way.
+Delawares, Mingos, and Shawnese were slowly assembling, and runners
+were carrying the war-pipe from village to village throughout Ohio. But
+while they had been absent at Detroit an event occurred which gave Black
+Fish great concern: one of the adopted men, Andrew Johnson--who had
+pretended among the Indians to be a simpleton, in order to throw off
+suspicion, but who in reality was one of the most astute of
+woodsmen--had escaped, carrying warning to Kentucky, and the earliest
+knowledge that reached the settlers of the location of the Shawnese
+towns. In May, Johnson and five comrades went upon a raid against one of
+these villages, capturing several horses and bringing home a bunch of
+Indian scalps, for scalping was now almost as freely practised by the
+frontiersmen as the savages; such is the degeneracy wrought by warlike
+contact with an inferior race. In June there was a similar raid by
+Boonesborough men, resulting to the tribesmen in large losses of lives
+and horses.
+
+Upon the sixteenth of June, while Black Fish's party were boiling salt
+at the saline springs of the Scioto--about a dozen miles south of the
+present Chillicothe--Boone managed, by exercise of rare sagacity and
+enterprise, to escape the watchful eyes of his keepers, their attention
+having been arrested by the appearance of a huge flock of wild turkeys.
+He reached Boonesborough four days later after a perilous journey of a
+hundred and sixty miles through the forest, during which he had eaten
+but one meal--from a buffalo which he shot at Blue Licks. He had been
+absent for four and a half months, and Mrs. Boone, giving him up for
+dead, had returned with their family to her childhood home upon the
+Yadkin. His brother Squire, and his daughter Jemima--now married to
+Flanders Calloway--were the only kinsfolk to greet the returned captive,
+who appeared out of the woods as one suddenly delivered from a tomb.
+
+During the absence of Daniel Boone there had been the usual Indian
+troubles in Kentucky. Colonel Bowman had just written to Colonel George
+Rogers Clark, "The Indians have pushed us hard this summer." But Clark
+himself at this time was gaining an important advantage over the enemy
+in his daring expedition against the British posts of Kaskaskia,
+Cahokia, and Vincennes, in the Illinois country. Realizing that there
+would be no end to Kentucky's trouble so long as the British, aided by
+their French-Canadian agents, were free to organize Indian armies north
+of the Ohio for the purpose of harrying the southern settlements, Clark
+"carried the war into Africa." With about a hundred and fifty men
+gathered from the frontiers of Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Kentucky, he
+descended the Ohio River, built a fort at Louisville, and by an heroic
+forced march across the country captured Kaskaskia, while Cahokia and
+Vincennes at once surrendered to the valorous Kentuckian.
+
+Meanwhile there was business at hand for the people of Boonesborough.
+Amid all these alarms they had still neglected to complete their
+defenses; but now, under the energetic administration of Boone, the
+palisades were finished, gates and fortresses strengthened, and all four
+of the corner blockhouses put in order. In ten days they were ready for
+the slowly advancing host.
+
+Unless fleeing, Indians are never in a hurry; they spend much time in
+noisy preparation. Hunters and scouts came into Boonesborough from time
+to time, and occasionally a retaliatory expedition would return with
+horses and scalps from the Little Miami and the Scioto, all of them
+reporting delays on the part of the enemy; nevertheless all agreed that
+a large force was forming. Toward the close of August Boone, wearied of
+being cooped up in the fort, went forth at the head of thirty woodsmen
+to scout in the neighborhood of the Scioto towns. With him were Kenton
+and Alexander Montgomery, who remained behind in Ohio to capture horses
+and probably prisoners, while Boone and the others returned after a
+week's absence. On their way home they discovered that the enemy was now
+at Lower Blue Licks, but a short distance from Boonesborough.
+
+At about ten o'clock the following morning (September 7th) the Indian
+army appeared before the fort. It numbered fully four hundred warriors,
+mostly Shawnese, but with some Wyandots, Cherokees, Delawares, Mingos,
+and other tribesmen. Accompanying them were some forty French-Canadians,
+all under the command of Boone's "father," the redoubtable Black Fish.
+Pompey served as chief interpreter.
+
+Much time was spent in parleys, Boone in this manner delaying operations
+as long as possible, vainly hoping that promised reenforcements might
+meanwhile arrive from the Holston. Black Fish wept freely, after the
+Indian fashion, over the ingratitude of his runaway "son," and his
+present stubborn attitude; for the latter now told the forest chief that
+he and his people proposed to fight to the last man. Black Fish
+presented letters and proclamations from Hamilton, again offering pardon
+to all who would take the oath of allegiance to the king, and military
+offices for Boone and the other leaders. When these were rejected, the
+Indians attempted treachery, seeking to overpower and kill the white
+commissioners to a treaty being held in front of the fort. From this
+final council, ending in a wild uproar, in which bullets flew and knives
+and tomahawks clashed, the whites escaped with difficulty, the two
+Boones and another commissioner receiving painful wounds.
+
+A siege of ten days now ensued (September 8th to 17th), one of the most
+remarkable in the history of savage warfare. The site of the fort, a
+parallelogram embracing three-quarters of an acre, had been unwisely
+chosen. There was abundant cover for the enemy under the high river
+bank, also beneath an encircling clay bank rising from the salt-lick
+branch; from hills upon either side spies could see what was happening
+within the walls, and occasionally drop a ball into the small herd of
+cattle and horses sheltered behind the palisades; while to these natural
+disadvantages were added the failure of the garrison to clear from the
+neighborhood of the walls the numerous trees, stumps, bushes, and rocks,
+each of which furnished the best of cover for a lurking foe.
+
+  [Illustration: CLIMAX OF THE TREATY.
+    Indians and British agents treacherously attack treaty commissioners.
+    (See pp. 161, 162.) Reduced from Ranck's "Boonesborough."]
+
+Such, however, was the stubbornness of the defense, in which the women
+were, in their way, quite as efficient as the men, that the forces under
+Black Fish could make but small impression upon the valiant little
+garrison. Every artifice known to savages, or that could be suggested
+by the French, was without avail. Almost nightly rains and the energy of
+the riflemen frustrated the numerous attempts to set fire to the cabins
+by throwing torches and lighted fagots upon their roofs; a tunnel,
+intended to be used for blowing up the walls, was well under way from
+the river bank when rain caused it to cave in; attempts at scaling were
+invariably repelled, and in sharpshooting the whites as usual proved the
+superiors.
+
+But the result often hung in the balance. Sometimes the attack lasted
+throughout the night, the scene being constantly lighted by the flash of
+the rifles and the glare of hurling fagots. Besiegers and garrison
+frequently exchanged fierce cries of threat and defiance, mingled with
+many a keen shaft of wit and epithet; at times the yells and whoops of
+the savages, the answering shouts and huzzahs of the defenders, the
+screams of women and girls, the howling of dogs, the snorting and
+bellowing of the plunging live stock, together with the sharp rattle of
+firearms, created a deafening hubbub well calculated to test the nerves
+of the strongest.
+
+At last, on the morning of Friday, the eighteenth, the Indians, now
+thoroughly disheartened, suddenly disappeared into the forest as
+silently as they had come. Again Boonesborough was free, having passed
+through the longest and severest ordeal of attack ever known in
+Kentucky; indeed, it proved to be the last effort against this station.
+Within the walls sixty persons had been capable of bearing arms, but
+only forty were effective, some of these being negroes; Logan's Fort had
+sent a reenforcement of fifteen men, and Harrodsburg a few others. Of
+the garrison but two were killed and four wounded, while Boone estimated
+that the enemy lost thirty-seven killed and a large number wounded. The
+casualties within the fort were astonishingly small, when the large
+amount of ammunition expended by the besiegers is taken into account.
+After they had retired, Boone's men picked up a hundred and twenty-five
+pounds of flattened bullets that had been fired at the log stronghold,
+handfuls being scooped up beneath the port-holes of the bastions; this
+salvage made no account of the balls thickly studding the walls, it
+being estimated that a hundred pounds of lead were buried in the logs of
+one of the bastions.
+
+A week later a small company of militiamen arrived from Virginia, and
+several minor expeditions were now made against the Shawnese upon their
+own soil. These raids were chiefly piloted by Boone's salt-makers, many
+of whom had now returned from captivity. Boone is credited with saying
+in his later years, although no doubt in ruder language than this:
+"Never did the Indians pursue so disastrous a policy as when they
+captured me and my salt-boilers, and taught us, what we did not know
+before, the way to their towns and the geography of their country; for
+though at first our captivity was considered a great calamity to
+Kentucky, it resulted in the most signal benefits to the country."
+
+Captain Boone was not without his critics. Soon after the siege he was
+arraigned before a court-martial at Logan's Fort upon the following
+charges preferred by Colonel Calloway, who thought that the great hunter
+was in favor of the British Government and had sought opportunity to
+play into its hands, therefore should be deprived of his commission in
+the Kentucky County militia:
+
+"1. That Boone had taken out twenty-six men[15] to make salt at the Blue
+Licks, and the Indians had caught him trapping for beaver ten miles
+below on Licking, and he voluntarily surrendered his men at the Licks to
+the enemy.
+
+"2. That when a prisoner, he engaged with Gov. Hamilton to surrender the
+people of Boonesborough to be removed to Detroit, and live under British
+protection and jurisdiction.
+
+"3. That returning from captivity, he encouraged a party of men to
+accompany him to the Paint Lick Town, weakening the garrison at a time
+when the arrival of an Indian army was daily expected to attack the
+fort.
+
+"4. That preceding the attack on Boonesborough, he was willing to take
+the officers of the fort, on pretense of making peace, to the Indian
+camp, beyond the protection of the guns of the garrison."
+
+Boone defended himself at length, maintaining that he aimed only at the
+interests of the country; that while hunting at the licks he was engaged
+in the necessary service of the camp; that he had used duplicity to win
+the confidence of the enemy, and it resulted favorably, as he was
+thereby enabled to escape in time to warn his people and put them in a
+state of defense; that his Scioto expedition was a legitimate scouting
+trip, and turned out well; and that in the negotiations before the fort
+he was simply "playing" the Indians in order to gain time for expected
+reenforcements. He was not only honorably acquitted, but at once
+advanced to the rank of major, and received evidences of the
+unhesitating loyalty of all classes of his fellow borderers, the
+majority of whom appear to have always confided in his sagacity and
+patriotism.
+
+Personally vindicated, the enemy departed, and several companies of
+militia now arriving to garrison the stations for the winter, Major
+Boone once more turned his face to the Yadkin and sought his family. He
+found them at the Bryan settlement, living comfortably in a small log
+cabin, but until then unconscious of his return from the wilderness in
+which they had supposed he found his grave.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[14] Two lines of Indians were formed, five or six feet apart, on either
+side of a marked path. The prisoner was obliged to run between these
+lines, while there were showered upon him lusty blows from whatever
+weapons the tormentors chose to adopt--switches, sticks, clubs, and
+tomahawks. It required great agility, speed in running, and some
+aggressive strategy to arrive at the goal unharmed. Many white captives
+were seriously crippled in this thrilling experience, and not a few lost
+their lives.
+
+[15] Account is only taken, in these charges, of the twenty-seven
+captives.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII
+
+SOLDIER AND STATESMAN
+
+
+In Daniel Boone's "autobiography," he dismisses his year of absence from
+Kentucky with few words: "I went into the settlement, and nothing worthy
+of notice passed for some time." No doubt he hunted in some of his old
+haunts upon the Yadkin; and there is reason for believing that he made a
+trip upon business of some character to Charleston, S.C.
+
+Meanwhile, his fellow settlers of Kentucky had not been inactive. In
+February (1779) Clark repossessed himself of Vincennes after one of the
+most brilliant forced marches of the Revolution; and having there
+captured Governor Hamilton--the "hair-buying general," as the
+frontiersmen called him, because they thought he paid bounties on
+American scalps--had sent him a prisoner to Virginia. The long siege of
+Boonesborough and the other attacks of the preceding year, together
+with more recent assaults upon flatboats descending the Ohio, had
+strongly disposed the Kentuckians to retaliate on the Shawnese. Two
+hundred and thirty riflemen under Colonel Bowman rendezvoused in July at
+the mouth of the Licking, where is now the city of Covington. Nearly a
+third of the force were left to guard the boats in which they crossed
+the Ohio, the rest marching against Old Chillicothe, the chief Shawnese
+town on the Little Miami. They surprised the Indians, and a hotly
+contested battle ensued, lasting from dawn until ten o'clock in the
+morning; but the overpowering numbers of the savages caused Bowman to
+return crestfallen to Kentucky with a loss of nearly a dozen men. This
+was the forerunner of many defeats of Americans, both bordermen and
+regulars, at the hands of the fierce tribesmen of Ohio.
+
+Readers of Revolutionary history as related from the Eastern standpoint
+are led to suppose that the prolonged struggle with the mother country
+everywhere strained the resources of the young nation, and was the chief
+thought of the people. This high tension was, however, principally in
+the tidewater region. In the "back country," as the Western frontiers
+were called, there was no lack of patriotism, and bordermen were
+numerous in the colonial armies; yet the development of the
+trans-Alleghany region was to them of more immediate concern, and went
+forward vigorously, especially during the last half of the war. This did
+not mean that the backwoodsmen of the foot-hills were escaping from the
+conflict by crossing westward beyond the mountains; they were instead
+planting themselves upon the left flank, for French and Indian scalping
+parties were continually harrying the Western settlements, and the
+Eastern forces were too busily engaged to give succor. Kentuckians were
+left practically alone to defend the backdoor of the young Republic.
+
+In this year (1779) the Virginia legislature adopted laws for the
+preemption of land in Kentucky, which promised a more secure tenure than
+had hitherto prevailed, and thus gave great impetus to over-mountain
+emigration. Hitherto those going out to Kentucky were largely hunters,
+explorers, surveyors, and land speculators; comparatively few families
+were established in the wilderness stations. But henceforth the
+emigration was chiefly by households, some by boats down the Ohio River,
+and others overland by the Wilderness Road--for the first official
+improvement of which Virginia made a small appropriation at this time.
+Says Chief Justice Robinson,[16] whose parents settled in Kentucky in
+December:
+
+"This beneficent enactment brought to the country during the fall and
+winter of that year an unexampled tide of emigrants, who, exchanging all
+the comforts of their native society and homes for settlements for
+themselves and their children here, came like pilgrims to a wilderness
+to be made secure by their arms and habitable by the toil of their
+lives. Through privations incredible and perils thick, thousands of men,
+women, and children came in successive caravans, forming continuous
+streams of human beings, horses, cattle, and other domestic animals, all
+moving onward along a lonely and houseless path to a wild and cheerless
+land. Cast your eyes back on that long procession of missionaries in the
+cause of civilization; behold the men on foot with their trusty guns on
+their shoulders, driving stock and leading packhorses; and the women,
+some walking with pails on their heads, others riding, with children in
+their laps, and other children swung in baskets on horses, fastened to
+the tails of others going before; see them encamped at night expecting
+to be massacred by Indians; behold them in the month of December, in
+that ever-memorable season of unprecedented cold called the 'hard
+winter,' traveling two or three miles a day, frequently in danger of
+being frozen, or killed by the falling of horses on the icy and almost
+impassable trace, and subsisting on stinted allowances of stale bread
+and meat; but now, lastly, look at them at the destined fort, perhaps on
+the eve of merry Christmas, when met by the hearty welcome of friends
+who had come before, and cheered by fresh buffalo-meat and parched corn,
+they rejoice at their deliverance, and resolve to be contented with
+their lot."
+
+In October, as a part of this great throng, Daniel Boone and his family
+returned to Kentucky by his old route through Cumberland Gap, being two
+weeks upon the journey. The great hunter was at the head of a company of
+Rowan County folk, and carried with him two small cannon, the first
+artillery sent by Virginia to protect the Western forts. Either as one
+of his party, or later in the season, there came to Kentucky Abraham
+Lincoln, of Rockingham County, Va., grandfather of the martyred
+president. The Lincolns and the Boones had been neighbors and warm
+friends in Pennsylvania, and ever since had maintained pleasant
+relations--indeed, had frequently intermarried. It was by Boone's advice
+and encouragement that Lincoln migrated with his family to the "dark and
+bloody ground" and took up a forest claim in the heart of Jefferson
+County. Daniel's younger brother Edward, killed by Indians a year later,
+was of the same company.
+
+  [Illustration: SITE OF BOONESBOROUGH TO-DAY.
+    Fort site, to which roadway leads, is hidden by foliage on the left;
+    the ridge in the background faced and overlooked the fort. Reduced
+    from Ranck's "Boonesborough."]
+
+Boone also brought news that the legislature had incorporated "the town
+of Boonesborough in the County of Kentuckey," of which he was named a
+trustee, which office he eventually declined. The town, although now
+laid out into building lots, and anticipating a prosperous growth, never
+rose to importance and at last passed away. Nothing now remains upon the
+deserted site, which Boone could have known, save a decrepit
+sycamore-tree and a tumble-down ferry established in the year of the
+incorporation.
+
+As indicated in Robinson's address, quoted above, the winter of 1779-80
+was a season of unwonted severity. After an exceptionally mild autumn,
+cold weather set in by the middle of November and lasted without thaw
+for two months, with deep snow and zero temperature. The rivers were
+frozen as far south as Nashville; emigrant wagons were stalled in the
+drifts while crossing the mountains, and everywhere was reported
+unexampled hardship. It will be remembered that the Revolutionary Army
+in the East suffered intensely from the same cause. The Indians had, the
+preceding summer, destroyed most of the corn throughout Kentucky; the
+game was rapidly decreasing, deer and buffaloes having receded before
+the advance of settlement, and a temporary famine ensued. Hunters were
+employed to obtain meat for the newcomers; and in this occupation Boone
+and Harrod, in particular, were actively engaged throughout the winter,
+making long trips into the forest, both north and south of Kentucky
+River.
+
+The land titles granted by the Transylvania Company having been declared
+void, it became necessary for Boone and the other settlers under that
+grant to purchase from the State government of Virginia new warrants.
+For this purpose Boone set out for Richmond in the spring. Nathaniel and
+Thomas Hart and others of his friends commissioned him to act as their
+agent in this matter. With his own small means and that which was
+entrusted to him for the purpose, he carried $20,000 in depreciated
+paper money--probably worth but half that amount in silver. It appears
+that of this entire sum he was robbed upon his way--where, or under what
+circumstances, we are unable to discover. His petition to the Kentucky
+legislature, in his old age, simply states the fact of the robbery,
+adding that he "was left destitute." A large part of the money was the
+property of his old friends, the Harts, but many others also suffered
+greatly. There was some disposition on the part of a few to attribute
+dishonorable action to Boone; but the Harts, although the chief losers,
+came promptly to the rescue and sharply censured his critics, declaring
+him to be a "just and upright" man, beyond suspicion--a verdict which
+soon became unanimous. Sympathy for the honest but unbusinesslike
+pioneer was so general, that late in June, soon after the robbery,
+Virginia granted him a preemption of a thousand acres of land in what is
+now Bourbon County.
+
+A tradition exists that while in Virginia that summer Boone called upon
+his former host at Detroit, then a prisoner of war, and expressed
+sympathy for the sad plight into which the English governor had fallen;
+also some indignation at the harsh treatment accorded him, and of which
+Hamilton bitterly complained.
+
+The founder of Boonesborough was soon back at his station, for he served
+as a juryman there on the first of July. During his absence immigration
+into Kentucky had been greater than ever; three hundred well-laden
+family boats had arrived in the spring from the Pennsylvania and New
+York frontiers, while many caravans had come from Virginia and the
+Carolinas over the Wilderness Road. Attacks by Indian scalping parties
+had been numerous along both routes, but particularly upon the Ohio. As
+a reprisal for Bowman's expedition of the previous year, and intending
+to interrupt settlement, Colonel Byrd, of the British Army, descended in
+June upon Ruddle's and Martin's Stations, at the forks of the Licking,
+with six hundred Indians and French-Canadians, and bringing six small
+cannon with which to batter the Kentucky palisades. Both garrisons were
+compelled to surrender, and the victors returned to Detroit with a train
+of three hundred prisoners--men, women, and children--upon whom the
+savages practised cruelties of a particularly atrocious character.
+
+This inhuman treatment of prisoners of war created wide-spread
+indignation upon the American border. In retaliation, George Rogers
+Clark at once organized an expedition to destroy Pickaway, one of the
+principal Shawnese towns on the Great Miami. The place was reduced to
+ashes and a large number of Indians killed, the Americans losing
+seventeen men. Clark had previously built Fort Jefferson, upon the first
+bluff on the eastern side of the Mississippi below the mouth of the
+Ohio, in order to accentuate the claim of the United States that it
+extended to the Mississippi on the west; but as this was upon the
+territory of friendly Chickasaws, the invasion aroused their ire, and it
+was deemed prudent temporarily to abandon the post.
+
+Another important event of the year (November, 1780) was the division of
+Kentucky by the Virginia legislature into three counties--Jefferson,
+with its seat at Louisville, now the chief town in the Western country;
+Lincoln, governed from Harrodsburg; and Fayette, with Lexington as its
+seat. Of these, Fayette, embracing the country between the Kentucky and
+the Ohio, was the least populated; and, being the most northern and
+traversed by the Licking River, now the chief war-path of the Shawnese,
+was most exposed to attack. After his return Boone soon tired of
+Boonesborough, for in his absence the population had greatly changed by
+the removal or death of many of his old friends; and, moreover, game had
+quite deserted the neighborhood. With his family, his laden packhorses,
+and his dogs, he therefore moved to a new location across Kentucky
+River, about five miles northwest of his first settlement. Here, at the
+crossing of several buffalo-trails, and on the banks of Boone's Creek,
+he built a palisaded log house called Boone's Station. Upon the division
+of Kentucky this new stronghold fell within the borders of Fayette
+County.
+
+In the primitive stage of frontier settlement, when the common weal
+demanded from every man or boy able to carry a rifle active militia
+service whenever called upon, the military organization was quite equal
+in importance to the civil. The new wilderness counties were therefore
+equipped with a full roll of officers, Fayette County's colonel being
+John Todd, while Daniel Boone was lieutenant-colonel; Floyd, Pope,
+Logan, and Trigg served the sister counties in like manner. The
+three county regiments were formed into a brigade, with Clark as
+brigadier-general, his headquarters being at Louisville (Fort Nelson).
+Each county had also a court to try civil and criminal cases, but
+capital offenses could only be tried at Richmond. There was likewise a
+surveyor for each county, Colonel Thomas Marshall serving for Fayette;
+Boone was his deputy for several years (1782-85).
+
+In October, 1780, Edward Boone, then but thirty-six years of age,
+accompanied Daniel to Grassy Lick, in the northeast part of the present
+Bourbon County, to boil salt. Being attacked by a large band of Indians,
+Edward was killed in the first volley, and fell at the feet of his
+brother, who at once shot the savage whom he thought to be the slayer.
+Daniel then fled, stopping once to load and kill another foe. Closely
+pursued, he had recourse to all the arts of evasion at his
+command--wading streams to break the trail, swinging from tree to tree
+by aid of wild grape-vines, and frequently zigzagging. A hound used in
+the chase kept closely to him, however, and revealed his whereabouts by
+baying, until the hunter killed the wily beast, and finally reached his
+station in safety. Heading an avenging party of sixty men, Boone at once
+went in pursuit of the enemy, and followed them into Ohio, but the
+expedition returned without result.
+
+The following April Boone went to Richmond as one of the first
+representatives of Fayette County in the State legislature. With the
+approach of Cornwallis, La Fayette, whose corps was then protecting
+Virginia, abandoned Richmond, and the Assembly adjourned to
+Charlottesville. Colonel Tarleton, at the head of a body of light horse,
+made a dash upon the town, hoping to capture the law-makers, and
+particularly Governor Jefferson, whose term was just then expiring.
+Jefferson and the entire Assembly had been warned, but had a narrow
+escape (June 4th), for while they were riding out of one end of town
+Tarleton was galloping in at the other. The raider succeeded in
+capturing three or four of the legislators, Boone among them, and after
+destroying a quantity of military stores took his prisoners to
+Cornwallis's camp. The members were paroled after a few days'
+detention. The Assembly fled to Staunton, thirty-five miles distant,
+where it resumed the session. The released members are reported to have
+again taken their seats, although, after his capture, Boone's name does
+not appear in the printed journals. Possibly the conditions of the
+parole did not permit him again to serve at the current session, which
+closed the twenty-third of June. He seems to have spent the summer in
+Kentucky, and late in September went up the Ohio to Pittsburg, thence
+journeying to the home of his boyhood in eastern Pennsylvania, where he
+visited friends and relatives for a month, and then returned to Richmond
+to resume his legislative duties.
+
+Of all the dark years which Kentucky experienced, 1782 was the
+bloodiest. The British authorities at Detroit exerted their utmost
+endeavors to stem the rising tide of settlement and to crush the
+aggressive military operations of Clark and his fellow-borderers. With
+presents and smooth words they enlisted the cooperation of the most
+distant tribes, the hope being held out that success would surely
+follow persistent attack and a policy of "no quarter." It would be
+wearisome to cite all the forays made by savages during this fateful
+year, upon flatboats descending the Ohio, upon parties of immigrants
+following the Wilderness Road, upon outlying forest settlers, and in the
+neighborhood of fortified stations. The border annals of the time abound
+in details of robbery, burning, murder, captivities, and of
+heart-rending tortures worse than death. A few only which have won
+prominence in history must here suffice.
+
+In March, some Wyandots had been operating in the neighborhood of
+Boonesborough and then departed for Estill's Station, fifteen miles
+away, near the present town of Richmond. Captain Estill and his garrison
+of twenty-five men were at the time absent on a scout, and thus unable
+to prevent the killing and scalping of a young woman and the capture of
+a negro slave. According to custom, the Indians retreated rapidly after
+this adventure, but were pursued by Estill. A stubborn fight ensued,
+there being now eighteen whites and twenty-five savages. Each man stood
+behind a tree, and through nearly two hours fought with uncommon
+tenacity. The Indians lost seventeen killed and two wounded, while the
+whites were reduced to three survivors, Estill himself being among the
+slain. The survivors then withdrew by mutual consent.
+
+In May, his station having been attacked with some loss, Captain Ashton
+followed the retreating party of besiegers, much larger than his own
+squad, and had a fierce engagement with them lasting two hours. He and
+eleven of his comrades lost their lives, and the remainder fled in
+dismay. A similar tragedy occurred in August, when Captain Holden,
+chasing a band of scalpers, was defeated with a loss of four killed and
+one wounded.
+
+The month of August marked the height of the onslaught. Horses were
+carried off, cattle killed, men at work in the fields mercilessly
+slaughtered, and several of the more recent and feeble stations were
+abandoned. Bryan's Station, consisting of forty cabins enclosed by a
+stout palisade, was the largest and northernmost of a group of Fayette
+County settlements in the rich country of which Lexington is the center.
+An army of nearly a thousand Indians--the largest of either race that
+had thus far been mustered in the West--was gathered under Captains
+Caldwell and McKee, of the British Army, who were accompanied by the
+renegade Simon Girty and a small party of rangers. Scouts had given a
+brief warning to the little garrison of fifty riflemen, but when the
+invaders appeared during the night of August 15th the defenders were
+still lacking a supply of water.
+
+The Indians at first sought to conceal their presence by hiding in the
+weeds and bushes which, as at Boonesborough, had carelessly been left
+standing. Although aware of the extent of the attacking force, the
+garrison affected to be without suspicion. In the morning the women and
+girls, confident that if no fear were exhibited they would not be shot
+by the hiding savages, volunteered to go to the spring outside the
+walls, and by means of buckets bring in enough water to fill the
+reservoir. This daring feat was successfully accomplished. Although
+painted faces and gleaming rifles could readily be seen in the
+underbrush all about the pool, this bucket-line of brave frontiers-women
+laughed and talked as gaily as if unconscious of danger, and were
+unmolested.
+
+Immediately after their return within the gates, some young men went to
+the spring to draw the enemy's fire, and met a fusillade from which they
+barely escaped with their lives. The assault now began in earnest.
+Runners were soon spreading the news of the invasion among the
+neighboring garrisons. A relief party of forty-six hurrying in from
+Lexington fell into an ambush and lost a few of their number in killed
+and wounded, but the majority reached the fort through a storm of
+bullets. The besiegers adopted the usual methods of savage attack--quick
+rushes, shooting from cover, fire-arrows, and the customary uproar of
+whoops and yells--but without serious effect. The following morning,
+fearful of a general outpouring of settlers, the enemy withdrew
+hurriedly and in sullen mood.
+
+Colonel Boone was soon marching through the forest toward Bryan's, as
+were similar companies from Lexington, McConnell's, and McGee's, the
+other members of the Fayette County group; and men from the counties of
+Jefferson and Lincoln were also upon the way, under their military
+leaders. The neighboring contingents promptly arrived at Bryan's in the
+course of the afternoon.
+
+The next morning a hundred and eighty-two of the best riflemen in
+Kentucky, under Colonel Todd as ranking officer, started in pursuit of
+the foe, who had followed a buffalo-trail to Blue Licks, and were
+crossing the Licking when the pursuers arrived on the scene. A council
+of war was held, at which Boone, the most experienced man in the party,
+advised delay until the expected reenforcements could arrive. The bulk
+of the Indians had by this time escaped, leaving only about three
+hundred behind, who were plainly luring the whites to an attack. Todd,
+Trigg, and most of the other leaders sided with Boone; but Major Hugh
+McGary, an ardent, hot-headed man, with slight military training, dared
+the younger men to follow him, and spurred his horse into the river,
+whither, in the rash enthusiasm of the moment, the hot-bloods followed
+him, leaving the chief officers no choice but to accompany them.
+
+Rushing up a rocky slope on the other side, where a few Indians could be
+seen, the column soon fell into an ambush. A mad panic resulted, in
+which the Kentuckians for the most part acted bravely and caused many of
+the enemy to fall; but they were overpowered and forced to flee in hot
+haste, leaving seventy of their number dead on the field and seven
+captured. Among the killed were Todd and Trigg, fighting gallantly to
+the last. Boone lost his son Israel, battling by his side, and himself
+escaped only by swimming the river amid a shower of lead. A day or two
+later Logan arrived with four hundred men, among whom was Simon Kenton,
+to reenforce Todd; to him was left only the melancholy duty of burying
+the dead, now sadly disfigured by Indians, vultures, and wolves.
+
+The greater part of the savage victors, laden with scalps and spoils,
+returned exultantly to their northern homes, although small bands still
+remained south of the Ohio, carrying wide-spread devastation through the
+settlements, especially in the neighborhood of Salt River, where, at one
+station, thirty-seven prisoners were taken.
+
+While all these tragedies were being enacted, General Clark, at the
+Falls of the Ohio, had offered only slight aid. But indignant protests
+sent in to the Virginia authorities by the Kentucky settlers, who were
+now in a state of great alarm, roused the hero of Kaskaskia and
+Vincennes to a sense of his duty. A vigorous call to arms was now issued
+throughout the three counties. Early in November over a thousand mounted
+riflemen met their brigadier at the mouth of the Licking, and from the
+site of Cincinnati marched through the Ohio forests to the Indian towns
+on the Little Miami. The savages fled in consternation, leaving the
+Kentuckians to burn their cabins and the warehouses of several British
+traders, besides large stores of grain and dried meats, thus entailing
+great suffering among the Shawnese during the winter now close at hand.
+
+The triumphant return of this expedition gave fresh heart to the people
+of Kentucky; and the sequel proved that, although the tribesmen of the
+north frequently raided the over-mountain settlers throughout the decade
+to come, no such important invasions as those of 1782 were again
+undertaken.
+
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[16] Address at Camp Madison, Franklin County, Ky., in 1843.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII
+
+KENTUCKY'S PATH OF THORNS
+
+
+The preliminary articles of peace between the United States and Great
+Britain had been signed on the thirtieth of November, 1782; but it was
+not until the following spring that the news reached Kentucky. The
+northern tribes had information of the peace quite as early; and
+discouraged at apparently losing their British allies, who had fed,
+clothed, armed, and paid them from headquarters in Detroit, for a time
+suspended their organized raids into Kentucky. This welcome respite
+caused immigration to increase rapidly.
+
+We have seen how the old system of making preemptions and surveys led to
+the overlapping of claims, the commission of many acts of injustice, and
+wide-spread confusion in titles. Late in 1782, Colonel Thomas Marshall,
+the surveyor of Fayette County, arrived from Virginia, and began to
+attempt a straightening of the land conflict. Boone was now not only
+the surveyor's deputy, but both sheriff and county lieutenant of
+Fayette, a combination of offices which he held until his departure from
+Kentucky. It was his duty as commandant to provide an escort for
+Marshall through the woods to the Falls of the Ohio, where was now the
+land-office. The following order which he issued for this guard has been
+preserved; it is a characteristic sample of the many scores of letters
+and other documents which have come down to us from the old hero, who
+fought better than he spelled:
+
+       "Orders to Capt. Hazelrigg--your are amedetly to order on
+       Duty 3 of your Company as goude [guard] to scorte Col
+       Marshshall to the falls of ohigho you will call on those
+       who was Exicused from the Shone [Shawnese] Expedistion and
+       those who Come into the County after the army Marched they
+       are to meet at Lexinton on Sunday next with out fale given
+       under my hand this 6 Day of Janury 1783.
+
+      "DNL BOONE"
+
+Another specimen document of the time has reference to the scouting
+which it was necessary to maintain throughout much of the year; for
+small straggling bands of the enemy were still lurking about, eager to
+capture occasional scalps, the proudest trophies which a warrior could
+obtain. It also is apparently addressed to Hazelrigg:
+
+       "orders the 15th feberry 1783
+
+       "Sir you are amedetly to Call on Duty one thurd of our
+       melitia as will mounted on horse as poseble and Eight Days
+       purvistion to take a touere as follows Commanded by Leut
+       Col patison and Rendevues at Strod [Strode's Station] on
+       thusday the 20th from there to March to Colkes [Calk's]
+       Cabin thence an Este Corse till the gat 10 miles above the
+       uper Blew Licks then Down to Lickes thence to Limestown
+       and if no Sine [is] found a stright Corse to Eagel Crick
+       10 miles from the head from then home if Sine be found the
+       Commander to act as he thinks most prudent as you will be
+       the Best Judge when on the Spot. You will first Call on
+       all who [were] Excused from the Expedistion Except those
+       that went to the falls with Col. Marshall and then Call
+       them off as they Stand on the List here in faile not.
+       given und my hand
+
+      "DANIEL BOONE C Lt."
+
+In March the Virginia legislature united the three counties into the
+District of Kentucky, with complete legal and military machinery; in the
+latter, Benjamin Logan ranked as senior colonel and district lieutenant.
+It will be remembered that when the over-mountain country was detached
+from Fincastle, it was styled the County of Kentucky; then the name of
+Kentucky was obliterated by its division into three counties; and now
+the name was revived by the creation of the district, which in due time
+was to become a State. The log-built town of Danville was named as the
+capital.
+
+It is estimated that during the few years immediately following the
+close of the Revolutionary War several thousand persons came each year
+to Kentucky from the seaboard States, although many of these returned to
+their homes either disillusioned or because of Indian scares. In
+addition to the actual settlers, who cared for no more land than they
+could use, there were merchants who saw great profits in taking
+boat-loads of goods down the Ohio or by pack-trains over the mountains;
+lawyers and other young professional men who wished to make a start in
+new communities; and speculators who hoped to make fortunes in obtaining
+for a song extensive tracts of fertile wild land, which they vainly
+imagined would soon be salable at large prices for farms and town sites.
+Many of the towns, although ill-kept and far from prosperous in
+appearance, were fast extending beyond their lines of palisade and
+boasting of stores, law-offices, market-places, and regular streets;
+Louisville had now grown to a village of three hundred inhabitants, of
+whom over a third were fighting-men. Besides Americans, there were among
+the newcomers many Germans, Scotch, and Irish, thrifty in the order
+named.
+
+At last Kentucky was raising produce more than sufficient to feed her
+own people, and an export trade had sprung up. Crops were being
+diversified: Indian corn still remained the staple, but there were also
+melons, pumpkins, tobacco, and orchards; besides, great droves of
+horses, cattle, sheep, and hogs, branded or otherwise marked, ranged at
+large over the country, as in old days on the Virginia and Carolina
+foot-hills. Away from the settlements buffaloes still yielded much beef,
+bacon was made from bears, and venison was a staple commodity.
+
+The fur trade was chiefly carried on by French trappers; but American
+hunters, like the Boones and Kenton, still gathered peltries from the
+streams and forests, and took or sent them to the East, either up the
+Ohio in bateaux or on packhorses over the mountains--paths still
+continually beset by savage assailants. Large quantities of ginseng were
+also shipped to the towns on the seaboard. Of late there had likewise
+developed a considerable trade with New Orleans and other Spanish towns
+down the Mississippi River. Traders with flatboats laden with Kentucky
+produce--bacon, beef, salt, and tobacco--would descend the great
+waterway, both of whose banks were audaciously claimed by Spain as far
+up as the mouth of the Ohio, and take great risks from Indian attack or
+from corrupt Spanish custom-house officials, whom it was necessary to
+bribe freely that they might not confiscate boat and cargo. This
+commerce was always uncertain, often ending in disaster, but immensely
+profitable to the unprincipled men who managed to ingratiate themselves
+with the Spanish authorities.
+
+Boone was now in frequent demand as a pilot and surveyor by capitalists
+who relied upon his unrivaled knowledge of the country to help them find
+desirable tracts of land; often he was engaged to meet incoming parties
+of immigrants over the Wilderness Road, with a band of riflemen to guard
+them against Indians, to furnish them with wild meat--for the newcomers
+at first were inexpert in killing buffaloes--and to show them the way to
+their claims. He was prominent as a pioneer; as county lieutenant he
+summoned his faithful men-at-arms to repel or avenge savage attacks; and
+his fame as hunter and explorer had by this time not only become general
+throughout the United States but had even reached Europe.
+
+His reputation was largely increased by the appearance in 1784 of the
+so-called "autobiography." We have seen that, although capable of
+roughly expressing himself on paper, and of making records of his rude
+surveys, he was in no sense a scholar. Yet this autobiography, although
+signed by himself, is pedantic in form, and deals in words as large and
+sonorous as though uttered by the great Doctor Samuel Johnson. As a
+matter of fact, it is the production of John Filson, the first historian
+of Kentucky and one of the pioneers of Cincinnati. Filson was a
+schoolmaster, quite devoid of humor, and with a strong penchant for
+learned phrases. In setting down the story of Boone's life, as related
+to him by the great hunter, he made the latter talk in the first person,
+in a stilted manner quite foreign to the hardy but unlettered folk of
+whom Boone was a type. Wherever Boone's memory failed, Filson appears to
+have filled in the gaps from tradition and his own imagination; thus the
+autobiography is often wrong as to facts, and possesses but minor value
+as historical material. The little book was, however, widely circulated
+both at home and abroad, and gave Boone a notoriety excelled by few men
+of his day. Some years later Byron wrote some indifferent lines upon
+"General Boone of Kentucky;" the public journals of the time had
+accounts of his prowess, often grossly exaggerated; and English
+travelers into the interior of America eagerly sought the hero and told
+of him in their books.
+
+Yet it must be confessed that he had now ceased to be a real leader in
+the affairs of Kentucky. A kindly, simple-hearted, modest, silent man,
+he had lived so long by himself alone in the woods that he was ill
+fitted to cope with the horde of speculators and other self-seekers who
+were now despoiling the old hunting-grounds to which Finley had piloted
+him only fifteen years before. Of great use to the frontier settlements
+as explorer, hunter, pilot, land-seeker, surveyor, Indian fighter, and
+sheriff--and, indeed, as magistrate and legislator so long as Kentucky
+was a community of riflemen--he had small capacity for the economic and
+political sides of commonwealth-building. For this reason we find him
+hereafter, although still in middle life, taking but slight part in the
+making of Kentucky; none the less did his career continue to be
+adventurous, picturesque, and in a measure typical of the rapidly
+expanding West.
+
+Probably in the early spring of 1786 Boone left the neighborhood of the
+Kentucky River, and for some three years dwelt at Maysville (Limestone),
+still the chief gateway to Kentucky for the crowds of immigrants who
+came by water. He was there a tavern-keeper--probably Mrs. Boone was the
+actual hostess--and small river merchant. He still frequently worked at
+surveying, of course hunted and trapped as of old, and traded up and
+down the Ohio River between Maysville and Point Pleasant--the last-named
+occupation a far from peaceful one, for in those troublous times
+navigation of the Ohio was akin to running the gauntlet; savages haunted
+the banks, and by dint of both strategy and open attack wrought a heavy
+mortality among luckless travelers and tradesmen. The goods which he
+bartered to the Kentuckians for furs, skins, and ginseng were obtained
+in Maryland, whither he and his sons went with laden pack-animals, often
+driving before them loose horses for sale in the Eastern markets.
+Sometimes they followed some familiar mountain road, at others struck
+out over new paths, for no longer was the Wilderness Road the only
+overland highway to the West.
+
+Kentucky was now pursuing a path strewn with thorns. Northward, the
+British still held the military posts on the upper lakes, owing to the
+non-fulfilment of certain stipulations in the treaty of peace. Between
+these and the settlements south of the Ohio lay a wide area populated by
+powerful and hostile tribes of Indians, late allies of the British,
+deadly enemies of Kentucky, and still aided and abetted by military
+agents of the king. To the South, Spain controlled the Mississippi, the
+commercial highway of the West; jealous of American growth, she harshly
+denied to Kentuckians the freedom of the river, and was accused of
+turning against them and their neighbors of Tennessee the fierce
+warriors of the Creek and Cherokee tribes. On their part, the
+Kentuckians looked with hungry eyes upon the rich lands held by Spain.
+
+Not least of Kentucky's trials was the political discontent among her
+own people, which for many years lay like a blight upon her happiness
+and prosperity. Virginia's home necessities had prevented that
+commonwealth from giving much aid to the West during the Revolution, and
+at its conclusion her policy toward the Indians lacked the aggressive
+vigor for which Kentuckians pleaded. This was sufficient cause for
+dissatisfaction; but to this was added another of still greater
+importance. To gain the free navigation of the Mississippi, and thus to
+have an outlet to the sea, long appeared to be essential to Western
+progress. At first the Eastern men in Congress failed to realize this
+need, thereby greatly exasperating the over-mountain men. All manner of
+schemes were in the air, varying with men's temperaments and ambitions.
+Some, like Clark--who, by this time had, under the influence of
+intemperance, greatly fallen in popular esteem, although not without
+followers--favored a filibustering expedition against the Spanish; and
+later (1788), when this did not appear practicable, were willing to join
+hands with Spain herself in the development of the continental interior;
+and later still (1793-94), to help France oust Spain from Louisiana.
+Others wished Kentucky to be an independent State, free to conduct her
+own affairs and make such foreign alliances as were needful; but
+Virginia and Congress did not release her.
+
+Interwoven with this more or less secret agitation for separating the
+West from the East were the corrupt intrigues of Spain, which might have
+been more successful had she pursued a persistent policy. Her
+agents--among whom were some Western pioneers who later found difficulty
+in explaining their conduct--craftily fanned the embers of discontent,
+spread reports that Congress intended to sacrifice to Spain the
+navigation rights of the West, distributed bribes, and were even accused
+of advising Spain to arm the Southern Indians in order to increase
+popular uneasiness over existing conditions. Spain also offered large
+land grants to prominent American borderers who should lead colonies to
+settle beyond the Mississippi and become her subjects--a proposition
+which Clark once offered to accept, but did not; but of which we shall
+see that Daniel Boone, in his days of discontent, took advantage, as did
+also a few other Kentucky pioneers. Ultimately Congress resolved never
+to abandon its claim to the Mississippi (1787); and when the United
+States became strong, and the advantages of union were more clearly seen
+in the West, Kentucky became a member of the sisterhood of States
+(1792).
+
+It is estimated that, between 1783 and 1790, fully fifteen hundred
+Kentuckians were massacred by Indians or taken captive to the savage
+towns; and the frontiers of Virginia and Pennsylvania furnished their
+full quota to the long roll of victims. It is impossible in so small a
+volume as this to mention all of even the principal incidents in the
+catalogue of assaults, heroic defenses, murders, burnings, torturings,
+escapes, reprisals, and ambushes which constitute the lurid annals of
+this protracted border warfare. The reader who has followed thus far
+this story of a strenuous life, will understand what these meant; to
+what deeds of daring they gave rise on the part of the men and women of
+the border; what privation and anguish they entailed. But let us not
+forget that neither race could claim, in this titanic struggle for the
+mastery of the hunting-grounds, a monopoly of courage or of cowardice,
+of brutality or of mercy. The Indians suffered quite as keenly as the
+whites in the burning of their villages, crops, and supplies, and by the
+loss of life either in battle, by stealthy attack, or by treachery. The
+frontiersmen learned from the red men the lessons of forest warfare, and
+often outdid their tutors in ferocity. The contest between civilization
+and savagery is, in the nature of things, unavoidable; the result also
+is foreordained. It is well for our peace of mind that, in the dark
+story of the Juggernaut car, we do not inquire too closely into details.
+
+In 1785, goaded by numerous attacks on settlers and immigrants, Clark
+led a thousand men against the tribes on the Wabash; but by this time he
+had lost control of the situation, and cowardice on the part of his
+troops, combined with lack of provisions, led to the practical failure
+of the expedition, although the Indians were much frightened.
+
+At the same time, Logan was more successful in an attack on the Shawnese
+of the Scioto Valley, who lost heavily in killed and prisoners. In
+neither of these expeditions does Boone appear to have taken part.
+
+The year 1787 was chiefly notable, in the history of the West, for the
+adoption by Congress of the Ordinance for the government of the
+Territory Northwest of the River Ohio, wherein there dwelt perhaps seven
+thousand whites, mostly unprogressive French-Canadians, in small
+settlements flanking the Mississippi and the Great Lakes, and in the
+Wabash Valley. Along the Ohio were scattered a few American hamlets,
+chiefly in Kentucky. In the same year the Indian war reached a height of
+fury which produced a panic throughout the border, and frantic appeals
+to Virginia, which brought insufficient aid. Boone, now a town trustee
+of Maysville, was sent to the legislature that autumn, and occupied his
+seat at Richmond from October until January. While there, we find him
+strongly complaining that the arms sent out to Kentucky by the State
+during the year were unfit for use, the swords being without scabbards,
+and the rifles without cartridge-boxes or flints.
+
+A child of the wilderness, Boone was law-abiding and loved peace, but he
+chafed at legal forms. He had, in various parts of Kentucky, preempted
+much land in the crude fashion of his day, both under the Transylvania
+Company and the later statutes of Virginia--how much, it would now be
+difficult to ascertain. In his old survey-books, still preserved in the
+Wisconsin State Historical Library, one finds numerous claim entries for
+himself, ranging from four hundred to ten thousand acres each--a tract
+which he called "Stockfield," near Boonesborough; on Cartwright's Creek,
+a branch of Beech Fork of Salt River; on the Licking, Elkhorn, Boone's
+Creek, and elsewhere. The following is a specimen entry, dated "Aperel
+the 22 1785," recording a claim made "on the Bank of Cantuckey"; it
+illustrates the loose surveying methods of the time: "Survayd for Dal
+Boone 5000 acres begin at Robert Camels N E Corner at 2 White ashes
+and Buckeyes S 1200 p[oles] to 3 Shuger trees Ealm and walnut E 666 p to
+6 Shuger trees and ash N 1200 p to a poplar and beech W 666 p to the
+begining."
+
+It did not occur to our easy-going hero that any one would question his
+right to as much land as he cared to hold in a wilderness which he had
+done so much to bring to the attention of the world. But claim-jumpers
+were no respecters of persons. It was discovered that Boone had
+carelessly failed to make any of his preemptions according to the letter
+of the law, leaving it open for any adventurer to reenter the choice
+claims which he had selected with the care of an expert, and to treat
+him as an interloper. Suits of ejectment followed one by one (1785-98),
+until in the end his acres were taken from him by the courts, and the
+good-hearted, simple fellow was sent adrift in the world absolutely
+landless.
+
+At first, when his broad acres began to melt away, the great hunter,
+careless of his possessions, appeared to exhibit no concern; but the
+accumulation of his disasters, together with the rapid growth of
+settlement upon the hunting-grounds, and doubtless some domestic
+nagging, developed within him an intensity of depression which led him
+to abandon his long-beloved Kentucky and vow never again to dwell within
+her limits. In the autumn of 1788, before his disasters were quite
+complete, this resolution was carried into effect; with wife and family,
+and what few worldly goods he possessed, he removed to Point Pleasant,
+at the junction of the Great Kanawha and the Ohio--in our day a quaint
+little court-house town in West Virginia.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV
+
+IN THE KANAWHA VALLEY
+
+
+During his early years on the Kanawha, Boone kept a small store at Point
+Pleasant. Later, he moved to the neighborhood of Charleston, where he
+was engaged in the usual variety of occupations--piloting immigrants; as
+deputy surveyor of Kanawha County, surveying lands for settlers and
+speculators; taking small contracts for victualing the militia, who were
+frequently called out to protect the country from Indian forays; and in
+hunting. Some of his expeditions took him to the north of the Ohio,
+where he had several narrow escapes from capture and death at the hands
+of the enemy, and even into his old haunts on the Big Sandy, the
+Licking, and the Kentucky.
+
+He traveled much, for a frontiersman. In 1788 he went with his wife and
+their son Nathan by horseback to the old Pennsylvania home in Berks
+County, where they spent a month with kinsfolk and friends. We find him
+in Maysville, on a business trip, during the year; indeed, there are
+evidences of numerous subsequent visits to that port. In May of the
+following year he was on the Monongahela River with a drove of horses
+for sale, Brownsville then being an important market for ginseng,
+horses, and cattle; and in the succeeding July he writes to a client,
+for whom he had done some surveying, that he would be in Philadelphia
+during the coming winter.
+
+In October, 1789, there came to him, as the result of a popular
+petition, the appointment of lieutenant-colonel of Kanawha County--the
+first military organization in the valley; and in other ways he was
+treated with marked distinction by the primitive border folk of the
+valley, both because of his brilliant career in Kentucky and the fact
+that he was a surveyor and could write letters. One who knew him
+intimately at this time has left a pleasing description of the man,
+which will assist us in picturing him as he appeared to his new
+neighbors: "His large head, full chest, square shoulders, and stout
+form are still impressed upon my mind. He was (I think) about five feet
+ten inches in height, and his weight say 175. He was solid in mind as
+well as in body, never frivolous, thoughtless, or agitated; but was
+always quiet, meditative, and impressive, unpretentious, kind, and
+friendly in his manner. He came very much up to the idea we have of the
+old Grecian philosophers--particularly Diogenes."
+
+By the summer of 1790, Indian raids again became almost unbearable.
+Fresh robberies and murders were daily reported in Kentucky, and along
+the Ohio and the Wabash. The expedition of Major J. F. Hamtramck, of the
+Federal Army, against the tribesmen on the Wabash, resulted in the
+burning of a few villages and the destruction of much corn; but Colonel
+Josiah Harmar's expedition in October against the towns on the Scioto
+and the St. Joseph, at the head of nearly 1,500 men, ended in failure
+and a crushing defeat, although the Indian losses were so great that the
+army was allowed to return to Cincinnati unmolested. Boone does not
+appear to have taken part in these operations, his militiamen probably
+being needed for home protection.
+
+The following year the General Government for the first time took the
+field against the Indians in earnest. For seven years it had attempted
+to bring the tribesmen to terms by means of treaties, but without avail.
+Roused to fury by the steady increase of settlement north as well as
+south of the Ohio, the savages were making life a torment to the
+borderers. War seemed alone the remedy. In June, General Charles Scott,
+of Kentucky, raided the Miami and Wabash Indians. Two months later
+General James Wilkinson, with five hundred Kentuckians, laid waste a
+Miami village and captured many prisoners. These were intended but to
+open the road for an expedition of far greater proportions. In October,
+Governor Arthur St. Clair, of the Northwest Territory, a broken-down man
+unequal to such a task, was despatched against the Miami towns with an
+ill-organized army of two thousand raw troops. Upon the fourth of
+November they were surprised near the principal Miami village; hundreds
+of the men fled at the first alarm, and of those who remained over six
+hundred fell during the engagement, while nearly three hundred were
+wounded. This disastrous termination of the campaign demoralized the
+West and left the entire border again open to attack--an advantage which
+the scalping parties did not neglect.
+
+While this disaster was occurring, Boone was again sitting in the
+legislature at Richmond, where he represented Kanawha County from
+October 17th to December 20th. The journals of the Assembly show him to
+have been a silent member, giving voice only in yea and nay; but he was
+placed upon two then important committees--religion, and propositions
+and licenses. It was voted to send ammunition for the militia on the
+Monongahela and the Kanawha, who were to be called out for the defense
+of the frontier. Before leaving Richmond, Boone wrote as follows to the
+governor:
+
+       "Monday 13th Dec 1791
+
+       "Sir as sum purson Must Carry out the armantstion
+       [ammunition] to Red Stone [Brownsville, Pa.,] if your
+       Exclency should have thought me a proper purson I would
+       undertake it on conditions I have the apintment to vitel
+       the company at Kanhowway [Kanawha] so that I Could take
+       Down the flowre as I paste that place I am your
+       Excelenceys most obedent omble servant
+
+      "DAL BOONE."
+
+Five days later the contract was awarded to him; and we find among his
+papers receipts, obtained at several places on his way home, for the
+lead and flints which he was to deliver to the various military centers.
+But the following May, Colonel George Clendennin sharply complains to
+the governor that the ammunition and rations which Boone was to have
+supplied to Captain Caperton's rangers had not yet been delivered, and
+that Clendennin was forced to purchase these supplies from others. It
+does not appear from the records how this matter was settled; but as
+there seems to have been no official inquiry, the non-delivery was
+probably the result of a misunderstanding.
+
+At last, after a quarter of a century of bloodshed, the United States
+Government was prepared to act in an effective manner. General Anthony
+Wayne--"Mad Anthony," of Stony Point--after spending a year and a half
+in reorganizing the Western army, established himself, in the winter of
+1793-94, in a log fort at Greenville, eighty miles north of Cincinnati,
+and built a strong outpost at Fort Recovery, on the scene of St. Clair's
+defeat. After resisting an attack on Fort Recovery made on the last day
+of June by over two thousand painted warriors from the Upper Lakes, he
+advanced with his legion of about three thousand well-disciplined troops
+to the Maumee Valley and built Fort Defiance. Final battle was given to
+the tribesmen on the twentieth of August at Fallen Timbers. As the
+result of superb charges by infantry and cavalry, in forty minutes the
+Indian army was defeated and scattered. The backbone of savage
+opposition to Northwestern settlement was broken, and at the treaty of
+Greenville in the following summer (1795) a peace was secured which
+remained unbroken for fifteen years.
+
+Wayne's great victory over the men of the wilderness gave new heart to
+Kentucky and the Northwest. The pioneers were exuberant in the
+expression of their joy. The long war, which had lasted practically
+since the mountains were first crossed by Boone and Finley, had been an
+almost constant strain upon the resources of the country. Now no longer
+pent up within palisades, and expecting nightly to be awakened by the
+whoops of savages to meet either slaughter or still more dreaded
+captivity, men could go forth without fear to open up forests, to
+cultivate fields, and peaceably to pursue the chase.
+
+To hunters like Boone, in particular, this great change in their lives
+was a matter for rejoicing. The Kanawha Valley was not as rich in game
+as he had hoped; but in Kentucky and Ohio were still large herds of
+buffaloes and deer feeding on the cane-brake and the rank vegetation of
+the woods, and resorting to the numerous salt-licks which had as yet
+been uncontaminated by settlement.
+
+After the peace, Boone for several seasons devoted himself almost
+exclusively to hunting; in beaver-trapping he was especially
+successful, his favorite haunt for these animals being the neighboring
+Valley of the Gauley. His game he shared freely with neighbors, now fast
+increasing in numbers, and the skins and furs were shipped to market,
+overland or by river, as of old.
+
+Upon removing to the Kanawha, he still had a few claims left in
+Kentucky, but suits for ejectment were pending over most of these. They
+were all decided against him, and the remaining lands were sold by the
+sheriff for taxes, the last of them going in 1798. His failure to secure
+anything for his children to inherit, was to the last a source of sorrow
+to Boone.
+
+The Kanawha in time came to be distasteful to him. Settlements above and
+below were driving away the game, and sometimes his bag was slight; the
+crowding of population disturbed the serenity which he sought in deep
+forests; the nervous energy of these newcomers, and the avarice of some
+of them, annoyed his quiet, hospitable soul; and he fretted to be again
+free, thinking that civilization cost too much in wear and tear of
+spirit.
+
+Boone had long looked kindly toward the broad, practically unoccupied
+lands of forest and plain west of the Mississippi. Adventurous hunters
+brought him glowing tales of buffaloes, grizzly bears, and beavers to be
+found there without number. Spain, fearing an assault upon her
+possessions from Canada, was just now making flattering offers to those
+American pioneers who should colonize her territory, and by casting
+their fortunes with her people strengthen them. This opportunity
+attracted the disappointed man; he thought the time ripe for making a
+move which should leave the crowd far behind, and comfortably establish
+him in a country wherein a hunter might, for many years to come, breathe
+fresh air and follow the chase untrammeled.
+
+In 1796, Daniel Morgan Boone, his oldest son, traveled with other
+adventurers in boats to St. Charles County, in eastern Missouri, where
+they took lands under certificates of cession from Charles Dehault
+Delassus, the Spanish lieutenant-governor of Upper Louisiana, resident
+at St. Louis. There were four families, all settling upon Femme Osage
+Creek, six miles above its junction with the Missouri, some twenty-five
+miles above the town of St. Charles, and forty-five by water from St.
+Louis.
+
+Thither they were followed, apparently in the spring of 1799, by Daniel
+Boone and wife and their younger children. The departure of the great
+hunter, now in his sixty-fifth year, was the occasion for a general
+gathering of Kanawha pioneers at the home near Charleston. They came on
+foot, by horseback, and in canoe, from far and near, and bade him a
+farewell as solemnly affectionate as though he were departing for
+another world; indeed, Missouri then seemed almost as far away to the
+West Virginians as the Klondike is to dwellers in the Mississippi basin
+to-day--a long journey by packhorse or by flatboat into foreign wilds,
+beyond the great waterway concerning which the imaginations of
+untraveled men often ran riot.
+
+The hegira of the Boones, from the junction of the Elk and the Kanawha,
+was accomplished by boats, into which were crowded such of their scant
+herd of live stock as could be accommodated. Upon the way they stopped
+at Kentucky towns along the Ohio, either to visit friends or to obtain
+provisions, and attracted marked attention, for throughout the West
+Boone was, of course, one of the best-known men of his day. In
+Cincinnati he was asked why, at his time of life, he left the comforts
+of an established home again to subject himself to the privations of the
+frontier. "Too crowded!" he replied with feeling. "I want more
+elbow-room!"
+
+Arriving at the little Kentucky colony on Femme Osage Creek, where the
+Spanish authorities had granted him a thousand arpents[17] of land
+abutting his son's estate upon the north, he settled down in a little
+log cabin erected largely by his own hands, for the fourth and last time
+as a pioneer. He was never again in the Kanawha Valley, and but twice in
+Kentucky--once to testify as to some old survey-marks made by him, and
+again to pay the debts which he had left when removing to Point
+Pleasant.
+
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[17] Equivalent to about 845 English acres.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV
+
+A SERENE OLD AGE
+
+
+Missouri's sparse population at that time consisted largely of
+Frenchmen, who had taken easily to the yoke of Spain. For a people of
+easy-going disposition, theirs was an ideal existence. They led a
+patriarchal life, with their flocks and herds grazing upon a common
+pasture, and practised a crude agriculture whose returns were eked out
+by hunting in the limitless forests hard by. For companionship, the
+crude log cabins in the little settlements were assembled by the banks
+of the waterways, and there was small disposition to increase tillage
+beyond domestic necessities. There were practically no taxes to pay;
+military burdens sat lightly; the local syndic (or magistrate), the only
+government servant to be met outside of St. Louis, was sheriff, judge,
+jury, and commandant combined; there were no elections, for
+representative government was unknown; the fur and lead trade with St.
+Louis was the sole commerce, and their vocabulary did not contain the
+words enterprise and speculation.
+
+Here was a paradise for a man of Boone's temperament, and through
+several years to come he was wont to declare that, next to his first
+long hunt in Kentucky, this was the happiest period of his life. On the
+eleventh of July, 1800, Delassus--a well-educated French gentleman, and
+a good judge of character--appointed him syndic for the Femme Osage
+district, a position which the old man held until the cession of
+Louisiana to the United States. This selection was not only because of
+his prominence among the settlers and his recognized honesty and
+fearlessness, but for the reason that he was one of the few among these
+unsophisticated folk who could make records. In a primitive community
+like the Femme Osage, Boone may well have ranked as a man of some
+education; and certainly he wrote a bold, free hand, showing much
+practise with the pen, although we have seen that his spelling and
+grammar might have been improved. When the government was turned over to
+President Jefferson's commissioner, Delassus delivered to that
+officer, by request, a detailed report upon the personality of his
+subordinates, and this is one of the entries in the list of syndics:
+"Mr. Boone, a respectable old man, just and impartial, he has already,
+since I appointed him, offered his resignation owing to his
+infirmities--believing I know his probity, I have induced him to remain,
+in view of my confidence in him, for the public good."
+
+  [Illustration: BOONE'S CABIN IN ST. CHARLES COUNTY, MISSOURI.
+    From photograph in possession of Wisconsin State Historical Society.]
+
+Boone's knowledge did not extend to law-books, but he had a strong sense
+of justice; and during his four years of office passed upon the petty
+disputes of his neighbors with such absolute fairness as to win popular
+approbation. His methods were as primitive and arbitrary as those of an
+Oriental pasha; his penalties frequently consisted of lashes on the bare
+back "well laid on;" he would observe no rules of evidence, saying he
+wished only to know the truth; and sometimes both parties to a suit were
+compelled to divide the costs and begone. The French settlers had a
+fondness for taking their quarrels to court; but the decisions of the
+good-hearted syndic of Femme Osage, based solely upon common sense in
+the rough, were respected as if coming from a supreme bench. His
+contemporaries said that in no other office ever held by the great
+rifleman did he give such evidence of undisguised satisfaction, or
+display so great dignity as in this role of magistrate. Showing newly
+arrived American immigrants to desirable tracts of land was one of his
+most agreeable duties; when thus tendering the hospitalities of the
+country to strangers, it was remarked that our patriarch played the
+Spanish "don" to perfection.
+
+In October, 1800, Spain agreed to deliver Louisiana to France; but the
+latter found it impracticable at that time to take possession of the
+territory. By the treaty of April 30, 1803, the United States, long
+eager to secure for the West the open navigation of the Mississippi,
+purchased the rights of France. It was necessary to go through the form,
+both in New Orleans and in St. Louis, of transfer by Spain to France,
+and then by France to the United States. The former ceremony took place
+in St. Louis, the capital of Upper Louisiana, upon the ninth of March,
+1804, and the latter upon the following day. Daniel Boone's authority as
+a Spanish magistrate ended when the flag of his adopted country was
+hauled down for the last time in the Valley of the Mississippi.
+
+The coming of the Americans into power was welcomed by few of the people
+of Louisiana. The French had slight patience with the land-grabbing
+temper of the "Yankees," who were eager to cut down the forests, to open
+up farms, to build towns, to extend commerce, to erect factories--to
+inaugurate a reign of noise and bustle and avarice. Neither did men of
+the Boone type--who had become Spanish subjects in order to avoid the
+crowds, to get and to keep cheap lands, to avoid taxes, to hunt big
+game, and to live a simple Arcadian life--at all enjoy this sudden
+crossing of the Mississippi River, which they had vainly hoped to
+maintain as a perpetual barrier to so-called progress.
+
+Our hero soon had still greater reason for lamenting the advent of the
+new _regime_. His sad experience with lands in Kentucky had not taught
+him prudence. When the United States commission came to examine the
+titles of Louisiana settlers to the claims which they held, it was
+discovered that Boone had failed properly to enter the tract which had
+been ceded to him by Delassus. The signature of the lieutenant-governor
+was sufficient to insure a temporary holding, but a permanent cession
+required the approval of the governor at New Orleans; this Boone failed
+to obtain, being misled, he afterward stated, by the assertion of
+Delassus that so important an officer as a syndic need not take such
+precautions, for he would never be disturbed. The commissioners, while
+highly respecting him, were regretfully obliged under the terms of the
+treaty to dispossess the old pioneer, who again found himself landless.
+Six years later (1810) Congress tardily hearkened to his pathetic
+appeal, backed by the resolutions of the Kentucky legislature, and
+confirmed his Spanish grant in words of praise for "the man who has
+opened the way to millions of his fellow men."
+
+By the time he was seventy years old, Boone's skill as a hunter had
+somewhat lessened. His eyes had lost their phenomenal strength; he could
+no longer perform those nice feats of marksmanship for which in his
+prime he had attained wide celebrity, and rheumatism made him less
+agile. But as a trapper he was still unexcelled, and for many years made
+long trips into the Western wilderness, even into far-off Kansas, and at
+least once (1814, when eighty years old) to the great game fields of the
+Yellowstone. Upon such expeditions, often lasting several months, he was
+accompanied by one or more of his sons, by his son-in-law Flanders
+Calloway, or by an old Indian servant who was sworn to bring his master
+back to the Femme Osage dead or alive--for, curiously enough, this
+wandering son of the wilderness ever yearned for a burial near home.
+
+Beaver-skins, which were his chief desire, were then worth nine dollars
+each in the St. Louis market. He appears to have amassed a considerable
+sum from this source, and from the sale of his land grant to his sons,
+and in 1810 we find him in Kentucky paying his debts. This accomplished,
+tradition says that he had remaining only fifty cents; but he gloried in
+the fact that he was at last "square with the world," and returned to
+Missouri exultant.
+
+The War of 1812-15 brought Indian troubles to this new frontier, and
+some of the farm property of the younger Boones was destroyed in one of
+the savage forays. The old man fretted at his inability to assist in the
+militia organization, of which his sons Daniel Morgan and Nathan were
+conspicuous leaders; and the state of the border did not permit of
+peaceful hunting. In the midst of the war he deeply mourned the death of
+his wife (1813)--a woman of meek, generous, heroic nature, who had
+journeyed over the mountains with him from North Carolina, and upon his
+subsequent pilgrimages, sharing all his hardships and perils, a proper
+helpmeet in storm and calm.
+
+Penniless, and a widower, he now went to live with his sons, chiefly
+with Nathan, then forty-three years of age. After being first a hunter
+and explorer, and then an industrious and successful farmer, Nathan had
+won distinction in the war just closed and entered the regular army,
+where he reached the rank of lieutenant-colonel and had a wide and
+thrilling experience in Indian fighting. Daniel Morgan is thought to
+have been the first settler in Kansas (1827); A. G. Boone, a
+grandson, was one of the early settlers of Colorado, and prominently
+connected with Western Indian treaties and Rocky Mountain exploration;
+and another grandson of the great Kentuckian was Kit Carson, the famous
+scout for Fremont's transcontinental expedition.
+
+  [Illustration: NATHAN BOONE'S HOUSE IN ST. CHARLES COUNTY, MISSOURI.
+    Herein Daniel Boone died.]
+
+It was not long before the Yankee _regime_ confirmed Boone's fears. The
+tide of immigration crossed the river, and rolling westward again passed
+the door of the great Kentuckian, driving off the game and monopolizing
+the hunting-grounds. Laws, courts, politics, speculation, and
+improvements were being talked about, to the bewilderment of the French
+and the unconcealed disgust of the former syndic. Despite his great age,
+he talked strongly of moving still farther West, hoping to get beyond
+the reach of settlement; but his sons and neighbors persuaded him
+against it, and he was obliged to accommodate himself as best he might
+to the new conditions. In summer he would work on the now substantial
+and prosperous farms of his children, chopping trees for the winter's
+wood. But at the advent of autumn the spirit of restlessness seized him,
+when he would take his canoe, with some relative or his Indian servant,
+and disappear up the Missouri and its branches for weeks together. In
+1816, we hear of him as being at Fort Osage, on his way to the Platte,
+"in the dress of the roughest, poorest hunter." Two years later, he
+writes to his son Daniel M.: "I intend by next autumn to take two or
+three whites and a party of Osage Indians to visit the salt mountains,
+lakes, and ponds and see these natural curiosities. They are about five
+or six hundred miles west of here"--presumably the rock salt in Indian
+Territory; it is not known whether this trip was taken. He was greatly
+interested in Rocky Mountain exploration, then much talked of, and
+eagerly sought information regarding California; and was the cause of
+several young men migrating thither. A tale of new lands ever found in
+him a delighted listener.
+
+In these his declining years, although he had suffered much at the hands
+of the world, Boone's temperament, always kindly, mellowed in tone.
+Decay came gradually, without palsy or pain; and, amid kind friends and
+an admiring public, his days passed in tranquillity. The following
+letter written by him at this period to his sister-in-law Sarah (Day)
+Boone, wife of his brother Samuel, is characteristic of the man, and
+gives to us, moreover, probably the only reliable account we possess of
+his religious views:
+
+       "october the 19th 1816
+
+       "Deer Sister
+
+       "With pleasuer I Rad a Later from your sun Samuel Boone
+       who informs me that you are yett Liveing and in good
+       health Considing your age I wright to you to Latt you know
+       I have Not forgot you and to inform you of my own
+       Situation sence the Death of your Sister Rabacah I Leve
+       with flanders Calaway But am at present at my sun Nathans
+       and in tolarabel halth you Can gass at my feilings by your
+       own as we are So Near one age I Need Not write you of our
+       satuation as Samuel Bradley or James grimes Can inform you
+       of Every Surcomstance Relating to our famaly and how we
+       Leve in this World and what Chance we shall have in the
+       next we know Not for my part I am as ignerant as a Child
+       all the Relegan I have to Love and fear god beleve in
+       Jeses Christ Don all the good to my Nighbour and my self
+       that I Can and Do as Little harm as I Can help and trust
+       on gods marcy for the Rest and I Beleve god neve made a
+       man of my prisepel to be Lost and I flater my self Deer
+       sister that you are well on your way in Cristeanaty gave
+       my Love to all your Childran and all my frends fearwell my
+       Deer sister
+
+      "DANIEL BOONE
+
+      "Mrs. Sarah Boone
+
+       "N B I Red a Later yesterday from sister Hanah peninton by
+       hir grand sun Dal Ringe she and all hir Childran are Well
+       at present
+
+      "D B"
+
+  [Illustration: BOONE'S RELIGIOUS VIEWS.
+    Reduced facsimile from original MS. in possession of Wisconsin State
+    Historical Society.]
+
+Many strangers of distinction visited him at Nathan's home near the
+banks of the Missouri, and the public journals of the day always
+welcomed an anecdote of the great hunter's prowess--although most of the
+stories which found their way into print were either deliberate
+inventions or unconsciously exaggerated traditions. From published
+descriptions of the man by those who could discriminate, we may gain
+some idea of his appearance and manner. The great naturalist Audubon
+once passed a night under a West Virginia roof in the same room with
+Boone, whose "extraordinary skill in the management of a rifle" is
+alluded to. He says: "The stature and general appearance of this
+wanderer of the Western forests approached the gigantic. His chest was
+broad and prominent; his muscular powers displayed themselves in every
+limb; his countenance gave indication of his great courage, enterprise,
+and perseverance; and when he spoke the very motion of his lips brought
+the impression that whatever he uttered could not be otherwise than
+strictly true. I undressed, whilst he merely took off his hunting-shirt
+and arranged a few folds of blankets on the floor, choosing rather to
+lie there, as he observed, than on the softest bed."
+
+Timothy Flint, one of his early biographers, knew the "grand old man" in
+Missouri, and thus pictures him: "He was five feet ten inches in
+height, of a very erect, clean-limbed, and athletic form--admirably
+fitted in structure, muscle, temperament, and habit for the endurance of
+the labors, changes, and sufferings he underwent. He had what
+phrenologists would have considered a model head--with a forehead
+peculiarly high, noble, and bold--thin and compressed lips--a mild,
+clear, blue eye--a large and prominent chin, and a general expression of
+countenance in which fearlessness and courage sat enthroned, and which
+told the beholder at a glance what he had been and was formed to be."
+Flint declares that the busts, paintings, and engravings of Boone bear
+little resemblance to him. "They want the high port and noble daring of
+his countenance.... Never was old age more green, or gray hairs more
+graceful. His high, calm, bold forehead seemed converted by years into
+iron."
+
+Rev. James E. Welch, a revivalist, thus tells of Boone as he saw him at
+his meetings in 1818: "He was rather low of stature, broad shoulders,
+high cheek-bones, very mild countenance, fair complexion, soft and
+quiet in his manner, but little to say unless spoken to, amiable and
+kind in his feelings, very fond of quiet retirement, of cool
+self-possession and indomitable perseverance. He never made a profession
+of religion, but still was what the world calls a very moral man."
+
+In 1819, the year before the death of Boone, Chester Harding, an
+American portrait-painter of some note, went out from St. Louis to make
+a life study of the aged Kentuckian. He found him at the time "living
+alone in a cabin, a part of an old blockhouse," evidently having escaped
+for a time from the conventionalities of home life, which palled upon
+him. The great man was roasting a steak of venison on the end of his
+ramrod. He had a marvelous memory of the incidents of early days,
+although forgetful of passing events. "I asked him," says Harding, "if
+he never got lost in his long wanderings after game? He said 'No, I was
+never lost, but I was bewildered once for three days.'" The portrait is
+now in the possession of the painter's grandson, Mr. William H. King, of
+Winnetka, Ill. Harding says that he "never finished the drapery of the
+original picture, but copied the head, I think, at three different
+times." It is from this portrait (our frontispiece), made when Boone was
+an octogenarian, emaciated and feeble--although not appearing older than
+seventy years--that most others have been taken; thus giving us, as
+Flint says, but a shadowy notion of how the famous explorer looked in
+his prime. There is in existence, however, a portrait made by Audubon,
+from memory--a charming picture, representing Boone in middle life.[18]
+
+Serene and unworldly to the last, and with slight premonition of the
+end, Daniel Boone passed from this life upon the twenty-sixth of
+September, 1820, in the eighty-sixth year of his age. The event took
+place in the home of his son Nathan, said to be the first stone house
+built in Missouri. The convention for drafting the first constitution of
+the new State was then in session in St. Louis. Upon learning the news,
+the commonwealth-builders adjourned for the day in respect to his
+memory; and as a further mark of regard wore crape on their left arms
+for twenty days. The St. Louis Gazette, in formally announcing his
+death, said: "Colonel Boone was a man of common stature, of great
+enterprise, strong intellect, amiable disposition, and inviolable
+integrity--he died universally regretted by all who knew him.... Such is
+the veneration for his name and character."
+
+Pursuant to his oft-repeated request, he was buried by the side of his
+wife, upon the bank of Teugue Creek, about a mile from the Missouri.
+There, in sight of the great river of the new West, the two founders of
+Boonesborough rested peacefully. Their graves were, however, neglected
+until 1845, when the legislature of Kentucky made a strong appeal to the
+people of Missouri to allow the bones to be removed to Frankfort, where,
+it was promised, they should be surmounted by a fitting monument. The
+eloquence of Kentucky's commissioners succeeded in overcoming the strong
+reluctance of the Missourians, and such fragments as had not been
+resolved into dust were removed amid much display. But in their new
+abiding-place they were again the victims of indifference; it was not
+until 1880, thirty-five years later, that the present monument was
+erected.
+
+  [Illustration: BOONE'S MONUMENT AT FRANKFORT, KENTUCKY.]
+
+We have seen that Daniel Boone was neither the first explorer nor the
+first settler of Kentucky. The trans-Alleghany wilds had been trodden by
+many before him; even he was piloted through Cumberland Gap by Finley,
+and Harrodsburg has nearly a year's priority over Boonesborough. He had
+not the intellect of Clark or of Logan, and his services in the defense
+of the country were of less importance than theirs. He was not a
+constructive agent of civilization. But in the minds of most Americans
+there is a pathetic, romantic interest attaching to Boone that is
+associated with few if any others of the early Kentuckians. His
+migrations in the vanguard of settlement into North Carolina, Kentucky,
+West Virginia, and Missouri, each in their turn; his heroic wanderings
+in search of game and fresh lands; his activity and numerous thrilling
+adventures during nearly a half-century of border warfare; his
+successive failures to acquire a legal foothold in the wilderness to
+which he had piloted others; his persistent efforts to escape the
+civilization of which he had been the forerunner; his sunny temper amid
+trials of the sort that made of Clark a plotter and a misanthrope; his
+sterling integrity; his serene old age--all these have conspired to make
+for Daniel Boone a place in American history as one of the most lovable
+and picturesque of our popular heroes; indeed, the typical backwoodsman
+of the trans-Alleghany region.
+
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[18] The story of the original Harding portrait, as gathered from
+statements to the present writer by members of the painter's family,
+supplemented by letters of Harding himself to the late Lyman C. Draper,
+is an interesting one. The artist used for his portrait a piece of
+ordinary table oil-cloth. For many years the painting was in the capitol
+at Frankfort, Ky., "from the fact that it was hoped the State would buy
+it." But the State had meanwhile become possessed of another oil
+portrait painted about 1839 or 1840 by a Mr. Allen, of Harrodsburg,
+Ky.--an ideal sketch, of no special merit. Harding's portrait,
+apparently the only one of Boone painted from life, was not purchased,
+for the State did not wish to be at the expense of two paintings. Being
+upon a Western trip, in 1861, Harding, then an old man and a resident of
+Springfield, Mass., rescued his portrait, which was in bad condition,
+and carried it home. The process of restoration was necessarily a
+vigorous one. The artist writes (October 6, 1861): "The picture had been
+banged about until the greater part of it was broken to pieces.... The
+head is as perfect as when it was painted, in color, though there are
+some small, almost imperceptible, cracks in it." The head and neck, down
+to the shirt-collar, were cut out and pasted upon a full-sized canvas;
+on this, Harding had "a very skilful artist" repaint the bust, drapery,
+and background, under the former's immediate direction. The picture in
+the present state is, therefore, a composite. The joining shows plainly
+in most lights. Upon the completion of the work, Harding offered to sell
+it to Draper, but the negotiation fell through. The restored portrait
+was then presented by the artist to his son-in-law, John L. King, of
+Springfield, Mass., and in due course it came into the possession of the
+latter's son, the present owner.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+      Abingdon (Pa.), Boones in, 4.
+
+      Alleghany Mountains, bound French claims, 19, 60;
+        border Valley of Virginia, 14;
+        pioneers on eastern foot-hills, 27, 35, 69;
+        barrier to Western advance, 13;
+        Berkeley's exploration, 85, 86;
+        crossed by Americans, 20;
+        in Dunmore's War, 105;
+        first government west of, 122, 123.
+
+      Allen, ----, paints Boone's portrait, 238.
+
+      Amherst, Gen. Jeffrey, of British Army, 44.
+
+      Appalachian Mountains, troughs of, 13-15.
+        See also Alleghany Mountains.
+
+      Arkansas, Virginia hunters in, 89, 90.
+
+      Ashton, Captain, killed by Indians, 185.
+
+      Audubon, John James, knew Boone, 10, 235, 238.
+
+
+      Baker, John, explores Kentucky, 66.
+
+      Barbour, ----, hunts in Kentucky, 89, 90.
+
+      Baton Rouge (La.), North Carolinians near, 66.
+
+      Batts, Thomas, on New River, 86.
+
+      Bears, 18, 56, 58, 67, 75, 76, 92, 133, 197.
+
+      Beaver Creek, Boone on, 68.
+
+      Beavers, 18, 74, 229.
+
+      Benton, ----, Kentucky pioneer, 125.
+
+      Berkeley, Gov. William, in Alleghanies, 85, 86.
+
+      Berks County (Pa.), Boones in, 4-15, 211, 212.
+
+      Black Fish, Shawnese chief, 148-157, 161-167.
+
+      Bledsoe, Maj. Anthony, militia leader, 134.
+
+      Blue Ridge, borders Valley of Virginia, 14, 15;
+        crossed by Boone, 72.
+
+      Boiling Spring (Ky.), founded, 121.
+        See also Fort Boiling Spring.
+
+      Boone, A. G., grandson of Daniel, 231.
+
+      --, Benjamin, son of George{1}, 1.
+
+      --, Daniel, Dutch painter, 7.
+
+      --, Daniel, born, 6;
+        youth, 7-15;
+        training, 10-12;
+        education, 199, 224;
+        moves to Yadkin, 16, 17;
+        explores Yadkin region, 62, 63;
+        in French and Indian War, 21-23;
+        marriage, 25-27, 36;
+        list of children, 43;
+        life on the Yadkin, 17-20, 28-36;
+        flees to Virginia, 43, 55;
+        returns to Yadkin, 50, 55;
+        visits Florida, 64, 65;
+        early Kentucky explorations, 24, 69, 70;
+        trains James, 63;
+        discontented in North Carolina, 67-69;
+        hunts in Tennessee, 55, 56;
+        in Cherokee War, 50, 55, 56;
+        carves name on trees, 56;
+        captures criminals, 62;
+        opinion of Indians, 52, 59;
+        piloted by Finley, 218, 241;
+        crosses Cumberland Gap, ix, 89, 200, 218;
+        long hunt in Kentucky, 72-84, 86, 94-97, 100, 224;
+        starts for Kentucky, 101-103;
+        on Clinch, 103;
+        in Dunmore's War, 105-112;
+        pioneer for Transylvania Company, 114-117;
+        settles Boonesborough, 117-119, 124, 125;
+        defends Boonesborough, 137, 138, 141, 142;
+        capture of daughter, 134-136;
+        captured by Shawnese, 146-158;
+        returns to Kentucky, 174-178;
+        hunts for settlers, 176;
+        robbed of money, 176, 177;
+        militia leader, 112, 134, 180, 212, 213;
+        Indian expeditions, 181, 182, 187-189;
+        pilot for immigrants, 198, 211, 226;
+        leaves Boonesborough, 180;
+        justice of peace, 143;
+        surveyor, 120, 121, 129, 181, 193, 198, 208, 209, 211, 212;
+        member of legislature, 182, 183, 215;
+        revisits Pennsylvania, 211, 212;
+        loses Kentucky lands, 208-210, 219;
+        at Maysville, 201, 202, 207-210;
+        river trader, 201, 202;
+        life on Kanawha, 210-222;
+        "autobiography," 153, 169, 199;
+        ships furs to East, 197, 201, 202;
+        moves to Missouri, 205, 219-222;
+        Spanish syndic, 224-227;
+        hunts in Missouri, 220, 229-232;
+        laments growth of settlement, 227, 231;
+        loses Spanish grant, 227, 228;
+        pays debts, 229;
+        old age, 228-241;
+        death and burial, 239, 240;
+        character, vii-ix, 200, 232, 233, 241, 242;
+        religious views, 233, 234;
+        specimen letters, 193-195, 233-235;
+        descriptions of, 109, 110, 212-214, 225, 235-237, 239, 240;
+        not first in Kentucky, 85;
+        Byron's verses, 200;
+        nature of services, 200;
+        extent of fame, 198, 199, 222, 233-235;
+        portraits, 237-239;
+        Draper's proposed biography, ix, x.
+
+      Boone, Mrs. Daniel, marriage, 25-27, 36;
+        life on Yadkin, 29, 30;
+        flees to Virginia, 43;
+        scorns Florida, 65;
+        in Kentucky, 125, 158, 168, 201;
+        death and burial, 230, 240.
+
+      --, Daniel Morgan, son of Daniel, 43;
+        in Missouri, 220, 230, 232;
+        in Kansas, 230, 231.
+
+      --, Edward, brother of Daniel, 7;
+        killed by Indians, 7, 174, 181.
+
+      --, Elizabeth, sister of Daniel, 7.
+
+      --, George{1}, grandfather of Daniel, early life, 1-3;
+        moves to Pennsylvania, 3, 4, 102;
+        death, 5.
+
+      --, George{2}, son of foregoing, born, 1;
+        in Pennsylvania, 2-5.
+
+      --, George{3}, brother of Daniel, 7.
+
+      --, Hannah, sister of Daniel, 7.
+
+      --, Israel{1}, brother of Daniel, 7, 12.
+
+      --, Israel{2}, son of Daniel, 43;
+        killed by Indians, 189.
+
+      --, James{1}, son of George{1}, 1, 15.
+
+      --, James{2}, son of Daniel, 43;
+        trained as hunter, 63;
+        killed by Indians, 102, 103.
+
+      --, Jemima, daughter of Daniel, 43;
+        captured by Indians, 134-136;
+        marries Flanders Calloway, 158.
+
+      --, John, son of George{1}, 1, 2, 15.
+
+      --, John B., son of Daniel, 43.
+
+      --, Jonathan, brother of Daniel, 7.
+
+      --, Joseph, son of George{1}, 1.
+
+      --, Lavinia, daughter of Daniel, 43.
+
+      --, Mary{1}, daughter of George{1}, 1.
+
+      --, Mary{2}, sister of Daniel, 7.
+
+      --, Nathan, son of Daniel, 43;
+        visits Pennsylvania, 211, 212;
+        in Missouri, 230, 233, 239.
+
+      --, Rebecca, daughter of Daniel, 43.
+
+      --, Samuel{1}, son of George{1}, 1.
+
+      Boone, Samuel{2}, brother of Daniel, 7, 10;
+        marries Sarah Day, 233.
+
+      --, Samuel{3}, son of foregoing, 233.
+
+      --, Sarah{1}, daughter of George{1}, born, 1;
+        moves to Pennsylvania, 2, 3;
+        marries Jacob Stover, 4, 5.
+
+      --, Sarah{2}, sister of Daniel, 7, 12.
+
+      --, Sarah Day, letter from Daniel, 233.
+        See also Sarah Day.
+
+      --, Squire{1}, father of Daniel, born, 1;
+        moves to Pennsylvania, 2, 3;
+        marriage, 5;
+        life in Pennsylvania, 5-15;
+        expelled by Quakers, 12;
+        moves to Yadkin, 15-17;
+        flees to Virginia, 43;
+        returns to Yadkin, 59;
+        life on Yadkin, 25, 27;
+        death, 59.
+
+      --, Squire{2}, brother of Daniel, 7;
+        on Big Sandy, 69;
+        visits Kentucky, 72, 78-81, 84, 94-97, 100;
+        at Boonesborough, 117, 122, 125, 129, 158, 162.
+
+      --, Susannah, daughter of Daniel, 43.
+
+      -- family, in Cherokee War, 43, 44;
+        in Kentucky, 43;
+        in Missouri, 44, 220-241.
+
+      Boone's Creek (Ky.), Boone on, 180, 208.
+
+      -- Creek (Tenn.), Boone on, 55, 56.
+
+      -- Station. See Fort Boone.
+
+      Boonesborough (Ky.), 118, 119, 121, 124-128, 240, 241;
+        Transylvania convention at, 122, 123;
+        capture of girls, 134-136;
+        in Revolutionary War, 137, 139, 141-143, 148, 149, 154,
+          156-158, 184;
+        besieged by Indians, 159-167, 169, 186;
+        Boone's return to, 174-180, 208, 209;
+        incorporated, 174, 175;
+        left by Boone, 180;
+        present condition, 175;
+        Ranck's monograph, x.
+
+      Bouquet, Gen. Henry, campaign of, 88;
+        treats with Indians, 103, 104.
+
+      Bourbon County (Ky.), Boone in, 177, 181.
+
+      Bowman, Col. John, Kentucky pioneer, 125;
+        militia leader, 134;
+        in Revolutionary War, 143-145, 158, 170, 178.
+
+      Braddock, Gen. Edward, defeated by French, 21-23, 25, 50, 71, 81,
+          152.
+
+      Bradley, Edward, Kentucky pioneer, 117.
+
+      --, Samuel, mentioned by Boone, 233.
+
+      Bradninch (Eng.), early home of Boones, 1-3.
+
+      Bridges, James, Kentucky pioneer, 117.
+
+      Brownsville (Pa.), Boone at, 212, 215, 216.
+
+      Bryan, Joseph, father-in-law of Boone, 25.
+
+      --, Rebecca. See Mrs. Daniel Boone.
+
+      -- family, Yadkin pioneers, 24-27, 36, 168;
+        in Cherokee War, 43, 44;
+        in Kentucky, 101, 102, 125.
+
+      Buffaloes, 17, 18, 23, 67, 69, 70, 72, 75, 76, 90, 92, 95, 118,
+          133, 158, 197.
+
+      Bush, William, Kentucky pioneer, 117.
+
+      Byrd, Colonel, of British Army, 178.
+
+      --, Col. William, raids Cherokees, 49, 50, 56.
+
+      Byron, George Noel Gordon, Lord, lines on Boone, 200.
+
+
+      Cahokia (Ill.), won by Clark, 159.
+
+      Caldwell, Capt. William, raids Kentucky, 186.
+
+      California, Boone interested in, 232.
+
+      Calk, William, Kentucky pioneer, 194.
+
+      Calloway, Betsey, captured by Indians, 135, 136;
+        marries Samuel Henderson, 143.
+
+      Calloway, Fanny, captured by Indians, 135, 136.
+
+      --, Flanders, marries Jemima Boone, 158;
+        in Missouri, 229, 233.
+
+      --, Col. Richard, Kentucky pioneer, 117;
+        daughters captured, 135, 136;
+        accuses Boone, 165-167.
+
+      Campbell, Maj. Arthur, in Dunmore's War, 105, 108, 109;
+        in Kentucky, 126.
+
+      --, Ensign John, in Dunmore's War, 109.
+
+      -- (Camel), Robert, Kentucky pioneer, 209.
+
+      -- family, Kentucky pioneers, 125.
+
+      Camp Madison (Ky.), 172.
+
+      Caperton, Captain, militia leader, 216.
+
+      Captain Jack, Indian hero, 52.
+
+      Carson, Kit, grandson of Boone, 231.
+
+      Cartwright's Creek, Boone on, 208.
+
+      Castle's-woods, Boone at, 109.
+
+      Catawba Indians, relations with Yadkin settlers, 18, 19, 22, 36,
+          42;
+        allies of whites, 45;
+        raided by Northern Indians, 96.
+
+      Cattle-raising, on frontier, 8, 9, 15, 16, 30, 31, 35, 36, 57,
+          58, 62, 69, 102, 122, 127, 128, 131, 132, 140, 162, 163, 173,
+          197, 223.
+
+      Charleston (S.C.), in Cherokee War, 43, 46;
+        Boone at, 169.
+
+      -- (W. Va.), Boone near, 211, 221.
+
+      Charlottesville (Va.), Boone at, 182.
+
+      Cherokee Indians, raided by Northern tribes, 96;
+        relations with Yadkin settlers, 18, 19, 22;
+        war with whites, 36-56, 60, 69;
+        plunder Kentucky hunters, 90, 91, 93;
+        treaty with settlers, 99;
+        in Dunmore's War, 104, 105, 112, 113;
+        in Transylvania cession, 113-116;
+        in Revolutionary War, 132, 139-144, 160-167;
+        inflamed by Spain, 202, 204.
+
+      Chickasaw Indians, in Revolutionary War, 179.
+
+      Chillicothe (Ohio), Boone near, 158.
+
+      --, Little, Shawnese town, 151, 152, 156, 166.
+
+      --, Old, Shawnese town, 170.
+
+      Choctaw Indians, rob hunters, 67.
+
+      Christian family, Kentucky pioneers, 125.
+
+      Cincinnati, founded, 199;
+        Clark at, 190;
+        Harmar, 213;
+        Boone, 222;
+        Wayne, 218.
+
+      Clark, George Rogers, arrival in Kentucky, 104, 125;
+        delegate to Virginia, 133;
+        in Dunmore's War, 107;
+        in Revolutionary War, 125, 134, 138, 139, 158, 159, 169, 178,
+          179, 181, 183, 190;
+        Wabash expedition, 206, 207;
+        separatist intrigues, 203-205, 242;
+        misanthropic, vii;
+        character of services, vii, 241.
+
+      Clendennin, Col. George, militia leader, 216.
+
+      Clinch Mountain, crossed by Boone, 73.
+
+      Coburn, Samuel, Kentucky pioneer, 117.
+
+      Colorado, A. G. Boone in, 231.
+
+      Cooley, William, accompanies Boone, 72-79.
+
+      Cornstalk, Shawnese chief, 110, 111.
+
+      Cornwallis, Lord, imprisons Boone, 182, 183.
+
+      Covington (Ky.), Bowman at, 170.
+
+      Crabtree, Capt. Jacob, Kentucky pioneer, 117.
+
+      Crane, Sergt. John, in Dunmore's War, 109.
+
+      Creek Indians, inflamed by Spain, 202, 204.
+
+      Crime, on frontier, 33, 34, 60-62.
+
+      Croghan, George, fur-trader, 23.
+
+      Culpeper County (Va.), Boone in, 43.
+
+      Cumberland Gap, crossed by Virginia hunters, 90, 92;
+        Finley, 23, 88;
+        Boone, vii, 72, 73, 88, 89, 95, 125, 230, 241;
+        in Dunmore's War, 105.
+        See also Wilderness Road.
+
+      -- Mountains, bound Kentucky, 70, 91.
+
+      Cutbirth, Benjamin, friend of Boone, 66;
+        in Kentucky, 66, 67, 101.
+
+
+      Danville (Ky.), district capital, 195.
+
+      Davie County (N.C.), Boones in, 27.
+
+      Dawson, Miss Marjory, aid acknowledged, xi.
+
+      Day, Rebecca, 233.
+
+      --, Sarah, marries Samuel Boone, 10;
+        teaches Daniel, 10, 11.
+
+      Deer, 18, 58, 63, 67, 72-74, 76, 92, 133, 197.
+
+      Delassus, Charles Dehault, lieutenant-governor of Upper Louisiana,
+          220, 224, 225, 228.
+
+      Delaware Indians, Christian converts, 7, 8;
+        in Revolutionary War, 156, 157, 160-167.
+
+      Detroit, Boone at, 154-157, 166, 177;
+        British headquarters, 178, 183, 192.
+
+      District of Columbia, Squire Boone in, 43.
+
+      Doddridge, Joseph, _Notes on Virginia_, 39-41.
+
+      Drake, Joseph, heads Long Hunters, 91, 92.
+
+      Draper, Lyman Copeland, gathers Boone manuscripts, ix, x;
+        letters from Harding, 238, 239.
+
+      Dress, of pioneers, 28, 29.
+
+      Dunkin, Sergt. John, in Dunmore's War, 109.
+
+      Dunmore, Lord, commissions Boone, 155, 156;
+        raids Indians, 105-112;
+        opposes Henderson, 116.
+
+      Durrett, Col. Reuben T., aid acknowledged, x.
+
+      Dutchman's Creek, Boones on, 17.
+
+
+      Eagle Creek, in Indian campaign, 194.
+
+      Education, on frontier, 10, 11, 27, 53, 224.
+
+      Elk, 72, 75, 76, 92.
+
+      English, in French and Indian War, 19-23;
+        defeat French, 59, 60;
+        employ French woodsmen, 98;
+        fur trade of, 42;
+        oppose American settlement, 98, 99, 202;
+        in Revolutionary War, 132, 149, 154-156, 159, 165-167, 171,
+          178, 186, 190, 192;
+        designs on Louisiana, 220.
+
+      Estill, Capt. James, killed by Indians, 184, 185.
+
+      -- County (Ky.), Boone in, 73.
+
+      Etting, J. Marx, aid acknowledged, xi.
+
+      Exeter township (Pa.), Boones in, 5-7.
+
+
+      Fayette County (Ky.), organized, 179-182;
+        raided by Indians, 186;
+        surveying, 181, 192, 193.
+
+      Fallen Timbers, battle of, 217, 218.
+
+      Falls of Ohio. See Louisville.
+
+      Femme Osage Creek, Boone on, 220-222, 224, 225, 229.
+
+      Filson, John, writes Boone's "autobiography," 153, 199, 200.
+
+      Fincastle County (Va.), includes Kentucky, 123, 195.
+
+      Finley, John, early exploration of Kentucky, 22, 23, 87, 88;
+        tells Boone thereof, 22-24, 69, 71;
+        pilots Boone thither, vii, 71-79, 88, 200, 218, 241.
+
+      Fishing Creek, Clark on, 104.
+
+      Flint, Timothy, describes Boone, 235, 236, 238.
+
+      Florida, Virginia hunters in, 89;
+        Boone, 64, 65.
+
+      Floyd, Capt. John, on state of frontier, 136, 137;
+        in Revolutionary War, 138, 180.
+
+      Forbes, Gen. John, campaign of, 88.
+
+      Fort Blackmore, in Dunmore's War, 108.
+
+      -- Boiling Spring, in Revolutionary War, 137.
+
+      -- Boone (Boone's Station), built, 180.
+
+      -- Bryan (Ky.), in Revolutionary War, 137, 185-188.
+
+      -- Defiance, Wayne at, 217.
+
+      -- Dobbs, erected, 37-39;
+        in Cherokee War, 41-44, 55.
+
+      -- Duquesne. See Pittsburg.
+
+      -- Elk Garden, in Dunmore's War, 109.
+
+      -- Estill, attacked by Indians, 184.
+
+      -- Glade Hollow, in Dunmore's War, 109.
+
+      -- Harrod. See Fort Boiling Spring.
+
+      -- Hinkson, in Revolutionary War, 137.
+
+      -- Huston (Ky.), in Revolutionary War, 137.
+
+      -- Jefferson, built by Clark, 179.
+
+      -- Logan, in Revolutionary War, 137, 139, 164, 165.
+
+      -- Loudon, erected, 37;
+        in Cherokee War, 44, 46, 47.
+
+      -- McClellan, in Revolutionary War, 137, 139.
+
+      -- McConnell, in Revolutionary War, 188.
+
+      -- McGee, in Revolutionary War, 188.
+
+      -- Maiden Spring, in Dunmore's War, 109.
+
+      -- Martin, besieged, 178.
+
+      -- Massac, French at, 41, 42, 48.
+
+      -- Moore, in Dunmore's War, 108.
+
+      -- Nelson. See Louisville.
+
+      -- Osage, Boone at, 232.
+
+      -- Pitt. See Pittsburg.
+
+      -- Price (Ky.), in Revolutionary War, 139.
+
+      -- Prince George, in Cherokee War, 37, 44, 48.
+
+      -- Recovery, Wayne at, 217.
+
+      -- Robinson, erected, 50.
+
+      -- Ruddell, founded, 121;
+        besieged, 178.
+
+      -- Russell, in Dunmore's War, 108.
+
+      -- Stanwix, treaty of, 99, 114, 121.
+
+      -- Strode, militia rendezvous, 194.
+
+      -- Whitley, in Revolutionary War, 137.
+
+      -- Whitton (Big Crab Orchard), in Dunmore's War, 109.
+
+      Forts on frontier, described, 37-41;
+        methods of defense, 142, 143.
+
+      Frankfort (Ky.), 121;
+        Boone portrait at, 238;
+        Boone's grave, 240.
+
+      Fredericksburg (Va.), Boone in, 43.
+
+      Frelinghuysen, Theodore, on Cherokee bravery, 51.
+
+      Fremont, Gen. John C., explorer, 231.
+
+      French, introduce knives, 111;
+        early knowledge of Kentucky, 85-87;
+        in French and Indian War, 19-23, 66;
+        inflame Southern Indians, 36, 37, 41, 42, 48, 51, 98;
+        fall of New France, 48, 60;
+        hunting in Kentucky, 95, 101, 197;
+        employed by English, 98, 148, 159, 161, 171, 178;
+        in Northwest Territory, 207;
+        in Missouri, 223-226, 231;
+        intrigue against Spain, 204;
+        cede Louisiana to United States, 226, 227.
+
+      -- Creek, French on, 20.
+
+      Fur trade, near Philadelphia, 4, 10;
+        French and English rivalry, 19, 20;
+        Ohio Company, 20, 24, 87;
+        Finley, 22, 23, 71, 83, 87, 88;
+        Croghan, 23;
+        with Southern Indians, 18, 42, 44, 58, 60, 132, 133;
+        roving of traders, 67, 69;
+        English operations, 87, 99, 190;
+        character of traders, 60, 132, 133;
+        autumnal caravans, 31, 58, 197;
+        Boone's operations, 201, 202, 219.
+
+
+      Gass, Capt. David, on Clinch, 103;
+        Kentucky pioneer, 117.
+
+      Gauntlet-running, described, 154, 155.
+
+      Georgetown (D.C.), Squire Boone in, 43.
+
+      Georgia, Virginia hunters in, 91;
+        Boone, 65;
+        increase of settlement, 97.
+
+      Germans, among frontiersmen, 4, 5, 14, 196.
+
+      Girty, George, met by Boone, 148.
+
+      --, James, met by Boone, 148.
+
+      --, Simon, American renegade, 148, 186.
+
+      Gist, Christopher, explores Kentucky, 87, 100.
+
+      Grant, Lieut.-Col. James, raids Cherokees, 48-50.
+
+      Granville, Earl, North Carolina landholder, 68.
+
+      Great Lakes, French posts on, 19.
+
+      -- Meadows, defeat of Washington, 20.
+
+      Greenville (Ohio), treaty of, 217.
+
+      Grimes, James, mentioned by Boone, 233.
+
+      Gwynedd township (Pa.), Boones in, 4-6.
+
+
+      Hamilton, Gov. Henry, 149, 150;
+        relations with Boone, 154-156, 161, 166;
+        imprisoned, 169, 177.
+
+      Hamtramck, Maj. J. F., raids Indians, 213.
+
+      Harding, Chester, paints Boone's portrait, 237-239.
+
+      Harmar, Col. Josiah, raids Indians, 213.
+
+      Harper's Ferry (Va.), Boones at, 16.
+
+      Harrisonburg (Va.), Boones near, 16.
+
+      Harrod, Capt. James, in Revolutionary War, 134, 138, 176.
+
+      Harrodsburg, founded, vii, 121, 131, 238, 241;
+        convention at, 133;
+        in Revolutionary War, 137, 139, 142, 143, 164;
+        seat of Lincoln County, 179.
+
+      Hart, David, of Transylvania Company, 114.
+
+      --, John, Kentucky pioneer, 117.
+
+      --, Nathaniel, of Transylvania Company, 114, 176, 177.
+
+      --, Thomas, of Transylvania Company, 114, 176, 177.
+
+      Hays, William, Boone's son-in-law, 117.
+
+      --, Mrs. William, daughter of Boone, 117.
+
+      Hazelrigg, Captain, letters from Boone, 193-195.
+
+      Hempinstall, Abraham, hunts in Kentucky, 89, 90.
+
+      Henderson, Col. Richard, settles Kentucky, 113-115, 118-120,
+          122-124, 126, 129, 133.
+
+      --, Samuel, marries Betsey Calloway, 143.
+
+      Hennepin, Father Louis, explorations of, 86.
+
+      Hewett, Gen. Fayette, aid acknowledged, xi.
+
+      Hicks, William, Kentucky pioneer, 117.
+
+      Hill, William, accompanies Boone, 69, 70.
+
+      Hinkson, Maj. John, Kentucky pioneer, 121.
+
+      Hite, Isaac, Kentucky pioneer, 125.
+
+      Holden, Capt. Joseph, accompanies Boone, 72-77;
+        defeated by Indians, 185.
+
+      Howard, John, in Kentucky, 87.
+
+      Hunting, early practised by Boone, 9-12, 16;
+        in Yadkin country, 17, 18, 28-34, 55, 58, 62, 63;
+        early trail through Cumberland Gap, 73, 89;
+        in Tennessee, 55-57;
+        abundant in Kentucky, 76, 98, 132, 218;
+        Long Hunters, 91-95;
+        Boone's long Kentucky hunt, 72-84, 86, 94-97;
+        Boone's contemporaries, 87-91;
+        after Revolution, in Kentucky, 197, 211, 218;
+        in Kanawha Valley, 218, 219;
+        in Missouri, 220, 229-232;
+        profits of, 57-59, 73-75, 229;
+        methods employed, 75, 76;
+        camps described, 63, 64;
+        game decreasing, 62, 97, 124, 219.
+        See also the several animals.
+
+
+      Iberville, Lemoyne d', explorations of, 86.
+
+      Illinois, French in, 42;
+        English, 87.
+
+      Indian Territory, mentioned by Boone, 232.
+
+      Indians, understood by Boone, viii, 7, 8, 10;
+        influence of women, 46;
+        lodge life, 153;
+        adopt captives, 152, 153;
+        affected by fur trade, 133;
+        barrier to settlement, 98;
+        in eastern Pennsylvania, 4, 7, 8, 10, 13;
+        infest mountain valleys, 14, 16;
+        in French and Indian War, 19-23, 36-56;
+        raid Yadkin region, 27, 36-56;
+        raid Kentucky, 126, 127;
+        warrior's paths, 73, 76, 79, 180;
+        gauntlet-running, 154, 155;
+        methods of warfare, 39-41, 52-54, 111, 140, 141, 160-167,
+          186-189, 205;
+        ethics of border warfare, 50-54, 206;
+        finally quieted in Northwest, 216-218.
+        See also the several tribes.
+
+      Irish, among frontiersmen, 14, 24, 196.
+
+      Iron Mountain, crossed by Boone, 73.
+
+      Iroquois, in Kentucky, 99, 113, 114.
+
+
+      Jefferson, Thomas, governor of Virginia, 182;
+        President, 224.
+
+      Jefferson County (Ky.), organized, 179-181;
+        in Revolutionary War, 188;
+        Lincolns in, 174.
+
+      Jennings, Edmund, Kentucky pioneer, 117.
+
+      Jessamine County (Ky.), Bone in, 101.
+
+      Jesuits, seek Mississippi River, 86.
+
+      Johnson, Andrew, escapes from Indians, 157.
+
+      --, Thomas, Kentucky pioneer, 117.
+
+      Joliet, Louis, discovers Mississippi, 86.
+
+      Jones, Capt. John Gabriel, delegate to Virginia, 133.
+
+      Justice, on frontier, 61, 223, 225, 226.
+
+
+      Kanawha County (W. Va.), Boone in, 210-222.
+
+      Kansas, Boone in, 229.
+
+      Kaskaskia (Ill.), won by Clark, 159, 190.
+
+      Keith, Sir William, governor of Pennsylvania, 87.
+
+      Kennedy, John, Kentucky pioneer, 117.
+
+      Kenton, Simon, scout, 125;
+        in Revolutionary War, 141, 160, 189.
+
+      Kentucky, described, 82, 131, 132;
+        debatable land between tribes, 76, 77;
+        early explorations, vii, 85-87, 89-91;
+        Virginia hunters, 20;
+        Finley, 22, 23, 71, 87, 88;
+        Boone's early explorations, 24, 64, 68-70, 88, 89, 101;
+        Boone's long hunt, 72-84, 86, 94-97;
+        Long Hunters in, 91-95;
+        Washington, 88, 89;
+        Cutbirth, 66, 67;
+        Boone family, 25, 43, 241;
+        game abundant, 98, 129, 218;
+        Cherokee lands settled, 99;
+        early colonial projects, 100;
+        Transylvania Company, 113-176;
+        first settled, vii, viii;
+        rush of settlers, 104, 178, 195-198, 207;
+        in Dunmore's War, 106, 107, 113;
+        during Revolutionary War, 132-192;
+        losses in Indian wars, 205;
+        Indians finally quelled, 213-218;
+        established as Virginia County, 123, 133, 134;
+        divided into three counties, 179-181;
+        made a district, 195;
+        becomes a State, 205;
+        sends Boone to legislature, 182, 183;
+        separatist agitation, 202-205;
+        first wedding, 143;
+        first artillery, 174;
+        hard winter, 173, 175, 176;
+        early commerce, 196, 197;
+        Boone pays debts, 229;
+        Boone's services to, 200, 201;
+        petitions Congress for Boone, 176, 177, 228;
+        obtains Boone's remains, ix, 240;
+        declines to buy Harding's portrait, 238;
+        Filson's _History_, 199.
+
+      King, John, Kentucky pioneer, 117.
+
+      --, John L., owns Boone portrait, 239.
+
+      --, William H., owns Boone portrait, 237-239;
+        aid acknowledged, xi.
+
+      King Philip, Indian hero, 51, 52.
+
+      Kinkead, Sergt. John, in Dunmore's War, 109.
+
+
+      Lackey, W. G., aid acknowledged, xi.
+
+      La Fayette, Gen. Marquis de, in Virginia, 182.
+
+      Land grants, to French and Indian War veterans, 88, 121, 131;
+        by Iroquois to whites, 114;
+        by Cherokees to whites, 113-116;
+        Boone from Virginia, 177;
+        Boone from Spain, 222, 227, 228.
+        See also Transylvania Company.
+
+      La Salle, Robert Cavelier, sieur de, on Western waters, 86.
+
+      Law, on frontier, 33, 34, 224-227.
+
+      Lederer, John, on Western waters, 86.
+
+      Lee, William, Kentucky pioneer, 121, 137.
+
+      Lewis, Gen. Andrew, in Dunmore's War, 107, 110, 111.
+
+      -- family, Kentucky pioneers. 125.
+
+      Lexington (Ky.), seat of Fayette County, 179, 193;
+        in Revolutionary War, 186-188.
+
+      Limestone. See Maysville.
+
+      Lincoln, Abraham, Kentucky pioneer, 174.
+
+      -- County (Ky.), organized, 179-181;
+        in Revolutionary War, 188.
+
+      Linn, Lieutenant, marries, 143.
+
+      Linnville Creek, Boones on, 16.
+
+      Logan, Benjamin, arrives in Kentucky, 125;
+        raids Indians, vii, 134, 207;
+        in Revolutionary War, 138, 144, 164, 165, 180, 181, 189;
+        character of services, 241.
+
+      Logan, Chief John, attacks whites, 105.
+
+      Long Hunters, in Kentucky, 91-95.
+
+      Long Island, of Holston, 50.
+
+      Long Knives, use of term, 11, 144.
+
+      Louisiana, North Carolinians in, 66;
+        French, 19;
+        owned by Spain, 220;
+        French intrigue against, 204;
+        ceded to United States, 224, 226-228.
+
+      Louisville (Ky.), Gist at site of, 87;
+        Finley, 22, 23, 71;
+        Washington, 104;
+        Clark, 159;
+        Boone, 83, 129, 193;
+        in Revolutionary War, 181, 190;
+        seat of Jefferson County, 179;
+        early growth, 196.
+
+      Lyttleton, William Henry, governor of South Carolina, 43, 55.
+
+
+      McAfee family, Kentucky pioneers, 125.
+
+      McClellan, Alexander, Kentucky pioneer, 125.
+
+      McCulloch, John, explores Kentucky, 91.
+
+      MacDowell family, Kentucky pioneers, 125.
+
+      McGary, Maj. Hugh, in Revolutionary War, 138, 188, 189.
+
+      McKee, Capt. Alexander, raids Kentucky, 186.
+
+      Marquette, Father Jacques, discovers Mississippi, 86.
+
+      Marshall, Col. Thomas, surveyor, 181, 192, 193, 195.
+
+      Martin, Josiah, governor of North Carolina, 116.
+
+      Maryland, Boones in, 43, 59;
+        increase of settlement, 97;
+        commerce with Kentucky, 202.
+
+      Matthews, Albert, on "Long Knives," 111.
+
+      Maugridge, Mary, marries George Boone{1}, 1.
+
+      Mausker, Caspar, of Long Hunters, 94.
+
+      Maysville (Ky.), 194;
+        in Revolutionary War, 138;
+        Boone at, 201, 202, 207-210, 212.
+
+      Medicine, on frontier, 32.
+
+      Mill, John Stuart, on forcing civilization, 51.
+
+      Miller, William, Kentucky pioneer, 117.
+
+      Mingo Indians, in Dunmore's War, 105;
+        in Revolutionary War, 132, 139-144, 156, 157, 161-167.
+
+      Mingo Junction (Ohio), Logan tragedy near, 105.
+
+      Missouri, Boone family in, viii, 43, 220-241;
+        life previous to cession, 223-226;
+        first stone house, 239;
+        Constitutional Convention, viii, 239;
+        releases Boone's remains, 240.
+
+      Moccasin Gap, followed by Boone, 73.
+
+      Monocacy Valley, Boone in, 10.
+
+      Montgomery, Alexander, scout, 160.
+
+      --, Col. John, raids Cherokees, 44-46, 55.
+
+      Mooney, James, accompanies Boone, 72-79.
+
+      Moore, Sergeant, in Dunmore's War, 108.
+
+      --, William, Kentucky pioneer, 117.
+
+      Moravian Indian missions, 7, 8.
+
+      Morgan, John, grandfather of Daniel Boone, 5.
+
+      --, Sarah, marries Squire Boone{1}, 5, 59;
+        life in Oley, 5-15.
+
+      -- family, Welsh settlers, 5.
+
+      Morton, Mrs. Jennie C., aid acknowledged, x.
+
+      Muskrats, 18.
+
+
+      Nall, James, Kentucky pioneer, 117.
+
+      Nashville (Tenn.), hard winter at, 175.
+
+      Neely, Alexander, joins Boone, 78-81.
+
+      Neversink Mountains, Boone in, 10.
+
+      New France, fall of, 48, 60, 87, 98.
+        See also French.
+
+      New Mexico, New Englanders in, 86.
+
+      New Orleans, French at, 19;
+        Spanish, 228;
+        North Carolinians, 66, 67;
+        Virginians, 90, 91;
+        early commerce with, 197.
+
+      New York (State), Indian uprising, 37;
+        sends emigrants to Kentucky, 178.
+
+      North Carolina, pioneers of, 13-15;
+        sends colony to Louisiana, 66;
+        Boones in, viii, 17-102, 241;
+        in French and Indian War, 21-23, 48-50, 56;
+        interest in Western settlement, 100, 138, 178;
+        Henderson's colony, 113-176;
+        opposition to Henderson, 116, 123, 127;
+        regulators, 61, 62;
+        rapid settlement, 42.
+
+      North Wales (Pa.), Boones in, 4, 5.
+
+      Northwest Territory, organized, 207.
+
+
+      Ohio, Shawnese in, 135, 144, 149-160, 170, 182, 190;
+        Boone hunts in, 211, 218.
+
+      -- Company, founded, 20;
+        operations of, 24;
+        land grants on Ohio River, 87.
+
+      Oley township (Pa.), Boones in, 4-15.
+
+      Opecancano, Indian hero, 52.
+
+      Orange County (Va.), settlers hunt in Kentucky, 89, 90.
+
+      Ordinance of 1787, 205.
+
+      Osage Indians, mentioned by Boone, 232.
+
+      Otter Creek, Boone on, 117.
+
+      Otters, 18, 74.
+
+      Owatin Creek (Pa.), Boones on, 6.
+
+      Ozark Mountains, Virginians in, 91.
+
+
+      Paint Lick Town. See Chillicothe, Little.
+
+      Panthers, 18.
+
+      Paris (Ky.), fort on site of, 137.
+
+      Patterson, Col. Robert, Kentucky pioneer, 125, 194.
+
+      Peeke, James, Kentucky pioneer, 117.
+
+      Penn, William, founds Pennsylvania, 2.
+
+      Pennington (Peninton), Hannah, mentioned by Boone, 234.
+
+      Pennsylvania, founded by Penn, 2;
+        Boones in, viii, 2-14, 102, 174, 183, 211, 212;
+        Finley, 79;
+        sends settlers to southwest, 13-15, 20, 24:
+        interest in Western settlement, 138, 178;
+        increase of settlement, 97, 130;
+        in French and Indian War, 20-23, 37;
+        in Revolutionary War, 148, 159;
+        losses in Indian wars, 205.
+
+      Pensacola (Fla.), Boone in, 65.
+
+      Philadelphia, in time of Boones, 3, 4, 10, 102, 212.
+
+      Pickaway, Shawnese town, 179.
+
+      Pittsburg, French at, 20, 21, 41;
+        Virginia hunters, 89;
+        in Dunmore's War, 105, 107;
+        in Revolutionary War, 138, 148, 183.
+
+      Poage, Sergt. W., in Dunmore's War, 108.
+
+      Point Pleasant (W. Va.), battle at, 108, 110-112;
+        Boone, 201, 210-222.
+
+      Pompey, negro interpreter, 151, 161.
+
+      Pontiac, Indian hero, 52, 59, 60.
+
+      Pope, Col. William, militia leader, 180, 181.
+
+      Presbyterians, among frontiersmen, 33.
+
+      Preston, Col. William, in Dunmore's War, 105, 109;
+        in Revolutionary War, 136.
+
+      -- family, Kentucky pioneers, 125.
+
+      Prestonburg (Ky.), Boone near, 69, 70.
+
+
+      Quakers, Boones of this persuasion, 1, 2, 4-7, 10-12;
+        expel Boones, 12;
+        familiar with Indians, 13;
+        among frontiersmen, 14, 33.
+
+
+      Ranck, George W., _Boonesborough_, x.
+
+      --, Mrs. George W., aid acknowledged, x.
+
+      Randolph, Nathaniel, Kentucky pioneer, 125.
+
+      Reading (Pa.), Boones near, 6.
+
+      Red Jacket, Indian hero, 52.
+
+      -- Stone. See Brownsville, Pa.
+
+      Regulators, in Carolinas, 61, 101.
+
+      Religion, on frontier, 33.
+        See also the several denominations.
+
+      Revolutionary War, 175;
+        effect on proprietary governments, 123;
+        causes Washington to turn from West, 89;
+        checks Western colonies, 100;
+        Western interest in, 128, 170, 171;
+        G. R. Clark, 125, 138, 139, 158, 159, 169;
+        Kentucky in, 132-192.
+
+      Richmond (Va.), seat of government, 181, 182, 207, 208, 215.
+
+      Ringe, Daniel, 234.
+
+      River Alleghany, French on, 20.
+
+      -- Big Sandy, Boone on, 69-71, 211;
+        Washington, 88.
+
+      -- Catawba, early settlements on, 17;
+        Indian hostilities, 42.
+
+      -- Clinch, Boone on, 69, 101, 103-112;
+        early settlement, 97.
+
+      -- Cumberland, Long Hunters on, 93, 95;
+        Boone, 101;
+        in Transylvania cession, 115;
+        in Revolutionary War, 139.
+
+      -- Dick's, Boone on, 83.
+
+      -- Elk, Boone on, 221.
+
+      -- Elkhorn, Boone on, 208;
+        in Revolutionary War, 137.
+
+      -- French Broad, early settlement on, 97.
+
+      -- Gauley, Boone on, 219.
+
+      -- Green, Long Hunters on, 93, 94;
+        Boone, 77.
+
+      -- Great Miami, Shawnese on, 179.
+
+      -- Holston, Finley on, 79;
+        Boone, 57, 69, 73;
+        Long Hunters, 91;
+        in Cherokee War, 47, 50;
+        in Revolutionary War, 134, 138, 144, 161;
+        early settlements, 97, 126.
+
+      -- Hudson, Iroquois on, 99.
+
+      -- Kanawha (Great Kanawha), explored, 86;
+        in Dunmore's War, 108;
+        Boone on, viii, 210-222;
+        hunting, 218, 219.
+
+      -- Kentucky, Boone on, 73, 79, 83, 112, 180, 211;
+        Transylvania settlement, 115-119, 121;
+        crown lands abutting, 121, 130;
+        capture of girls, 134-136;
+        in Revolutionary War, 137, 139, 176;
+        bounds Fayette County, 179;
+        Boone leaves, 201.
+
+      -- Keowee, Cherokees on, 45.
+
+      -- Licking, Shawnese on, 135, 137, 151, 166, 170, 178-180, 188,
+          190;
+        Boone, 83, 208, 211.
+
+      -- Little Miami, Shawnese on, 151, 190;
+        in Revolutionary War, 160, 170.
+
+      -- Little Sandy, Washington on, 88.
+
+      -- Little Tennessee, Cherokees on, 45, 48, 49.
+
+      -- Maumee, Wayne on, 217.
+
+      -- Miami, Indians raided on, 214.
+
+      -- Mississippi, Iroquois on, 99;
+        French, 19, 60, 85-87, 207;
+        early English explorations, 20, 85-87, 89-91;
+        North Carolinians, 66, 67;
+        in Revolutionary War, 179;
+        Spanish, 85, 197, 198, 202-205;
+        free navigation sought by West, 203-205, 226;
+        early commerce on, 197, 198.
+
+      -- Missouri, Boone on, 221, 232, 234, 240.
+
+      -- Monongahela, fur trade route, 24;
+        Braddock on, 71;
+        early settlements, 98, 130;
+        Boone, 212, 215, 216.
+
+      -- New, Batts on, 86;
+        Squire Boone, 78;
+        settlers explore Kentucky, 90, 91.
+
+      -- Nolichucky, early settlement on, 97.
+
+      -- Ohio, drains Virginia, 16;
+        French on, 19, 20, 41, 42;
+        early explorations, 22;
+        Virginia hunters, 89-91;
+        Gist, 87;
+        Finley, 22, 23, 71;
+        in Dunmore's War, 105;
+        Iroquois land sale, 99;
+        Boone on, 69, 70, 83, 183, 201, 202, 210, 222;
+        in Transylvania cession, 114, 129;
+        in Revolutionary War, 138, 151, 159, 170;
+        Indian wars on, 88, 107, 108;
+        early settlements, 98, 100, 104, 207, 214;
+        highway for emigrants, 130, 172, 178, 184, 196, 201;
+        early commerce, 197, 198;
+        last of Indian raids, 213-218.
+
+      River Platte, Boone on, 232.
+
+      -- Potomac, fur trade route, 24.
+
+      -- Powell, Boone on, 73, 95, 96, 125;
+        early settlements, 97, 102, 115, 119.
+
+      -- Red, Boone on, 79.
+
+      -- Rich, in Dunmore's War, 109.
+
+      -- Rockcastle, Indians on, 80, 117.
+
+      -- St. Joseph, Indians raided on, 213.
+
+      -- St. Lawrence, Indians on, 19.
+
+      -- Salt, Indians near, 190.
+
+      -- --, Beech Fork of, 208.
+
+      -- Sandy, West Fork of, Boone on, 70.
+
+      -- Savannah, Indians on, 37.
+
+      -- Schuylkill, Boones on, 6-15.
+
+      -- Scioto, Shawnese on, 157, 158, 160, 167, 207;
+        Indians raided, 213.
+
+      -- Shenandoah, Boones on, 16.
+
+      -- Tennessee, Indian uprising, 37, 45;
+        Iroquois land sale, 99, 114;
+        in Transylvania cession, 114.
+
+      -- Wabash, Shawnese on, 206, 207;
+        French, 207;
+        English, 87;
+        in Dunmore's War, 105;
+        Indians raided on, 213, 214.
+
+      -- Watauga, Boone on, 55, 56, 101, 115;
+        Cherokee council, 115, 116, 133;
+        early settlement, 97.
+
+      -- Yadkin, early known to Pennsylvanians, 14;
+        Bryan family on, 25-27, 43;
+        Boone family, 16-20, 24-27, 34, 43, 55-57, 68-70, 81, 89, 95,
+          96, 100, 102, 103, 125, 158, 168, 169, 208, 209;
+        Indians on, 18, 19, 22, 37-56, 59, 60;
+        hunting, 17, 18, 28-34, 55, 58;
+        trading caravans, 31, 58;
+        crime, 60-62;
+        Finley's arrival, 71, 72.
+
+      -- Yellowstone, Boone on, 229.
+
+      Robinson, Chief Justice, on Wilderness Road, 172, 173, 175.
+
+      --, David, militia leader, 134.
+
+      Rockingham County (Va.), Boones in, 16;
+        Lincolns, 174.
+
+      Rocky Mountains, explorations of, 231, 232.
+
+      Rowan County (N.C.), Boones in, 25, 55, 174.
+
+      Russell, Henry, killed by Indians, 103.
+
+      --, Col. William, starts for Kentucky, 101-103;
+        in Dunmore's War, 105, 108;
+        in Revolutionary War, 134.
+
+
+      St. Asaph (Ky.), founded, 121.
+
+      St. Augustine (Fla.), Boone in, 65.
+
+      St. Charles County (Mo.), Boones in, 220-241.
+
+      St. Clair, Gov. Arthur, raids Indians, 214, 215, 217.
+
+      St. Louis, Spanish seat, 220, 221, 223;
+        fur market, 229;
+        Harding at, 237;
+        _Gazette_, 239, 240.
+
+      Salisbury (N.C.), Boone near, 18, 62.
+
+      Salling, Peter, in Kentucky, 87.
+
+      Salt Licks, in Kentucky, 90, 92, 118, 146, 151;
+        near Prestonburg, 69, 70;
+        Big, 82, 117;
+        Big Bone, 82, 83, 87;
+        Blue, 82, 158, 166, 188, 189, 194;
+        Buffalo, 17;
+        French, 101;
+        Grassy, 181;
+        Knob, 92;
+        Lower Blue, 135, 147-151, 160.
+
+      Scotch-Irish, among frontiersmen, 5, 14, 22, 66, 128, 196.
+
+      Scott, Gen. Charles, raids Indians, 214.
+
+      Searcy, Bartlet, Kentucky pioneer, 117.
+
+      --, Reuben, Kentucky pioneer, 117.
+
+      Shawnese Indians, raid Southern tribes, 19;
+        in Kentucky, 23;
+        in Dunmore's War, 104, 105, 107, 108, 110-113;
+        capture Boone, 77, 78, 146-158;
+        capture girls, 134-136;
+        attack Boone, 103;
+        in Revolutionary War, 132, 139-144, 156, 157, 160-167, 170, 179,
+          180, 183-191, 193;
+        raided by Kentuckians, 206, 207.
+
+      Sheltowee (Big Turtle), Boone's Indian name, 152.
+
+      Silouee, Cherokee chief, 45.
+
+      Sitting Bull, Indian hero, 52.
+
+      Skaggs, Henry, heads Long Hunters, 92.
+
+      Slavery, among Indians, 42;
+        negro, 33, 103, 184.
+
+      Smith, John, on Indian warfare, 111.
+
+      South Carolina, pioneers of, 13-15;
+        in Cherokee War, 43, 44, 48;
+        regulators, 61;
+        interest in Western settlement, 138, 178.
+
+      Southern Indians, attack whites, 60, 202, 204.
+        See also Cherokee Indians.
+
+      Spanish, extent of explorations, 85;
+        control Mississippi River, 202-205;
+        relations with Kentuckians, 197, 198, 202-205;
+        entice American colonists, 204, 205, 220, 222.
+
+      Sports, of pioneers, 32, 33.
+
+      Station Camp Creek, Boone on, 73-79.
+
+      Staunton (Va.), Boone at, 183.
+
+      Stephen, Col. Adam, raids Cherokees, 50.
+
+      Stockfield, owned by Boone, 208.
+
+      Stone, Uriah, in Kentucky, 90-92.
+
+      Stone Mountain, crossed by Boone, 73.
+
+      Stoner, Michael, Kentucky pioneer, 117.
+
+      Stuart, John, early exploration of Kentucky, 66, 67;
+        accompanies Boone, 72-80;
+        death, 80.
+
+      Sugar Tree Creek, Boones on, 27, 68.
+
+      Surveying, on frontier, 88, 104, 107, 119-121, 127, 131, 171, 172,
+          181, 192, 193, 198, 200, 208, 209, 211, 212.
+
+      Sycamore Shoals, treaty at, 115, 116.
+
+
+      Tarleton, Col. Banastre, captures Boone, 182.
+
+      Tate, Samuel, Kentucky pioneer, 117.
+
+      Taylor, Hancock, hunts in Kentucky, 89, 90.
+
+      --, Richard, hunts in Kentucky, 89, 90.
+
+      Tecumseh, Indian hero, 52.
+
+      Tennessee, Virginia hunters in, 20, 91;
+        Boone, 55-57;
+        Cherokee lands settled, 99;
+        attacked by Southern Indians, 202, 204.
+
+      Terre Haute (Ind.), Virginians at, 91.
+
+      Teugue Creek, Boone buried on, 240.
+
+      Thoreau, Henry David, likened to Boone, 10.
+
+      Todd, Capt. John, Kentucky pioneer, 125, 131;
+       militia leader, 134, 180;
+       killed by  Indians, 188, 189.
+
+      Towns, Oswell, Kentucky pioneer, 117.
+
+      Transylvania Company, settles Kentucky, 113-176, 208;
+        nullified by Virginia, 134, 176.
+
+      Trigg, Col. Stephen, militia leader, 181;
+        killed by Indians, 188, 189.
+
+      Tryon, Gov. William, conflict with regulators, 101;
+        runs boundary line, 69.
+
+      Turkeys, 18, 72, 76, 92, 133.
+
+      Turtle Creek, Braddock's defeat on, 21.
+
+      Twitty, Capt. William, Kentucky pioneer, 117.
+
+
+      Vardeman, John, Kentucky pioneer, 117.
+
+      Vincennes (Ind.), won by Clark, 159, 169, 190.
+
+      Virginia, early Indian hostilities, 111;
+        early explorations from, 85-87, 89-91;
+        pioneer advance through, 13-15, 20;
+        Boones in, 16, 43, 57;
+        path to Kentucky, 115;
+        in French and Indian War, 20-23, 37, 41, 47-49;
+        in Dunmore's War, 105-112;
+        losses in Indian wars, 205;
+        sends settlers to Kentucky, 178, 192;
+        opposition to Henderson, 116, 123, 127, 130, 133, 134, 176;
+        interest in Western settlement, 138;
+        regulators, 61;
+        organizes Kentucky County, 123, 133, 134, 174;
+        in Revolutionary War, 148, 169, 171, 203;
+        aids Kentucky, 138, 139, 143, 146, 150, 159, 165, 172, 174, 190,
+          207, 208;
+        erects district of Kentucky, 195;
+        Boone in Assembly, 182, 183, 215;
+        grants land to Boone, 177;
+        fails to release Kentucky, 204.
+
+      --, Valley of, its pioneers, 13-16, 19, 20, 24, 31, 35, 100, 102.
+
+
+      Waddell, Capt. Hugh, in French and Indian War, 21;
+        in Cherokee War, 44, 45, 49, 50, 55, 56.
+
+      Walker, Felix, Kentucky pioneer, 117, 118.
+
+      --, Dr. Thomas, in Kentucky, 87.
+
+      War of 1812-15, effect on Missouri, 230.
+
+      Ward, John, explores Kentucky, 66.
+
+      Warriors' paths, 73, 76, 79, 180.
+
+      Washington, George, in French and Indian War, 20, 21;
+        in Kentucky, 87-89, 100, 104;
+        in Revolutionary War, 138.
+
+      Wayne, Gen. Anthony, conquers Indians, 217, 218.
+
+      Welch, Rev. James E., describes Boone, 236, 237.
+
+      Welsh, among frontiersmen, 4, 5.
+
+      West Virginia, pioneer advance through, 13-15;
+        Boone in, 210-222, 235.
+
+      Whitley, William, arrives in Kentucky, 125.
+
+      Wilcoxen, Elizabeth, marries Benjamin Cutbirth, 66.
+
+      Wildcats, 18.
+
+      Wilderness Road, 130, 146, 172-174, 178, 184, 198, 202.
+        See also Cumberland Gap.
+
+      Wilkes County (N.C.), Boone in, 68.
+
+      Wilkesboro (N.C.), Boone near, 68.
+
+      Wilkinson, Gen. James, raids Indians, 214.
+
+      Wisconsin State Historical Society, possesses Boone's records, ix,
+          x, 208.
+
+      Wolves, 18.
+
+      Wood, Col. Abraham, on Western waters, 86.
+
+      Wyandot Indians, in Revolutionary War, 184.
+
+
+      Xenia (O.), Boone near, 151, 152.
+
+
+      Zinzendorf und Pottendorf, Nikolaus Ludwig, Count von, Moravian
+          missionary, 7, 8.
+
+
+
+
+AN IMPORTANT HISTORICAL BOOK.
+
+The History of the Louisiana Purchase.
+
+By Dr. JAMES K. HOSMER, Author of "A Short History of the Mississippi
+Valley," etc. With Illustrations and Maps. 12mo. Cloth, $1.20 net;
+postage, 12 cents additional.
+
+
+The story that Dr. Hosmer tells of the acquisition of the western empire
+included in the Louisiana Purchase presents fresh and picturesque phases
+of a most important historical event of peculiar and timely interest, in
+view of the anniversary which comes next year. He pictures the vague and
+curious ideas of the Louisiana country held by most Americans one
+hundred years ago, and the objections to this form of expansion. He
+treats the changes in the ownership of the territory from France to
+Spain, and again to France, and he develops fully the purposes and acts
+of Jefferson and the American Commissioners in Paris.
+
+Of special importance from both the historical and personal points of
+view are the chapters which picture more fully and vividly than has been
+done before the leading part taken by Napoleon in bringing about the
+sale of Louisiana, and the relations between France and America, which
+are shown to possess a historical importance that has not been
+appreciated.
+
+There has been no account of the Louisiana Purchase which is so popular
+and constant in its interest, and the authoritative character of the
+historian's work renders the volume indispensable for younger and older
+readers who wish to gain a thorough knowledge of the personal elements
+and the historic significance of the acquisition of Louisiana.
+
+
+
+
+McMASTER'S FIFTH VOLUME.
+
+History of the People of the United States.
+
+By Prof. JOHN BACH MCMASTER. Vols. I, II, III, IV, and V now ready. 8vo.
+Cloth, with Maps, $2.50 per volume.
+
+
+The fifth volume covers the time of the administrations of John Quincy
+Adams and Andrew Jackson, and describes the development of the
+democratic spirit, the manifestations of new interest in social
+problems, and the various conditions and plans presented between 1821
+and 1830. Many of the subjects included have necessitated years of
+first-hand investigations, and are now treated adequately for the first
+time.
+
+       "John Bach McMaster needs no introduction, but only a
+       greeting.... The appearance of this fifth volume is an
+       event in American literature second to none in importance
+       this season."--_New York Times._
+
+       "This volume contains 576 pages, and every page is worth
+       reading. The author has ransacked a thousand new sources
+       of information, and has found a wealth of new details
+       throwing light upon all the private and public activities
+       of the American people of three quarters of a century
+       ago."--_Chicago Tribune._
+
+       "In the fifth volume Professor McMaster has kept up to the
+       high standard he set for himself in the previous numbers.
+       It is hard to realize thoroughly the amount of detailed
+       work necessary to produce these books, which contain the
+       best history of our country that has yet been
+       published."--_Philadelphia Telegraph._
+
+       "The first installment of the history came as a pleasant
+       surprise, and the later volumes have maintained a high
+       standard in regard to research and style of
+       treatment."--_New York Critic._
+
+       "A monumental work.... Professor McMaster gives on every
+       page ample evidence of exhaustive research for his
+       facts."--_Rochester Herald._
+
+       "The reader can not fail to be impressed by the wealth of
+       material out of which the author has weighed and condensed
+       and arranged his matter."--_Detroit Free Press._
+
+       "Professor McMaster is our most popular historian.... He
+       never wearies, even when dealing with subjects that would
+       be most wearisome under clumsier handling. This fifth
+       volume is the most triumphant evidence of his art."--_New
+       York Herald._
+
+
+
+
+By EDGAR STANTON MACLAY, A. M.
+
+=A History of the United States Navy.= (=1775 to 1902.=)--New and
+revised edition.
+
+
+In three volumes, the new volume containing an Account of the Navy since
+the Civil War, with a history of the Spanish-American War revised to the
+date of this edition, and an Account of naval operations in the
+Philippines, etc. Technical Revision of the first two volumes by
+Lieutenant ROY C. SMITH, U. S. N. Illustrated. 8vo. Cloth, $3.00 net per
+volume; postage, 26 cents per volume additional.
+
+In the new edition of Vol. III, which is now ready for publication, the
+author brings his History of the Navy down to the present time. In the
+prefaces of the volumes of this history the author has expressed and
+emphasized his desire for suggestions, new information, and corrections
+which might be utilized in perfecting his work. He has, therefore,
+carefully studied the evidence brought out at the recent Schley Court of
+Inquiry, and while the findings of that Court were for the most part in
+accordance with the results of his own historical investigations, he has
+modified certain portions of his narrative. Whatever opinions may be
+held regarding any phases of our recent naval history, the fact remains
+that the industry, care, and thoroughness, which were unanimously
+praised by newspaper reviewers and experts in the case of the first two
+volumes, have been sedulously applied to the preparation of this new
+edition of the third volume.
+
+
+A History of American Privateers.
+
+Uniform with "A History of the United States Navy." One volume.
+Illustrated. 8vo. Cloth, $3.00 net; postage, 24 cents additional.
+
+After several years of research the distinguished historian of American
+sea power presents the first comprehensive account of one of the most
+picturesque and absorbing phases of our maritime warfare. The importance
+of the theme is indicated by the fact that the value of prizes and
+cargoes taken by privateers in the Revolution was three times that of
+the prizes and cargoes taken by naval vessels, while in the War of 1812
+we had 517 privateers and only 23 vessels in our navy. Mr. Maclay's
+romantic tale is accompanied by reproductions of contemporary pictures,
+portraits, and documents, and also by illustrations by Mr. George Gibbs.
+
+
+The Private Journal of William Maclay,
+
+United States Senator from Pennsylvania, 1789-1791. With Portrait from
+Original Miniature. Edited by EDGAR STANTON MACLAY, A. M. Large 8vo.
+Cloth, $2.25.
+
+During his two years in the Senate William Maclay kept a journal of his
+own in which he minutely recorded the transactions of each day. This
+record throws a flood of light on the doings of our first legislators.
+
+
+
+
+APPLETONS' WORLD SERIES.
+
+
+A New Geographical Library.
+
+Edited by H. J. MACKINDER, M. A., Student of Christ Church, Reader in
+Geography in the University of Oxford, Principal of Reading College.
+Each, 8vo. Cloth.
+
+The series will consist of twelve volumes, each being an essay
+descriptive of a great natural region, its marked physical features, and
+the life of the people. Together, the volumes will give a complete
+account of the world, more especially as the field of human activity.
+
+
+_NOW READY._
+
+=Britain and the British Seas.= By the EDITOR. With numerous Maps and
+Diagrams. $2.00 net; postage, 19 cents additional.
+
+=The Nearer East.= By D. G. HOGARTH, M. A., Fellow of Magdalen College,
+Oxford; Director of the British School at Athens; Author of "A Wandering
+Scholar in the Levant." $2.00 net; postage, 17 cents additional.
+
+
+_IN PREPARATION._
+
+CENTRAL EUROPE. By Dr. JOSEPH PARTSCH, Professor of Geography in the
+University of Breslau.
+
+INDIA. By Sir T. HUNGERFORD HOLDICH, K. C. I. E., C. B., R. E.,
+Superintendent of Indian Frontier Surveys; author of numerous papers on
+Military Surveying and Geographical subjects.
+
+SCANDINAVIA AND THE ARCTIC OCEAN. By Sir CLEMENTS R. MARKHAM, K. C. B.,
+F. R. S., President of the Royal Geographical Society.
+
+THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE. By Prince KROPOTKIN, author of the articles "Russia"
+and "Siberia" in the _Encyclopaedia Britannica_.
+
+AFRICA. By J. SCOTT KELTIE, Secretary of the Royal Geographical Society;
+Editor of _The Statesman's Year-Book_; Author of "The Partition of
+Africa."
+
+THE FARTHER EAST. By ARCHIBALD LITTLE.
+
+WESTERN EUROPE AND THE MEDITERRANEAN. By ELISEE RECLUS, author of the
+"Nouvelle Geographie Universelle."
+
+AUSTRALASIA AND ANTARCTICA. By Dr. H. O. FORBES, Curator of the
+Liverpool Museum, late Curator of the Christ Church Museum, N. Z.;
+Author of "A Naturalist's Wanderings in the Eastern Archipelago."
+
+NORTH AMERICA. By Prof. ISRAEL COOK RUSSELL, M. S., C. E., LL. D.,
+Professor of Geology in the University of Michigan; author of numerous
+works on geological and physiographical subjects.
+
+SOUTH AMERICA. By JOHN CASPER BRANNER, Ph.D., LL. D., Professor of
+Geology, and sometime Vice-President Leland Stanford Junior University;
+author of many publications on Brazil, Geology, and Physical Geography.
+
+      Maps by J. G. BARTHOLOMEW.
+
+
+
+
+THE GREAT PEOPLES SERIES.
+
+Edited by DR. YORK POWELL, Regius Professor of Modern History in the
+University of Oxford. Each 12mo. Cloth, $1.50 net; postage, 14 cents
+additional.
+
+The aim of this series is to give in well-printed, clearly written, and
+readable volumes a view of the process by which the leading peoples of
+the world have become great and earned their title to greatness, to
+describe the share each has contributed to the common stock of
+civilization. It is not so much a set of political or military or even
+social histories, as a sequence of readable studies on the tendencies
+and potencies of the chief peoples of the world, that this series will
+strive to present.
+
+
+_NOW READY:_
+
+=THE SPANISH PEOPLE.=
+
+By Dr. MARTIN A. S. HUME.
+
+       "The reader quickly perceives that the riches promised by
+       Dr. Powell are amply found, at least in this first volume.
+       The history is written with a new object and from a new
+       standpoint; there is not a dull page in it. Mr. Hume
+       writes with all the advantages of the modern historical
+       specialist, and his picture of the development of the
+       Spaniard is an important history of a people whose
+       picturesque career is one of unfailing interest."--_Boston
+       Daily Advertiser_.
+
+=THE FRENCH PEOPLE.=
+
+By ARTHUR HASSALL, M. A., Student of Christ Church, Oxford; Author of
+"The Balance of Power," etc.
+
+In accordance with the general plan of the series, this important work
+presents the evolution of a people. The method is modern, and although
+the sources, development, and transitions of a great race are fully
+indicated in a comparatively small compass, the author's aims and
+results differ widely from the set record of political, dynastic, and
+military facts which are chronicled in the dry language of the usual
+hand-book. The part that France has played in the world's history has
+been frequently so picturesque and dramatic, as well as great, that a
+vital analysis of her history like this possesses a profound interest.
+The author is one of the ablest of the rising English historians and a
+lecturer at Christ Church, Oxford.
+
+
+_IN PREPARATION:_
+
+=THE RUSSIAN PEOPLE.=
+
+By J. FITZMAURICE-KELLY.
+
+
+
+
+THE STANDARD AUTHORITY.
+
+=The Presidents of the United States.=
+
+By JOHN FISKE, CARL SCHURZ, ROBERT C. WINTHROP, DANIEL G. GILMAN,
+WILLIAM WALTER PHELPS, GEORGE TICKNOR CURTIS, GEORGE BANCROFT, JOHN HAY
+and others. Edited by General JAMES GRANT WILSON. New and revised
+edition with complete life of William McKinley and sketch of Theodore
+Roosevelt. Illustrated with steel engravings and photogravures. 8vo.
+Cloth. $3.50. Half Morocco, or Half Calf, $6.00.
+
+This book has been the standard authority for many years and justly so.
+Its list of contributors lifts it far above the commonplace, and
+infinitely removes it from the possibility of political coloring or
+sectionalism. The article on President McKinley gives a brief and
+accurate resume of the Spanish war while the book as a whole is a
+composite review of the constitutional history of the United States with
+the White House as the keynote.
+
+       "A book well worth owning, for reading and for
+       reference."--_The Outlook._
+
+       "Such a work as this can not fail to appeal to the pride
+       of patriotic Americans."--_Chicago Dial._
+
+       "A monumental volume, which no American who cares for the
+       memory of the public men of his country can afford to be
+       without."--_New York Mail and Express._
+
+       "A valuable addition to both our biographical and
+       historical literature, and meets a want long
+       recognized."--_Boston Advertiser._
+
+       "A book which every one should read over and over
+       again.... We have carefully run through it, and laid it
+       down with the feeling that some such book ought to find
+       its way into every household."--_New York Herald._
+
+       "General Wilson has performed a public service in
+       presenting this volume to the public in so attractive a
+       shape. It is full of incentive to ambitious youth; it
+       abounds in encouragement to every patriotic
+       heart."--_Charleston News and Courier._
+
+       "It is precisely the book which ought to have a very wide
+       sale in this country--a book which one needs to own rather
+       than to read and lay aside. No common-school library or
+       collection of books for young readers should be without
+       it."--_The Churchman._
+
+       "These names are in themselves sufficient to guarantee
+       adequacy of treatment and interest in the presentation,
+       and it is safe to say that such succinct biographies of
+       the complete portrait gallery of our Presidents, written
+       with such unquestioned ability, have never before been
+       published."--_Hartford Courant._
+
+       "Just the sort of book that the American who wishes to fix
+       in his mind the varying phases of his country's history as
+       it is woven on the warp of the administrations will find
+       most useful. Everything is presented in a clear-cut way,
+       and no pleasanter excursions into history can be found
+       than a study of 'The Presidents of the United
+       States.'"--_Philadelphia Press._
+
+
+
+
+=The United States of America.=
+
+_A Study of the American Commonwealth, its Natural Resources, People,
+Industries, Manufactures, Commerce, and its Work in Literature, Science,
+Education, and Self-Government._
+
+Edited by NATHANIEL S. SHALER, S. D.,
+
+PROFESSOR OF GEOLOGY IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
+
+=In two volumes, royal 8vo. Maps, and 150 full-page Illustrations.
+Cloth, $10.00.=
+
+Every subject in this comprehensive work is timely, because it is of
+immediate interest to every American. Special attention, however, may be
+called to the account of "American Productive Industry," by the Hon.
+Edward Atkinson, with its array of immensely informing diagrams and
+tables; and also to "Industry and Finance," a succinct and logical
+presentation of the subject by Professor F. W. Taussig, of Harvard
+University. Both these eminent authorities deal with questions which are
+uppermost to-day.
+
+
+LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.
+
+      HON. WILLIAM L. WILSON, Chairman of the Ways and Means
+        Committee, Fifty-third Congress.
+      HON. J. R. SOLEY, formerly Assistant Secretary of the Navy.
+      EDWARD ATKINSON, LL. D., PH. D.
+      COL. T. A. DODGE, U. S. A.
+      COL. GEORGE E. WARING, JR.
+      J. B. McMASTER, Professor of History in the University of
+        Pennsylvania.
+      CHARLES DUDLEY WARNER, LL. D.
+      MAJOR J. W. POWELL, Director of the United States Geological
+        Survey and the Bureau of Ethnology.
+      WILLIAM T. HARRIS, LL. D., U. S. Commissioner of Education.
+      LYMAN ABBOTT, D. D.
+      H. H. BANCROFT, author of "Native Races of the Pacific Coast."
+      HARRY PRATT JUDSON, Head Dean of the Colleges, Univ. of Chicago.
+      JUDGE THOMAS M. COOLEY, formerly Chairman of the Interstate
+        Commerce Commission.
+      CHARLES FRANCIS ADAMS.
+      D. A. SARGENT, M. D., Director Hemenway Gymnasium, Harvard Univ.
+      CHARLES HORTON COOLEY.
+      A. E. KENNELLY, Assistant to Thomas A. Edison.
+      D. C. GILMAN, LL. D., President of Johns Hopkins University.
+      H. G. PROUT, Editor of the Railroad Gazette.
+      F. D. MILLET, formerly Vice-Pres. of the National Academy of
+        Design.
+      F. W. TAUSSIG, Professor of Political Economy in Harvard
+        University.
+      HENRY VAN BRUNT.
+      H. P. FAIRFIELD.
+      SAMUEL W. ABBOTT, M. D., Sec. State Board of Health, Massachusetts.
+      N. S. SHALER.
+
+
+       Sold only by subscription. Prospectus, giving detailed
+       chapter titles and specimen illustrations, mailed free on
+       request.
+
+
+
+
+=THE CONCISE KNOWLEDGE LIBRARY.=
+
+Each, small 8vo, half leather, $2.00.
+
+=The History of the World,=
+
+From the Earliest Historical Time to the Year 1898. By EDGAR SANDERSON,
+M. A., author of "A History of the British Empire," etc.
+
+
+=The Historical Reference-Book.=
+
+Comprising a Chronological Table of Universal History, a Chronological
+Dictionary of Universal History, and a Biographical Dictionary. With
+Geographical Notes. For the use of Students, Teachers, and Readers. By
+LOUIS HEILPRIN. Fifth edition, revised to 1898.
+
+
+=Natural History.=
+
+By R. LYDEKKER, B. A.; W. F. KIRBY, F. L. S.; B. B. WOODWARD, F. L. S.;
+R. KIRKPATRICK; R. I. POCOCK; R. BOWDLER SHARPE, LL. D.; W. GARSTANG, M.
+A.; F. A. BATHER, M. A., and H. M. BERNARD, M. A. Nearly 800 pages, and
+500 Illustrations drawn especially for this work.
+
+
+=Astronomy.=
+
+Fully illustrated. By AGNES M. CLERKE, A. FOWLER, F. R. A. S.,
+Demonstrator of Astronomical Physics of the Royal College of Science,
+and J. ELLARD GORE, F. R. A. S.
+
+
+
+
+THE ROMANCE OF HISTORY.
+
+Peter the Great.
+
+By K. WALISZEWSKI. Translated by Lady Mary Loyd. With Portrait. Small
+8vo. Cloth, $2.00.
+
+
+The Romance of an Empress. Catharine II of Russia.
+
+By K. WALISZEWSKI. Uniform with "Peter the Great." With Portrait. Small
+8vo. Cloth, $2.00.
+
+
+New Letters of Napoleon I.
+
+Omitted from the Collection published under the auspices of Napoleon
+III. Edited by M. LEON LECESTRE, Curator of the French Archives.
+Translated by Lady Mary Loyd. With Portrait. Small 8vo. Cloth, $2.00.
+
+
+       Uniform with the "New Letters."
+
+Memoirs illustrating the History of Napoleon I,
+
+from 1802 to 1815. By Baron CLAUDE FRANCOIS DE MENEVAL, Private
+Secretary of Napoleon. Edited by his Grandson, Baron Napoleon Joseph de
+Meneval. With Portraits and Autograph Letters. In three volumes. Small
+8vo. Cloth, $6.00.
+
+
+An Aide-de-Camp of Napoleon.
+
+Memoirs of General Count de Segur, of the French Academy, 1800-1812.
+Revised by his Grandson, Count LOUIS DE SEGUR. With Portrait. Small 8vo.
+Cloth, $2.00.
+
+
+Memoirs of Marshal Oudinot,
+
+Duc de Reggio. Compiled from the Hitherto Unpublished Souvenirs of the
+Duchesse de Reggio, by GASTON STIEGLER, and now first translated into
+English by Alexander Teixeira de Mattos. With Two Portraits. Small 8vo.
+Cloth, $2.00.
+
+
+A Friend of the Queen.
+
+(Marie Antoinette--Count de Fersen.) By PAUL GAULOT. With Two Portraits.
+12mo. Cloth, $2.00.
+
+
+
+
+THE LIVES OF ROYALTIES.
+
+The Private Life of the Sultan.
+
+By GEORGES DORYS, son of the late Prince of Samos, a former minister of
+the Sultan, and formerly Governor of Crete. Translated by Arthur
+Hornblow. Uniform with "The Private Life of King Edward VII."
+Illustrated. 12mo. Cloth, $1.20 net; postage, 10 cents additional.
+
+      The high position which the writer's father held at
+      Constantinople gave the son a close insight into the
+      personality of one of the least known of modern rulers, so
+      far as personality is concerned. It is unnecessary to say
+      that the author has long since left the domain of the
+      Sultan of Turkey, and he is now a member of the Young Turk
+      party and a resident of Paris. It is announced that he has
+      been recently condemned to death by the Sultan on account
+      of this book.
+
+
+The Private Life of King Edward VII.
+
+By a Member of the Royal Household. Illustrated. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50.
+
+       "While the book gives a narrative that is intimate and
+       personal in character, it does not descend to vulgar
+       narrative. It is a book which will be found of unusual
+       interest."--_Brooklyn Eagle._
+
+
+The Private Life of the Queen.
+
+By a Member of the Royal Household. Illustrated. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50.
+
+       "A singularly attractive picture of Queen Victoria.... The
+       interests and occupations that make up the Queen's day,
+       and the functions of many of the members of her household,
+       are described in a manner calculated to gratify the
+       natural desire to know what goes on behind closed doors
+       that very few of the world's dignitaries are privileged to
+       pass."--_Boston Herald._
+
+
+The Sovereigns and Courts of Europe.
+
+The Home and Court Life and Characteristics of the Reigning Families. By
+"POLITIKOS." With many Portraits. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50.
+
+       "The anonymous author of these sketches of the reigning
+       sovereigns of Europe appears to have gathered a good deal
+       of curious information about their private lives, manners,
+       and customs, and has certainly in several instances had
+       access to unusual sources. The result is a volume which
+       furnishes views of the kings and queens concerned, far
+       fuller and more intimate than can be found
+       elsewhere."--_New York Tribune._
+
+
+The Life of his Royal Highness the Prince Consort.
+
+By Sir THEODORE MARTIN. In five volumes, each with Portrait. 12mo.
+Cloth, $10.00.
+
+       "A full and impartial biography of a noble and enlightened
+       prince.... Mr. Martin's work is not gossipy, not light,
+       nor yet dull, guarded in its details of the domestic lives
+       of Albert and Victoria, but sufficiently full and familiar
+       to contribute much interesting information."--_Chicago
+       Tribune._
+
+
+
+
+THE STORY OF THE WEST SERIES.
+
+Edited by RIPLEY HITCHCOCK.
+
+Each, illustrated, 12mo, cloth, $1.50.
+
+
+The Story of the Soldier.
+
+       By General G. A. FORSYTH, U. S. Army (retired).
+       Illustrated by R. F. Zogbaum.
+
+       "A very complete and vivid picture of the development of
+       the West from a military point of view, with side lights
+       on the civil war."--_The Churchman._
+
+
+The Story of the Railroad.
+
+       By CY WARMAN, author of "The Express Messenger," etc. With
+       Maps and many Illustrations by B. West Clinedinst and from
+       photographs.
+
+       "In Mr. Warman's book we are kept constantly reminded of
+       the fortitude, the suffering, the enterprise, and the
+       endurance of the pioneers."--_The Railroad Gazette._
+
+The Story of the Cowboy.
+
+       By E. HOUGH, author of "The Singing Mouse Stories," etc.
+       Illustrated by William L. Wells and C. M. Russell.
+
+       "Mr. Hough is to be thanked for having written so
+       excellent a book. The cowboy story, as this author has
+       told it, will be the cowboy's fitting eulogy. This volume
+       will be consulted in years to come as an authority on past
+       conditions of the far West. For fine literary work the
+       author is to be highly complimented. Here, certainly, we
+       have a choice piece of writing."--_New York Times._
+
+The Story of the Mine.
+
+       As illustrated by the Great Comstock Lode of Nevada. By
+       CHARLES HOWARD SHINN.
+
+       "The author has written a book not alone full of
+       information, but replete with the true romance of the
+       American mine."--_New York Times._
+
+
+The Story of the Indian.
+
+       By GEORGE BIRD GRINNELL, author of "Pawnee Hero Stories,"
+       "Blackfoot Lodge Tales," etc.
+
+       "Only an author qualified by personal experience could
+       offer us a profitable study of a race so alien from our
+       own as is the Indian in thought, feeling, and culture.
+       Only long association with Indians can enable a white man
+       measurably to comprehend their thoughts and enter into
+       their feelings. Such association has been _Mr.
+       Grinnell's."--New York Sun._
+
+
+
+
+STANDARD HISTORICAL WORKS.
+
+
+The American Revolution, 1763-1783.
+
+Being the Chapters and Passages relating to America, from the Author's
+"History of England in the Eighteenth Century." By WILLIAM EDWARD
+HARTPOLE LECKY, M. P. Arranged and edited, with Historical and
+Biographical Notes, by James Albert Woodburn, Professor of American
+History and Politics in Indiana University. 12mo. Cloth, $1.25.
+
+
+The Rise and Growth of the English Nation.
+
+With Special Reference to Epochs and Crises. A History of and for the
+People. By W. H. S. Aubrey, LL. D. In three volumes. 12mo. Cloth, $4.50.
+
+       This work is written in no partisan or sectarian spirit,
+       and is not designed to advocate any particular theory of
+       politics, of philosophy, or of religion; but it claims to
+       be thoroughly patriotic, and is inspired by a love of the
+       freedom that springs out of righteousness and justice.
+
+
+A History of Germany, from the Earliest Times to the Present Day.
+
+By BAYARD TAYLOR. With an additional Chapter by MRS. BAYARD TAYLOR. With
+Portrait and Maps. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50.
+
+       "When one considers the confused, complicated, and
+       sporadic elements of German history, it seems scarcely
+       possible to present a clear, continuous narrative. Yet
+       this is what Bayard Taylor did. He omitted no episode of
+       importance, and yet managed to preserve a main line of
+       connection from century to century throughout the
+       narrative."--_Philadelphia Ledger._
+
+
+A French Volunteer of the War of Independence.
+
+By the Chevalier DE PONTGIBAUD. Translated and edited by Robert B.
+Douglas. With Introduction and Frontispiece. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50.
+
+
+
+
+STANDARD HISTORICAL WORKS.
+
+
+History of the People of the United States,
+
+From the Revolution to the Civil War. By JOHN BACH MCMASTER. To be
+completed in Six Volumes. Vols. I, II, III, IV, and V now ready. 8vo.
+Cloth, gilt top, $2.50 each.
+
+
+The Beginners of a Nation.
+
+By EDWARD EGGLESTON. A History of the Source and Rise of the Earliest
+English Settlements in America, with Special Reference to the Life and
+Character of the People. The first volume in a History of Life in the
+United States. Small 8vo. Gilt top, uncut, with Maps. Cloth, $1.50.
+
+
+The Transit of Civilization.
+
+From England to America in the Seventeenth Century. By EDWARD EGGLESTON.
+Uniform with "The Beginners of a Nation." Small 8vo. Gilt top, uncut.
+Cloth, $1.50.
+
+
+The Household History of the United States and its People.
+
+By EDWARD EGGLESTON. For Young Americans. Richly illustrated with 350
+Drawings, 75 Maps, etc. Square 8vo. Cloth, $2.50.
+
+
+Bancroft's History of the United States,
+
+From the Discovery of the Continent to the Establishment of the
+Constitution in 1789. (Also _Edition de Luxe_, on large paper, limited
+to one hundred sets, numbered.) Complete in six volumes, with a Portrait
+of the Author. 8vo. Cloth, uncut, gilt top, $15.00; half calf or half
+morocco, $27.00; tree calf, $50.00.
+
+
+
+
+GREAT COMMANDERS.
+
+Edited by General JAMES GRANT WILSON.
+
+This series forms one of the most notable collections of books that has
+been published for many years. The success it has met with since the
+first volume was issued, and the widespread attention it has attracted,
+indicate that it has satisfactorily fulfilled its purpose, viz., to
+provide in a popular form and moderate compass the records of the lives
+of men who have been conspicuously eminent in the great conflicts that
+established American independence and maintained our national integrity
+and unity. Each biography has been written by an author especially well
+qualified for the task, and the result is not only a series of
+fascinating stories of the lives and deeds of great men, but a rich mine
+of valuable information for the student of American history and
+biography.
+
+      Each, 12mo, cloth, gilt top, $1.50 net.
+      Postage, 11 cents additional,
+
+
+      NOW READY.
+
+      Admiral Farragut           By Captain A. T. MAHAN, U. S. N.
+      General Taylor            By General O. O. HOWARD, U. S. A.
+      General Jackson                            By JAMES PARTON.
+      General Greene                By General FRANCIS V. GREENE.
+      General J. E. Johnston    By ROBERT M. HUGHES, of Virginia.
+      General Thomas                      By HENRY COPPEE, LL. D.
+      General Scott                  By General MARCUS J. WRIGHT.
+      General Washington           By General BRADLEY T. JOHNSON.
+      General Lee                        By General FITZHUGH LEE.
+      General Hancock               By General FRANCIS A. WALKER.
+      General Sheridan                By General HENRY E. DAVIES.
+      General Grant                By General JAMES GRANT WILSON.
+      General Sherman                By General MANNING F. FORCE.
+      Commodore Paul Jones               By CYRUS TOWNSEND BRADY.
+      General Meade                      By ISAAC R. PENNYPACKER.
+      General McClellan               By General PETER S. MICHIE.
+      General Forrest                By Captain J. HARVEY MATHES.
+
+
+      IN PREPARATION.
+
+      Admiral Porter   By JAMES R. SOLEY, late Ass't Sec'y U. S. Navy.
+      General Schofield                              An Autobiography.
+
+
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