diff options
Diffstat (limited to '39927-h')
| -rw-r--r-- | 39927-h/39927-h.htm | 9986 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 39927-h/images/frontis.jpg | bin | 0 -> 42447 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 39927-h/images/i001.jpg | bin | 0 -> 34877 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 39927-h/images/i002.jpg | bin | 0 -> 68599 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 39927-h/images/i003.jpg | bin | 0 -> 101458 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 39927-h/images/i004.jpg | bin | 0 -> 101673 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 39927-h/images/i005.jpg | bin | 0 -> 55941 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 39927-h/images/i006.jpg | bin | 0 -> 56843 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 39927-h/images/i007.jpg | bin | 0 -> 88083 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 39927-h/images/i008.jpg | bin | 0 -> 85451 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 39927-h/images/i009.jpg | bin | 0 -> 104628 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 39927-h/images/i010.jpg | bin | 0 -> 102629 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 39927-h/images/i011.jpg | bin | 0 -> 43485 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 39927-h/images/title.jpg | bin | 0 -> 40690 bytes |
14 files changed, 9986 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/39927-h/39927-h.htm b/39927-h/39927-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0a9903c --- /dev/null +++ b/39927-h/39927-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,9986 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> +<head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" /> +<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Daniel Boone, by Reuben Gold Thwaites</title> + <style type="text/css"> + +body { + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + +h1,h2,h3,h4 { + text-align: center; + clear: both; +} + +p { + margin-top: .75em; + text-align: left; + margin-bottom: .75em; +} + +.pagenum { + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; +} +hr { + width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; +} + +hr.l15 { + width: 15%; + margin-top: .5em; + margin-bottom: .5em; +} + +hr.l30 { + width: 30%; +} + +.center { + text-align: center; +} + +.indx { + margin-left: 15%; + margin-right: 15% +} + +.smcap { + font-variant: small-caps; +} + +.caption { + font-weight: bold; + margin-left: 15%; + margin-right: 15%; + text-align: center; + margin-bottom: 2em; +} + +ul.none { + list-style-type:none; +} + +.figcenter { + margin: auto; + text-align: center; +} + +.left65 { + margin-left: 65%; +} + +.footnote { + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + font-size: 0.9em; +} + +.footnotes { + border: dashed 1px; +} + +.footnote .label { + position: absolute; + right: 84%; + text-align: right; +} + +.fnanchor { + vertical-align: super; + font-size: .8em; + text-decoration: + none; +} + +.widead { + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + +p.hanging { + margin-left: 1em; + text-indent: -1em; +} + +.p2 {margin-top: 2em;} +.p4 {margin-top: 4em;} +.p6 {margin-top: 6em;} + +.b15 {font-size:1.5em;} +.b13 {font-size:1.3em;} +.b11 {font-size:1.1em;} +.s08 {font-size:.8em;} +.s05 {font-size:.5em;} + +table { + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + empty-cells: show; +} +.tdr { + text-align: right; +} +.tnbox { + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + margin-bottom: 8em; + margin-top: auto; + text-align: center; + border: 1px solid; + padding: 1em; + color: black; + background-color: #f6f2f2; + width: 25em; +} + +.dropcap { + float: left; + padding-right: 3px; + font-size: 250%; + line-height: 83%; +} +li { + text-indent: -2em; +} + + hr.full { width: 100%; + margin-top: 3em; + margin-bottom: 0em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + height: 4px; + border-width: 4px 0 0 0; /* remove all borders except the top one */ + border-style: solid; + border-color: #000000; + clear: both; } + pre {font-size: 85%;} + </style> +</head> +<body> +<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, Daniel Boone, by Reuben Gold Thwaites</h1> +<p>This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at <a +href="http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></p> +<p>Title: Daniel Boone</p> +<p>Author: Reuben Gold Thwaites</p> +<p>Release Date: June 5, 2012 [eBook #39927]</p> +<p>Language: English</p> +<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p> +<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DANIEL BOONE***</p> +<p> </p> +<h4>E-text prepared by David Edwards, Melissa McDaniel,<br /> + and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br /> + (<a href="http://www.pgdp.net">http://www.pgdp.net</a>)<br /> + from page images generously made available by<br /> + Internet Archive<br /> + (<a href="http://archive.org">http://archive.org</a>)</h4> +<p> </p> +<table border="0" style="background-color: #ccccff;margin: 0 auto;" cellpadding="10"> + <tr> + <td valign="top"> + Note: + </td> + <td> + Images of the original pages are available through + Internet Archive. See + <a href="http://archive.org/details/danielboone00thwaiala"> + http://archive.org/details/danielboone00thwaiala</a> + </td> + </tr> +</table> +<p> </p> +<div class="tnbox"> +<p class="center"><b>Transcriber's Note:</b></p> +<p>Obvious typographical errors have been corrected. +Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation in the original +document have been preserved.</p> +<p>The author used superscripted numbers to indicate which of several +people with the same name are being referred to (e.g. George<sup>1</sup>, +George<sup>2</sup>).</p> +</div> +<hr class="full" /> +<p> </p> + +<div class="figcenter"><a name="frontis" id="frontis"></a> +<img src="images/frontis.jpg" width="383" height="550" alt="Daniel Boone: Portrait" /> +<p class="caption">DANIEL BOONE.</p> +<p class="caption"><span class="s08">From the portrait by Chester Harding made in 1819, when Boone +was eighty-five years old. (See pp. <a href="#Page_237">237</a>-239.)</span></p> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter p6"> +<img src="images/title.jpg" width="356" height="550" alt="Title Page" /> +</div> + +<h1 class="p2">Daniel Boone</h1> + +<p class="center"><i>BY</i><br /> +<span class="b13">REUBEN GOLD THWAITES</span></p> + +<p class="center">Author of "Father Marquette," "The Colonies, 1492-1750,"<br /> +"Down Historic Waterways," "Afloat on the<br /> +Ohio," etc.; Editor of "The Jesuit Relations and<br /> +Allied Documents," "Chronicles of Border<br /> +Warfare," "Wisconsin Historical<br /> +Collections," etc.</p> + +<p class="center b13"> <i>Illustrated</i></p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">New York</span></p> +<p class="center"><span class="b13">D. Appleton & Company</span><br /> +1902</p> + +<p class="center p6"><span class="smcap">Copyright, 1902<br /> +By</span> D. APPLETON AND COMPANY</p> + +<p class="p4"><i>Published September, 1902</i></p> + +<p class="center p6">TO THE MEMORY OF THE LATE<br /><br /> + +<span class="b13">LYMAN COPELAND DRAPER, LL.D.</span></p> + +<p class="center">WHOSE UNPARALLELED COLLECTION OF<br /> +MANUSCRIPT MATERIALS FOR WESTERN<br /> +HISTORY IN THE LIBRARY OF THE<br /> +WISCONSIN STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY<br /> +HAS MADE PRACTICABLE THE<br /> +PREPARATION OF THIS LITTLE BOOK</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">vii</a></span></p> + +<h3 class="p6">PREFACE</h3> +<hr class="l15" /> + +<p>Poets, historians, and orators have for +a hundred years sung the praises of Daniel +Boone as the typical backwoodsman of the +trans-Alleghany region. Despite popular +belief, he was not really the founder of Kentucky. +Other explorers and hunters had +been there long before him; he himself was +piloted through Cumberland Gap by John +Finley; and his was not even the first permanent +settlement in Kentucky, for Harrodsburg +preceded it by nearly a year; his services +in defense of the West, during nearly a +half century of border warfare, were not +comparable to those of George Rogers Clark +or Benjamin Logan; as a commonwealth +builder he was surpassed by several. Nevertheless, +Boone's picturesque career possesses +a romantic and even pathetic interest +that can never fail to charm the student of +history. He was great as a hunter, explorer, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">viii</a></span> +surveyor, and land-pilot—probably he found +few equals as a rifleman; no man on the +border knew Indians more thoroughly or +fought them more skilfully than he; his life +was filled to the brim with perilous adventures. +He was not a man of affairs, he did +not understand the art of money-getting, and +he lost his lands because, although a surveyor, +he was careless of legal forms of entry. +He fled before the advance of the civilization +which he had ushered in: from Pennsylvania, +wandering with his parents to +North Carolina in search of broader lands; +thence into Kentucky because the Carolina +borders were crowded; then to the Kanawha +Valley, for the reason that Kentucky was +being settled too fast to suit his fancy; lastly +to far-off Missouri, in order, as he said, to +get "elbow room." Experiences similar to +his have made misanthropes of many another +man—like Clark, for instance; but the +temperament of this honest, silent, nature-loving +man only mellowed with age; his +closing years were radiant with the sunshine +of serene content and the dimly appreciated +consciousness of world-wide fame; and he +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">ix</a></span> +died full of years, in heart a simple hunter +to the last—although he had also served with +credit as magistrate, soldier, and legislator. +At his death the Constitutional Convention +of Missouri went into mourning for twenty +days, and the State of Kentucky claimed his +bones, and has erected over them a suitable +monument.</p> + +<p>There have been published many lives of +Boone, but none of them in recent years. +Had the late Dr. Lyman Copeland Draper, of +Wisconsin, ever written the huge biography +for which he gathered materials throughout +a lifetime of laborious collection, those volumes—there +were to be several—would +doubtless have uttered the last possible word +concerning the famous Kentucky pioneer. +Draper's manuscript, however, never advanced +beyond a few chapters; but the raw +materials which he gathered for this work, +and for many others of like character, are +now in the library of the Wisconsin State +Historical Society, available to all scholars. +From this almost inexhaustible treasure-house +the present writer has obtained the +bulk of his information, and has had the advantage +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">x</a></span> +of being able to consult numerous +critical notes made by his dear and learned +friend. A book so small as this, concerning a +character every phase of whose career was +replete with thrilling incident, would doubtless +not have won the approbation of Dr. +Draper, whose unaccomplished biographical +plans were all drawn upon a large scale; +but we are living in a busy age, and life is +brief—condensation is the necessary order +of the day. It will always be a source of regret +that Draper's projected literary monument +to Boone was not completed for the +press, although its bulk would have been forbidding +to any but specialists, who would +have sought its pages as a cyclopedia of +Western border history.</p> + +<p>Through the courtesy both of Colonel +Reuben T. Durrett, of Louisville, President +of the Filson Club, and of Mrs. Ranck, we +are permitted to include among our illustrations +reproductions of some of the plates in +the late George W. Ranck's stately monograph +upon Boonesborough. Aid in tracing +original portraits of Boone has been received +from Mrs. Jennie C. Morton and General +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">xi</a></span> +Fayette Hewitt, of Frankfort; Miss Marjory +Dawson and Mr. W. G. Lackey, of St. Louis; +Mr. William H. King, of Winnetka, Ill.; and +Mr. J. Marx Etting, of Philadelphia.</p> + +<p class="left65">R. G. T.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Madison, Wis.</span>, <i>1902</i>.</p> + +<h3 class="p6">CONTENTS</h3> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiii" id="Page_xiii">xiii</a></span></p> +<hr class="l15" /> + +<table summary="contents"> +<tr> +<td><span class="s05">CHAPTER</span></td><td> </td><td class="tdr"><span class="s05">PAGE</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td><td><span class="smcap">Preface</span></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_vii">vii</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr">I.</td><td><span class="smcap">Ancestry and Training</span></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr">II.</td><td><span class="smcap">The Nimrod of the Yadkin</span></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_13">13</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr">III.</td><td><span class="smcap">Life on the Border</span></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr">IV.</td><td><span class="smcap">Red Man against White Man</span></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr">V.</td><td><span class="smcap">Kentucky Reached at Last</span></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr">VI.</td><td><span class="smcap">Alone in the Wilderness</span></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr">VII.</td><td><span class="smcap">Predecessors and Contemporaries</span></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_85">85</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr">VIII.</td><td><span class="smcap">The Hero of Clinch Valley</span></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr">IX.</td><td><span class="smcap">The Settlement of Kentucky</span></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_113">113</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr">X.</td><td><span class="smcap">Two Years of Darkness</span></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_129">129</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr">XI.</td><td><span class="smcap">The Siege of Boonesborough</span></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_146">146</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr">XII.</td><td><span class="smcap">Soldier and Statesman</span></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_169">169</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr">XIII.</td><td><span class="smcap">Kentucky's Path of Thorns</span></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_192">192</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr">XIV.</td><td><span class="smcap">In the Kanawha Valley</span></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_211">211</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr">XV.</td><td><span class="smcap">A Serene Old Age</span></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_223">223</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td><td><span class="smcap">Index</span></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_243">243</a></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h3 class="p6">LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS</h3> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xv" id="Page_xv">xv</a></span></p> +<hr class="l15" /> +<table summary="list of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td> </td><td class="tdr"><span class="s08">FACING<br />PAGE</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Portrait of Daniel Boone</td><td class="tdr"><i><a href="#frontis">Frontispiece</a></i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Boone's powder-horn and bake-kettle</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#i001">30</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>A Boone tree, 1760</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#i002">56</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>A survey note by Boone</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#i003">120</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Fort Boonesborough</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#i004">136</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Climax of the treaty</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#i005">162</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Site of Boonesborough to-day</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#i006">174</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Boone's cabin in St. Charles County, Missouri</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#i007">224</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Nathan Boone's house in St. Charles County, Missouri</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#i008">230</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Boone's religious views (two pages)</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#i009">234</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Boone's monument at Frankfort, Ky.</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#i011">240</a></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h2 class="p6">DANIEL BOONE</h2> + +<hr class="l15" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">1</a></span></p> + +<h3>CHAPTER I<br /> +ANCESTRY AND TRAINING</h3> + +<p>The grandfather of Daniel Boone—George +by name—was born in 1666 at the +peaceful little hamlet of Stoak, near the city +of Exeter, in Devonshire, England. His +father had been a blacksmith; but he himself +acquired the weaver's art. In due time +George married Mary Maugridge, a young +woman three years his junior, and native of +the neighboring village of Bradninch, whither +he had gone to follow his trade. This worthy +couple, professed Quakers, became the parents +of nine children, all born in Bradninch—George, +Sarah, Squire,<a name="FNanchor_1" id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> Mary, John, Joseph, +Benjamin, James, and Samuel. All of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">2</a></span> +these, except John, married, and left numerous +descendants in America.</p> + +<p>The elder Boones were ambitious for the +welfare of their large family. They were +also fretful under the bitter intolerance +encountered by Quakers in those unrestful +times. As the children grew to maturity, +the enterprising weaver sought information +regarding the colony which his coreligionist +William Penn had, some thirty years previous, +established in America, where were +promised cheap lands, religious freedom, +political equality, and exact justice to all +men. There were then no immigration bureaus +to encourage and instruct those who +proposed settling in America; no news-letters +from traveling correspondents, to tell the +people at home about the Western world; or +books or pamphlets illustrating the country. +The only method which occurred to George +Boone, of Bradninch, by which he could satisfy +himself regarding the possibilities of +Pennsylvania as a future home for his household, +was to send out some of his older children +as prospectors.</p> + +<p>Accordingly—somewhere about 1712-14, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">3</a></span> +family tradition says—young George (aged +from twenty-two to twenty-four years), Sarah +(a year and a half younger), and Squire +(born November 25, 1696) were despatched +to the promised land, and spent several +months in its inspection. Leaving Sarah +and Squire in Pennsylvania, George returned +to his parents with a favorable report.</p> + +<p>On the seventeenth of August, 1717, the +Boones, parents and children, bade a sorrowful +but brave farewell to their relatives and +friends in old Bradninch, whom they were +never again to see. After journeying some +eighty miles over rugged country to the port +of Bristol, they there entered a sailing vessel +bound for Philadelphia, where they safely arrived +upon the tenth of October.</p> + +<p>Philadelphia was then but a village. Laid +out like a checker-board, with architecture of +severe simplicity, its best residences were +surrounded by gardens and orchards. The +town was substantial, neat, and had the appearance +of prosperity; but the frontier was +not far away—beyond outlying fields the untamed +forest closed in upon the little capital. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">4</a></span> +The fur trade flourished but two or three +days' journey into the forest, and Indians +were frequently seen upon the streets. +When, therefore, the Boones decided to settle +in what is now Abingdon, twelve or fourteen +miles north of the town, in a sparse +neighborhood of Quaker farmers, they at +once became backwoodsmen, such as they remained +for the rest of their lives.</p> + +<p>They were, however, not long in Abingdon. +Soon after, we find them domiciled a +few miles to the northwest in the little frontier +hamlet of North Wales, in Gwynedd +township; this was a Welsh community +whose members had, a few years before, +turned Quakers.</p> + +<p>Sarah Boone appears, about this time, to +have married one Jacob Stover, a German +who settled in Oley township, now in Berks +County. The elder George Boone, now that +he had become accustomed to moving, after +his long, quiet years as a Devonshire weaver, +appears to have made small ado over folding +his family tent and seeking other pastures. +In 1718 he took out a warrant for four hundred +acres of land in Oley, and near the close +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">5</a></span> +of the following year removed to his daughter's +neighborhood. This time he settled in +earnest, for here in Oley—or rather the later +subdivision thereof called Exeter—he spent +the remainder of his days, dying in his original +log cabin there, in 1744, at the age of +seventy-eight. He left eight children, fifty-two +grandchildren, and ten great-grandchildren—in +all, seventy descendants: Devonshire +men, Germans, Welsh, and Scotch-Irish +amalgamated into a sturdy race of American +pioneers.</p> + +<p>Among the early Welsh Quakers in the +rustic neighborhood of North Wales were the +Morgans. On the twenty-third of July, 1720, +at the Gwynedd meeting-house, in accordance +with the Quaker ceremony, Squire Boone +married Sarah Morgan, daughter of John. +A descendant tells us that at this time +"Squire Boone was a man of rather small +stature, fair complexion, red hair, and gray +eyes; while his wife was a woman something +over the common size, strong and active, with +black hair and eyes, and raised in the Quaker +order."</p> + +<p>For ten or eleven years Squire and Sarah +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">6</a></span> +Boone lived in Gwynedd township, probably +on rented land, the former adding to their +small income by occasional jobs of weaving, +for he had learned his father's trade. They +were thrifty folk, but it took ten years under +these primitive conditions to accumulate even +the small sum sufficient to acquire a farm of +their own. Toward the close of the year +1730, Squire obtained for a modest price a +grant of 250 acres of land situated in his +father's township, Oley—a level tract adapted +to grazing purposes, on Owatin Creek, +some eight miles southeast of the present +city of Reading, and a mile and a half from +Exeter meeting-house. Here, probably early +in 1731, the Boones removed with their four +children. Relatives and Quaker neighbors +assisted, after the manner of the frontier, in +erecting a log cabin for the new-comers and +in clearing and fencing for them a small +patch of ground.</p> + +<p>In this rude backwoods home, in the valley +of the Schuylkill, was born, upon the second +of November (new style), 1734, Daniel +Boone, fourth son and sixth child of Squire +and Sarah. It is thought that the name +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">7</a></span> +Daniel was suggested by that of Daniel +Boone, a well-known Dutch painter who +had died in London in 1698, "and who +may have been known, or distantly related, +to the family." The other children were: +Sarah (born in 1724), Israel (1726), Samuel +(1728), Jonathan (1730), Elizabeth (1732), +Mary (1736), George (1739), Edward (1744), +Squire, and Hannah, all of them natives of +Oley.<a name="FNanchor_2" id="FNanchor_2" href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p> + +<p>Born into a frontier community, Daniel +Boone's entire life was spent amid similar +surroundings, varying only in degree. With +the sight of Indians he was from the first +familiar. They frequently visited Oley and +Exeter, and were cordially received by the +Quakers. George Boone's house was the +scene of many a friendly gathering of the +tribesmen. When Daniel was eight years of +age, the celebrated Moravian missionary, +Count Zinzendorf, held a synod in a barn at +Oley, a party of converted Delaware Indians, +who preached in favor of Christianity, being +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">8</a></span> +the principal attractions at this meeting. +Thus young Boone started in life with an accurate +knowledge of the American savage, +which served him well during his later years +of adventurous exploration and settlement-building.</p> + +<p>Squire Boone appears soon to have become +a leader in his community. His farm, +to whose acres he from time to time added, +was attended to as closely as was usual +among the frontiersmen of his day; and at +home the business of weaving was not neglected, +for he kept in frequent employment +five or six looms, making "homespun" +cloths for his neighbors and the market. He +had an excellent grazing range some five or +six miles north of the homestead, and each +season sent his stock thither, as was the custom +at that time. Mrs. Boone and Daniel accompanied +the cows, and from early spring +until late in autumn lived in a rustic cabin, +far from any other human beings. Hard by, +over a cool spring, was a dairy-house, in +which the stout-armed mother made and kept +her butter and cheese; while her favorite boy +watched the herd as, led by their bell-carriers, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">9</a></span> +they roamed at will through the woods, +his duty at sunset being to drive them to the +cabin for milking, and later to lock them for +the night within the cow-pens, secure from +wild animals or prowling cattle-thieves.</p> + +<p>While tending his cattle, a work involving +abundant leisure, the young herdsman was +also occupied in acquiring the arts of the forest. +For the first two or three years—his +pastoral life having commenced at the tender +age of ten—his only weapon was a slender, +smoothly shaved sapling, with a small bunch +of gnarled roots at the end, in throwing +which he grew so expert as easily to kill +birds and other small game. When reaching +the dignity of a dozen years, his father +bought him a rifle, with which he soon became +an unerring marksman. But, although +he henceforth provided wild meat enough for +the family, his passion for hunting sometimes +led him to neglect the cattle, which +were allowed to stray far from home and +pass the night in the deep forest.</p> + +<p>Soon each summer of herding came to be +succeeded by a winter's hunt. In this occupation +the boy roved far and wide over the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">10</a></span> +Neversink mountain-range to the north and +west of Monocacy Valley, killing and curing +game for the family, and taking the skins to +Philadelphia, where he exchanged them for +articles needed in the chase—long hunting-knives, +and flints, lead, and powder for his +gun.</p> + +<p>In those days the children of the frontier +grew up with but slight store of such education +as is obtainable from books. The open +volume of nature, however, they carefully +conned. The ways of the wilderness they +knew full well—concerning the storms and +floods, the trees and hills, the wild animals +and the Indians, they were deeply learned; +well they knew how to live alone in the forest, +and to thrive happily although surrounded +by a thousand lurking dangers. This quiet, +mild-mannered, serious-faced Quaker youth, +Daniel Boone, was an ardent lover of the +wild woods and their inhabitants, which he +knew as did Audubon and Thoreau; but of +regular schooling he had none. When he +was about fourteen years of age, his brother +Samuel, nearly seven years his senior, married +Sarah Day, an intelligent young Quakeress +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">11</a></span> +who had more education than was customary +in this neighborhood. Sarah taught +Daniel the elements of "the three R's." To +this knowledge he added somewhat by later +self-teaching, so that as a man he could read +understandingly, do rough surveying, keep +notes of his work, and write a sensible although +badly spelled letter—for our backwoods +hero was, in truth, no scholar, although +as well equipped in this direction as +were most of his fellows.</p> + +<p>In time Squire Boone, a man of enterprise +and vigor, added blacksmithing to his +list of occupations, and employed his young +sons in this lusty work. Thus Daniel served, +for a time, as a worker in iron as well as a +hunter and herdsman; although it was noticed +that his art was chiefly developed in +the line of making and mending whatever +pertained to traps and guns. He was a fearless +rider of his father's horses; quick, +though bred a Quaker, to resent what he +considered wrong treatment;<a name="FNanchor_3" id="FNanchor_3" href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> true to his +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">12</a></span> +young friends; fond of long, solitary tramps +through the dark forest, or of climbing hilltops +for bird's-eye views of the far-stretching +wilderness. Effective training this, for +the typical pioneer of North America.</p> + +<h3 class="p6">CHAPTER II<br /> +THE NIMROD OF THE YADKIN</h3> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">13</a></span></p> + +<p>The lofty barrier of the Alleghany Mountains +was of itself sufficient to prevent the +pioneers of Pennsylvania from wandering +far westward. Moreover, the Indians beyond +these hills were fiercer than those with +whom the Quakers were familiar; their occasional +raids to the eastward, through the +mountain passes, won for them a reputation +which did not incline the border farmers to +cultivate their further acquaintance. To the +southwest, however, there were few obstacles +to the spread of settlement. For several +hundred miles the Appalachians run in parallel +ranges from northeast to southwest—from +Pennsylvania, through Virginia, West +Virginia, the Carolinas, and east Tennessee, +until at last they degenerate into scattered +foot-hills upon the Georgia plain. Through +the long, deep troughs between these ranges—notably +in the famous Valley of Virginia +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">14</a></span> +between the Blue Ridge and the Alleghanies—Pennsylvanians +freely wandered into the +south and southwest, whenever possessed by +thirst for new and broader lands. Hostile +Indians sometimes penetrated these great +valleys and brought misery in their train; +but the work of pioneering along this path +was less arduous than had the western mountains +been scaled at a time when the colonists +were still few and weak.</p> + +<p>Between the years 1732 and 1750, numerous +groups of Pennsylvanians—Germans +and Irish largely, with many Quakers among +them—had been wending their way through +the mountain troughs, and gradually pushing +forward the line of settlement, until now it +had reached the upper waters of the Yadkin +River, in the northwest corner of North +Carolina. Trials abundant fell to their lot; +but the soil of the valleys was unusually fertile, +game was abundant, the climate mild, +the country beautiful, and life in general upon +the new frontier, although rough, such as to +appeal to the borderers as a thing desirable. +The glowing reports of each new group attracted +others. Thus was the wilderness +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">15</a></span> +tamed by a steady stream of immigration +from the older lands of the northern colonies, +while not a few penetrated to this Arcadia +through the passes of the Blue Ridge, +from eastern Virginia and the Carolinas.</p> + +<p>Squire and Sarah Boone, of Oley, now +possessed eleven children, some of whom +were married and settled within this neighborhood +which consisted so largely of the +Boones and their relatives. The choicest +lands of eastern Pennsylvania had at last +been located. The outlook for the younger +Boones, who soon would need new homesteads, +did not appear encouraging. The +fame of the Yadkin Valley, five hundred +miles southwestward, had reached Oley, and +thither, in the spring of 1750, the majority +of the Boones, after selling their lands and +surplus stock, bravely took up the line of +march.<a name="FNanchor_4" id="FNanchor_4" href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p> + +<p>With the women and children stowed in +canvas-covered wagons, the men and boys +riding their horses at front and rear, and +driving the lagging cattle, the picturesque +little caravan slowly found its way to the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">16</a></span> +ford at Harper's Ferry, thence up the +beautiful valley of the Shenandoah. By +night they pitched their camps beside some +gurgling spring, gathered the animals within +the circle of the wagons, and, with sentinel +posted against possible surprises by +Indians, sat around the blazing fire to discuss +the experiences of the day—Daniel, +as the hunter for the party, doubtless having +the most interesting adventures of +them all.</p> + +<p>Tradition has it that the Boones tarried +by the way, for a year or more, on Linnville +Creek, six miles north of Harrisonburg, in +Rockingham County, Va. In any event, +they appear to have resumed their journey +by the autumn of 1751. Pushing on through +the Valley of Virginia—an undulating, +heavily forested table-land from three to +ten miles in width—they forded the upper +waters of numerous rivers, some of which, +according to the tilt of the land, flow eastward +and southeastward toward the Atlantic, +and others westward and southwestward +toward the Ohio. This is one of the fairest +and most salubrious regions in America; but +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">17</a></span> +they did not again stop until the promised +land of the Yadkin was reached.</p> + +<p>The country was before them, to choose +from it practically what they would. Between +the Yadkin and the Catawba there was +a broad expanse of elevated prairie, yielding +a luxuriant growth of grass, while the bottoms +skirting the numerous streams were +thick-grown to canebrake. Here were abundant +meadows for the cattle, fish and game +and wild fruits in quantity quite exceeding +young Daniel's previous experience, a well-tempered +climate, and to the westward a +mountain-range which cast long afternoon +shadows over the plain and spoke eloquently +of untamed dominions beyond. Out of this +land of plenty Squire Boone chose a claim at +Buffalo Lick, where Dutchman's Creek joins +with the North Fork of Yadkin.</p> + +<p>Daniel was now a lad of eighteen. Nominally, +he helped in the working of his father's +farm and in the family smithy; actually, +he was more often in the woods with +his long rifle. At first, buffaloes were so +plenty that a party of three or four men, +with dogs, could kill from ten to twenty in +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">18</a></span> +a day; but soon the sluggish animals receded +before the advance of white men, hiding +themselves behind the mountain wall. An +ordinary hunter could slaughter four or five +deer in a day; in the autumn, he might from +sunrise to sunset shoot enough bears to provide +over a ton of bear-bacon for winter use; +wild turkeys were easy prey; beavers, otters, +and muskrats abounded; while wolves, panthers, +and wildcats overran the country. +Overcome by his passion for the chase, our +young Nimrod soon began to spend months +at a time in the woods, especially in autumn +and winter. He found also more profit in +this occupation than at either the forge or +the plow; for at their nearest market town, +Salisbury, twenty miles away, good prices +were paid for skins, which were regularly +shipped thence to the towns upon the Atlantic +coast.</p> + +<p>The Catawba Indians lived about sixty +miles distant, and the Cherokees still farther. +These tribesmen not infrequently visited the +thinly scattered settlement on the Yadkin, +seeking trade with the whites, with whom +they were as yet on good terms. They were, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">19</a></span> +however, now and then raided by Northern +Indians, particularly the Shawnese, who, collecting +in the Valley of Virginia, swept down +upon them with fury; sometimes also committing +depredations upon the whites who +had befriended their tribal enemies, and who +unfortunately had staked their farms in the +old-time war-path of the marauders.</p> + +<p>In the year 1754, the entire American +border, from the Yadkin to the St. Lawrence, +became deeply concerned in the Indian question. +France and England had long been +rivals for the mastery of the North American +continent lying west of the Alleghanies. +France had established a weak chain of posts +upon the upper Great Lakes, and down the +Mississippi River to New Orleans, thus connecting +Canada with Louisiana. In the Valley +of the Ohio, however, without which the +French could not long hold the Western +country, there was a protracted rivalry between +French and English fur-traders, each +seeking to supplant the intruding foreigner. +This led to the outbreak of the French and +Indian War, which was waged vigorously for +five years, until New France fell, and the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">20</a></span> +English obtained control of all Canada and +that portion of the continent lying between +the Atlantic Ocean and the Mississippi.</p> + +<p>As early as 1748, backwoodsmen from +Pennsylvania had made a small settlement +on New River, just west of the Alleghanies—a +settlement which the Boones must have visited, +as it lay upon the road to the Yadkin; +and in the same season several adventurous +Virginians hunted and made land-claims in +Kentucky and Tennessee. In the following +year there was formed for Western fur trading +and colonizing purposes, the Ohio Company, +composed of wealthy Virginians, +among them two brothers of George Washington. +In 1753 French soldiers built a little +log fort on French Creek, a tributary of the +Alleghany; and, despite Virginia's protest, +delivered by young Major Washington, were +planning to erect another at the forks of the +Ohio, where Pittsburg now is. Thither +Washington went, in the succeeding year, +with a body of Virginia militiamen, to construct +an English stockade at the forks; but +the French defeated him in the Great Meadows +hard by and themselves erected the fort. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">21</a></span> +It is thought by some writers that young +Boone, then twenty years of age, served in +the Pennsylvania militia which protected the +frontier from the Indian forays which succeeded +this episode. A year later (1755) the +inexperienced General Braddock, fresh from +England, set out, with Washington upon his +staff, to teach a lesson to these Frenchmen +who had intruded upon land claimed by the +colony of Virginia.</p> + +<p>In Braddock's little army were a hundred +North Carolina frontiersmen, under Captain +Hugh Waddell; their wagoner and blacksmith +was Daniel Boone. His was one of +those heavily laden baggage-wagons which, +history tells us, greatly impeded the progress +of the English, and contributed not a little +to the terrible disaster which overtook the +column in the ravine of Turtle Creek, only +a few miles from Pittsburg. The baggage-train +was the center of a fierce attack from +Indians, led by French officers, and many +drivers were killed. Young Boone, however, +cut the traces of his team, and mounting a +horse, fortunately escaped by flight. Behind +him the Indian allies of the French, now unchecked, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">22</a></span> +laid waste the panic-stricken frontiers +of Pennsylvania and Virginia. But the +Yadkin, which Boone soon reached, was as +yet unscarred; the Northern tribes were +busied in the tide of intercolonial warfare, +and the Catawbas and Cherokees thus far +remained steadfast to their old-time promises +of peace.</p> + +<p>Daniel was now a man, full-grown. He +had brought home with him not only some +knowledge of what war meant, but his imagination +had become heated by a new passion—the +desire to explore as well as to hunt. +While upon the campaign he had fallen in +with another adventurous soul, John Finley +by name, who fired his heart with strange +tales of lands and game to the west of the +mountains. Finley was a Scotch-Irishman +of roving tendencies, who had emigrated to +Pennsylvania and joined a colony of his compatriots. +As early as 1752 he had become a +fur-trader. In the course of his rambles +many perilous adventures befell him in the +Kentucky wilds, into which he had penetrated +as far as the Falls of the Ohio, where +Louisville is now built. Hurrying, with +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">23</a></span> +other woodsmen, to Braddock's support, he +enrolled himself under George Croghan, a famous +trader to the Indians. But the expert +services of Croghan and his men, who, well +understanding the methods of savages upon +the war-path, offered to serve as scouts, were +coldly rejected by Braddock, who soon had +occasion to regret that he had not taken their +advice.</p> + +<p>Finley found in the Yadkin wagoner a +kindred spirit, and suggested to him with +eagerness a method of reaching Kentucky by +following the trail of the buffaloes and the +Shawnese, northwestward through Cumberland +Gap. To reach this hunter's paradise, +to which Finley had pointed the way, was +now Boone's daily dream.</p> + +<h3 class="p6">CHAPTER III<br /> +LIFE ON THE BORDER</h3> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">24</a></span></p> +<p>It was many years before Daniel Boone +realized his dream of reaching Kentucky. +Such an expedition into the far-off wilderness +could not be lightly undertaken; its +hardships and dangers were innumerable; +and the way thither from the forks of the +Yadkin was not as easily found, through this +perplexing tangle of valleys and mountains, +as Finley had supposed. His own route had +doubtless been over the Ohio Company's pass +from the upper waters of the Potomac to a +tributary of the Monongahela.</p> + +<p>Another reason caused Daniel long to +linger near his home. A half-dozen years +before the Boones reached the Yadkin country +there had located here a group of several +related families, the Bryans, originally +from Ireland. Pennsylvanians at first, they +had, as neighbors crowded them, drifted +southwestward into the Valley of Virginia; +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">25</a></span> +and finally, keeping well ahead of other settlers, +established themselves at the forks of +the Yadkin. They took kindly to the Boones, +the two groups intermarried, and both were +in due course pioneers of Kentucky. Rebecca, +the daughter of Joseph Bryan, was +fifteen years of age when Daniel first read +his fate in her shining black eyes. In the +spring following his return from Braddock's +slaughter-pen he led her to the altar, the +ceremony being performed by old Squire +Boone—farmer, weaver, blacksmith, and now +justice of the peace for Rowan County.</p> + +<p>An historian of the border, who had studied +well the family traditions, thus describes +Daniel and Rebecca at the time when they +set forth together upon the journey of life: +"Behold that young man, exhibiting such unusual +firmness and energy of character, five +feet eight inches in height, with broad chest +and shoulders, his form gradually tapering +downward to his extremities; his hair moderately +black; blue eyes arched with yellowish +eyebrows; his lips thin, with a mouth +peculiarly wide; a countenance fair and +ruddy, with a nose a little bordering on the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">26</a></span> +Roman order. Such was Daniel Boone, now +past twenty-one, presenting altogether a noble, +manly, prepossessing appearance.... +Rebecca Bryan, whose brow had now been +fanned by the breezes of seventeen summers, +was, like Rebecca of old, 'very fair to look +upon,' with jet-black hair and eyes, complexion +rather dark, and something over the common +size of her sex; her whole demeanor +expressive of her childlike artlessness, pleasing +in her address, and unaffectedly kind in +all her deportment. Never was there a more +gentle, affectionate, forbearing creature than +this same fair youthful bride of the Yadkin." +In the annals of the frontier, as elsewhere, +all brides are fair and grooms are manly; +but, allowing for the natural enthusiasm of +hero-worshipers, we may, from the abundance +of testimony to that effect, at least conclude +that Daniel and Rebecca Boone were a +well-favored couple, fit to rear a family of +sturdy borderers.</p> + +<p>It was neither the day nor the place for +expensive trousseaus and wedding journeys. +After a hilarious wedding-feast, Boone and +his wife, with scanty equipment, immediately +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">27</a></span> +commenced their hard task of winning a livelihood +from the soil and the forest. At first +occupying a rude log cabin in his father's +yard, they soon afterward acquired some +level land of their own, lying upon Sugar +Tree, a tributary of Dutchman's Creek, in +the Bryan settlement, a few miles north of +Squire Boone's. All of this neighborhood +lies within what is now Davie County, still +one of the richest farming districts in North +Carolina. Save when driven out by Indian +alarms and forays, they here lived quietly +for many years.</p> + +<p>The pioneers in the then back country, +along the eastern foot-hills of the Alleghanies, +led a rough, primitive life, such as is +hardly possible to-day, when there is no longer +any frontier within the United States, and +but few districts are so isolated as to be more +than two or three days' journey from a railway. +Most of them, however, had been bred, +as were the Boones and the Bryans, to the +rude experiences of the border. With slight +knowledge of books, they were accustomed +to living in the simplest manner, and from +childhood were inured to the hardships and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">28</a></span> +privations incident to great distance from +the centers of settlement; they possessed the +virtues of hospitality and neighborliness, and +were hardy, rugged, honest-hearted folk, admirably +suited to their self-appointed task +of forcing back the walls of savagery, in +order that civilization might cover the land. +We may well honor them for the great service +that they rendered to mankind.</p> + +<p>The dress of a backwoodsman like Daniel +Boone was a combination of Indian and civilized +attire. A long hunting-shirt, of coarse +cloth or of dressed deerskins, sometimes with +an ornamental collar, was his principal garment; +drawers and leggings of like material +were worn; the feet were encased in moccasins +of deerskin—soft and pliant, but cold +in winter, even when stuffed with deer's hair +or dry leaves, and so spongy as to be no +protection against wet feet, which made +every hunter an early victim to rheumatism. +Hanging from the belt, which girt the hunting-shirt, +were the powder-horn, bullet-pouch, +scalping-knife, and tomahawk; while +the breast of the shirt served as a generous +pocket for food when the hunter or warrior +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">29</a></span> +was upon the trail. For head-covering, the +favorite was a soft cap of coonskin, with the +bushy tail dangling behind; but Boone himself +despised this gear, and always wore a +hat. The women wore huge sunbonnets and +loose gowns of home-made cloth; they generally +went barefoot in summer, but wore moccasins +in winter.</p> + +<p>Daniel Boone's cabin was a simple box of +logs, reared in "cob-house" style, the chinks +stuffed with moss and clay, with a door and +perhaps but a single window. Probably there +was but one room below, with a low attic +under the rafters, reached by a ladder. A +great outside chimney, built either of rough +stones or of small logs, coated on the inside +with clay mortar and carefully chinked with +the same, was built against one end of this +rude house. In the fireplace, large enough +for logs five or six feet in length, there was +a crane from which was hung the iron pot +in which the young wife cooked simple meals +of corn-mush, pumpkins, squashes, beans, +potatoes, and pork, or wild meat of many +kinds, fresh and dried; in a bake-kettle, laid +upon the live coals, she made the bread and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">30</a></span> +corn pone, or fried her steaks, which added +variety to the fare.</p> + +<p>Dishes and other utensils were few—some +pewter plates, forks, and spoons; wooden +bowls and trenchers, with gourds and hard-shelled +squashes for drinking-mugs. For +knife, Boone doubtless used his belt-weapon, +and scorned the crock plates, now slowly +creeping into the valley, as calculated to dull +its edge. Over the fireplace deer's horns +served as rests for his gun. Into the log +wall were driven great wooden pegs, hanging +from which flitches of dried and smoked +bacon, venison, and bear's-meat mingled +freely with the family's scanty wardrobe.</p> + +<p>With her cooking and rude mending, her +moccasin-making, her distaff and loom for +making cloths, her occasional plying of the +hoe in the small vegetable patch, and her +ever-present care of the children and dairy, +Rebecca Boone was abundantly occupied.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><a name="i001" id="i001"></a> +<img src="images/i001.jpg" width="410" height="550" alt="Powder-horn and Kettle" /> +<p class="caption">BOONE'S POWDER-HORN AND BAKE-KETTLE.</p> + +<p class="caption s08">In possession of Wisconsin State Historical Society. The horn once +belonged to Daniel's brother Israel, and bears the initials "I B".</p> +</div> + +<p>In these early years of married life Daniel +proved a good husbandman, planting and +garnering his crops with regularity, and pasturing +a few scrawny cattle and swine upon +the wild lands adjoining his farm. Doubtless +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">31</a></span> +at times he did smithy-work for the +neighbors and took a hand at the loom, as +had his father and grandfather before him. +Sometimes he was engaged with his wagon +in the caravans which each autumn found +their way from the Yadkin and the other +mountain valleys down to the Atlantic +cities, carrying furs to market; it was as +yet too early in the history of the back +country for the cattle-raisers to send their +animals to the coast. In the Valley of Virginia, +hemmed in upon the east by the Blue +Ridge, packhorses were alone used in this +traffic, for the mountain paths were rough +and narrow; but wagons could be utilized +in the more southern districts. The caravans +brought back to the pioneers salt, iron, +cloths, and a few other manufactured goods. +This annual expedition over, Boone was free +to go upon long hunts in the forest, where +he cured great stores of meat for his family +and prepared the furs for market.</p> + +<p>The backwoodsmen of the Yadkin had +few machines to assist them in their labor, +and these were of the simplest sort. Practically, +every settler was his own mechanic—although +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">32</a></span> +some men became, in certain lines, +more expert than their neighbors, and to +them fell such work for the entire settlement. +Grinding corn into meal, or cracking it into +hominy, were, as usual with primitive peoples, +tasks involving the most machinery. +Rude mortars and pestles, some of the latter +ingeniously worked by means of springy +"sweeps," were commonly seen; a device +something like a nutmeg-grater was often +used when the corn was soft; two circular +millstones, worked by hand, were effective, +and there were some operated by water-power.</p> + +<p>Medicine was at a crude stage, many of +the so-called cures being as old as Egypt, +while others were borrowed from the Indians. +The borderers firmly believed in the +existence of witches; bad dreams, eclipses of +the sun, the howling of dogs, and the croaking +of ravens, were sure to bring disasters +in their train.</p> + +<p>Their sports laid stress on physical accomplishments—great +strength, dexterity +with the rifle, hunting, imitating the calls of +wild birds and beasts, throwing the tomahawk, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">33</a></span> +running, jumping, wrestling, dancing, +and horse-racing; they were also fond, as +they gathered around one another's great +fireplaces in the long winter evenings, of +story-telling and dramatic recitation. Some +of the wealthier members of this primitive +society owned negro slaves, to whom, sometimes, +they were cruel, freely using the whip +upon both women and men. Indeed, in their +own frequent quarrels fierce brutality was +sometimes used, adversaries in a fist-fight +being occasionally maimed or otherwise disfigured +for life.</p> + +<p>There was, for a long time, "neither law +nor gospel" upon this far-away frontier. +Justices of the peace had small authority. +Preachers were at first unknown. Many of +the borderers were Presbyterians, and others +Quakers; but under such social conditions +these were little else than names. Nevertheless, +there was a sound public sentiment +among these rude, isolated people, who were +a law unto themselves. They respected and +honored candor, honesty, hospitality, regular +habits, and good behavior generally; and +very severe were the punishments with which +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">34</a></span> +they visited offenders. If a man acted as +a coward in time of war, shirked his full +measure of duty to the public, failed to care +for his family, was careless about his debts, +stole from his neighbors, was needlessly profane, +or failed to treat women respectfully, +he was either shunned by his fellows or +forced to leave the settlement.</p> + +<p>Amid such surroundings and of such stuff +was Daniel Boone in the days when he was +living uneventfully in the valley of the Yadkin +as farmer, blacksmith, wagoner, and +hunter, before the Indian wars and his explorations +west of the long-shadowed mountain-range +made of him a popular hero. +</p> + +<h3 class="p6">CHAPTER IV<br /> +RED MAN AGAINST WHITE MAN</h3> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">35</a></span></p> +<p>The borderers in the Valley of Virginia +and on the western highlands of the Carolinas +were largely engaged in raising horses, +cattle, sheep, and hogs, which grazed at will +upon the broad slopes of the eastern foot-hills +of the Alleghanies, most of them being +in as wild a state as the great roving herds +now to be seen upon the semi-arid plains +of the far West. Indeed, there are some +strong points of resemblance between the life +of the frontier herdsman of the middle of the +eighteenth century and that of the "cow" +ranchers of our own day, although the most +primitive conditions now existing would have +seemed princely to Daniel Boone. The annual +round-up, the branding of young stock, +the sometimes deadly disputes between +herdsmen, and the autumnal drive to market, +are features in common.</p> + +<p>With the settlement of the valleys and the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">36</a></span> +steady increase in the herds, it was necessary +each season to find new pastures. Thus +the herdsmen pushed farther and farther +into the wilderness to the south and west, +and actually crossed the mountains at many +points. Even before the arrival of the +Boones, the Bryans had frequently, toward +the end of summer, as the lower pastures +thinned, driven their stock to a distance of +sixty and seventy miles to green valleys lying +between the western buttresses of the mountain +wall.</p> + +<p>This gradual pressure upon the hunting-grounds +of the Cherokees and the Catawbas +was not unnoticed by the tribesmen. There +had long been heard deep mutterings, especially +by the former, who were well-disposed +toward the ever-meddling French; but +until the year of Daniel Boone's wedding +the southern frontiers had not known an Indian +uprising.</p> + +<p>The year previous (1755) the Cherokees +had given reluctant permission to the whites +to build two posts in their country for the +protection of the frontiers against the +French, who, with their Indian allies, were +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">37</a></span> +continually active against the New York, +Pennsylvania, and Virginia frontiers, and +were known to be attempting the corruption +of the Southern Indians. Fort Prince +George was accordingly erected upon the Savannah +River, and Fort Loudon upon the +Tennessee. In 1756 Fort Dobbs was constructed +a short distance south of the South +Fork of the Yadkin. These three centers of +refuge were upon the extreme southwestern +borders of the English colonies.</p> + +<p>These "forts" of the American border +would have proved slight defenses in the +presence of an enemy armed with even the +lightest artillery, but were generally sufficient +to withstand a foe possessing only muskets +and rifles. Fort Dobbs was an oblong +space forty-three by fifty-three feet, girt by +walls about twelve feet high, consisting of +double rows of logs standing on end; earth +dug from the ditch which surrounded the fort +was piled against the feet of these palisades, +inside and out, to steady them; they were +fastened to one another by wooden pins, and +their tops were sharpened so as to impede +those who might seek to climb over. At the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">38</a></span> +angles of the stockade were blockhouses +three stories high, each story projecting +about eighteen inches beyond the one beneath; +there were openings in the floors of +the two upper stories to enable the defenders +to fire down upon an enemy which sought +to enter below. Along the inside of one, or +perhaps two, of the four walls of the stockade +was a range of cabins—or rather, one long +cabin with log partitions—with the slope of +the roof turned inward to the square; this +furnished a platform for the garrison, who, +protected by the rampart of pointed logs, +could fire into the attacking party. Other +platforms were bracketed against the walls +not backed by cabins. There was a large +double gate made of thick slabs and so situated +as to be guarded by the blockhouses on +either corner; this was the main entrance, +but another and smaller gate furnished a +rear exit to and entrance from the spring +hard by. Blockhouses, cabins, and walls +were all amply provided with port-holes; +Fort Dobbs had capacity for a hundred men-at-arms +to fire at one volley. Destructive +fusillades could be maintained from within, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">39</a></span> +and everywhere the walls were bullet-proof; +but good marksmen in the attacking force +could work great havoc by firing through the +port-holes, and thus quietly picking off those +who chanced to be in range. Fortunately for +the whites few Indians became so expert as +this.</p> + +<p>Upon the arrival of breathless messengers +bringing news of the approach of hostile Indians, +the men, women, and children of a +wide district would flock into such a fort as +this. "I well remember," says Dr. Doddridge +in his Notes on Virginia, "that when +a little boy the family were sometimes waked +up in the dead of night by an express with +a report that the Indians were at hand. The +express came softly to the door or back window, +and by gentle tapping waked the family; +this was easily done, as an habitual fear +made us ever watchful and sensible to the +slightest alarm. The whole family were instantly +in motion: my father seized his gun +and other implements of war; my stepmother +waked up and dressed the children as well +as she could; and being myself the oldest of +the children, I had to take my share of the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">40</a></span> +burthens to be carried to the fort. There +was no possibility of getting a horse in the +night to aid us in removing to the fort; besides +the little children, we caught up what +articles of clothing and provisions we could +get hold of in the dark, for we durst not +light a candle or even stir the fire. All this +was done with the utmost despatch and the +silence of death; the greatest care was taken +not to awaken the youngest child; to the rest +it was enough to say <i>Indian</i>, and not a +whimper was heard afterwards. Thus it +often happened that the whole number of +families belonging to a fort, who were in the +evening at their homes, were all in their little +fortress before the dawn of the next morning. +In the course of the succeeding day +their household furniture was brought in by +parties of the men under arms."</p> + +<p>The large public frontier forts, such as +we have described, did not house all of the +backwoodsmen. There were some who, +either because of great distance or other +reasons, erected their own private defenses; +or, in many cases, several isolated families +united in such a structure. Often these were +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">41</a></span> +but single blockhouses, with a few outlying +cabins. It was difficult to induce some of +the more venturesome folk to enter the forts +unless Indians were actually in the settlement; +they took great risks in order to care +for their crops and stock until the last moment; +and, soon tiring of the monotony of +life within the fort cabins, would often leave +the refuge before the danger was really over. +"Such families," reports Doddridge, "gave +no small amount of trouble by creating frequent +necessities of sending runners to warn +them of their danger, and sometimes parties +of our men to protect them during their removal."</p> + +<p>For the first few years Fort Dobbs was +but little used. There was, however, much +uneasiness. The year 1757 had, all along the +line, been disastrous to English arms in the +North, and the Cherokees became increasingly +insolent. The next year they committed +several deadly assaults in the Valley +of Virginia, but themselves suffered greatly +in return. The French, at last driven from +Fort Duquesne (Pittsburg), had retreated +down the Ohio River to Fort Massac, in +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">42</a></span> +southern Illinois, and sent their emissaries +far and near to stir up the Indians west of +the mountains. The following April (1759) +the Yadkin and Catawba Valleys were raided +by the Cherokees, with the usual results of +ruined crops, burned farm-buildings, and +murdered households; not a few of the borderers +being carried off as prisoners into the +Indian country, there generally to suffer +either slavery or slow death from the most +horrid forms of torture. The Catawbas, +meanwhile, remained faithful to their white +friends.</p> + +<p>Until this outbreak the Carolinas had +prospered greatly. Hundreds of settlers +had poured in from the more exposed northern +valleys, and the western uplands were +now rapidly being dotted over with clearings +and log cabins. The Indian forays at once +created a general panic throughout this region, +heretofore considered safe. Most of +the Yadkin families, together with English +fur-traders who hurried in from the woods, +huddled within the walls either of Fort +Dobbs or of small neighborhood forts hastily +constructed; but many others, in their fright, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">43</a></span> +fled with all their possessions to settlements +on or near the Atlantic coast.</p> + +<p>Among the latter were old Squire Boone +and his wife, Daniel and Rebecca, with their +two sons,<a name="FNanchor_5" id="FNanchor_5" href="#Footnote_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> and several other families of +Bryans and Boones, although some of both +names preferred to remain at Fort Dobbs. +The fugitives scattered to various parts of +Virginia and Maryland—Squire going to +Georgetown, now in the District of Columbia, +where he lived for three years and then returned +to the Yadkin; while Daniel's family +went in their two-horse wagon to Culpeper +County, in eastern Virginia. The +settlers there employed him with his wagon +in hauling tobacco to Fredericksburg, the +nearest market-town.</p> + +<p>The April forays created almost as much +consternation at Charleston as on the Yadkin. +Governor Lyttleton, of South Carolina, +sent out fifteen hundred men to overcome the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">44</a></span> +Cherokees, who now pretended to be grieved +at the acts of their young hot-bloods and +patched up a peace. Fur-traders, eager to +renew their profitable barter, hastened back +into the western forests. But very soon their +confidence was shattered, for the Indians +again dug up the tomahawk. Their war-parties +infested every road and trail; most of +the traders, with trains of packhorses to +carry their goods and furs, fell an easy prey +to their forest customers; and Forts Loudon, +Dobbs, and Prince George were besieged. +By January (1760) the entire southwest +border was once more a scene of carnage.</p> + +<p>Captain Waddell, our old friend of Braddock's +campaign, commanded at Fort Dobbs, +with several Bryans and Boones in his little +garrison. Here the Cherokees were repulsed +with great loss. At Fort Prince George the +country round about was sadly harried by +the enemy, who finally withdrew. Fort +Loudon, however, had one of the saddest experiences +in the thrilling annals of the +frontier.</p> + +<p>In April General Amherst, of the British +Army, sent Colonel Montgomery against the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">45</a></span> +Cherokees with a formidable column composed +of twelve hundred regular troops—among +them six hundred kilted Highlanders—to +whom were attached seven hundred +Carolina backwoods rangers under Waddell, +with some Catawba allies. They laid waste +with fire and sword all the Cherokee villages +on the Keowee and Tennessee Rivers, including +the growing crops and magazines of corn. +The soldiers killed seventy Indians, captured +forty prisoners, and reduced the greater part +of the tribe to the verge of starvation.</p> + +<p>The Cherokees were good fighters, and +soon had their revenge. On the morning of +the twenty-seventh of June the army was +proceeding along a rough road on the southern +bank of the Little Tennessee, where on +one side is a sheer descent to the stream, on +the other a lofty cliff. Here it was ambuscaded +by over six hundred savage warriors +under the noted chief Silouee. In the course +of an engagement lasting several hours the +whites lost twenty killed and sixty wounded, +and the Cherokee casualties were perhaps +greater. Montgomery desperately beat his +way to a level tract, but in the night hastily +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">46</a></span> +withdrew, and did not stop until he reached +Charleston. Despite the entreaties of the +Assembly, he at once retired to the North +with his little army, and left the frontiers +of Carolina open to the assaults of the merciless +foe.</p> + +<p>The siege of Fort Loudon was now pushed +by the Cherokees with vigor. It had already +withstood several desperate and protracted +assaults. But the garrison contrived to exist +for several months, almost wholly upon the +active sympathy of several Indian women +who were married to frontiersmen shut up +within the walls. The dusky wives frequently +contrived to smuggle food into the +fort despite the protests of the Indian leaders. +Women, however, despite popular notions +to the contrary, have a powerful influence +in Indian camps; and they but laughed +the chiefs to scorn, saying that they would +suffer death rather than refuse assistance to +their white husbands.</p> + +<p>This relief, however, furnished but a precarious +existence. Receiving no help from +the settlements, which were cut off from communication +with them, and weak from irregular +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">47</a></span> +food, the garrison finally surrendered on +promise of a safe-conduct to their fellows in +the East. Early in the morning of August +ninth they marched out—men, women, and +children to the number of several hundred—leaving +behind them their cannon, ammunition, +and spare arms. The next day, upon +their sorry march, they were set upon by a +bloodthirsty mob of seven hundred Cherokees. +Many were killed outright, others surrendered +merely to meet torture and death. +Finally, after several hours of horror, a +friendly chief succeeded, by browbeating his +people and by subterfuge, in saving the lives +of about two hundred persons, who in due +time and after great suffering, reached the +relief party which had for several months +been making its way thither from Virginia; +but it had been delayed by storms and high +water in the mountain streams, and was now +seeking needed rest in a camp at the head +of the Holston. It is recorded that during +the heartrending mźlée several other Indians +risked their lives for white friends, performing +deeds of heroism which deserve to be +remembered. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">48</a></span></p> + +<p>Although New France was now tottering +to its fall, the French officers at Fort Massac +still continued, with their limited resources, +to keep alive the Cherokee war spirit. +French outrages occurred throughout the autumn +and early winter of 1760. At nearly +all of the forts, large and small, skirmishes +took place, some of these giving occasion for +exhibitions of rare enterprise and courage +on the part of the garrisons, women and men +alike.</p> + +<p>During the winter, the governors of Virginia, +North Carolina, and South Carolina +agreed upon a joint campaign against the +hostiles. The southern column, comprising +twenty-six hundred men, chiefly Highlanders, +was under Lieutenant-Colonel James Grant. +Starting early in June, they carried with +them seven hundred packhorses, four hundred +head of cattle, and a large train of baggage +and supplies. Their route from Fort +Prince George to the lower and middle +Cherokee towns on the Little Tennessee lay +through a rough, mountainous country; high +water, storms, intensely warm weather, the +lack of tents, and bruises from rocks and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">49</a></span> +briers, caused the troops to suffer greatly. +After heavy losses from ambuscades in narrow +defiles, they finally reached their destination, +and spent a month in burning and +ravaging fifteen or more large villages and +fourteen hundred acres of growing corn, and +in driving five thousand men, women, and +children into the hills to starve. Wrote one +of the pious participators in this terrible +work of devastation: "Heaven has blest us +with the greatest success; we have finished +our business as completely as the most sanguine +of us could have wished." The Cherokees, +completely crushed, humbly begged for +peace, which was granted upon liberal terms +and proved to be permanent.</p> + +<p>The northern column was composed of +backwoodsmen from Virginia and North +Carolina, under Colonel William Byrd, an +experienced campaigner. Byrd was much +hampered for both men and supplies, and +accomplished little. He appears to have +largely spent his time in making roads and +building blockhouses—laborious methods ill-fitted +for Indian warfare, and loudly criticized +by Waddell, who joined him with a +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">50</a></span> +regiment of five hundred North Carolinians, +among whom was Daniel Boone, now returned +to the Yadkin. Waddell and Boone +had experienced the folly of this sort of +thing in Braddock's ill-fated campaign. As +a result of dissatisfaction, Byrd resigned, and +Colonel Stephen succeeded him. The force, +now composed of about twelve hundred men, +pushed on to the Long Island of Holston +River, where they were met by four hundred +Cherokees, who, brought to their knees by +Grant, likewise sought peace from Stephen. +Articles were accordingly signed on the nineteenth +of November. The North Carolina +men returned home; but a portion of the Virginia +regiment remained as a winter garrison +for Fort Robinson, as the new fort at +Long Island was called.</p> + +<p>Now that the Yadkin region has, after its +sad experience, been blessed with a promise +of peace, we may well pause, briefly to consider +the ethics of border warfare. This life-history +will, to its close, have much to do +with Indian forays and white reprisals, and +it is well that we should consider them dispassionately. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">51</a></span></p> + +<p>The Cherokees were conducting a warfare +in defense of their villages, fields, and hunting-grounds, +which were being rapidly destroyed +by the inrush of white settlers, who +seemed to think that the Indians had no +rights worth consideration. Encouraged by +the French, who deemed the English intruders +on lands which they had first explored, the +American aborigines seriously thought that +they might stem the tide of English settlement. +It was impossible that they should +win, for civilization has in such cases ever +triumphed over savagery; but that they +should make the attempt was to be expected +from a high-spirited race trained to war. +We can but sympathize with and honor them +for making their several stout stands against +the European wave which was ultimately to +sweep them from their native land.<a name="FNanchor_6" id="FNanchor_6" href="#Footnote_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> King +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">52</a></span> +Philip, Opecancano, Pontiac, Tecumseh, Red +Jacket, Sitting Bull, Captain Jack, were +types of successive leaders who, at various +stages of our growth westward, have stood +as bravely as any Spartan hero to contest +our all-conquering advance.</p> + +<p>It is the time-honored custom of historians +of the frontier to consider Indians as +all wrong and whites as all right; and that, +of course, was the opinion of the borderers +themselves—of Daniel Boone and all the men +of his day. But we are now far enough removed +from these events, and the fierce passions +they engendered, to see them more +clearly. The Indian was a savage and +fought like a savage—cruel, bloodthirsty, unrelenting, +treacherous, seldom a respecter of +childhood, of age, or of women. But one +can not read closely the chronicles of border +warfare without discovering that civilized +men at times could, in fighting savages, descend +quite as low in the scale as they, in +bloodthirstiness and treachery. Some of the +most atrocious acts in the pioneer history of +Kentucky and the Middle West were performed +by whites; and some of the most +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">53</a></span> +Christianlike deeds—there were many such +on both sides—were those of painted savages.</p> + +<p>It is needless to blame either of the contending +races; their conflict was inevitable. +The frontiersman was generally unlettered, +and used, without ceremony, to overcoming +the obstacles which nature set in his path; +one more patient could not have tamed the +wilderness as quickly as he. His children +often rose to high positions as scholars, +statesmen, and diplomats. But he himself +was a diamond in the rough, and not accustomed +to nice ethical distinctions. To his +mind the Indian was an inferior being, if +not a child of Satan; he was not making the +best use of the soil; his customs and habits +of thought were such as to repel the British +mind, however much they may have attracted +the French. The tribesmen, whom the pioneer +could not and would not understand, +stood in his way, hence must be made to go or +to die in his tracks. When the savage, quick +to resentment, struck back, the turbulent passions +of the overbearing white were aroused, +and with compound interest he repaid the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">54</a></span> +blow. Upon the theory that the devil must +be fought with fire, the borderer not seldom +adopted methods of reprisal that outdid the +savage in brutality.</p> + +<p>The red man fighting, after his own wild +standards, for all that he held most dear, and +the white man, who brooks no opposition +from an inferior race, hitting back with a +fury sometimes increased by fear—such, in +brief, is the blood-stained history of the +American border. +</p> + +<h3 class="p6">CHAPTER V<br /> +KENTUCKY REACHED AT LAST</h3> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">55</a></span></p> + +<p>When Daniel Boone returned from tidewater +Virginia to the Yadkin region is not +now known. It is probable that the monotony +of hauling tobacco to market at a time when +his old neighbors were living in a state of +panic palled upon a man who loved excitement +and had had a taste of Indian warfare. +It has been surmised that he served with +the Rowan rangers upon Lyttleton's campaign, +alluded to in the previous chapter, +and possibly aided in defending Fort Dobbs, +or served with Waddell under Montgomery. +That he was, some time in 1760, in the mountains +west of the Yadkin upon either a hunt +or a scout, or both, appears to be well established; +for up to a few years ago there +was still standing upon the banks of Boone's +Creek, a small tributary of the Watauga in +eastern Tennessee, a tree upon whose smooth +bark had been rudely carved this characteristic +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">56</a></span> +legend, undoubtedly by the great hunter +himself: "D Boon cilled A BAR on this tree +year 1760."<a name="FNanchor_7" id="FNanchor_7" href="#Footnote_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></p> + +<p>We have already seen that he accompanied +Waddell in 1761, when that popular +frontier leader reenforced Colonel Byrd's expedition +against the Cherokees. Upon Waddell's +return to North Carolina his leather-shirted +followers dispersed to their homes, +and Boone was again enabled to undertake a +protracted hunt, no longer disturbed by fear +that in his absence Indians might raid the +settlement; for hunting was now his chief +occupation, his wife and children conducting +the farm, which held second place in his affections. +Thus we see how close the borderers +came to the savage life wherein men are +the warriors and hunters and women the +crop-gatherers and housekeepers. Organizing +a party of kindred spirits—a goodly portion +of the Yadkin settlers were more hunters +than farmers—Boone crossed the mountains +and roamed through the valleys of southwest +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">57</a></span> +Virginia and eastern Tennessee, being especially +delighted with the Valley of the +Holston, where game was found to be unusually +abundant. At about the same time another +party of nineteen hunters went upon a +similar expedition into the hills and valleys +westward of the Yadkin, penetrating well +into Tennessee, and being absent for eighteen +months.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><a name="i002" id="i002"></a> +<img src="images/i002.jpg" width="408" height="550" alt="Boone Tree" /> + +<p class="caption">A BOONE TREE.</p> + +<p class="caption s08">Tree on Boone's Creek, Tenn., bearing Daniel Boone's autograph. +(See pp. <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.)</p> +</div> + +<p>We must not conclude, from the passionate +devotion to hunting exhibited by these +backwoodsmen of the eighteenth century, +that they led the same shiftless, aimless lives +as are followed by the "poor whites" found +in some of the river-bottom communities of +our own day, who are in turn farmers, fishermen, +or hunters, as fancy or the seasons dictate. +It must be remembered that farming +upon the Virginia and Carolina uplands was, +in the pioneer period, crude as to methods +and insignificant as to crops. The principal +wealth of the well-to-do was in herds of +horses and cattle which grazed in wild meadows, +and in droves of long-nosed swine feeding +upon the roots and acorns of the hillside +forests. Among the outlying settlers much +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">58</a></span> +of the family food came from the woods, and +often months would pass without bread being +seen inside the cabin walls. Besides the +live stock of the richer folk, whose herds were +driven to market, annual caravans to tidewater +towns carried furs and skins won by +the real backwoodsmen, who lived on the +fringe of the wilderness. For lack of money +accounts were kept in pelts, and with these +were purchased rifles, ammunition, iron, and +salt. It was, then, to the forests that the +borderers largely looked for their sustenance. +Hence those long hunts, from which +the men of the Yadkin, unerring marksmen, +would come back laden with great packs of +pelts for the markets, and dried venison, +bear's meat, and bear's oil for their family +larders. Naturally, this wandering, adventurous +life, spiced with excitement in +many forms, strongly appealed to the rough, +hardy borderers, and unfitted them for other +occupations. Under such conditions farming +methods were not likely to improve, nor +the arts of civilization to prosper; for the +hunter not only best loved the wilderness, +but settlement narrowed his hunting-grounds. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">59</a></span> +Thus it was that the frontiersman +of the Daniel Boone type, Indian hater as he +was, had at heart much the same interests +as the savage whom he was seeking to supplant. +It was simply a question as to which +hunter, red or white, should occupy the forest; +to neither was settlement welcome.</p> + +<p>With the opening of 1762 the southwest +border began to be reoccupied. The abandoned +log cabins once more had fires lighted +upon their hearths, at the base of the great +outside chimneys of stones and mud-plastered +boughs; the deserted clearings, which had +become choked with weeds and underbrush +in the five years of Indian warfare, were +again cultivated by their reassured owners. +Among the returned refugees were Daniel's +parents, Squire and Sarah Boone, who had +ridden on horseback overland all the way +from Maryland. Three years later Squire +Boone died, one of the most highly esteemed +men in the valley.</p> + +<p>The Yadkin country was more favored +than some other portions of the backwoods +of North Carolina. Pontiac's uprising +(1763) against the English, who had now +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">60</a></span> +supplanted the French in Canada and in the +wilderness between the Alleghanies and the +Mississippi, led some of the Southern tribes +again to attack the frontiers of the Southwest; +but they were defeated before the Yadkin +was affected by this fresh panic.</p> + +<p>The Indian wars had lasted so long that +the entire border had become demoralized. +Of course not all the people in the backwoods +were of good character. Not a few of them +had been driven out from the more thickly +settled parts of the country because of crimes +or of bad reputation; and some of the fur-traders +who lived upon the edge of the settlement +were sorry rogues. When the panic-stricken +people were crowded within the narrow +walls of the forts they could not work. +Many of them found this life of enforced +idleness to their liking, and fell into the habit +of making secret expeditions to plunder +abandoned houses and to steal uncared-for +live stock. When peace came these marauders +had acquired a distaste for honest labor; +leaving the forts, they pillaged right and left, +and horse-stealing became an especially +prevalent frontier vice. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">61</a></span></p> + +<p>Justice on the border was as yet insufficiently +organized. Some of the Virginia and +Carolina magistrates were themselves rascals, +whose decisions could be purchased by +criminals. Many of the best citizens, therefore, +formed associations whose members +were called "regulators." They bound +themselves to pursue, arrest, and try criminals, +and to punish them by whipping, also +by expulsion from the neighborhood. The +law-breakers, on the other hand, organized +in defense, and popular opinion was divided +between the two elements; for there were +some good people who did not like the arbitrary +methods of the regulators, and insisted +upon every man being given a regular trial +by jury. In South Carolina, particularly, +the settlers were much exercised on this +question, and arrayed themselves into opposing +bands, armed to carry out their respective +views. For a time civil war was feared; +but finally, after five years of disturbance, +an agreement was reached, efficient courts +were established, and justice triumphed.</p> + +<p>Affairs did not reach so serious a stage +in North Carolina. Nevertheless there were +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">62</a></span> +several bands of vicious and indolent men, +who, entrenched in the hills, long defied the +regulators. One of these parties built a +rude stockaded fort beneath an overhanging +cliff in the mountains back of the Yadkin +settlements. They stole horses, cattle, farming +utensils; in fact, anything that they could +lay their hands upon. One day they grew so +bold as to kidnap a girl. The settlers, now +roused to action, organized attacking companies, +one of them headed by Daniel Boone, +and carried the log fortress of the bandits +by storm. The culprits were taken to Salisbury +jail and the clan broken up.</p> + +<p>The rapid growth of the country soon +made game scarce in Boone's neighborhood. +Not only did the ever-widening area of +cleared fields destroy the cover, but there +were, of course, more hunters than before. +Thus our Nimrod, who in his early manhood +cared for nothing smaller than deer, was +compelled to take extended trips in his +search for less-frequented places. It was not +long before he had explored all the mountains +and valleys within easy reach, and become +familiar with the views from every +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">63</a></span> +peak in the region, many of them five and six +thousand feet in height.</p> + +<p>As early as 1764-65 Boone was in the +habit of taking with him, upon these trips +near home, his little son James, then seven +or eight years of age. This was partly for +company, but mainly for the lad's education +as a hunter. Frequently they would spend +several days together in the woods during the +autumn and early winter—the deer-hunting +season—and often, when in "open" camps, +were overtaken by snow-storms. On such +occasions the father would keep the boy +warm by clasping him to his bosom as they +lay with feet toward the glowing camp-fire. +As the well-taught lad grew into early manhood +these two companions would be absent +from home for two and three months together, +always returning well laden with the +spoils of the chase.</p> + +<p>Hunters in Boone's day had two kinds of +camp—"open" when upon the move, which +meant sleeping in their blankets upon the +ground wherever darkness or weariness +overtook them; "closed" where remaining +for some time in a locality. A closed camp +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">64</a></span> +consisted of a rude hut of logs or poles, the +front entirely open, the sides closely chinked +with moss, and the roof covered with blankets, +boughs, or bark, sloping down to a back-log. +In times when the Indians were not +feared a fire was kept up throughout the +night, in front, in order to warm the enclosure. +Upon a bed of hemlock boughs or of +dried leaves the hunters lay with heads to +the back-log and stockinged feet to the blaze, +for their spongy moccasins were hung to dry.<a name="FNanchor_8" id="FNanchor_8" href="#Footnote_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> +Such a camp, often called a "half-faced +cabin," was carefully placed so that it might +be sheltered by neighboring hills from the +cold north and west winds. It was fairly +successful as a protection from rain and +snow, and sometimes served a party of hunters +throughout several successive seasons; +but it was ill-fitted for the coldest weather. +Boone frequently occupied a shelter of this +kind in the woods of Kentucky.</p> + +<p>During the last four months of 1765 +Boone and seven companions went on horseback +to the new colony of Florida with a view +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">65</a></span> +to moving thither if they found it suited +to their tastes. Wherever possible, they +stopped overnight at borderers' cabins upon +the frontiers of the Carolinas and Georgia. +But such opportunities did not always occur; +they often suffered from hunger, and once +they might have died from starvation but for +the timely succor of a roving band of Seminole +Indians. They explored Florida all the +way from St. Augustine to Pensacola, and +appear to have had a rather wretched time +of it. The trails were miry from frequent +rains, the number and extent of the swamps +appalled them, and there was not game +enough to satisfy a man like Boone, who +scorned alligators. Pensacola, however, so +pleased him that he determined to settle +there, and purchased a house and lot which +he might in due time occupy. Upon their return +Boone told his wife of his Pensacola venture, +but this sturdy woman of the frontier +spurned the idea of moving to a gameless +land. So the town lot was left to take care +of itself, and henceforth the dutiful husband +looked only to the West as his model of a +perfect country. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">66</a></span></p> + +<p>At the close of the French and Indian +War there arrived in the Boone settlement +a Scotch-Irishman named Benjamin Cutbirth, +aged about twenty-three years. He +was a man of good character and a fine hunter. +Marrying Elizabeth Wilcoxen, a niece of +Daniel Boone, he and Boone went upon long +hunts together, and attained that degree of +comradeship which joint life in a wilderness +camp is almost certain to produce.</p> + +<p>In 1766 several families from North Carolina +went to Louisiana, apparently by sea to +New Orleans, and founded an English settlement +above Baton Rouge on the Mississippi +River. The news of this event gave +rise to a general desire for exploring the +country between the mountains and the great +river. The year following, Cutbirth, John +Stuart, John Baker, and John Ward, all of +them young married men on the Yadkin, and +excellent hunters, resolved to perform this +feat, and if possible to discover a region superior +to their own valley. They crossed the +mountain range and eventually saw the Mississippi, +being, so far as we know from contemporary +documents, the first party of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">67</a></span> +white men to succeed in this overland enterprise. +Possibly fur-traders may have done +so before them, but they left no record to +prove it.</p> + +<p>Cutbirth and his friends spent a year or +two upon the river. In the autumn they ascended +the stream for a considerable distance, +also one of its tributaries, made a stationary +camp for the winter, and in the +spring descended to New Orleans, where they +sold at good prices their skins, furs, bear-bacon, +bear's oil, buffalo "jerk" (dried +meat), tallow, and dried venison hams. +Their expedition down the river was performed +at great risks, for they had many +hairbreadth escapes from snags, river banks +shelving in, whirlpools, wind-storms, and Indians. +Their reward, says a chronicler of +the day, was "quite a respectable property;" +but while upon their return homeward, +overland, they were set upon by Choctaws, +who robbed them of their all.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile, Daniel Boone was slow in +making up his mind to leave home and the +wife and family whom he dearly loved for so +long and perilous a trip as a journey into +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">68</a></span> +the now much-talked-of land of Kentucky. +Perhaps, despite his longings, he might never +have gone had affairs upon the Yadkin remained +satisfactory to him. But game, his +chief reliance, was year by year becoming +harder to obtain. And the rascally agents +of Earl Granville, the principal landholder +of the region, from whom the Boones had +purchased, were pretending to find flaws in +the land-titles and insisting upon the necessity +for new deeds, for which large fees were +exacted.</p> + +<p>This gave rise to great popular discontent. +Boone's protest consisted in leaving +the Sugar Tree settlement and moving northwest +for sixty-five miles toward the head of +the Yadkin. His new cabin, a primitive shell +of logs, could still be seen, a few years ago, +at the foot of a range of hills some seven +and a half miles above Wilkesboro, in Wilkes +County. After a time, dissatisfied with this +location, he moved five miles farther up the +river and about half a mile up Beaver Creek. +Again he changed his mind, choosing his +final home on the upper Yadkin, just above +the mouth of Beaver. It was from this beautiful +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">69</a></span> +region among the Alleghany foot-hills, +where game and fish were plenty and his +swine and cattle had good range, that Boone, +crowded out by advancing civilization, eventually +moved to Kentucky.</p> + +<p>In the spring and early summer of 1767 +there were fresh outbreaks on the part of +the Indians. Governor Tryon had run a +boundary-line between the back settlements +of the Carolinas and the Cherokee hunting-grounds. +But hunters and traders would +persist in wandering to the west of this line, +and sometimes they were killed.</p> + +<p>In the autumn of that year Daniel Boone +and a warm friend, William Hill, and possibly +Squire Boone, determined to seek Kentucky, +of which Finley had told him twelve +years before. They crossed the mountain +wall, were in the valleys of the Holston and +the Clinch, and reached the head waters of +the West Fork of the Big Sandy. Following +down this river for a hundred miles, determined +to find the Ohio, they appear to have +struck a buffalo-path, along which they traveled +as far as a salt-lick ten miles west of +the present town of Prestonburg, on a tributary +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">70</a></span> +of the West (or Louisa) Fork of the +Sandy, within Floyd County, in the extreme +eastern part of Kentucky.</p> + +<p>Caught in a severe snow-storm, they were +compelled to camp at this lick for the entire +winter. It proved to be the most profitable +station that they could have selected, for buffaloes +and other animals came in large numbers +to lick the brackish soil, and all the hunters +had to do was to "rise, kill, and eat."</p> + +<p>Although now considerably west of the +Cumberland Mountains, the explorers were +not aware that they were within the famed +Kentucky; and as the country was very hilly, +covered with briers which annoyed them +greatly, and altogether forbidding, they despaired +of reaching the promised land by +this path, and in the spring returned to the +Yadkin. +</p> + +<h3 class="p6">CHAPTER VI<br /> +ALONE IN THE WILDERNESS</h3> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">71</a></span></p> + +<p>In the winter of 1768-69 a pedler with +horse and wagon wandered into the valley +of the upper Yadkin, offering small wares +to the settlers' wives. This was thrifty John +Finley, former fur-trader and Indian fighter, +who, thirteen years before, had, as we have +seen, fraternized with Boone in Braddock's +ill-fated army on the Monongahela. Finley +had, in 1752, in his trade with the Indians, +descended the Ohio in a canoe to the site of +Louisville, accompanied by three or four +voyageurs, and, with some of his dusky customers, +traveled widely through the interior +of Kentucky. His glowing descriptions of +this beautiful land had inspired Boone to try +to find it. The latter was still sorrowing over +his unpromising expedition by way of the Big +Sandy when, by the merest chance, the man +who had fired his imagination knocked at his +very door. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">72</a></span></p> + +<p>Throughout the winter that Finley was +Daniel's guest, he and his brother Squire were +ready listeners to the pedler's stories of the +over-mountain country—tales of countless +water-fowl, turkeys, deer, elk, and buffaloes, +which doubtless lost nothing in the telling. +The two Boones resolved to try Finley's proposed +route by way of Cumberland Gap, and +the fur-trader promised to lead the way.</p> + +<p>After the spring crops were in, Finley, +Daniel Boone, and the latter's brother-in-law, +John Stuart, started from Daniel's house +upon the first of May. In their employ, as +hunters and camp-keepers, were three neighbors—Joseph +Holden, James Mooney, and +William Cooley. Each man was fully armed, +clad in the usual deerskin costume of the +frontier, and mounted upon a good horse; +blanket or bearskin was strapped on behind +the saddle, together with camp-kettle, a store +of salt, and a small supply of provisions, although +their chief food was to be game. +Squire remained to care for the crops of the +two families, and agreed to reenforce the +hunters late in the autumn.</p> + +<p>Scaling the lofty Blue Ridge, the explorers +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">73</a></span> +passed over Stone and Iron Mountains and +reached Holston Valley, whence they proceeded +through Moccasin Gap of Clinch +Mountain, and crossed over intervening rivers +and densely wooded hills until they came +to Powell's Valley, then the farthest limit of +white settlement. Here they found a hunter's +trail which led them through Cumberland +Gap. The "warriors' path"—trodden +by Indian war-parties from across the mountains—was +now discovered, and this they followed +by easy stages until at last they +reached what is now called Station Camp +Creek, a tributary of the Kentucky River, in +Estill County, Ky.—so named because here +was built their principal, or "station" camp, +the center of their operations for many +months to come.</p> + +<p>While Boone, Finley, and Stuart made +frequent explorations, and Boone in particular +ascended numerous lofty hills in order to +view the country, the chief occupation of the +party was hunting. Throughout the summer +and autumn deerskins were in their best +condition. Other animals were occasionally +killed to afford variety of food, but fur-bearers +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">74</a></span> +as a rule only furnish fine pelts in the +winter season. Even in the days of abundant +game the hunter was required to exercise +much skill, patience, and endurance. It +was no holiday task to follow this calling. +Deer, especially, were difficult to obtain. +The habits of this excessively cautious animal +were carefully studied; the hunter must +know how to imitate its various calls, to take +advantage of wind and weather, and to practise +all the arts of strategy.</p> + +<p>Deerskins were, all things considered, the +most remunerative of all. When roughly +dressed and dried they were worth about a +dollar each; as they were numerous, and a +horse could carry for a long distance about a +hundred such skins, the trade was considered +profitable in those primitive times, when dollars +were hard to obtain. Pelts of beavers, +found in good condition only in the winter, +were worth about two dollars and a half +each, and of otters from three to five dollars. +Thus, a horse-load of beaver furs, when obtainable, +was worth about five times that of a +load of deerskins; and if a few otters could +be thrown in, the value was still greater. The +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">75</a></span> +skins of buffaloes, bears, and elks were too +bulky to carry for long distances, and were +not readily marketable. A few elk-hides were +needed, however, to cut up into harness and +straps, and bear- and buffalo-robes were useful +for bedding.</p> + +<p>When an animal was killed the hunter +skinned it on the spot, and packed on his +back the hide and the best portion of the +meat. At night the meat was smoked or prepared +for "jerking," and the skins were +scraped and cured. When collected at the +camps, the bales of skins, protected from +the weather by strips of bark, were placed +upon high scaffolds, secure from bears and +wolves.</p> + +<p>Our Yadkin hunters were in the habit, +each day, of dividing themselves into pairs +for company and mutual aid in times of +danger, usually leaving one pair behind as +camp-keepers. Boone and Stuart frequently +were companions upon such trips; for the +former, being a man of few words, enjoyed +by contrast the talkative, happy disposition +of his friend. Occasionally the entire party, +when the game grew timid, moved for some +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">76</a></span> +distance, where they would establish a new +camp; but their headquarters remained at +Station Camp, where were kept their principal +skins, furs, and stores. In this way the +time passed from June to December. Boone +used to assert, in after years, that these +months were the happiest of his life. The +genial climate, the beauty of the country, and +the entire freedom of this wild life, strongly +appealed to him. Here this taciturn but +good-natured man, who loved solitary adventure, +was now in his element. Large packs of +skins had been obtained by the little company +and stored at Station Camp and their +outlying shelters; and there was now a generous +supply of buffalo, bear, and elk meat, +venison, and turkeys, all properly jerked for +the winter which was before them, with buffalo +tallow and bear's oil to serve as cooking +grease.</p> + +<p>Finley and Boone were both aware that +Kentucky lay between the warring tribes of +the North and the South; that through it +warriors' paths crossed in several directions; +and that this, probably the finest hunting-field +in North America, was a debatable land, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">77</a></span> +frequently fought over by contending savages—a +"dark and bloody ground" indeed. +Yet thus far there had been no signs of Indians, +and the Carolina hunters had almost +ceased to think of them.</p> + +<p>Toward the close of day on the twenty-second +of December, while Boone and Stuart +were ascending a low hill near the Kentucky +River, in one of the most beautiful districts +they had seen, they were suddenly surrounded +and captured by a large party of Shawnese +horsemen returning from an autumn +hunt on Green River to their homes north +of the Ohio. The two captives were forced +to lead the savages to their camps, which +were deliberately plundered, one after the +other, of everything in them. The Shawnese, +releasing their prisoners, considerately +left with each hunter just enough supplies +to enable him to support himself on the way +back to the settlements. The white men +were told what was a fact under existing +treaties with the tribes—treaties, however, of +which Boone and his companions probably +knew nothing—that they were trespassing +upon Indian hunting-grounds, and must not +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">78</a></span> +come again, or "the wasps and yellow-jackets +will sting you severely."</p> + +<p>The others proposed to leave for home at +once; but Boone and Stuart, enraged at having +lost their year's work and all that they +had brought into the wilderness, and having +no sympathy for Indian treaty rights, started +out to recover their property. After two +days they came up with the Shawnese, and +secreting themselves in the bushes until dark, +contrived to regain four or five horses and +make off with them. But they, in turn, were +overtaken in two days by the Indians and +again made prisoners. After a week of captivity, +in which they were kindly treated, they +effected their escape in the dark and returned +to Station Camp.</p> + +<p>Their companions, giving them up for +lost, had departed toward home, but were +overtaken by the two adventurers. Boone +was gratified to find with them his brother +Squire, who, having gathered the fall crops, +had come out with a fresh supply of horses, +traps, and ammunition. He had followed +the trail of his predecessors, and in the New +River region was joined by Alexander Neely. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">79</a></span> +Not finding Daniel and Stuart at Station +Camp, and grief-stricken at the report concerning +them, he was traveling homeward +with the party.</p> + +<p>Daniel, however, who had staked upon +this venture almost all that he owned, did +not relish the thought of returning empty-handed, +now that reenforcements had arrived, +and determined to stay and seek to +regain his lost fortunes. Squire, Stuart, and +Neely concluded also to remain, and the four +were now left behind in the wilderness. On +reaching the Holston Valley, Finley turned +northward to seek his relatives in Pennsylvania; +while Holden, Mooney, and Cooley +proceeded southeastward to their Yadkin +homes, carrying dismal news of the events attending +this notable exploration of Kentucky.</p> + +<p>The quartette promptly abandoned Station +Camp as being dangerously near the +warriors' path, and, tradition says, built another +on or near the northern bank of Kentucky +River, not far from the mouth of the +Red. The deer season was now over, but +beavers and otters were in their prime, and +soon the hunters were enjoying a profitable +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">80</a></span> +season. A small canoe which they built added +greatly to their equipment, and they were +now enabled to set their traps throughout +a wide region.</p> + +<p>Hunting in pairs, Daniel was generally +accompanied by Stuart, while Neely and +Squire were partners. In their wanderings +the two pairs were sometimes several days +without seeing each other; and frequently +partners would be separated throughout the +day, but at night met at some appointed spot. +One day, toward the close of January or +early in February (1770), Stuart did not return +to the rendezvous, much to Boone's +alarm. The following day the latter discovered +the embers of a fire, doubtless built by +the lost man; but that was all, for Stuart +was seen no more. Five years later Boone +came across the bones of his light-hearted +comrade in a hollow sycamore tree upon +Rockcastle River—he recognized them by +Stuart's name cut upon his powder-horn. +What caused Stuart's death is a mystery to +the present day; possibly he was wounded +and chased by Indians to this distant spot, +and died while in hiding. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">81</a></span></p> + +<p>Stuart's mysterious disappearance frightened +Neely, who at once left for home, thus +leaving Daniel and Squire to pass the remainder +of the winter in the wilderness by +themselves. Dejected, but not discouraged, +the brothers built a comfortable hut and continued +their work. With the close of the +trapping season the ammunition was nearly +exhausted. Upon the first of May, a year +after Daniel had left his cabin upon the upper +Yadkin, Squire started out upon the return, +their horses well laden with furs, skins, +and jerked meat. Both men had, in their +enterprise, contracted debts of considerable +extent for frontier hunters, hence they were +anxious to square themselves with the world, +as well as to obtain more horses, ammunition, +and miscellaneous supplies.</p> + +<p>Daniel was now left alone in Kentucky, +"without bread, salt, or sugar, without company +of his fellow-creatures, or even a horse +or dog." In after years he acknowledged +that he was at times homesick during the +three months which followed, and felt deeply +his absence from the wife and family to +whom he was so warmly attached. But possessing +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">82</a></span> +a cheerful, hopeful nature, he forgot +his loneliness in untrammeled enjoyment of +the far-stretching wilderness.</p> + +<p>Almost without ammunition, he could not +hunt, save to obtain sufficient food, and largely +spent his time in exploration. Fearing Indians, +he frequently changed his location, +sometimes living in shelters of bark and +boughs, and again in caves; but seldom venturing +to sleep in these temporary homes, +preferring the thickets and the dense cane-brakes +as less liable to be sought by savage +prowlers.</p> + +<p>Kentucky has a remarkably diversified +landscape of densely wooded hills and valleys +and broad prairie expanses. The genial +climate admirably suited the philosophical +wanderer. He enjoyed the exquisite beauty +and stateliness of the trees—the sycamores, +tulip-trees, sugar-trees, honey-locusts, coffee-trees, +pawpaws, cucumber-trees, and black +mulberries—and found flowers in surprising +variety and loveliness. The mineral springs +interested him—Big Lick, the Blue Licks, and +Big Bone Lick, with its fossil remains of +mastodons which had become mired when +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">83</a></span> +coming to lick the brackish soil. He traveled +far and wide in his search for the beautiful +and curious, being chiefly in the valleys of +the Licking and the Kentucky, and upon the +banks of the Ohio as far down as the site of +Louisville, where, at the foot of the falls, he +inspected the remains of an old fur trade +stockade concerning which Finley had told +him.</p> + +<p>Once he saw some Indians walking upon +the northern bank of the Ohio, but managed +himself to keep out of sight. At another +time, when on the Kentucky, he saw a savage +calmly fishing from the trunk of a fallen +tree. In mentioning this incident to his family, +in later days, he would declare with gravity: +"While I was looking at the fellow he +tumbled into the river, and I saw him no +more." Probably the man of the Yadkin +shot him, fearing that the fisherman might +carry the news of the former's whereabouts +to a possible camp near by. On another occasion, +when exploring Dick's River, he was +suddenly surrounded by Indians. Having +either to surrender or to leap down the precipitous +height to a bank sixty feet below, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">84</a></span> +he chose to leap. Landing in the top of a +small sugar-maple, he slid down the tree, +and was able to escape by running under the +overhanging bank and then swimming the +stream. Adventures such as this gave +abundant spice to the joys of solitude.</p> + +<p>In the latter part of July Squire arrived +from the settlements, having paid all their +debts and with the surplus purchased sufficient +supplies for another summer and fall +campaign against the deer. This was highly +successful. They did not lack some interesting +experiences, but Indians were not again +encountered; so that, when winter approached, +Squire was enabled once more to +leave with well-laden horses for the markets +of the East. Another two months of loneliness +were suffered by Daniel; but in December +Squire rejoined him with horses, ammunition, +and other necessaries, and the pair +joyously settled down for still another winter +together in the dark and lonely forests of +Kentucky. +</p> + +<h3 class="p6">CHAPTER VII<br /> +PREDECESSORS AND CONTEMPORARIES</h3> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">85</a></span></p> + +<p>The reader of this narrative has, of +course, already discovered that Daniel Boone +was neither the original white explorer of +Kentucky nor the first white hunter within +its limits. Many others had been there before +him. It will be worth our while at this +point to take a hasty review of some of the +previous expeditions which had made the +"dark and bloody ground" known to the +world.</p> + +<p>Probably none of the several Spanish explorations +of the sixteenth century along the +Mississippi River and through the Gulf +States had touched Kentucky. But during +the seventeenth century both the French in +Canada and the English on the Atlantic tidewater +came to have fairly accurate notions +of the country lying immediately to the south +of the Ohio River. As early as 1650 Governor +Berkeley, of Virginia, made a vain attempt +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">86</a></span> +to cross the Alleghany barrier in +search of the Mississippi, concerning which +he had heard from Indians; and we know +that at the same time the French, especially +the Jesuit missionaries, were looking eagerly +in that direction. A few years later Colonel +Abraham Wood, of Virginia, discovered +streams which poured into the Ohio and the +Mississippi. Just a century before Boone's +great hunt, John Lederer, also of Virginia, +explored for a considerable distance beyond +the mountains. The following year Thomas +Batts and his party proclaimed King Charles +II upon New River, the upper waters of the +Great Kanawha—twelve months before La +Salle took possession of all Western waters +for the French king, and nineteen before +Marquette and Joliet discovered the Mississippi.</p> + +<p>There is a tradition that in 1678, only +five years after the voyage of Marquette and +Joliet, a party of New Englanders ventured +into the Western wilderness as far as New +Mexico. The later French expeditions of +La Salle, Hennepin, and D'Iberville are well +known. Several Englishmen traded with Indians +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">87</a></span> +upon the Mississippi before the close +of the seventeenth century; by 1719 the English +were so numerous that Governor Keith, +of Pennsylvania, suggested that four forts +be built for their protection in the Wabash +and Illinois countries. We hear of a French +expedition investigating Big Bone Lick, in +Kentucky, in 1735; and other visits were successively +made by bands of their compatriots +until the downfall of New France, over a +quarter of a century later. In 1742 John +Howard and Peter Salling, of Virginia, were +exploring in Kentucky; six years after them +Dr. Thomas Walker made a notable expedition +through the same country; and two years +after that Washington's backwoods friend, +Christopher Gist, was on the site of Louisville +selecting lands for the Ohio Company, +which had a large grant upon the Ohio +River.</p> + +<p>Henceforward, border chronicles abound +with reports of the adventures of English +fur-traders, hunters, and land-viewers, all +along the Ohio River and tributary waters +above Louisville. Among these early adventurers +was our friend Finley, whose experiences +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">88</a></span> +in Kentucky dated from 1752, and +who piloted Boone to the promised land +through the gateway of Cumberland Gap. +The subsequent Indian wars, with the expeditions +into the upper Ohio Valley by Generals +Braddock, Forbes, and Bouquet, made +the country still better known; and settlers +were soon rushing in by scores, although as +yet none of them appear to have made clearings +within Kentucky itself.</p> + +<p>Officers and soldiers who had served in +the French and Indian War were given liberal +grants of land in the West. Washington +had not only his own grant, as the principal +officer upon the southwest frontier, but +was agent for a number of fellow-soldiers, +and in 1767 went to the Ohio River to select +and survey claims. At the very time when +Boone was engaged upon his fruitless expedition +down the Big Sandy, Washington was +making the first surveys in Kentucky on both +the Little and Big Sandy. Again, in 1770, +when Boone was exploring the Kentucky +wilderness, Washington was surveying extensive +tracts along the Ohio and the Great +Kanawha, and planning for a large colony +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">89</a></span> +upon his own lands. The outbreak of the +Revolution caused the great man to turn his +attention from the over-mountain region to +the defense of his country. Had he been left +to carry out his plans, he would doubtless +have won fame as the most energetic of +Western pioneers.</p> + +<p>It will be remembered that when Boone +and his companions passed through Cumberland +Gap in the early summer of 1769, they +found the well-worn trail of other hunters +who had preceded them from the settlements. +The men of the Yadkin Valley were not the +only persons seeking game in Kentucky that +year. At about the time when Boone was +bidding farewell to his family, Hancock +and Richard Taylor, Abraham Hempinstall, +and one Barbour, frontiersmen of the same +type, started from their homes in Orange +County, Va., to explore the valleys of the +Ohio and Mississippi. They descended from +Pittsburg in a boat, explored Kentucky, and +proceeded into Arkansas, where they camped +and hunted during the following winter. +The next year two of them traveled eastward +to Florida, and thence northwardly to their +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">90</a></span> +homes; the others stayed in Arkansas for +another year, and returned by sea from New +Orleans to New York.</p> + +<p>Simultaneously with the expeditions of +Boone and the Taylors, a party of twenty or +more adventurous hunters and explorers was +formed in the New River region, in the Valley +of Virginia. They set out in June +(1769), piloted by Uriah Stone, who had been +in Kentucky three years before. Entering +by way of the now familiar Cumberland Gap, +these men had experiences quite similar to +those of Boone and his comrades. At some +of the Kentucky salt-licks they found herds +of buffaloes numbering up in the thousands—at +one lick a hundred acres were densely +massed with these bulky animals, who exhibited +no fear until the wind blew from the +hunters toward them, and then they would +"dash wildly away in large droves and disappear." +Like Boone's party, they also were +the victims of Cherokees, who plundered +their camps, and after leaving them some +guns and a little ammunition, ordered them +out of the country. The New River party +being large, however, some of their number +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">91</a></span> +were deputed to go to the settlements and +bring back fresh supplies, so that they could +finish their hunt. After further adventures +with Indians half of the hunters returned +home; while the others wandered into Tennessee +and as far as the Ozark Mountains, +finally reaching New River through Georgia +and the Carolinas. Another Virginian, +named John McCulloch, who courted the +perils of exploration, was in Kentucky in the +summer of 1769 with a white man-servant +and a negro. He visited the site of Terre +Haute, Ind., and went by canoe to Natchez +and New Orleans, and at length reached +Philadelphia by sea.</p> + +<p>But the most famous of all the expeditions +of the period was that of the "Long +Hunters," as they have come to be known in +Western history. Inspired by the favorable +reports of Stone and others, about forty of +the most noted and successful hunters of +New River and Holston Valleys formed, in +the summer of 1770, a company for hunting +and trapping to the west of Cumberland +Mountains. Under the leadership of two of +the best woodsmen of the region, Joseph +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">92</a></span> +Drake and Henry Skaggs, and including several +of Stone's party, they set out in early +autumn fully prepared for meeting Indians +and living on game. Each man took with +him three packhorses, rifles, ammunition, +traps, dogs, blankets, and salt, and was +dressed in the deerskin costume of the times.</p> + +<p>Pushing on through Cumberland Gap, the +adventurers were soon in the heart of Kentucky. +In accordance with custom, they visited +some of the best licks—a few of which +were probably first seen by them—for here +wild beasts were always to be found in profusion. +At Knob Licks they beheld from +an eminence which overlooked the springs +"what they estimated at largely over a thousand +animals, including buffaloe, elk, bear, +and deer, with many wild turkies scattered +among them—all quite restless, some playing, +and others busily employed in licking the +earth; but at length they took flight and +bounded away all in one direction, so that in +the brief space of a couple of minutes not +an animal was to be seen." Within an area +of many acres, the animals had eaten the +salty earth to a depth of several feet. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">93</a></span></p> + +<p>Successful in a high degree, the party +ceased operations in February, and had completed +preparations for sending a large shipment +of skins, furs, and "jerk" to the settlements, +when, in their temporary absence, +roving Cherokees robbed them of much of +their stores and spoiled the greater part of +the remainder. "Fifteen hundred skins +gone to ruination!" was the legend which +one of them carved upon the bark of a neighboring +tree, a record to which were appended +the initials of each member of the party. A +series of disasters followed, in the course of +which two men were carried off by Indians +and never again seen, and others fled for home. +Those remaining, having still much ammunition +and the horses, continued their hunt, +chiefly upon the Green and Cumberland Rivers, +and in due time brought together another +store of peltries, almost as extensive as +that despoiled by the savages.</p> + +<p>Not long after the robbery, when the +Long Hunters were upon Green River, one +of the parties into which the band was divided +were going into camp for the night, +when a singular noise was heard proceeding +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">94</a></span> +from a considerable distance in the forest. +The leader, Caspar Mausker, commanded +silence on the part of his comrades, and himself +crept cautiously from tree to tree in the +direction of the sound. Imagine his surprise +and amusement to find "a man bare-headed, +stretched flat upon his back on a deerskin +spread on the ground, singing merrily at the +top of his voice!" The singer was our hero, +Daniel Boone, who, regardless of possible +Indian neighbors, was thus enjoying himself +while awaiting Squire's belated return to +camp. Like most woodsmen of his day and +ours, Boone was fond of singing, in his rude +way, as well as of relating tales of stirring +adventure. In such manner were many +hours whiled away around the camp-fires of +wilderness hunters.</p> + +<p>The Boones at once joined and spent some +time with the Long Hunters, no doubt delighted +at this opportunity of once more +mingling with men of their kind. Among +their amusements was that of naming rivers, +creeks, and hills after members of the party; +many of these names are still preserved upon +the map of Kentucky. At one time they discovered +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">95</a></span> +that some French hunters from the +Illinois country had recently visited a lick to +kill buffaloes for their tongues and tallow, +which they had loaded into a keel-boat and +taken down the Cumberland. In after years +one of the Long Hunters declared that this +wholesale slaughter was so great "that one +could walk for several hundred yards in and +around the lick on buffaloes' skulls and +bones, with which the whole flat around the +lick was bleached."</p> + +<p>It was not until August that the Long +Hunters returned to their homes, after a +profitable absence of eleven months. But +the Boone brothers left their comrades in +March and headed for the Yadkin, with +horses now well laden with spoils of the +chase. They were deeply in debt for their +latest supplies, but were returning in light +heart, cheered with the prospect of settling +their accounts and being able to revisit Kentucky +in good condition. But in Powell's +Valley, near Cumberland Gap, where they +might well have supposed that small chance +of danger remained, they were suddenly set +upon by a war party of Northern Indians +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">96</a></span> +who had been raiding the white settlers as +well as their Southern foes, the Cherokees +and Catawbas. Roughly handled and robbed +of their packs, the unfortunate hunters +reached the Yadkin in no happy frame of +mind. Daniel had been absent for two years, +and was now poorer than when he left home. +He used to say, however, in after years, that +having at last seen Kentucky, his ideal of +an earthly paradise, that served as solace for +his woes. +</p> + +<h3 class="p6">CHAPTER VIII<br /> +THE HERO OF CLINCH VALLEY</h3> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">97</a></span></p> +<p>While Daniel Boone had been hunting +and exploring amid the deep forests and waving +greenswards of Kentucky, important +events had been taking place in the settlements. +The colonists along the Atlantic tidewater +had become so crowded that there were +no longer any free lands in that region; and +settlers' cabins in the western uplands of +Pennsylvania, Maryland, the Carolinas, and +Georgia had so multiplied that now much of +the best land there had also been taken up. +The far-outlying frontier upon which the +Boones and Bryans had reared their rude +log huts nearly a quarter of a century before, +no longer abounded in game and in free pastures +for roving herds; indeed, the frontier +was now pushed forward to the west-flowing +streams—to the head waters of the Watauga, +Clinch, Powell, French Broad, Holston, and +Nolichucky, all of them affluents of the Tennessee, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">98</a></span> +and to the Monongahela and other +tributaries of the upper Ohio.</p> + +<p>The rising tide of population demanded +more room to the westward. The forbidding +mountain-ranges had long hemmed in the +restless borderers; but the dark-skinned +wilderness tribes had formed a still more +serious barrier, as, with rifles and tomahawks +purchased from white traders, they +terrorized the slowly advancing outposts of +civilization. With the French government no +longer in control of Canada and the region +east of the Mississippi—although French-Canadian +woodsmen were freely employed +by the British Indian Department—with the +consequent quieting of Indian forays, with +increased knowledge of the over-mountain +passes, and with the strong push of population +from behind, there had arisen a general +desire to scale the hills, and beyond them +to seek exemption from tax-gatherers, free +lands, and the abundant game concerning +which the Kentucky hunters had brought +glowing reports.</p> + +<p>Upon the defeat of the French, the English +king had issued a proclamation (1763) +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">99</a></span> +forbidding his "loving subjects" to settle to +the west of the mountains. The home government +was no doubt actuated in this by +two motives: first, a desire to preserve the +wilderness for the benefit of the growing fur +trade, which brought wealth to many London +merchants; second, a fear that borderers +who pushed beyond the mountains might not +only be beyond the reach of English trade, +but also beyond English political control. +But the frontiersmen were already too far +distant to have much regard for royal proclamations. +The king's command appears to +have had no more effect than had he, like +one of his predecessors, bade the ocean tide +rise no higher.</p> + +<p>In 1768, at Fort Stanwix, N.Y., the +Iroquois of that province, whose war parties +had raided much of the country between the +Hudson and the Mississippi, surrendered +what shadowy rights they might be supposed +to have over all lands lying between the Ohio +and the Tennessee. Meanwhile, at the South, +the Cherokees had agreed to a frontier which +opened to settlement eastern Kentucky and +Tennessee. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">100</a></span></p> + +<p>But, without waiting for these treaties, +numerous schemes had been proposed in +England and the Atlantic coast colonies for +the settlement of Kentucky and the lands of +the upper Ohio. Most of these projects +failed, even the more promising of them being +checked by the opening of the Revolutionary +War; but their existence showed how +general was the desire of English colonists +to occupy those fertile Western lands which +explorers like Gist, Washington, the Boones, +and the Long Hunters had now made familiar +to the world. The new treaties +strengthened this desire, so that when Daniel +and Squire Boone reached their homes upon +the Yadkin the subject of Western settlement +was uppermost in the minds of the +people.</p> + +<p>The land excitement was, however, less +intense in North Carolina than in the Valley +of Virginia and other mountain troughs to +the north and northeast. At Boone's home +there was unrest of a more serious character. +The tax-gatherers were arousing great popular +discontent because of unlawful and extortionate +demands, and in some cases Governor +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">101</a></span> +Tryon had come to blows with the +regulators who stood for the people's rights.</p> + +<p>For two and a half years after his return +Boone quietly conducted his little farm, and, +as of old, made long hunting trips in autumn +and winter, occasionally venturing—sometimes +alone, sometimes with one or two companions—far +west into Kentucky, once visiting +French Lick, on the Cumberland, where +he found several French hunters. There is +reason to believe that in 1772 he moved to +the Watauga Valley, but after living there +for a time went back to the Yadkin. Early +in the following year he accompanied Benjamin +Cutbirth and others as far as the present +Jessamine County, Ky., and from this +trip returned fired with quickened zeal for +making a settlement in the new country.</p> + +<p>The spring and summer were spent in +active preparations. He enlisted the cooperation +of Captain William Russell, the +principal pioneer in the Clinch Valley; several +of the Bryans, whose settlement was +now sixty-five miles distant, also agreed to +join him; and five other families in his own +neighborhood engaged to join the expedition. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">102</a></span> +The Bryan party, numbering forty men, +some of them from the Valley of Virginia +and Powell's Valley, were not to be accompanied +by their families, as they preferred +to go in advance and prepare homes before +making a final move. But Boone and the +other men of the upper Yadkin took with +them their wives and children; most of +them sold their farms, as did Boone, thus +burning their bridges behind them. Arranging +to meet the Bryan contingent in Powell's +Valley, Boone's party left for the West upon +the twenty-fifth of September, 1773—fifty-six +years after old George Boone had departed +from England for the Pennsylvania +frontier near Philadelphia, and twenty-three +after the family had set out for the new +southwest frontier on the Yadkin.</p> + +<p>Reaching Powell's, Boone went into camp +to await the rear party, his riding and packhorses +hoppled and belled, after the custom +of such caravans, and their small herd of +cattle properly guarded in a meadow. His +eldest son, James, now a boy of sixteen +years, was sent with two men, with pack-animals, +across country to notify Russell and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">103</a></span> +to secure some flour and farming tools. +They were returning laden, in company with +Russell's son Henry, a year older than +James, two of Russell's negro slaves, and +two or three white workpeople, when, missing +their path, they went into camp for the +night only three miles from Boone's quarters. +At daybreak they were attacked by a Shawnese +war party and all killed except a white +laborer and a negro. This pathetic tragedy +created such consternation among the movers +that, despite Boone's entreaties to go forward, +all of them returned to Virginia and +Carolina. Daniel and his family, no longer +having a home on the Yadkin, would not retreat, +and took up their quarters in an empty +cabin upon the farm of Captain David Gass, +seven or eight miles from Russell's, upon +Clinch River. Throughout this sorrowful +winter the Boones were supported from their +stock of cattle and by means of Daniel's unerring +rifle.</p> + +<p>It was long before the intrepid pioneers +could again take up their line of march. +Ever since the Bouquet treaty of 1764 there +had been more or less disturbance upon the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">104</a></span> +frontiers. During all these years, although +there was no open warfare between whites +and reds, many scores of lives had been lost. +Indians had wantonly plundered and murdered +white men, and the latter had been +quite as merciless toward the savages. +Whenever a member of one race met a man +of the other the rifle was apt to be at once +brought into play. Meanwhile, armed parties +of surveyors and land speculators were +swarming into Kentucky, notching the trees +for landmarks, and giving evidence to apprehensive +tribesmen that the hordes of civilization +were upon them. In 1773 George +Rogers Clark, afterward the most famous of +border leaders, had staked a claim at the +mouth of Fishing Creek, on the Ohio; Washington +had, this summer, descended the river +to the same point; while at the Falls of the +Ohio, and upon interior waters of the Kentucky +wilderness, other parties were laying +ambitious plans for the capitals of new colonies.</p> + +<p>In the following spring the Cherokees and +Shawnese, now wrought to a high pitch of ill +temper, combined for onslaughts on the advancing +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">105</a></span> +frontiersmen. The wanton murder +by border ruffians of Chief John Logan's +family, near Mingo Junction, on the Ohio, +was the match which, in early summer, fired +the tinder. The Mingos, ablaze with the fire +of vengeance, carried the war-pipe through +the neighboring villages; runners were sent +in every direction to rouse the tribes; tomahawks +were unearthed, war-posts were planted; +messages of defiance were sent to the +"Virginians," as all frontiersmen were generally +called by the Western Indians; and in +a few days the border war to which history +has given the name of Lord Dunmore, then +governor of Virginia, was in full swing from +Cumberland Gap to Fort Pitt, from the Alleghanies +to the Wabash.</p> + +<p>Its isolation at first protected the Valley +of the Clinch. The commandant of the +southwest militia—which comprised every +boy or man capable of bearing arms—was +Colonel William Preston; under him was +Major Arthur Campbell; the principal man +in the Clinch Valley was Boone's friend, +Russell. When, in June, the border captains +were notified by Lord Dunmore that the war +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">106</a></span> +was now on, forts were erected in each of the +mountain valleys, and scouts sent out along +the trails and streams to ascertain the whereabouts +of the enemy.</p> + +<p>There were in Kentucky, at this time, +several surveying parties which could not +obtain news by way of the Ohio because of +the blockade maintained by the Shawnese. +It became necessary to notify them overland, +and advise their retreat to the settlements +by way of Cumberland Gap. Russell having +been ordered by Preston to employ "two +faithful woodsmen" for this purpose, chose +Daniel Boone and Michael Stoner. "If they +are alive," wrote Russell to his colonel, "it +is indisputable but Boone must find them." +Leaving the Clinch on June twenty-seventh, +the two envoys were at Harrodsburg before +July eighth. There they found James Harrod +and thirty-four other men laying off a +large town,<a name="FNanchor_9" id="FNanchor_9" href="#Footnote_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> in which they proposed to give +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">107</a></span> +each inhabitant a half-acre in-lot and a ten-acre +out-lot. Boone, who had small capacity +for business, but in land was something of a +speculator, registered as a settler, and in +company with a neighbor put up a cabin for +his future occupancy. This done, he and +Stoner hurried on down the Kentucky River +to its mouth, and thence to the Falls of the +Ohio (site of Louisville), notifying several +bands of surveyors and town-builders of +their danger. After an absence of sixty-one +days they were back again upon the Clinch, +having traveled eight hundred miles through +a practically unbroken forest, experienced +many dangers from Indians, and overcome +natural difficulties almost without number.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile Lord Dunmore, personally unpopular +but an energetic and competent military +manager, had sent out an army of nearly +three thousand backwoodsmen against the +Shawnese north of the Ohio. One wing of +this army, led by the governor himself, went +by way of Fort Pitt and descended the Ohio; +among its members was George Rogers Clark. +The other wing, commanded by General Andrew +Lewis, included the men of the Southwest, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">108</a></span> +eleven hundred strong; they were +to descend the Great Kanawha and rendezvous +with the northern wing at Point Pleasant, +at the junction of the Kanawha and the +Ohio.</p> + +<p>When Boone arrived upon the Clinch he +found that Russell and most of the other militiamen +of the district had departed upon the +campaign. With a party of recruits, the +great hunter started out to overtake the expedition, +but was met by orders to return +and aid in defending his own valley; for the +drawing off of the militia by Dunmore had +left the southwest frontiers in weak condition. +During September the settlers upon +the Clinch suffered much apprehension; the +depredations of the tribesmen were not numerous, +but several men were either wounded +or captured.</p> + +<p>In a letter written upon the sixth of October, +Major Campbell gives a list of forts +upon the Clinch: "Blackmore's, sixteen men, +Sergeant Moore commanding; Moore's, twenty +miles above, twenty men, Lieutenant +Boone commanding; Russell's, four miles +above, twenty men, Sergeant W. Poage commanding; +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">109</a></span> +Glade Hollow, twelve miles above, +fifteen men, Sergeant John Dunkin commanding; +Elk Garden, fourteen miles above, +eighteen men, Sergeant John Kinkead commanding; +Maiden Spring, twenty-three miles +above, five men, Sergeant John Crane commanding; +Whitton's Big Crab Orchard, +twelve miles above, three men, Ensign John +Campbell, of Rich Valley, commanding." +During this month Boone and his little garrison +made frequent sallies against the enemy, +and now and then fought brief but desperate +skirmishes. He appears to have been by far +the most active commander in the valley, and +when neighboring forts were attacked his +party of well-trained riflemen generally furnished +the relief necessary to raise the siege. +"Mr. Boone," writes Campbell to Preston, +"is very diligent at Castle's-woods, and +keeps up good order." His conduct is frequently +alluded to in the military correspondence +of that summer; Campbell and other +leaders exhibited in their references to our +hero a respectful and even deferential tone. +An eye-witness of some of these stirring +scenes has left us a description of Daniel +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">110</a></span> +Boone, now forty years of age, in which it is +stated that his was then a familiar figure +throughout the valley as he hurried to and +fro upon his military duties "dressed in +deerskin colored black, and his hair plaited +and clubbed up."</p> + +<p>Upon the tenth of October, Cornstalk, a +famous Shawnese chief, taking advantage of +Dunmore's failure to join the southern wing, +led against Lewis's little army encamped at +Point Pleasant a thousand picked warriors +gathered from all parts of the Northwest. +Here, upon the wooded eminence at the junction +of the two rivers, was waged from dawn +until dusk one of the most bloody and stubborn +hand-to-hand battles ever fought between +Indians and whites. It is hard to say +who displayed the best generalship, Cornstalk +or Lewis. The American savage was a +splendid fighter; although weak in discipline +he could competently plan a battle. The tactics +of surprise were his chief resource, and +these are legitimate even in civilized warfare; +but he could also make a determined +contest in the open, and when, as at Point +Pleasant, the opposing numbers were nearly +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">111</a></span> +equal, the result was often slow of determination. +Desperately courageous, pertinacious, +with a natural aptitude for war combined +with consummate treachery, cruelty, and cunning, +it is small wonder that the Indian long +offered a formidable barrier to the advance +of civilization. In early Virginia, John +Smith noticed that in Indian warfare the +whites won at the expense of losses far beyond +those suffered by the tribesmen; and +here at Point Pleasant, while the "Long +Knives"<a name="FNanchor_10" id="FNanchor_10" href="#Footnote_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> gained the day, the number of +their dead and wounded was double that of +the casualties sustained by Cornstalk's painted +band.</p> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">112</a></span></p> + +<p>The victory at Point Pleasant practically +closed the war upon the border. Boone had +been made a captain in response to a popular +petition that the hero of Clinch Valley be +thus honored, and was given charge of the +three lower forts; but there followed only +a few alarms, and upon the twentieth of +November he and his brother militiamen of +the region received their discharge. The +war had cost Virginia £10,000 sterling, many +valuable lives had been sacrificed, and an incalculable +amount of suffering and privation +had been occasioned all along the three hundred +and fifty miles of American frontier. +But the Shawnese had been humbled, the +Cherokees had retired behind the new border +line, and a lasting peace appeared to be +assured.</p> + +<p>In the following January Captain Boone, +true son of the wilderness, was celebrating +his freedom from duties incident to war's +alarms by a solitary hunt upon the banks of +Kentucky River. +</p> + +<h3 class="p6">CHAPTER IX<br /> +THE SETTLEMENT OF KENTUCKY</h3> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">113</a></span></p> + +<p>Kentucky had so long been spasmodically +occupied and battled over by Shawnese, +Iroquois, and Cherokees, that it can not be +said that any of them had well-defined rights +over its soil. Not until white men appeared +anxious to settle there did the tribes begin +to assert their respective claims, in the hope +of gaining presents at the treaties whereat +they were asked to make cessions. The +whites, on their part, when negotiating for +purchases, were well aware of the shadowy +character of these claims; but, when armed +with a signed deed of cession, they had something +tangible upon which thenceforth to +base their own claims of proprietorship. +There was therefore much insincerity upon +both sides. It is well to understand this situation +in studying the history of Kentucky +settlement.</p> + +<p>Colonel Richard Henderson was one of the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">114</a></span> +principal judges in North Carolina, a scholarly, +talented man, eminent in the legal profession; +although but thirty-nine years of +age, he wielded much influence. Knowing +and respecting Daniel Boone, Henderson was +much impressed by the former's enthusiastic +reports concerning the soil, climate, and +scenery of Kentucky; and, acting solely upon +this information, resolved to establish a colony +in that attractive country. He associated +with himself three brothers, Nathaniel, +David, and Thomas Hart, the last-named of +whom in later life wrote that he "had known +Boone of old, when poverty and distress held +him fast by the hand; and in those wretched +circumstances he had ever found him a noble +and generous soul, despising everything +mean." Their proposed colony was styled +Transylvania, and the association of proprietors +the Transylvania Company.</p> + +<p>It will be remembered that in the treaty +of Fort Stanwix (1768) the Iroquois of New +York had ceded to the English crown their +pretensions to lands lying between the Ohio +and the Tennessee. The Transylvania Company, +however, applied to the Cherokees, because +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">115</a></span> +this was the tribe commanding the path +from Virginia and the Carolinas to Kentucky. +In March, 1775, a great council was held at +Sycamore Shoals, on the Watauga River, between +the company and twelve hundred +Cherokees who had been brought in for the +purpose by Boone. For $50,000 worth of +cloths, clothing, utensils, ornaments, and firearms, +the Indians ceded to Henderson and +his partners an immense grant including all +the country lying between the Kentucky and +Cumberland Rivers, also a path of approach +from the east, through Powell's Valley. At +this council were some of the most prominent +Cherokee chiefs and southwestern frontiersmen.</p> + +<p>When the goods came to be distributed +among the Indians it was found that, although +they filled a large cabin and looked +very tempting in bulk, there was but little +for each warrior, and great dissatisfaction +arose. One Cherokee, whose portion was a +shirt, declared that in one day, upon this +land, he could have killed deer enough to +buy such a garment; to surrender his hunting-ground +for this trifle naturally seemed +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">116</a></span> +to him a bad bargain. For the safety of the +pioneers the chiefs could give no guarantee; +they warned Boone, who appears to have +acted as spokesman for the company, that +"a black cloud hung over this land," warpaths +crossed it from north to south, and +settlers would surely get killed; for such results +the Cherokees must not be held responsible.</p> + +<p>This was not promising. Neither was +the news, now received, that Governors +Martin of North Carolina, and Dunmore +of Virginia had both of them issued proclamations +against the great purchase. The +former had called Henderson and his partners +an "infamous Company of Land +Pyrates"; and they were notified that this +movement was in violation of the king's +proclamation of 1763, forbidding Western +settlements.</p> + +<p>The company, relying upon popular sympathy +and their great distance from tidewater +seats of government, proceeded without +regard to these proclamations. Boone, +at the head of a party of about thirty enlisted +men, some of them the best backwoodsmen +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">117</a></span> +in the country,<a name="FNanchor_11" id="FNanchor_11" href="#Footnote_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> was sent ahead to mark +a path through the forest to Kentucky River, +and there establish a capital for the new +colony. They encountered many difficulties, +especially when traveling through cane-brakes +and brush; and once, while asleep, +were attacked by Indians, who killed a negro +servant and wounded two of the party. +Boone won hearty commendation for his skill +and courage throughout the expedition, +which finally arrived at its destination on the +sixth of April. This was Big Lick, on Kentucky +River, just below the mouth of Otter +Creek. Here it was decided to build a town +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">118</a></span> +to be called Boonesborough, to serve as the +capital of Transylvania. The site was "a +plain on the south side of the river, wherein +was a lick with sulphur springs strongly impregnated."</p> + +<p>To Felix Walker, one of the pioneers, we +are indebted for the details of this notable +colonizing expedition, set forth in a narrative +which is still preserved. "On entering +the plain," he writes, "we were permitted to +view a very interesting and romantic sight. +A number of buffaloes, of all sizes, supposed +to be between two and three hundred, made +off from the lick in every direction: some +running, some walking, others loping slowly +and carelessly, with young calves playing, +skipping, and bounding through the plain. +Such a sight some of us never saw before, +nor perhaps ever may again." A fort was +commenced, and a few cabins "strung along +the river-bank;" but it was long before the +stronghold was completed, for, now that the +journey was at an end, Boone's men had become +callous to danger.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile Henderson was proceeding +slowly from the settlements with thirty men +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">119</a></span> +and several wagons loaded with goods and +tools. Delayed from many causes, they at +last felt obliged to leave the encumbering +wagons in Powell's Valley. Pushing forward, +they were almost daily met by parties +of men and boys returning home from +Kentucky bearing vague reports of Indian +forays. This resulted in Henderson losing +many of his own followers from desertion. +Arriving at Boonesborough on the twentieth +of April, the relief party was "saluted by a +running fire of about twenty-five guns." +Some of Boone's men had, in the general +uneasiness, also deserted, and others had +scattered throughout the woods, hunting, +exploring, or surveying on their own account.</p> + +<p>The method of surveying then in vogue +upon the Western frontier was of the crudest, +although it must be acknowledged that +any system more formal might, at that stage +of our country's growth, have prevented +rapid settlement. Each settler or land speculator +was practically his own surveyor. With +a compass and a chain, a few hours' work +would suffice to mark the boundaries of a +thousand-acre tract. There were as yet no +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">120</a></span> +adequate maps of the country, and claims +overlapped each other in the most bewildering +manner. A speculator who "ran out" +a hundred thousand acres might, without +knowing it, include in his domain a half-dozen +claims previously surveyed by modest +settlers who wanted but a hundred acres +each. A man who paid the land-office fees +might "patent" any land he pleased and +have it recorded, the colony, and later the +State, only guaranteeing such entries as covered +land not already patented. This overlapping, +conscious or unconscious, at last became +so perplexing that thousands of vexatious +lawsuits followed, some of which are +still unsettled; and even to-day in Kentucky +there are lands whose ownership is actually +unknown, which pay no taxes and support +only squatters who can not be turned out—possibly +some of it, lying between patented +tracts, by chance has never been entered at +all. Nobody can now say. Thus it was +that we find our friend Daniel Boone quickly +transformed from a wilderness hunter +into a frontier surveyor. Before Henderson's +arrival he had laid off the town site +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">121</a></span> +into lots of two acres each. These were now +drawn at a public lottery; while those who +wished larger tracts within the neighborhood +were able to obtain them by promising to +plant a crop of corn and pay to the Transylvania +Company a quit-rent of two English +shillings for each hundred acres.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><a name="i003" id="i003"></a> +<img src="images/i003.jpg" width="550" height="506" alt="Survey Note" /> +<p class="caption">A SURVEY NOTE BY BOONE.</p> + +<p class="caption s08">Reduced facsimile from his field-books in possession of Wisconsin State +Historical Society.</p> +</div> + +<p>There were now four settlements in the +Transylvania grant: Boonesborough; Harrodsburg, +fifty miles west, with about a hundred +men; Boiling Spring, some six or seven +miles from Harrodsburg; and St. Asaph. +The crown lands to the north and east of the +Kentucky, obtained by the Fort Stanwix +treaty, contained two small settlements; +forty miles north of Boonesborough was +Hinkson's, later known as Ruddell's Station, +where were about nineteen persons; lower +down the Kentucky, also on the north side, +was Willis Lee's settlement, near the present +Frankfort; and ranging at will through the +crown lands were several small parties of +"land-jobbers," surveyors, and explorers, +laying off the claims of militia officers who +had fought in the Indian wars, and here and +there building cabins to indicate possession. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">122</a></span></p> + +<p>Henderson had no sooner arrived than +he prepared for a convention, at which the +people should adopt a form of government +for the colony and elect officers. This was +held at Boonesborough, in the open air, under +a gigantic elm, during the week commencing +Tuesday, the twenty-third of May. There +were eighteen delegates, representing each of +the four settlements south of the Kentucky. +Among them were Daniel and Squire Boone, +the former of whom proposed laws for the +preservation of game and for improving the +breed of horses; to the latter fell the presentation +of rules for preserving the cattle-ranges. +The compact finally agreed upon +between the colonists and the proprietors +declared "the powers of the one and the liberties +of the others," and was "the earliest +form of government in the region west of +the Alleghanies." It provided for "perfect +religious freedom and general toleration," +militia and judicial systems, and complete +liberty on the part of the settlers to conduct +colonial affairs according to their needs. +This liberal and well-digested plan appeared +to please both Henderson and the settlers. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">123</a></span> +But the opposition of the governors, the objections +raised by the Assembly of Virginia, +of which Kentucky was then a part,<a name="FNanchor_12" id="FNanchor_12" href="#Footnote_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> and +finally, the outbreak of the Revolution, which +put an end to proprietary governments in +America, caused the downfall of the Transylvania +Company. The Boonesborough legislative +convention met but once more—in +December, to elect a surveyor-general.</p> + +<p>The May meeting had no sooner adjourned +than Transylvania began again to +lose its population. Few of the pioneers +who had come out with Boone and Henderson, +or had since wandered into the district, +were genuine home-seekers. Many appear +to have been mere adventurers, out for the +excitement of the expedition and to satisfy +their curiosity, who either returned home or +wandered farther into the woods to seek +fresh experiences of wild life; others had +deliberately intended first to stake out claims +in the neighborhood of the new settlements +and then return home to look after their +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">124</a></span> +crops, and perhaps move to Kentucky in the +autumn; others there were who, far removed +from their families, proved restless; while +many became uneasy because of Indian outrages, +reports of which soon began to be circulated. +Henderson wrote cheerful letters to +his partners at home, describing the country +as a paradise; but by the end of June, when +Boone returned to the East for salt, Harrodsburg +and Boiling Spring were almost +deserted, while Boonesborough could muster +but ten or twelve "guns," as men or boys +capable of fighting Indians were called in +the militia rolls.</p> + +<p>The infant colony of Kentucky had certainly +reached a crisis in its career. Game +was rapidly becoming more scarce, largely +because of careless, inexperienced hunters +who wounded more than they killed, and +killed more than was needed for food; the +frightened buffaloes had now receded so far +west that they were several days' journey +from Boonesborough. Yet game was still the +staff of life. Captain Floyd, the surveyor-general, +wrote to Colonel Preston: "I must +hunt or starve." +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">125</a></span></p> + +<p>As the summer wore away and crops in the +Eastern settlements were gathered, there was +a considerable increase in the population. +Many men who, in later days, were to exert +a powerful influence in Kentucky now arrived—George +Rogers Clark, the principal +Western hero of the Revolution; Simon +Kenton, famous throughout the border as +hunter, scout, and Indian fighter; Benjamin +Logan, William Whitley, the Lewises, Campbells, +Christians, Prestons, MacDowells, McAfees, +Hite, Bowman, Randolph, Todd, McClellan, +Benton, Patterson—all of them +names familiar in Western history.</p> + +<p>In the first week of September Boone arrived +with his wife and family and twenty +young men—"twenty-one guns," the report +reads; Squire and his family soon followed; +four Bryans, their brothers-in-law, came at +the head of thirty men from the Yadkin; and, +at the same time, Harrodsburg was reached +by several other families who had, like the +Boones, come on horseback through Cumberland +Gap and Powell's Valley. This powerful +reenforcement of pioneers, most of whom +proposed to stay, had largely been attracted +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">126</a></span> +by Henderson's advertisements in Virginia +newspapers offering terms of settlement on +Transylvania lands. "Any person," said +the announcement, "who will settle on and +inhabit the same before the first day of June, +1776, shall have the privilege of taking up +and surveying for himself five hundred acres, +and for each tithable person he may carry +with him and settle there, two hundred and +fifty acres, on the payment of fifty shillings +sterling per hundred, subject to a yearly +quit-rent of two shillings, like money, to commence +in the year 1780." Toward the end +of November Henderson himself, who had +gone on a visit to Carolina, returned with +forty men, one of whom was Colonel Arthur +Campbell, a prominent settler in the Holston +Valley.</p> + +<p>This increase of population, which had +been noticeable throughout the autumn and +early winter, received a sudden check, however, +two days before Christmas, when the +Indians, who had been friendly for several +months past, began again to annoy settlers, +several being either killed or carried into +captivity. This gave rise to a fresh panic, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">127</a></span> +in the course of which many fled to the east +of the mountains.</p> + +<p>During the year about five hundred persons +from the frontiers of Pennsylvania, +Virginia, and North Carolina had visited and +explored Kentucky; but now, at the close of +December, the population of all the settlements +did not aggregate over two hundred. +The recent outbreak had much to do with +this situation of affairs; but there were other +causes conspiring to disturb the minds of +the people and postpone the growth of settlement—the +clashing of interests between +the Transylvania Company and the governors +of Virginia and North Carolina, uncertainty +as to the possibilities of a general Indian +war, the threatened rupture between the +colonies and the English crown, and the +alarming scarcity of provisions and ammunition +throughout Kentucky.</p> + +<p>Nevertheless, over nine hundred entries +had been made in the Transylvania land-office +at Boonesborough, embracing 560,000 +acres, and most of these tracts were waiting +to be surveyed; two hundred and thirty acres +of corn had been successfully raised; horses, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">128</a></span> +hogs, and poultry had been introduced, and +apple- and peach-trees had been started at +several settlements. The germ of a colony +was firmly planted, laws had been made, +the militia had been organized, civil and military +officers had been commissioned, and in +the face of several slight Indian attacks the +savages had been repelled and the country +maintained. Most promising of all, there +were now twelve women in the country, all +of them heads of families.</p> + +<p>The principal pioneers were nearly all of +sturdy Scotch-Irish blood, men of sterling +merit, intensely devoted to the cause of +American liberty, and destined to contribute +powerfully to its aid in the great war which +had now begun, and concerning which messengers +from over the mountains had during +the year brought them scanty information. +</p> + +<h3 class="p6">CHAPTER X<br /> +TWO YEARS OF DARKNESS</h3> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">129</a></span></p> + +<p>With the opening of the year 1776 Daniel +and Squire Boone were employed for several +weeks as hunters or assistants to a party of +surveyors sent by the Transylvania Company +to the Falls of the Ohio, in the vicinity +of which Henderson and his friends had +taken up seventy thousand acres of land. +They met no Indians and saw plenty of +game; but returned to find that the settlers +were indignant because of this wholesale preemption +by the proprietors of the colony in +a neighborhood where it was now felt the +chief city in Kentucky was sure to be planted. +In response to this clamor Henderson promised +that hereafter, in that locality, only +small tracts should be granted to individuals, +and that a town should at once be laid out +at the Falls; but the scanty supply of powder +and provisions, and the company's growing +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">130</a></span> +troubles with the Virginia Assembly, prevented +the execution of this project.</p> + +<p>In the spring newcomers everywhere appeared. +In order to please the people of +Harrodsburg, now the largest settlement, +who were disposed to be critical, the company's +land-office was moved thither, and it +at once entered upon a flourishing business. +Not only did many Virginians and Carolinians +come in on horseback over the "Wilderness +Road," as the route through Cumberland +Gap was now styled, but hundreds also +descended the Ohio in boats from the new +settlements on the Monongahela, and from +those farther east in Pennsylvania.</p> + +<p>While the horsemen of the Wilderness +Road generally settled in Transylvania, +those journeying by boat were chiefly interested +in the crown lands north of the Kentucky; +through these they ranged at will, +building rude pens, half-faced cabins, and +log huts, as convenience dictated, and planting +small crops of corn in order to preempt +their claims. The majority, however, after +making sometimes as many as twenty such +claims each, often upon land already surveyed +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">131</a></span> +on militia officers' warrants, returned +home at the close of the season, seeking to +sell their fictitious holdings to actual settlers. +Of course the unscrupulous conduct of these +"claim-jumping" speculators led to numerous +quarrels. John Todd, of Harrodsburg, +wrote to a friend: "I am afraid to lose sight +of my house lest some invader should take +possession."</p> + +<p>It was difficult, even for those who came +to settle, to get down to hard work during +those earliest years. Never was there a +more beautiful region than the Kentucky +wilderness. Both old and new settlers were +fond of roaming through this wonderland of +forests and glades and winding rivers, +where the nights were cool and refreshing +and the days filled with harmonies of sound +and sight and smell. Hill and valley, timberland +and thicket, meadow and prairie, grasslands +and cane-brake—these abounded on +every hand, in happy distribution of light +and shadow. The soil was extremely fertile; +there were many open spots fitted for immediate +cultivation; the cattle-ranges were +of the best, for nowhere was cane more +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">132</a></span> +abundant; game was more plentiful than +men's hopes had ever before conceived—of +turkeys, bears, deer, and buffaloes it seemed, +for a time, as if the supply must always far +excelled any possible demand. It is small +wonder that the imaginations of the pioneers +were fired with dreams of the future, that +they saw in fancy great cities springing up +in this new world of the West, and wealth +pouring into the laps of those who could first +obtain a foothold. Thus, in that beautiful +spring of 1776, did Kentuckians revel in the +pleasures of hope, and cast to the winds all +thought of the peril and toil by which alone +can man conquer a savage-haunted wilderness.</p> + +<p>But the "dark cloud" foretold at the Watauga +treaty soon settled upon the land. Incited +by British agents—for the Revolution +was now on—the Cherokees on the south and +the Shawnese and Mingos on the north declared +war upon the American borderers. +The Kentuckians were promptly warned by +messengers from the East. The "cabiners," +as claim speculators were called by actual +settlers; the wandering fur-traders, most of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">133</a></span> +whom were shabby rascals, whose example +corrupted the savages, and whose conduct +often led to outbreaks of race hostility; and +the irresponsible hunters, who were recklessly +killing or frightening off the herds of +game—all of these classes began, with the +mutterings of conflict, to draw closer to the +settlements; while many hurried back to their +old homes, carrying exaggerated reports of +the situation.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile, opposition to the Transylvania +proprietors was fast developing. The +settlers in the Harrodsburg neighborhood +held a convention in June and sent Colonel +George Rogers Clark and Captain John Gabriel +Jones as delegates to the Virginia Convention +with a petition to that body to make +Kentucky a county of Virginia. This project +was bitterly opposed by Henderson; but +upon the adoption by Congress, in July, of +the Declaration of Independence, there was +small chance left for the recognition of any +proprietary government. When the new +Virginia legislature met in the autumn, the +petition of the "inhabitants of Kentuckie" +was granted, and a county government organized.<a name="FNanchor_13" id="FNanchor_13" href="#Footnote_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">134</a></span> +David Robinson was appointed +county lieutenant, John Bowman colonel, Anthony +Bledsoe and George Rogers Clark majors, +and Daniel Boone, James Harrod, John +Todd, and Benjamin Logan captains.</p> + +<p>It was not until July that the Kentuckians +fully realized the existence of an Indian war. +During that month several hunters, surveyors, +and travelers were killed in various parts +of the district. The situation promised so +badly that Colonel William Russell, of the +Holston Valley, commandant of the southwestern +Virginia militia, advised the immediate +abandonment of Kentucky. Such advice +fell upon unheeding ears in the case of men +like Boone and his companions, although +many of the less valorous were quick to retire +beyond the mountains.</p> + +<p>On Sunday, the seventeenth of July, +an incident occurred at Boonesborough which +created wide-spread consternation. Jemima, +the second daughter of Daniel Boone, aged +fourteen years, together with two girl +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">135</a></span> +friends, Betsey and Fanny Calloway, sixteen +and fourteen respectively, were paddling in +a canoe upon the Kentucky. Losing control +of their craft in the swift current, not over +a quarter of a mile from the settlement, they +were swept near the north bank, when five +Shawnese braves, hiding in the bushes, waded +out and captured them. The screams of +the girls alarmed the settlers, who sallied +forth in hot pursuit of the kidnappers.</p> + +<p>The mounted men, under Colonel Calloway, +father of two of the captives, pushed +forward to Lower Blue Licks, hoping to cut +off the Indians as they crossed the Licking +River on their way to the Shawnese towns +in Ohio, whither it was correctly supposed +they were fleeing. Boone headed the footmen, +who followed closely on the trail of the +fugitives, which had been carefully marked +by the girls, who, with the self-possession +of true borderers, furtively scattered broken +twigs and scraps of clothing as they were +hurried along through the forest by their +grim captors. After a two days' chase, +Boone's party caught up with the unsuspecting +savages some thirty-five miles from +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">136</a></span> +Boonesborough, and by dint of a skilful dash +recaptured the young women, unharmed. +Two of the Shawnese were killed and the +others fled into the woods. Calloway's +horsemen met no foe.</p> + +<p>Although few other attacks were reported +during the summer or autumn, the people +were in a continual state of apprehension, +neglected their crops, and either huddled in +the neighborhood of the settlements, or +"stations" as they were called, or abandoned +the country altogether. In the midst +of this uneasiness Floyd wrote to his friend +Preston, in Virginia, urging that help be sent +to the distressed colony: "They all seem +deaf to anything we can say to dissuade +them.... I think more than three hundred +men have left the country since I came out, +and not one has arrived, except a few <i>cabiners</i> +down the Ohio. I want to return as much +as any man can do; but if I leave the country +now there is scarcely one single man +who will not follow the example. When I +think of the deplorable condition a few +helpless families are likely to be in, I conclude +to sell my life as dearly as I can in +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">137</a></span> +their defense rather than make an ignominious +escape."</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><a name="i004" id="i004"></a> +<img src="images/i004.jpg" width="550" height="366" alt="Fort Boonesborough" /> +<p class="caption">FORT BOONESBOROUGH.</p> + +<p class="caption s08">Drawn from Henderson's plans and other historical data by George W. Ranck; reduced from the latter's +"Boonesborough" (Filson Club Publications, No. 16).</p> +</div> + +<p>Seven stations had now been abandoned—Huston's, +on the present site of Paris; +Hinkson's, on the Licking; Bryan's, on the +Elkhorn; Lee's, on the Kentucky; Harrod's, +or the Boiling Spring settlement; Whitley's, +and Logan's. But three remained occupied—McClellan's, +Harrodsburg, and Boonesborough. +Up to this time none of the Kentucky +stations had been fortified; there had been +some unfinished work at Boonesborough, but +it was soon allowed to fall into decay. Work +was now resumed at all three of the occupied +settlements; this consisted simply of connecting +the cabins, which faced an open square, +by lines of palisades. It was only at McClellan's, +however, that even this slender +protection was promptly completed; at +Boonesborough and Harrodsburg the work, +although but a task of a few days, dragged +slowly, and was not finished for several +months. It was next to impossible for Boone +and the other militia captains to induce men +to labor at the common defenses in time of +peace. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">138</a></span></p> + +<p>Great popular interest was taken by the +people of the Carolinas, Virginia, and Pennsylvania +in the fate of the Kentucky settlements, +whither so many prominent borderers +from those States had moved. The frantic +appeals for help sent out by Floyd, Logan, +and McGary, and expressed in person by +George Rogers Clark, awakened keen sympathy; +but the demands of Washington's +army were now so great, in battles for national +liberty upon the Atlantic coast, that little +could be spared for the Western settlers. +During the summer a small supply of powder +was sent out by Virginia to Captain Boone; +in the autumn Harrod and Logan rode to +the Holston and obtained from the military +authorities a packhorse-load of lead; and in +the closing days of the year Clark arrived +at Limestone (now Maysville), on the Ohio, +with a boat-load of powder and other stores, +voted to the service of Kentucky by the Virginia +Assembly. He had experienced a long +and exciting voyage from Pittsburg with this +precious consignment, and about thirty of +the settlers aided him in the perilous enterprise +of transporting it overland to the stations +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">139</a></span> +on the Kentucky. While the ammunition +was supposed to be used for defense, +the greater part of it was necessarily spent +in obtaining food. Without the great profusion +of game the inhabitants must have +starved; although several large crops of corn +were raised, and some wheat, these were as +yet insufficient for all.</p> + +<p>Early in 1777 Indian "signs" began to +multiply. McClellan's was now abandoned, +leaving Boonesborough and Harrodsburg +the only settlements maintained—except, perhaps, +Price's, on the Cumberland, although +Logan's Station was reoccupied in February. +The number of men now in the country +fit for duty did not exceed a hundred +and fifty. In March the fighting men met at +their respective stations and organized under +commissioned officers; hitherto all military +operations in Kentucky had been voluntary, +headed by such temporary leaders as the +men chose from their own number.</p> + +<p>During the greater part of the year the +palisaded stations were frequently attacked +by the savages—Shawnese, Cherokees, and +Mingos, in turn or in company. Some of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">140</a></span> +these sieges lasted through several days, +taxing the skill and bravery of the inhabitants +to their utmost. Indian methods of attacking +forts were far different from those +that would be practised by white men. Being +practically without military organization, +each warrior acted largely on his own behalf. +His object was to secrete himself, to kill his +enemy, and if possible to bear away his scalp +as a trophy. Every species of cover was +taken advantage of—trees, stumps, bushes, +hillocks, stones, furnished hiding-places. +Feints were made to draw the attention of +the garrison to one side, while the main body +of the besiegers hurled themselves against +the other. Having neither artillery nor scaling-ladders, +they frequently succeeded in +effecting a breach by setting fire to the walls. +Pretending to retreat, they would lull the defenders +into carelessness, when they would +again appear from ambush, picking off those +who came out for water, to attend to crops +and cattle, or to hunt for food; often they exhibited +a remarkable spirit of daring, especially +when making a dash to secure scalps. +Destroying crops, cattle, hogs, and poultry, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">141</a></span> +stealing the horses for their own use, burning +the outlying cabins, and guarding the trails +against possible relief, they sought to reduce +the settlers to starvation, and thus make +them an easy prey. Every artifice known +to besiegers was skilfully practised by these +crafty, keen-eyed, quick-witted wilderness +fighters, who seldom showed mercy. Only +when white men aggressively fought them +in their own manner could they be overcome.</p> + +<p>In the last week of April, while Boone +and Kenton were heading a sortie against a +party of Shawnese besieging Boonesborough, +the whites stumbled into an ambuscade, and +Boone was shot in an ankle, the bone being +shattered. Kenton, with that cool bravery +for which this tall, vigorous backwoodsman +was known throughout the border, rushed up, +and killing a warrior whose tomahawk was +lifted above the fallen man, picked his comrade +up in his arms, and desperately fought +his way back into the enclosure. It was several +months before the captain recovered +from this painful wound; but from his room +he directed many a day-and-night defense, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">142</a></span> +and laid plans for the scouting expeditions +which were frequently undertaken throughout +the region in order to discover signs of +the lurking foe.</p> + +<p>Being the larger settlement, Harrodsburg +was more often attacked than Boonesborough, +although simultaneous sieges were +sometimes in progress, thus preventing the +little garrisons from helping each other. At +both stations the women soon became the +equal of the men, fearlessly taking turns at +the port-holes, from which little puffs of +white smoke would follow the sharp rifle-cracks +whenever a savage head revealed +itself from behind bush or tree. When not +on duty as marksmen, women were melting +their pewter plates into bullets, loading the +rifles and handing them to the men, caring +for the wounded, and cooking whatever food +might be obtainable. During a siege food +was gained only by stealth and at great +peril. Some brave volunteer would escape +into the woods by night, and after a day spent +in hunting, far away from hostile camps, return, +if possible under cover of darkness, +with what game he could find. It was a time +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">143</a></span> +to make heroes or cowards of either men or +women—there was no middle course.</p> + +<p>Amid this spasmodic hurly-burly there +was no lack of marrying and giving in marriage. +One day in early August, 1776, Betsey +Calloway, the eldest of the captive girls, +was married at Boonesborough to Samuel +Henderson, one of the rescuing party—the +first wedding in Kentucky. Daniel Boone, +as justice of the peace, tied the knot. A +diarist of the time has this record of a similar +Harrodsburg event: "July 9, 1777.—Lieutenant +Linn married—great merriment."</p> + +<p>At each garrison, whenever not under +actual siege, half of the men were acting as +guards and scouts while the others cultivated +small patches of corn within sight of the +walls. But even this precaution sometimes +failed of its purpose. For instance, one day +in May two hundred Indians suddenly surrounded +the corn-field at Boonesborough, +and there was a lively skirmish before the +planters could reach the fort.</p> + +<p>Thus the summer wore away. In August +Colonel Bowman arrived with a hundred +militiamen from the Virginia frontier. A +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">144</a></span> +little later forty-eight horsemen came from +the Yadkin country to Boone's relief, making +so brave a display as they emerged from the +tangled woods and in open order filed +through the gates of the palisade, that some +Shawnese watching the procession from a +neighboring hill fled into Ohio with the startling +report that two hundred Long Knife +warriors had arrived from Virginia. In October +other Virginians came, to the extent +of a hundred expert riflemen; and late in +the autumn the valiant Logan brought in +from the Holston as much powder and lead +as four packhorses could carry, guarded by +a dozen sharpshooters, thus insuring a better +prospect for food.</p> + +<p>With these important supplies and reenforcements +at hand the settlers were inspired +by new hope. Instead of waiting for the +savages to attack them, they thenceforth +went in search of the savages, killing them +wherever seen, thus seeking to outgeneral +the enemy. These tactics quite disheartened +the astonished tribesmen, and the year closed +with a brighter outlook for the weary Kentuckians. +It had been a time of constant +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">145</a></span> +anxiety and watchfulness. The settlers were +a handful in comparison with their vigilant +enemies. But little corn had been raised; +the cattle were practically gone; few horses +were now left; and on the twelfth of December +Bowman sent word to Virginia that +he had only two months' supply of bread +for two hundred women and children, many +of whom were widows and orphans. As for +clothing, there was little to be had, although +from the fiber of nettles a rude cloth was +made, and deerskins were commonly worn. +</p> + +<h3 class="p6">CHAPTER XI<br /> +THE SIEGE OF BOONESBOROUGH</h3> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">146</a></span></p> + +<p>We have seen that Kentucky's numerous +salt-springs lured wild animals thither in astonishing +numbers; but for lack of suitable +boiling-kettles the pioneers were at first dependent +upon the older settlements for the +salt needed in curing their meat. The Indian +outbreak now rendered the Wilderness +Road an uncertain path, and the Kentuckians +were beginning to suffer from lack of salt—a +serious deprivation for a people largely +dependent upon a diet of game.</p> + +<p>Late in the year 1777 the Virginia government +sent out several large salt-boiling +kettles for the use of the Western settlers. +Both residents and visiting militiamen were +allotted into companies, which were to relieve +each other at salt-making until sufficient was +manufactured to last the several stations for +a year. It was Boone's duty to head the first +party, thirty strong, which, with the kettles +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">147</a></span> +packed on horses, went to Lower Blue Licks +early in January. A month passed, during +which a considerable quantity of salt was +made; several horse-loads had been sent to +Boonesborough, but most of it was still at +the camp awaiting shipment.</p> + +<p>The men were daily expecting relief by +the second company, when visitors of a different +character appeared. While half of +the men worked at the boiling, the others +engaged in the double service of watching +for Indians and obtaining food; of these was +Boone. Toward evening of the seventh of +February he was returning home from a +wide circuit with his packhorse laden with +buffalo-meat and some beaver-skins, for he +had many traps in the neighborhood. A +blinding snow-storm was in progress, which +caused him to neglect his usual precautions, +when suddenly he was confronted by four +burly Shawnese, who sprang from an ambush. +Keen of foot, he thought to outrun +them, but soon had to surrender, for they +shot so accurately that it was evident that +they could kill him if they would.</p> + +<p>The prisoner was conducted to the Shawnese +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">148</a></span> +camp, a few miles distant. There he +found a hundred and twenty warriors under +Chief Black Fish. Two Frenchmen, in English +employ, were of the party; also two +American renegades from the Pittsburg region, +James and George Girty. These latter, +with their brother Simon, had joined the Indians +and, dressed and painted like savages, +were assisting the tribesmen of the Northwest +in raids against their fellow-borderers +of Pennsylvania and Virginia. Boone was +well known by reputation to all these men +of the wilderness, reds and whites alike; indeed, +he noticed that among the party were +his captors of eight years before, who +laughed heartily at again having him in their +clutches.</p> + +<p>He was loudly welcomed to camp, the Indians +shaking his hands, patting him on the +back, and calling him "brother"—for they +always greatly enjoyed such exhibitions of +mock civility and friendship—and the hunter +himself pretended to be equally pleased at +the meeting. They told him that they were +on their way to attack Boonesborough, and +wished him to lead them, but insisted that +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">149</a></span> +he first induce his fellow salt-makers to surrender. +Boone thoroughly understood Indians; +he had learned the arts of forest +diplomacy, and although generally a silent +man of action, appears to have been a plausible +talker when dealing with red men. +Knowing that only one side of the Boonesborough +palisade had been completed, and +that the war-party was five times as strong +as the population of the hamlet, he thought +to delay operations by strategy. He promised +to persuade the salt-makers to surrender, +in view of the overwhelming force and +the promise of good treatment, and to go +peacefully with their captors to the Shawnese +towns north of the Ohio; and suggested +that in the spring, when the weather was +warmer, they could all go together to +Boonesborough, and by means of horses comfortably +remove the women and children. +These would, under his persuasion, Boone +assured his captors, be content to move to +the North, and thenceforth either lived with +the Shawnese as their adopted children or +place themselves under British protection at +Detroit, where Governor Hamilton offered +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">150</a></span> +£20 apiece for American prisoners delivered +to him alive and well.</p> + +<p>The proposition appeared reasonable to +the Indians, and they readily agreed to it. +What would be the outcome Boone could not +foretell. He realized, however, that his station +was unprepared, that delay meant everything, +in view of possible reenforcements +from Virginia, and was willing that he and +his comrades should stand, if need be, as a +sacrifice—indeed, no other course seemed +open. Going with his captors to the salt +camp, his convincing words caused the men +to stack their arms and accompany the savages, +hoping thereby at least to save their +families at Boonesborough from immediate +attack.</p> + +<p>The captives were but twenty-seven in +number, some of the hunters not having returned +to camp. Not all of the captors were, +despite their promise, in favor of lenient +treatment of the prisoners. A council was +held, at which Black Fish, a chieftain of fine +qualities, had much difficulty, through a session +of two hours, in securing a favorable +verdict. Boone was permitted to address +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">151</a></span> +the savage throng in explanation of his plan, +his words being interpreted by a negro +named Pompey, a fellow of some consequence +among the Shawnese. The vote was +close—fifty-nine for at once killing the prisoners, +except Boone, and sixty-one for +mercy; but it was accepted as decisive, and +the store of salt being destroyed, and kettles, +guns, axes, and other plunder packed on +horses, the march northward promptly commenced.</p> + +<p>Each night the captives were made fast +and closely watched. The weather was unusually +severe; there was much suffering +from hunger, for the snow was deep, game +scarce, and slippery-elm bark sometimes the +only food obtainable. Descending the Licking, +the band crossed the Ohio in a large boat +made of buffalo-hides, which were stretched +on a rude frame holding twenty persons; +they then entered the trail leading to the +Shawnese towns on the Little Miami, where +they arrived upon the tenth day.</p> + +<p>The prisoners were taken to the chief +town of the Shawnese, Little Chillicothe, +about three miles north of the present Xenia, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">152</a></span> +Ohio. There was great popular rejoicing, +for not since Braddock's defeat had so many +prisoners been brought into Ohio. Boone +and sixteen of his companions, presumably +selected for their good qualities and their +apparent capacity as warriors, were now +formally adopted into the tribe. Boone himself +had the good fortune to be accepted as +the son of Black Fish, and received the name +Sheltowee (Big Turtle)—perhaps because he +was strong and compactly built.</p> + +<p>Adoption was a favorite method of recruiting +the ranks of American tribes. The +most tractable captives were often taken into +the families of the captors to supply the +place of warriors killed in battle. They +were thereafter treated with the utmost affection, +apparently no difference being made +between them and actual relatives, save that, +until it was believed that they were no longer +disposed to run away, they were watched +with care to prevent escape. Such was now +Boone's experience. Black Fish and his +squaw appeared to regard their new son with +abundant love, and everything was done for +his comfort, so far as was possible in an +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">153</a></span> +Indian camp, save that he found himself +carefully observed by day and night, and +flight long seemed impracticable.</p> + +<p>Boone was a shrewd philosopher. In his +so-called "autobiography" written by Filson, +he tells us that the food and lodging were +"not so good as I could desire, but necessity +made everything acceptable." Such as +he obtained was, however, the lot of all. In +the crowded, slightly built wigwams it was +impossible to avoid drafts; they were filthy +to the last degree; when in the home villages, +there was generally an abundance of food—corn, +hominy, pumpkins, beans, and game, +sometimes all boiled together in the same kettle—although +it was prepared in so slovenly +a manner as to disgust even so hardy a man +of the forest as our hero; the lack of privacy, +the ever-present insects, the blinding smoke +of the lodge-fire, the continual yelping of +dogs, and the shrill, querulous tones of old +women, as they haggled and bickered through +the livelong day—all these and many other +discomforts were intensely irritating to most +white men. In order to disarm suspicion, +Boone appeared to be happy. He whistled +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">154</a></span> +cheerfully at his tasks, learning what little +there was left for him to learn of the arts +of the warrior, sharing his game with his +"father," and pretending not to see that he +was being watched. At the frequent shooting-matches +he performed just well enough to +win the applause of his fellow braves, although, +for fear of arousing jealousy, careful +not to outdo the best of them. His fellow +prisoners, less tactful, marveled at the ease +with which their old leader adapted himself +to the new life, and his apparent enjoyment +of it. Yet never did he miss an opportunity +to ascertain particulars of the intended attack +on Boonesborough, and secretly planned for +escape when the proper moment should arrive.</p> + +<p>March was a third gone, when Black Fish +and a large party of his braves and squaws +went to Detroit to secure Governor Hamilton's +bounty on those of the salt-makers who, +from having acted in an ugly manner, had +not been adopted into the tribe. Boone accompanied +his "father," and frequently witnessed, +unable to interfere, the whipping and +"gauntlet-running" to which his unhappy +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">155</a></span> +fellow Kentuckians were subjected in punishment +for their fractious behavior. He himself, +early in his captivity, had been forced +to undergo this often deadly ordeal; but by +taking a dodging, zigzag course, and freely +using his head as a battering-ram to topple +over some of the warriors in the lines, had +emerged with few bruises.<a name="FNanchor_14" id="FNanchor_14" href="#Footnote_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a></p> + +<p>Upon the arrival of the party at Detroit +Governor Hamilton at once sent for the now +famous Kentucky hunter and paid him many +attentions. With the view of securing his +liberty, the wily forest diplomat used the +same sort of duplicity with the governor that +had proved so effective with Black Fish. It +was his habit to carry a leather bag fastened +about his neck, containing his old commission +as captain in the British colonial forces, +signed by Lord Dunmore. This was for the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">156</a></span> +purpose of convincing Indians, into whose +hands he might fall, that he was a friend of +the king; which accounts in a large measure +for the tender manner in which they treated +him. Showing the document to Hamilton as +proof of his devotion to the British cause, +he appears to have repeated his promise that +he would surrender the people of Boonesborough +and conduct them to Detroit, to live +under British jurisdiction and protection. +This greatly pleased the governor, who +sought to ransom him from Black Fish for +£100. But to this his "father" would not +agree, stating that he loved him too strongly +to let him go—as a matter of fact, he +wished his services as guide for the Boonesborough +expedition. Upon leaving for home, +Hamilton presented Boone with a pony, saddle, +bridle, and blanket, and a supply of silver +trinkets to be used as currency among +the Indians, and bade him remember his duty +to the king.</p> + +<p>Returning to Chillicothe with Black Fish, +the hunter saw that preparations for the +spring invasion of Kentucky were at last +under way. Delawares, Mingos, and Shawnese +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">157</a></span> +were slowly assembling, and runners +were carrying the war-pipe from village to +village throughout Ohio. But while they had +been absent at Detroit an event occurred +which gave Black Fish great concern: one +of the adopted men, Andrew Johnson—who +had pretended among the Indians to be a +simpleton, in order to throw off suspicion, +but who in reality was one of the most astute +of woodsmen—had escaped, carrying warning +to Kentucky, and the earliest knowledge +that reached the settlers of the location of the +Shawnese towns. In May, Johnson and five +comrades went upon a raid against one of +these villages, capturing several horses and +bringing home a bunch of Indian scalps, +for scalping was now almost as freely practised +by the frontiersmen as the savages; +such is the degeneracy wrought by warlike +contact with an inferior race. In June there +was a similar raid by Boonesborough men, +resulting to the tribesmen in large losses of +lives and horses.</p> + +<p>Upon the sixteenth of June, while Black +Fish's party were boiling salt at the saline +springs of the Scioto—about a dozen miles +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">158</a></span> +south of the present Chillicothe—Boone managed, +by exercise of rare sagacity and enterprise, +to escape the watchful eyes of his keepers, +their attention having been arrested by +the appearance of a huge flock of wild turkeys. +He reached Boonesborough four days +later after a perilous journey of a hundred +and sixty miles through the forest, during +which he had eaten but one meal—from a +buffalo which he shot at Blue Licks. He had +been absent for four and a half months, and +Mrs. Boone, giving him up for dead, had returned +with their family to her childhood +home upon the Yadkin. His brother Squire, +and his daughter Jemima—now married to +Flanders Calloway—were the only kinsfolk +to greet the returned captive, who appeared +out of the woods as one suddenly delivered +from a tomb.</p> + +<p>During the absence of Daniel Boone there +had been the usual Indian troubles in Kentucky. +Colonel Bowman had just written to +Colonel George Rogers Clark, "The Indians +have pushed us hard this summer." But +Clark himself at this time was gaining an +important advantage over the enemy in his +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">159</a></span> +daring expedition against the British posts +of Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and Vincennes, in the +Illinois country. Realizing that there would +be no end to Kentucky's trouble so long as +the British, aided by their French-Canadian +agents, were free to organize Indian armies +north of the Ohio for the purpose of harrying +the southern settlements, Clark "carried +the war into Africa." With about a hundred +and fifty men gathered from the frontiers +of Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Kentucky, he +descended the Ohio River, built a fort at +Louisville, and by an heroic forced march +across the country captured Kaskaskia, while +Cahokia and Vincennes at once surrendered +to the valorous Kentuckian.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile there was business at hand +for the people of Boonesborough. Amid +all these alarms they had still neglected to +complete their defenses; but now, under +the energetic administration of Boone, the +palisades were finished, gates and fortresses +strengthened, and all four of the +corner blockhouses put in order. In ten +days they were ready for the slowly advancing +host. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">160</a></span></p> + +<p>Unless fleeing, Indians are never in a +hurry; they spend much time in noisy preparation. +Hunters and scouts came into +Boonesborough from time to time, and occasionally +a retaliatory expedition would return +with horses and scalps from the Little +Miami and the Scioto, all of them reporting +delays on the part of the enemy; nevertheless +all agreed that a large force was forming. +Toward the close of August Boone, +wearied of being cooped up in the fort, +went forth at the head of thirty woodsmen +to scout in the neighborhood of the Scioto +towns. With him were Kenton and Alexander +Montgomery, who remained behind in +Ohio to capture horses and probably prisoners, +while Boone and the others returned +after a week's absence. On their way home +they discovered that the enemy was now at +Lower Blue Licks, but a short distance from +Boonesborough.</p> + +<p>At about ten o'clock the following morning +(September 7th) the Indian army appeared +before the fort. It numbered fully +four hundred warriors, mostly Shawnese, +but with some Wyandots, Cherokees, Delawares, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">161</a></span> +Mingos, and other tribesmen. Accompanying +them were some forty French-Canadians, +all under the command of Boone's +"father," the redoubtable Black Fish. Pompey +served as chief interpreter.</p> + +<p>Much time was spent in parleys, Boone +in this manner delaying operations as long +as possible, vainly hoping that promised reenforcements +might meanwhile arrive from +the Holston. Black Fish wept freely, after +the Indian fashion, over the ingratitude of +his runaway "son," and his present stubborn +attitude; for the latter now told the +forest chief that he and his people proposed +to fight to the last man. Black Fish presented +letters and proclamations from Hamilton, +again offering pardon to all who would +take the oath of allegiance to the king, and +military offices for Boone and the other leaders. +When these were rejected, the Indians +attempted treachery, seeking to overpower +and kill the white commissioners to a treaty +being held in front of the fort. From this +final council, ending in a wild uproar, in +which bullets flew and knives and tomahawks +clashed, the whites escaped with difficulty, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">162</a></span> +the two Boones and another commissioner +receiving painful wounds.</p> + +<p>A siege of ten days now ensued (September +8th to 17th), one of the most remarkable +in the history of savage warfare. The site +of the fort, a parallelogram embracing three-quarters +of an acre, had been unwisely chosen. +There was abundant cover for the enemy +under the high river bank, also beneath +an encircling clay bank rising from the salt-lick +branch; from hills upon either side spies +could see what was happening within the +walls, and occasionally drop a ball into the +small herd of cattle and horses sheltered behind +the palisades; while to these natural +disadvantages were added the failure of the +garrison to clear from the neighborhood of +the walls the numerous trees, stumps, bushes, +and rocks, each of which furnished the best +of cover for a lurking foe.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><a name="i005" id="i005"></a> +<img src="images/i005.jpg" width="550" height="252" alt="Climax of the Treaty" /> +<p class="caption">CLIMAX OF THE TREATY.</p> + +<p class="caption s08">Indians and British agents treacherously attack treaty commissioners. (See pp. <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>.) Reduced from +Ranck's "Boonesborough."</p> +</div> + +<p>Such, however, was the stubbornness of +the defense, in which the women were, in +their way, quite as efficient as the men, that +the forces under Black Fish could make but +small impression upon the valiant little garrison. +Every artifice known to savages, or +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">163</a></span> +that could be suggested by the French, was +without avail. Almost nightly rains and the +energy of the riflemen frustrated the numerous +attempts to set fire to the cabins by +throwing torches and lighted fagots upon +their roofs; a tunnel, intended to be used for +blowing up the walls, was well under way +from the river bank when rain caused it to +cave in; attempts at scaling were invariably +repelled, and in sharpshooting the whites as +usual proved the superiors.</p> + +<p>But the result often hung in the balance. +Sometimes the attack lasted throughout the +night, the scene being constantly lighted by +the flash of the rifles and the glare of hurling +fagots. Besiegers and garrison frequently +exchanged fierce cries of threat and defiance, +mingled with many a keen shaft of wit and +epithet; at times the yells and whoops of +the savages, the answering shouts and huzzahs +of the defenders, the screams of women +and girls, the howling of dogs, the snorting +and bellowing of the plunging live stock, together +with the sharp rattle of firearms, created +a deafening hubbub well calculated to +test the nerves of the strongest. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">164</a></span></p> + +<p>At last, on the morning of Friday, the +eighteenth, the Indians, now thoroughly disheartened, +suddenly disappeared into the +forest as silently as they had come. Again +Boonesborough was free, having passed +through the longest and severest ordeal of +attack ever known in Kentucky; indeed, it +proved to be the last effort against this station. +Within the walls sixty persons had +been capable of bearing arms, but only forty +were effective, some of these being negroes; +Logan's Fort had sent a reenforcement of +fifteen men, and Harrodsburg a few others. +Of the garrison but two were killed and four +wounded, while Boone estimated that the +enemy lost thirty-seven killed and a large +number wounded. The casualties within the +fort were astonishingly small, when the large +amount of ammunition expended by the besiegers +is taken into account. After they had +retired, Boone's men picked up a hundred +and twenty-five pounds of flattened bullets +that had been fired at the log stronghold, +handfuls being scooped up beneath the port-holes +of the bastions; this salvage made no +account of the balls thickly studding the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">165</a></span> +walls, it being estimated that a hundred +pounds of lead were buried in the logs of +one of the bastions.</p> + +<p>A week later a small company of militiamen +arrived from Virginia, and several minor +expeditions were now made against the Shawnese +upon their own soil. These raids were +chiefly piloted by Boone's salt-makers, many +of whom had now returned from captivity. +Boone is credited with saying in his later +years, although no doubt in ruder language +than this: "Never did the Indians pursue so +disastrous a policy as when they captured +me and my salt-boilers, and taught us, what +we did not know before, the way to their +towns and the geography of their country; +for though at first our captivity was considered +a great calamity to Kentucky, it resulted +in the most signal benefits to the +country."</p> + +<p>Captain Boone was not without his critics. +Soon after the siege he was arraigned +before a court-martial at Logan's Fort upon +the following charges preferred by Colonel +Calloway, who thought that the great hunter +was in favor of the British Government +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">166</a></span> +and had sought opportunity to play into +its hands, therefore should be deprived of +his commission in the Kentucky County militia:</p> + +<p>"1. That Boone had taken out twenty-six +men<a name="FNanchor_15" id="FNanchor_15" href="#Footnote_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> to make salt at the Blue Licks, and the +Indians had caught him trapping for beaver +ten miles below on Licking, and he voluntarily +surrendered his men at the Licks to +the enemy.</p> + +<p>"2. That when a prisoner, he engaged +with Gov. Hamilton to surrender the people +of Boonesborough to be removed to Detroit, +and live under British protection and jurisdiction.</p> + +<p>"3. That returning from captivity, he encouraged +a party of men to accompany him +to the Paint Lick Town, weakening the garrison +at a time when the arrival of an Indian +army was daily expected to attack the +fort.</p> + +<p>"4. That preceding the attack on Boonesborough, +he was willing to take the officers +of the fort, on pretense of making peace, to +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">167</a></span> +the Indian camp, beyond the protection of +the guns of the garrison."</p> + +<p>Boone defended himself at length, maintaining +that he aimed only at the interests +of the country; that while hunting at the +licks he was engaged in the necessary service +of the camp; that he had used duplicity to +win the confidence of the enemy, and it resulted +favorably, as he was thereby enabled +to escape in time to warn his people and +put them in a state of defense; that his Scioto +expedition was a legitimate scouting trip, +and turned out well; and that in the negotiations +before the fort he was simply "playing" +the Indians in order to gain time for +expected reenforcements. He was not only +honorably acquitted, but at once advanced +to the rank of major, and received evidences +of the unhesitating loyalty of all classes of +his fellow borderers, the majority of whom +appear to have always confided in his sagacity +and patriotism.</p> + +<p>Personally vindicated, the enemy departed, +and several companies of militia now arriving +to garrison the stations for the winter, +Major Boone once more turned his face to +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">168</a></span> +the Yadkin and sought his family. He found +them at the Bryan settlement, living comfortably +in a small log cabin, but until then +unconscious of his return from the wilderness +in which they had supposed he found +his grave. +</p> + +<h3 class="p6">CHAPTER XII<br /> +SOLDIER AND STATESMAN</h3> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">169</a></span></p> + +<p>In Daniel Boone's "autobiography," he +dismisses his year of absence from Kentucky +with few words: "I went into the settlement, +and nothing worthy of notice passed for some +time." No doubt he hunted in some of his +old haunts upon the Yadkin; and there is +reason for believing that he made a trip upon +business of some character to Charleston, +S.C.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile, his fellow settlers of Kentucky +had not been inactive. In February +(1779) Clark repossessed himself of Vincennes +after one of the most brilliant forced +marches of the Revolution; and having there +captured Governor Hamilton—the "hair-buying +general," as the frontiersmen called +him, because they thought he paid bounties +on American scalps—had sent him a prisoner +to Virginia. The long siege of Boonesborough +and the other attacks of the preceding +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">170</a></span> +year, together with more recent assaults +upon flatboats descending the Ohio, had +strongly disposed the Kentuckians to retaliate +on the Shawnese. Two hundred and +thirty riflemen under Colonel Bowman rendezvoused +in July at the mouth of the Licking, +where is now the city of Covington. +Nearly a third of the force were left to guard +the boats in which they crossed the Ohio, +the rest marching against Old Chillicothe, +the chief Shawnese town on the Little Miami. +They surprised the Indians, and a hotly contested +battle ensued, lasting from dawn until +ten o'clock in the morning; but the overpowering +numbers of the savages caused Bowman +to return crestfallen to Kentucky with +a loss of nearly a dozen men. This was the +forerunner of many defeats of Americans, +both bordermen and regulars, at the hands +of the fierce tribesmen of Ohio.</p> + +<p>Readers of Revolutionary history as related +from the Eastern standpoint are led +to suppose that the prolonged struggle with +the mother country everywhere strained the +resources of the young nation, and was the +chief thought of the people. This high tension +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">171</a></span> +was, however, principally in the tidewater +region. In the "back country," as the +Western frontiers were called, there was no +lack of patriotism, and bordermen were +numerous in the colonial armies; yet the development +of the trans-Alleghany region was +to them of more immediate concern, and +went forward vigorously, especially during +the last half of the war. This did not mean +that the backwoodsmen of the foot-hills were +escaping from the conflict by crossing westward +beyond the mountains; they were instead +planting themselves upon the left flank, +for French and Indian scalping parties were +continually harrying the Western settlements, +and the Eastern forces were too +busily engaged to give succor. Kentuckians +were left practically alone to defend the backdoor +of the young Republic.</p> + +<p>In this year (1779) the Virginia legislature +adopted laws for the preemption of land +in Kentucky, which promised a more secure +tenure than had hitherto prevailed, and thus +gave great impetus to over-mountain emigration. +Hitherto those going out to Kentucky +were largely hunters, explorers, surveyors, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">172</a></span> +and land speculators; comparatively +few families were established in the wilderness +stations. But henceforth the emigration +was chiefly by households, some by +boats down the Ohio River, and others overland +by the Wilderness Road—for the first +official improvement of which Virginia made +a small appropriation at this time. Says +Chief Justice Robinson,<a name="FNanchor_16" id="FNanchor_16" href="#Footnote_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> whose parents settled +in Kentucky in December:</p> + +<p>"This beneficent enactment brought to +the country during the fall and winter of +that year an unexampled tide of emigrants, +who, exchanging all the comforts of their +native society and homes for settlements for +themselves and their children here, came like +pilgrims to a wilderness to be made secure +by their arms and habitable by the toil of +their lives. Through privations incredible +and perils thick, thousands of men, women, +and children came in successive caravans, +forming continuous streams of human beings, +horses, cattle, and other domestic animals, +all moving onward along a lonely and houseless +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">173</a></span> +path to a wild and cheerless land. Cast +your eyes back on that long procession of +missionaries in the cause of civilization; behold +the men on foot with their trusty guns +on their shoulders, driving stock and leading +packhorses; and the women, some walking +with pails on their heads, others riding, +with children in their laps, and other children +swung in baskets on horses, fastened +to the tails of others going before; see them +encamped at night expecting to be massacred +by Indians; behold them in the month of December, +in that ever-memorable season of unprecedented +cold called the 'hard winter,' +traveling two or three miles a day, frequently +in danger of being frozen, or killed +by the falling of horses on the icy and almost +impassable trace, and subsisting on stinted +allowances of stale bread and meat; but now, +lastly, look at them at the destined fort, perhaps +on the eve of merry Christmas, when +met by the hearty welcome of friends who +had come before, and cheered by fresh buffalo-meat +and parched corn, they rejoice at +their deliverance, and resolve to be contented +with their lot."</p> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">174</a></span></p> + +<p>In October, as a part of this great throng, +Daniel Boone and his family returned to +Kentucky by his old route through Cumberland +Gap, being two weeks upon the journey. +The great hunter was at the head of a company +of Rowan County folk, and carried +with him two small cannon, the first artillery +sent by Virginia to protect the Western forts. +Either as one of his party, or later in the +season, there came to Kentucky Abraham +Lincoln, of Rockingham County, Va., grandfather +of the martyred president. The Lincolns +and the Boones had been neighbors and +warm friends in Pennsylvania, and ever +since had maintained pleasant relations—indeed, +had frequently intermarried. It was +by Boone's advice and encouragement that +Lincoln migrated with his family to the +"dark and bloody ground" and took up a +forest claim in the heart of Jefferson County. +Daniel's younger brother Edward, killed by +Indians a year later, was of the same company.</p> +<div class="figcenter"><a name="i006" id="i006"></a> +<img src="images/i006.jpg" width="550" height="310" alt="Boonesborough Today" /> +<p class="caption">SITE OF BOONESBOROUGH TO-DAY.</p> + +<p class="caption s08">Fort site, to which roadway leads, is hidden by foliage on the left; the ridge in the background faced and +overlooked the fort. Reduced from Ranck's "Boonesborough."</p> +</div> +<p>Boone also brought news that the legislature +had incorporated "the town of +Boonesborough in the County of Kentuckey," +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">175</a></span> +of which he was named a trustee, which +office he eventually declined. The town, although +now laid out into building lots, and anticipating +a prosperous growth, never rose to +importance and at last passed away. Nothing +now remains upon the deserted site, +which Boone could have known, save a decrepit +sycamore-tree and a tumble-down +ferry established in the year of the incorporation.</p> + +<p>As indicated in Robinson's address, quoted +above, the winter of 1779-80 was a season +of unwonted severity. After an exceptionally +mild autumn, cold weather set in by the +middle of November and lasted without thaw +for two months, with deep snow and zero +temperature. The rivers were frozen as far +south as Nashville; emigrant wagons were +stalled in the drifts while crossing the mountains, +and everywhere was reported unexampled +hardship. It will be remembered that +the Revolutionary Army in the East suffered +intensely from the same cause. The Indians +had, the preceding summer, destroyed most +of the corn throughout Kentucky; the game +was rapidly decreasing, deer and buffaloes +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">176</a></span> +having receded before the advance of settlement, +and a temporary famine ensued. +Hunters were employed to obtain meat for +the newcomers; and in this occupation Boone +and Harrod, in particular, were actively engaged +throughout the winter, making long +trips into the forest, both north and south +of Kentucky River.</p> + +<p>The land titles granted by the Transylvania +Company having been declared +void, it became necessary for Boone and the +other settlers under that grant to purchase +from the State government of Virginia new +warrants. For this purpose Boone set out +for Richmond in the spring. Nathaniel and +Thomas Hart and others of his friends commissioned +him to act as their agent in this +matter. With his own small means and that +which was entrusted to him for the purpose, +he carried $20,000 in depreciated paper +money—probably worth but half that amount +in silver. It appears that of this entire sum +he was robbed upon his way—where, or under +what circumstances, we are unable to +discover. His petition to the Kentucky legislature, +in his old age, simply states the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">177</a></span> +fact of the robbery, adding that he "was +left destitute." A large part of the money +was the property of his old friends, the +Harts, but many others also suffered greatly. +There was some disposition on the part of +a few to attribute dishonorable action to +Boone; but the Harts, although the chief +losers, came promptly to the rescue and +sharply censured his critics, declaring him +to be a "just and upright" man, beyond suspicion—a +verdict which soon became unanimous. +Sympathy for the honest but unbusinesslike +pioneer was so general, that late in +June, soon after the robbery, Virginia granted +him a preemption of a thousand acres of +land in what is now Bourbon County.</p> + +<p>A tradition exists that while in Virginia +that summer Boone called upon his former +host at Detroit, then a prisoner of war, and +expressed sympathy for the sad plight into +which the English governor had fallen; +also some indignation at the harsh treatment +accorded him, and of which Hamilton bitterly +complained.</p> + +<p>The founder of Boonesborough was soon +back at his station, for he served as a juryman +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">178</a></span> +there on the first of July. During his +absence immigration into Kentucky had been +greater than ever; three hundred well-laden +family boats had arrived in the spring from +the Pennsylvania and New York frontiers, +while many caravans had come from Virginia +and the Carolinas over the Wilderness +Road. Attacks by Indian scalping parties +had been numerous along both routes, but +particularly upon the Ohio. As a reprisal +for Bowman's expedition of the previous +year, and intending to interrupt settlement, +Colonel Byrd, of the British Army, descended +in June upon Ruddle's and Martin's +Stations, at the forks of the Licking, with six +hundred Indians and French-Canadians, and +bringing six small cannon with which to batter +the Kentucky palisades. Both garrisons +were compelled to surrender, and the victors +returned to Detroit with a train of three hundred +prisoners—men, women, and children—upon +whom the savages practised cruelties +of a particularly atrocious character.</p> + +<p>This inhuman treatment of prisoners of +war created wide-spread indignation upon +the American border. In retaliation, George +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">179</a></span> +Rogers Clark at once organized an expedition +to destroy Pickaway, one of the principal +Shawnese towns on the Great Miami. +The place was reduced to ashes and a large +number of Indians killed, the Americans losing +seventeen men. Clark had previously +built Fort Jefferson, upon the first bluff on +the eastern side of the Mississippi below the +mouth of the Ohio, in order to accentuate +the claim of the United States that it extended +to the Mississippi on the west; but as this +was upon the territory of friendly Chickasaws, +the invasion aroused their ire, and it +was deemed prudent temporarily to abandon +the post.</p> + +<p>Another important event of the year (November, +1780) was the division of Kentucky +by the Virginia legislature into three counties—Jefferson, +with its seat at Louisville, +now the chief town in the Western country; +Lincoln, governed from Harrodsburg; and +Fayette, with Lexington as its seat. Of +these, Fayette, embracing the country between +the Kentucky and the Ohio, was the +least populated; and, being the most northern +and traversed by the Licking River, now +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">180</a></span> +the chief war-path of the Shawnese, was most +exposed to attack. After his return Boone +soon tired of Boonesborough, for in his absence +the population had greatly changed by +the removal or death of many of his old +friends; and, moreover, game had quite deserted +the neighborhood. With his family, +his laden packhorses, and his dogs, he therefore +moved to a new location across Kentucky +River, about five miles northwest of +his first settlement. Here, at the crossing of +several buffalo-trails, and on the banks of +Boone's Creek, he built a palisaded log house +called Boone's Station. Upon the division of +Kentucky this new stronghold fell within the +borders of Fayette County.</p> + +<p>In the primitive stage of frontier settlement, +when the common weal demanded from +every man or boy able to carry a rifle active +militia service whenever called upon, the +military organization was quite equal in importance +to the civil. The new wilderness +counties were therefore equipped with a full +roll of officers, Fayette County's colonel being +John Todd, while Daniel Boone was lieutenant-colonel; +Floyd, Pope, Logan, and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">181</a></span> +Trigg served the sister counties in like manner. +The three county regiments were +formed into a brigade, with Clark as brigadier-general, +his headquarters being at Louisville +(Fort Nelson). Each county had also +a court to try civil and criminal cases, but +capital offenses could only be tried at Richmond. +There was likewise a surveyor for +each county, Colonel Thomas Marshall serving +for Fayette; Boone was his deputy for +several years (1782-85).</p> + +<p>In October, 1780, Edward Boone, then but +thirty-six years of age, accompanied Daniel +to Grassy Lick, in the northeast part of the +present Bourbon County, to boil salt. Being +attacked by a large band of Indians, Edward +was killed in the first volley, and fell at the +feet of his brother, who at once shot the +savage whom he thought to be the slayer. +Daniel then fled, stopping once to load and +kill another foe. Closely pursued, he had +recourse to all the arts of evasion at his command—wading +streams to break the trail, +swinging from tree to tree by aid of wild +grape-vines, and frequently zigzagging. A +hound used in the chase kept closely to him, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">182</a></span> +however, and revealed his whereabouts by +baying, until the hunter killed the wily beast, +and finally reached his station in safety. +Heading an avenging party of sixty men, +Boone at once went in pursuit of the enemy, +and followed them into Ohio, but the expedition +returned without result.</p> + +<p>The following April Boone went to Richmond +as one of the first representatives of +Fayette County in the State legislature. +With the approach of Cornwallis, La Fayette, +whose corps was then protecting Virginia, +abandoned Richmond, and the Assembly adjourned +to Charlottesville. Colonel Tarleton, +at the head of a body of light horse, made a +dash upon the town, hoping to capture the +law-makers, and particularly Governor Jefferson, +whose term was just then expiring. +Jefferson and the entire Assembly had been +warned, but had a narrow escape (June 4th), +for while they were riding out of one end +of town Tarleton was galloping in at the +other. The raider succeeded in capturing +three or four of the legislators, Boone among +them, and after destroying a quantity of military +stores took his prisoners to Cornwallis's +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">183</a></span> +camp. The members were paroled after a +few days' detention. The Assembly fled to +Staunton, thirty-five miles distant, where it +resumed the session. The released members +are reported to have again taken their seats, +although, after his capture, Boone's name +does not appear in the printed journals. +Possibly the conditions of the parole did not +permit him again to serve at the current session, +which closed the twenty-third of June. +He seems to have spent the summer in Kentucky, +and late in September went up the +Ohio to Pittsburg, thence journeying to the +home of his boyhood in eastern Pennsylvania, +where he visited friends and relatives +for a month, and then returned to Richmond +to resume his legislative duties.</p> + +<p>Of all the dark years which Kentucky experienced, +1782 was the bloodiest. The British +authorities at Detroit exerted their utmost +endeavors to stem the rising tide of +settlement and to crush the aggressive military +operations of Clark and his fellow-borderers. +With presents and smooth words +they enlisted the cooperation of the most +distant tribes, the hope being held out that +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">184</a></span> +success would surely follow persistent attack +and a policy of "no quarter." It would be +wearisome to cite all the forays made by savages +during this fateful year, upon flatboats +descending the Ohio, upon parties of immigrants +following the Wilderness Road, upon +outlying forest settlers, and in the neighborhood +of fortified stations. The border annals +of the time abound in details of robbery, +burning, murder, captivities, and of +heart-rending tortures worse than death. A +few only which have won prominence in history +must here suffice.</p> + +<p>In March, some Wyandots had been operating +in the neighborhood of Boonesborough +and then departed for Estill's Station, +fifteen miles away, near the present town +of Richmond. Captain Estill and his garrison +of twenty-five men were at the time +absent on a scout, and thus unable to prevent +the killing and scalping of a young +woman and the capture of a negro slave. +According to custom, the Indians retreated +rapidly after this adventure, but were pursued +by Estill. A stubborn fight ensued, +there being now eighteen whites and twenty-five +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">185</a></span> +savages. Each man stood behind a tree, +and through nearly two hours fought with +uncommon tenacity. The Indians lost seventeen +killed and two wounded, while the whites +were reduced to three survivors, Estill himself +being among the slain. The survivors +then withdrew by mutual consent.</p> + +<p>In May, his station having been attacked +with some loss, Captain Ashton followed the +retreating party of besiegers, much larger +than his own squad, and had a fierce engagement +with them lasting two hours. He and +eleven of his comrades lost their lives, and +the remainder fled in dismay. A similar +tragedy occurred in August, when Captain +Holden, chasing a band of scalpers, was defeated +with a loss of four killed and one +wounded.</p> + +<p>The month of August marked the height +of the onslaught. Horses were carried off, +cattle killed, men at work in the fields +mercilessly slaughtered, and several of the +more recent and feeble stations were abandoned. +Bryan's Station, consisting of forty +cabins enclosed by a stout palisade, was the +largest and northernmost of a group of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">186</a></span> +Fayette County settlements in the rich country +of which Lexington is the center. An +army of nearly a thousand Indians—the largest +of either race that had thus far been +mustered in the West—was gathered under +Captains Caldwell and McKee, of the British +Army, who were accompanied by the renegade +Simon Girty and a small party of rangers. +Scouts had given a brief warning to +the little garrison of fifty riflemen, but when +the invaders appeared during the night of +August 15th the defenders were still lacking +a supply of water.</p> + +<p>The Indians at first sought to conceal +their presence by hiding in the weeds and +bushes which, as at Boonesborough, had +carelessly been left standing. Although +aware of the extent of the attacking force, +the garrison affected to be without suspicion. +In the morning the women and girls, confident +that if no fear were exhibited they +would not be shot by the hiding savages, volunteered +to go to the spring outside the walls, +and by means of buckets bring in enough +water to fill the reservoir. This daring feat +was successfully accomplished. Although +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">187</a></span> +painted faces and gleaming rifles could readily +be seen in the underbrush all about the +pool, this bucket-line of brave frontiers-women +laughed and talked as gaily as if unconscious +of danger, and were unmolested.</p> + +<p>Immediately after their return within the +gates, some young men went to the spring +to draw the enemy's fire, and met a fusillade +from which they barely escaped with their +lives. The assault now began in earnest. +Runners were soon spreading the news of +the invasion among the neighboring garrisons. +A relief party of forty-six hurrying in +from Lexington fell into an ambush and lost +a few of their number in killed and wounded, +but the majority reached the fort through a +storm of bullets. The besiegers adopted the +usual methods of savage attack—quick rushes, +shooting from cover, fire-arrows, and the +customary uproar of whoops and yells—but +without serious effect. The following morning, +fearful of a general outpouring of settlers, +the enemy withdrew hurriedly and in +sullen mood.</p> + +<p>Colonel Boone was soon marching +through the forest toward Bryan's, as were +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">188</a></span> +similar companies from Lexington, McConnell's, +and McGee's, the other members of +the Fayette County group; and men from +the counties of Jefferson and Lincoln were +also upon the way, under their military leaders. +The neighboring contingents promptly +arrived at Bryan's in the course of the afternoon.</p> + +<p>The next morning a hundred and eighty-two +of the best riflemen in Kentucky, under +Colonel Todd as ranking officer, started in +pursuit of the foe, who had followed a buffalo-trail +to Blue Licks, and were crossing +the Licking when the pursuers arrived on the +scene. A council of war was held, at which +Boone, the most experienced man in the +party, advised delay until the expected reenforcements +could arrive. The bulk of the +Indians had by this time escaped, leaving +only about three hundred behind, who were +plainly luring the whites to an attack. Todd, +Trigg, and most of the other leaders sided +with Boone; but Major Hugh McGary, an ardent, +hot-headed man, with slight military +training, dared the younger men to follow +him, and spurred his horse into the river, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">189</a></span> +whither, in the rash enthusiasm of the moment, +the hot-bloods followed him, leaving +the chief officers no choice but to accompany +them.</p> + +<p>Rushing up a rocky slope on the other +side, where a few Indians could be seen, the +column soon fell into an ambush. A mad +panic resulted, in which the Kentuckians for +the most part acted bravely and caused many +of the enemy to fall; but they were overpowered +and forced to flee in hot haste, leaving +seventy of their number dead on the field +and seven captured. Among the killed were +Todd and Trigg, fighting gallantly to the last. +Boone lost his son Israel, battling by his +side, and himself escaped only by swimming +the river amid a shower of lead. A day or +two later Logan arrived with four hundred +men, among whom was Simon Kenton, to +reenforce Todd; to him was left only the +melancholy duty of burying the dead, now +sadly disfigured by Indians, vultures, and +wolves.</p> + +<p>The greater part of the savage victors, +laden with scalps and spoils, returned exultantly +to their northern homes, although +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">190</a></span> +small bands still remained south of the Ohio, +carrying wide-spread devastation through +the settlements, especially in the neighborhood +of Salt River, where, at one station, +thirty-seven prisoners were taken.</p> + +<p>While all these tragedies were being enacted, +General Clark, at the Falls of the Ohio, +had offered only slight aid. But indignant +protests sent in to the Virginia authorities +by the Kentucky settlers, who were now in +a state of great alarm, roused the hero of +Kaskaskia and Vincennes to a sense of his +duty. A vigorous call to arms was now issued +throughout the three counties. Early in +November over a thousand mounted riflemen +met their brigadier at the mouth of the Licking, +and from the site of Cincinnati marched +through the Ohio forests to the Indian towns +on the Little Miami. The savages fled in +consternation, leaving the Kentuckians to +burn their cabins and the warehouses of several +British traders, besides large stores of +grain and dried meats, thus entailing great +suffering among the Shawnese during the +winter now close at hand.</p> + +<p>The triumphant return of this expedition +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">191</a></span> +gave fresh heart to the people of Kentucky; +and the sequel proved that, although the +tribesmen of the north frequently raided the +over-mountain settlers throughout the decade +to come, no such important invasions as +those of 1782 were again undertaken. +</p> + +<h3 class="p6">CHAPTER XIII<br /> +KENTUCKY'S PATH OF THORNS</h3> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">192</a></span></p> + +<p>The preliminary articles of peace between +the United States and Great Britain +had been signed on the thirtieth of November, +1782; but it was not until the following +spring that the news reached Kentucky. The +northern tribes had information of the peace +quite as early; and discouraged at apparently +losing their British allies, who had fed, +clothed, armed, and paid them from headquarters +in Detroit, for a time suspended +their organized raids into Kentucky. This +welcome respite caused immigration to increase +rapidly.</p> + +<p>We have seen how the old system of making +preemptions and surveys led to the overlapping +of claims, the commission of many +acts of injustice, and wide-spread confusion +in titles. Late in 1782, Colonel Thomas Marshall, +the surveyor of Fayette County, arrived +from Virginia, and began to attempt a +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">193</a></span> +straightening of the land conflict. Boone +was now not only the surveyor's deputy, but +both sheriff and county lieutenant of Fayette, +a combination of offices which he held until +his departure from Kentucky. It was his +duty as commandant to provide an escort +for Marshall through the woods to the Falls +of the Ohio, where was now the land-office. +The following order which he issued for this +guard has been preserved; it is a characteristic +sample of the many scores of letters +and other documents which have come down +to us from the old hero, who fought better +than he spelled:</p> + +<p class="p2"> +"Orders to Capt. Hazelrigg—your are +amedetly to order on Duty 3 of your Company +as goude [guard] to scorte Col Marshshall +to the falls of ohigho you will call on +those who was Exicused from the Shone +[Shawnese] Expedistion and those who +Come into the County after the army +Marched they are to meet at Lexinton on +Sunday next with out fale given under my +hand this 6 Day of Janury 1783.</p> + +<p class="left65"> +"<span class="smcap">Dnl Boone</span>"</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">194</a></span></p> + +<p class="p2">Another specimen document of the time +has reference to the scouting which it was +necessary to maintain throughout much of +the year; for small straggling bands of the +enemy were still lurking about, eager to capture +occasional scalps, the proudest trophies +which a warrior could obtain. It also is apparently +addressed to Hazelrigg:</p> + +<p class="p2">"orders the 15th feberry 1783</p> + +<p>"Sir you are amedetly to Call on Duty +one thurd of our melitia as will mounted on +horse as poseble and Eight Days purvistion +to take a touere as follows Commanded by +Leut Col patison and Rendevues at Strod +[Strode's Station] on thusday the 20th from +there to March to Colkes [Calk's] Cabin +thence an Este Corse till the gat 10 miles +above the uper Blew Licks then Down to +Lickes thence to Limestown and if no Sine +[is] found a stright Corse to Eagel Crick 10 +miles from the head from then home if Sine +be found the Commander to act as he thinks +most prudent as you will be the Best Judge +when on the Spot. You will first Call on all +who [were] Excused from the Expedistion +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">195</a></span> +Except those that went to the falls with Col. +Marshall and then Call them off as they +Stand on the List here in faile not. given und +my hand</p> + +<p class="left65"> +"<span class="smcap">Daniel Boone</span> C Lt."</p> + +<p class="p2">In March the Virginia legislature united +the three counties into the District of Kentucky, +with complete legal and military machinery; +in the latter, Benjamin Logan +ranked as senior colonel and district lieutenant. +It will be remembered that when the +over-mountain country was detached from +Fincastle, it was styled the County of Kentucky; +then the name of Kentucky was obliterated +by its division into three counties; +and now the name was revived by the creation +of the district, which in due time was +to become a State. The log-built town of +Danville was named as the capital.</p> + +<p>It is estimated that during the few years +immediately following the close of the Revolutionary +War several thousand persons +came each year to Kentucky from the seaboard +States, although many of these returned +to their homes either disillusioned or +because of Indian scares. In addition to the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">196</a></span> +actual settlers, who cared for no more land +than they could use, there were merchants +who saw great profits in taking boat-loads of +goods down the Ohio or by pack-trains over +the mountains; lawyers and other young professional +men who wished to make a start in +new communities; and speculators who hoped +to make fortunes in obtaining for a song extensive +tracts of fertile wild land, which they +vainly imagined would soon be salable at +large prices for farms and town sites. Many +of the towns, although ill-kept and far from +prosperous in appearance, were fast extending +beyond their lines of palisade and boasting +of stores, law-offices, market-places, and +regular streets; Louisville had now grown +to a village of three hundred inhabitants, of +whom over a third were fighting-men. Besides +Americans, there were among the newcomers +many Germans, Scotch, and Irish, +thrifty in the order named.</p> + +<p>At last Kentucky was raising produce +more than sufficient to feed her own people, +and an export trade had sprung up. Crops +were being diversified: Indian corn still remained +the staple, but there were also melons, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">197</a></span> +pumpkins, tobacco, and orchards; besides, +great droves of horses, cattle, sheep, +and hogs, branded or otherwise marked, +ranged at large over the country, as +in old days on the Virginia and Carolina +foot-hills. Away from the settlements buffaloes +still yielded much beef, bacon was +made from bears, and venison was a staple +commodity.</p> + +<p>The fur trade was chiefly carried on by +French trappers; but American hunters, like +the Boones and Kenton, still gathered peltries +from the streams and forests, and took or +sent them to the East, either up the Ohio in +bateaux or on packhorses over the mountains—paths +still continually beset by savage +assailants. Large quantities of ginseng +were also shipped to the towns on the seaboard. +Of late there had likewise developed +a considerable trade with New Orleans and +other Spanish towns down the Mississippi +River. Traders with flatboats laden with +Kentucky produce—bacon, beef, salt, and +tobacco—would descend the great waterway, +both of whose banks were audaciously +claimed by Spain as far up as the mouth of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">198</a></span> +the Ohio, and take great risks from Indian attack +or from corrupt Spanish custom-house +officials, whom it was necessary to bribe freely +that they might not confiscate boat and +cargo. This commerce was always uncertain, +often ending in disaster, but immensely profitable +to the unprincipled men who managed +to ingratiate themselves with the Spanish authorities.</p> + +<p>Boone was now in frequent demand as a +pilot and surveyor by capitalists who relied +upon his unrivaled knowledge of the country +to help them find desirable tracts of land; +often he was engaged to meet incoming parties +of immigrants over the Wilderness Road, +with a band of riflemen to guard them against +Indians, to furnish them with wild meat—for +the newcomers at first were inexpert in +killing buffaloes—and to show them the way +to their claims. He was prominent as a pioneer; +as county lieutenant he summoned his +faithful men-at-arms to repel or avenge savage +attacks; and his fame as hunter and explorer +had by this time not only become general +throughout the United States but had +even reached Europe. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">199</a></span></p> + +<p>His reputation was largely increased by +the appearance in 1784 of the so-called "autobiography." +We have seen that, although +capable of roughly expressing himself on +paper, and of making records of his rude +surveys, he was in no sense a scholar. Yet +this autobiography, although signed by himself, +is pedantic in form, and deals in words +as large and sonorous as though uttered by +the great Doctor Samuel Johnson. As a +matter of fact, it is the production of John +Filson, the first historian of Kentucky and +one of the pioneers of Cincinnati. Filson +was a schoolmaster, quite devoid of humor, +and with a strong penchant for learned +phrases. In setting down the story of +Boone's life, as related to him by the great +hunter, he made the latter talk in the first +person, in a stilted manner quite foreign +to the hardy but unlettered folk of whom +Boone was a type. Wherever Boone's memory +failed, Filson appears to have filled in +the gaps from tradition and his own imagination; +thus the autobiography is often wrong +as to facts, and possesses but minor value as +historical material. The little book was, however, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">200</a></span> +widely circulated both at home and +abroad, and gave Boone a notoriety excelled +by few men of his day. Some years later +Byron wrote some indifferent lines upon +"General Boone of Kentucky;" the public +journals of the time had accounts of his +prowess, often grossly exaggerated; and +English travelers into the interior of America +eagerly sought the hero and told of him +in their books.</p> + +<p>Yet it must be confessed that he had now +ceased to be a real leader in the affairs of +Kentucky. A kindly, simple-hearted, modest, +silent man, he had lived so long by himself +alone in the woods that he was ill fitted to +cope with the horde of speculators and other +self-seekers who were now despoiling the old +hunting-grounds to which Finley had piloted +him only fifteen years before. Of great use +to the frontier settlements as explorer, hunter, +pilot, land-seeker, surveyor, Indian fighter, +and sheriff—and, indeed, as magistrate +and legislator so long as Kentucky was a +community of riflemen—he had small capacity +for the economic and political sides of +commonwealth-building. For this reason we +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">201</a></span> +find him hereafter, although still in middle +life, taking but slight part in the making of +Kentucky; none the less did his career +continue to be adventurous, picturesque, and +in a measure typical of the rapidly expanding +West.</p> + +<p>Probably in the early spring of 1786 +Boone left the neighborhood of the Kentucky +River, and for some three years dwelt at +Maysville (Limestone), still the chief gateway +to Kentucky for the crowds of immigrants +who came by water. He was there a +tavern-keeper—probably Mrs. Boone was +the actual hostess—and small river merchant. +He still frequently worked at surveying, +of course hunted and trapped as of +old, and traded up and down the Ohio River +between Maysville and Point Pleasant—the +last-named occupation a far from peaceful +one, for in those troublous times navigation +of the Ohio was akin to running the gauntlet; +savages haunted the banks, and by dint +of both strategy and open attack wrought a +heavy mortality among luckless travelers and +tradesmen. The goods which he bartered to +the Kentuckians for furs, skins, and ginseng +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">202</a></span> +were obtained in Maryland, whither he and +his sons went with laden pack-animals, often +driving before them loose horses for sale in +the Eastern markets. Sometimes they followed +some familiar mountain road, at others +struck out over new paths, for no longer was +the Wilderness Road the only overland highway +to the West.</p> + +<p>Kentucky was now pursuing a path +strewn with thorns. Northward, the British +still held the military posts on the upper +lakes, owing to the non-fulfilment of certain +stipulations in the treaty of peace. Between +these and the settlements south of the Ohio +lay a wide area populated by powerful and +hostile tribes of Indians, late allies of the +British, deadly enemies of Kentucky, and +still aided and abetted by military agents of +the king. To the South, Spain controlled the +Mississippi, the commercial highway of the +West; jealous of American growth, she +harshly denied to Kentuckians the freedom +of the river, and was accused of turning +against them and their neighbors of Tennessee +the fierce warriors of the Creek and Cherokee +tribes. On their part, the Kentuckians +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">203</a></span> +looked with hungry eyes upon the rich lands +held by Spain.</p> + +<p>Not least of Kentucky's trials was the political +discontent among her own people, +which for many years lay like a blight upon +her happiness and prosperity. Virginia's +home necessities had prevented that commonwealth +from giving much aid to the West +during the Revolution, and at its conclusion +her policy toward the Indians lacked the aggressive +vigor for which Kentuckians pleaded. +This was sufficient cause for dissatisfaction; +but to this was added another of still greater +importance. To gain the free navigation of +the Mississippi, and thus to have an outlet +to the sea, long appeared to be essential to +Western progress. At first the Eastern men +in Congress failed to realize this need, +thereby greatly exasperating the over-mountain +men. All manner of schemes were in +the air, varying with men's temperaments +and ambitions. Some, like Clark—who, by +this time had, under the influence of intemperance, +greatly fallen in popular esteem, +although not without followers—favored a +filibustering expedition against the Spanish; +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">204</a></span> +and later (1788), when this did not appear +practicable, were willing to join hands with +Spain herself in the development of the continental +interior; and later still (1793-94), to +help France oust Spain from Louisiana. +Others wished Kentucky to be an independent +State, free to conduct her own affairs +and make such foreign alliances as were +needful; but Virginia and Congress did not +release her.</p> + +<p>Interwoven with this more or less secret +agitation for separating the West from the +East were the corrupt intrigues of Spain, +which might have been more successful had +she pursued a persistent policy. Her agents—among +whom were some Western pioneers +who later found difficulty in explaining their +conduct—craftily fanned the embers of discontent, +spread reports that Congress intended +to sacrifice to Spain the navigation rights +of the West, distributed bribes, and were +even accused of advising Spain to arm the +Southern Indians in order to increase popular +uneasiness over existing conditions. +Spain also offered large land grants to prominent +American borderers who should lead +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">205</a></span> +colonies to settle beyond the Mississippi and +become her subjects—a proposition which +Clark once offered to accept, but did not; +but of which we shall see that Daniel +Boone, in his days of discontent, took advantage, +as did also a few other Kentucky +pioneers. Ultimately Congress resolved never +to abandon its claim to the Mississippi +(1787); and when the United States became +strong, and the advantages of union were +more clearly seen in the West, Kentucky became +a member of the sisterhood of States +(1792).</p> + +<p>It is estimated that, between 1783 and +1790, fully fifteen hundred Kentuckians were +massacred by Indians or taken captive to +the savage towns; and the frontiers of Virginia +and Pennsylvania furnished their full +quota to the long roll of victims. It is impossible +in so small a volume as this to +mention all of even the principal incidents +in the catalogue of assaults, heroic defenses, +murders, burnings, torturings, escapes, reprisals, +and ambushes which constitute the +lurid annals of this protracted border warfare. +The reader who has followed thus far +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">206</a></span> +this story of a strenuous life, will understand +what these meant; to what deeds of daring +they gave rise on the part of the men and +women of the border; what privation and anguish +they entailed. But let us not forget +that neither race could claim, in this titanic +struggle for the mastery of the hunting-grounds, +a monopoly of courage or of cowardice, +of brutality or of mercy. The Indians +suffered quite as keenly as the whites +in the burning of their villages, crops, and +supplies, and by the loss of life either in +battle, by stealthy attack, or by treachery. +The frontiersmen learned from the red men +the lessons of forest warfare, and often outdid +their tutors in ferocity. The contest between +civilization and savagery is, in the nature +of things, unavoidable; the result also +is foreordained. It is well for our peace of +mind that, in the dark story of the Juggernaut +car, we do not inquire too closely into +details.</p> + +<p>In 1785, goaded by numerous attacks on +settlers and immigrants, Clark led a thousand +men against the tribes on the Wabash; +but by this time he had lost control of the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">207</a></span> +situation, and cowardice on the part of his +troops, combined with lack of provisions, led +to the practical failure of the expedition, +although the Indians were much frightened.</p> + +<p>At the same time, Logan was more successful +in an attack on the Shawnese of the +Scioto Valley, who lost heavily in killed and +prisoners. In neither of these expeditions +does Boone appear to have taken part.</p> + +<p>The year 1787 was chiefly notable, in the +history of the West, for the adoption by Congress +of the Ordinance for the government +of the Territory Northwest of the River Ohio, +wherein there dwelt perhaps seven thousand +whites, mostly unprogressive French-Canadians, +in small settlements flanking the Mississippi +and the Great Lakes, and in the Wabash +Valley. Along the Ohio were scattered +a few American hamlets, chiefly in Kentucky. +In the same year the Indian war reached +a height of fury which produced a panic +throughout the border, and frantic appeals +to Virginia, which brought insufficient aid. +Boone, now a town trustee of Maysville, was +sent to the legislature that autumn, and occupied +his seat at Richmond from October until +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">208</a></span> +January. While there, we find him strongly +complaining that the arms sent out to Kentucky +by the State during the year were unfit +for use, the swords being without scabbards, +and the rifles without cartridge-boxes or +flints.</p> + +<p>A child of the wilderness, Boone was law-abiding +and loved peace, but he chafed at +legal forms. He had, in various parts +of Kentucky, preempted much land in the +crude fashion of his day, both under the +Transylvania Company and the later statutes +of Virginia—how much, it would now be +difficult to ascertain. In his old survey-books, +still preserved in the Wisconsin State +Historical Library, one finds numerous claim +entries for himself, ranging from four hundred +to ten thousand acres each—a tract +which he called "Stockfield," near Boonesborough; +on Cartwright's Creek, a branch of +Beech Fork of Salt River; on the Licking, +Elkhorn, Boone's Creek, and elsewhere. The +following is a specimen entry, dated "Aperel +the 22 1785," recording a claim made "on +the Bank of Cantuckey"; it illustrates the +loose surveying methods of the time: "Survayd +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">209</a></span> +for Dal Boone 5000 acres begin at Robert +Camels N E Corner at a 2 White ashes +and Buckeyes S 1200 p[oles] to 3 Shuger +trees Ealm and walnut E 666 p to 6 Shuger +trees and ash N 1200 p to a poplar and beech +W 666 p to the begining."</p> + +<p>It did not occur to our easy-going hero +that any one would question his right to as +much land as he cared to hold in a wilderness +which he had done so much to bring to +the attention of the world. But claim-jumpers +were no respecters of persons. It was +discovered that Boone had carelessly failed +to make any of his preemptions according +to the letter of the law, leaving it open for +any adventurer to reenter the choice claims +which he had selected with the care of an +expert, and to treat him as an interloper. +Suits of ejectment followed one by one +(1785-98), until in the end his acres were +taken from him by the courts, and the good-hearted, +simple fellow was sent adrift in the +world absolutely landless.</p> + +<p>At first, when his broad acres began to +melt away, the great hunter, careless of his +possessions, appeared to exhibit no concern; +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">210</a></span> +but the accumulation of his disasters, together +with the rapid growth of settlement +upon the hunting-grounds, and doubtless +some domestic nagging, developed within +him an intensity of depression which led him +to abandon his long-beloved Kentucky and +vow never again to dwell within her limits. +In the autumn of 1788, before his disasters +were quite complete, this resolution was carried +into effect; with wife and family, and +what few worldly goods he possessed, he removed +to Point Pleasant, at the junction of +the Great Kanawha and the Ohio—in our +day a quaint little court-house town in West +Virginia. +</p> + +<h3 class="p6">CHAPTER XIV<br /> +IN THE KANAWHA VALLEY</h3> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">211</a></span></p> + +<p>During his early years on the Kanawha, +Boone kept a small store at Point Pleasant. +Later, he moved to the neighborhood of +Charleston, where he was engaged in the +usual variety of occupations—piloting immigrants; +as deputy surveyor of Kanawha +County, surveying lands for settlers and +speculators; taking small contracts for victualing +the militia, who were frequently +called out to protect the country from Indian +forays; and in hunting. Some of his expeditions +took him to the north of the Ohio, +where he had several narrow escapes from +capture and death at the hands of the enemy, +and even into his old haunts on the Big +Sandy, the Licking, and the Kentucky.</p> + +<p>He traveled much, for a frontiersman. +In 1788 he went with his wife and their son +Nathan by horseback to the old Pennsylvania +home in Berks County, where they spent a +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">212</a></span> +month with kinsfolk and friends. We find +him in Maysville, on a business trip, during +the year; indeed, there are evidences of numerous +subsequent visits to that port. In +May of the following year he was on the +Monongahela River with a drove of horses +for sale, Brownsville then being an important +market for ginseng, horses, and cattle; and +in the succeeding July he writes to a client, +for whom he had done some surveying, that +he would be in Philadelphia during the coming +winter.</p> + +<p>In October, 1789, there came to him, as +the result of a popular petition, the appointment +of lieutenant-colonel of Kanawha County—the +first military organization in the valley; +and in other ways he was treated with +marked distinction by the primitive border +folk of the valley, both because of his brilliant +career in Kentucky and the fact that +he was a surveyor and could write letters. +One who knew him intimately at this time +has left a pleasing description of the man, +which will assist us in picturing him as he +appeared to his new neighbors: "His large +head, full chest, square shoulders, and stout +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">213</a></span> +form are still impressed upon my mind. He +was (I think) about five feet ten inches in +height, and his weight say 175. He was +solid in mind as well as in body, never frivolous, +thoughtless, or agitated; but was always +quiet, meditative, and impressive, unpretentious, +kind, and friendly in his manner. +He came very much up to the idea we have +of the old Grecian philosophers—particularly +Diogenes."</p> + +<p>By the summer of 1790, Indian raids +again became almost unbearable. Fresh +robberies and murders were daily reported +in Kentucky, and along the Ohio and the Wabash. +The expedition of Major J. F. Hamtramck, +of the Federal Army, against the +tribesmen on the Wabash, resulted in the +burning of a few villages and the destruction +of much corn; but Colonel Josiah Harmar's +expedition in October against the +towns on the Scioto and the St. Joseph, at +the head of nearly 1,500 men, ended in failure +and a crushing defeat, although the Indian +losses were so great that the army was allowed +to return to Cincinnati unmolested. +Boone does not appear to have taken part in +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">214</a></span> +these operations, his militiamen probably +being needed for home protection.</p> + +<p>The following year the General Government +for the first time took the field against +the Indians in earnest. For seven years it +had attempted to bring the tribesmen to +terms by means of treaties, but without avail. +Roused to fury by the steady increase of settlement +north as well as south of the Ohio, +the savages were making life a torment to +the borderers. War seemed alone the remedy. +In June, General Charles Scott, of +Kentucky, raided the Miami and Wabash +Indians. Two months later General James +Wilkinson, with five hundred Kentuckians, +laid waste a Miami village and captured +many prisoners. These were intended but +to open the road for an expedition of far +greater proportions. In October, Governor +Arthur St. Clair, of the Northwest Territory, +a broken-down man unequal to such a task, +was despatched against the Miami towns +with an ill-organized army of two thousand +raw troops. Upon the fourth of November +they were surprised near the principal Miami +village; hundreds of the men fled at the first +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">215</a></span> +alarm, and of those who remained over six +hundred fell during the engagement, while +nearly three hundred were wounded. This +disastrous termination of the campaign demoralized +the West and left the entire border +again open to attack—an advantage which +the scalping parties did not neglect.</p> + +<p>While this disaster was occurring, Boone +was again sitting in the legislature at Richmond, +where he represented Kanawha County +from October 17th to December 20th. The +journals of the Assembly show him to have +been a silent member, giving voice only in +yea and nay; but he was placed upon two +then important committees—religion, and +propositions and licenses. It was voted to +send ammunition for the militia on the Monongahela +and the Kanawha, who were to be +called out for the defense of the frontier. +Before leaving Richmond, Boone wrote as +follows to the governor:</p> + +<p class="p2 left65 s08"> +"Monday 13th Dec 1791</p> + +<p>"Sir as sum purson Must Carry out the +armantstion [ammunition] to Red Stone +[Brownsville, Pa.,] if your Exclency should +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">216</a></span> +have thought me a proper purson I would +undertake it on conditions I have the apintment +to vitel the company at Kanhowway +[Kanawha] so that I Could take Down the +flowre as I paste that place I am your Excelenceys +most obedent omble servant</p> + +<p class="left65"> +"<span class="smcap">Da<sup>l</sup> Boone.</span>"</p> + +<p class="p2">Five days later the contract was awarded +to him; and we find among his papers receipts, +obtained at several places on his way +home, for the lead and flints which he was +to deliver to the various military centers. +But the following May, Colonel George Clendennin +sharply complains to the governor +that the ammunition and rations which Boone +was to have supplied to Captain Caperton's +rangers had not yet been delivered, and that +Clendennin was forced to purchase these supplies +from others. It does not appear from +the records how this matter was settled; but +as there seems to have been no official inquiry, +the non-delivery was probably the result of a +misunderstanding.</p> + +<p>At last, after a quarter of a century of +bloodshed, the United States Government +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">217</a></span> +was prepared to act in an effective manner. +General Anthony Wayne—"Mad Anthony," +of Stony Point—after spending a year and +a half in reorganizing the Western army, +established himself, in the winter of 1793-94, +in a log fort at Greenville, eighty miles +north of Cincinnati, and built a strong outpost +at Fort Recovery, on the scene of St. +Clair's defeat. After resisting an attack on +Fort Recovery made on the last day of June +by over two thousand painted warriors from +the Upper Lakes, he advanced with his +legion of about three thousand well-disciplined +troops to the Maumee Valley and +built Fort Defiance. Final battle was given +to the tribesmen on the twentieth of August +at Fallen Timbers. As the result of superb +charges by infantry and cavalry, in forty +minutes the Indian army was defeated and +scattered. The backbone of savage opposition +to Northwestern settlement was broken, +and at the treaty of Greenville in the following +summer (1795) a peace was secured +which remained unbroken for fifteen years.</p> + +<p>Wayne's great victory over the men of +the wilderness gave new heart to Kentucky +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">218</a></span> +and the Northwest. The pioneers were exuberant +in the expression of their joy. The +long war, which had lasted practically since +the mountains were first crossed by Boone +and Finley, had been an almost constant +strain upon the resources of the country. +Now no longer pent up within palisades, and +expecting nightly to be awakened by the +whoops of savages to meet either slaughter +or still more dreaded captivity, men could +go forth without fear to open up forests, to +cultivate fields, and peaceably to pursue the +chase.</p> + +<p>To hunters like Boone, in particular, this +great change in their lives was a matter for +rejoicing. The Kanawha Valley was not as +rich in game as he had hoped; but in Kentucky +and Ohio were still large herds of buffaloes +and deer feeding on the cane-brake +and the rank vegetation of the woods, and +resorting to the numerous salt-licks which +had as yet been uncontaminated by settlement.</p> + +<p>After the peace, Boone for several seasons +devoted himself almost exclusively to +hunting; in beaver-trapping he was especially +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">219</a></span> +successful, his favorite haunt for these +animals being the neighboring Valley of +the Gauley. His game he shared freely with +neighbors, now fast increasing in numbers, +and the skins and furs were shipped +to market, overland or by river, as of old.</p> + +<p>Upon removing to the Kanawha, he still +had a few claims left in Kentucky, but suits +for ejectment were pending over most of +these. They were all decided against him, +and the remaining lands were sold by the +sheriff for taxes, the last of them going in +1798. His failure to secure anything for his +children to inherit, was to the last a source +of sorrow to Boone.</p> + +<p>The Kanawha in time came to be distasteful +to him. Settlements above and below were +driving away the game, and sometimes his +bag was slight; the crowding of population +disturbed the serenity which he sought in +deep forests; the nervous energy of these +newcomers, and the avarice of some of them, +annoyed his quiet, hospitable soul; and he +fretted to be again free, thinking that civilization +cost too much in wear and tear of +spirit. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">220</a></span></p> + +<p>Boone had long looked kindly toward the +broad, practically unoccupied lands of forest +and plain west of the Mississippi. Adventurous +hunters brought him glowing tales of +buffaloes, grizzly bears, and beavers to be +found there without number. Spain, fearing +an assault upon her possessions from +Canada, was just now making flattering +offers to those American pioneers who +should colonize her territory, and by casting +their fortunes with her people strengthen +them. This opportunity attracted the disappointed +man; he thought the time ripe for +making a move which should leave the crowd +far behind, and comfortably establish him in +a country wherein a hunter might, for many +years to come, breathe fresh air and follow +the chase untrammeled.</p> + +<p>In 1796, Daniel Morgan Boone, his oldest +son, traveled with other adventurers in boats +to St. Charles County, in eastern Missouri, +where they took lands under certificates of +cession from Charles Dehault Delassus, the +Spanish lieutenant-governor of Upper Louisiana, +resident at St. Louis. There were +four families, all settling upon Femme Osage +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">221</a></span> +Creek, six miles above its junction with the +Missouri, some twenty-five miles above the +town of St. Charles, and forty-five by water +from St. Louis.</p> + +<p>Thither they were followed, apparently +in the spring of 1799, by Daniel Boone and +wife and their younger children. The departure +of the great hunter, now in his sixty-fifth +year, was the occasion for a general +gathering of Kanawha pioneers at the home +near Charleston. They came on foot, by +horseback, and in canoe, from far and near, +and bade him a farewell as solemnly affectionate +as though he were departing for another +world; indeed, Missouri then seemed +almost as far away to the West Virginians +as the Klondike is to dwellers in the Mississippi +basin to-day—a long journey by +packhorse or by flatboat into foreign wilds, +beyond the great waterway concerning which +the imaginations of untraveled men often +ran riot.</p> + +<p>The hegira of the Boones, from the junction +of the Elk and the Kanawha, was accomplished +by boats, into which were crowded +such of their scant herd of live stock as +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">222</a></span> +could be accommodated. Upon the way they +stopped at Kentucky towns along the Ohio, +either to visit friends or to obtain provisions, +and attracted marked attention, for throughout +the West Boone was, of course, one of +the best-known men of his day. In Cincinnati +he was asked why, at his time of life, +he left the comforts of an established home +again to subject himself to the privations of +the frontier. "Too crowded!" he replied +with feeling. "I want more elbow-room!"</p> + +<p>Arriving at the little Kentucky colony on +Femme Osage Creek, where the Spanish authorities +had granted him a thousand arpents<a name="FNanchor_17" id="FNanchor_17" href="#Footnote_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> +of land abutting his son's estate upon +the north, he settled down in a little log cabin +erected largely by his own hands, for the +fourth and last time as a pioneer. He was +never again in the Kanawha Valley, and but +twice in Kentucky—once to testify as to some +old survey-marks made by him, and again to +pay the debts which he had left when removing +to Point Pleasant.</p> + +<h3 class="p6">CHAPTER XV<br /> +A SERENE OLD AGE</h3> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">223</a></span></p> + +<p>Missouri's sparse population at that time +consisted largely of Frenchmen, who had +taken easily to the yoke of Spain. For a +people of easy-going disposition, theirs was +an ideal existence. They led a patriarchal +life, with their flocks and herds grazing upon +a common pasture, and practised a crude agriculture +whose returns were eked out by +hunting in the limitless forests hard by. For +companionship, the crude log cabins in the +little settlements were assembled by the +banks of the waterways, and there was small +disposition to increase tillage beyond domestic +necessities. There were practically no +taxes to pay; military burdens sat lightly; +the local syndic (or magistrate), the only +government servant to be met outside of St. +Louis, was sheriff, judge, jury, and commandant +combined; there were no elections, +for representative government was unknown; +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">224</a></span> +the fur and lead trade with St. Louis was the +sole commerce, and their vocabulary did not +contain the words enterprise and speculation.</p> + +<p>Here was a paradise for a man of Boone's +temperament, and through several years to +come he was wont to declare that, next to his +first long hunt in Kentucky, this was the happiest +period of his life. On the eleventh of +July, 1800, Delassus—a well-educated French +gentleman, and a good judge of character—appointed +him syndic for the Femme Osage +district, a position which the old man held +until the cession of Louisiana to the United +States. This selection was not only because +of his prominence among the settlers and his +recognized honesty and fearlessness, but for +the reason that he was one of the few among +these unsophisticated folk who could make +records. In a primitive community like the +Femme Osage, Boone may well have ranked +as a man of some education; and certainly he +wrote a bold, free hand, showing much practise +with the pen, although we have seen that +his spelling and grammar might have been +improved. When the government was turned +over to President Jefferson's commissioner, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">225</a></span> +Delassus delivered to that officer, by request, +a detailed report upon the personality of his +subordinates, and this is one of the entries +in the list of syndics: "Mr. Boone, a respectable +old man, just and impartial, he has already, +since I appointed him, offered his resignation +owing to his infirmities—believing I +know his probity, I have induced him to remain, +in view of my confidence in him, for +the public good."</p> +<div class="figcenter"><a name="i007" id="i007"></a> +<img src="images/i007.jpg" width="550" height="347" alt="Boone's Cabin" /> + +<p class="caption">BOONE'S CABIN IN ST. CHARLES COUNTY, MISSOURI.</p> + +<p class="caption s08">From photograph in possession of Wisconsin State Historical Society.</p> +</div> + +<p>Boone's knowledge did not extend to law-books, +but he had a strong sense of justice; +and during his four years of office passed +upon the petty disputes of his neighbors with +such absolute fairness as to win popular approbation. +His methods were as primitive +and arbitrary as those of an Oriental pasha; +his penalties frequently consisted of lashes +on the bare back "well laid on;" he would +observe no rules of evidence, saying he +wished only to know the truth; and sometimes +both parties to a suit were compelled +to divide the costs and begone. The French +settlers had a fondness for taking their quarrels +to court; but the decisions of the good-hearted +syndic of Femme Osage, based solely +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">226</a></span> +upon common sense in the rough, were respected +as if coming from a supreme bench. +His contemporaries said that in no other +office ever held by the great rifleman did he +give such evidence of undisguised satisfaction, +or display so great dignity as in this +rōle of magistrate. Showing newly arrived +American immigrants to desirable tracts of +land was one of his most agreeable duties; +when thus tendering the hospitalities of the +country to strangers, it was remarked that +our patriarch played the Spanish "don" to +perfection.</p> + +<p>In October, 1800, Spain agreed to deliver +Louisiana to France; but the latter found +it impracticable at that time to take possession +of the territory. By the treaty of April +30, 1803, the United States, long eager to +secure for the West the open navigation of +the Mississippi, purchased the rights of +France. It was necessary to go through the +form, both in New Orleans and in St. Louis, +of transfer by Spain to France, and then by +France to the United States. The former +ceremony took place in St. Louis, the capital +of Upper Louisiana, upon the ninth of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">227</a></span> +March, 1804, and the latter upon the following +day. Daniel Boone's authority as a +Spanish magistrate ended when the flag of his +adopted country was hauled down for the last +time in the Valley of the Mississippi.</p> + +<p>The coming of the Americans into power +was welcomed by few of the people of Louisiana. +The French had slight patience with +the land-grabbing temper of the "Yankees," +who were eager to cut down the forests, to +open up farms, to build towns, to extend +commerce, to erect factories—to inaugurate +a reign of noise and bustle and avarice. +Neither did men of the Boone type—who had +become Spanish subjects in order to avoid +the crowds, to get and to keep cheap lands, +to avoid taxes, to hunt big game, and to live +a simple Arcadian life—at all enjoy this sudden +crossing of the Mississippi River, which +they had vainly hoped to maintain as a perpetual +barrier to so-called progress.</p> + +<p>Our hero soon had still greater reason +for lamenting the advent of the new <i>régime</i>. +His sad experience with lands in Kentucky +had not taught him prudence. When the +United States commission came to examine +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">228</a></span> +the titles of Louisiana settlers to the claims +which they held, it was discovered that Boone +had failed properly to enter the tract which +had been ceded to him by Delassus. The +signature of the lieutenant-governor was +sufficient to insure a temporary holding, but +a permanent cession required the approval of +the governor at New Orleans; this Boone +failed to obtain, being misled, he afterward +stated, by the assertion of Delassus that so +important an officer as a syndic need not +take such precautions, for he would never be +disturbed. The commissioners, while highly +respecting him, were regretfully obliged under +the terms of the treaty to dispossess the +old pioneer, who again found himself landless. +Six years later (1810) Congress tardily +hearkened to his pathetic appeal, backed by +the resolutions of the Kentucky legislature, +and confirmed his Spanish grant in words of +praise for "the man who has opened the way +to millions of his fellow men."</p> + +<p>By the time he was seventy years old, +Boone's skill as a hunter had somewhat lessened. +His eyes had lost their phenomenal +strength; he could no longer perform those +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">229</a></span> +nice feats of marksmanship for which in his +prime he had attained wide celebrity, and +rheumatism made him less agile. But as a +trapper he was still unexcelled, and for many +years made long trips into the Western wilderness, +even into far-off Kansas, and at +least once (1814, when eighty years old) to +the great game fields of the Yellowstone. +Upon such expeditions, often lasting several +months, he was accompanied by one or more +of his sons, by his son-in-law Flanders Calloway, +or by an old Indian servant who was +sworn to bring his master back to the Femme +Osage dead or alive—for, curiously enough, +this wandering son of the wilderness ever +yearned for a burial near home.</p> + +<p>Beaver-skins, which were his chief desire, +were then worth nine dollars each in the St. +Louis market. He appears to have amassed a +considerable sum from this source, and from +the sale of his land grant to his sons, and in +1810 we find him in Kentucky paying his debts. +This accomplished, tradition says that he had +remaining only fifty cents; but he gloried in +the fact that he was at last "square with the +world," and returned to Missouri exultant. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">230</a></span></p> + +<p>The War of 1812-15 brought Indian troubles +to this new frontier, and some of the +farm property of the younger Boones was +destroyed in one of the savage forays. The +old man fretted at his inability to assist in +the militia organization, of which his sons +Daniel Morgan and Nathan were conspicuous +leaders; and the state of the border did not +permit of peaceful hunting. In the midst of +the war he deeply mourned the death of his +wife (1813)—a woman of meek, generous, +heroic nature, who had journeyed over the +mountains with him from North Carolina, +and upon his subsequent pilgrimages, sharing +all his hardships and perils, a proper +helpmeet in storm and calm.</p> + +<p>Penniless, and a widower, he now went to +live with his sons, chiefly with Nathan, then +forty-three years of age. After being first a +hunter and explorer, and then an industrious +and successful farmer, Nathan had won distinction +in the war just closed and entered the +regular army, where he reached the rank of +lieutenant-colonel and had a wide and thrilling +experience in Indian fighting. Daniel +Morgan is thought to have been the first settler +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">231</a></span> +in Kansas (1827); A. G. Boone, a grandson, +was one of the early settlers of Colorado, +and prominently connected with Western Indian +treaties and Rocky Mountain exploration; +and another grandson of the great +Kentuckian was Kit Carson, the famous +scout for Frémont's transcontinental expedition.</p> +<div class="figcenter"><a name="i008" id="i008"></a> +<img src="images/i008.jpg" width="550" height="375" alt="Nathan Boone's House" /> +<p class="caption">NATHAN BOONE'S HOUSE IN ST. CHARLES COUNTY, MISSOURI.</p> + +<p class="caption s08">Herein Daniel Boone died.</p> +</div> +<p>It was not long before the Yankee <i>régime</i> +confirmed Boone's fears. The tide of immigration +crossed the river, and rolling westward +again passed the door of the great +Kentuckian, driving off the game and +monopolizing the hunting-grounds. Laws, +courts, politics, speculation, and improvements +were being talked about, to the bewilderment +of the French and the unconcealed +disgust of the former syndic. Despite his +great age, he talked strongly of moving still +farther West, hoping to get beyond the reach +of settlement; but his sons and neighbors +persuaded him against it, and he was obliged +to accommodate himself as best he might to +the new conditions. In summer he would +work on the now substantial and prosperous +farms of his children, chopping trees for the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">232</a></span> +winter's wood. But at the advent of autumn +the spirit of restlessness seized him, when +he would take his canoe, with some relative +or his Indian servant, and disappear up the +Missouri and its branches for weeks together. +In 1816, we hear of him as being at Fort +Osage, on his way to the Platte, "in the +dress of the roughest, poorest hunter." Two +years later, he writes to his son Daniel M.: +"I intend by next autumn to take two or +three whites and a party of Osage Indians +to visit the salt mountains, lakes, and ponds +and see these natural curiosities. They are +about five or six hundred miles west of here"—presumably +the rock salt in Indian Territory; +it is not known whether this trip was +taken. He was greatly interested in Rocky +Mountain exploration, then much talked of, +and eagerly sought information regarding +California; and was the cause of several +young men migrating thither. A tale of +new lands ever found in him a delighted +listener.</p> + +<p>In these his declining years, although he +had suffered much at the hands of the world, +Boone's temperament, always kindly, mellowed +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">233</a></span> +in tone. Decay came gradually, without +palsy or pain; and, amid kind friends +and an admiring public, his days passed in +tranquillity. The following letter written by +him at this period to his sister-in-law Sarah +(Day) Boone, wife of his brother Samuel, is +characteristic of the man, and gives to us, +moreover, probably the only reliable account +we possess of his religious views:</p> + +<p class="left65 p2 s08">"october the 19<sup>th</sup> 1816</p> + +<p>"Deer Sister</p> + +<p>"With pleasuer I Rad a Later from your +sun Samuel Boone who informs me that you +are yett Liveing and in good health Considing +your age I wright to you to Latt you +know I have Not forgot you and to inform +you of my own Situation sence the Death of +your Sister Rabacah I Leve with flanders +Calaway But am at present at my sun Nathans +and in tolarabel halth you Can gass +at my feilings by your own as we are So +Near one age I Need Not write you of our +satuation as Samuel Bradley or James +grimes Can inform you of Every Surcomstance +Relating to our famaly and how we +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">234</a></span> +Leve in this World and what Chance we shall +have in the next we know Not for my part +I am as ignerant as a Child all the Relegan I +have to Love and fear god beleve in Jeses +Christ Don all the good to my Nighbour and +my self that I Can and Do as Little harm as +I Can help and trust on gods marcy for the +Rest and I Beleve god neve made a man of +my prisepel to be Lost and I flater my self +Deer sister that you are well on your way +in Cristeanaty gave my Love to all your +Childran and all my frends fearwell my +Deer sister</p> + +<p class="left65"> +"<span class="smcap">Daniel Boone</span></p> + +<p class="p2"> +"Mrs. Sarah Boone</p> + +<p>"N B I Red a Later yesterday from sister +Hanah peninton by hir grand sun Da<sup>l</sup> Ringe +she and all hir Childran are Well at present</p> + +<p class="left65">"D B"</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><a name="i009" id="i009"></a> +<img src="images/i009.jpg" width="416" height="550" alt="Boone Letter" /> +<p class="caption">BOONE'S RELIGIOUS VIEWS.</p> + +<p class="caption s08">Reduced facsimile from original MS. in possession of Wisconsin State +Historical Society.</p> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter"><a name="i010" id="i010"></a> +<img src="images/i010.jpg" width="459" height="550" alt="Boone Letter" /> +</div> + +<p>Many strangers of distinction visited him +at Nathan's home near the banks of the Missouri, +and the public journals of the day +always welcomed an anecdote of the great +hunter's prowess—although most of the stories +which found their way into print were +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">235</a></span> +either deliberate inventions or unconsciously +exaggerated traditions. From published descriptions +of the man by those who could +discriminate, we may gain some idea of his +appearance and manner. The great naturalist +Audubon once passed a night under a +West Virginia roof in the same room with +Boone, whose "extraordinary skill in the +management of a rifle" is alluded to. He +says: "The stature and general appearance +of this wanderer of the Western forests approached +the gigantic. His chest was broad +and prominent; his muscular powers displayed +themselves in every limb; his countenance +gave indication of his great courage, +enterprise, and perseverance; and when he +spoke the very motion of his lips brought the +impression that whatever he uttered could +not be otherwise than strictly true. I undressed, +whilst he merely took off his hunting-shirt +and arranged a few folds of blankets +on the floor, choosing rather to lie there, +as he observed, than on the softest bed."</p> + +<p>Timothy Flint, one of his early biographers, +knew the "grand old man" in Missouri, +and thus pictures him: "He was five +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">236</a></span> +feet ten inches in height, of a very erect, +clean-limbed, and athletic form—admirably +fitted in structure, muscle, temperament, and +habit for the endurance of the labors, +changes, and sufferings he underwent. He +had what phrenologists would have considered +a model head—with a forehead peculiarly +high, noble, and bold—thin and compressed +lips—a mild, clear, blue eye—a large +and prominent chin, and a general expression +of countenance in which fearlessness +and courage sat enthroned, and which told +the beholder at a glance what he had been +and was formed to be." Flint declares that +the busts, paintings, and engravings of +Boone bear little resemblance to him. "They +want the high port and noble daring of his +countenance.... Never was old age more +green, or gray hairs more graceful. His +high, calm, bold forehead seemed converted +by years into iron."</p> + +<p>Rev. James E. Welch, a revivalist, thus +tells of Boone as he saw him at his meetings +in 1818: "He was rather low of stature, +broad shoulders, high cheek-bones, very mild +countenance, fair complexion, soft and quiet +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">237</a></span> +in his manner, but little to say unless spoken +to, amiable and kind in his feelings, very +fond of quiet retirement, of cool self-possession +and indomitable perseverance. He +never made a profession of religion, but still +was what the world calls a very moral man."</p> + +<p>In 1819, the year before the death of +Boone, Chester Harding, an American portrait-painter +of some note, went out from St. +Louis to make a life study of the aged Kentuckian. +He found him at the time "living +alone in a cabin, a part of an old blockhouse," +evidently having escaped for a time from +the conventionalities of home life, which +palled upon him. The great man was roasting +a steak of venison on the end of his ramrod. +He had a marvelous memory of the +incidents of early days, although forgetful +of passing events. "I asked him," says +Harding, "if he never got lost in his long +wanderings after game? He said 'No, I was +never lost, but I was bewildered once for +three days.'" The portrait is now in the possession +of the painter's grandson, Mr. William +H. King, of Winnetka, Ill. Harding says +that he "never finished the drapery of the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">238</a></span> +original picture, but copied the head, I think, +at three different times." It is from this +portrait (our frontispiece), made when +Boone was an octogenarian, emaciated and +feeble—although not appearing older than +seventy years—that most others have been +taken; thus giving us, as Flint says, but a +shadowy notion of how the famous explorer +looked in his prime. There is in existence, +however, a portrait made by Audubon, from +memory—a charming picture, representing +Boone in middle life.<a name="FNanchor_18" id="FNanchor_18" href="#Footnote_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a></p> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">239</a></span></p> + +<p>Serene and unworldly to the last, and +with slight premonition of the end, Daniel +Boone passed from this life upon the twenty-sixth +of September, 1820, in the eighty-sixth +year of his age. The event took place in the +home of his son Nathan, said to be the first +stone house built in Missouri. The convention +for drafting the first constitution of the +new State was then in session in St. Louis. +Upon learning the news, the commonwealth-builders +adjourned for the day in respect +to his memory; and as a further mark of regard +wore crape on their left arms for twenty +days. The St. Louis Gazette, in formally +announcing his death, said: "Colonel Boone +was a man of common stature, of great enterprise, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">240</a></span> +strong intellect, amiable disposition, +and inviolable integrity—he died universally +regretted by all who knew him.... Such +is the veneration for his name and character."</p> + +<p>Pursuant to his oft-repeated request, he +was buried by the side of his wife, upon the +bank of Teugue Creek, about a mile from the +Missouri. There, in sight of the great river +of the new West, the two founders of Boonesborough +rested peacefully. Their graves +were, however, neglected until 1845, when the +legislature of Kentucky made a strong appeal +to the people of Missouri to allow the +bones to be removed to Frankfort, where, it +was promised, they should be surmounted +by a fitting monument. The eloquence of +Kentucky's commissioners succeeded in overcoming +the strong reluctance of the Missourians, +and such fragments as had not +been resolved into dust were removed amid +much display. But in their new abiding-place +they were again the victims of indifference; +it was not until 1880, thirty-five +years later, that the present monument was +erected. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">241</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter"><a name="i011" id="i011"></a> +<img src="images/i011.jpg" width="372" height="550" alt="Boone's Monument" /> + +<p class="caption">BOONE'S MONUMENT AT FRANKFORT, KENTUCKY.</p> +</div> +<p>We have seen that Daniel Boone was +neither the first explorer nor the first settler +of Kentucky. The trans-Alleghany wilds +had been trodden by many before him; even +he was piloted through Cumberland Gap by +Finley, and Harrodsburg has nearly a year's +priority over Boonesborough. He had not +the intellect of Clark or of Logan, and his +services in the defense of the country were +of less importance than theirs. He was not +a constructive agent of civilization. But in +the minds of most Americans there is a pathetic, +romantic interest attaching to Boone +that is associated with few if any others of +the early Kentuckians. His migrations in +the vanguard of settlement into North Carolina, +Kentucky, West Virginia, and Missouri, +each in their turn; his heroic wanderings in +search of game and fresh lands; his activity +and numerous thrilling adventures during +nearly a half-century of border warfare; his +successive failures to acquire a legal foothold +in the wilderness to which he had piloted +others; his persistent efforts to escape the +civilization of which he had been the forerunner; +his sunny temper amid trials of the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">242</a></span> +sort that made of Clark a plotter and a misanthrope; +his sterling integrity; his serene old +age—all these have conspired to make for +Daniel Boone a place in American history as +one of the most lovable and picturesque of +our popular heroes; indeed, the typical backwoodsman +of the trans-Alleghany region. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">243</a></span></p> + +<h3 class="p6">INDEX</h3> +<div class="indx"> +<ul class="none"> +<li>Abingdon (Pa.), Boones in, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.</li> + +<li><a name="Alleghany_Mountains" id="Alleghany_Mountains"></a>Alleghany Mountains, bound French claims, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>; + border Valley of Virginia, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>; + pioneers on eastern foot-hills, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>; + barrier to Western advance, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>; + Berkeley's exploration, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>; + crossed by Americans, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>; + in Dunmore's War, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>; + first government west of, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>.</li> + +<li>Allen, ——, paints Boone's portrait, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>.</li> + +<li>Amherst, Gen. Jeffrey, of British Army, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</li> + +<li>Appalachian Mountains, troughs of, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>-<a href="#Page_15">15</a>. + See also <a href="#Alleghany_Mountains">Alleghany Mountains</a>.</li> + +<li>Arkansas, Virginia hunters in, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li> + +<li>Ashton, Captain, killed by Indians, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>.</li> + +<li>Audubon, John James, knew Boone, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>.</li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="indx"> +<ul class="none"> + +<li>Baker, John, explores Kentucky, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</li> + +<li>Barbour, ——, hunts in Kentucky, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li> + +<li>Baton Rouge (La.), North Carolinians near, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</li> + +<li>Batts, Thomas, on New River, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li> + +<li>Bears, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>.</li> + +<li>Beaver Creek, Boone on, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li> + +<li>Beavers, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</li> + +<li>Benton, ——, Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</li> + +<li>Berkeley, Gov. William, in Alleghanies, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li> + +<li>Berks County (Pa.), Boones in, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>-<a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>.</li> + +<li>Black Fish, Shawnese chief, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>-<a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>-<a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</li> + +<li>Bledsoe, Maj. Anthony, militia leader, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</li> + +<li>Blue Ridge, borders Valley of Virginia, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>; + crossed by Boone, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li> + +<li>Boiling Spring (Ky.), founded, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>. + See also <a href="#Boiling_Spring">Fort Boiling Spring</a>.</li> + +<li>Boone, A. G., grandson of Daniel, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>.</li> + +<li>—, Benjamin, son of George<sup>1</sup>, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>.</li> + +<li>—, Daniel, Dutch painter, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</li> + +<li>—, Daniel, born, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>; + youth, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>-<a href="#Page_15">15</a>; + training, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>-<a href="#Page_12">12</a>; + education, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>; + moves to Yadkin, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>; + explores Yadkin region, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>; + in French and Indian War, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>-<a href="#Page_23">23</a>; + marriage, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>-<a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>; + list of children, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>; + life on the Yadkin, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>-<a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>-<a href="#Page_36">36</a>; + flees to Virginia, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>; + returns to Yadkin, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>; + visits Florida, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>; + early Kentucky explorations, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>; + trains James, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>; + discontented in North Carolina, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>-<a href="#Page_69">69</a>; + hunts in Tennessee, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>; + in Cherokee War, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>; +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">244</a></span> + carves name on trees, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>; + captures criminals, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>; + opinion of Indians, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>; + piloted by Finley, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>; + crosses Cumberland Gap, <a href="#Page_ix">ix</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>; + long hunt in Kentucky, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>-<a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>-<a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>; + starts for Kentucky, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>-<a href="#Page_103">103</a>; + on Clinch, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>; + in Dunmore's War, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>-<a href="#Page_112">112</a>; + pioneer for Transylvania Company, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>-<a href="#Page_117">117</a>; + settles Boonesborough, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>-<a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>; + defends Boonesborough, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>; + capture of daughter, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>-<a href="#Page_136">136</a>; + captured by Shawnese, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>-<a href="#Page_158">158</a>; + returns to Kentucky, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>-<a href="#Page_178">178</a>; + hunts for settlers, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>; + robbed of money, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>; + militia leader, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>; + Indian expeditions, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>-<a href="#Page_189">189</a>; + pilot for immigrants, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>; + leaves Boonesborough, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>; + justice of peace, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>; + surveyor, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>; + member of legislature, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>; + revisits Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>; + loses Kentucky lands, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>-<a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>; + at Maysville, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>-<a href="#Page_210">210</a>; + river trader, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>; + life on Kanawha, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>-<a href="#Page_222">222</a>; + "autobiography," <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>; + ships furs to East, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>; + moves to Missouri, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>-<a href="#Page_222">222</a>; + Spanish syndic, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>-<a href="#Page_227">227</a>; + hunts in Missouri, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>-<a href="#Page_232">232</a>; + laments growth of settlement, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>; + loses Spanish grant, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>; + pays debts, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>; + old age, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>-<a href="#Page_241">241</a>; + death and burial, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>; + character, <a href="#Page_vii">vii</a>-<a href="#Page_ix">ix</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>; + religious views, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>; + specimen letters, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>-<a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>-<a href="#Page_235">235</a>; + descriptions of, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>-<a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>-<a href="#Page_237">237</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>; + not first in Kentucky, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>; + Byron's verses, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>; + nature of services, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>; + extent of fame, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>-<a href="#Page_235">235</a>; + portraits, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>-<a href="#Page_239">239</a>; + Draper's proposed biography, <a href="#Page_ix">ix</a>-<a href="#Page_x">x</a>.</li> + +<li><a name="Boone_Mrs_Daniel" id="Boone_Mrs_Daniel"></a>Boone, Mrs. Daniel, marriage, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>-<a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>; + life on Yadkin, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>; + flees to Virginia, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>; + scorns Florida, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>; + in Kentucky, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>; + death and burial, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.</li> + +<li>—, Daniel Morgan, son of Daniel, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>; + in Missouri, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>; + in Kansas, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>.</li> + +<li>—, Edward, brother of Daniel, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>; + killed by Indians, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</li> + +<li>—, Elizabeth, sister of Daniel, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</li> + +<li>—, George<sup>1</sup>, grandfather of Daniel, early life, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>-<a href="#Page_3">3</a>; + moves to Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>; + death, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.</li> + +<li>—, George<sup>2</sup>, son of foregoing, born, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>; + in Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>-<a href="#Page_5">5</a>.</li> + +<li>—, George<sup>3</sup>, brother of Daniel, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</li> + +<li>—, Hannah, sister of Daniel, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</li> + +<li>—, Israel<sup>1</sup>, brother of Daniel, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.</li> + +<li>—, Israel<sup>2</sup>, son of Daniel, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>; + killed by Indians, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</li> + +<li>—, James<sup>1</sup>, son of George<sup>1</sup>, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li> + +<li>—, James<sup>2</sup>, son of Daniel, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>; + trained as hunter, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>; + killed by Indians, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.</li> + +<li>—, Jemima, daughter of Daniel, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>; + captured by Indians, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>-<a href="#Page_136">136</a>; + marries Flanders Calloway, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.</li> + +<li>—, John, son of George<sup>1</sup>, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li> + +<li>—, John B., son of Daniel, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</li> + +<li>—, Jonathan, brother of Daniel, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</li> + +<li>—, Joseph, son of George<sup>1</sup>, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>.</li> + +<li>—, Lavinia, daughter of Daniel, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</li> + +<li>—, Mary<sup>1</sup>, daughter of George<sup>1</sup>, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>.</li> + +<li>—, Mary<sup>2</sup>, sister of Daniel, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</li> + +<li>—, Nathan, son of Daniel, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>; + visits Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>; + in Missouri, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>.</li> + +<li>—, Rebecca, daughter of Daniel, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</li> + +<li>—, Samuel<sup>1</sup>, son of George<sup>1</sup>, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">245</a></span></li> + +<li>Boone, Samuel<sup>2</sup>, brother of Daniel, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>; + marries Sarah Day, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.</li> + +<li>—, Samuel<sup>3</sup>, son of foregoing, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.</li> + +<li>—, Sarah<sup>1</sup>, daughter of George<sup>1</sup>, born, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>; + moves to Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>; + marries Jacob Stover, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.</li> + +<li>—, Sarah<sup>2</sup>, sister of Daniel, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.</li> + +<li>—, Sarah Day, letter from Daniel, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>. + See also <a href="#SarahDay">Sarah Day</a>.</li> + +<li>—, Squire<sup>1</sup>, father of Daniel, born, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>; + moves to Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>; + marriage, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>; + life in Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>-<a href="#Page_15">15</a>; + expelled by Quakers, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>; + moves to Yadkin, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>-<a href="#Page_17">17</a>; + flees to Virginia, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>; + returns to Yadkin, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>; + life on Yadkin, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>; + death, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</li> + +<li>—, Squire<sup>2</sup>, brother of Daniel, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>; + on Big Sandy, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>; + visits Kentucky, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>-<a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>-<a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>; + at Boonesborough, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>.</li> + +<li>—, Susannah, daughter of Daniel, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</li> + +<li>— family, in Cherokee War, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>; + in Kentucky, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>; + in Missouri, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>-<a href="#Page_241">241</a>.</li> + +<li>Boone's Creek (Ky.), Boone on, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</li> + +<li>— Creek (Tenn.), Boone on, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</li> + +<li>— Station. See <a href="#FortBoone">Fort Boone</a>.</li> + +<li>Boonesborough (Ky.), <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>-<a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>; + Transylvania convention at, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>; + capture of girls, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>-<a href="#Page_136">136</a>; + in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>-<a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>-<a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>; + besieged by Indians, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>-<a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>; + Boone's return to, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>-<a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>; + incorporated, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>; + left by Boone, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>; + present condition, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>; + Ranck's monograph, <a href="#Page_x">x</a>.</li> + +<li>Bouquet, Gen. Henry, campaign of, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>; + treats with Indians, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</li> + +<li>Bourbon County (Ky.), Boone in, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</li> + +<li>Bowman, Col. John, Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>; + militia leader, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>; + in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>-<a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li> + +<li>Braddock, Gen. Edward, defeated by French, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>-<a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</li> + +<li>Bradley, Edward, Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li> + +<li>—, Samuel, mentioned by Boone, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.</li> + +<li>Bradninch (Eng.), early home of Boones, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>-<a href="#Page_3">3</a>.</li> + +<li>Bridges, James, Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li> + +<li><a name="Brownsville" id="Brownsville"></a>Brownsville (Pa.), Boone at, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>.</li> + +<li>Bryan, Joseph, father-in-law of Boone, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li> + +<li>—, Rebecca. See <a href="#Boone_Mrs_Daniel">Mrs. Daniel Boone</a>.</li> + +<li>— family, Yadkin pioneers, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>-<a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>; + in Cherokee War, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>; + in Kentucky, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</li> + +<li>Buffaloes, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>.</li> + +<li>Bush, William, Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li> + +<li>Byrd, Colonel, of British Army, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li> + +<li>—, Col. William, raids Cherokees, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</li> + +<li>Byron, George Noel Gordon, Lord, lines on Boone, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>.</li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="indx"> +<ul class="none"> +<li>Cahokia (Ill.), won by Clark, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</li> + +<li>Caldwell, Capt. William, raids Kentucky, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.</li> + +<li>California, Boone interested in, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.</li> + +<li>Calk, William, Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.</li> + +<li>Calloway, Betsey, captured by Indians, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>; + marries Samuel Henderson, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">246</a></span></li> + +<li>Calloway, Fanny, captured by Indians, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li> + +<li>—, Flanders, marries Jemima Boone, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>; + in Missouri, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.</li> + +<li>—, Col. Richard, Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>; + daughters captured, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>; + accuses Boone, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>-<a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</li> + +<li>Campbell, Maj. Arthur, in Dunmore's War, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>; + in Kentucky, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>.</li> + +<li>—, Ensign John, in Dunmore's War, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li> + +<li>— (Camel), Robert, Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>.</li> + +<li>— family, Kentucky pioneers, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</li> + +<li>Camp Madison (Ky.), <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.</li> + +<li>Caperton, Captain, militia leader, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>.</li> + +<li>Captain Jack, Indian hero, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</li> + +<li>Carson, Kit, grandson of Boone, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>.</li> + +<li>Cartwright's Creek, Boone on, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</li> + +<li>Castle's-woods, Boone at, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li> + +<li>Catawba Indians, relations with Yadkin settlers, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>; + allies of whites, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>; + raided by Northern Indians, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</li> + +<li>Cattle-raising, on frontier, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.</li> + +<li>Charleston (S.C.), in Cherokee War, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>; + Boone at, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.</li> + +<li>— (W. Va.), Boone near, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.</li> + +<li>Charlottesville (Va.), Boone at, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</li> + +<li><a name="Cherokee" id="Cherokee"></a>Cherokee Indians, raided by Northern tribes, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>; + relations with Yadkin settlers, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>; + war with whites, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>-<a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>; + plunder Kentucky hunters, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>; + treaty with settlers, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>; + in Dunmore's War, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>; + in Transylvania cession, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>-<a href="#Page_116">116</a>; + in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>-<a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>-<a href="#Page_167">167</a>; + inflamed by Spain, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.</li> + +<li>Chickasaw Indians, in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</li> + +<li><a name="Chillicothe" id="Chillicothe"></a>Chillicothe (Ohio), Boone near, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.</li> + +<li>—, Little, Shawnese town, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</li> + +<li>—, Old, Shawnese town, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</li> + +<li>Choctaw Indians, rob hunters, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</li> + +<li>Christian family, Kentucky pioneers, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</li> + +<li>Cincinnati, founded, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>; + Clark at, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>; + Harmar, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>; + Boone, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>; + Wayne, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>.</li> + +<li>Clark, George Rogers, arrival in Kentucky, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>; + delegate to Virginia, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>; + in Dunmore's War, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>; + in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>; + Wabash expedition, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>; + separatist intrigues, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>-<a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>; + misanthropic, <a href="#Page_vii">vii</a>; + character of services, <a href="#Page_vii">vii</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>.</li> + +<li>Clendennin, Col. George, militia leader, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>.</li> + +<li>Clinch Mountain, crossed by Boone, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> + +<li>Coburn, Samuel, Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li> + +<li>Colorado, A. G. Boone in, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>.</li> + +<li>Cooley, William, accompanies Boone, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>-<a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li> + +<li>Cornstalk, Shawnese chief, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>.</li> + +<li>Cornwallis, Lord, imprisons Boone, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</li> + +<li>Covington (Ky.), Bowman at, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</li> + +<li>Crabtree, Capt. Jacob, Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li> + +<li>Crane, Sergt. John, in Dunmore's War, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li> + +<li>Creek Indians, inflamed by Spain, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.</li> + +<li>Crime, on frontier, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>-<a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</li> + +<li>Croghan, George, fur-trader, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li> + +<li>Culpeper County (Va.), Boone in, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">247</a></span></li> + +<li><a name="Cumberland" id="Cumberland"></a>Cumberland Gap, crossed by Virginia hunters, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>; + Finley, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>; + Boone, <a href="#Page_vii">vii</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>; + in Dunmore's War, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>. + See also <a href="#Wilderness_Road">Wilderness Road</a>.</li> + +<li>— Mountains, bound Kentucky, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</li> + +<li>Cutbirth, Benjamin, friend of Boone, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>; + in Kentucky, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.</li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="indx"> +<ul class="none"> + +<li>Danville (Ky.), district capital, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</li> + +<li>Davie County (N.C.), Boones in, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li> + +<li>Dawson, Miss Marjory, aid acknowledged,<a href="#Page_xi"> xi</a>.</li> + +<li>Day, Rebecca, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.</li> + +<li>—, <a name="SarahDay" id="SarahDay"></a>Sarah, marries Samuel Boone, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>; + teaches Daniel, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li> + +<li>Deer, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>-<a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>.</li> + +<li>Delassus, Charles Dehault, lieutenant-governor of Upper Louisiana, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>.</li> + +<li>Delaware Indians, Christian converts, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>; + in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>-<a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</li> + +<li>Detroit, Boone at, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>-<a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>; + British headquarters, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</li> + +<li>District of Columbia, Squire Boone in, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</li> + +<li>Doddridge, Joseph, <i>Notes on Virginia</i>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>-<a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li> + +<li>Drake, Joseph, heads Long Hunters, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.</li> + +<li>Draper, Lyman Copeland, gathers Boone manuscripts, <a href="#Page_ix">ix</a>-<a href="#Page_x">x</a>; + letters from Harding, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>.</li> + +<li>Dress, of pioneers, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li> + +<li>Dunkin, Sergt. John, in Dunmore's War, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li> + +<li>Dunmore, Lord, commissions Boone, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>; + raids Indians, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>-<a href="#Page_112">112</a>; + opposes Henderson, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</li> + +<li>Durrett, Col. Reuben T., aid acknowledged, <a href="#Page_x">x</a>.</li> + +<li>Dutchman's Creek, Boones on, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="indx"> +<ul class="none"> +<li>Eagle Creek, in Indian campaign, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.</li> + +<li>Education, on frontier, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>.</li> + +<li>Elk, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.</li> + +<li>English, in French and Indian War, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>-<a href="#Page_23">23</a>; + defeat French, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>; + employ French woodsmen, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>; + fur trade of, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>; + oppose American settlement, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>; + in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>-<a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>-<a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>; + designs on Louisiana, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>.</li> + +<li>Estill, Capt. James, killed by Indians, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>.</li> + +<li>— County (Ky.), Boone in, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> + +<li>Etting, J. Marx, aid acknowledged, <a href="#Page_xi">xi</a>.</li> + +<li>Exeter township (Pa.), Boones in, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>-<a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="indx"> +<ul class="none"> +<li>Fayette County (Ky.), organized, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>-<a href="#Page_182">182</a>; + raided by Indians, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>; + surveying, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>.</li> + +<li>Fallen Timbers, battle of, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>.</li> + +<li>Falls of Ohio. See <a href="#Louisville">Louisville</a>.</li> + +<li>Femme Osage Creek, Boone on, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>-<a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</li> + +<li>Filson, John, writes Boone's "autobiography," <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>.</li> + +<li>Fincastle County (Va.), includes Kentucky, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</li> + +<li>Finley, John, early exploration of Kentucky, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>; + tells Boone thereof, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>-<a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>; + pilots Boone thither, <a href="#Page_vii">vii</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>-<a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>.</li> + +<li>Fishing Creek, Clark on, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</li> + +<li>Flint, Timothy, describes Boone, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">248</a></span></li> + +<li>Florida, Virginia hunters in, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>; + Boone, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li> + +<li>Floyd, Capt. John, on state of frontier, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>; + in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.</li> + +<li>Forbes, Gen. John, campaign of, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li> + +<li>Fort Blackmore, in Dunmore's War, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.</li> + +<li>— <a name="Boiling_Spring" id="Boiling_Spring"></a>Boiling Spring, in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</li> + +<li>— <a name="FortBoone" id="FortBoone"></a>Boone (Boone's Station), built, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.</li> + +<li>— Bryan (Ky.), in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>-<a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li> + +<li>— Defiance, Wayne at, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.</li> + +<li>— Dobbs, erected, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>-<a href="#Page_39">39</a>; + in Cherokee War, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>-<a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.</li> + +<li>— Duquesne. See <a href="#Pittsburg">Pittsburg</a>.</li> + +<li>— Elk Garden, in Dunmore's War, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li> + +<li>— Estill, attacked by Indians, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li> + +<li>— Glade Hollow, in Dunmore's War, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li> + +<li>— Harrod. See <a href="#Boiling_Spring">Fort Boiling Spring</a>.</li> + +<li>— Hinkson, in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</li> + +<li>— Huston (Ky.), in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</li> + +<li>— Jefferson, built by Clark, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</li> + +<li>— Logan, in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</li> + +<li>— Loudon, erected, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>; + in Cherokee War, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</li> + +<li>— McClellan, in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</li> + +<li>— McConnell, in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li> + +<li>— McGee, in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li> + +<li>— Maiden Spring, in Dunmore's War, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li> + +<li>— Martin, besieged, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li> + +<li>— Massac, French at, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</li> + +<li>— Moore, in Dunmore's War, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.</li> + +<li>— Nelson. See <a href="#Louisville">Louisville</a>.</li> + +<li>— Osage, Boone at, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.</li> + +<li>— Pitt. See <a href="#Pittsburg">Pittsburg</a>.</li> + +<li>— Price (Ky.), in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</li> + +<li>— Prince George, in Cherokee War, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</li> + +<li>— Recovery, Wayne at, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.</li> + +<li>— Robinson, erected, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li> + +<li>— Ruddell, founded, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>; + besieged, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li> + +<li>— Russell, in Dunmore's War, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.</li> + +<li>— Stanwix, treaty of, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>.</li> + +<li>— Strode, militia rendezvous, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.</li> + +<li>— Whitley, in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</li> + +<li>— Whitton (Big Crab Orchard), in Dunmore's War, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li> + +<li>Forts on frontier, described, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>-<a href="#Page_41">41</a>; + methods of defense, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</li> + +<li>Frankfort (Ky.), <a href="#Page_121">121</a>; + Boone portrait at, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>; + Boone's grave, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.</li> + +<li>Fredericksburg (Va.), Boone in, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</li> + +<li>Frelinghuysen, Theodore, on Cherokee bravery, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.</li> + +<li>Frémont, Gen. John C., explorer, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>.</li> + +<li><a name="French" id="French"></a>French, introduce knives, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>; + early knowledge of Kentucky, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>-<a href="#Page_87">87</a>; + in French and Indian War, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>-<a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>; + inflame Southern Indians, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>; + fall of New France, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>; + hunting in Kentucky, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>; + employed by English, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>; + in Northwest Territory, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>; + in Missouri, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>-<a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>; + intrigue against Spain, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>; + cede Louisiana to United States, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>.</li> + +<li>— Creek, French on, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li> + +<li>Fur trade, near Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>; + French and English rivalry, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>; + Ohio Company, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>; + Finley, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>; + Croghan, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>; + with Southern Indians, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>; +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">249</a></span> + roving of traders, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>; + English operations, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>; + character of traders, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>; + autumnal caravans, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>; + Boone's operations, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>.</li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="indx"> +<ul class="none"> +<li>Gass, Capt. David, on Clinch, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>; + Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li> + +<li>Gauntlet-running, described, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>.</li> + +<li>Georgetown (D.C.), Squire Boone in, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</li> + +<li>Georgia, Virginia hunters in, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>; + Boone, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>; + increase of settlement, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</li> + +<li>Germans, among frontiersmen, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>.</li> + +<li>Girty, George, met by Boone, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</li> + +<li>—, James, met by Boone, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</li> + +<li>—, Simon, American renegade, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.</li> + +<li>Gist, Christopher, explores Kentucky, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</li> + +<li>Grant, Lieut.-Col. James, raids Cherokees, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>-<a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li> + +<li>Granville, Earl, North Carolina landholder, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li> + +<li>Great Lakes, French posts on, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> + +<li>— Meadows, defeat of Washington, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li> + +<li>Greenville (Ohio), treaty of, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.</li> + +<li>Grimes, James, mentioned by Boone, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.</li> + +<li>Gwynedd township (Pa.), Boones in, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>-<a href="#Page_6">6</a>.</li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="indx"> +<ul class="none"> +<li>Hamilton, Gov. Henry, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>; + relations with Boone, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>-<a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>; + imprisoned, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</li> + +<li>Hamtramck, Maj. J. F., raids Indians, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>.</li> + +<li>Harding, Chester, paints Boone's portrait, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>-<a href="#Page_239">239</a>.</li> + +<li>Harmar, Col. Josiah, raids Indians, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>.</li> + +<li>Harper's Ferry (Va.), Boones at, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li> + +<li>Harrisonburg (Va.), Boones near, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li> + +<li>Harrod, Capt. James, in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</li> + +<li>Harrodsburg, founded, <a href="#Page_vii">vii</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>; + convention at, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>; + in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>; + seat of Lincoln County, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</li> + +<li>Hart, David, of Transylvania Company, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.</li> + +<li>—, John, Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li> + +<li>—, Nathaniel, of Transylvania Company, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</li> + +<li>—, Thomas, of Transylvania Company, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</li> + +<li>Hays, William, Boone's son-in-law, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li> + +<li>—, Mrs. William, daughter of Boone, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li> + +<li>Hazelrigg, Captain, letters from Boone, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>-<a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</li> + +<li>Hempinstall, Abraham, hunts in Kentucky, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li> + +<li>Henderson, Col. Richard, settles Kentucky, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>-<a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>-<a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>-<a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.</li> + +<li>—, Samuel, marries Betsey Calloway, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</li> + +<li>Hennepin, Father Louis, explorations of, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li> + +<li>Hewett, Gen. Fayette, aid acknowledged, <a href="#Page_xi">xi</a>.</li> + +<li>Hicks, William, Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li> + +<li>Hill, William, accompanies Boone, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li> + +<li>Hinkson, Maj. John, Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>.</li> + +<li>Hite, Isaac, Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</li> + +<li>Holden, Capt. Joseph, accompanies Boone, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>-<a href="#Page_77">77</a>; + defeated by Indians, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">250</a></span></li> + +<li>Howard, John, in Kentucky, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li> + +<li>Hunting, early practised by Boone, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>-<a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>; + in Yadkin country, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>-<a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>; + early trail through Cumberland Gap, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>; + in Tennessee, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>-<a href="#Page_57">57</a>; + abundant in Kentucky, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>; + Long Hunters, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>-<a href="#Page_95">95</a>; + Boone's long Kentucky hunt, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>-<a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>-<a href="#Page_97">97</a>; + Boone's contemporaries, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>-<a href="#Page_91">91</a>; + after Revolution, in Kentucky, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>; + in Kanawha Valley, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>; + in Missouri, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>-<a href="#Page_232">232</a>; + profits of, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>-<a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>-<a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>; + methods employed, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>; + camps described, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>; + game decreasing, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>. + See also the several animals.</li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="indx"> +<ul class="none"> +<li>Iberville, Lemoyne d', explorations of, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li> + +<li>Illinois, French in, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>; + English, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li> + +<li>Indian Territory, mentioned by Boone, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.</li> + +<li>Indians, understood by Boone, <a href="#Page_viii">viii</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>; + influence of women, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>; + lodge life, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>; + adopt captives, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>; + affected by fur trade, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>; + barrier to settlement, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>; + in eastern Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>; + infest mountain valleys, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>; + in French and Indian War, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>-<a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>-<a href="#Page_56">56</a>; + raid Yadkin region, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>-<a href="#Page_56">56</a>; + raid Kentucky, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>; + warrior's paths, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>; + gauntlet-running, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>; + methods of warfare, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>-<a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>-<a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>-<a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>-<a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>; + ethics of border warfare, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>-<a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>; + finally quieted in Northwest, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>-<a href="#Page_218">218</a>. + See also the several tribes.</li> + +<li>Irish, among frontiersmen, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>.</li> + +<li>Iron Mountain, crossed by Boone, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> + +<li>Iroquois, in Kentucky, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.</li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="indx"> +<ul class="none"> +<li>Jefferson, Thomas, governor of Virginia, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>; + President, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>.</li> + +<li>Jefferson County (Ky.), organized, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>-<a href="#Page_181">181</a>; + in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>; + Lincolns in, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</li> + +<li>Jennings, Edmund, Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li> + +<li>Jessamine County (Ky.), Bone in, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.</li> + +<li>Jesuits, seek Mississippi River, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li> + +<li>Johnson, Andrew, escapes from Indians, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.</li> + +<li>—, Thomas, Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li> + +<li>Joliet, Louis, discovers Mississippi, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li> + +<li>Jones, Capt. John Gabriel, delegate to Virginia, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.</li> + +<li>Justice, on frontier, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>.</li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="indx"> +<ul class="none"> +<li>Kanawha County (W. Va.), Boone in, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>-<a href="#Page_222">222</a>.</li> + +<li>Kansas, Boone in, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</li> + +<li>Kaskaskia (Ill.), won by Clark, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li> + +<li>Keith, Sir William, governor of Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li> + +<li>Kennedy, John, Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li> + +<li>Kenton, Simon, scout, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>; + in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</li> + +<li>Kentucky, described, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>; + debatable land between tribes, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>; + early explorations, <a href="#Page_vii">vii</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>-<a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>-<a href="#Page_91">91</a>; + Virginia hunters, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>; + Finley, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>; + Boone's early explorations, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>-<a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>; + Boone's long hunt, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>-<a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>-<a href="#Page_97">97</a>; + Long Hunters in, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>-<a href="#Page_95">95</a>; + Washington, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>; + Cutbirth, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>; + Boone family, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>; +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">251</a></span> + game abundant, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>; + Cherokee lands settled, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>; + early colonial projects, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>; + Transylvania Company, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>-<a href="#Page_176">176</a>; + first settled, <a href="#Page_vii">vii</a>-<a href="#Page_viii">viii</a>; + rush of settlers, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>-<a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>; + in Dunmore's War, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>; + during Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>-<a href="#Page_192">192</a>; + losses in Indian wars, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>; + Indians finally quelled, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>-<a href="#Page_218">218</a>; + established as Virginia County, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>; + divided into three counties, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>-<a href="#Page_181">181</a>; + made a district, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>; + becomes a State, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>; + sends Boone to legislature, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>; + separatist agitation, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>-<a href="#Page_205">205</a>; + first wedding, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>; + first artillery, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>; + hard winter, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>; + early commerce, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>; + Boone pays debts, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>; + Boone's services to, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>; + petitions Congress for Boone, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>; + obtains Boone's remains, <a href="#Page_ix">ix</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>; + declines to buy Harding's portrait, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>; + Filson's <i>History</i>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>.</li> + +<li>King, John, Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li> + +<li>—, John L., owns Boone portrait, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>.</li> + +<li>—, William H., owns Boone portrait, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>-<a href="#Page_239">239</a>; + aid acknowledged, <a href="#Page_xi">xi</a>.</li> + +<li>King Philip, Indian hero, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</li> + +<li>Kinkead, Sergt. John, in Dunmore's War, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="indx"> +<ul class="none"> +<li>Lackey, W. G., aid acknowledged, <a href="#Page_xi">xi</a>.</li> + +<li>La Fayette, Gen. Marquis de, in Virginia, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</li> + +<li>Land grants, to French and Indian War veterans, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>; + by Iroquois to whites, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>; + by Cherokees to whites, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>-<a href="#Page_116">116</a>; + Boone from Virginia, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>; + Boone from Spain, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>. + See also <a href="#Transylvania_Company">Transylvania Company</a>.</li> + +<li>La Salle, Robert Cavelier, sieur de, on Western waters, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li> + +<li>Law, on frontier, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>-<a href="#Page_227">227</a>.</li> + +<li>Lederer, John, on Western waters, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li> + +<li>Lee, William, Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</li> + +<li>Lewis, Gen. Andrew, in Dunmore's War, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>.</li> + +<li>— family, Kentucky pioneers, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</li> + +<li>Lexington (Ky.), seat of Fayette County, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>; + in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>-<a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li> + +<li>Limestone. See <a href="#Maysville">Maysville</a>.</li> + +<li>Lincoln, Abraham, Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</li> + +<li>— County (Ky.), organized, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>-<a href="#Page_181">181</a>; + in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li> + +<li>Linn, Lieutenant, marries, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</li> + +<li>Linnville Creek, Boones on, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li> + +<li>Logan, Benjamin, arrives in Kentucky, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>; + raids Indians, <a href="#Page_vii">vii</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>; + in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>; + character of services, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>.</li> + +<li>Logan, Chief John, attacks whites, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</li> + +<li>Long Hunters, in Kentucky, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>-<a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li> + +<li>Long Island, of Holston, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li> + +<li>Long Knives, use of term, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li> + +<li>Louisiana, North Carolinians in, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>; + French, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>; + owned by Spain, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>; + French intrigue against, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>; + ceded to United States, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>-<a href="#Page_228">228</a>.</li> + +<li><a name="Louisville" id="Louisville"></a>Louisville (Ky.), Gist at site of, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>; + Finley, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>; + Washington, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>; + Clark, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>; + Boone, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>; + in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>; + seat of Jefferson County, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>; + early growth, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>.</li> + +<li>Lyttleton, William Henry, governor of South Carolina, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">252</a></span></li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="indx"> +<ul class="none"> +<li>McAfee family, Kentucky pioneers, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</li> + +<li>McClellan, Alexander, Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</li> + +<li>McCulloch, John, explores Kentucky, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</li> + +<li>MacDowell family, Kentucky pioneers, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</li> + +<li>McGary, Maj. Hugh, in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</li> + +<li>McKee, Capt. Alexander, raids Kentucky, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.</li> + +<li>Marquette, Father Jacques, discovers Mississippi, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li> + +<li>Marshall, Col. Thomas, surveyor, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</li> + +<li>Martin, Josiah, governor of North Carolina, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</li> + +<li>Maryland, Boones in, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>; + increase of settlement, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>; + commerce with Kentucky, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>.</li> + +<li>Matthews, Albert, on "Long Knives," <a href="#Page_111">111</a>.</li> + +<li>Maugridge, Mary, marries George Boone<sup>1</sup>, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>.</li> + +<li>Mausker, Caspar, of Long Hunters, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>.</li> + +<li><a name="Maysville" id="Maysville"></a>Maysville (Ky.), <a href="#Page_194">194</a>; + in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>; + Boone at, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>-<a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>.</li> + +<li>Medicine, on frontier, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.</li> + +<li>Mill, John Stuart, on forcing civilization, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.</li> + +<li>Miller, William, Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li> + +<li>Mingo Indians, in Dunmore's War, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>; + in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>-<a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>-<a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</li> + +<li>Mingo Junction (Ohio), Logan tragedy near, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</li> + +<li>Missouri, Boone family in, <a href="#Page_viii">viii</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>-<a href="#Page_241">241</a>; + life previous to cession, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>-<a href="#Page_226">226</a>; + first stone house, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>; + Constitutional Convention, <a href="#Page_viii">viii</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>; + releases Boone's remains, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.</li> + +<li>Moccasin Gap, followed by Boone, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> + +<li>Monocacy Valley, Boone in, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.</li> + +<li>Montgomery, Alexander, scout, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.</li> + +<li>—, Col. John, raids Cherokees, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>-<a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.</li> + +<li>Mooney, James, accompanies Boone, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>-<a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li> + +<li>Moore, Sergeant, in Dunmore's War, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.</li> + +<li>—, William, Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li> + +<li>Moravian Indian missions, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.</li> + +<li>Morgan, John, grandfather of Daniel Boone, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.</li> + +<li>—, Sarah, marries Squire Boone<sup>1</sup>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>; + life in Oley, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>-<a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li> + +<li>— family, Welsh settlers, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.</li> + +<li>Morton, Mrs. Jennie C., aid acknowledged, <a href="#Page_x">x</a>.</li> + +<li>Muskrats, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="indx"> +<ul class="none"> +<li>Nall, James, Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li> + +<li>Nashville (Tenn.), hard winter at, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.</li> + +<li>Neely, Alexander, joins Boone, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>-<a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li> + +<li>Neversink Mountains, Boone in, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.</li> + +<li>New France, fall of, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>. + See also <a href="#French">French</a>.</li> + +<li>New Mexico, New Englanders in, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li> + +<li>New Orleans, French at, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>; + Spanish, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>; + North Carolinians, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>; + Virginians, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>; + early commerce with, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>.</li> + +<li>New York (State), Indian uprising, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>; + sends emigrants to Kentucky, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li> + +<li>North Carolina, pioneers of, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>-<a href="#Page_15">15</a>; + sends colony to Louisiana, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>; + Boones in, <a href="#Page_viii">viii</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>-<a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>; + in French and Indian War, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>-<a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>-<a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>; + interest in Western settlement, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>; + Henderson's colony, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>-<a href="#Page_176">176</a>; +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">253</a></span> + opposition to Henderson, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>; + regulators, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>; + rapid settlement, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</li> + +<li>North Wales (Pa.), Boones in, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.</li> + +<li>Northwest Territory, organized, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.</li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="indx"> +<ul class="none"> +<li>Ohio, Shawnese in, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>-<a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>; + Boone hunts in, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>.</li> + +<li>— Company, founded, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>; + operations of, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>; + land grants on Ohio River, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li> + +<li>Oley township (Pa.), Boones in, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>-<a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li> + +<li>Opecancano, Indian hero, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</li> + +<li>Orange County (Va.), settlers hunt in Kentucky, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li> + +<li>Ordinance of 1787, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.</li> + +<li>Osage Indians, mentioned by Boone, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.</li> + +<li>Otter Creek, Boone on, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li> + +<li>Otters, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> + +<li>Owatin Creek (Pa.), Boones on, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>.</li> + +<li>Ozark Mountains, Virginians in, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="indx"> +<ul class="none"> +<li>Paint Lick Town. See <a href="#Chillicothe">Chillicothe, Little</a>.</li> + +<li>Panthers, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</li> + +<li>Paris (Ky.), fort on site of, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</li> + +<li>Patterson, Col. Robert, Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.</li> + +<li>Peeke, James, Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li> + +<li>Penn, William, founds Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>.</li> + +<li>Pennington (Peninton), Hannah, mentioned by Boone, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</li> + +<li>Pennsylvania, founded by Penn, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>; + Boones in, <a href="#Page_viii">viii</a>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>-<a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>; + Finley, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>; + sends settlers to southwest, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>-<a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>: + interest in Western settlement, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>; + increase of settlement, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>; + in French and Indian War, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>-<a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>; + in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>; + losses in Indian wars, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.</li> + +<li>Pensacola (Fla.), Boone in, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li> + +<li>Philadelphia, in time of Boones, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>.</li> + +<li>Pickaway, Shawnese town, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</li> + +<li><a name="Pittsburg" id="Pittsburg"></a>Pittsburg, French at, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>; + Virginia hunters, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>; + in Dunmore's War, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>; + in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</li> + +<li>Poage, Sergt. W., in Dunmore's War, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.</li> + +<li>Point Pleasant (W. Va.), battle at, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>-<a href="#Page_112">112</a>; + Boone, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>-<a href="#Page_222">222</a>.</li> + +<li>Pompey, negro interpreter, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.</li> + +<li>Pontiac, Indian hero, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</li> + +<li>Pope, Col. William, militia leader, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</li> + +<li>Presbyterians, among frontiersmen, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</li> + +<li>Preston, Col. William, in Dunmore's War, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>; + in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li> + +<li>— family, Kentucky pioneers, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</li> + +<li>Prestonburg (Ky.), Boone near, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="indx"> +<ul class="none"> +<li>Quakers, Boones of this persuasion, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>-<a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>-<a href="#Page_12">12</a>; + expel Boones, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>; + familiar with Indians, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>; + among frontiersmen, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="indx"> +<ul class="none"> +<li>Ranck, George W., <i>Boonesborough</i>, <a href="#Page_x">x</a>.</li> + +<li>—, Mrs. George W., aid acknowledged, <a href="#Page_x">x</a>.</li> + +<li>Randolph, Nathaniel, Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</li> + +<li>Reading (Pa.), Boones near, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>.</li> + +<li>Red Jacket, Indian hero, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</li> + +<li>— Stone. See <a href="#Brownsville">Brownsville, Pa</a>.</li> + +<li>Regulators, in Carolinas, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">254</a></span></li> + +<li>Religion, on frontier, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>. + See also the several denominations.</li> + +<li>Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>; + effect on proprietary governments, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>; + causes Washington to turn from West, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>; + checks Western colonies, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>; + Western interest in, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>; + G. R. Clark, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>; + Kentucky in, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>-<a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</li> + +<li>Richmond (Va.), seat of government, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</li> + +<li>Ringe, Daniel, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</li> + +<li>River Alleghany, French on, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li> + +<li>— Big Sandy, Boone on, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>-<a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>; + Washington, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li> + +<li>— Catawba, early settlements on, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>; + Indian hostilities, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</li> + +<li>— Clinch, Boone on, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>-<a href="#Page_112">112</a>; + early settlement, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</li> + +<li>— Cumberland, Long Hunters on, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>; + Boone, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>; + in Transylvania cession, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>; + in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</li> + +<li>— Dick's, Boone on, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.</li> + +<li>— Elk, Boone on, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.</li> + +<li>— Elkhorn, Boone on, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>; + in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</li> + +<li>— French Broad, early settlement on, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</li> + +<li>— Gauley, Boone on, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>.</li> + +<li>— Green, Long Hunters on, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>; + Boone, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</li> + +<li>— Great Miami, Shawnese on, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</li> + +<li>— Holston, Finley on, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>; + Boone, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>; + Long Hunters, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>; + in Cherokee War, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>; + in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>; + early settlements, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>.</li> + +<li>— Hudson, Iroquois on, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</li> + +<li>— Kanawha (Great Kanawha), explored, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>; + in Dunmore's War, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>; + Boone on, <a href="#Page_viii">viii</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>-<a href="#Page_222">222</a>; + hunting, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>.</li> + +<li>— Kentucky, Boone on, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>; + Transylvania settlement, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>-<a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>; + crown lands abutting, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>; + capture of girls, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>-<a href="#Page_136">136</a>; + in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>; + bounds Fayette County, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>; + Boone leaves, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>.</li> + +<li>— Keowee, Cherokees on, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</li> + +<li>— Licking, Shawnese on, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>-<a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>; + Boone, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>.</li> + +<li>— Little Miami, Shawnese on, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>; + in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</li> + +<li>— Little Sandy, Washington on, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li> + +<li>— Little Tennessee, Cherokees on, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.</li> + +<li>— Maumee, Wayne on, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.</li> + +<li>— Miami, Indians raided on, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</li> + +<li>— Mississippi, Iroquois on, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>; + French, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>-<a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>; + early English explorations, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>-<a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>-<a href="#Page_91">91</a>; + North Carolinians, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>; + in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>; + Spanish, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>-<a href="#Page_205">205</a>; + free navigation sought by West, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>-<a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>; + early commerce on, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>.</li> + +<li>— Missouri, Boone on, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.</li> + +<li>— Monongahela, fur trade route, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>; + Braddock on, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>; + early settlements, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>; + Boone, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>.</li> + +<li>— New, Batts on, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>; + Squire Boone, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>; + settlers explore Kentucky, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</li> + +<li>— Nolichucky, early settlement on, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</li> + +<li>— Ohio, drains Virginia, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>; + French on, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>; + early explorations, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>; + Virginia hunters, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>-<a href="#Page_91">91</a>; + Gist, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>; + Finley, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>; + in Dunmore's War, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>; + Iroquois land sale, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>; + Boone on, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>; + in Transylvania cession, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>; + in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>; +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">255</a></span> + Indian wars on, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>; + early settlements, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>; + highway for emigrants, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>; + early commerce, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>; + last of Indian raids, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>-<a href="#Page_218">218</a>.</li> + +<li>River Platte, Boone on, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.</li> + +<li>— Potomac, fur trade route, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.</li> + +<li>— Powell, Boone on, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>; + early settlements, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>.</li> + +<li>— Red, Boone on, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li> + +<li>— Rich, in Dunmore's War, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li> + +<li>— Rockcastle, Indians on, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li> + +<li>— St. Joseph, Indians raided on, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>.</li> + +<li>— St. Lawrence, Indians on, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> + +<li>— Salt, Indians near, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li> + +<li>— —, Beech Fork of, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</li> + +<li>— Sandy, West Fork of, Boone on, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li> + +<li>— Savannah, Indians on, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li> + +<li>— Schuylkill, Boones on, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>-<a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li> + +<li>— Scioto, Shawnese on, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>; + Indians raided, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>.</li> + +<li>— Shenandoah, Boones on, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li> + +<li>— Tennessee, Indian uprising, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>; + Iroquois land sale, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>; + in Transylvania cession, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.</li> + +<li>— Wabash, Shawnese on, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>; + French, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>; + English, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>; + in Dunmore's War, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>; + Indians raided on, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</li> + +<li>— Watauga, Boone on, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>; + Cherokee council, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>; + early settlement, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</li> + +<li>— Yadkin, early known to Pennsylvanians, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>; + Bryan family on, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>-<a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>; + Boone family, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>-<a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>-<a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>-<a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>-<a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>; + Indians on, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>-<a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>; + hunting, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>-<a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>; + trading caravans, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>; + crime, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>-<a href="#Page_62">62</a>; + Finley's arrival, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li> + +<li>— Yellowstone, Boone on, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</li> + +<li>Robinson, Chief Justice, on Wilderness Road, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.</li> + +<li>—, David, militia leader, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</li> + +<li>Rockingham County (Va.), Boones in, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>; + Lincolns, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</li> + +<li>Rocky Mountains, explorations of, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.</li> + +<li>Rowan County (N.C.), Boones in, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</li> + +<li>Russell, Henry, killed by Indians, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.</li> + +<li>—, Col. William, starts for Kentucky, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>-<a href="#Page_103">103</a>; + in Dunmore's War, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>; + in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="indx"> +<ul class="none"> +<li>St. Asaph (Ky.), founded, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>.</li> + +<li>St. Augustine (Fla.), Boone in, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li> + +<li>St. Charles County (Mo.), Boones in, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>-<a href="#Page_241">241</a>.</li> + +<li>St. Clair, Gov. Arthur, raids Indians, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.</li> + +<li>St. Louis, Spanish seat, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>; + fur market, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>; + Harding at, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>; + <i>Gazette</i>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.</li> + +<li>Salisbury (N.C.), Boone near, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</li> + +<li>Salling, Peter, in Kentucky, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li> + +<li>Salt Licks, in Kentucky, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>; + near Prestonburg, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>; + Big, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>; + Big Bone, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>; + Blue, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>; + Buffalo, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>; + French, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>; + Grassy, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>; + Knob, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>; + Lower Blue, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>-<a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.</li> + +<li>Scotch-Irish, among frontiersmen, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>.</li> + +<li>Scott, Gen. Charles, raids Indians, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</li> + +<li>Searcy, Bartlet, Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li> + +<li>—, Reuben, Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">256</a></span></li> + +<li>Shawnese Indians, raid Southern tribes, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>; + in Kentucky, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>; + in Dunmore's War, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>-<a href="#Page_113">113</a>; + capture Boone, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>-<a href="#Page_158">158</a>; + capture girls, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>-<a href="#Page_136">136</a>; + attack Boone, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>; + in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>-<a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>-<a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>-<a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>; + raided by Kentuckians, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.</li> + +<li>Sheltowee (Big Turtle), Boone's Indian name, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</li> + +<li>Silouee, Cherokee chief, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</li> + +<li>Sitting Bull, Indian hero, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</li> + +<li>Skaggs, Henry, heads Long Hunters, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.</li> + +<li>Slavery, among Indians, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>; + negro, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li> + +<li>Smith, John, on Indian warfare, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>.</li> + +<li>South Carolina, pioneers of, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>-<a href="#Page_15">15</a>; + in Cherokee War, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>; + regulators, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>; + interest in Western settlement, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li> + +<li>Southern Indians, attack whites, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>. + See also <a href="#Cherokee">Cherokee Indians</a>.</li> + +<li>Spanish, extent of explorations, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>; + control Mississippi River, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>-<a href="#Page_205">205</a>; + relations with Kentuckians, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>-<a href="#Page_205">205</a>; + entice American colonists, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.</li> + +<li>Sports, of pioneers, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</li> + +<li>Station Camp Creek, Boone on, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>-<a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li> + +<li>Staunton (Va.), Boone at, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</li> + +<li>Stephen, Col. Adam, raids Cherokees, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li> + +<li>Stockfield, owned by Boone, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</li> + +<li>Stone, Uriah, in Kentucky, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>-<a href="#Page_92">92</a>.</li> + +<li>Stone Mountain, crossed by Boone, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> + +<li>Stoner, Michael, Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li> + +<li>Stuart, John, early exploration of Kentucky, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>; + accompanies Boone, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>-<a href="#Page_80">80</a>; + death, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</li> + +<li>Sugar Tree Creek, Boones on, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li> + +<li>Surveying, on frontier, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>-<a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>.</li> + +<li>Sycamore Shoals, treaty at, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="indx"> +<ul class="none"> +<li>Tarleton, Col. Banastre, captures Boone, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</li> + +<li>Tate, Samuel, Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li> + +<li>Taylor, Hancock, hunts in Kentucky, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li> + +<li>—, Richard, hunts in Kentucky, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li> + +<li>Tecumseh, Indian hero, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</li> + +<li>Tennessee, Virginia hunters in, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>; + Boone, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>-<a href="#Page_57">57</a>; + Cherokee lands settled, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>; + attacked by Southern Indians, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.</li> + +<li>Terre Haute (Ind.), Virginians at, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</li> + +<li>Teugue Creek, Boone buried on, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.</li> + +<li>Thoreau, Henry David, likened to Boone, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.</li> + +<li>Todd, Capt. John, Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>; + militia leader, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>; + killed by Indians, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</li> + +<li>Towns, Oswell, Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li> + +<li><a name="Transylvania_Company" id="Transylvania_Company"></a>Transylvania Company, settles Kentucky, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>-<a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>; + nullified by Virginia, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</li> + +<li>Trigg, Col. Stephen, militia leader, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>; + killed by Indians, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</li> + +<li>Tryon, Gov. William, conflict with regulators, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>; + runs boundary line, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</li> + +<li>Turkeys, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.</li> + +<li>Turtle Creek, Braddock's defeat on, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">257</a></span></li> + +<li>Twitty, Capt. William, Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="indx"> +<ul class="none"> +<li>Vardeman, John, Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li> + +<li>Vincennes (Ind.), won by Clark, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li> + +<li>Virginia, early Indian hostilities, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>; + early explorations from, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>-<a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>-<a href="#Page_91">91</a>; + pioneer advance through, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>-<a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>; + Boones in, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>; + path to Kentucky, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>; + in French and Indian War, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>-<a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>-<a href="#Page_49">49</a>; + in Dunmore's War, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>-<a href="#Page_112">112</a>; + losses in Indian wars, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>; + sends settlers to Kentucky, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>; + opposition to Henderson, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>; + interest in Western settlement, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>; + regulators, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>; + organizes Kentucky County, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>; + in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>; + aids Kentucky, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>; + erects district of Kentucky, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>; + Boone in Assembly, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>; + grants land to Boone, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>; + fails to release Kentucky, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.</li> + +<li>—, Valley of, its pioneers, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>-<a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="indx"> +<ul class="none"> +<li>Waddell, Capt. Hugh, in French and Indian War, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>; + in Cherokee War, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</li> + +<li>Walker, Felix, Kentucky pioneer, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>.</li> + +<li>—, Dr. Thomas, in Kentucky, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li> + +<li>War of 1812-15, effect on Missouri, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>.</li> + +<li>Ward, John, explores Kentucky, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</li> + +<li>Warriors' paths, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.</li> + +<li>Washington, George, in French and Indian War, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>; + in Kentucky, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>-<a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>; + in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</li> + +<li>Wayne, Gen. Anthony, conquers Indians, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>.</li> + +<li>Welch, Rev. James E., describes Boone, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>.</li> + +<li>Welsh, among frontiersmen, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.</li> + +<li>West Virginia, pioneer advance through, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>-<a href="#Page_15">15</a>; + Boone in, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>-<a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>.</li> + +<li>Whitley, William, arrives in Kentucky, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</li> + +<li>Wilcoxen, Elizabeth, marries Benjamin Cutbirth, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</li> + +<li>Wildcats, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</li> + +<li><a name="Wilderness_Road" id="Wilderness_Road"></a>Wilderness Road, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>-<a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>. + See also <a href="#Cumberland">Cumberland Gap</a>.</li> + +<li>Wilkes County (N.C.), Boone in, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li> + +<li>Wilkesboro (N.C.), Boone near, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li> + +<li>Wilkinson, Gen. James, raids Indians, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</li> + +<li>Wisconsin State Historical Society, possesses Boone's records, <a href="#Page_ix">ix</a>-<a href="#Page_x">x</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</li> + +<li>Wolves, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</li> + +<li>Wood, Col. Abraham, on Western waters, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li> + +<li>Wyandot Indians, in Revolutionary War, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="indx"> +<ul class="none"> +<li>Xenia (O.), Boone near, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="indx"> +<ul class="none"> +<li>Zinzendorf und Pottendorf, Nikolaus Ludwig, Count von, Moravian missionary, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.</li> +</ul> +</div> + +<div class="widead p6"> +<hr class="l30" /> +<p class="center b15">AN IMPORTANT HISTORICAL BOOK.</p> +<hr class="l30" /> +<p class="center b15">The History of the Louisiana Purchase.</p> + +<p class="hanging b13"> +By Dr. <span class="smcap">James K. Hosmer</span>, Author of "A Short History +of the Mississippi Valley," etc. With Illustrations and +Maps. 12mo. Cloth, $1.20 net; postage, 12 cents +additional.</p> + +<p class="p2">The story that Dr. Hosmer tells of the acquisition of the western +empire included in the Louisiana Purchase presents fresh and picturesque +phases of a most important historical event of peculiar and +timely interest, in view of the anniversary which comes next year. He +pictures the vague and curious ideas of the Louisiana country held by +most Americans one hundred years ago, and the objections to this +form of expansion. He treats the changes in the ownership of the +territory from France to Spain, and again to France, and he develops +fully the purposes and acts of Jefferson and the American Commissioners +in Paris.</p> + +<p>Of special importance from both the historical and personal points +of view are the chapters which picture more fully and vividly than has +been done before the leading part taken by Napoleon in bringing about +the sale of Louisiana, and the relations between France and America, +which are shown to possess a historical importance that has not been +appreciated.</p> + +<p>There has been no account of the Louisiana Purchase which is so +popular and constant in its interest, and the authoritative character of +the historian's work renders the volume indispensable for younger +and older readers who wish to gain a thorough knowledge of the personal +elements and the historic significance of the acquisition of +Louisiana.</p> + +</div> + +<div class="widead p6"> +<hr class="l30" /> +<p class="center b15">McMASTER'S FIFTH VOLUME.</p> +<hr class="l30" /> +<p class="center b15">History of the People of the United +States.</p> + +<p class="b15">By Prof. <span class="smcap">John Bach McMaster</span>. Vols. I, II, III, +IV, and V now ready. 8vo. Cloth, with Maps, +$2.50 per volume.</p> + +<p>The fifth volume covers the time of the administrations of +John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson, and describes the +development of the democratic spirit, the manifestations of new +interest in social problems, and the various conditions and plans +presented between 1821 and 1830. Many of the subjects included +have necessitated years of first-hand investigations, and +are now treated adequately for the first time.</p> + +<p class="s08"> +"John Bach McMaster needs no introduction, but only a greeting.... +The appearance of this fifth volume is an event in American literature +second to none in importance this season."—<i>New York Times.</i></p> + +<p class="s08">"This volume contains 576 pages, and every page is worth reading. +The author has ransacked a thousand new sources of information, and has +found a wealth of new details throwing light upon all the private and public +activities of the American people of three quarters of a century ago."—<i>Chicago +Tribune.</i></p> + +<p class="s08">"In the fifth volume Professor McMaster has kept up to the high standard +he set for himself in the previous numbers. It is hard to realize thoroughly +the amount of detailed work necessary to produce these books, which contain +the best history of our country that has yet been published."—<i>Philadelphia +Telegraph.</i></p> + +<p class="s08">"The first installment of the history came as a pleasant surprise, and +the later volumes have maintained a high standard in regard to research +and style of treatment."—<i>New York Critic.</i></p> + +<p class="s08">"A monumental work.... Professor McMaster gives on every page +ample evidence of exhaustive research for his facts."—<i>Rochester Herald.</i></p> + +<p class="s08">"The reader can not fail to be impressed by the wealth of material out +of which the author has weighed and condensed and arranged his matter."—<i>Detroit +Free Press.</i></p> + +<p class="s08">"Professor McMaster is our most popular historian.... He never +wearies, even when dealing with subjects that would be most wearisome +under clumsier handling. This fifth volume is the most triumphant evidence +of his art."—<i>New York Herald.</i></p> +</div> + +<div class="widead p6"> +<hr class="l30" /> +<p class="center b15">By EDGAR STANTON MACLAY, A. M.</p> +<hr class="l30" /> +<p class="center b13"><b>A History of the United States Navy.</b> (<b>1775 +to 1902.</b>)—New and revised edition.</p> + +<p>In three volumes, the new volume containing an Account of the Navy +since the Civil War, with a history of the Spanish-American War +revised to the date of this edition, and an Account of naval operations +in the Philippines, etc. Technical Revision of the first two volumes +by Lieutenant <span class="smcap">Roy C. Smith</span>, U. S. N. Illustrated. 8vo. Cloth, +$3.00 net per volume; postage, 26 cents per volume additional.</p> + +<p class="s08"> +In the new edition of Vol. III, which is now ready for publication, the author brings +his History of the Navy down to the present time. In the prefaces of the volumes of +this history the author has expressed and emphasized his desire for suggestions, new +information, and corrections which might be utilized in perfecting his work. He has, +therefore, carefully studied the evidence brought out at the recent Schley Court of +Inquiry, and while the findings of that Court were for the most part in accordance with +the results of his own historical investigations, he has modified certain portions of his +narrative. Whatever opinions may be held regarding any phases of our recent naval +history, the fact remains that the industry, care, and thoroughness, which were unanimously +praised by newspaper reviewers and experts in the case of the first two volumes, +have been sedulously applied to the preparation of this new edition of the third volume.</p> + +<p class="center b13"><b>A History of American Privateers.</b></p> + +<p>Uniform with "A History of the United States Navy." One volume. +Illustrated. 8vo. Cloth, $3.00 net; postage, 24 cents additional.</p> + +<p class="s08"> +After several years of research the distinguished historian of American sea power +presents the first comprehensive account of one of the most picturesque and absorbing +phases of our maritime warfare. The importance of the theme is indicated by the fact +that the value of prizes and cargoes taken by privateers in the Revolution was three +times that of the prizes and cargoes taken by naval vessels, while in the War of 1812 +we had 517 privateers and only 23 vessels in our navy. Mr. Maclay's romantic tale is +accompanied by reproductions of contemporary pictures, portraits, and documents, and +also by illustrations by Mr. George Gibbs.</p> + +<p class="center b13"><b>The Private Journal of William Maclay,</b></p> + +<p>United States Senator from Pennsylvania, 1789-1791. With Portrait +from Original Miniature. Edited by <span class="smcap">Edgar Stanton Maclay</span>, A. M. +Large 8vo. Cloth, $2.25.</p> + +<p class="s08"> +During his two years in the Senate William Maclay kept a journal of his own in +which he minutely recorded the transactions of each day. This record throws a flood +of light on the doings of our first legislators.</p> +</div> + +<div class="widead p6"> +<hr class="l30" /> +<p class="center b15">APPLETONS' WORLD SERIES.</p> +<hr class="l30" /> + +<p class="center b13">A New Geographical Library.</p> + +<p>Edited by <span class="smcap">H. J. Mackinder</span>, M. A., Student of Christ Church, Reader in +Geography in the University of Oxford, Principal of Reading College. Each, +8vo. Cloth.</p> +<hr class="l30" /> +<p class="s08"> +The series will consist of twelve volumes, each being an essay descriptive +of a great natural region, its marked physical features, and the life of the +people. Together, the volumes will give a complete account of the world, +more especially as the field of human activity.</p> +<hr class="l30" /> + +<p class="center"><i>NOW READY.</i></p> + +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Britain and the British Seas.</b> By the <span class="smcap">Editor</span>. With numerous +Maps and Diagrams. $2.00 net; postage, 19 cents additional.</p> + +<p class="hanging"><b>The Nearer East.</b> By <span class="smcap">D. G. Hogarth</span>, M. A., Fellow of Magdalen +College, Oxford; Director of the British School at Athens; +Author of "A Wandering Scholar in the Levant." $2.00 net; +postage, 17 cents additional.</p> + +<p class="center"><i>IN PREPARATION.</i></p> + +<p class="hanging"> +CENTRAL EUROPE. By Dr. <span class="smcap">Joseph Partsch</span>, Professor of Geography +in the University of Breslau.</p> + +<p class="hanging">INDIA. By Sir <span class="smcap">T. Hungerford Holdich</span>, K. C. I. E., C. B., R. E., +Superintendent of Indian Frontier Surveys; author of numerous papers +on Military Surveying and Geographical subjects.</p> + +<p class="hanging">SCANDINAVIA AND THE ARCTIC OCEAN. By Sir <span class="smcap">Clements R. +Markham</span>, K. C. B., F. R. S., President of the Royal Geographical +Society.</p> + +<p class="hanging">THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE. By Prince <span class="smcap">Kropotkin</span>, author of the articles +"Russia" and "Siberia" in the <i>Encyclopędia Britannica</i>.</p> + +<p class="hanging">AFRICA. By <span class="smcap">J. Scott Keltie</span>, Secretary of the Royal Geographical +Society; Editor of <i>The Statesman's Year-Book</i>; Author of "The +Partition of Africa."</p> + +<p class="hanging">THE FARTHER EAST. By <span class="smcap">Archibald Little</span>.</p> + +<p class="hanging">WESTERN EUROPE AND THE MEDITERRANEAN. By <span class="smcap">Elisée +Reclus</span>, author of the "Nouvelle Géographie Universelle."</p> + +<p class="hanging">AUSTRALASIA AND ANTARCTICA. By Dr. <span class="smcap">H. O. Forbes</span>, Curator +of the Liverpool Museum, late Curator of the Christ Church Museum, N. +Z.; Author of "A Naturalist's Wanderings in the Eastern Archipelago."</p> + +<p class="hanging">NORTH AMERICA. By Prof. <span class="smcap">Israel Cook Russell</span>, M. S., C. E., +LL. D., Professor of Geology in the University of Michigan; author of +numerous works on geological and physiographical subjects.</p> + +<p class="hanging">SOUTH AMERICA. By <span class="smcap">John Casper Branner</span>, Ph.D., LL. D., +Professor of Geology, and sometime Vice-President Leland Stanford +Junior University; author of many publications on Brazil, Geology, +and Physical Geography.</p> + +<p class="center"> +Maps by <span class="smcap">J. G. Bartholomew</span>.</p> +</div> + +<div class="widead p6"> +<hr class="l30" /> +<p class="center b15">THE GREAT PEOPLES SERIES.</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="b13">Edited by</span> <span class="smcap b13">Dr.</span><span class="b13"> YORK POWELL,</span><br /> +Regius Professor of Modern History in the University of Oxford.<br /> +Each 12mo. Cloth, $1.50 net; postage, 14 cents additional.</p> + +<hr class="l30" /> + +<p class="s08"> +The aim of this series is to give in well-printed, clearly written, and readable +volumes a view of the process by which the leading peoples of the world +have become great and earned their title to greatness, to describe the share +each has contributed to the common stock of civilization. It is not so much +a set of political or military or even social histories, as a sequence of readable +studies on the tendencies and potencies of the chief peoples of the world, +that this series will strive to present.</p> +<hr class="l30" /> + +<p class="center"><i>NOW READY:</i></p> + +<p class="center b13"><b>THE SPANISH PEOPLE.</b></p> + +<p>By Dr. <span class="smcap">Martin A. S. Hume</span>.</p> + +<p class="s08"> +"The reader quickly perceives that the riches promised by Dr. Powell +are amply found, at least in this first volume. The history is written with a +new object and from a new standpoint; there is not a dull page in it. +Mr. Hume writes with all the advantages of the modern historical specialist, +and his picture of the development of the Spaniard is an important history +of a people whose picturesque career is one of unfailing interest."—<i>Boston +Daily Advertiser</i>.</p> + +<p class="center b13"><b>THE FRENCH PEOPLE.</b></p> + +<p>By <span class="smcap">Arthur Hassall</span>, M. A., Student of Christ Church, +Oxford; Author of "The Balance of Power," etc.</p> + +<p class="s08"> +In accordance with the general plan of the series, this important work +presents the evolution of a people. The method is modern, and although +the sources, development, and transitions of a great race are fully indicated +in a comparatively small compass, the author's aims and results differ widely +from the set record of political, dynastic, and military facts which are chronicled +in the dry language of the usual hand-book. The part that France has +played in the world's history has been frequently so picturesque and dramatic, +as well as great, that a vital analysis of her history like this possesses +a profound interest. The author is one of the ablest of the rising English +historians and a lecturer at Christ Church, Oxford.</p> + +<p class="center"><i>IN PREPARATION:</i></p> + +<p class="center b13"><b>THE RUSSIAN PEOPLE.</b></p> + +<p>By <span class="smcap">J. Fitzmaurice-Kelly</span>.</p> +</div> + +<div class="widead p6"> +<hr class="l30" /> +<p class="center b15">THE STANDARD AUTHORITY.</p> +<hr class="l30" /> + +<p class="center b13"><b>The Presidents of the United States.</b></p> + +<p>By <span class="smcap">John Fiske</span>, <span class="smcap">Carl Schurz</span>, <span class="smcap">Robert C. Winthrop</span>, <span class="smcap">Daniel G. +Gilman</span>, <span class="smcap">William Walter Phelps</span>, <span class="smcap">George Ticknor Curtis</span>, <span class="smcap">George +Bancroft</span>, <span class="smcap">John Hay</span> and others. Edited by General <span class="smcap">James Grant +Wilson</span>. New and revised edition with complete life of William McKinley +and sketch of Theodore Roosevelt. Illustrated with steel engravings and +photogravures. 8vo. Cloth. $3.50. Half Morocco, or Half Calf, $6.00.</p> + +<hr class="l15" /> + +<p>This book has been the standard authority for many years and +justly so. Its list of contributors lifts it far above the commonplace, +and infinitely removes it from the possibility of political coloring or +sectionalism. The article on President McKinley gives a brief and +accurate résumé of the Spanish war while the book as a whole is a +composite review of the constitutional history of the United States +with the White House as the keynote.</p> + +<hr class="l15" /> +<p class="s08"> +"A book well worth owning, for reading and for reference."—<i>The Outlook.</i></p> + +<p class="s08">"Such a work as this can not fail to appeal to the pride of patriotic Americans."—<i>Chicago +Dial.</i></p> + +<p class="s08">"A monumental volume, which no American who cares for the memory of the +public men of his country can afford to be without."—<i>New York Mail and Express.</i></p> + +<p class="s08">"A valuable addition to both our biographical and historical literature, and +meets a want long recognized."—<i>Boston Advertiser.</i></p> + +<p class="s08">"A book which every one should read over and over again.... We have carefully +run through it, and laid it down with the feeling that some such book ought to +find its way into every household."—<i>New York Herald.</i></p> + +<p class="s08">"General Wilson has performed a public service in presenting this volume to the +public in so attractive a shape. It is full of incentive to ambitious youth; it abounds +in encouragement to every patriotic heart."—<i>Charleston News and Courier.</i></p> + +<p class="s08">"It is precisely the book which ought to have a very wide sale in this country—a +book which one needs to own rather than to read and lay aside. No common-school +library or collection of books for young readers should be without it."—<i>The +Churchman.</i></p> + +<p class="s08">"These names are in themselves sufficient to guarantee adequacy of treatment +and interest in the presentation, and it is safe to say that such succinct biographies +of the complete portrait gallery of our Presidents, written with such unquestioned +ability, have never before been published."—<i>Hartford Courant.</i></p> + +<p class="s08">"Just the sort of book that the American who wishes to fix in his mind the +varying phases of his country's history as it is woven on the warp of the administrations +will find most useful. Everything is presented in a clear-cut way, and no +pleasanter excursions into history can be found than a study of 'The Presidents of +the United States.'"—<i>Philadelphia Press.</i></p> +</div> + +<div class="widead p6"> +<hr class="l30" /> +<p class="center b15"><b>The United States of America.</b></p> + +<p class="center"><i>A Study of the American Commonwealth, its +Natural Resources, People, Industries, Manufactures, +Commerce, and its Work in Literature, +Science, Education, and Self-Government.</i></p> + +<p class="center b13">Edited by NATHANIEL S. SHALER, S. D.,</p> + +<p class="center s08">PROFESSOR OF GEOLOGY IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>In two volumes, royal 8vo. Maps, and 150 full-page +Illustrations. Cloth, $10.00.</b></p> + +<p><span class="dropcap">E</span>very subject in this comprehensive work is timely, because it is of immediate +interest to every American. Special attention, however, may be +called to the account of "American Productive Industry," by the Hon. Edward +Atkinson, with its array of immensely informing diagrams and tables; +and also to "Industry and Finance," a succinct and logical presentation of +the subject by Professor F. W. Taussig, of Harvard University. Both these +eminent authorities deal with questions which are uppermost to-day.</p> + +<hr class="l15" /> + +<p class="center">LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li><span class="smcap">Hon.</span> WILLIAM L. WILSON, Chairman of the Ways and Means Committee, Fifty-third Congress.</li> +<li><span class="smcap">Hon.</span> J. R. SOLEY, formerly Assistant Secretary of the Navy.</li> +<li>EDWARD ATKINSON, LL. D., <span class="smcap">Ph. D.</span></li> +<li><span class="smcap">Col.</span> T. A. DODGE, U. S. A.</li> +<li><span class="smcap">Col.</span> GEORGE E. WARING, <span class="smcap">Jr.</span></li> +<li>J. B. McMASTER, Professor of History in the University of Pennsylvania.</li> +<li>CHARLES DUDLEY WARNER, LL. D.</li> +<li><span class="smcap">Major</span> J. W. POWELL, Director of the United States Geological Survey and the Bureau of Ethnology.</li> +<li>WILLIAM T. HARRIS, LL. D., U. S. Commissioner of Education.</li> +<li>LYMAN ABBOTT, D. D.</li> +<li>H. H. BANCROFT, author of "Native Races of the Pacific Coast."</li> +<li>HARRY PRATT JUDSON, Head Dean of the Colleges, Univ. of Chicago.</li> +<li><span class="smcap">Judge</span> THOMAS M. COOLEY, formerly Chairman of the Interstate Commerce Commission.</li> +<li>CHARLES FRANCIS ADAMS.</li> +<li>D. A. SARGENT, M. D., Director Hemenway Gymnasium, Harvard Univ.</li> +<li>CHARLES HORTON COOLEY.</li> +<li>A. E. KENNELLY, Assistant to Thomas A. Edison.</li> +<li>D. C. GILMAN, LL. D., President of Johns Hopkins University.</li> +<li>H. G. PROUT, Editor of the Railroad Gazette.</li> +<li>F. D. MILLET, formerly Vice-Pres. of the National Academy of Design.</li> +<li>F. W. TAUSSIG, Professor of Political Economy in Harvard University.</li> +<li>HENRY VAN BRUNT.</li> +<li>H. P. FAIRFIELD.</li> +<li>SAMUEL W. ABBOTT, M. D., Sec. State Board of Health, Massachusetts.</li> +<li>N. S. SHALER.</li> +</ul> + +<p class="center"> +Sold only by subscription. Prospectus, giving detailed chapter titles +and specimen illustrations, mailed free on request.</p> +</div> + +<div class="widead p6"> +<hr class="l30" /> +<p class="center b15"><b>THE CONCISE KNOWLEDGE LIBRARY.</b></p> +<hr class="l30" /> +<p class="center">Each, small 8vo, half leather, $2.00.</p> + +<p><b>The History of the World,</b></p> + +<p>From the Earliest Historical Time to the Year 1898. By +<span class="smcap">Edgar Sanderson</span>, M. A., author of "A History of the British +Empire," etc.</p> + +<p><b>The Historical Reference-Book.</b></p> + +<p>Comprising a Chronological Table of Universal History, a +Chronological Dictionary of Universal History, and a Biographical +Dictionary. With Geographical Notes. For the use of +Students, Teachers, and Readers. By <span class="smcap">Louis Heilprin</span>. Fifth +edition, revised to 1898.</p> + +<p><b>Natural History.</b></p> + +<p>By R. <span class="smcap">Lydekker</span>, B. A.; W. F. <span class="smcap">Kirby</span>, F. L. S.; B. B. <span class="smcap">Woodward</span>, +F. L. S.; R. <span class="smcap">Kirkpatrick</span>; R. I. <span class="smcap">Pocock</span>; R. <span class="smcap">Bowdler +Sharpe</span>, LL. D.; W. <span class="smcap">Garstang</span>, M. A.; F. A. <span class="smcap">Bather</span>, M. A., +and H. M. <span class="smcap">Bernard</span>, M. A. Nearly 800 pages, and 500 +Illustrations drawn especially for this work.</p> + +<p><b>Astronomy.</b></p> + +<p>Fully illustrated. By <span class="smcap">Agnes</span> M. <span class="smcap">Clerke</span>, A. <span class="smcap">Fowler</span>, F. R. A. S., +Demonstrator of Astronomical Physics of the Royal College of +Science, and J. <span class="smcap">Ellard Gore</span>, F. R. A. S.</p> +</div> + +<div class="widead p6"> +<hr class="l30" /> +<p class="center b15">THE ROMANCE OF HISTORY.</p> +<hr class="l30" /> + +<p><b>Peter the Great.</b></p> + +<p>By <span class="smcap">K. Waliszewski</span>. Translated by Lady Mary Loyd. With +Portrait. Small 8vo. Cloth, $2.00.</p> + +<p><b>The Romance of an Empress. Catharine II of +Russia.</b></p> + +<p>By <span class="smcap">K. Waliszewski</span>. Uniform with "Peter the Great." With +Portrait. Small 8vo. Cloth, $2.00.</p> + +<p><b>New Letters of Napoleon I.</b></p> + +<p>Omitted from the Collection published under the auspices of +Napoleon III. Edited by <span class="smcap">M. Léon Lecestre</span>, Curator of the +French Archives. Translated by Lady Mary Loyd. With Portrait. +Small 8vo. Cloth, $2.00.</p> + +<p class="center"> +Uniform with the "New Letters."</p> + +<p><b>Memoirs illustrating the History of Napoleon I,</b></p> + +<p>from 1802 to 1815. By Baron <span class="smcap">Claude Franēois de Méneval</span>, +Private Secretary of Napoleon. Edited by his Grandson, Baron +Napoleon Joseph de Méneval. With Portraits and Autograph +Letters. In three volumes. Small 8vo. Cloth, $6.00.</p> + +<p><b>An Aide-de-Camp of Napoleon.</b></p> + +<p>Memoirs of General Count de Ségur, of the French Academy, +1800-1812. Revised by his Grandson, Count <span class="smcap">Louis de Ségur</span>. +With Portrait. Small 8vo. Cloth, $2.00.</p> + +<p><b>Memoirs of Marshal Oudinot,</b></p> + +<p>Duc de Reggio. Compiled from the Hitherto Unpublished +Souvenirs of the Duchesse de Reggio, by <span class="smcap">Gaston Stiegler</span>, and +now first translated into English by Alexander Teixeira de Mattos. +With Two Portraits. Small 8vo. Cloth, $2.00.</p> + +<p><b>A Friend of the Queen.</b></p> + +<p>(Marie Antoinette—Count de Fersen.) By <span class="smcap">Paul Gaulot</span>. +With Two Portraits. 12mo. Cloth, $2.00.</p> +</div> + +<div class="widead p6"> +<hr class="l30" /> +<p class="center b15"> +THE LIVES OF ROYALTIES.</p> +<hr class="l30" /> + +<p class="b13"><b>The Private Life of the Sultan.</b></p> + +<p>By <span class="smcap">Georges Dorys</span>, son of the late Prince of Samos, a former minister +of the Sultan, and formerly Governor of Crete. Translated by Arthur +Hornblow. Uniform with "The Private Life of King Edward VII." +Illustrated. 12mo. Cloth, $1.20 net; postage, 10 cents additional.</p> + +<p class="s08"> +The high position which the writer's father held at Constantinople gave the son a +close insight into the personality of one of the least known of modern rulers, so far +as personality is concerned. It is unnecessary to say that the author has long since +left the domain of the Sultan of Turkey, and he is now a member of the Young Turk +party and a resident of Paris. It is announced that he has been recently condemned +to death by the Sultan on account of this book.</p> + +<p class="b13"><b>The Private Life of King Edward VII.</b></p> + +<p>By a Member of the Royal Household. Illustrated. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50.</p> + +<p class="s08"> +"While the book gives a narrative that is intimate and personal in character, it does +not descend to vulgar narrative. It is a book which will be found of unusual interest."—<i>Brooklyn +Eagle.</i></p> + +<p class="b13"><b>The Private Life of the Queen.</b></p> + +<p>By a Member of the Royal Household. Illustrated. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50.</p> + +<p class="s08"> +"A singularly attractive picture of Queen Victoria.... The interests and occupations +that make up the Queen's day, and the functions of many of the members of her +household, are described in a manner calculated to gratify the natural desire to know +what goes on behind closed doors that very few of the world's dignitaries are privileged +to pass."—<i>Boston Herald.</i></p> + +<p class="b13"><b>The Sovereigns and Courts of Europe.</b></p> + +<p>The Home and Court Life and Characteristics of the Reigning Families. +By "<span class="smcap">Politikos</span>." With many Portraits. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50.</p> + +<p class="s08"> +"The anonymous author of these sketches of the reigning sovereigns of Europe +appears to have gathered a good deal of curious information about their private lives, +manners, and customs, and has certainly in several instances had access to unusual +sources. The result is a volume which furnishes views of the kings and queens concerned, +far fuller and more intimate than can be found elsewhere."—<i>New York +Tribune.</i></p> + +<p class="b13"><b>The Life of his Royal Highness the Prince +Consort.</b></p> + +<p>By Sir <span class="smcap">Theodore Martin</span>. In five volumes, each with Portrait. 12mo. +Cloth, $10.00.</p> + +<p class="s08"> +"A full and impartial biography of a noble and enlightened prince.... Mr. Martin's +work is not gossipy, not light, nor yet dull, guarded in its details of the domestic +lives of Albert and Victoria, but sufficiently full and familiar to contribute much interesting +information."—<i>Chicago Tribune.</i></p> +</div> + +<div class="widead p6"> +<hr class="l30" /> +<p class="center b15"> +THE STORY OF THE WEST SERIES.</p> + +<p class="center b13">Edited by RIPLEY HITCHCOCK.</p> +<hr class="l30" /> + +<p class="center">Each, illustrated, 12mo, cloth, $1.50.</p> + +<p class="hanging"><b>The Story of the Soldier.</b><br /> + +By General <span class="smcap">G. A. Forsyth</span>, U. S. Army (retired). Illustrated by +R. F. Zogbaum.</p> + +<p class="s08">"A very complete and vivid picture of the development of the West from a military +point of view, with side lights on the civil war."—<i>The Churchman.</i></p> + +<p class="hanging"><b>The Story of the Railroad.</b><br /> + +By <span class="smcap">Cy Warman</span>, author of "The Express Messenger," etc. +With Maps and many Illustrations by B. West Clinedinst and +from photographs.</p> + +<p class="s08">"In Mr. Warman's book we are kept constantly reminded of the fortitude, the suffering, +the enterprise, and the endurance of the pioneers."—<i>The Railroad Gazette.</i></p> + +<p class="hanging"><b>The Story of the Cowboy.</b><br /> + +By <span class="smcap">E. Hough</span>, author of "The Singing Mouse Stories," etc. +Illustrated by William L. Wells and C. M. Russell.</p> + +<p class="s08">"Mr. Hough is to be thanked for having written so excellent a book. The cowboy +story, as this author has told it, will be the cowboy's fitting eulogy. This volume will +be consulted in years to come as an authority on past conditions of the far West. For +fine literary work the author is to be highly complimented. Here, certainly, we have a +choice piece of writing."—<i>New York Times.</i></p> + +<p class="hanging"><b>The Story of the Mine.</b><br /> + +As illustrated by the Great Comstock Lode of Nevada. By +<span class="smcap">Charles Howard Shinn</span>.</p> + +<p class="s08">"The author has written a book not alone full of information, but replete with the +true romance of the American mine."—<i>New York Times.</i></p> + +<p class="hanging"><b>The Story of the Indian.</b><br /> + +By <span class="smcap">George Bird Grinnell</span>, author of "Pawnee Hero Stories," +"Blackfoot Lodge Tales," etc.</p> + +<p class="s08">"Only an author qualified by personal experience could offer us a profitable study +of a race so alien from our own as is the Indian in thought, feeling, and culture. Only +long association with Indians can enable a white man measurably to comprehend their +thoughts and enter into their feelings. Such association has been <i>Mr. Grinnell's."—New +York Sun.</i></p> +</div> + +<div class="widead p6"> +<hr class="l30" /> +<p class="center b15"> +STANDARD HISTORICAL WORKS.</p> +<hr class="l30" /> + +<p class="b11"><b>The American Revolution, 1763-1783.</b></p> + +<p>Being the Chapters and Passages relating to America, from the +Author's "History of England in the Eighteenth Century." +By <span class="smcap">William Edward Hartpole Lecky</span>, M. P. Arranged and +edited, with Historical and Biographical Notes, by James Albert +Woodburn, Professor of American History and Politics in Indiana +University. 12mo. Cloth, $1.25.</p> + +<p class="b11"><b>The Rise and Growth of the English Nation.</b></p> + +<p>With Special Reference to Epochs and Crises. A History of and +for the People. By W. H. S. Aubrey, LL. D. In three volumes. +12mo. Cloth, $4.50.</p> + +<p class="s08"> +This work is written in no partisan or sectarian spirit, and is not designed +to advocate any particular theory of politics, of philosophy, or of religion; but +it claims to be thoroughly patriotic, and is inspired by a love of the freedom +that springs out of righteousness and justice.</p> + +<p class="b11"><b>A History of Germany, from the Earliest Times +to the Present Day.</b></p> + +<p>By <span class="smcap">Bayard Taylor</span>. With an additional Chapter by <span class="smcap">Mrs. Bayard +Taylor</span>. With Portrait and Maps. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50.</p> + +<p class="s08"> +"When one considers the confused, complicated, and sporadic elements +of German history, it seems scarcely possible to present a clear, continuous +narrative. Yet this is what Bayard Taylor did. He omitted no episode of +importance, and yet managed to preserve a main line of connection from century +to century throughout the narrative."—<i>Philadelphia Ledger.</i></p> + +<p class="b11"><b>A French Volunteer of the War of Independence.</b></p> + +<p>By the Chevalier <span class="smcap">de Pontgibaud</span>. Translated and edited by +Robert B. Douglas. With Introduction and Frontispiece. 12mo. +Cloth, $1.50.</p> +</div> + +<div class="widead p6"> +<hr class="l30" /> +<p class="center b15"> +STANDARD HISTORICAL WORKS.</p> + +<p class="b11"><b>History of the People of the United States,</b></p> + +<p>From the Revolution to the Civil War. By <span class="smcap">John Bach +McMaster</span>. To be completed in Six Volumes. Vols. +I, II, III, IV, and V now ready. 8vo. Cloth, gilt top, +$2.50 each.</p> + +<p class="b11"><b>The Beginners of a Nation.</b></p> + +<p>By <span class="smcap">Edward Eggleston</span>. A History of the Source +and Rise of the Earliest English Settlements in America, +with Special Reference to the Life and Character of the +People. The first volume in a History of Life in the +United States. Small 8vo. Gilt top, uncut, with Maps. +Cloth, $1.50.</p> + +<p class="b11"><b>The Transit of Civilization.</b></p> + +<p>From England to America in the Seventeenth Century. +By <span class="smcap">Edward Eggleston</span>. Uniform with "The Beginners +of a Nation." Small 8vo. Gilt top, uncut. Cloth, $1.50.</p> + +<p class="b11"><b>The Household History of the United States and +its People.</b></p> + +<p>By <span class="smcap">Edward Eggleston</span>. For Young Americans. +Richly illustrated with 350 Drawings, 75 Maps, etc. +Square 8vo. Cloth, $2.50.</p> + +<p class="b11"><b>Bancroft's History of the United States,</b></p> + +<p>From the Discovery of the Continent to the Establishment +of the Constitution in 1789. (Also <i>Edition de Luxe</i>, +on large paper, limited to one hundred sets, numbered.) +Complete in six volumes, with a Portrait of the Author. +8vo. Cloth, uncut, gilt top, $15.00; half calf or half +morocco, $27.00; tree calf, $50.00.</p> +</div> + +<div class="widead p6"> +<hr class="l30" /> +<p class="center b15"> +GREAT COMMANDERS.</p> + +<p class="center">Edited by General <span class="b13">JAMES GRANT WILSON.</span></p> +<hr class="l30" /> + +<p>This series forms one of the most notable collections of books that has +been published for many years. The success it has met with since the first +volume was issued, and the widespread attention it has attracted, indicate +that it has satisfactorily fulfilled its purpose, viz., to provide in a popular +form and moderate compass the records of the lives of men who have been +conspicuously eminent in the great conflicts that established American independence +and maintained our national integrity and unity. Each biography +has been written by an author especially well qualified for the task, +and the result is not only a series of fascinating stories of the lives and deeds +of great men, but a rich mine of valuable information for the student of +American history and biography.</p> +<hr class="l30" /> + +<p class="center">Each, 12mo, cloth, gilt top, $1.50 net.<br /> +Postage, 11 cents additional,<br /> +NOW READY.</p> + +<table summary="Great Commanders"> +<col width="200" /> +<col width="300" /> +<tr><td>Admiral Farragut</td><td class="tdr">By Captain <span class="smcap">A. T. Mahan</span>, U. S. N.</td></tr> +<tr><td>General Taylor</td><td class="tdr">By General <span class="smcap">O. O. Howard</span>, U. S. A.</td></tr> +<tr><td>General Jackson</td><td class="tdr">By <span class="smcap">James Parton</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td>General Greene</td><td class="tdr">By General <span class="smcap">Francis V. Greene</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td>General J. E. Johnston</td><td class="tdr">By <span class="smcap">Robert M. Hughes</span>, of Virginia.</td></tr> +<tr><td>General Thomas</td><td class="tdr">By <span class="smcap">Henry Coppee</span>, LL. D.</td></tr> +<tr><td>General Scott</td><td class="tdr">By General <span class="smcap">Marcus J. Wright</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td>General Washington</td><td class="tdr">By General <span class="smcap">Bradley T. Johnson</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td>General Lee</td><td class="tdr">By General <span class="smcap">Fitzhugh Lee</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td>General Hancock</td><td class="tdr">By General <span class="smcap">Francis A. Walker</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td>General Sheridan</td><td class="tdr">By General <span class="smcap">Henry E. Davies</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td>General Grant</td><td class="tdr">By General <span class="smcap">James Grant Wilson</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td>General Sherman</td><td class="tdr">By General <span class="smcap">Manning F. Force</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Commodore Paul Jones</td><td class="tdr">By <span class="smcap">Cyrus Townsend Brady</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td>General Meade</td><td class="tdr">By <span class="smcap">Isaac R. Pennypacker</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td>General McClellan</td><td class="tdr">By General <span class="smcap">Peter S. Michie</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td>General Forrest</td><td class="tdr">By Captain <span class="smcap">J. Harvey Mathes</span>.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="center">IN PREPARATION.</p> +<table summary="In Preparation"> +<col width="150" /> +<col width="350" /> +<tr><td>Admiral Porter</td><td class="tdr">By <span class="smcap">James R. Soley</span>, late Ass't Sec'y U. S. Navy.</td></tr> +<tr><td>General Schofield</td><td class="tdr">An Autobiography.</td></tr> +</table> +<hr class="l30" /> +<p class="center">D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, NEW YORK.</p> +<hr class="l30" /> +</div> + +<div class="footnotes p6"> +<p class="center b13"><b>FOOTNOTES</b></p> +<p class="footnote p2"><a name="Footnote_1" id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Not an abbreviation of "esquire," as has been supposed, +but given because of some old family connection. This name +was transmitted through several generations of Boones.</p> + +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_2" id="Footnote_2" href="#FNanchor_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Edward was killed by Indians when thirty-six years old, +and Squire died at the age of seventy-six. Their brothers and +sisters lived to ages varying from eighty-three to ninety-one.</p> + +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_3" id="Footnote_3" href="#FNanchor_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Indeed, it is a matter of record that other members also +of this stout-hearted Devonshire family were "sometimes +rather too belligerent and self-willed," and had "occasionally +to be dealt with by the meeting." Daniel's oldest sister, +Sarah, married a man who was not a Quaker, and consequently +she was "disowned" by the society. His oldest +brother, Israel, also married a worldling and was similarly +treated; and their father, who countenanced Israel's disloyal +act and would not retract his error, was in 1748 likewise expelled.</p> + +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_4" id="Footnote_4" href="#FNanchor_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> John and James remained, and lived and died in Oley.</p> + +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_5" id="Footnote_5" href="#FNanchor_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> The children of Daniel Boone were as follows: James +(born in 1757), Israel (1759), Susannah (1760), Jemima (1762), +Lavinia (1766), Rebecca (1768), Daniel Morgan (1769), John B. +(1773), and Nathan (1780). The four daughters all married and +died in Kentucky. The two eldest sons were killed by Indians, +the three younger emigrated to Missouri.</p> + +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_6" id="Footnote_6" href="#FNanchor_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> "I had rather receive the blessing of one poor Cherokee, +as he casts his last look back upon his country, for having, +though in vain, attempted to prevent his banishment, than to +sleep beneath the marble of all the Cęsars."—<i>Extract from a +speech of Theodore Frelinghuysen, of New Jersey, delivered +in the United States Senate, April 7, 1830.</i></p> + +<p class="footnote">"I am not aware that any community has a right to force +another to be civilized."—<i>John Stuart Mill.</i></p> + +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_7" id="Footnote_7" href="#FNanchor_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> Boone had a strong fancy for carving his name and hunting +feats upon trees. His wanderings have very largely been +traced by this means.</p> + +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_8" id="Footnote_8" href="#FNanchor_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> When Indians were about, moccasins were always tied to +the guns so as to be ready to slip on in case of a night alarm.</p> + +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_9" id="Footnote_9" href="#FNanchor_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> Previous to this there had been built in Kentucky many +hunters' camps, also a few isolated cabins by "improvers"; +but Harrodsburg (at first called "Harrodstown") was the first +permanent settlement, thus having nearly a year's start of +Boonesborough. June 16, 1774, is the date given by Collins +and other chroniclers for the actual settlement by Harrod.</p> + +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_10" id="Footnote_10" href="#FNanchor_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> The Indians had called the Americans "Knifemen," +"Long Knives," or "Big Knives," from the earliest historic +times; but it was not until about the middle of the eighteenth +century that the Virginia colonists began to make record of +the use of this epithet by the Indians with whom they came +in contact. It was then commonly supposed that it grew out +of the use of swords by the frontier militiamen, and this is the +meaning still given in dictionaries; but it has been made apparent +by Albert Matthews, writing in the New York Nation, +March 14, 1901, that the epithet originated in the fact that +Englishmen used knives as distinguished from the early stone +tools of the Indians. The French introduced knives into +America previous to the English, but apparently the term was +used only by Indians within the English sphere of influence.</p> + +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_11" id="Footnote_11" href="#FNanchor_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> The names of this party of Kentucky pioneers, as preserved +by tradition, are worth presenting in our record, for +many of them afterward became prominent in the annals of +the West: Squire Boone, Edward Bradley, James Bridges, +William Bush, Samuel Coburn, Colonel Richard Calloway, +Captain Crabtree, Benjamin Cutbirth, David Gass, John Hart, +William Hays (son-in-law of Daniel Boone), William Hicks, +Edmund Jennings, Thomas Johnson, John Kennedy, John +King, William Miller, William Moore, James Nall, James +Peeke, Bartlet Searcy, Reuben Searcy, Michael Stoner, Samuel +Tate, Oswell Towns, Captain William Twitty (wounded at +Rockcastle), John Vardeman, and Felix Walker (also wounded +at Rockcastle). Mrs. Hays, Boone's daughter, traveled with +her husband; a negro woman accompanied Calloway, and a +negro man (killed at Rockcastle) was with Twitty.</p> + +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_12" id="Footnote_12" href="#FNanchor_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> It was then within the far-stretching boundaries of Fincastle +County. Kentucky was set apart as a county, December +31, 1776.</p> + +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_13" id="Footnote_13" href="#FNanchor_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> It was, however, not until November, 1778, that the +legislature formally declared the Transylvania Company's +claims null and void.</p> + +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_14" id="Footnote_14" href="#FNanchor_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> Two lines of Indians were formed, five or six feet apart, +on either side of a marked path. The prisoner was obliged to +run between these lines, while there were showered upon him +lusty blows from whatever weapons the tormentors chose to +adopt—switches, sticks, clubs, and tomahawks. It required +great agility, speed in running, and some aggressive strategy +to arrive at the goal unharmed. Many white captives were +seriously crippled in this thrilling experience, and not a few +lost their lives.</p> + +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_15" id="Footnote_15" href="#FNanchor_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> Account is only taken, in these charges, of the twenty-seven +captives.</p> + +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_16" id="Footnote_16" href="#FNanchor_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> Address at Camp Madison, Franklin County, Ky., in +1843.</p> + +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_17" id="Footnote_17" href="#FNanchor_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> Equivalent to about 845 English acres.</p> + +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_18" id="Footnote_18" href="#FNanchor_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> The story of the original Harding portrait, as gathered +from statements to the present writer by members of the +painter's family, supplemented by letters of Harding himself +to the late Lyman C. Draper, is an interesting one. The +artist used for his portrait a piece of ordinary table oil-cloth. +For many years the painting was in the capitol at Frankfort, +Ky., "from the fact that it was hoped the State would buy +it." But the State had meanwhile become possessed of another +oil portrait painted about 1839 or 1840 by a Mr. Allen, +of Harrodsburg, Ky.—an ideal sketch, of no special merit. +Harding's portrait, apparently the only one of Boone painted +from life, was not purchased, for the State did not wish to +be at the expense of two paintings. Being upon a Western +trip, in 1861, Harding, then an old man and a resident of +Springfield, Mass., rescued his portrait, which was in bad condition, +and carried it home. The process of restoration was +necessarily a vigorous one. The artist writes (October 6, 1861): +"The picture had been banged about until the greater part +of it was broken to pieces.... The head is as perfect as when +it was painted, in color, though there are some small, almost +imperceptible, cracks in it." The head and neck, down to +the shirt-collar, were cut out and pasted upon a full-sized canvas; +on this, Harding had "a very skilful artist" repaint +the bust, drapery, and background, under the former's immediate +direction. The picture in the present state is, therefore, +a composite. The joining shows plainly in most +lights. Upon the completion of the work, Harding offered +to sell it to Draper, but the negotiation fell through. The +restored portrait was then presented by the artist to his son-in-law, +John L. King, of Springfield, Mass., and in due +course it came into the possession of the latter's son, the present +owner.</p> +</div> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<hr class="full" /> +<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DANIEL BOONE***</p> +<p>******* This file should be named 39927-h.txt or 39927-h.zip *******</p> +<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br /> +<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/3/9/9/2/39927">http://www.gutenberg.org/3/9/9/2/39927</a></p> +<p> +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed.</p> + +<p> +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. +</p> + +<h2>*** START: FULL LICENSE ***<br /> + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE<br /> +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK</h2> + +<p>To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at +<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/license">www.gutenberg.org/license</a>.</p> + +<h3>Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works</h3> + +<p>1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.</p> + +<p>1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below.</p> + +<p>1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.</p> + +<p>1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States.</p> + +<p>1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:</p> + +<p>1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed:</p> + +<p>This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at <a +href="http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></p> + +<p>1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9.</p> + +<p>1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.</p> + +<p>1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.</p> + +<p>1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License.</p> + +<p>1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.</p> + +<p>1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.</p> + +<p>1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that</p> + +<ul> +<li>You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."</li> + +<li>You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works.</li> + +<li>You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work.</li> + +<li>You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.</li> +</ul> + +<p>1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.</p> + +<p>1.F.</p> + +<p>1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment.</p> + +<p>1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE.</p> + +<p>1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem.</p> + +<p>1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.</p> + +<p>1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.</p> + +<p>1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.</p> + +<h3>Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm</h3> + +<p>Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life.</p> + +<p>Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and +the Foundation information page at <a +href="http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></p> + +<h3>Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation</h3> + +<p>The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.</p> + +<p>The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at 809 +North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email +contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the +Foundation's web site and official page at <a +href="http://www.gutenberg.org/contact">www.gutenberg.org/contact</a></p> + +<p>For additional contact information:<br /> + Dr. Gregory B. Newby<br /> + Chief Executive and Director<br /> + gbnewby@pglaf.org</p> + +<h3>Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation</h3> + +<p>Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS.</p> + +<p>The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit <a +href="http://www.gutenberg.org/donate">www.gutenberg.org/donate</a></p> + +<p>While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate.</p> + +<p>International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.</p> + +<p>Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. +To donate, please visit: <a +href="http://www.gutenberg.org/donate">www.gutenberg.org/donate</a></p> + +<h3>Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works.</h3> + +<p>Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.</p> + +<p>Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.</p> + +<p>Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: +<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></p> + +<p>This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.</p> + +</body> +</html> diff --git a/39927-h/images/frontis.jpg b/39927-h/images/frontis.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..57f4aed --- /dev/null +++ b/39927-h/images/frontis.jpg diff --git a/39927-h/images/i001.jpg b/39927-h/images/i001.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..51ec5ff --- /dev/null +++ b/39927-h/images/i001.jpg diff --git a/39927-h/images/i002.jpg b/39927-h/images/i002.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..a216b13 --- /dev/null +++ b/39927-h/images/i002.jpg diff --git a/39927-h/images/i003.jpg b/39927-h/images/i003.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..3ed4bfd --- /dev/null +++ b/39927-h/images/i003.jpg diff --git a/39927-h/images/i004.jpg b/39927-h/images/i004.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..aab4758 --- /dev/null +++ b/39927-h/images/i004.jpg diff --git a/39927-h/images/i005.jpg b/39927-h/images/i005.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..a874d21 --- /dev/null +++ b/39927-h/images/i005.jpg diff --git a/39927-h/images/i006.jpg b/39927-h/images/i006.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..9db2c32 --- /dev/null +++ b/39927-h/images/i006.jpg diff --git a/39927-h/images/i007.jpg b/39927-h/images/i007.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..0db2541 --- /dev/null +++ b/39927-h/images/i007.jpg diff --git a/39927-h/images/i008.jpg b/39927-h/images/i008.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..9836732 --- /dev/null +++ b/39927-h/images/i008.jpg diff --git a/39927-h/images/i009.jpg b/39927-h/images/i009.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..f936e4b --- /dev/null +++ b/39927-h/images/i009.jpg diff --git a/39927-h/images/i010.jpg b/39927-h/images/i010.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..e6a534e --- /dev/null +++ b/39927-h/images/i010.jpg diff --git a/39927-h/images/i011.jpg b/39927-h/images/i011.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..b241fde --- /dev/null +++ b/39927-h/images/i011.jpg diff --git a/39927-h/images/title.jpg b/39927-h/images/title.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..b51faeb --- /dev/null +++ b/39927-h/images/title.jpg |
