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diff --git a/39851.txt b/39851.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e04fe01 --- /dev/null +++ b/39851.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8513 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Victorian Literature, by Clement K. Shorter + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Victorian Literature + Sixty Years of Books and Bookmen + +Author: Clement K. Shorter + +Release Date: May 29, 2012 [EBook #39851] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK VICTORIAN LITERATURE *** + + + + +Distributed Proofreaders + + + + + + +Transcriber's Note: + + Inconsistent hyphenation and spelling in the original document have + been preserved. Obvious typographical errors have been corrected. + + Italic text is denoted by _underscores_ and bold text by =equal + signs=. + + + + + VICTORIAN LITERATURE + + SIXTY YEARS OF BOOKS + AND BOOKMEN + + + + + _Births have brought us richness and variety, + And other births will bring us richness and variety; + I do not call one greater and one smaller; + That which fills its period and place is equal to any_. + + _Walt Whitman_ + + + + + VICTORIAN + LITERATURE + + SIXTY YEARS + OF BOOKS AND + BOOKMEN + + BY + CLEMENT SHORTER + + LONDON: JAMES BOWDEN + 10 HENRIETTA STREET + COVENT GARDEN W.C. 1897 + + + + +INTRODUCTORY + + +Asked by a kindly publisher to add one more to the Jubilee volumes which +commemorate the sixtieth year of the Queen's reign, I am pleased at the +opportunity thus afforded me of gathering up a few impressions of +pleasant reading hours. "Every age," says Emerson, "must write its own +books; or rather, each generation for the next succeeding. The books of +an older period will not fit this." It is true, of course, and as a +result the popular favourite of to-day is well-nigh forgotten to-morrow. +In reading the critical journals of thirty years ago it is made quite +clear that they contain few judgments which would be sustained by a +consensus of critical opinion to-day. Whether time will deal as hardly +with the critical judgments of to-day we may not live to see. I have no +ambition to put this book to a personal test. So far as it has any worth +at all it is meant to be bibliographical and not critical. It aspires to +furnish the young student, in handy form, with as large a number of +facts about books as can be concentrated in so small a volume. That this +has been done under the guise of a consecutive narrative, and not in +the form of a dictionary, is merely for the convenience of the writer. + +I have endeavoured to say as little as possible about living poets and +novelists. With the historians and critics the matter is of less +importance. To say that Mr Samuel Rawson Gardiner has written a useful +history, or that Professor David Masson's "Life of Milton" is a valuable +contribution to biographical literature, will excite no antagonism. But +to attempt to assign Mr W. B. Yeats a place among the poets, or "Mark +Rutherford" a position among the prose writers of the day, is to +trespass upon ground which it is wiser to leave to the critics who write +in the literary journals from week to week. It was not possible to +ignore all living writers. I have ignored as many as I dared. + +It was my intention at first to devote a chapter to Sixty Years of +American Literature. But for that task an Englishman who has paid but +one short visit to the United States has no qualification. He can write +of American literature only as seen through English eyes. That is to see +much of it, it is true. Few Americans realise the enormous influence +which the literature of their own land has had upon this country. +Probably the most read poet in England during the sixty years has been +Longfellow. Probably the most read novel has been "Uncle Tom's Cabin." +Among people who claim to be distinctly literary Hawthorne has been all +but the favourite novelist, Washington Irving not the least popular of +essayists, and Emerson the most invigorating moral influence. In my +youth "The Wide, Wide World" and "Queechy" were in everybody's hands; as +the stories of Bret Harte, William Dean Howells, Thomas Bailey Aldrich, +Frank Stockton, Henry James, and Mary Wilkins are to-day. Apart from +Dickens, nearly all our laughter has come from Mark Twain and Artemus +Ward. + +In history, we in England have read Prescott and Motley; in poetry we +have read Walt Whitman, William Cullen Bryant, John Greenleaf Whittier, +and, above all, James Russell Lowell, who endeared himself to us alike +as a poet, a critic, and in his own person when he represented the +United States at the Court of St James's. Lastly I recall the delight +with which as a boy I read the "Autocrat of the Breakfast Table," and +the joy with which as a man I visited the author, Dr Oliver Wendell +Holmes, in his pleasant study in Beacon Street, Boston. These and many +other writers have made America and the Americans very dear to +Englishmen, and this in spite of much wild and foolish talk in the +journals of the two countries. + +I have to thank Mr William Mackenzie, the well-known publisher of +Glasgow, for kindly letting me draw upon some articles which I wrote +for his "National Cyclopaedia" ten years ago, and upon the literary +section, which he and his editor, Mr John Brabner, permitted me to +contribute at that time to a book entitled "The Victorian Empire." I +have also to thank my friends, Dr Robertson Nicoll and Mr L. F. Austin, +for kindly reading my proof-sheets, Mr Edward Clodd for valuable +suggestions, and Mr Sydney Webb, a friend of old student days, for +reading the chapter which treats briefly of sociology and economics. + +A compilation of this kind can scarcely hope to escape the defects of +most such enterprises--errors both of date and of fact. I shall be glad +to receive corrections for the next edition. + + CLEMENT K. SHORTER. + + _September 27, 1897._ + + + + +CHAPTER I + +The Poets + + +When Queen Victoria came to the throne in 1837, most of the great poets +who had been inspired by the French Revolutionary epoch were dead. Keats +had died in Rome in 1821, Shelley was drowned in the Gulf of Spezzia in +1822, Byron died at Missolonghi in 1824, Scott at Abbotsford in 1832, +and Coleridge at Highgate in 1834. Southey was Poet Laureate, although +Wordsworth held a paramount place, recognised on all hands as the +greatest poet of the day. + + +The gulf which separates the =Southey (1774-1843)= of the laureateship +from the Southey who presents himself to our judgment to-day is almost +impossible to bridge over. Southey, as the average bookman thinks of him +now, is the author of a "Life of Nelson" and of one or two lyrics and +ballads.[1] The "Life of Nelson" is constantly republished for an age +keenly bent on Nelson worship, but for the exacting it has been +superseded by at least two biographies from living authors.[2] That +Southey should live mainly by a book which was merely a publisher's +commission, and not by the works which he and his contemporaries deemed +immortal, is one of the ironies of literature. Southey's "Cowper" is a +much better biography than his "Nelson," but in Cowper the world has +almost ceased to be interested. It does not now read "Table Talk" and +"The Task" any more than it reads "Thalaba" and "Madoc," although every +cultivated household of sixty years ago could talk freely of these +poems. There will probably be a revival of interest in Cowper. It is +safe to assume that there will never be a revival of interest in +Southey, and that his very lengthy poems are doomed to oblivion. + + +And yet it is interesting to note where Southey's contemporaries placed +him. Shelley thought "Thalaba" magnificent, and its influence was marked +in "Queen Mab." Coleridge spoke of its "pastoral charm." Landor found +"Madoc" superb. Scott said that he had read it three or four times with +ever-increasing admiration. It kept Charles James Fox out of bed till +the small hours! But inexorable time has declared that these poems have +no permanent place in literature. Time, however, has left us a kindly +memory of Southey the man. Sara Coleridge's assertion that he was "on +the whole the best man she had ever known," tallies with the judgment of +many others of his contemporaries--who did not come into collision with +his relentless prejudices. + + +Relentless prejudice was equally a characteristic of Southey's greater +successor as Poet Laureate. =William Wordsworth (1770-1850)= had written +all the poems by which he will live when the Queen came to the throne, +but further recognition awaited the author of "Lyrical Ballads" and +"Laodamia" in the thirteen years of his life that were yet to come. It +was in 1839 that Keble, as Professor of Poetry at Oxford, welcomed +Wordsworth when he received the honorary degree of D.C.L. with the +eulogy that he had "shed a celestial light upon the affections, the +occupations and the piety of the poor." In 1842 he obtained an annuity +from the Civil List, and in the following year he succeeded Southey as +laureate. The mere fact, however, that Wordsworth wrote nothing of +importance in the present reign does not permit of his dismissal as a +pre-Victorian author. His real influence, splendid and serene, was made +upon the age which is passing away. + + He found us when the age had bound + Our souls in its benumbing round; + He spoke, and loosed our heart in tears. + +During the period in which Wordsworth's poems were coming from the press +he was scoffed at alike by Byron and by the authors of "Rejected +Addresses," and they appealed to a sympathetic audience. Coleridge had, +indeed, praised him generously enough, but the author of "The Ode to +Duty" knew nothing of the enthusiastic partisanship which was to be his +lot in the later years of his life, and for more than a quarter of a +century after his death. I have before me two books which will serve to +indicate the high-water-mark of Wordsworth's popularity. One is a volume +of selections from his poems, which was edited by Mr Matthew Arnold,[3] +the other, a volume of Transactions of the Wordsworth Society, which was +privately issued to the members. In his little volume of "Selections" Mr +Arnold, then recognised on all hands as our most important living +critic, insisted upon Wordsworth's pre-eminence in poetry, placing him +indeed on a level with Shakspere and Milton, and assigning to Byron and +Shelley a secondary rank. + +Mr Arnold, as events proved, only echoed a pervading sentiment. The +Wordsworth Society was founded, with the Archbishop of Canterbury, the +Dean of St Paul's, the Lord Chief Justice of England, the then American +Minister--Mr Lowell--and a number of distinguished literary men, among +its members. The Transactions of that Society give evidence that among +the thoughtful men and women of the last decade Wordsworth was by far +the strongest influence, that he was not merely a literary tradition, +but that he was a vital force in the minds and hearts of nearly all the +most interesting people of the period. Students of to-day, however, will +be well content to read Wordsworth only in Matthew Arnold's +"Selections." Here they will find him as a sonneteer proclaiming liberty +with scarcely less zeal and power than Milton. They will find him as the +sympathetic friend of the poor and of the oppressed. To be dead to the +charm of Matthew Arnold's "Selections from Wordsworth" is to care +nothing for poetry. To appreciate with any measure of enthusiasm the +twelve volumes of Wordsworth's collected writings is equally to have +one's sense of true poetry deadened and destroyed. We have no time now +for "The Excursion" and "The Prelude." We have less for Wordsworth's +"Ecclesiastical Sonnets" and "The Borderers." For his copious prose +moralizings one has no toleration whatever. + + +It is not easy to judge whether =Alfred Tennyson (1809-1892)= will ever +cease to retain the very wide hold upon the public which was his for at +least thirty years prior to his death, and which is his to-day. The +poems of Tennyson might be read by succeeding generations of Englishmen +if only for their exquisite purity of style. Music he has also in +abundance. In "Harold," "Queen Mary," and his other plays there is no +great gift of characterisation, and these assuredly will go the way of +Southey's more ambitious poems. But in "Maud" Tennyson caught the social +aspiration of his time with singular insight. The world, he pleaded--and +England in particular--was given over to money-getting. The capitalist +was more tyrannical than the old, expiring slave-owner. Even peace was a +mere word. There was a worse tyranny than that which left men for dead +on the battle-field. There was the tyranny which ground them to dust for +a bare pittance in mill and factory. Tennyson never wrote with greater +force or with more perfect dramatic and lyric art, and his poem is as +striking and effective to-day as at the time of its publication in 1855. + + +Lord Tennyson--for the Poet Laureate accepted a peerage in 1890--won the +hearts of a wider audience by "In Memoriam," and of a still larger one +by "The Idylls of the King." "In Memoriam," a lengthy elegy on his +college friend, Arthur Hallam, touched the great religious public of +England. The poem reflected a certain transcendentalism of view which +was fast becoming fashionable. + + "There lives more faith in honest doubt, + Believe me, than in half the creeds" + +was, in fact, more and more the prevailing tone among all phases of +Protestantism where a few years earlier the exact opposite had been +insisted upon. + + +One of the most agreeable pictures which our literary period affords is +offered by the friendship between Lord Tennyson and Robert Browning. The +two men were not seldom compared; each had his partisans, and each his +enthusiastic disciples. Neither from a social nor from a literary point +of view would they seem to have had much in common. Browning was a +regular diner-out, he appeared systematically at every picture-gallery, +and at every public entertainment, and in all these things he was keenly +interested: he loved society. Lord Tennyson, on the other hand, lived a +retired life in one or other of his country houses. He was morbidly +sensitive to the attentions of the crowd, and amusing stories are told +of his desire to avoid the "vulgar" gaze. Considered as literary men, +the contrast between these poets was greater. Tennyson's language was +dainty, simple, full of grace; his characters monotonous, lacking in +vigour. Browning wrote with rugged force, and sometimes with an +obscurity which left the reader bewildered. But his gift of +characterisation was superb, and his men and women for individuality are +comparable only to those of Shakspere. The hearts of all of us go out to +Tennyson when we think of the music of his verses, of his gifts of +natural description, his fine and captivating imagination; but our +hearts and our intellects go out to Browning, as to one who has +enshrined our best thoughts, who has touched all our deepest emotions. +It is true that half of Browning's sixteen volumes are flatly +incomprehensible to the majority of us; but the other half are equal in +bulk to the whole of Lord Tennyson's writings, and quite free from any +suspicion of obscurity. The "Ring and the Book" is not obscure. It is an +exciting story, dramatically told. So also are the poems called "Men and +Women," and the "Dramatic Idyls." "Luria," "In a Balcony," "A Blot in +the 'Scutcheon," are as readable as railway novels. And yet Browning +had, and has, none of the popularity of Tennyson. The one writer sold by +thousands, and his financial reward was probably unprecedented in +poetry; the other had but a small audience, an audience which never +approached to one-third of his rival's. Notwithstanding all this, it is +pleasing to note that the two poets loyally esteemed one another, as +the dedication of some of their books conspicuously proves. + + +To write thus early of =Robert Browning (1812-1889)= is to anticipate in +the literary record. "Pauline," the poet's first poem, was published, it +is true, in 1833; and that and successive poems were accepted by good +critics as the work of a true poet. Nevertheless, Browning had to fight +his way as no poet of equal merit has ever had to do, and it was very +late indeed in the Victorian epoch that he became more than the poet of +a limited circle. One there was, certainly, who appreciated his work +from the first with no common fervour, for the world has long been +familiar with the statement that a reference by Elizabeth Barrett in +"Lady Geraldine's Courtship" first brought the two poets together in +1845-- + + "From Browning some 'Pomegranate' + Which, if cut deep down the middle, + Shows a heart within blood-tinctured, + Of a veined humanity." + +They were married a year later. As exemplifying the condescension of +their earlier contemporaries it is interesting to note Wordsworth's +observation on the event--and Wordsworth had no humour--"So, Robert +Browning and Elizabeth Barrett have gone off together! Well, I hope they +may understand each other--nobody else could!" Lord Granville, who was +staying in Florence when a son was born to the poets there in 1849, was +still more amusing although equally uncritical. "Now there are not two +incomprehensibles but three incomprehensibles," he said. + + +It cannot be charged against =Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1806-1861)= +that she was in the least incomprehensible. Her "Cry of the Children," +"Cowper's Grave," and "Aurora Leigh," have the note of extreme +simplicity. Nor is obscurity a characteristic of "Sonnets from the +Portuguese," which were not translations, but so named to disguise a +wife's devotion to her husband. "Aurora Leigh" she styled a "novel in +verse," and it was in fact a very readable romance, marked by that zest +for social reform which characterised the period.[4] "The most mature of +my works, and the one into which my highest convictions upon Life and +Art have entered," she wrote of it. + +After the marriage the pair lived principally at Florence. In their +Florentine home--Casa Guidi--"Aurora Leigh," and "Casa Guidi Windows" +were written, and here Mrs Browning died in June 1861. One may still see +the house upon which the Florentine municipality has inscribed a tablet +in gratitude for the "golden ring" of poetry with which the +enthusiastic woman poet had attempted to unite England and Italy. + + +Another great Florentine by adoption, =Walter Savage Landor +(1775-1864)=, came to live near the Brownings. His rugged nature must +have been not a little soothed by the gentle little woman with "a soul +of fire enclosed in a shell of pearl." Landor was educated at Rugby, at +Ashbourne, and at Trinity College, Oxford. From Rugby he was removed to +avoid expulsion, and at Oxford he was rusticated. All this was the +outcome of an excitable temperament, which led in later life to domestic +complications, and to exile from his family in Florence. It found no +reflection in his many beautiful works. As a poet, however, Landor holds +no considerable rank, although here placed among them. "Gebir" was +published in 1798 and "Count Julian" in 1812. Both these lengthy poems +have received the rapturous praise of authoritative critics, De Quincey +even declaring that Count Julian was a creation worthy to rank beside +the Prometheus of AEschylus and Milton's Satan. Southey insisted indeed +that Landor had written verses "of which he would rather have been the +author than of any produced in our time." But Landor's poems, although +obtainable in his collected works, and published in selections, command +no audience to-day. With his prose the case is otherwise. There is +little in the six volumes of "Imaginary Conversations," or in the two +volumes of "Longer Prose Works," that does not merit attention alike for +style and matter. "Give me," he says in one of his prefaces, "ten +accomplished men for readers and I am content." Landor has all +accomplished men for readers now. And all are at one with the critic who +said that, "excepting Shakspere, no other writer has furnished us with +so many delicate aphorisms of human nature." Mr Swinburne's expression +of veneration is well known. + + "I came as one whose thoughts half linger, + Half run before; + The youngest to the oldest singer + That England bore. + + I found him whom I shall not find + Till all grief end; + In holiest age our mightiest mind, + Father and friend." + +The connecting link between Landor and his young admirer is sufficiently +apparent. In genuine accomplishment, the imaginative literature of our +era has produced no one comparable to Landor, save only =Algernon +Charles Swinburne (1837- )=. Mr Swinburne has written well in several +languages other than his own. In his own he has written tragedies of +wider purpose than those of Tennyson, of equal insight with those of +Browning. He has written noble sonnets, lyrics of exquisite melody, and +one poem, "Ave atque Vale," which takes rank among the imperishable +elegies of our literature. He has abundant spontaneity and a marvellous +gift of rhythm. Added to all this, he is a critic of almost unequalled +learning and distinction. He was the first to give adequate recognition +to the poetic genius of Matthew Arnold and Emily Bronte. He knows +Elizabethan literature with remarkable thoroughness, and he knows the +literature of many ages and many lands better than most of the +professors. His appreciation of Charles Lamb endears him to English +readers, and his eulogies of Victor Hugo command the respect of +Frenchmen. A great poet and a great prose writer, Mr Swinburne is +perhaps the most distinguished literary figure of our day. Only when in +the distant years his country has lost him, will a great folly be +generally recognised. Why, it will be asked, did we not spontaneously +call for him--arch democrat and arch rebel though he may have been--as +the only possible successor to Lord Tennyson as Poet Laureate? + + +It has been said that Mr Swinburne was the first to recognise the great +poetical gifts of =Matthew Arnold (1822-1888)=. Writing in the +Fortnightly Review in 1867,[5] he remarked that the fame of Mr Matthew +Arnold had for some years been almost exclusively the fame of a prose +writer. "Those students," he continued, "could hardly find hearing, who +with all esteem and enjoyment of his essays ... retained the opinion +that, if justly judged, he must be judged by his verse and not by his +prose." The view that Arnold excelled as a prose writer continued to +hold sway for many years after Mr Swinburne wrote, and it was current up +to the date of Arnold's death. "Literature and Dogma" and "God and the +Bible," the former of which first appeared in 1873, excited an +extraordinary amount of attention, and helped largely to modify the +religious beliefs of many men and women now rapidly approaching middle +age. The son of a famous clergyman, Dr Thomas Arnold of Rugby, Matthew +Arnold was a product of that Broad Church movement which Dr Arnold had +helped largely to inspire. A fellow-pupil of Dr Stanley, Dean of +Westminster, Arnold went further than the Dean in his opposition to +supernaturalism in religion, though he stopped short of the fiery +antagonism which another eminent Anglican churchman, Bishop Colenso, +displayed towards the miraculous stories of the Old Testament. But far +more than Stanley or Colenso did he influence the Protestant +Christianity of his day. This, however, scarcely enters into the +discussion of Matthew Arnold the poet. More akin to that side of +Arnold's life is his literary criticism. For many years he held in this +field a well nigh undisputed throne. For a time he was Professor of +Poetry at Oxford. But his influence came mainly through a volume called +"Essays in Criticism" (1865), of which it is not too much to say that +the paper entitled "The Function of Criticism at the Present Time," gave +a new impulse to all students of books. Here and elsewhere Arnold +emphasised the opinion that not only a fine artistic instinct but a vast +amount of knowledge, admitting of comparisons, is necessary as the +equipment of a critic. Criticism he defined as "a disinterested +endeavour to learn and propagate the best that is known and thought in +the world." Matthew Arnold had other claims as a prose writer. His +appeal for the study of Celtic literature initiated and encouraged a +revival of learning in Wales and in Ireland; and his books and essays on +Education--for his main income for many years was derived from his +salary as an Inspector of Schools--did much to further the cause which +his brother-in-law, Mr W. E. Forster, began with the great Education Act +of 1870. + +But it is as a poet, as Mr Swinburne foretold, that Matthew Arnold lives +in literature. It is strange to some of us to note how largely the bulk +of his prose work has dropped out of the memory of the younger +generation. The diligent collector possesses some forty-five volumes of +Mr Arnold's writings; but although there has been a cheap reprint of +many of these, it is only by his collected poems that he is widely known +to-day. Mr Swinburne, in the essay to which I have referred, tells of +the joy with which, as a schoolboy, he came upon a copy of "Empedocles +on Etna." He must then have been about fifteen years of age, as +"Empedocles on Etna and Other Poems by A" was published in 1852. It +contained "Tristram and Iseult," "Stanzas in Memory of the Author of +'Obermann,'" and many now accepted favourites. "The Strayed Reveller" by +"A" was a still earlier volume of anonymous verse (1849); and, in 1853, +"Poems" by Matthew Arnold made the poet known by name to a small circle. +A substantial recognition as a poet did not however fall to Matthew +Arnold while he lived. His career is, indeed, a striking example of the +fact that our views of contemporary literature require to be revised +every decade. Ten years ago everyone was discussing Matthew Arnold's +views concerning Isaiah and St Paul, and the Nonconformists, whom he +chaffed good-humouredly, have reconstructed many of their beliefs +through a study of his works. People were excited by his views on +education and by his views on literature, but not by his poetry. To-day +his poetry is all of him that remains, and its charm is likely to +soothe the more strenuous minds among us for at least another +generation, and perhaps for all time. + + +In "Thyrsis," a striking elegy on =Arthur Hugh Clough (1819-1861)=, +Arnold struck a note which has only Milton's "Lycidas" and Shelley's +"Adonais" to call forth comparisons. Clough was not a Keats, but he was +a more considerable personage than Milton's friend, and indeed he has +been persistently underrated by many men of letters. Not indeed by all. +"We have a foreboding," said Mr Lowell, "that Clough will be thought a +hundred years hence, to have been the truest expression in verse of the +moral and intellectual tendencies of the period in which he lived." +Clough was the son of a cotton merchant of Liverpool, and he was a pupil +of Dr Arnold at Rugby. He gained a Balliol scholarship, and went into +residence in 1837. The coming years brought doubts and distractions, +religious and political, and Clough parted from Oxford. His most famous +poem, "The Bothie of Tober-na-Vuolich," was published in 1848. In 1852 +he sailed to Boston in the same ship that carried Thackeray and Lowell. +Emerson, who had met him in England, welcomed him there. Travelling +through Europe for his health, he died of paralysis in Florence in +1861.[6] + + +The catalogue of great English poets of the period is completed with the +names of Rossetti and Morris. Perhaps there is no more romantic figure +in modern literature than =Dante Gabriel Rossetti (1828-1882)=, although +he has suffered cruelly from the biographer. His father, Gabriele, was +an Italian exile, a critic of Dante, a teacher of Italian in London. His +mother was a sister of the notorious Polidori, whose charlatanry is +remembered wherever an interest in Lord Byron prevails. + +The younger Rossetti had relatives--a brother, William Michael, who has +written verses, criticisms, and a ponderous biography of Gabriel; and a +sister, =Maria Francesca Rossetti (1827-1876)=, whose "Shadow of Dante" +makes good reading for admirers of the great Florentine, and, indeed, +may be recommended to every English student of Dante. Another sister, +=Christina Georgina Rossetti (1830-1894)=, wrote many books. She will +live by her "Goblin Market" (1862), and by numerous short poems. Books +of the type of "Called to be Saints" and "The Face of the Deep: A +Commentary on the Revelation," have also won her much affection and +admiration from religious sympathisers. She was not responsible for +"Maude" and "New Poems," inadequate works which her brother thought fit +to publish after her death. They are practically worthless. + +Dante Rossetti was a considerable painter as well as a poet. His name is +written large in that pre-Raphaelite movement which gave him for +associates Mr Holman Hunt and Sir John Millais. The movement, which had +Mr John Ruskin for its literary champion, when reduced to simple +statement, meant a harking back to early mediaeval art. Sir John Millais +and Mr Holman Hunt speedily abandoned this position, and Rossetti +himself was never a pre-Raphaelite in any real sense. The +pre-Raphaelites issued in 1850 a journal under the editorship of +Rossetti's brother, and to the _Germ_, as it was called, Rossetti +contributed his poem, "The Blessed Damozel," and a story, "Hand and +Soul." To the _Germ_ also, Thomas Woolner (1825-1892), the sculptor, +contributed the poems of "My Beautiful Lady." + + +One epoch in the life of Rossetti was his introduction to Mr Ruskin, and +another was his first acquaintance with William Morris. Ruskin bought +his pictures with characteristic generosity, and further assisted +Rossetti to publish "The Early Italian Poets" (1861), afterwards +reprinted as "Dante and his Circle" (1874). William Morris introduced +Rossetti to his Oxford friends, including Mr Swinburne, and to the +_Oxford and Cambridge Magazine_, in which many of his finest poems were +published. After his wife's death, from an overdose of laudanum in 1862, +Rossetti moved to Queen's House, Cheyne Walk, where for a time he had +for associates in payment of rent Mr Swinburne and Mr George Meredith, +though the latter never actually lived in the house. From that time to +his death he published many important poems--ballads of singular power +like "The White Ship," "The King's Tragedy," and "Sister Helen," and the +many splendid sonnets of "The House of Life." The two volumes of +Rossetti's collected works must always command readers. Rossetti died at +Birchington-on-Sea, and a simple tomb in the churchyard marks his grave. + + +The name of =William Morris (1834-1896)= closes the list of Victorian +poets of the first rank. Morris was as versatile as Rossetti. He touched +many branches of Art with remarkable success. Now he was designing +wall-papers, and became a successful manufacturer in this branch of +commerce: now he was indefatigable in printing notable books in English +literature from a type which he had himself selected. The wall-paper has +given a new direction to the decoration of English houses, and the +Kelmscott Press has added many beautiful books to our libraries, and +given an impetus to a revival of taste in printing. This was but a part +of Morris's life. Although a rich man, he was a vigorous lecturer on +behalf of Socialism, and wrote many books, such as, for example: "The +Dream of John Ball" (1888), and "News from Nowhere" (1891), in support +of his ideals. From the appearance of his "Defence of Guenevere" (1858), +and "Life and Death of Jason" (1867), he was always publishing, and his +translations from Homer, Virgil, and Scandinavian literature make a +small library by themselves. But a practical handbook to Victorian +literature needs but to mention one of his books. "The Earthly Paradise" +(1868-70), will live as long as a love of good story-telling remains to +us. The tales are told by twenty-four travellers who desire to find the +earthly paradise, and the book opens as do the Canterbury Tales with a +Prologue. The lyrical introduction is one of the most quotable things in +our later literature:-- + + "Of Heaven or Hell I have no power to sing, + I cannot ease the burden of your fears, + Or make quick-coming death a little thing, + Or bring again the pleasure of past years, + Nor for my words shall ye forget your tears, + Or hope again for aught that I can say, + The idle singer of an empty day. + + "Dreamer of dreams, born out of my due time, + Why should I strive to set the crooked straight? + Let it suffice me that my murmuring rhyme + Beats with light wing against the ivory gate, + Telling a tale not too importunate + To those who in the sleepy region stay, + Lulled by the singer of an empty day. + + "Folk say, a wizard to a Northern King + At Christmastide such wondrous things did show + That through one window men beheld the Spring, + And through another saw the Summer glow, + And through a third the fruited vines arow, + While still, unheard, but in its wonted way, + Piped the drear wind of that December day." + +William Morris has not seldom been confused with a writer with whom he +had nothing in common but the name. =Sir Lewis Morris (1833- )=, a +Welsh squire, and candidate for Parliament, has stood for convention as +decisively as William Morris has stood against it. His "Songs of Two +Worlds" (1871-5), and "Epic of Hades" (1876), brought him a considerable +popularity, which "A Vision of Saints," and later books have not been +able to maintain. Another literary knight of our time who has secured a +large share of public attention through his verse is =Sir Edwin Arnold +(1832- )=, whose "Light of Asia" interpreted to many the story of +Buddha's career. A poem upon Christ and Christianity "The Light of the +World," owed the fact of its smaller success to the greater familiarity +of the public with its main incidents. Sir Edwin Arnold has won other +laurels as a traveller and as a journalist. + + +Some of the best poetry of the era has been produced by writers whose +principal achievements are in the realm of prose. The Brontes, Charles +Kingsley, George Meredith, and George Eliot--to name but a few--all +wrote verse which must ultimately have secured attention had they not +made great reputations as novelists. + +Assuredly, the three most successful poems in Victorian literature, of +that portion of it which is already passing into oblivion, are +"Proverbial Philosophy," "Festus," and "Philip Van Artevelde." The +"Proverbial Philosophy" of =Martin Farquhar Tupper (1810-1889)= +created an excitement in literary and non-literary circles, which it is +difficult for the present generation to comprehend. It is true that when +it was first published, in 1838, it was greeted by the _Athenaeum_ as "a +book not likely to please beyond the circle of a few minds as eccentric +as the author's." In spite of this, it sold in thousands and hundreds of +thousands; it went through over nine hundred editions in England, and +five hundred thousand copies at least were sold in America. It was +translated into French, German, and many other tongues; its author was a +popular hero, although of his later books, including "Ballads for the +Times," "Raleigh, his Life and Death," and "Cithara," the very names are +by this time forgotten. Of "Proverbial Philosophy" itself there are few +enough copies in demand to-day, and it is difficult for us to place +ourselves in the position of those who felt its charm. What to the early +Victorian Era was counted for wisdom, and piety, and even for beauty, +counts to the present age for mere commonplace verbiage. Tupper's name +has taken a place in our language as the contemptuous synonym for a +poetaster. "Festus," on the other hand, although not read to-day, has +always commanded respectful attention. Its author, =Philip James Bailey +(1816- )=, wrote "Festus" in its first form, at the age of twenty, and +it was published in 1839. The book was enlarged again and again, till it +reached to three times its original length. It may be that this +enlargement has had something to do with its fate. "Festus" was +frequently compared to the best work of Goethe and of Mr Browning. Even +a more pronounced recognition accrued to the dramatic poems of =Sir +Henry Taylor (1800-1886)=, and more particularly to "Philip Van +Artevelde" (1834), which was described by the _Quarterly Review_ as "the +noblest effort in the true old taste of our English historical drama, +that has been made for more than a century," and which attracted the +keenest attention of all Sir Henry Taylor's contemporaries. His +entertaining "Autobiography" has told us that Taylor, who was an +important official at the Colonial Office, knew all the famous men of +his time. + + +Women have occupied no small share in the literary history of the past +sixty years, although it is in fiction that their most enduring +triumphs have been secured. The most popular women poets, next in order +to Mrs Browning, have been Eliza Cook and Jean Ingelow. =Eliza Cook +(1818-1889)= wrote for the most part the kind of verses which would now +be rejected by the editor of the Poet's Corner of a provincial +newspaper. She would be little more than a vague memory, were it not for +"The Old Arm-Chair"; but she has other claims to consideration. In the +forties and the fifties _Eliza Cook's Journal_ was one of the most +prominent publications of the day, and it did much for the cause of +literature and philanthropy. =Jean Ingelow (1820-1897)= survived, as +did Eliza Cook, to see her verse well-nigh forgotten, and yet it is +stated that two hundred thousand copies of her poems have been sold in +America alone. Miss Ingelow, who was born in Boston, Lincolnshire, and +died in London, will live in anthologies by her ballad, "High Tide on +the Coast of Lincolnshire," by a song in "Supper at the Mill," and by +sundry short poems. + + +A certain brighter and more humorous kind of verse had its beginnings +with Thomas Hood and the author of "The Ingoldsby Legends." =Thomas +Hood (1798-1845)= has endeared himself to the whole reading world by +his "Song of the Shirt" (1844); and his "Dream of Eugene Aram" (1829) is +not less familiar. But in addition to this he had an abundance of wit +and drollery side by side with pathos and tenderness, which will always +make a splendid tradition and a great inspiration. Hood was a +journalist. His prototype, =Richard Harris Barham (1788-1845)=, was an +Anglican clergyman. His pseudonym of Thomas Ingoldsby calls up memories +of some of the quaintest and drollest verse ever written. "The Ingoldsby +Legends" were first contributed to _Bentley's Miscellany_, and +afterwards collected in volumes. "The Jackdaw of Rheims" is the most +popular. Barham's once successful novel, "My Cousin Nicholas," is now +all but forgotten. + + +The most famous successors of Hood and Barham have been Calverley and Mr +Austin Dobson. =Charles Stuart Calverley (1831-1884)= wrote "Fly +Leaves" and "Verses and Translations." Mr Dobson has published, in +addition to many valuable prose works, the exquisite "Vignettes in +Rhyme" and "Proverbs in Porcelain," which, with Mr Andrew Lang's +"Ballades in Blue China," form a dainty contribution to the lighter +literature of the epoch. + + +A determination to say as little as possible concerning writers still +young in years, though already famous, will make, it may be, my summary +of Victorian poetry seem inadequate to many. Mr Traill, a discerning +critic, has specified some hundred or more "minor poets" who flourish +to-day! But it cannot be doubted that the minor poet of our era, with +his excellent technique, his deep feeling, and his high-minded +impulsiveness, is separated by an immense gulf from the minor poet of an +earlier period. The Pyes and the Hayleys, who were famous in an age when +criticism was less of an art, had little enough of the real poetical +faculty. That faculty can scarcely be denied to the hundred or more of +living bards who now claim the suffrages of the poetry-loving reader. It +cannot be denied also to many men who have passed away during the +present era--to Alexander Smith and Sydney Dobell in one period, and to +Coventry Patmore and James Thomson in another. =Alexander Smith +(1830-1867)= was an industrious essayist as well as a poet. Tennyson +and Mrs Browning concurred in their esteem of Smith as a poet "whose +works show fancy, and not imagination"; and this might with truth be +said of too many of the minor bards, and, indeed, constitutes the +dividing line. Sydney Yendys, under which pseudonym =Sydney Dobell +(1824-1874)= co-operated with Smith in "Sonnets on the War" (1855), was +a poet of similar temperament. + + +=Coventry Patmore (1823-1896)= is known to the many through his "Angel +in the House," a poem upon domestic bliss which breathed a note not +always sincere, but to which Mr Ruskin assured a certain popularity +through effective quotation in his "Sesame and Lilies." A certain +ecstatic band of admirers attached more importance to Patmore's "Unknown +Eros." These admirers spoilt him by adulation. He probably looked +forward with the same keen assurance to the verdict of posterity as did +Southey; and posterity it is all but certain will be as ruthless in the +one case as in the other. + + +Patmore's life was one of luxury and independence. Quite the reverse was +the fate of =James Thomson (1834-1882)=, whose great poem, "The City +of Dreadful Night," was published in Mr Charles Bradlaugh's _National +Reformer_ in 1874, and not republished as a book until 1880. Thomson had +a melancholy career which ended in drink and disaster. He died in +University Hospital, London. His "City of Dreadful Night" is peculiarly +a reflection of the age that is passing. It secured even during the +poet's life the commendation of George Eliot, of George Meredith, and of +other critics; and it may yet command a large audience, who breathe the +note of pessimism which was always characteristic of the writer:-- + + "The sense that every struggle brings defeat + Because Fate holds no prize to crown success, + That all the oracles are dumb or cheat + Because they have no secret to express; + That none can pierce the vast black veil uncertain + Because there is no light beyond the curtain; + That all is vanity and nothingness." + + +A poet whom one names with peculiar reverence is =Thomas Aubrey de Vere +(1814- )=, the son of Sir Aubrey de Vere, who was also a poet. Aubrey +de Vere, the younger, knew and loved Wordsworth, to whom in 1842 he +dedicated "The Waldenses: A Lyrical Tale," and yet retains, sixty years +later, the most sympathetic interest in modern literary effort. Mr de +Vere is an Irishman, and was educated at Trinity College, Dublin. He has +written many volumes of poetry and prose, his dramatic poems "Alexander +the Great" and "St Thomas of Canterbury" having, no doubt, been largely +inspired by the successes of his friend and relative, Sir Henry Taylor, +and by his father's brilliant drama, "Mary Tudor." One of his most +recent books was a volume of critical essays containing a notable study +of Wordsworth. + + +Irishmen have been fairly conspicuous in the poetry of the epoch, and +the term "Celtic Renaissance" has begun to be used hopefully by lovers +of Ireland who desire that country to have a literature as distinctly +Irish as Scotland has a literature definitely Scottish. =Thomas Moore +(1779-1852)= was the pioneer of this movement. He had, it is true, done +all his work before the Queen came to the throne, although he lived yet +another fifteen years. His "Irish Melodies" began to appear in 1807, +"Lalla Rookh" was published in 1817, and the "Life of Byron" in 1830. +Moore was as much an inspiration to modern Ireland as Burns to modern +Scotland, and the one country holds the name of its poet as +reverentially in memory as does the other. Moore, however, lacked the +note of passionate sincerity which pertained to Burns; although we may +fairly ask what would have been the career of Burns had he been thrown +early into the literary and social life of London--the London of Byron's +time. + + +The influence of Moore was strong in =Thomas Davis (1814-1845)= whose +"National and Historical Ballads, Songs and Poems" caused so great a +ferment in the heart of Young Ireland. Many other Irish writers deserve +to be named, such as James Clarence Mangan (1803-1849), Sir Samuel +Ferguson (1810-1886), Lady Dufferin (1807-1867) and John Banim +(1798-1842), who wrote, in conjunction with his brother Michael, some +twenty-four volumes of Irish stories and verses. =Samuel Lover (1797-1868)= +is best known in England by his romance "Rory O'More" and +his ever popular "Handy Andy," but in Ireland he is remembered as a +writer of lyrics and ballads of heart-stirring character. + + +An Irishman by descent, although not by birth, was =Edward FitzGerald +(1809-1883)=, who was born in Suffolk and lived all his life in the +neighbourhood of Woodbridge in that county. FitzGerald's "Letters and +Literary Remains" fill three substantial volumes, but he lives for us by +his translation or rather paraphrase of the "Rubayat of Omar Khayyam of +Naishapur," which first appeared in 1859. It is generally agreed that +FitzGerald, a nineteenth century pagan, always reverently questioning +the mystery of existence, superadded his own personal thoughts and +feelings to the verses of the old Persian singer. In doing this he +touched deeply a certain aspect of the second half of the nineteenth +century and founded a cult. FitzGerald's verses, however, have been +ardently admired by many who are far from accepting their pessimist view +of life. + + +=Hartley Coleridge (1796-1849)= wrote and published his admirable +sonnets before 1837. He was a son of Samuel Taylor Coleridge +(1772-1834), whose literary remains were edited by Henry Nelson +Coleridge, a nephew and son-in-law. H. N. Coleridge married the great +poet's only daughter, =Sara Coleridge (1803-1852)=, who wrote one +poem, "Phantasmion," and whose letters throw much light on an important +chapter of literary history. + + +=Bryan Waller Procter (1787-1874)=, better known as "Barry Cornwall," +was at school with Lord Byron at Harrow. His "Dramatic Scenes," +"Marcian Colonna," and "Mirandola" were much talked of in their day. +Procter was admired as a poet by Byron, Moore, and other famous +contemporaries, but no one reads him now. A happier fate has befallen +his daughter, =Adelaide Anne Procter (1825-1864)=, whose "Legends and +Lyrics" are still widely popular. + + +Winthrop Mackworth Praed, who wrote much admirable humorous and +satirical verse, is not a Victorian author, although his present +popularity makes that rather hard to realise. He died in 1839. =Richard +Hengist Horne (1803-1884)=, on the other hand, although he lived into +our time, is now remembered only by his friendship with Mrs Browning and +by the humorous freak of publishing his epic "Orion" at a farthing. He +was the author of a miracle play entitled "Judas Iscariot," a tragedy +entitled "The Death of Marlowe," and many other works. + + +Another writer of well-nigh forgotten tragedies was =Thomas Lovell +Beddoes (1803-1849)=, who wrote "The Bride's Tragedy" and "Death's +Jest Book." A like extinction, it is to be feared, has befallen Ebenezer +Jones and Ebenezer Elliott--the former of whom belonged to that +spasmodic school of poets of which Alexander Smith and Philip James +Bailey were supposed to be the leaders. =Ebenezer Jones (1820-1860)= +wrote "Studies in Sensation and Event," to which in 1879 his brother, +Sumner Jones, attached an interesting biography. There is very genuine +poetry in the volume, but it is not likely to be republished. =Ebenezer +Elliott (1781-1849)= had a very different fate. He enjoyed for many +years the suffrages of the multitude. His "Corn Law Rhymes" played a +considerable part in the political agitation of the period. James +Montgomery called him "the poet of the poor." Another writer with a fine +democratic impulse was =Gerald Massey (1828- )=, who was associated +with the Chartist movement, and wrote "Poems and Charms" and "Voices of +Freedom and Lyrics of Love." Another Chartist was =Thomas Cooper +(1805-1892)=, who wrote "The Purgatory of Suicides" and many other poems +and an entertaining autobiography. Cooper was an active political +agitator, and was imprisoned for two years in Stafford gaol for +sedition. + + +A poet who holds a great place in the minds of many is =William Barnes +(1820-1886)=, who kept a school for a time in Mr Thomas Hardy's town of +Dorchester. He afterwards became a clergyman and rector of +Winterbourne-Came. He was a philologist as well as a poet, and published +many works on language. His interest for us here is in his "Poems of +Rural Life in the Dorset Dialect" (1844). Another poet-clergyman of +great learning was =Robert Stephen Hawker (1803-1875)= whose work +reflects Devonshire and Cornwall as Barnes' reflects Dorsetshire. He +wrote the "Song of the Western Men" which he deceived Macaulay into +believing to be an old Cornish ballad, and the great historian +introduced it into his "History of England" as an example of the +excitement caused by the arrest of the seven bishops.[7] Its stirring +refrain:-- + + "And shall Trelawney die, and shall Trelawney die? + Then thirty thousand Cornish boys will know the reason why" + +will always keep Hawker in remembrance. He was vicar of Morwenstow and +wrote several volumes of poems and some prose, including "Footprints of +Former Men in Far Cornwall." + + +Two poets, father and son, made the name of Marston honoured in their +days. John Westland Marston (1819-1890) was born at Boston, +Lincolnshire. He wrote two dramas, "Strathmore" and "Marie de Meranie," +which had much success some years ago. Another work, "A Hard Struggle," +obtained the enthusiastic praise of Dickens. Dr Garnett claims for +Marston that he was long the chief upholder of the poetical drama on the +English stage. =Philip Bourke Marston (1850-1887)=, a son of Westland +Marston, should not have failed of literary success, as he had for +godfather Philip James Bailey, the author of "Festus," and for godmother +Miss Mulock, author of "John Halifax, Gentleman." He, however, became +blind at three years of age. He published three volumes of verse, "Song +Tide and Other Poems" (1871), "All in All" (1875) and "Wind Voices" +(1883). They were never popular, although his poetry gained him the +esteem of many eminent men, Rossetti and Mr Swinburne among others. Mrs +Chandler Moulton, an American lady who wrote "Swallow Flights," gave us +a memoir of Philip Bourke Marston. In this she was assisted by Mr +William Sharp, who was also one of Rossetti's biographers. Mrs Moulton +did a like good office to the memory of =Arthur O'Shaughnessy +(1844-1881)=, a poet of considerable distinction in his day. +O'Shaughnessy married the younger Marston's sister. His "Epic of Women & +Other Poems," published in 1870, was a volume of very great promise. He +wrote other verses, which never attained to quite the same measure of +success. + + +It only remains for me to name =Alfred Austin (1835- )= the Poet +Laureate. After Lord Tennyson's death in 1892 the office remained vacant +for four years. The two poets who might have been considered to have +had some claim, William Morris and Mr Swinburne, were supposed to be +impossible on account of democratic sympathies, although it is doubtful +if either would have accepted the office. Almost every living poet, +however small the bulk of his achievement, and however inconsiderable +his years, was nominated--by the press--in turn. Finally, in 1896, by a +pleasant irony of circumstances, the laureateship was given to a +journalist,--for Mr Austin had been a leader-writer on the staff of the +_Standard_ newspaper for many years. He has written "The Golden Age, a +Satire" (1871), "Savonarola" (1881), "English Lyrics" (1891), and many +prose works. His "English Lyrics" contained an appreciative introduction +by William Watson, the author of "Wordsworth's Grave," "Lachrymae +Musarum," and other poems which have been received with abundant +cordiality by the press and public. Another living poet who has been +well and justly praised is =Rudyard Kipling (1864- )=. He made his +earliest fame as a writer of short stories of Indian military life. +"Soldiers Three" and "Wee Willie Winkie" have entirely captivated the +imagination of Mr Kipling's contemporaries. It is as a poet, however, +that he will perhaps longest retain his hold upon them. His +"Barrack-Room Ballads" (1892) are finely touched with that martial +spirit which so strongly appeals to the heart of our nation. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[1] As, for example, _The Battle of Blenheim_, _The Inchcape Rock_ and +_The Cataract of Lodore_. + +[2] "The Nelson Memorial," by J. K. Laughton, 1896. "The Life of Nelson. +The embodiment of the Sea Power of Great Britain," by Captain A. T. +Mahan, 1897. + +[3] "Select Poems of Wordsworth," by Matthew Arnold. "Golden Treasury +Series." + +[4] Charles Kingsley's "Two Years Ago" appeared the same year--in 1857. + +[5] Reprinted in 1875 in "Essays and Studies." + +[6] See "Poems and Prose Remains" by Arthur Hugh Clough, with a +Selection from his Letters, and a Memoir, edited by his wife. 2 vols., +1888. + +[7] All over the country the peasants chanted a ballad of which the +burden is still remembered. MACAULAY, History, Vol. II., p. 371. + + + + +CHAPTER II + +The Novelists + + +Any comparison of the novels of the Victorian Era, with the novels of +the Georgian Period, must be very much to the disadvantage of the +former. The great epoch of English fiction began with Goldsmith and +Richardson, and ended with Sir Walter Scott. It was an epoch which gave +us "The Vicar of Wakefield," "Clarissa," "Tom Jones," "Pride and +Prejudice," "Humphrey Clinker," and "Tristram Shandy." That fiction had +a naturalness and spontaneity to which the novels of the Victorian Era +can lay no claim. The novels of the period with which we are concerned +aspire to regenerate mankind. Dickens, indeed, started off with but +little literary equipment save sundry eighteenth century novels. He had +read Smollett, and Fielding, and Sterne, diligently. But the influence +of these humourists--so marked in "Pickwick"--became qualified in his +succeeding books by the strenuous spirit of the times. + + +It is alike interesting in itself and convenient for my purpose that +the most popular novelist of the Victorian era should have published his +first great book in 1837. Dickens awoke then to abundant fame, and his +popularity has never waned for an instant during the sixty succeeding +years. To-day he may be more or less decried by "literary" people, but +his audience has multiplied twofold. He has added to it the countless +thousands whom the School Board has given to the reading world. + +=Charles Dickens (1812-1870)= was born at Landport, Portsea, his +father being an improvident clerk in the Navy Pay Office at Portsmouth. +Dickens senior has been immortalized for us by the not too pleasing +portrait of "Micawber." After infinite struggle and penury, Dickens +became a reporter for the _Morning Chronicle_. Under the signature of +"Boz" he wrote "Sketches" for the _Monthly Magazine_ in 1834. "Pickwick" +appeared from April 1836 to November 1837, and alike in parts and in +book form took the world by storm. It was succeeded by "Oliver Twist" +(1838), "Nicholas Nickleby" (1839), "The Old Curiosity Shop" (1840), and +"Barnaby Rudge" (1841). From this time forth Dickens was the most +popular writer that our literature has seen. Within twelve years after +his death some four millions of his books were sold in England, and +there is no reason to believe that this popularity has in any way +abated, although George Eliot foretold that much of Dickens's humour +would be meaningless to the next generation, that is to say, to the +generation which is now with us. It is the fashion to call Dickens the +novelist of the half-educated, to charge him with lack of +reflectiveness, with incapacity for serious reasoning. His humour has +been described as insincere, his pathos as exaggerated. Much of this +indictment may with equal justice be made against Richardson and even +against Jane Austen, who surely anticipated Dickens by the creation of +the Rev. William Collins. + +If Dickens had been a learned University Professor he would not have +possessed the equipment most needful for the artist who was to portray +to us in an imperishable manner the London which is now fast +disappearing. The people who censure Dickens are those for whom he has +served a purpose and is of no further use. They are a mere drop in the +ocean of readers. It is not easy to-day to gauge his precise position. +The exhaustion of many of his copyrights has given up his work to a host +of rival publishers. There are probably thousands of men and women now, +as there were in the fifties and sixties, who have been stimulated by +him, and who have found in his writings the aid to a cheery optimism +which has made life more tolerable amid adverse conditions. Mrs Richmond +Ritchie, Thackeray's daughter, tells us how keenly Dickens's capacity +for stirring the heart was felt even in the home of the rival novelist. +Thackeray's youngest daughter, then a child, looked up from the book she +was reading to ask the question, "Papa, why do you not write books like +'Nicholas Nickleby'"? Thackeray himself shared the general enthusiasm. +"David Copperfield!" he writes to a correspondent, "By Jingo! It is +beautiful! It is charming! Bravo Dickens! It has some of his very +brightest touches--those inimitable Dickens touches which make such a +great man of him. And the reading of the book has done another author a +great deal of good.... It has put me on my mettle and made me feel that +I must do something; that I have fame and name and family to support." + + +If Dickens is still beloved by the multitude, the name of =William +Makepeace Thackeray (1811-1863)= has entirely eclipsed his in the +minds of a certain literary section of the community. Thackeray stands +to them for culture, Dickens for illiteracy. Thackeray had indeed a more +polished intellect; he had also a more restrained style. Thackeray was +born at Calcutta. His father, who was an Indian civil servant, died when +the boy was only five years old. He was educated at Charterhouse School +and Trinity College, Cambridge. In 1831 he went to Weimar. He studied +long at Paris with a view to becoming an artist, and when "Pickwick" +wanted an illustrator to continue the work of Seymour who had committed +suicide, Thackeray applied to Dickens, but Hablot Browne was chosen, and +Thackeray was disappointed--happily for the world, which lost an +indifferent artist to gain a great author. Thackeray in 1837--the year +which saw the publication of "Pickwick" as a volume--joined the staff of +_Fraser's Magazine_. In that journal appeared in succession "The History +of Samuel Titmarsh and the Great Hoggarty Diamond," "The Yellowplush +Papers," and "The Memoirs of Barry Lyndon." In 1847 "Vanity Fair" was +begun in numbers, and not till then did its author secure real renown. +"Pendennis" was published in 1850, and "Esmond" in 1852. "The Newcomes" +(1854) is in some measure a sequel to "Pendennis," as "The Virginians" +(1858) is in some measure a sequel to "Esmond." These are the five works +by Thackeray which everyone must read. In 1857 Thackeray unsuccessfully +contested Oxford. In 1859 he undertook the editorship of the new +_Cornhill Magazine_ which flourished in his hands. These were the +halcyon days of magazine editors. On Macaulay's death in 1859, Thackeray +talked of purchasing the historian's vacant house. A friend remarked +upon his prosperity. "To make money one must edit a magazine," was the +answer. He did not buy Macaulay's house, but built himself one at +Palace Green, and here he died the day before Christmas-day 1863. His +daughter, Anne Thackeray, who became Mrs Richmond Ritchie, has written +"Old Kensington" and other stories of singular charm. + +The twenty-six volumes of Thackeray's works make a veritable nursery of +style for the modern literary aspirant. But it is, as has been said, +upon his five great novels that his future fame must rest. They are as +permanent a picture of life among the well-to-do classes as those +Dickens has given us of life among the poor. + + +=Charlotte Bronte (1816-1855)=, who gave to Thackeray the enthusiastic +hero-worship of her early years, called him a Titan, and dedicated "Jane +Eyre" to him, had little enough in common with the author of "Vanity +Fair." The daughter of a poor parson of Irish birth, she was born at +Thornton in Yorkshire. She and two sisters grew up in the cramped +atmosphere of a vicarage at Haworth, in the centre of the moorlands. +They wrote stories and poems from childhood, and dreamed of literary +fame. Meanwhile it was necessary to add to the scanty stipend of their +father; two of them went back as governesses to the school in which they +had been educated; and all of them a little later attempted the +uncongenial life of private governesses. The desire to have a school of +their own led Charlotte and her sister Emily to Brussels, where they +studied French and German. Returning to the Haworth parsonage, the three +sisters, Charlotte, Emily, and Anne, with money left them by an aunt, +published a volume of verse--"Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell." +Then each sister produced from her drawer the manuscript of a novel, and +Charlotte's "Professor," Emily's "Wuthering Heights," and Anne's "Agnes +Grey" were sent round to the publishers and returned more than once to +the parsonage. Finally the "Professor" was read by Smith & Elder, who +asked for a longer story by the writer. "Jane Eyre" (1847) was the +result, and that story became one of the most successful novels of the +day. It was followed by "Shirley" (1849) and "Villette" (1853). In 1854 +Charlotte Bronte became Mrs Arthur Bell Nicholls, and the wife of her +father's curate. In the following year she died. "The Professor" was +published two years after her death. + + +=Emily Bronte (1818-1848)= accomplished less than her elder sister, +but her name will live as long. She secured the admiration of Sydney +Dobell, of Matthew Arnold, and of Mr Swinburne, and her best verse is +perhaps the greatest ever written by a woman. "Last Lines" and "The Old +Stoic" will rank with the finest poetry in our literature. Her one +novel, "Wuthering Heights," has been most happily criticised by Mr +Swinburne: "As was the author's life so is her book in all things; +troubled and taintless, with little of rest in it and nothing of +reproach. It may be true that not many will ever take it to their +hearts; it is certain that those who do like it will like nothing very +much better in the whole world of poetry or prose." + +Emily Bronte's sole contributions to literature were the poems written +in conjunction with her two sisters under the name of Ellis Bell, some +further poems published by her sister Charlotte after her death, and the +single novel "Wuthering Heights." + + +=Anne Bronte (1819-1849)= wrote more than her sister Emily, but with +less of recognition. She contributed verses to the little volume of +poems under the name of Acton Bell, and additional verses were published +after her death by Charlotte. In addition to this she wrote two novels, +the first of them "Agnes Grey," and the second "The Tenant of Wildfell +Hall." This last, curiously enough, went into a second edition during +Anne's lifetime, and she contributed a preface to it defending herself +against her critics. Neither Anne's poetry nor her novels are of any +account to-day. They would not be read, were it not for the glory with +which her two sisters have surrounded the name of Bronte. + +Women novelists have abundantly flourished during the Victorian Era, but +then the path was made easy for them by Jane Austen, Maria Edgeworth, +and Fanny Burney. By all those who delight in debatable comparisons the +name of George Eliot is frequently brought into contrast with that of +Charlotte Bronte. =George Eliot (1819-1880)= was born at Griff in +Warwickshire, her real name being Mary Ann Evans. She was for a time at +a school at Nuneaton, and afterwards at Coventry. At first she was an +evangelical churchwoman, but about 1842 she became acquainted with two +or three cultivated women friends at whose houses she met Froude, +Emerson, and Francis Newman, all of whom represented a reverent +antagonism to supernatural Christianity. In conjunction with Sarah +Hennell, she undertook a translation of Strauss's "Life of Jesus." On +her father's death, in 1849, she came to London and became associated +with Dr Chapman in the editorship of the _Westminster Review_. It was +her friendship with George Henry Lewes, whom she met in 1851, which gave +her the first impulse towards fiction. Lewes was an active critic, and a +writer of two now forgotten novels. Miss Evans's "Scenes of Clerical +Life" were sent to Blackwood's Magazine in 1856. The stories were a +great success. Thackeray and Dickens were loud in expressions of +admiration. In 1859 "Adam Bede" was published and made George Eliot +famous. "It is the finest thing since Shakspere," said Charles Reade. +Her success, however, did not lead to hasty production. She wrote only +six novels during the remainder of her life. "I can write no word that +is not prompted from within," she said. "The Mill on the Floss" was +written in 1860; "Silas Marner" in 1861; "Romola" in 1863; "Felix Holt" +in 1866; "Middlemarch" in 1871-1872; and "Daniel Deronda" in 1876. + +In 1880 Miss Mary Ann Evans became Mrs Walter Cross, but after a few +months of wedded life she died of inflammation of the heart at 4 Cheyne +Walk, Chelsea. Her husband wrote her biography, not with much success. +So entirely was George Eliot's best mind concentrated upon her books +that her letters, and indeed her personality, were a disappointment to +all but a few hero-worshippers. + + +The novels, with two volumes of poems and two of essays, make up George +Eliot's collected works. The essays written before and after her novels +give, like her letters, but few indications of her remarkable powers. +Nor, although "The Spanish Gipsy" is deeply interesting, can her poetry +be counted for much. "The Choir Invisible" is her best known poem. It is +by her novels that she must be judged, and these, for insight into +character, analysis of the motives which guide men, and sympathy with +the intellectual and moral struggles which make up so large a part of +life, have a literary niche to themselves. With singular catholicity she +paints the simplest faith and the highest idealism. Whether it be an +Evangelical clergyman, a Dissenting minister, or a Methodist +factory-girl, she enters into the spirit of their lives with fullest +sympathy. Carlyle could see in Methodism only "a religion fit for gross +and vulgar-minded people, a religion so-called, and the essence of it +_cowardice_ and _hunger_, terror of pain and appetite for pleasure both +carried to the infinite." George Eliot's sympathies were wider. She won +the heart of Methodists, who have stood in imagination listening to +Dinah Morris addressing the Hayslope peasantry, as she gained the +devotion of Roman Catholics like Lord Acton, who have seen in her +portrait of Savonarola a wise expression of their faith. And it is not +only in religious matters that her sympathies are so broad. The +sententious dulness of Mr Macey is as much within the range of her +feelings as the manliness of Adam Bede or the scholastic pride of old +Bardo. She feels equally for the weak and frivolous Hetty and the lofty, +self-sustained Romola. "At least eighty out of a hundred," she says, "of +your adult male fellow-Britons returned in the last census are neither +extraordinarily silly nor extraordinarily wicked, nor extraordinarily +wise; their eyes are neither deep and liquid with sentiment, nor +sparkling with suppressed witticisms; they have probably had no +hairbreadth escapes or thrilling adventures; their brains are certainly +not pregnant with genius, and their passions have not manifested +themselves at all after the fashion of a volcano. They are simply men of +complexions more or less muddy, whose conversation is more or less bald +and disjointed. Yet these commonplace people--many of them--bear a +conscience, and have felt the sublime promptings to do the painful +right; they have their unspoken sorrows and their sacred joys; their +hearts have perhaps gone out towards their first-born, and they have +mourned over the irreclaimable dead. Nay, is there not a pathos in their +very insignificance, in our comparison of their dim and narrow existence +with the glorious possibilities of that human nature which they share? +Depend upon it you would gain unspeakably if you would learn with me to +see some of the poetry and the pathos, the tragedy and the comedy, lying +in the experience of a human soul that looks out through dull gray eyes, +and that speaks in a voice of quite ordinary tones." The creations of +George Eliot,--Tito and Baldassare, Mrs Poyser and Silas Marner, Dorothy +Brooke and Gwendolen,--are not as familiar to the reading public of +to-day as they were to that of ten or fifteen years ago. Of the +idolatry which almost made her a prophetess of a new cult we hear +nothing now. She has not maintained her position as Dickens, Thackeray, +and Charlotte Bronte have maintained theirs. But if there be little of +partisanship and much detraction, it is idle to deny that George Eliot's +many gifts, her humour, her pathos, her remarkable intellectual +endowments, give her an assured place among the writers of Victorian +literature. + + +The next in order of prominence among the novelists of the period is +=Charles Kingsley (1819-1875)=. He was born at Holne Vicarage, on the +borders of Dartmoor, and was educated at King's College, London, and +Magdalen College, Cambridge. After this he received the curacy of +Eversley, in Hampshire, of which parish he finally became rector. In +1848 he published a drama entitled "The Saint's Tragedy," with St +Elizabeth of Hungary as heroine. A year later his novel of "Alton Locke" +gained him the title of "The Chartist Parson." This tale, in which +Carlyle is introduced in the person of an old Scotch bookseller, was a +crude and yet vigorous expression of sympathy with the Chartist +movement, and its influence was tremendous. For its sympathy with the +working classes, and in its reflection of the broad and tolerant +Christianity of which Kingsley was always the eloquent preacher, "Alton +Locke," in common with "Yeast" and "Two Years Ago," is a valuable +contribution to literature. Kingsley, however, became a truer artist +when, as in "Hypatia" and "Westward Ho!" he had not social and religious +ends in view. "Hypatia," in spite of many historical errors, is a +brilliant sketch of the early Church at Alexandria. Gibbon, from whom +Kingsley obtained the hint for this book, would have revelled in the +apparent endorsement by a latter-day clergyman of his estimate of the +early Christianity of the East. "Westward Ho!" is a picturesque +narrative of English rivalry with Spain in the reign of Elizabeth. The +contrasts of character in Frank and Amyas Leigh perhaps give this novel +a claim to be considered Kingsley's best effort. He wrote many other +works, including children's stories, scientific lectures, and poems, +among which last the beautiful ballads, "The Three Fishers" and "The +Sands of Dee," are the most popular. For nine years he held the office +of Professor of Modern History at Cambridge University, but his +unphilosophical views of history made his presence there a misfortune. A +model country clergyman, a man essentially healthy-minded and interested +in all phases of life and thought, Kingsley's influence, especially on +young men, during the past five-and-thirty years, has been very great +and very beneficial. + + +=Henry Kingsley (1830-1876)=, a younger brother of Charles, wrote many +novels and romances, three of them memorable. "Geoffrey Hamlyn" is +popular as the best novel of Australian life. To Australia he had gone +to make his fortune at the diggings. He did not make a fortune, but +joined the colonial mounted police instead. Compelled by his office to +attend an execution, he threw up the post in disgust, and returned to +England to find his brother installed as Vicar of Eversley and on the +high road to fame. Little wonder that he attempted to emulate him, and +he succeeded. + +Never, surely, has literature produced two brothers so remarkable, and +at the same time so different. Both gave us energetic heroes, and loved +manliness. In Charles Kingsley, however, the novelist was always largely +subordinated to the preacher. In Henry there was nothing of the preacher +whatever. "Geoffrey Hamlyn," "Ravenshoe" and "The Hillyars and The +Burtons," are all forcible, effective works, and they have secured +generous praise and appreciation from many a literary colleague. But +Henry was a bit of a ne'er-do-well, and so his personality has been +carefully screened from the public. His name is not even mentioned in +Charles Kingsley's biography. Sir Edwin Arnold, however, who knew him +at Oxford, and Mrs Thackeray Ritchie, who knew him towards the end of +his life, testify to certain delightful qualities of mind and heart +which peculiarly appealed to them.[8] + + +A writer not less successful than Charles Kingsley, but in no way +comparable as a man, was =Edward Bulwer Lytton (1803-1873)=, Baron +Lytton, who was born in London, and created no small sensation in 1828 +by the publication of "Pelham." This was followed by a long list of +novels of infinite variety. Some dealt with the preternatural like +"Zanoni," and others with history, psychology, and ethics. Of these the +most popular were doubtless the historical "Harold," "Rienzi," "The Last +of the Barons," and "The Last Days of Pompeii," which still hold their +own with the younger generation. The thoughtful men of to-day do not +however read "The Caxtons" as they did in the sixties and seventies. +Lytton was one of the cleverest men of his age--using the word in no +friendly sense--he was a clever novelist, a clever dramatist (his comedy +of "Money," and his tragedies "Richelieu" and "The Lady of Lyons," +still hold the stage), and a clever Parliamentary debater. + + +Another writer, with higher claims to consideration than those of +literature, was =Benjamin Disraeli (1804-1881)=, Earl of Beaconsfield. +Disraeli entered life under conditions peculiarly favourable to a +successful literary career. His father, Isaac D'Israeli, was an +enthusiastic bookworm, whose "Curiosities of Literature" and other books +are an inexhaustible mine of anecdote on the quarrels and calamities of +authors. The young Disraeli wrote "Vivian Grey" in 1827, following this +very successful effort with "The Young Duke," "Venetia," "Henrietta +Temple," and other novels. In 1837 he was returned to Parliament as +member for Maidstone. His career as an orator and statesman does not +concern us here; suffice to say that of his many later novels +"Coningsby," "Tancred," and "Sybil" are by far the ablest and most +brilliant, and that "Sybil" was an effective exposure of many abuses in +the relations of capital to labour. In addition to his work as a +novelist, Lord Beaconsfield wrote an able biography of his friend and +colleague, Lord George Bentinck. + + +One of the most successful of the greater novelists of the reign was +=Charles Reade (1814-1884)=, who first became famous by "Peg +Woffington" in 1852. "The Cloister and the Hearth" was published in +1861, and "Griffith Gaunt" in 1866. Several of his later novels were +written "with a purpose." In "Hard Cash" he drew attention to the abuses +of private lunatic asylums; in "Foul Play" he aroused public interest in +the iniquities of ship-knackers; in "Put Yourself in His Place," he +attacked Trades Unions, and in "Never Too Late to Mend" he exposed some +of the abuses of our prison system as it existed at that time. Reade was +also an industrious dramatist; "Masks and Faces," and "Drink," are among +his most popular plays. Of all his books "The Cloister and the Hearth" +is the best, and also the most widely read. It has for its hero the +father of Erasmus. + + +Those who in days to come will want to know what provincial life was +really like in England in early Victorian times will enquire for the +novels of =Anthony Trollope (1815-1822)=. "Barchester Towers," +"Framley Parsonage," and "Dr Thorne," are the most popular of a series +of tales, in all of which the country life of England, its clergy and +squirearchy, are portrayed. Trollope wrote on many subjects. His "Life +of Cicero" secured the commendation of Professor Freeman, and his +biography of Thackeray, though all too slight, is the best book about +the author of "Vanity Fair" that has so far been given us. + + +Another novelist of about equal status with Trollope in mid-Victorian +fiction is =George John Whyte Melville (1821-1878)=. Major Whyte +Melville is the novelist of all lovers of the hunting-field, and +strangely enough he fell a victim to the very sport which he had done so +much to picture. He was killed by a fall from his horse. Whyte +Melville's hunting novels include "Katerfelto" and "Black but Comely." +He also wrote historical novels, of which "The Queen's Maries" and "The +Gladiators" were the most popular, and he had a pretty gift of verse. + + +Literature has rarely produced a more picturesque figure than =Robert +Louis Stevenson (1850-1894)=. The son of a famous Scottish engineer he +was destined, like his great countryman Sir Walter Scott, for a +Writership to the Signet. He took, however, to literature instead, and +died at forty-four in Samoa,--where he had gone for his health,--after a +remarkable literary achievement. With a style not always rigidly +grammatical, but always impressive and distinguished, he shone in many +branches of literary work. He wrote travel pictures like "With a Donkey +in the Cevennes," which were incomparably superior to those of any +contemporary; his plays--written in collaboration with Mr W. E. +Henley--had a power of their own, and one of them, "Beau Austin," +although not accepted by the public, is probably the greatest +contribution to the drama of the era. As a critic of life and of books +Stevenson has also an honourable place. I know of no better treatment of +the one than "Virginibus Puerisque," or of the other than "Some Aspects +of Robert Burns." He has given abundant pleasure to children by "A +Child's Garden of Verses," and in "Underwoods" he has scarcely less +successfully appealed to their elders. + +It is as a novelist, however, that Stevenson fills the largest place. He +is the inheritor of the traditions of Scott, with the world-pain of his +own epoch superadded. Men and boys alike have found "Treasure Island" +absorbing, while men have also pondered over the widely different powers +which are displayed in "The New Arabian Nights" and "The Master of +Ballantrae," "Prince Otto," and "St Ives." "Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde" is a +parable which has thrilled us all. + + +Stevenson delighted to call Mr George Meredith his master, and the two +men were friends of years. =George Meredith (1828- )= began his +literary career in 1851, with a volume of poems, one of which, "Love in +a Valley," is still an unqualified joy to all who read it. Mr Meredith +has published several volumes of poems since then, and all of them have +their loyal admirers, but it is as a novelist that the world at large +appraises him. + +His concentrated thought and vivid passion have gained for him the title +of the "Browning of novelists." Each of his books in turn has had its +ardent partisans among cultivated and thoughtful readers. "The Shaving +of Shagpat" appeared in 1856, and "Farina" in 1857. "The Ordeal of +Richard Feverel," which appeared in 1859, is by many considered +Meredith's best novel. It treats, with subtle humour and profound +philosophical insight, of the problem of a youth's education, and is +full of truth to life. "Feverel" was followed by "Evan Harrington" +(1861), while "Rhoda Fleming" (1865), "The Adventures of Harry Richmond" +(1871), "Beauchamp's Career" (1876), "The Egoist" (1879), "The Tragic +Comedians" (1881), and "Diana of the Crossways" (1885), have each of +them abundance of readers. Merely to enumerate George Meredith's novels +is to call to the memory of all who have read them a widening of mental +and moral vision. The rich vein of poetry running through the books, +their humour and imagination, place their author in the very front rank +of English novelists. "I should never forgive myself," said Robert Louis +Stevenson, "if I forgot 'The Egoist,' which, of all the novels I have +read (and I have read thousands), stands in a place by itself. I have +read 'The Egoist' five or six times, and I mean to read it again." +Others have spoken with equal enthusiasm of "Sandra Belloni," with its +sweet singer Emilia; others of "Beauchamp's Career," with its +aristocratic Radical, now generally understood to have been intended for +Admiral Maxse. + +Mr Meredith dedicated his volume of "Poems" of 1851 to =Thomas Love +Peacock (1785-1866)=, who, perhaps, more than any other writer +influenced his own style. Peacock was born at Weymouth, and he was +mainly self-educated. In 1804 and 1806 he published two small volumes of +poetry, "The Monks of St Mark" and "Palmyra." In 1812 he became +acquainted with Shelley, and the two were intimate at Great Marlow where +Peacock lived in 1815, and later. Peacock's novels "Headlong Hall" +(1816-1817), "Melincourt" (1817) and "Nightmare Abbey" (1818), which +have been two or three times reprinted within the last five or six +years, gained no commensurate attention on their appearance, although +one of them was translated into French. In 1819 Peacock became a clerk +in the India House, and married a Welsh girl, Jane Gryffdh. "Maid +Marion" appeared in 1822, "Crotchet Castle" in 1831, and in 1837 "Paper +Money Lyrics and other Poems." All the novels I have named, and they +are his most famous, belong to the pre-Victorian period, but "Gryll +Grange," his last novel, was published in 1861. Peacock is interesting +as a novelist and for his relations with other famous men. He was, as I +have said, the friend of Shelley, and he was the father-in-law of Mr +George Meredith. Added to this he succeeded to James Mill's post at the +India House, and vacated it for James Mill's son, John Stuart Mill. + +To R. L. Stevenson we undoubtedly owe much of the impulse to the modern +romantic movement, which adds every day an historical novel or a story +of adventure to our libraries. It has given us Stanley Weyman, "Q" (A. +T. Quiller Couch), "Anthony Hope," Max Pemberton, and Conan Doyle, the +creator of Sherlock Holmes. Another Scotsman, =George MacDonald (1824- )=, +whose "Robert Falconer," "David Elginbrod," and "Alec Forbes +of Howglen," have charmed nearly a generation, had less influence than +might have been thought upon the younger Scottish writers, who have made +Scottish scenes and Scottish dialect so marked an element in many +popular works. James Matthew Barrie, for example, had written "A Window +in Thrums," before he had read one of Dr MacDonald's books. Mr Barrie +was probably influenced, however, by John Galt (1779-1859), whose +"Ayrshire Legatees" and "Annals of the Parish" were written before the +Queen began to reign. + +A writer whose most striking book was published sufficiently long ago to +justify its inclusion here, was =Joseph Henry Shorthouse (1834- )=. His +"John Inglesant" gained for him a reputation which his "Sir Percival" +did not sustain. Mr Shorthouse has written nothing since "John +Inglesant" so beautiful as his "Little Schoolmaster Mark," a singularly +poetical conception of abnormal childhood. + +The best stories for children have been written by =Lewis Carroll +(1833- )=. This is the pseudonym of the Rev. Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, a +lecturer on mathematics at Christ Church, Oxford, and the author of +several mathematical text-books. In "Euclid and his Modern Rivals" and +"A Tangled Tale," Mr Dodgson has succeeded in combining his taste for +science with a rich humour, but his fame rests upon his remarkable +fairy-stories, "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland," published in 1865, +and its sequel, "Through the Looking-Glass," which appeared in 1872. Men +and women, quite as much as little children, have found pleasure and +entertainment in these happy efforts of a genius as individual as +anything our age has produced. + + +I have purposely all but ignored many writers of fiction who are still +actively engaged in literary pursuits. The daily journals bring their +achievements sufficiently to the front. But literary workers owe so much +to the untiring zeal of =Sir Walter Besant (1838- )= in their behalf, +that at the risk of inconsistency I mention his "All Sorts and +Conditions of Men," a story which not only sold by thousands, but had a +practical influence such as is rarely given to poet or novelist to +achieve. The writer dreams of a wealthy heiress devoting her time and +money to purifying and elevating the East End of London. She builds a +Palace of Delight, and devotes it to the service of the people. In May, +1887, the dream was realised, for the Queen opened just such a Palace +for the People in the Mile-End Road. How far this institution, the +outcome of a novelist's imagination and the generous subscriptions of +philanthropists, has achieved the regeneration of the London poor, +history has yet to record. Sir Walter Besant wrote at an earlier period +twelve novels in conjunction with =James Rice (1843-1882)=, a +collaborator of singular humour and imagination. Of the books written +conjointly, "Ready Money Mortiboy" and "The Golden Butterfly" are the +most popular. + + +Passing from the acknowledged masters in imaginative literature, one +turns to a crowd of popular and interesting writers who have charmed and +delighted multitudes of readers. Foremost among these are Lever and +Marryat. =Charles Lever (1806-1872)= was for some time editor of the +_Dublin University Magazine_, but his Irish stories, "Charles O'Malley" +and "Harry Lorrequer" are his chief title to fame. That the rollicking +humour of these books still commands attention is proved by a recent +luxurious re-issue of them.[9] + +Another Irishman, who won the affections of Irishmen as Lever won their +laughter, was =William Carleton (1798-1869)=, who was born at +Prillisk, county Tyrone. He was the youngest of fourteen children. His +equal knowledge of Irish and English gave him an intimacy with the +folk-lore and fairy tales, which make up so large a part in the lives of +the poorer among his countrymen, and "Traits and Stories of the Irish +Peasantry" (1833) and "Tales of Ireland" (1834), were the result. His +romance, "Fardorougha the Miser," appeared in 1839, and he treated in +1847 of the horrors of the Irish famine in his "Black Prophet." Carleton +has for many years ceased to be read in England, but he shares in the +revived interest in Irish literature, which has taken the place of +interest in Irish politics. =Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu (1814-1873)= also +made a great success with "Uncle Silas" (1864) and "In a Glass Darkly" +(1872). + +=Frederick Marryat (1792-1848)= ran away to sea several times before +his father, a member of Parliament of great wealth, consented to his +being a sailor. He was a successful and popular naval officer before he +was twenty-one. He was thirty-seven years of age when he wrote his first +novel, "Frank Mildmay," the success of which led him to adopt literature +as the profession of his later life. Of his many novels, of which "Mr +Midshipman Easy" and "Peter Simple" are perhaps the best, several +appeared in the _Metropolitan Magazine_, which Marryat edited for four +years. Not only is Marryat the most delightful of writers for boys, but +it is interesting to note that both Carlyle and Ruskin during long terms +of illness solaced themselves with his wonderful sea-stories. + + +A writer who gave much healthy pleasure to schoolboys was =William Henry +Giles Kingston (1814-1880)=, who left behind him one hundred and +twenty-five stories of the sea. Another writer for boys, =William +Harrison Ainsworth (1805-1882)=, was the son of a Manchester +solicitor. The majority of his thirty novels treat of historical themes. +The best of them, "Old St Paul's," "The Tower of London," and +"Rookwood," have been translated into most modern languages. Scarcely +less popular for a time was =G. P. R. James (1801-1860)=, who also +dealt freely with history. Thackeray burlesqued James so skilfully that +he has already become a tradition. He was British Consul in Virginia, +and afterwards at Venice, where he died. + + +Living English novelists of well-deserved popularity, are Mr Hardy, Mr +Black, and Mr Blackmore. + +=Thomas Hardy (1840- )= made his earlier fame by "Far from the Madding +Crowd" (1874). He made his later popularity by "Tess of the +D'Urbervilles" (1892). Between these books came two stories greater than +either--"The Return of the Native" (1878) and "The Woodlanders" (1887). +One must read those books to appreciate how very great a novelist Mr +Hardy is, how full of poetry and of insight. The Dorsetshire landscape +which, under the guise of "Wessex," he has made so familiar, will be +classic ground for many a day to all lovers of good literature. + + +Although =William Black (1841- )=, who was born in Glasgow, has +written numerous stories about the West Highlands of Scotland, he has no +affinity whatever to the new Scotch school. He made his first appearance +as a novelist in 1867 with "Love or Marriage," and almost every year +since he has published a story, over thirty novels now bearing his name. +Black has recognised the value of the picturesque back-ground afforded +by West Highland scenery, with its accompanying incidents in the outdoor +life of the deer stalker and angler. He has given us some real +characterization in "A Daughter of Heth" (1871), in "Madcap Violet" +(1876): while "Macleod of Dare" (1878) is perhaps the best thing he has +written. + + +=Richard Doddridge Blackmore (1825- )= has written many interesting +novels, but it has been his perverse fate to live by only one of them. +"Lorna Doone" was published in 1869, and although received coldly at +first, finally achieved great popularity: and visits to the Lorna Doone +country, as that part of Devonshire is called, make part of the +travelled education of every literary American. As a master of rustic +comedy he stands unexcelled in our day, and the merits of certain other +novels--"The Maid of Sker," "Christowell" and "Cripps the Carrier"--may +some day become more fully recognised. + + +Not less popular than the novelist of locality--for this description may +surely be applied to Mr Hardy and the two other writers I have named--is +the novelist of sensation. =William Wilkie Collins (1824-1889)= was +the most prominent exponent of that School. "The Woman in White," which +appeared in 1860 in _All the Year Round_, took the town by storm, but +Count Fosco would be pronounced a tiresome villain to-day. With "The +Moonstone" and "The New Magdalen" Wilkie Collins secured almost equal +success. Although it has been affirmed that a new Wilkie Collins, that +is to say a novelist of pure sensation, might even now have a great +vogue, it is quite certain that the actual Wilkie Collins has lost the +greater part of his.[10] Another novelist who presents himself as little +more than a name to the present generation is =Samuel Warren +(1807-1877)=. He was a doctor, and, like his homotype, Mr Conan Doyle +half a century later, studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh. +His "Passages from the Diary of a Late Physician" began in _Blackwood's +Magazine_ in 1830, and was well received, but a still greater success +attended his "Ten Thousand a Year," which appeared first in the same +periodical. + + +Time has dealt unkindly with Samuel Warren: it is yet to be seen how +time will deal with another popular favourite, =Mrs Henry Wood +(1820-1887)=, who was born in Worcestershire and made the city of +Worcester the centre of many of her stories. The "Channings" and "Mrs +Halliburton's Troubles" are her best novels and they have had a +well-deserved popularity, for Mrs Wood had a splendid faculty for +telling a story. Her even more popular novel, "East Lynne," will +probably survive for many a year as a stage play. + + +Next to Charlotte Bronte and George Eliot the most distinguished woman +novelist of the era is =Mrs Gaskell (1810-1865)=, who, as Elizabeth +Cleghorn Stevenson, married William Gaskell, a Unitarian minister of +Manchester. Mrs Gaskell's first literary success was "Mary Barton," the +story of a Manchester factory girl. "Ruth," "North and South," and +"Sylvia's Lovers" were equally successful, but the two books which are +certain to secure immortality to their author are "Cranford" (1853), and +"The Life of Charlotte Bronte" (1857). "Cranford" is an idyll of village +life which is sure to charm many generations of readers, and not a few +artists have delighted to illustrate its quaint and fascinating +character studies. "Cranford" has been identified with Knutsford in +Cheshire. Mrs Gaskell's biography of her friend Charlotte Bronte has +probably had a larger sale than any other biography in our literature. +Many causes contributed to this--the popularity of the Bronte novels, +the exceptionally romantic and pathetic life of their authors, Mrs +Gaskell's own fame as a writer of fiction, and the literary skill with +which she treated the material at her command. + + +Other women writers who have had a large measure of fame, and are now +well-nigh forgotten, are Mrs Marsh (1791-1874), who wrote "The Admiral's +Daughter" and "The Deformed," Mrs Crowe (1800-1876), who wrote "Susan +Hopley" and "The Night Side of Nature," Mrs Archer Clive (1801-1873), +who wrote "Paul Ferroll," Lady Georgiana Fullerton (1812-1885), the +author of "Ann Sherwood," Mrs Stretton (1812-1878), who wrote "The +Valley of a Hundred Fires." + + +All these are now little more than names to us, but not so =Anne +Manning (1800-1879)=, whose "Maiden and Married Life of Mary Powell" +will long continue to be read. It is an effective presentation of Milton +and his first wife. =Mrs Norton (1808-1877)=, "the Byron of +poetesses," as Lockhart described her, wrote several novels, "Stuart of +Dunleath" and "Lost and Saved" being perhaps the best known in their +time, but she lives now mainly in George Meredith's "Diana of the +Crossways." =Dinah Mulock (1826-1887)= (Mrs Craik) may still be ranked +among our most popular novelists, although her best and most successful +book, "John Halifax, Gentleman," was published in 1857. The memory of +=Julia Kavanagh (1824-1877)=, although her "Madeleine" was +enthusiastically greeted on its appearance, has all but faded away. Miss +Kavanagh's "Woman in France in the 18th Century," "English Women of +Letters," and "French Women of Letters," were handsomely got-up books, +and are still to be found in many old-fashioned libraries. + + +Two of the most popular writers for children were A.L.O.E. and Mrs +Ewing. A.L.O.E. or A Lady of England, was the pseudonym of =Charlotte +Maria Tucker (1821-1893)=, who after many years of successful literary +labour, went out to India for the Church Missionary Society, at the age +of fifty-four. Miss Tucker's most popular stories were "Pride and his +Pursuers," "Exiles in Babylon," "House Beautiful," and "Cyril Ashley." +Scarcely less popular was =Mrs Ewing (1841-1885)=, whose mother, Mrs +Gatty, edited _Aunt Judy's Magazine_. It was in this magazine that Mrs +Ewing's "Remembrances of Mrs Overtheway" made their appearance. + + +Another writer of great popularity, =Mrs Charles (1828-1896)=, secured +an immense success with "The Schoenberg-Cotta Family," "Kitty Trevelyan's +Diary," and other books of a semi-religious, semi-historical tendency. +It is a natural association, not derived from similarity of name, to +mention =Maria Louisa Charlesworth (1819-1880)= at the same time, +because Miss Charlesworth's "Ministering Children" had an enormous +success with the religious public of England,--the public which supports +Missionary Societies and Sunday Schools. + + +I might easily devote many pages to the living women novelists who have +impressed themselves upon the era; but that scarcely comes within the +scope of this little book. There are, to name but a few, Mrs Lynn +Linton, Mrs Humphry Ward, Ouida, Miss Braddon, Miss Marie Corelli, Miss +Olive Schreiner, Miss Rhoda Broughton, Edna Lyall, Lucas Malet, Miss +Charlotte Yonge, Miss Adeline Sergeant, Mrs Macquoid, Mrs Alexander, Mrs +W. K. Clifford--names which recall to thousands of readers many familiar +books and some of the happiest hours they have ever spent. + + +With the name of =Mrs Oliphant (1828-1897)=, who has recently died, I +may fitly close this survey of Victorian fiction. Mrs Oliphant struck +the note of the era alike in her versatility and in her lack of +thoroughness. She was so versatile that she once offered to write a +whole number of _Blackwood's Magazine_, a publication to which she was +for years a valued contributor. And she would have done it with fair +effectiveness. That she wrote good fiction is now generally +acknowledged. She wrote also biography, criticism, and every form of +prose. Her "Makers of Florence" has been a popular history,--it treats +of Dante, Giotto, and Savonarola,--as her "Life of Edward Irving" has +been a popular biography. She wrote many other books apart from her +fiction, "A History of Eighteenth Century Literature," a "Memoir of +Principal Tulloch," biographies of Cervantes and Moliere, and a volume +on "Dress." But she was not a good critic, nor was she a very accurate +student. It is upon her novels that her fame will have to rest. "Salem +Chapel," a skilful delineation of a minister and his congregation, has +been compared to George Eliot's "Silas Marner." "Passages in the Life of +Margaret Maitland" (1849) was her first novel and "The Lady's Walk" +(1897) her last, and in the intervening years she probably wrote sixty +or seventy stories, each of them containing indications of a genius +which, with more concentration, would have given her an enduring place +in English fiction. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[8] Charles Kingsley's novels and miscellaneous writings are published +by Macmillan & Co., in twenty-nine volumes. Henry Kingsley's novels have +been recently issued by Ward & Lock in twelve volumes. + +[9] "The Collected Works of Charles Lever." Downey & Co. + +[10] A New Library Edition of the novels of Wilkie Collins has just been +published by Chatto and Windus. + + + + +CHAPTER III + +The Historians + + +The reign of Victoria has been pre-eminently the reign of the historian +in our literature. Greater poets we had seen in the reigns of the +Georges, greater essayists in the reign of Anne. But Grote and Carlyle, +Macaulay and Gardiner, Bishop Stubbs and Dr Freeman, had no counterparts +in an earlier age--always excepting the one great name of Gibbon. Before +them there were chroniclers of contemporary events and pamphleteers +under the guise of historians, but little more. Goldsmith's histories +are the laughing-stock of those to whom the modern methods of research +are familiar, and even Hume had little of the spirit of the genuine +student. Hallam and Lingard were the pioneers in this branch of +literature, although both of them had done their work before Queen +Victoria came to the throne. + +=Henry Hallam (1777-1859)= was born at Windsor, where his father held +a canonry. His first great work, entitled "View of the State of Europe +during the Middle Ages," was published in 1818, and his "Constitutional +History of England, from the Accession of Henry VII. to the Death of +George II.," in 1827. In 1838 he produced his "Introduction to the +Literature of Europe in the Fifteenth, Sixteenth, and Seventeenth +Centuries." Of these three works the first and the last are valuable +mainly for their stimulus to the more philosophical and imaginative work +of later writers, but the "Constitutional History" remains the text-book +for the period which it covers. Macaulay praised it highly, possibly +because of the Whiggism which undoubtedly underlies some of the more +debatable propositions in the book; but Macaulay and many other writers +have disputed the correctness of many of Hallam's judgments. To write +the constitutional history of England from the earliest period to the +year 1485, where Hallam begins, was a far more difficult undertaking +than to deal with the reigns of the Tudors and the Stuarts. This work +devolved on Dr Stubbs. + +=William Stubbs (1825- )=, who was appointed Bishop of Oxford in 1889, +was born at Knaresborough, and was educated at Ripon Grammar School and +at Christ Church, Oxford. In 1850 he became vicar of Navestock, in +Essex, and in 1862 he was made librarian at Lambeth Palace. His editions +of mediaeval chronicles were well calculated to smooth the path of any +future historian, and the critical introductions showed the profound +scholarship of the editor. Probably no one man has done so much to throw +light on the obscure by-ways of history, and as Regius Professor of +Modern History at Oxford, a post he accepted in 1866, he gave so great a +stimulus to historical study that many brilliant writers have since been +proud to call him "master." In 1870 he published his "Select Charters," +of which the "Introductions" are also invaluable, and between 1874 and +1878 he wrote his great work, "The Constitutional History of England in +its Origin and Development," the three volumes of which carry us down to +the death of Richard III. The book is profoundly scientific in its +method, but it is a mistaken, although popular, belief which classes Dr +Stubbs among Dryasdust investigators. The work glows with life and +interest, and is full of suggestive parallels for modern political +society. + +The work of tracing the growth of the English constitution, which had +been so worthily begun by Hallam, and continued in so wise and scholarly +a fashion by Bishop Stubbs, was carried on by =Sir Thomas Erskine May +(1815-1886)=, who, a few days before his death, was created Baron +Farnborough. After a long official career in connection with the House +of Commons, he was appointed Clerk to the House in 1871. In addition to +several publications dealing with Parliamentary forms, and a book on +"Democracy in Europe," he wrote a "Constitutional History since the +Accession of George III.," thus continuing the work from the point at +which Hallam had dropped it, and completing a continuous history of the +English Constitution. + +When we turn to what is more popularly understood by the history of a +country, the political and social life of peoples, and the wars and +conquests of nations, we are not less fortunate in the results attained. +=John Lingard (1771-1851)= had, it is true, written his great work +before 1837. "The History of England, from the First Invasion by the +Romans to the Commencement of the Reign of William III.," appeared in +eight volumes between 1819 and 1830. Lingard was the son of a Winchester +carpenter. He was for some time the Professor of Moral Philosophy at a +Roman Catholic College. His religious views doubtless affected, in +considerable measure, his judgment of events, especially in the reign of +Henry VIII., but he is a fairly impartial historian. He confesses that +he has been more anxious to arrive at the facts than troubled as to the +garb in which those facts were presented to the public, and his work is +really very dull in consequence. A contemporary of Lingard, who covered +much of the same historic ground, was Sharon Turner (1768-1847), and yet +another was =John Mitchell Kemble (1807-1857)=, whose "Saxons in +England" (1849) still fills a useful place. Another distinguished +writer, of what we may term the earlier school of historical research, +was =Sir Francis Palgrave (1788-1861)=, one of whose accomplished sons, +Francis Turner Palgrave, is still living (born 1824), whilom Professor +of Poetry at Oxford and the friend of Tennyson, the author of excellent +verse, and, moreover, the editor of that incomparable volume, the +"Golden Treasury of Songs and Lyrics." Sir Francis was the son of a +Jewish stockbroker named Cohen, and changed his name on becoming a +Christian. His best book, the "History of Normandy and of England," lost +much of its value by the publication of Freeman's monumental work, "The +History of the Norman Conquest." + +=Edward Augustus Freeman (1823-1892)= was born at Harborne, in +Staffordshire, and educated at Trinity College, Oxford. His first work +was a "History of Architecture," published in 1849. In 1863 he issued +the first volume of a "History of Federal Government." The "History of +the Norman Conquest," in five large volumes, appeared between 1867 and +1876, and the "Reign of William Rufus, and Accession of Henry I.," in +1882. His "Old English History" was a most delightful collection of the +primitive stories which have always had a great fascination for +beginners in history. There was scarcely any period of European history +with which the author of the "Norman Conquest" did not show a thorough +familiarity. No historian has had a keener grasp of hard solid facts, or +is more able to make common-sense deductions from them. "I am quite +unable," he candidly confessed, "to appreciate physical or metaphysical +works in any language," and he hated literary discussion, which he +contemptuously termed "Chatter about Harriet," in reference to the +debatable question of Shelley's treatment of his wife. Perhaps this lack +of breadth did not materially spoil him for his work. Of his many +volumes of histories and essays, those on the "Norman Conquest" must be +given the first place. It has been said, indeed, that the work takes as +long to read as the event took to achieve, but it is worth reading +nevertheless. The battle of Hastings, or, as Mr Freeman would say, of +Senlac, was a turning-point in our national history, and we have here +the most complete description of that great struggle. Since Freeman's +death some attempt has been made to question his accuracy and his +scholarship; but it has not amounted to very much. When Dr Stubbs, with +whom difference of political views has in no way impaired a lifelong +friendship, was appointed Bishop of Chester in 1884, Mr Freeman +succeeded him as Regius Professor of Modern History at Oxford, where he +was followed on his death by Mr Froude. + +It would be hard to find a greater contrast, both in method and in +manner, than between Edward Freeman and James Anthony Froude. Freeman's +style, though clear and trenchant, was never brilliant; Froude's +language compares with that of the best artists in literature. Freeman +was always scrupulously exact, never at fault in a fact or a date; +Froude was notoriously careless, and slipped at every turn. Freeman +cared nothing for theories; Froude was never so happy as when he stopped +abruptly in a description to discourse on the mysteries of Providence or +the follies of mankind. Between men of such opposite natures no +friendship was possible, and in the _Saturday Review_ and other +periodicals Freeman commented vigorously, and not always fairly, on the +other's inaccuracy. + +=James Anthony Froude (1818-1894)= was one of three gifted brothers, +another being William Froude (1810-1879), the mathematician and +engineer; and the third, Richard Hurrell Froude (1803-1836), a leader of +the Tractarian movement, whose "Literary Remains" were published after +his death by Keble and Newman. Froude was educated at Oriel College, +Oxford, and for a time came under the influence of the movement of which +his elder brother was a leading spirit, but ultimately he abandoned +supernatural Christianity altogether, substituting for it a kind of +poetic Theism which he partly adopted from Carlyle. In 1847 he published +anonymously two novels, "The Spirit's Trials" and "The Lieutenant's +Daughter," which contained some not very generous criticisms on his +brother and former friends. His "Nemesis of Faith," which appeared in +1848, was a further criticism of the doctrines which he had abandoned. +Between the years 1856 and 1869 he published the twelve volumes of his +great work, "The History of England, from the Fall of Wolsey to the +Defeat of the Spanish Armada," which achieved a great and, in many +respects, a well-deserved popularity. Rarely indeed has history been +written with so much brilliancy and picturesque power. The earlier +volumes have been much discredited among historical students: yet we +would not willingly miss such delightful word-painting as his +description of the Pilgrimage of Grace and other scenes in the career of +the Eighth Henry, whom he selected for rehabilitation. It was, of +course, a vain and impossible task to remove the odium which has settled +upon the name of Henry VIII.; but it was as well that the attempt should +be made. Henry had appeared to the mass of modern Englishmen as an +old-world ogre, and Mr Froude has at least enabled them to see that he +was after all a man. Mr Freeman, himself the most conscientious and +laborious of writers, expressed his hearty contempt for an author who +professed in the preface to his history that he took up the subject +because he had "nothing better to do." As, however, Froude warmed to his +work his book increased in value, and there are few who will deny the +most sterling worth to his "Edward VI.," "Mary," and "Elizabeth." His +escape from Tractarianism had made him unfriendly to all kindred +movements, and his views of the struggle between Catholicism and +Evangelicalism in the sixteenth century are more worthy of a Puritan +divine than of an academic writer of our own day. But we can forgive all +this, and much more, to one who has described with so much delicate +fancy the adventurous life of Drake and Hawkins, the intrigues of the +Scottish Queen, and the restless fickleness and untruthfulness of +Elizabeth. His exquisite literary style and general breadth of sympathy +are shown in such passages as his sketch of the rise of Protestantism +and the execution of More and Fisher:-- + +"Whilst we exult in that chivalry with which the Smithfield martyrs +bought England's freedom with their blood, so we will not refuse our +admiration to those other gallant men whose high forms, in the sunset of +the old faith, stand transfigured on the horizon, tinged with the light +of its dying glory."[11] + +Inaccuracy and tactlessness, however, seemed to haunt Mr Froude like +evil spirits. He wrote a series of articles on Thomas a Becket, but the +numerous mistakes and misstatements brought down on him once again the +strictures of Mr Freeman. He wrote a biography of Carlyle, to whom he +acted as literary executor, and the whole of the literary world was in +arms at the revelations of Carlyle's somewhat unamiable relations with +his wife, and of his too contemptuous sentiments about many personal +friends. Still, Mr Froude's great literary faculty will secure to this +biography a far greater permanence than will fall to the lot of the +thousand-and-one memoirs which have appeared during the reign. Even +should Carlyle's writings cease to be generally studied, it is not +improbable that Froude's "Life of Carlyle" will always be read as an +important chapter in literary history. In this connection I cannot do +better than quote from an unpublished letter from Sir Fitz James +Stephen, Mr Froude's co-executor, to Mr Froude:-- + +"For about fifteen years I was the intimate friend and constant +companion of both you and Mr Carlyle, and never in my life did I see any +one man so much devoted to any other as you were to him during the whole +of that period of time. The most affectionate son could not have acted +better to the most venerated father. You cared for him, soothed him, +protected him as a guide might protect a weak old man down a steep and +painful path. The admiration you habitually expressed for him both +morally and intellectually was unqualified. You never said to me one +ill-natured word about him down to this day. It is to me wholly +incredible that anything but a severe regard for truth, learnt to a +great extent from his teaching, could ever have led you to embody in +your portrait of him a delineation of the faults and weaknesses which +mixed with his great qualities. + +"Of him I will make only one remark in justice to you. He did not use +you well. He threw upon you the responsibility of a decision which he +ought to have taken himself in a plain, unmistakable way. He considered +himself bound to expiate the wrongs which he had done to his wife. If he +had done this himself it would have been a courageous thing; but he did +not do it himself. He did not even decide for himself that it should be +done after his death. If any courage was shown in the matter, it was +shown by you, and not by him. You took the responsibility of deciding +for him that it ought to be done. You took the odium of doing it, of +avowing to the world the faults and weaknesses of one whom you regarded +as your teacher and master. In order to present to the world a true +picture of him as he really was, you, well knowing what you were about, +stepped into a pillory in which you were charged with treachery, +violation of confidence, and every imaginable base motive, when you were +in fact guilty of no other fault than that of practising Mr Carlyle's +great doctrine that men ought to tell the truth." + +Mr Froude has other claims to remembrance. In his "Short Studies on +Great Subjects," many of them essays written for _Fraser's Magazine_, of +which he was for a long time editor, are some very wise and thoughtful +papers, particularly one on the Book of Job. His "Life of Bunyan" is +characteristic, as is also his "Life of Caesar." Carlyle taught him +hero-worship, and from Carlyle also he learnt the disposition which +inspired his powerful book, "The English in Ireland in the Eighteenth +Century." + +He also wrote two picturesque books of travel, and three volumes of +lectures[12] delivered at Oxford during his occupancy of the chair of +history, which had been previously held in succession by his two great +rivals, Bishop Stubbs and Dr Freeman. + +The historian who devoted himself most earnestly to Mr Froude's chief +historical period, and whose writings were in some measure a reply to +his, was the =Rev. John Sherren Brewer (1810-1879)=, who for many +years was Professor of English Literature at King's College, London. +Brewer's chief work, a "Calendar of Letters and Papers, Foreign and +Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII.," comes down, however, to 1530, +the year in which Mr Froude's history commences, and thus Brewer stands +alone as an authority on Henry's early reign. A compressed work in one +volume, "The Reign of Henry VIII.," was published after his death. Mr +Froude concludes his narrative at the year 1588, the year of the Spanish +Armada, but no recent writer of mark has treated of the closing years of +Elizabeth's reign in any detail, although we owe to Major Martin Hume a +well-written study entitled "The Year after the Armada." Major Hume, who +is the best living authority upon this period, has also written upon +"The Courtships of Queen Elizabeth," and has edited for the Public +Record Office the Calendar of Spanish State Papers of Elizabeth. + + +The next great period of English history, that of the Stuart kings, is +dealt with by Professor Gardiner. =Samuel Rawson Gardiner (1829- )= +was born at Ropley, in Hampshire, and was educated at Winchester and at +Christ Church, Oxford. His whole life has been devoted to the most +laborious research in the annals of the reigns of James I., Charles I., +and the Protectorate of Cromwell. He has not, like Mr Froude, taken up +history as a pleasant literary recreation, but has given years of +unremitting labour to the production of each separate volume. He is now +well into the study of the Protectorate, the first volume of his history +of which appeared in 1894. He has written many minor books, one dealing +with "The Gunpowder Plot," and another with "Cromwell's Place in +History." Mr Gardiner will not perhaps be counted a brilliant writer. He +gives us none of the fire and eloquence, almost bordering on poetry, +which we find so abundantly in Froude; but he has been described by Sir +John Seeley as the only historian who has trodden the controversial +ground of seventeenth-century English political history with absolute +fairness and impartiality. James and Charles, Buckingham and Bristol, +Strafford and Pym, stand out in clear and well-defined lineaments. There +is no hero-worship to blind us; no flowing rhetoric to atone for +insufficient knowledge. We see these men in their weakness and in their +strength, neither side monopolising the virtue and the patriotism, but +each, on occasion, acting from noble or ignoble motives. It may be urged +that too much attention is devoted to the follies of princes and the +intrigues of courtiers, and certainly of the inner life of the nation we +get all too little in Mr Gardiner's pages: but it may be fairly said +that these books are the safest and best of guides to one of the most +important and critical periods in our political history. It is +impossible to avoid contrasting Mr Gardiner with a far more popular and +more brilliant historian, Lord Macaulay, and the contrast is, in some +respects, in favour of the former. Mr Gardiner sees that in dealing +with the complexities of human motives we are on very uncertain and +delicate ground. We need to pause step by step to weigh probabilities +and to qualify our every statement, although such hesitancy and +qualification is not conducive to brilliant writing. + + +The importance of this rhetorical principle was fully grasped by =Thomas +Babington Macaulay, (1800-1859)= and, accordingly, in his writings a +single definite and distinct motive is seized upon as the guiding +principle of every action, and, by the simple plan of ignoring +complexities in human character, we are carried along in an easy manner +to positive and undoubting opinions. "I wish," said Lord Melbourne, +"that I were as cock-sure of _anything_ as Tom Macaulay is of +everything;" and the remark hit off an undoubted failing, at least from +the standpoint of sound and trustworthy workmanship. Macaulay, whose +father was a distinguished philanthropist and slavery abolitionist, was +born at Rothley Temple, in Leicestershire. From a private school he went +to Trinity College, Cambridge. His earliest efforts in literature were +articles for Knight's _Quarterly Magazine_, and contributions to the +_Edinburgh Review_, the first of which, on "Milton," drew from Lord +Jeffrey the remark, "The more I think the less I can conceive where you +picked up that style." Perhaps Macaulay's essays have been more popular +even than his history. The extraordinary knowledge they display, the +discursive familiarity with all poetry and fiction, ancient and modern, +and their enthusiastic interest in historical events, make them a kind +of education to men whose reading has been slight, or who are beginners +in the art of reading--an art at which Macaulay was such an adept. In +1830 Macaulay entered Parliament as member for Calne, and four years +later received the post of member of the Indian Council at Calcutta, +with a salary of L10,000 a year. He left India in 1838, having rendered +great service to that country by assisting to frame the Indian penal +code. After his return to England he sat in Parliament for many years as +member for Edinburgh, and for a short time held a seat in Lord +Melbourne's Cabinet. Some of his speeches in the House were among the +most eloquent and successful to which that assembly has listened. In +1849 the first two volumes of his "History of England from the Accession +of James II." were published. The great success of these and the +succeeding volumes made him one of the most popular authors of his day. +In 1857 Macaulay was made a Peer, but he never spoke in the House of +Lords. He died in December 1859, before he had finished the "Reign of +William III.," and was buried in Westminster Abbey. During the later +years of Macaulay's life, and for many years after his death, he +received the unstinted praise, not only of the great mass of readers, +but even of cultured brother authors. Of late years this has changed; a +reaction has set in, and perhaps the time has not yet come to assign to +him his true place in literature. When Sir George Trevelyan's admirable +life of his uncle appeared in 1876, a number of eminent writers based +upon that book a criticism of Macaulay's work. Mr Gladstone wrote in the +_Quarterly Review_, Mr Leslie Stephen in the _Cornhill Magazine_, and Mr +John Morley in the _Fortnightly Review_. In each separate case the +review was unfavourable. All alike agreed as to his high qualities as a +man; his sincerity, generosity, kindliness, and purity, his love of +children and his brotherly devotion; but each in turn found matter for +censure in his work. One condemned his style, another his Whig +partialities, another his boundless optimism, and another his errors of +judgment or alleged misstatements of facts. It is true that Macaulay is +sometimes inaccurate, that he is not seldom unjust to the characters +whom he paints so vividly. It is now a commonplace to say that his +history was written, as Carlyle said, "to prove that Providence was on +the side of the Whigs." It is clear that he was a man of strong literary +prejudices, and he undoubtedly owes much of his popularity to the fact +that he expresses in grandly rhetorical language the average sentiment +of his day, its belief in material prosperity, and its delight in being +told that there has been no age of the world so happy as our own. All +this is true, and yet it is also true that Macaulay's real services to +literature are lost sight of when such an estimate is propounded too +harshly. + +In spite of obvious deficiencies, Macaulay's history is a great work. It +fills up a gap in historical literature, and such incidents as the trial +of the seven bishops and the siege of Londonderry excel both in +picturesqueness and in accuracy. But Macaulay has claims far beyond his +merits as a historian. The critics who condemn him so freely seem to +have forgotten their own early years. "If I am in the wrong," said +Macaulay of his history, "I shall at least have set the minds of others +at work." He has set the minds of others at work. What cultivated man or +woman lives, with whom Macaulay's writings have not been among the first +books read, who has not been made to feel that all the great poetry, and +fiction, and history to which he alludes so freely must be well worth +careful study? What matter if in after-years we discover that Macaulay +was unjust to Bacon the man, and was entirely ignorant of Bacon the +philosopher; or understand clearly what he meant by saying that such +critiques as Lessing's "Laocoon" "filled him with wonder and despair?" +If we have been encouraged by him to desire a wider knowledge, if we +have learnt from him to admire so many great writers, so many famous +statesmen, we may surely forgive him much, if indeed there be anything +to forgive. + +=Earl Stanhope (1805-1875)=, who did most of his historical work when, +as an expectant peer, he was known as Lord Mahon, was a great friend of +Macaulay's. In 1870 he published a "History of the Reign of Queen Anne," +which began at the year 1701, and thus served as a connecting link +between Macaulay's history and his own larger work--the "History of +England, from the Peace of Utrecht down to the Peace of Versailles +(1713-1783)." The continuation of Earl Stanhope's narrative may be found +either in Mr Lecky's "Eighteenth Century," or in =William Nathaniel +Massey's (1809-1881)= "History of England under George III." Mr Massey +brings us down to the Peace of Amiens in 1801, from which date Harriet +Martineau leads us to 1846 in a work ("History of the Peace") which is +quite unworthy of her abilities. The reign of Victoria has been written +by many hands, not the least successful being the "History of England, +1830-1873" of the =Rev. William Nassau Molesworth (1816-1890)= of +Rochdale, the author also of a "History of the Church of England." +Equally popular is the "History of Our Own Time, 1830-1897," of =Justin +MacCarthy (1830- )=, who has also written a "History of the Four +Georges," and many popular novels. Nor must we forget the brilliant +literary effort of =Alexander William Kinglake (1811-1891)= who, in +his "History of the War in the Crimea," has made a younger generation +familiar with a struggle in which their fathers took so brave a part. Mr +Kinglake was for some years the Liberal member for Bridgewater. His +first literary effort, "Eothen," a volume of travels, is scarcely less +popular than his history. By far the most important work, however, on +English history, in a period subsequent to that dealt with by Macaulay, +is Lecky's "History of England in the Eighteenth Century," a work of +great thoroughness and thoughtfulness, the eighth and concluding volume +of which was published in 1890. =William Edward Hartpole Lecky +(1838- )=, who was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, which he now +represents in Parliament, is one of the most brilliant and suggestive +writers of our age. His "Rise and Influence of the Spirit of +Rationalism," and "European Morals from Augustus to Charlemagne," as +well as the "History of the Eighteenth Century," are justly popular. + +It is impossible to enumerate all the important contributions to +historical study of the past few years, but the "History of Scotland, +from the Invasion of Agricola to the Revolution of 1688," by =John Hill +Burton (1809-1881)=, and the "Life and Reign of Richard III.," by +James Gairdner must not be forgotten, nor the "History of the War in +the Peninsula," by Sir Charles Napier (1786-1860). Many writers have +embodied the main conclusions of the historians we have named, in brief, +but useful, histories for the use of the more advanced schools. The more +successful of these are the Rev. James Franck Bright and the late John +Richard Green. =James Franck Bright (1832- )= is master of University +College, Oxford, and his "English History for the use of Public Schools" +is a work so lucidly and carefully written, that it is entitled to be +lifted out of the category of mere text-books, and to take rank as good +literature. Still more is this true of Green's "Short History of the +English People." =John Richard Green (1837-1883)= was born at Oxford, +and educated at Magdalen College School and at Jesus College. For some +time he was vicar of St Philip's, Stepney. His "Short History," +published in 1874, was speedily adopted in schools, and had an enormous +sale among general readers. It was immediately recognised that a +brilliant writer had appeared, one who had assimilated all that was +worthy in the work of laborious contemporary historians, had himself +made much study of original documents, and had welded all together by +the power of real genius. A critic here and there devoted himself to +discovering the errors, mainly of dates, which, owing to the illness of +the author, disfigured the first edition. But the popular instinct +which declared this to be a great work, was a sound one. In the main its +conclusions are just. There is not a line of cheap sentiment or +rhetorical clap-trap in the book. Mr Green soon afterwards enlarged his +work, and published it in four handsome volumes, which he dedicated to +his friends--"My Masters in the Study of English History,"--Bishop +Stubbs and Professor Freeman. Later on appeared "The Making of England," +and, after his decease, another volume, "The Conquest of England," +written on his deathbed, was published by his widow, Alice Stopford +Green, who has written "Town Life in the Fifteenth Century." Sir +Archibald Geikie, the geologist, once rendered a tribute to Green for +endeavouring to bring geological science to the aid of historical +research; but on the question of the Teutonic element in our nation, it +has been urged that Green follows his friends, Stubbs and Freeman, all +too readily, and ignores the evidence from anthropology in favour of the +very great prevalence of Celtic blood in the English-speaking race. + +I regret that my space will not permit me to write at length of the men +who have studied so thoroughly sciences which have so much bearing upon +history, and who have written delightful books upon them. I must be +content merely to mention the names of William Boyd Dawkins, who has +written "Cave-hunting" and "Early Man in Britain;" and Sir John Lubbock, +banker and member of Parliament, who has written "Pre-historic Times" +and "The Origin of Civilization and the Primitive Condition of Man," +also various books on natural science, and some very inadequate literary +essays. Nor must I forget Edward Burnett Tylor's "Primitive Culture" and +"Anthropology," Grant Allen's "Anglo-Saxon Britain," and Edward Clodd's +"Childhood of the World," "Childhood of Religion," and "Pioneers of +Evolution." From such works as these it is but a very short step to the +writings of Max Mueller. =Friedrich Max Mueller (1823- )=, son of the +German poet, Wilhelm Mueller, was educated at the University of Leipzig, +and made a special study of philosophy in Germany for many years before +he came to the land of his adoption, in 1846. Appointed an Oxford +professor, first of modern languages and later of comparative philology, +a science which he may almost be said to have created, he has become an +Englishman both in speech and in writing. Max Mueller's most popular +works are his interesting "Lectures on the Science of Language," and his +"Chips from a German Workshop," in which he deals not only with the +common origin of the world's leading languages, but in a skilful and +almost startling manner reconstructs, by the aid of language alone, the +conditions out of which have risen the various religious and social +systems of the early nations. The writers who have most prominently +followed in Max Mueller's footsteps, as elucidators of primitive +religious belief, are Professor Sayce and the Rev. Sir George Cox. +=Archibald Henry Sayce (1846- )=, who succeeded Max Mueller in the +chair of comparative philology at Oxford, has written numerous books and +treatises dealing with the Chaldean and other ancient nations, and has +also published an annotated edition of Herodotus, noticeable chiefly for +its unfavourable verdict on the "Father of History." =Sir George Cox +(1827- )=, whose "Mythology of the Aryan Nations" has provoked much +adverse criticism from its extreme application of the "Solar" theory to +the interpretation of myth, epic, and romance, has also written an +interesting "History of Greece" in two volumes. + +The "History of Greece" which may be considered one of the most +satisfactory achievements of the Victorian era, is that by Grote, +published in twelve volumes. =George Grote (1794-1871)= was born at +Clay Hill, near Beckenham, and was educated at the Charterhouse School. +He early went into the banking-house in Threadneedle Street, of which +his father was one of the partners, but found time to devote himself to +philosophy and history, and to write for the _Westminster Review_, the +organ of philosophical Radicalism. It was as a representative of this +phase of thought that he was returned as member of Parliament for the +city of London in 1833. He sat in the House as one of a small body of +philosophical Radicals until 1841, bringing forward annually a +resolution in favour of the ballot. He retired from Parliamentary life +to devote himself more energetically to his "History of Greece," the +first two volumes of which appeared in 1846; the twelfth, and last, +which takes us to the death of Alexander the Great, was published in +1856. During the same years, but unknown to Grote, =Connop Thirlwall +(1797-1875)=, Bishop of St David's, a former schoolfellow of his, was +engaged upon the same task. Each acknowledged the superiority of his +rival's work, and Grote said that he should never have written his had +Thirlwall's book appeared a few years earlier; but there can be little +hesitation in assigning the higher place to Grote. Of Thirlwall it may +be said, however, that but for Grote his history would have taken high +rank, and would have been a welcome relief from the foolish but once +popular work of William Mitford. Thirlwall is also interesting for +having translated, in 1825, Schleiermacher's "Essay on St Luke," and +thus first introduced German theology into England. Grote's history is a +book of high educational value. In it we have all that is best in +Herodotus, Thucydides, and the other ancient historians, added to the +sound and weighty judgment of a clear-sighted modern critic, +exceptionally free from prejudice. It was Grote's great destiny to free +the English mind from the erroneous impressions which had so long +prevailed as to the real character of the Athenian democracy, and we +cannot find elsewhere a truer or juster picture of Athens at the height +of her power. A great work on Greek history in later aspects than those +of Grote and Thirlwall is "A History of Greece, from its Conquest by the +Romans to the Present Time," by =George Finlay (1799-1875)=. Finlay +fought in the Greek War of Independence, and lived for the greater part +of his life in Athens. + +A number of clergymen besides Dr Thirlwall have shown an able grasp of +classical history. Dr Arnold wrote a "History of Rome," based on +Niebuhr, which, although interesting, is scarcely worthy of so great a +man. =Charles Merivale (1808-1893)=, Dean of Ely, wrote an admirable +summary of Roman history from the foundation of the city in B.C. 753 to +the fall of Augustulus in A.D. 476; but his great work is the "History +of the Romans under the Empire," which is indispensable for a thorough +appreciation of Gibbon. =Henry Hart Milman (1791-1868)=, Dean of St +Paul's, did good service to historical scholarship by his edition of +Gibbon's pre-eminent work, and by his own "History of the Jews," +"History of Christianity under the Empire," and "Latin Christianity." +The nine volumes of this last were called by Dean Stanley "a complete +epic and philosophy of mediaeval Christianity." Milman is said to have +described himself as "the last learned man in the Church," but in the +presence of so eminent a scholar as =Mandell Creighton (1843- )=, +Bishop of London, the statement is meaningless. Dr Creighton's great +work, "A History of the Papacy From the Great Schism to the Sack of +Rome," is of the highest value in the consecutive study of European +history; and so also is the work of another clergyman, =George William +Kitchin (1827- )=, Dean of Durham, whose "History of France previous +to the Revolution," is very attractively written. + +A writer who generalises freely from the facts of history, and whose +generalisations were once very popular, and, according to Sir Mackenzie +Wallace, are still widely read in Russia, was =Henry Thomas Buckle +(1821-1862)=, who published in 1857 the first volume of the "History of +Civilisation in England;" a second volume appeared in 1861, but the +author died before he had completed his intended undertaking. Buckle +unduly emphasises the influence of national and moral laws upon the +progress of civilisation, minimises the influence of individuals, and +overlooks the momentous action of heredity. A writer of equal importance +with Buckle was =John Addington Symonds (1840-1893)=, whose +"Renaissance in Italy" is a work of great literary merit, and whose +translation of Cellini's "Autobiography" has superseded Roscoe's. + +Passing from historic Italy to Germany we may note that "The Holy Roman +Empire" of =James Bryce (1838- )= created quite a _furore_ as a prize +essay at Oxford, and, in its enlarged shape, forms the only English +sketch of German history of great literary merit. Mr Bryce was, some +years ago, announced to write a "History of Germany" of more formidable +dimensions, but the glamour of parliamentary life and a seat in the +Cabinet have robbed us of a capable historian. Although we are without a +satisfactory German history we possess two very solid contributions to +such a work. With one of these, Carlyle's "Frederick II.," I shall deal +later; the other is =Sir John Robert Seeley's (1834-1895)= "Life and +Times of Stein; or, Germany and Prussia in the Napoleonic Age." When +this work appeared it was received with high commendation in Germany, +but in England with the qualification that it had none of the literary +charm of the author's earlier efforts. To such criticism Professor +Seeley--he received the professorship of modern history at Cambridge on +Kingsley's resignation in 1869--replied in a series of papers entitled +"History and Politics," wherein he practically contended that it was the +business of historians to be dull, and that brilliant history-writing +was, as a matter of fact, little other than fiction. Still, in his +lectures on "The Expansion of England" (1883) and "A Short History of +Napoleon" (1886) he succeeded in making himself entirely interesting. + +The books which gave Sir John Seeley his greatest fame--he received a +knighthood in 1893--were not, however, historical, but, in a sense, +theological; and with him we find ourselves in the midst of the great +religious controversies of the reign. "Ecce Homo; a Survey of the Life +and Work of Jesus Christ," was published anonymously in 1865. While +censured on many sides on account of its alleged heterodoxy, it drew +from opponents unstinted admiration on account of its perfect literary +workmanship. One of these opponents was Mr Gladstone, who ventured the +prophecy that the author would at a later period write something from a +more orthodox standpoint. The prediction was not verified, for in 1882 a +further work, "Natural Religion," by the Author of "Ecce Homo," showed +still less sympathy with the supernatural side of religion. + +Mr Gladstone, who flung himself into this as into so many other +controversies, has a fame quite apart from any literary achievement. But +whatever posterity may say of his influence on the destinies of the +nation which he has helped for so many years to rule, it is certain that +his powers as an author would have made the reputation of a man of less +versatility. + +=William Ewart Gladstone (1809- )=, the son of a Lancashire merchant, +was born at Liverpool. Into his political career it is not my province +to enter. His first literary work, "The State in its Relations with the +Church," was made famous through a review by Macaulay. Later in life he +indulged in theological controversy, publishing an "Essay on Ritualism" +and "The Vatican Decrees." Mr Gladstone's chief work is, however, his +"Studies in Homer," in which he argues for the unity of the poem, for +the foundation in fact of its main incidents, and for the definite +personality of the author. His contributions to periodical literature +have been innumerable, and only a few--and those non-controversial and +non-classical--have been republished in his five volumes of "Gleanings." +Mr Gladstone's chief opponent in theological controversy, Cardinal +Newman, has profoundly influenced his religious views. "In my opinion," +wrote Mr Gladstone many years after Newman had become a Roman Catholic, +"his secession from the Church of England has never yet been estimated +among us at anything like the full amount of its calamitous importance. +It has been said that the world does not know its greatest men; neither, +I will add, is it aware of the power and weight carried by the words and +the acts of those among its greatest men whom it does know. The +ecclesiastical historian will perhaps hereafter judge that this +secession was a much greater event even than the partial secession of +John Wesley, the only case of personal loss suffered by the Church of +England since the Reformation which can be at all compared with it in +magnitude." + +=John Henry Newman (1801-1890)= was born in London, and educated at a +private school at Ealing and at Trinity College, Oxford. Inclined at +first to the liberal Christianity which men like Whately and Milman were +furthering among churchmen, he was, he says, "rudely awakened by two great +blows--illness and bereavement"; and he devoted himself to a life-long +opposition to what he has called "the great apostasy--liberalism in +religion." "My battle," he writes, "was with liberalism; by liberalism I +mean the anti-dogmatic principle and its developments." From 1828 to +1843 he held the incumbency of St Mary's Church, Oxford, and the +influence which he then exerted was of the deepest moment for the future +of religious life in England. "Who," says Matthew Arnold, himself, like +his father before him, one of the leaders of the movement which Newman +has hated so intensely, "who could resist the charm of that spiritual +apparition, gliding in the dim afternoon light through the aisles of St +Mary's, rising into the pulpit, and then, in the most entrancing of +voices, breaking the silence with words and thoughts which were a +religious music--subtle, sweet, mournful? I seem to hear him still, +saying: 'After the fever of life, after wearinesses and sicknesses, +fightings and despondings, languor and fretfulness, struggling and +succeeding; after all the changes and chances of this troubled, +unhealthy state,--at length comes death, at length the white throne of +God, at length the beatific vision.'" During these years at St Mary's +what is called the Tractarian movement sprang to life--a movement, as we +have said, against Broad-Churchism. It was at the beginning of the +movement, on his way home from Sicily in 1833, whilst pondering over the +difficulties of the task he had undertaken, that Newman wrote the hymn +"Lead, kindly Light," which is now as popular in the most advanced and +liberalized churches as it can be in those nearest to its author's +religious standpoint. The "Tracts for the Times," whence Tractarians +derived their name, were written by Newman, Hurrell Froude, Pusey, and +others. Bishop Bloomfield said that the whole movement was nothing but +Newmania. The writers argued now in short papers, now in elaborate +treatises, for the Divine mission of the Anglican Church. Not till +"Tract XC." was reached did the alarm of the Protestant party manifest +itself in any practical form. In that Tract Newman declared that +subscription to the Thirty-nine Articles was not inconsistent with the +acceptance of Roman Catholic teaching on purgatory, on the invocation of +saints, and on the mass. The Hebdomadal Council of the University +condemned the Tract. Two years later Newman resigned his position at St +Mary's, and in 1845 formally joined the Church of Rome. According to +Disraeli, Anglicanism "reeled under the shock," and Dean Stanley +remarked to a friend that the fortunes of the English Church might have +been very different "had Newman been able to read German."[13] + +In 1848 he was appointed head of the Birmingham Oratory, and there he +resided--with one short break as rector of the Roman Catholic University +at Dublin--for nearly forty years. In 1879 he was created a cardinal, +and his visit to Rome and installation as a Prince of the Sacred College +excited much attention in England. Although by temperament and +inclination one of the least combative and most retiring of men, +Cardinal Newman found himself again and again in the thick of the +argumentative fray. At one time he was involved in a libel action by an +ex-priest and ultra-Protestant lecturer named Father Achilli, and this +cost Newman and his friends twelve thousand pounds; at another time he +was arguing with the foremost English statesman, Mr Gladstone, as to the +probable loyalty of English Roman Catholics if the Papacy and the +English Government were brought into collision. In one great controversy +of his life he was generally admitted to have achieved a success, and +this success is associated with an enduring literary work, the +autobiography which he calls his "Apologia pro Vita Sua." Reviewing +Froude's "History of England" in _Macmillan's Magazine_ (January 1864), +Charles Kingsley charged Newman with being careless about truth, and +with teaching that cunning and not truth-seeking was the acceptable +method of the Roman Catholic clergy. Brought to bay by Newman, Kingsley +contradicted himself in an amazing fashion, and even the most +enthusiastic Protestants were compelled to admit that the clever +novelist was no match for the trained dialectician. Mrs Kingsley, in her +charming life of her husband, practically admits that he was worsted in +the conflict, and J. A. Froude, his brother-in-law, wrote: "Kingsley +entirely misunderstood Newman's character. Newman's whole life had been +a struggle for truth. He had neglected his own interests; he had never +thought of them at all. He had brought to bear a most powerful and +subtle intellect to support the convictions of a conscience which was +superstitiously sensitive. His single object had been to discover what +were the real relations between man and his Maker, and to shape his own +conduct by the conclusions at which he arrived. To represent such a +person as careless of truth was neither generous nor even reasonable." + +The final outcome of the controversy was the publication of the +"Apologia," a work which, alike in beauty of style and devotion of +spirit, must be assigned a very high place in religious literature. My +space is too limited to pass in review, or even to name, the thirty-six +volumes which contain the writings of this eloquent preacher and +teacher. His "Dream of Gerontius" and "Verses on Various Occasions" show +his high qualities as a poet; his "Apologia," "Callista," and "Essay in +aid of the Grammar of Assent," display his genius as a prose stylist. In +"Callista: a Sketch of the Third Century," he pictures a beautiful Greek +girl, who becomes a convert to Christianity after a severe struggle +between human affection and religious faith. The "Grammar of Assent" is +an apology for Christianity, far above the narrow controversies in which +the author took so distinguished a part. + + +The question whether Cardinal Newman or Carlyle has been the most +influential personality in Victorian literature will be largely decided +by the temperament of the critic. Mr Swinburne, looking at them both +from a standpoint of antagonism to the priestly proclivities of the one +and to the tyrannical proclivities of the other, apostrophised them +jointly in the well-known lines:-- + + "With all our hearts we praise you whom ye hate, + High souls that hate us; for our hopes are higher, + And higher than yours the goal of our desire, + Though high your ends be as your hearts are great." + +Newman, indeed, left England more dominated by ritual than in any other +period of its history, the Roman Church more powerful than ever before, +the new High Church party in the Establishment a great institution, with +the rival Prime Ministers, Mr Gladstone and Lord Salisbury, among its +supporters, and a taste for ritual conspicuous in the chapels of the +Nonconformists. And yet with all this Carlyle was the more dominant +personality. + +=Thomas Carlyle (1795-1881)= was born at Ecclefechan, in +Dumfriesshire, on the 4th of December 1795. His father was a stonemason, +at whose death Carlyle thus tenderly wrote in his Diary:--"I owe him +much more than existence. I owe him a noble inspiring example. It was he +_exclusively_ that determined on educating me; that from his small +hard-earned funds sent me to school and college, and made me whatever I +am and may become. Let me not mourn for my father, let me do worthily of +him. So shall he still live, even here in me, and his worth plant itself +honourably forth into new generations." From Annan Grammar School the +young Carlyle went to Edinburgh University, where he became a voracious +reader, although never a great classical scholar. He then took the post +of mathematical tutor at Annan school, and afterwards at Kirkcaldy, +where he was friendly with Edward Irving, afterwards the famous +preacher. Disgusted with this life he flung up his appointment, and +determined to study for the law. For some time he eked out a scanty +subsistence in Edinburgh by writing biographies for Brewster's +_Encyclopaedia_. It was at this period that he obtained some measure of +mental and moral stimulus from his German studies. Goethe opened a new +world to him. He began to study German in 1819, induced thereto by +Madame de Stael's interesting account of the German poets and +philosophers. Goethe was seventy-five years old when in 1824 he received +from Carlyle an English translation of "Wilhelm Meister," with a letter, +saying, "Four years ago, when I read your 'Faust' among the mountains of +my native Scotland, I could not but fancy I might one day see you, and +pour out before you, as before a father, the woes and wanderings of a +heart whose mysteries you seemed so thoroughly to comprehend, and could +so beautifully represent." Two years later Carlyle sent Goethe his "Life +of Schiller," and once again he expressed his intense devotion to one +"whose voice came to me from afar, with counsel and help, in my utmost +need." "For if," he continues, "I have been delivered from darkness +into any measure of light, if I know aught of myself and my destination, +it is to the study of your writings more than to any other circumstance +that I owe this; it is you more than any other man that I should always +thank and reverence with the feeling of a disciple to his Master, nay, +of a son to his spiritual Father." In the meantime Carlyle had married +Jane Welsh, the daughter of a doctor in Haddington, and had settled at +the lonely farm-house of Craigenputtock, in Dumfriesshire. There he was +visited by Emerson, and there he remained for six years, before removing +to London. Not only had Carlyle then translated "Wilhelm Meister" and +written the "Life of Schiller," but he had made numerous translations +from Musaeus, Tieck, and Richter, and had published essays on these and +other German authors. Jean Paul Richter had a peculiar attraction for +him, and there can be no doubt that Carlyle owed his extraordinary +style, in some degree, to his study of the German humorist. + +The forty-seven years of Carlyle's London life (1834-1881) were years of +incessant literary activity. The thirty volumes which came from his pen +during that time not only secured for him a permanent place amongst the +historians, biographers, and essayists of our literature, but they +kindled for him a glow of intense personal enthusiasm amongst the best +of his contemporaries, such as, perhaps, no other English author has +enjoyed. At his death on the 5th of February, 1881, the world knew +Carlyle, apart from his books, as a man of simple tastes, content, in +spite of the wealth which literary success had brought, to reside amidst +unostentatious surroundings, ever ready to help the distressed and +needy, refusing a title and the like official recognitions, and carrying +out to the letter the reverence, earnestness, and unobtrusive manliness +which he had inculcated in his writings; devotedly attached to his wife, +whom he described on her tombstone as having "unweariedly forwarded him +as none else could, in all of good that he did or attempted;" and, in +short, worthy of the address presented to him on his eightieth birthday, +by nearly all the men of literary and scientific eminence in England, +including, amongst others, Lord Tennyson and George Eliot, Robert +Browning and Professor Huxley. "A whole generation has elapsed," they +said, "since you described for us the hero as a man of letters. We +congratulate you and ourselves on the spacious fulness of years which +has enabled you to sustain this rare dignity amongst mankind in all its +possible splendour and completeness." The publication of Mr Froude's +nine volumes of memorials caused a considerable revulsion of feeling. +The Carlyle of these "Letters" and "Reminiscences" appeared to be +over-censorious in his estimate of his contemporaries, not too +considerate in his relations with his wife, and, however admirable he +might find contentment in Richter or Heyne, not content without much +murmuring to accept a life of restricted means. + +To give too much emphasis to this view of Carlyle's character is to +ignore certain peculiarities of Mr Froude's biographical and historical +style, to which reference has already been made. It will suffice to +point out here that there are other sources of information about Carlyle +than the books of his accredited biographer. Sir Henry Taylor, Mrs +Oliphant, Mr Charles Eliot Norton, Mrs Gilchrist, and other friends of +Carlyle's later life have published much additional matter, and have +shown, as it were, the other side of the shield. To Sir Henry Taylor, +who knew him well, he seemed "the most faithful and true-hearted of +men," and from many sources we learn that Mr Froude's picture is not +that of the true Carlyle; that he was not a selfish husband, that his +married life was not unhappy, that he was not altogether dumb to the +heroes living, whilst eloquent over heroes dead, and that, in spite of +many faults, he was a noble high-minded man, a "kingly soul," as +Longfellow called him. Writing in his Diary during his second visit to +England in 1847, Emerson says:--"Carlyle and his wife live on beautiful +terms. Their ways are very engaging, and in her bookcase all his books +are inscribed to her as they came from year to year, each with some +significant lines." + +The letters which Carlyle wrote to his wife at the time she lost her +mother are most touchingly affectionate. This is what she wrote to a +friend at that time:--"In great matters he is always kind and +considerate, but these little attentions which we women attach so much +importance to, he was never in the habit of rendering to anyone. And, +now, the desire to replace the irreplaceable makes him as good in little +things as he used to be in great." And to Carlyle himself she +writes:--"God keep you, my dear husband, and bring you safe back to me. +The house looks very desolate without you, and my mind feels empty too. +I expect, with impatience, the letter that is to fix your return." + +On another occasion, writing to her husband's mother, she says:--"You +have others behind and I have only him--only him in the whole wide world +to love me and take care of me--poor little wretch that I am. Not but +that numbers of people love me, after their fashion, far more than I +deserve, but then his fashion is so different from theirs, and seems +alone to suit the crotchety creature that I am." And then her pride in +her husband is well exemplified by an experience related in a letter to +him, which shows also how wide and deep is that mysterious impersonal +influence of great authors on men who are totally unknown to them:--"A +man of the people mounted the platform and spoke; a youngish, +intelligent-looking man, who alone, of all the speakers, seemed to +understand the question, and to have feelings as well as notions about +it. He spoke with a heart-eloquence that left me warm. I never was more +affected by public speaking.... A sudden thought struck me: this man +would like to know you. I would give him my address in London. I +borrowed a piece of paper and handed him my address. When he looked at +it he started as if I had sent a bullet into him, caught my hand, and +said, 'Oh, it is your husband! Mr Carlyle has been my teacher and +master! I have owed everything to him for years and years!' I felt it a +credit to you really to have had a hand in turning out this man, was +prouder of that heart-tribute to your genius than any amount of +reviewers' praises or aristocratic invitations to dinner." + +It is because the spirit which breathes in the words of this young +workman has been the guiding moral force of numbers of men and women in +all stations of life, during the last sixty years, that I have devoted +so much space to Carlyle. It is of the greatest importance to literature +that the man whose eloquent preaching of justice, sincerity, and +reverence has turned the hearts of thousands of his fellowmen towards +nobility and simplicity of life, should not himself have been out of +harmony with all that he taught. "The world," says Thackeray's gifted +daughter, "has pointed its moral finger of late at the old man in his +great old age, accusing himself in the face of all, and confessing the +overpowering irritations which the suffering of a lifetime had laid upon +him and upon her he loved. That old caustic man of deepest feeling, with +an ill-temper and a tender heart, and a racking imagination, speaking +from the grave, and bearing unto it that cross of passionate remorse +which few among us dare to face, seems to some of us now a figure nobler +and truer, a teacher greater far than in the days when all his pain and +love and remorse were still hidden from us all."[14] + +Of the "Reminiscences" which excited so much criticism on account of +their references to persons still living, Carlyle wrote on the last +page:--"I still mainly mean to _burn_ this book before my own departure, +but feel that I shall always have a kind of grudge to do it, and an +indolent excuse. 'Not _yet_; wait, any day that can be done!' and that +it is possible the thing _may_ be left behind me, legible to interested +survivors--_friends_ only, I will hope, and with _worthy_ curiosity, not +_un_worthy! In which event, I solemnly forbid them, each and all, to +_publish_ this bit of writing _as it stands here_, and warn them that +_without fit editing_ no _part_ of it should be printed (nor so far as I +can order _shall_ ever be), and that the 'fit editing' of perhaps +nine-tenths of it will, after I am gone, have become _impossible_."[15] + +The only editing which Mr Froude deemed "fit" was the omission of this +paragraph from his edition of the work. And yet to read, with the +"worthy curiosity" of which he speaks, of his love for father and wife, +and of his kindly solicitude for brothers and sisters, whom he +constantly assisted, is to make him nearer and dearer to those who care +to remember that he was after all but human. Carlyle spoke with too +little kindness, it must be owned, of Wordsworth, and Coleridge, and +Lamb, because he saw only the palpable weaknesses of their characters, +and was blinded by forbidding externals to the sterling worth of these +great men; but he loved Emerson, and Tennyson, and Ruskin, and he +profoundly revered Goethe, who, after all, was the only one of his +contemporaries who could take rank anywhere near him.[16] Carlyle +recognised that Goethe was incomparably his superior in every way; that +he was, as Matthew Arnold calls him, "the greatest poet of the present +age, and the greatest critic of all ages," the one man of transcendent +genius whom Europe has produced since Dante and Shakspere. To have first +led England to appreciate Goethe is not the least of Carlyle's many +services to his country. To have acted as an inspiring and helpful +prophet is perhaps his greatest. "Sartor Resartus" first appeared in +_Fraser's Magazine_ for 1833, where it met with but scanty recognition, +and, indeed, half-ruined the editor, whose subscribers anxiously asked +when the "tailor sketches" were coming to an end. It is surely something +more than a passing fashion in literature which leads us now to take up +these well-worn pages with so much of tenderness and sympathy. "There is +in man," he says, "a Higher than Love of Happiness; he can do without +Happiness, and instead thereof find Blessedness! Was it not to preach +forth this same Higher that sages and martyrs, the Poet and the Priest, +in all times, have spoken and suffered; bearing testimony, through life +and through death, of the Godlike that is in Man, and how, in the +Godlike only, has he Strength and Freedom?" How can it be said that +Carlyle did not love humanity when we read the lines in which he +expresses reverence for the "toilworn Craftsman that, with earth-made +Implement, laboriously conquers the Earth and makes her man's?" +"Venerable to me," he continues, "is the hard Hand; crooked, coarse; +wherein notwithstanding lies a cunning virtue, indefeasibly royal, as of +the Sceptre of this Planet. Venerable, too, is the rugged face, all +weather-tanned, besoiled, with its rude intelligence; for it is the face +of a Man living manlike. O, but the more venerable for thy rudeness, and +even because we must pity as well as love thee! Hardly entreated +Brother! For us was thy back so bent, for us were thy straight limbs and +fingers so deformed; thou wert our Conscript on whom the lot fell, and +fighting our battles wert so marred." + +It is impossible to exaggerate the effect upon the younger minds of his +age of Carlyle's stirring words, inciting to worthy and ever worthier +effort:--"Do the duty which lies nearest to thee, which thou knowest to +be a duty. In all situations out of the pit of Tophet, wherein a living +man has stood, there is actually a prize of quite infinite value placed +within his reach, namely a duty for him to do; this highest of Gospels +forms the basis and worth of all other gospels whatever." "Brother," he +says elsewhere, "thou hast possibility in thee for much, the possibility +of writing on the eternal skies the record of a heroic life. Is not +every man, God be thanked, a potential hero? The measure of a nation's +greatness, of its worth under the sky to God and to man, is not the +quantity of bullion it has realised, but the quantity of heroisms it has +achieved, of noble pieties and valiant wisdoms that were in it, that +still are in it." + +Little less valuable than "Sartor Resartus" is "Past and Present," which +was published in 1843. The reverence and delicacy with which it touches +the monasticism of a bygone age are as remarkable as the prophetic +vision with which it deals with the social problems of our latter-day +life. State-aided emigration, co-operation and national education, are +some of the many changes advocated here and elsewhere. Not till the +"Latter-day Pamphlets" (1850) did Carlyle become an eloquent advocate of +"force" as a guide in politics, thereby alienating John Stuart Mill and +many of his old friends. His language then seemed to degenerate into +mere shrieking and scolding. The world must be governed, he declared, by +men of heroic mould, who know what is good for the inferior natures +around them. Let such inferior natures, if need be, be scourged into +silence. Parliaments he spoke of contemptuously as "talking shops," and +his sympathies went out heartily to Governor Eyre at the time of the +Jamaica riots, and to the Southern States at the time of the American +Civil War. An admiration for "heaven-sent heroes" had always been +strong in Carlyle, although it certainly had not its after meaning when +he wrote in early life, "Not brute force, but only persuasion and faith +are the kings of this world." In "Heroes and Hero-worship," a course of +lectures delivered in 1840, he had waxed eloquent over Mahomet, Luther, +and Napoleon, and three years earlier, in 1837, he had published in his +"French Revolution" a brilliant eulogy of Mirabeau. His vindication of +Cromwell was brought about perhaps mainly by his appreciation of the +Protector's high-handed resoluteness, and his "Life of Frederick II. of +Prussia" was the apology for a man who was the very embodiment of +despotic ideals. + +But quite apart from Carlyle's worth as a moral teacher or as a +controversialist, his place in literature is very high. His short +biography of Schiller was an epoch-making book, because of the influence +it has exercised upon the study of German literature: but it bears +little evidence of the genius of its author, and, in consequence of the +abundance of Schiller correspondence subsequently brought to light, it +has been superseded by the biographies of Palleskie and Duntzer. +Carlyle's "Life of John Sterling" is, however, a work of great power, a +kind of prose "Lycidas," which, like that great elegy, has rescued from +oblivion a man in whom the world would soon have ceased to be +interested. Carlyle, again, was an essayist of striking individuality. +Few literary sketches are more picturesque than his "Count Cagliostro" +and "The Diamond Necklace," and the essays on Johnson and Burns are +models of generous human insight. With literary insight, however, +Carlyle was not too well endowed, at least, when purely imaginative +literature was concerned, and he once expressed the opinion that +Shakspere had better have written in prose. "It is part of my creed," he +wrote to Emerson, "that the only poetry is history could we tell it +right." His method of telling it gives him a place by himself among +historians, a place so singular that it is impossible to classify him. +"Carlyle's 'French Revolution,'" said John Stuart Mill, "is one of those +productions of genius which is above all rule, and is a law to itself." +The deathbed of Louis XV., the taking of the Bastille, and the execution +of Danton, are never-to-be-forgotten descriptions, and the poetical +passage which follows the relation of the bloody horrors of 1789 cannot +be too often quoted:--"O evening sun of July, how, at this hour, thy +beams fall slant on reapers amid peaceful woody fields; on old women +spinning in cottages; on ships far out in the silent main; on Balls at +the Orangerie of Versailles, where high-rouged Dames of the Palace are +even now dancing with double-jacketed Hussar-Officers;--and also on this +roaring Hell-porch of a Hotel-de-Ville!" + +The scientific history of the French Revolution has yet to be written; +and even to appreciate Carlyle's prose epic adequately we should know +something of Mignet, Thiers, Morse Stephens, and von Sybel, but neither +the accumulation of fresh facts, nor a philosophical deduction from such +facts, can impair the value of Carlyle's work. That, in spite of all his +fire and passion, Carlyle could delineate character with most judicial +fairness, may be demonstrated by turning to Mr John Morley's essays on +Robespierre and the other revolutionists, and observing how his calm and +unprejudiced intellect has pronounced judgments in every way endorsing +Carlyle's. + +Carlyle's "Cromwell" has less attraction for us to-day than the "French +Revolution"; but the service to historical study was even greater. +Opinions will always differ as to the wisdom of the Protector's policy +and the righteousness of his deeds, but since the publication of these +letters and speeches, "edited with the care of an antiquarian and the +genius of a poet,"[17] Cromwell's sincerity and genuine piety have been +unimpugned. There are others beside Mr Froude who esteem the "History of +Frederick II." Carlyle's greatest work. The humour of the book is +wonderful, for Carlyle is the greatest humorist since Sterne, and +nowhere is this humour more conspicuous than in "Frederick." The +splendid portraits of all the most important figures in the eighteenth +century fix themselves indelibly in the memory, and it is even said that +German soldiers study the art of war from the descriptions of +Frederick's campaigns. Nevertheless, the book has much in it that is +unsatisfying to Englishmen. Frederick and his father could not easily +excite the hero-worshipping inclinations of a free people, and even +Carlyle became disillusioned as he proceeded with his task, and finally +admitted that Frederick was not worth the trouble he had given to him. +He commenced it as a "History of Frederick the Great," and concluded it +as a "History of Frederick, _called_ the Great." + + +Carlyle is surely the greatest figure in our modern literature. He wrote +no poetry worth consideration, it is true. His verse would long since +have been forgotten had it not been for his effectiveness as a prose +writer. But although we are accustomed to the claim for poetry that it +ranks higher than prose, it must be conceded that in Victorian +literature this is not the case, and that Carlyle's enormous +personality, his capacity for influencing others for good and ill, have +made him the greatest moral and intellectual force of his age. To him we +owe the indifference to mere political shibboleths, the lull in party +warfare, which is the note of our age. He gave no definite answer to any +question, but he gave us the impetus which led others to seek for +solutions. His literary influence on Froude and Mill, Mr Ruskin and Mr +Lecky, and numbers of others was tremendous. The place which was +occupied by Swift in the eighteenth century is held by Carlyle in the +nineteenth, and though every line that he has written should cease to be +read, he will still be remembered as the greatest of literary figures in +an age of great men of letters. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[11] Froude's "History of England," vol. ii. chap. ix. + +[12] "Lectures on the Council of Trent," "English Seamen in the +Sixteenth Century," and "Life and Letters of Erasmus." + +[13] "Memoirs of Mark Pattison." + +[14] Mrs Thackeray-Ritchie, _Harper's Magazine_ (1883). + +[15] "Reminiscences," by Thomas Carlyle. 2nd Edition. Edited by C. E. +Norton (1887). + +[16] When George Eliot read Carlyle's eulogy on Emerson in introducing +his essays to the British public, she wrote:--"I have shed many tears +over it: this is a world worth abiding in while one man can thus +venerate and love another."--Cross's "Life of George Eliot." + +[17] Green's "Short History of the English People." + + + + +CHAPTER IV + +The Critics + + +The plan of describing all the writers of a period who are not poets, +novelists and historians as critics is open to many objections, although +I intend to adopt it. If Matthew Arnold's plea for poetry as a criticism +of life holds good, it is precisely the poets, novelists and historians +who are the true critics. An alternative plan would have been to give a +chapter to prose writers and another to the poets; and still another +arrangement would have been to divide the subject, as De Quincey +suggested, into the literature of power and the literature of +imagination, the former including the philosophers and historians, the +latter the poets, the novelists, and the more picturesque of the prose +writers--Carlyle and Ruskin, for example. + + +One unhesitatingly assigns to Mr Ruskin the distinction of the critic +whose work is most eloquent and impressive. =John Ruskin (1819- )= was +born in Hunter Street, Brunswick Square, London. He has told us in his +autobiography, "Praeterita," of his early life under a tender mother's +care, of his boyish affection for Byron and Scott, and of the youthful +impulse to art study excited by the present of Rogers's "Italy," with +Turner's illustrations. In 1837 he was entered as a gentleman commoner +at Christ Church, Oxford, gaining, two years later, the Newdigate prize +for English poetry, his subject being "Salsette and Elephanta." In 1843 +he produced the first volume of "Modern Painters: their Superiority in +the Art of Landscape Painting to all the Ancient Masters. By a Graduate +of Oxford." The work originated, he says, "in indignation at the shallow +and false criticism of the periodicals of the day on the work of the +great living artist to whom it principally refers." The artist in +question was Joseph Mallord William Turner, upon whom Ruskin has +pronounced somewhat contradictory judgments at different periods in his +career. "Modern Painters" soon extended beyond the mere essay at first +intended, and in its final form of five handsome volumes, it was not +only a philosophical treatise on landscape painting, but an exhaustive +dissertation on many phases of life from one whom Mazzini declared to +possess "the most analytic brain in Europe." + +Another important work, "The Seven Lamps of Architecture" (1849), is a +brilliant attempt at reform in domestic and church architecture. The +"lamps" represent the characteristics which good architecture should +possess. The first is the Lamp of Sacrifice: "What of beauty and what of +riches we may possess, let a portion be dedicated to God. It was in this +spirit that our cathedrals were built." The second, the Lamp of Truth, +is a plea for honesty in architecture, no imitation wood or marble, but +solid wood and solid stone. "Exactly as a woman of feeling," he says, +"would not wear false jewels, so would a builder of honour disdain false +ornaments. The using of them is just as downright and inexcusable a +lie." The third is the Lamp of Power: "Until that street architecture of +ours is bettered, until we give it some size and boldness, until we give +our windows recess and our walls thickness, I know not how we can blame +our architects for their feebleness in more important work." The fourth +is the Lamp of Beauty, and in this chapter he maintains that "all the +most lovely forms and thoughts" are directly taken from natural objects. +The fifth is the Lamp of Life. "To those who love architecture," he +says, "the life and accent of the hand are everything." The sixth is the +Lamp of Memory: "All public edifices should be records of national life, +all ordinary dwelling-houses endeared to their owners by sacred and +sweet associations. There is infinite sanctity in a good man's house!" +The seventh is the Lamp of Obedience, and here he pleads eloquently for +the enforcement of an established type of architecture--the Gothic, in +his judgment, lending itself most readily to all services, vulgar or +noble. The "Stones of Venice" (1851-1853), in three volumes, gives in +further detail Ruskin's views of the laws of architecture. The +pre-Raphaelite movement of Millais, Rossetti, and Holman Hunt early +enlisted his sympathy, and in "Pre-Raphaelitism" (1851) he declared that +they had worthily followed the advice given in "Modern Painters," to "go +to nature in all singleness of heart, and walk with her laboriously and +trustingly, having no other thought but how best to penetrate her +meaning; rejecting nothing, selecting nothing, and scorning nothing." +From that time until his Slade lectures at Oxford in 1883-1884 Ruskin +wrote several books on painting and architecture, all of them in a style +which attracts even those who are least in sympathy with his opinions. + +But as Goethe declared of himself that posterity would honour him, not +for his poetry, but for his discoveries in science, so Ruskin, perhaps +more justly, insists that it is as an economist that he is most +deserving of remembrance. The four essays on the first principles of +political economy, entitled "Unto this Last" (1862), he declares to be +"the truest, rightest-worded, and most serviceable things" he has ever +written. These essays were originally published by Thackeray in the +_Cornhill Magazine_, but the remonstrances of its readers brought the +series to a speedy end. The principles of state socialism there +initiated have since entered the field in direct contest with the +established order of things. Mr Ruskin would have every child in the +country taught a trade at the cost of government; he would have +manufactories and workshops entirely under government regulation for the +production and sale of every necessary of life, and for the exercise of +every useful art; he would permit competition with government +manufactories and shops, but all who desired work could be sure of it at +the state establishments: finally, he would provide comfortable homes +for the old and destitute, as "it ought to be quite as natural and +straightforward a matter for a labourer to take his pension from his +parish, because he has deserved well of his parish, as for a man in +higher rank to take his pension from his country because he has deserved +well of his country." Ruskin has amplified his economic doctrines in +"Munera Pulveris," "Time and Tide by Wear and Tyne," and "Fors +Clavigera." "Time and Tide" is a collection of letters on the laws of +work to the late Thomas Dixon, a working corkcutter of Sunderland. They +were originally published in the _Manchester Examiner_. "Fors Clavigera" +is a series of ninety-six letters to working-men, which were issued in +monthly parts, and rendered additionally interesting by the quantity of +autobiographical anecdotes so freely interspersed in their pages. The +title is derived, as Ruskin has explained, from the Latin _fors_, the +best part of three good English words--force, fortitude, and fortune; +the root of the adjective _clavigera_ being either _clava_, a club, +_clavis_, a key, or _clavus_, a nail, and _gero_, to carry. Fors the +Club-bearer therefore represents the strength of Hercules or of Deed; +the Key-bearer, the strength of Ulysses or of Patience; and the +Nail-bearer, the strength of Lycurgus or of Law. + +To carry out his principles practically, Ruskin established for a short +time a tea shop in the Marylebone Road, where nothing but the best tea +was sold at a fair price, and he founded the St George's Guild with a +view of showing "the rational organisation of country life independent +of that of cities;" or in other words, the restoration of the peasantry +to the soil of England. One of the conditions of membership was that +every member should give one-tenth of his property to the guild for +carrying out its work. Ruskin led the way, his property being then +estimated at L70,000. He has told us in "Fors" that out of the L157,000 +left him by his parents he has spent L153,000. Much of this must have +gone to the Ruskin Museum at Sheffield. + +It is, however, in following Carlyle as a bracing, invigorating +influence that Ruskin has most claim on the gratitude of the present +generation. If Carlyle taught us to be content with this "miserable +actual," with such environment as may have fallen to our lot, his +disciple has given the impulse which has led to the beautifying of that +environment. The more refined taste in dress, furniture, and in +dwelling-houses which has characterized the later Victorian era, and, +side by side therewith, a greater simplicity of life on the part of the +more cultured rich, are in an especial degree due to the influence of +Ruskin. "What is chiefly needed in England at the present day," he says, +"is to show the quantity of pleasure that may be obtained by a +consistent, well-administered competence, modest, confessed, and +laborious. We need examples of people who, leaving Heaven to decide +whether they are to rise in the world, decide for themselves that they +will be happy in it, and have resolved to seek--not greater wealth, but +simpler pleasures; not higher fortune, but deeper felicity; making the +first of possessions, self-possession; and honouring themselves in the +harmless pride and calm pursuits of peace." In the "Crown of Wild +Olive," "Time and Tide," and "Sesame and Lilies," he emphasizes this +teaching with his customary eloquence. Of these books, by far the most +important is "Sesame and Lilies," which was written, he says, "while my +energies were still unbroken and my temper unfretted, and if read in +connection with 'Unto this Last,' contains the chief truths I have +endeavoured through all my life to display, and which, under the +warnings I have received to prepare for its close, I am chiefly thankful +to have learnt and taught." It treats of "the majesty of the influence +of good books and of good women, if we know how to read them and how to +honour." How to read books he shows by analyzing the well-known passage +from Milton's "Lycidas" on "The Pilot of the Galilean Lake," and +explaining the deep meaning of its every word. How to honour women, how +women may become worthy of honour, he shows by taking us to Shakspere +and to Scott, whose Portias and Rosalinds, Catherine Seytons and Diana +Vernons are ever ready at critical moments to be a help and a guidance +to men; and finally he appeals to the great Florentine, and shows us +Beatrice leading Dante through the starry spheres of heaven up to the +very throne of light and of truth. But the book is full of healthy and +helpful passages, and is, like so much that its author has written, a +moral inspiration for all who read it. "I am a great man," Ruskin once +said, with a consciousness of genius which reminds us that Horace and +Milton, Shakspere and Goethe were equally outspoken. Posterity, we may +well believe, will endorse the self-criticism, and will not willingly +let his works or his memory die. + +Of late years Mr Ruskin has lived, not in the most robust health, in a +house at Coniston, in the English Lake District. + +The next most prominent critic of the period is one upon whom Ruskin has +always poured his bitterest scorn, and who yet will be ever remembered +with warmest reverence by those who are old enough to have been his +contemporaries. I mean John Stuart Mill. + +Jeremy Bentham, who gave such an impulse to all political reform, and +made a complete revolution in English jurisprudence, died in 1832. His +friend James Mill, who wrote the "History of India" and an "Analysis of +the Human Mind," died four years later. "It was," says Professor Bain, +"James Mill's greatest contribution to human progress to have given us +his son." It may be so, and yet he seems to have done his utmost to +spoil the gift, not, as children are usually spoiled, by +over-indulgence, but by the most excessive severity. + +=John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)= born in Rodney Street, Pentonville. His +education, which was conducted by his father, would have been the mental +ruin of a mind of smaller powers. "I never was a boy," he said, "never +played at cricket; it is better to let Nature have her own way." He +began Greek at three, and Latin at eight years of age. The list of +classical authors with whose works he was familiar at thirteen is truly +appalling. This in itself would have been a small matter had not his +cold, stern father discouraged all imaginative reading. Poetry in +particular he was taught to look upon as mere vanity, and there are few +passages in Mill's "Autobiography" more interesting than the story how +in early manhood Wordsworth's poetry came to him like veritable "balm in +Gilead," for spiritual refreshment and healing. In 1823 he obtained a +clerkship in the India House, from which he withdrew, with ample +compensation, when the Indian Government was transferred to the Crown in +1858. Meanwhile he had been an industrious contributor to the +_Westminster Review_ and other periodicals, and regularly attended the +debates of the Speculative Society which met at Grote's house. Scarcely +any scene in literature is better known than the destruction of the +manuscript of Carlyle's "French Revolution" which he had lent to Mill. +Mill lent it to Mrs Taylor, the lady who afterwards became his wife, and +it was inadvertently destroyed. The speechless agony of Mill when he +went to inform his friend, the self-command with which Carlyle and his +wife concealed their own misery in endeavouring to moderate his +self-reproaches--these and many other details have been made familiar to +us by many pens. Mill gave Carlyle what monetary compensation he could, +and acted, as he always acted in life, with all possible nobleness. Mrs +Taylor, who was the real culprit on this occasion, was the wife of a +wholesale druggist in Mark Lane. When Mill made her acquaintance, his +father remonstrated, but he replied that he had no other feelings +towards her than he would have towards an equally able man. The +equivocal friendship, which was the talk of all Mill's circle of +acquaintances, lasted for twenty years, when Mr Taylor died, and Mill +married his widow. It is impossible to regard the enthusiasm of Mill for +this lady without feeling how much there was in it of the humorous, how +much also of the pathetic. That Mill had a most exaggerated opinion of +her intellectual attainments there can be no doubt. He declared her to +be the author of all that was best in his writings. Much of his +"Political Economy," he said, was her work, and also the "Liberty" and +the "Subjection of Women." His language with regard to her was always +extravagant, and Grote said that "only John Mill's reputation could +survive such displays." Mill's brother George declared that she was +"nothing like what John thought her," and there is much evidence to show +that she was but a weak reflection of her husband. Still, it is +impossible not to sympathize with such an illusion. Mrs Mill died in +1858, and was buried at Avignon, in France, where Mill himself spent +many of the later years of his life, and where he died in 1873. It was +at Avignon that the Crown Princess of Prussia and the Princess Alice of +Hesse proposed to visit him, when he, with due courtesy, declined to see +them. + +Mill's works, which are very extensive, deal with philosophical, +psychological, economical, and political problems. His "Logic" was +published in 1843, his "Essays on Unsettled Questions in Political +Economy" in 1844, his "Principles of Political Economy" in 1848, and his +"Liberty" in 1858. In 1865 he published his "Examination of Sir William +Hamilton's Philosophy." Four volumes of "Dissertations and Discussions" +appeared between 1859 and 1867, and "Considerations on Representative +Government" in 1861. In 1865 he entered Parliament as Member for +Westminster, losing his seat, however, in 1868. It would be hard to +speak too highly of Mill. As a man he was all kindliness and considerate +thoughtfulness for others, and his ideal of life was a very high one. +Carlyle's Letters, Caroline Fox's Memoirs, and many other sources of +information, make this clear. On the literary side he will be variously +estimated, as we survey him from one or other aspect of his many-sided +career. As a stimulator of public opinion the work he did was enormous. +This is not the place to discuss the value of this or that movement +associated with his name; but there can be no doubt that many questions, +like the reform of the land laws, were initiated by him. In the +seventies his philosophy dominated Oxford. It is of no account to-day. + +On the philosophical side Mill's position is weakened by his ignorance +of the more simple sciences, which we now know to be of the greatest +moment in the study of intellectual problems. Mill knew little of +physics, and of biology still less. His education in this respect +belonged to the old-fashioned type. His work in logic is all but +unshaken, although his book has been superseded for school and college +use. His psychology, however, his ethics, much of his economics, and +above all, his metaphysics, must be corrected by later ideas. Doubtless +Mill's readjustments in mental science are most valuable, especially his +rehandling of the old doctrines; but fundamentally these are Hume's. +Mill's chief philosophical work was destructive. He utterly routed the +remnants of a still earlier philosophy, furbished up with all the +knowledge and all the acuteness of Sir William Hamilton. But the great +generalizations which have changed the whole drift of our philosophy are +the Conservation of Energy, and Evolution, including as the latter does +the laws and conditions of life, and in particular the doctrine of +Heredity. For adequate philosophical guidance on these subjects we must +turn to Herbert Spencer. + +But first let me point to the number of political economists who have +followed Mill in the discussion of the relation of society to the +"wealth" it produces. Mill's "Political Economy" was more of a +systematic summary of the prevailing doctrines than an original work. It +long formed, however, the basis of ordinary English knowledge on the +subject, and by its adhesion to the Wages Fund and other erroneous +theories, it did not a little harm as well as good to Economic Science. +Mill's most enthusiastic disciple in economics, =Henry Fawcett +(1833-1884)=, went far beyond his master in his acceptance of the main +doctrines of the Ricardo school. Many of the positions maintained in his +"Political Economy" were abandoned by Mill before his death, +particularly the Wages Fund theory; and in his "Autobiography" he traced +his own progress to views which, as he said, would class him "under the +general designation of Socialist." He declared himself in favour of "the +common ownership in the raw material of the globe, and an equal +participation of all in the benefits of combined labour."[18] + +Professor Fawcett, who published his "Manual of Political Economy" in +1863, continued to the last to hold to the old views, and especially to +favour as little as possible the intervention of the State. As member of +Parliament, first for Brighton and afterwards for Hackney, he did great +service by his criticisms of Indian finance. For more than four years +(1880-1884) he held the position of Postmaster-General, and introduced +many valuable reforms into the department under his administration. +Other economists of importance, =John Elliott Cairnes (1824-1875)= and +=William Stanley Jevons (1835-1882)=, have differed from Mill in many +theoretic principles; but the fairest survey of the later developments +of Mill's economics is given by =Henry Sidgwick (1838- )=, +Knightbridge Professor of Moral Philosophy at Cambridge, and by Alfred +Marshall (born 1842). In his "Principles of Political Economy" (1883) +Sidgwick attempts, with great clearness, to criticise the conflicting +views of the older economists in the light of the modern and more +socialist views. He also attempts in his "Methods of Ethics" (1874) a +compromise between the Utilitarian and the Intuitionist schools, and he +does this also in his "Elements of Politics" (1891), a comprehensive +survey of political science. Mr Marshall, who holds the Chair of +Political Economy at Cambridge, has written "Economics of Industry" +(1879), and "Principles of Economics" (1890). A writer who did much to +make foreign economists known in England, and who seemed at one time +destined to be the able leader of a new school, was =Thomas Edward +Cliffe Leslie (1827-1882)=, whose "Essays" are full of terse and +suggestive criticism. Cliffe Leslie died, however, without writing any +work of first-rate importance. He did something, however, following the +line of writers like Richard Jones (1790-1855), to bring academic theory +to the test of actual facts. + +During the last twenty years of the century, economic study has taken +increasingly the direction of elaborate investigation of the +circumstances of industrial life. On the one hand, a school of economic +historians,--Arnold Toynbee, with a brilliant _aperAu_ on "The +Industrial Revolution," Thorold Rogers in his monumental "History of +Agriculture and Prices," Dr Cunningham, in the "Growth of English +History and Commerce," and Professor W. J. Ashley in "Economic History +and Theory," have greatly extended our knowledge of past industry. On +the other, we have the colossal work undertaken at his own expense by Mr +Charles Booth, assisted by a group of zealous students--including H. +Llewellyn Smith, D. F. Schloss, and Miss Clara Collet, now all filling +official posts at the Labor Department of the Board of Trade; and Miss +Beatrice Potter (now Mrs Sidney Webb)--a complete survey of London life, +statistical, economic, industrial, and social. The nine volumes of this +"Life and Labor of the People," already issued, constitute one of the +most important statistical works ever undertaken by a private person. Mr +and Mrs Sidney Webb wrote together another valuable contribution to +economic science in "The History of Trade Unionism" (1894). + +But political economy is merely a branch of the larger science of +sociology, and for the first general treatment of the whole science, +since Comte, we turn to the most characteristic philosopher of the +century. =Herbert Spencer (1820- )= was born at Derby, where his +father was a teacher of mathematics. From his father and uncle, the +latter a Congregational minister, he received his early education. +Articled at seventeen years of age to a civil engineer, he followed that +profession with some success for seven or eight years, when he gradually +drifted into literature--a series of letters by him "On the Proper +Sphere of Government" appearing in the _Nonconformist_ for 1842. A few +years later, he wrote for the _Westminster Review_, at the house of the +editor of which magazine he met George Eliot in 1851, and began the most +famous friendship of his life. It was also in 1851 that he published his +first work, "Social Statics," and four years later his "Principles of +Psychology." In 1861 he published his work on "Education," and the +following year his "First Principles." Between that time and 1896 he has +slowly built up a system of synthetic philosophy, in a dozen bulky +volumes, which has secured him a very large following not only in +England, but throughout the Continent and America. His "Descriptive +Sociology" is the production of many writers, who have worked under his +direction, collecting facts from travellers and scientists all over the +world. + +To have placed Psychology and Ethics on a scientific basis in harmony +with the discoveries of the century is a truly great achievement. Many +years have now passed away since Herbert Spencer claimed the whole +domain of knowledge as his own, and undertook to revise, in accordance +with the latest lights, the whole sphere of philosophy. What must have +seemed intolerable presumption in 1860 became in 1896 a completed task. +In universality of knowledge he rivals Aristotle and Bacon at a time +when the sphere of learning is immensely larger than in their epochs. It +is not within the province of this survey of literature to go through +the twelve large volumes of his works in detail. We would rather point +out that, to the unphilosophical reader, who would willingly know +something of Spencer's literary powers, the "Study of Sociology," which +he wrote for the "International Scientific Series," and the treatise on +"Education" are books which all who read must enjoy. + +To him, with Mill, belongs the glory of restoring to Great Britain the +old supremacy in philosophy given to her by Bacon, continued by Locke, +Hume, and Berkeley, but temporarily interrupted by Kant and Hegel. + +Another writer who has attempted to combine psychology with physiology +is =Alexander Bain (1818- )=, who was for many years Professor of +Logic in the University of Aberdeen, and twice Lord Rector. Bain +assisted Mill in the preparation of his "Logic," and has himself written +a treatise on that science, also lengthy works on "The Senses and the +Intellect," and "The Emotions and the Will." Perhaps his work on "Mental +and Moral Science" is his best-known contribution to student literature. +Although he is the author of books on grammar and composition, Professor +Bain's style is always oppressively heavy and unattractive. As Spencer +and Bain combined psychology with physiology, so it was the effort of +Boole and De Morgan to extend the scope of logic by an ingenious +application of mathematics. + +The leader for many years of the "Hegelian" school of philosophy at +Oxford, which has long held the field against Mill on the one hand and +Spencer on the other, was =Thomas Hill Green (1838-1882)=, who was +appointed Whyte Professor of Moral Philosophy in 1877, and who published +the same year a series of articles in the _Contemporary Review_, on "Mr +Herbert Spencer and Mr G. H. Lewes: their Application of the Doctrine of +Evolution to Thought." He was preparing for publication his +"Prolegomena to Ethics" at the time of his death, and the work was +finally edited by Professor A. C. Bradley, who has himself written a +treatise on logic, and whose Hegelian work, entitled "Ethical Studies," +is of the highest interest. Green was a moral force in Oxford, quite +apart from his philosophical speculation, as the following extract from +one of his lectures will indicate:--"I confess to hoping for a time when +the phrase, 'the education of a gentleman,' will have lost its meaning, +because the sort of education which alone makes the gentleman in any +true sense will be within the reach of all. As it was the aspiration of +Moses that all the Lord's people should be prophets, so with all +seriousness and reverence we may hope and pray for a condition of +English society in which all honest citizens will recognize themselves +and be recognized by each other as gentlemen." + +=George Henry Lewes (1817-1878)=, whose name is frequently joined with +that of Spencer by his association of biology with ethics and +psychology, was the son of Charles Lee Lewes, the actor, and was one of +the most versatile writers of our times. His first important work was +the "Biographical History of Philosophy," originally published in 1845 +in Knight's Shilling Library, but amplified without improvement into two +substantial volumes in 1867. Lewes's distaste for the ordinary +metaphysics, and the severity of his criticism on Hegel, have rendered +this work the _bete noir_ of all transcendental students; but it remains +the one English "History of Philosophy" of any pretension. More +unqualified praise may be given to the "Life of Goethe," which Lewes +published in 1855. Perhaps no other man then living could have shown +himself competent to deal with Goethe's many-sidedness--to discuss +"Faust" and "Tasso," "Hermann und Dorothea" at one moment, the poet's +biological and botanical discoveries the next, and to estimate at their +true worth the speculations on colours, which Goethe held to be more +calculated than his poems to secure him immortality. The book remains +the standard life of the great Weimar sage in this country, and is +popular in Germany, in spite of a vast Goethe literature which has been +published since its appearance. In addition to these great works Lewes +wrote two novels, one of which, "Ranthorpe," Charlotte Bronte praised +enthusiastically. He edited the _Fortnightly Review_, and also initiated +a craze for aquaria, by his "Seaside Studies;" he endeavoured, indeed, +to popularise many of the sciences, particularly physiology. His last +years were devoted to philosophical questions, and his "Problems of Life +and Mind" were published in fragments, the concluding volume, under +George Eliot's editorship, after his death. + +The earliest writer of the era to popularise science was =Sir David +Brewster (1781-1868)=, an eminent physicist, in whose _Edinburgh +Cyclopaedia_ Carlyle commenced his literary career. His "Life of Newton," +"Martyrs of Science," and "More Worlds than One" are still widely read. +=Michael Faraday (1791-1867)=, another famous physicist, is still +better remembered by our own generation, principally for his popular +lectures at the Royal Institution, where he was superintendent of the +laboratory for forty-eight years. He was a blacksmith's son, and was +originally apprenticed to a bookbinder. After his discovery of +magneto-electricity, he had, he told Tyndall, a hard struggle to decide +whether he should make wealth or science the pursuit of his life. +Tyndall calculates that Faraday could easily have realised L150,000; but +he declared for science and died a poor man. + +=John Tyndall (1820-1893)=, who once said that it was his great +ambition to play the part of Schiller to this Goethe, succeeded Faraday +at the Royal Institution, and wrote about him eloquently in his "Faraday +as a Discoverer." Tyndall was born at Leighlin Bridge, Carlow, Ireland, +in 1820. His father was a member of the Irish constabulary. His services +to many branches of science were great; but he concerns us here not so +much by his treatises on electricity, sound, light, and heat, or by his +discoveries in diamagnetism, as by his "Lectures on Science for +Unscientific People," which, Huxley said, was the most scientific book +he had ever read, and which has yet the transcendent merit of giving +enjoyment as well as instruction, even to the readers of three-volume +novels. In 1856 Tyndall made a journey to Switzerland, in company with +Professor Huxley, and the friends afterwards wrote a treatise "On the +Structure and Motion of Glaciers." Geological treatises may be said to +have given the fullest play to the literary side of science. The work of +Robert Bentley and Sir Joseph Hooker in botany, of Michael Foster, St +George Mivart, and Francis Maitland Balfour in biology, is, it may be, +equal or superior to that of the bulk of the writers whose achievements +we have chronicled; but it is not a part of literature. Burdon +Sanderson, Balfour Stewart, and a host of other men, have done +incalculable service in the Victorian era--service, it is to be feared, +which scarcely obtains as generous recognition as the cheap +generalisations of smaller men; but scientific text-books, however +important, are scarcely within the scope of these chapters. Geology, on +the other hand, is, as it were, a conglomerate of the sciences, and +lends itself readily to the most eloquent literary expression. Few +writers have been more widely read than =Hugh Miller (1802-1856)=, a +Cromarty stone-mason, whose first enthusiasm for study of the rocks +arose from following his trade, but whose life was mainly devoted to +journalism, and to editing _The Witness_. His "Old Red Sandstone," +"Footprints of the Creator," and "The Testimony of the Rocks" were +effective in kindling a taste for natural science. + +The special study which Miller gave to the Red Sandstone rocks was +extended by =Sir Roderick Impey Murchison (1792-1871)= to the Silurian +System, and his work entitled "Siluria" has passed through many +editions. Scotland seems to have been the nursery of geologists, for +Miller and Murchison, Lyell and the brothers Geikie, were all born north +of the Tweed. =Sir Charles Lyell (1797-1875)= was born at Kinnordy, in +Forfarshire, and educated at Midhurst, and at Exeter College, Oxford. +Called to the bar, he went the Western Circuit for two years, but, when +attending some of Dr Buckland's lectures, he became attached to geology. +His "Principles of Geology," first published in 1830, caused a +revolution in the science. Never before had there been presented such a +connected illustration of the influences which had caused the earth's +changes in the unresting distribution of land and water areas. Much of +Lyell's great work reads like a fairy tale; much might have been thought +the fruit of an imaginative rather than of a scientific mind. Lyell's +smaller book, the "Student's Elements of Geology," was injured in +literary merit by the progressive study of the science of which he had +been the second father. The constant addition of fresh knowledge, and +his conversion to Darwin's views, necessitated the continual rewriting +of parts and further revision by other hands after the author's death. +"The Antiquity of Man" (in defence of Darwin's theory) is of more value +from a literary standpoint. Before the beginning of the reign =William +Buckland (1784-1856)=, Dean of Westminster, by whose lectures Lyell +had so much profited, had written his famous Bridgewater Treatise on +"Geology and Mineralogy considered with reference to Natural Theology." +His son, =Frank Buckland (1826-1880)=, wrote clever and readable books +on "Natural History," and had genuine enthusiasm for the study of animal +life; but he was charged with having vulgarised the studies in which he +took so keen an interest. The most distinguished living geologist is Sir +Archibald Geikie, who is now director-general of the Geological Survey +of the United Kingdom. His "Text Book," which was first published in +1882, is a model of lucid writing, and his essays are among the most +pleasant literary products of the age. His brother, James Geikie, has +written an important work on glaciation, entitled "The Great Ice Age." + +But the scientific literature of the past sixty years might almost be +said to be summarised in the work of =Charles Darwin (1809-1882)=. A +funeral in Westminster Abbey, amid the mourning of many nations, closed +the career of one whose life-work had often been greeted with scorn. +"Our century is Darwin's century," said a leading German newspaper +(_Allgemeine Zeitung_) at his death, and the statement is no +exaggeration. Those who witnessed the long stream of prelates and nobles +who filed through the Abbey at his funeral, the then Archbishop of +Canterbury (Dr Tait) and the present Prime Minister (Lord Salisbury) +among the number, could not but recall the reception of the great +investigator's theory twenty years before. Bishop Wilberforce in +particular denounced it in the _Quarterly Review_ as "a flimsy +speculation." Darwin's antecedents were of a nature such as, on the +principle of heredity, a great man should possess. His paternal +grandfather, Erasmus Darwin, was a poet, whose "Botanic Garden" may +still be read with interest. His maternal grandfather was Josiah +Wedgwood, the famous potter. Darwin was the son of a doctor of +Shrewsbury, and was educated at the Grammar School of that city and at +Christ's College, Cambridge. Here his natural history studies were +sympathetically directed by Professor Henslow, the botanist, by whose +recommendation he was selected to accompany the _Beagle_ on its +expedition to survey the South American coast. The results of his +travels were embodied in his first important work, "Journals of +Researches during a Voyage round the World," which was published in +1839, and was republished under the title of "A Naturalist's Voyage +round the World." In the same year he married his cousin, Miss Wedgwood, +and, after a few years of London life, took up his residence in a +pleasant country house at Down, near Beckenham, in Kent. Here he pursued +his remarkable investigations until his death, surrounded by his +accomplished children, and finding, as he told a friend, his highest +emotional gratification in the joys of family life and a love of animate +nature. Two of his sons, George Howard Darwin and Francis Darwin, have +done good work in science, the one in geology and astronomy, the other +in botany. Darwin himself wrote also on the "Structure and Distribution +of Coral Reefs," revolutionising the popular view concerning these +remarkable phenomena. Discovering that reef-building polyps cannot live +at depths of more than twenty fathoms, he found it necessary to explain +the presence of rocks built by them which rise from more than 2000 feet +below the surface of the sea. This he did on the hypothesis of a gradual +subsidence of the sea-floor whilst the polyps are at work. This view has +since been generally accepted by geologists, although somewhat modified +by Dr John Murray's observation in the _Challenger_ expedition, that the +reefs are not always of solid coral, and that they may in many cases +have been formed on the cones of extinct volcanoes. + +Darwin had pondered for many years over the theory which was to make him +famous before he decided to bring his conclusions before the public. +After considerable observation of every form of animal and vegetable +life and experiments in selective breeding he concluded that the species +of plants and animals now on the earth were not created in their present +form, but had been evolved by unbroken descent with modification of +structure from cruder forms, the remains of many of which are constantly +discovered in the older rocks. He discovered in 1858 that =Alfred Russel +Wallace (1822- )= had independently arrived at the same conclusions, +and so it was agreed that their views should be jointly laid before the +Linnaean Society. In 1859 the "Origin of Species" was published, and it +was followed by a number of works bearing upon the same subject, the +most notable of all being the "Descent of Man." Darwin's work on "Earth +Worms," perhaps the most purely literary of all his writings, appeared +the year before his death. It is not the province of a sketch of +Victorian literature to discuss the many important bearings of the +Darwinian hypothesis. Received with unbounded contempt by literary men +so eminent as Carlyle and Ruskin, it was accepted only with +qualification by men of science like Agassiz, Carpenter, and Owen; but +an overwhelming majority of scientific men in England, America, and +above all in Continental countries, have declared in its favour. The +theory has received popular interpretation in Germany from Haeckel, and +in England from Huxley, although in this connection we must not forget +=George John Romanes (1848-1894)=, the author of "Animal Intelligence" +and "Mental Evolution in Animals," Grant Allen, and Edward Clodd. + +=Thomas Henry Huxley (1825-1895)=, one of the greatest of our men of +science, was of interest not only on account of his vast scientific +attainments, but for his profound acquaintance with metaphysics, as +illustrated in his "Life of Hume," his wide culture, and his exquisite +literary style. He was born and educated at Ealing, in Middlesex, where +his father was a schoolmaster. He studied medicine at the Charing Cross +Hospital, then entered the Royal Navy as an assistant surgeon, and went +in the _Rattlesnake_ to survey the Barrier Reef of Australia. The papers +which he sent to the Royal and Linnaean Societies gave him fame. After +his return he devoted himself to original research; but work of that +sort brings no recompense in money, and Huxley's means were narrow. In +1854, however, he obtained the chairs of Natural History and +Palaeontology at the School of Mines, and to this he afterwards added the +appointment of Inspector of Fisheries. The "blue ribbon" of science, +the Presidency of the Royal Society, was conferred on him in 1883. +Huxley wrote much on biological problems, and by the publication of his +"Physiography" gave a new name to the science which has extended the +scope of the old Physical Geography: but his chief interest for us here +is in his "Lay Sermons," "Addresses and Reviews," his "Critiques and +Addresses," and his "American Addresses," all of which may take rank +among the finest prose of our age. + + +As an interesting contrast to the work of Darwin and Huxley, and all +that it has implied to modern literature, one may refer once again to +the movement inspired by Cardinal Newman. His most prominent associates +for many years, neither of whom, however, left the Church of England for +the Church of Rome, were Pusey and Keble. + +=Edward Bouverie Pusey (1800-1882)= was practically the founder of the +modern High Church movement in the Anglican community. A writer of +"Tracts for the Times," he was, after Newman had "gone over to Rome," +the recognized head of the movement, and his followers were frequently +called "Puseyites." A demoralization of the party seemed inevitable on +Newman's secession, but the publication of Dr Pusey's "Letter to Keble" +gave it fresh life. In 1866 his "Eirenicon," a proposal for the reunion +of Christendom, drew a reply from Cardinal Newman, with whom, however, +he maintained the profoundest friendship to the end. =John Keble +(1792-1866)=, who was born at Fairford, in Gloucestershire, was a man +of far higher gifts. Educated at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, he +obtained a fellowship at Oriel. For some years he was Professor of +Poetry at Oxford, a position for which he had qualified himself by the +publication of the "Christian Year," a volume of religious poems for +every Sunday and church festival, many of which have been admitted into +the hymnology of all the Christian sects. Perhaps truer poetry is to be +found in his "Lyra Innocentium," a series of poems on children, for +there the human element is more marked. Keble also wrote a "Life of +Bishop Wilson," and published several volumes of sermons. + + +The movement of Liberal theology, to which men like Keble gave the name +of "national apostasy," was headed in its earlier developments by +Archbishop Whately and Dr Arnold of Rugby, and more recently by the Rev. +Frederick Denison Maurice and Dean Stanley. =Richard Whately +(1787-1863)=, who was at Oriel with Keble, had published his once +popular "Logic" and "Rhetoric" before the commencement of the reign of +Victoria, and in 1831 had been made Archbishop of Dublin, a position +which he held till his death, in 1863, winning all hearts by his +kindness and liberality, by his generous tolerance and zeal for +progress. His "Logic" is chiefly of importance for the impetus it gave +to the study of that science. His "Christian Evidences" gained in its +day a wider audience. =Thomas Arnold (1795-1842)= was born at East +Cowes, in the Isle of Wight, and was educated at Winchester, and with +Keble at Corpus Christi College, Oxford. After ordination he removed to +Laleham-on-Thames, where he prepared young men for the universities. +When, in 1827, the head-mastership of Rugby became vacant, Arnold was +elected on the strength of a recommendation by Dr Hawkins, to the effect +that he "would change the face of education all through the public +schools of England." The prophecy was fulfilled. He was the first to +introduce modern languages and modern history and mathematics into the +regular school course. At the same time he always insisted on the value +of the classics as a basis of education, and himself prepared an edition +of "Thucydides," and wrote a "History of Rome" in its earlier periods, +which is at least eminently interesting. His services to his country as +an educational reformer were even greater on the moral side. Dr Arnold +was a purifying influence to men of the higher classes, to a degree +which is inexplicable to the present generation. For a time he was +unpopular, and his school suffered, through his advocacy of church +reform and his association with political Liberalism; but the success of +his pupils at the universities had caused a reaction in his favour at +the time of his death, which occurred all too early, for he was only +forty-seven. Of his many distinguished pupils, perhaps the best known +are Tom Hughes and Dean Stanley. =Thomas Hughes (1823-1896)=, who in +1882 was made a county-court judge, wrote many books, but only one of +them entitles him to be remembered to-day. In a moment of happy +inspiration, he wrote the finest boy's book in the language. "Tom +Brown's School Days" was published in 1857. It is a picture of life at +Rugby, under Dr Arnold's healthy, manly guidance. + +=Arthur Penrhyn Stanley (1815-1881)= wrote his "Life of Dr Arnold" in +1844. A son of Edward Stanley, Bishop of Norwich, he was born at +Alderley, in Cheshire. From Rugby he went to Balliol College, Oxford, +where he had an exceptionally distinguished career. In 1851 he became a +canon of Canterbury, and his picturesque "Memorials of Canterbury" were +the outcome of residence in that city. In 1863 he was made Dean of +Westminster, notwithstanding the opposition of the High Church party, to +whom the theological views expressed in his numerous works were +distasteful. Of these writings, "Sinai and Palestine," "Lectures on the +Eastern Church," and "Lectures on the Jewish Church," are the best +known. As Dean of Westminster Dr Stanley became an active leader of the +Broad Church movement. Although not a contributor to "Essays and +Reviews" his services to the movement were incalculable. He invited Max +Mueller to lecture in the Abbey, befriended Pere Hyacinthe, and gave +sympathy to Bishop Colenso. His speeches in the Lower House of +Convocation, particularly one in which he proposed the suppression of +the Athanasian Creed in the services of the Church, made him many +enemies; but few ecclesiastics have been so beloved by both sovereign +and people. One recalls the pleasant, active little man, so proud of his +Abbey Church, with a deep sigh that he should be no more. His life was +written by his successor, Dean Bradley. + +Of the contributors to "Essays and Reviews," the manifesto of the Broad +Church party, which appeared in 1860, Frederick Temple must be +mentioned, because his contribution, "The Education of the World," led +to a frantic effort to prevent his receiving the bishopric of Exeter, an +effort which was unsuccessful. In 1885 Dr Temple was made Bishop of +London, and in 1896 Archbishop of Canterbury. Other distinguished +writers in "Essays and Reviews" were Dr Jowett and Mr Mark Pattison. +=Benjamin Jowett (1817-1893)=, master of Balliol, who wrote the essay +on "The Interpretation of Scripture," achieved his greatest successes by +his brilliant translations of Plato, Thucydides, and "The Politics" of +Aristotle. His Plato drew from John Bright, who was little inclined to +appreciate the great thoughts of the Athenian philosopher, an expression +of admiration for the classic English of the Oxford professor. Jowett's +life was written by Evelyn Abbott and Lewis Campbell. =Mark Pattison +(1813-1884)=, whose contribution to "Essays and Reviews" was on "The +Tendencies of Religious Thought in England," assisted Newman and Pusey +in the early days of the Tractarian movement, but finally went over to +the Liberalism which they so much dreaded. In 1861 he was elected Rector +of Lincoln College, Oxford. Pattison was a profound scholar. Few men +have led lives so absorbed in books. The results of his learning are +apparent in his interesting "Life of Isaac Casaubon," which he had hoped +to follow by a life of Scaliger. + +But men like Jowett and Pattison have been the arm-chair representatives +of a movement which found one of its most active supporters in =John +Frederick Denison Maurice (1805-1872)=. Maurice was the son of a +Unitarian minister, and was born at Normanstone, near Lowestoft. For a +time he was editor of the _Athenaeum_, but joined the Anglican Church in +1831, and accepted a curacy near Leamington. A treatise entitled +"Subscription no Bondage," which defined his position in the Church, +excited much attention, as did also his tracts on the "Kingdom of +Christ." In conjunction with Kingsley and Hughes he published pamphlets +called "Politics for the People," and organised the Christian socialist +and co-operative movement of 1850. Like Kingsley, Maurice may be +labelled a Broad Churchman, not so much on doctrinal grounds as for the +breadth of his sympathies. It was social rather than theological +problems to which he attached importance. Kingsley, indeed, described +himself to correspondents as a Broad Churchman, a High Churchman, and an +Evangelical, as the mood seemed to take him. Bishop Colenso is a good +type of the more militant theologians. =John William Colenso +(1814-1883)= first came before the public as the author of mathematical +text-books. At this time he was vicar of Forncett St Mary, in Norfolk, +but in 1853 he was made Bishop of Natal. In South Africa he was a +zealous advocate of the rights of the natives against the oppression of +the Boers and Cape Town officials; but in a measure his influence was +weakened by the publication of his work on Biblical criticism, "The +Pentateuch and Book of Joshua Critically Examined," which was condemned +by both Houses of Convocation as heretical. When Colenso came to England +in 1874 he was inhibited from preaching in the dioceses of London, +Lincoln, and Oxford. At Oxford, however, his sermon was read from the +pulpit of Balliol while the Bishop sat below, and the same device was +pursued at Mr Stopford Brooke's Church in London. Dean Stanley invited +him to the Abbey pulpit, claiming freedom from the jurisdiction of Dr +Jackson, the then Bishop of London; but Colenso declined to increase the +ill-feeling which had been excited. + +Another distinguished member of the Broad Church party, =Edwin Abbott +(1838- )=, was head-master of the City of London School from 1865 to +1889. He has published several educational works. His religious +influence has developed itself through "Philochristus; Memoirs of a +Disciple of our Lord," and "Onesimus; Memoirs of a Disciple of St Paul," +also by a volume of sermons, "Through Nature to Christ," which is +perhaps the best evidence of the development of the Broad Church +movement. Dr Whately, one of its founders, argued for the miracles as +indicative of the Divine origin of Christianity; Dr Abbott esteems the +insistence on miracles as a bar to belief. Perhaps the purest and most +inspiring of all the eloquent teachers belonging to this party was +=Frederick William Robertson (1816-1853)= of Brighton, whose sermons +have been widely read, especially in America, and whose lectures are as +helpful and bracing as any written in our time. Robertson's remarkable +career of only thirty-seven years has been made known to us by the +beautiful life which was written by Mr Stopford Brooke. =Stopford +Augustus Brooke (1832- )= was born in Dublin and educated at Trinity +College. At first he was a Church of England clergyman and a Queen's +Chaplain, but seceded in 1880 on account of his inability to believe in +many supernatural phases of Christian teaching. His "Primer of English +Literature," "History of Early English Poetry," "Theology in the English +Poets," and "Life of Milton" have the ring of the genuine, and, indeed, +of the great, critic. + +Outside the pale of the Anglican community, but powerful factors in that +same Broad Church movement which has been charged with "stretching the +old formula to meet the new facts," one recalls the names of Lynch and +Martineau. =Thomas Toke Lynch (1818-1871)= was born at Dunmow, in +Essex, and held for many years the ministry of a small Congregational +Church, first in Grafton Street and afterwards in the Hampstead Road, +London. He died in comparative obscurity; but the poems in his +"Rivulet," once condemned as heretical, have found their way into most +hymnologies. + +=James Martineau (1805- )= was born at Norwich, and was originally +educated for the profession of civil engineer, but turned to theological +studies, and was for some time the minister of a Presbyterian Church in +Dublin. Then, during a residence in Liverpool, he became a supporter of +the philosophy of Bentham and the elder Mill, but finally abandoned that +position for Kantian metaphysics. Thenceforth he was to be a great power +on behalf of the Theistic and Unitarian position, and he turned +vigorously upon the materialistic beliefs which he had abandoned, and +was, it may be added, somewhat too harsh to his sister Harriet when, +later in life, she adopted them. His "Endeavour after the Christian +Life" and "Hours of Thought on Sacred Things" are two of his best known +works, although a more philosophical interest attaches to his "Study of +Spinoza" and his "Types of Ethical Theory." + +I have dwelt at some length on the work of the High Church and Broad +Church parties during the reign, because with these bodies it has been a +period of great literary achievement, and it can scarcely be claimed +that Evangelicanism, however earnest, zealous, and numerically powerful, +has added much of enduring worth to religious literature. =Richard +William Church (1815-1890)=, Dean of St Paul's, who wrote so +eloquently on Dante and St Anselm, belonged to the Liberal High Church +school, as did also =Henry Parry Liddon (1829-1890)=, a canon of the +same cathedral, whose Bampton lectures "On the Divinity of Jesus Christ" +marked him out as one of the most eloquent of modern preachers. One of +the greatest scholars in the English Church, =Joseph Barber Lightfoot +(1828-1889)=, Bishop of Durham, who replied to the author of +"Supernatural Religion," belonged to the same party. Midway between the +Broad Church and the Evangelical schools we find =Frederick William +Farrar (1831- )=, Dean of Canterbury, who, as head-master of +Marlborough College, wrote stories of boy life. He succeeded Kingsley as +a Canon of Westminster, and excited much attention by his sermons on the +doctrine of eternal punishment. His lives of Christ and of St Paul have +been widely read. =John Charles Ryle (1816- )=, Bishop of Liverpool, +has been perhaps the most famous literary exponent of the Evangelical +position. "Shall we know one another in Heaven" and "Bible Inspiration" +were characteristic books from his pen. =John Saul Howson +(1816-1885)=, Dean of Chester, who, in conjunction with the Rev. W. J. +Conybeare, wrote an able work on "The Life and Epistles of St Paul," was +also a Low Churchman. + +The most distinguished Nonconformist minister of the Victorian period, +and the man whose sermons found most readers, was =Charles Haddon +Spurgeon (1834-1892)=, with whom eloquence and earnestness were +combined with the possession of a simple English style, which he derived +from a study of the Puritan fathers. In "John Ploughman's Talk" (1868) +Spurgeon put forth much homely wisdom in a quaint and humorous garb. + + +I have said well nigh enough concerning speculative writers and +theologians, but it is necessary to mention here =Henry Longueville +Mansel (1820-1871)=, who succeeded Milman as Dean of St Paul's. Mansel +was a vigorous defender of the Anglican position. "The Limits of +Religious Thought" was the title of one of his books; "Metaphysics, or +the Philosophy of Consciousness, Phenomenal and Real" was another, but +he crossed swords with many disputants, with F. D. Maurice, with J. S. +Mill, and indeed he was ever a fighter, subtle and skilful. Another +theologian, =Cardinal Manning (1808-1892)=, was a disputant on behalf +of Roman Catholicism, he having left the Anglican Church in 1851. His +many books and sermons are to-day only of interest to the theological +student. His life was written in 1896, and caused much controversy +through its exceeding candour and indiscretion. + + +Philosophy has had notable students also in Ferrier, Caird, and +Clifford. =James Frederick Ferrier (1808-1864)= who was a nephew of +Susan Ferrier the author of "Marriage," was professor of moral +philosophy at St Andrews. He wrote "Lectures in Greek Philosophy" and +other works. =Edward Caird (1835- )= is master of Balliol and he has +written "Philosophy of Kant," "Essays on Literature and Philosophy," and +"The Evolution of Religion." =William Kingdon Clifford (1845-1879)= +belonged to the opposite camp. He obtained an early reputation as a +mathematician and became professor of applied mathematics in University +College, London, in 1871. His powerful contributions to the literary +side of science were contained in "Seeing and Thinking" and "Lectures +and Essays," the latter volume being edited after his death by his +friends Mr Leslie Stephen and Sir Frederick Pollock. + + +The three most notable books that we have seen from the anti-theological +side, apart from Matthew Arnold's "Literature and Dogma," are "The Creed +of Christendom," "Phases of Faith," and "Supernatural Religion," +although to these may perhaps be added translations of the Lives of +Christ, of Strauss, and of Renan. The "Creed of Christendom" was the +work of =William Rathbone Greg (1809-1881)=, who wrote also "Enigmas +of Life" (1872), and "Rocks Ahead" (1874). "Phases of Faith" was the +work of =Francis William Newman (1805-1897)=, a younger brother of +Cardinal Newman, but at the opposite pole of religious conviction. He +has written many books, the most successful being one on "The Soul" +(1849). Another on "Theism" (1858), was inspired by the same theistic, +but non-Christian impulse. "Phases of Faith" (1858), was his most +successful work. The author of "Supernatural Religion" is Walter Richard +Cassels, who has also published a reply to Bishop Lightfoot's strictures +upon his larger work--a work now all but forgotten, but which created a +considerable sensation at the time of its appearance. + +The age has been, particularly in its later developments, an age of good +critics of literature. Criticism unhappily rarely lasts much beyond its +own decade. Even Mr Matthew Arnold lives now only by his poetry, and the +many good things that he said about books are being steadily forgotten. +Arnold was a great critic, and so also was =Walter Pater (1839-1894)=, +whose "Marius the Epicurean" and "Imaginary Portraits" should have +ranked him with writers of imagination were it not that criticism was +his dominant faculty. Pater has been described as "the most rhythmical +of English prose writers," and his "Renaissance: Studies in Art and +Poetry," and his "Appreciations" give him a very high place among the +writers of our time. + +=Philip Gilbert Hamerton (1834-1894)= was another great critic, who +wrote at least one work of imagination. "Marmorne" is a very pretty +story of life in France. With every aspect of French life Mr Hamerton +was well acquainted, as he lived in that country for very many years. He +wrote regularly upon art topics, and edited an art magazine, _The +Portfolio_; but it is by his volume of essays entitled "The Intellectual +Life" that he will be most kindly remembered for many a year to come. + + +Certain writers whom I must mention are entitled to a place both as +critics and as poets. Mr W. E. Henley, Mr F. W. H. Myers, William Bell +Scott, and William Allingham for example. =William Ernest Henley +(1849- )= has written plays in conjunction with R. L. Stevenson, and +his "Book of Verses" and "Song of the Sword" entitle him to very high +rank among the poets of the day. But he is also a critic of exceptional +vigour and force, and since Matthew Arnold there has been no volume of +criticism so full of discrimination and sound judgment as "Views and +Reviews." Ill health has compelled Mr Henley to waste much of his +undoubted talent. He is at present editing fine library editions of +Burns and Byron. =Frederic William Henry Myers (1843- )= wrote "Saint +Paul," a poem of considerable reputation, but his critical essays are +more widely known. They were published in two volumes, "Classical" and +"Modern," and are full of delightful ideas delightfully expressed. His +biography of Wordsworth is a daintily fanciful memoir, abounding in +good criticism. Mr Myers's brother Ernest is also a poet, and so also +was =William Bell Scott (1811-1890)=. He was, it is true, a poet of a +narrow range, but a critic of great energy and industry. Bell Scott +became best known by his "Autobiography," published after his death. In +it he discussed Rossetti and the Pre-Raphaelite movement with sufficient +frankness. =William Allingham (1824-1889)= wrote many poems and +ballads full of the Celtic spirit, and of Ireland, which he loved as the +land of his birth. Allingham was for a time editor of _Fraser's +Magazine_, and he contributed regularly to the chief literary +periodicals of his day. + + +Literary critics of importance to-day are Edward Dowden, Richard +Garnett, George Saintsbury, Edmund Gosse, Leslie Stephen, and Andrew +Lang--all of whom are happily living and writing. + +=Edward Dowden (1843- )=, who is an Irishman, and a professor of +Trinity College, Dublin, has a genius for accuracy and is a master of +detail. For textual criticism of Wordsworth and Shelley he has no +superior. He has an immense knowledge of the literature of many +languages, and holds without dispute the first place among living +students of German literature in this country. His knowledge of English +literature is profound, and in "Shakspere, his Mind and Art," and +"Studies in Literature," he has said some singularly illuminating +things about books. With his "Life of Shelley" one observes a certain +deterioration; Professor Dowden, with all his profound love of +literature, has scarcely the qualities which would find attraction in +the curiously impulsive character of the poet Shelley. Dowden was +happier when writing about Southey, and he is still more at home with +great impersonal literary figures like Shakspere and Goethe. + + +=Richard Garnett (1835- )=,--better known to the world to-day as Dr +Garnett--has also written on Shelley, not merely with sympathy but with +partisanship. Dr Garnett, who is honourably associated with the British +Museum Library, is a most acute critic, a biographer of Carlyle and +Emerson, a translator from the Greek and German, and, like Professor +Dowden, a poet. + + +=George Saintsbury (1845- )=, who is Professor of English Literature +at the University of Edinburgh, has been an industrious critic for many +years, and his knowledge of French literature in particular is profound. +His acquaintance with English literature in the seventeenth century has, +however, considerably vitiated his style. It is not easy to tolerate the +phraseology of the seventeenth century in modern books. This defect of +style is regrettably noticeable in two volumes of literary history which +Professor Saintsbury has published, one dealing with the seventeenth +and the other with the nineteenth century. It is in certain brief +biographies of Sir Walter Scott and others that Professor Saintsbury is +most excellent; but his wide knowledge and his genuine grasp of the most +salient characteristics of good literature are indisputable qualities +which rank him high among the bookmen of his day. + + +=Edmund Gosse (1849- )= is not less distinguished than the writers I +have named. He would be widely known as a writer of charming verse were +he not actively engaged in literary criticism. The son of a famous +naturalist, Mr Gosse is the author of many admirably written books about +the literature of the past and the present. What Carlyle so largely did +for German literature by introducing it to English readers Mr Gosse has +done for Scandinavian literature. In conjunction with Mr William +Archer--a dramatic critic of singular insight--he has translated Ibsen, +whose influence has been as marked during the past ten years as the +influence of German writers was marked during the previous thirty. Mr +Gosse's best biography is his "Life of Gray." + + +A critic of remarkable learning is =Leslie Stephen (1832- )=, whose +"Hours in a Library" and "History of English Thought in the Eighteenth +Century" are books which have profoundly impressed the age. Mr Leslie +Stephen has written a large number of biographies, all of them +characterised by singular accuracy, by remarkable graces of style, and +by genuine insight. He was the first editor of the _Dictionary of +National Biography_, a work which has proved invaluable to students of +our later literature. + + +=Andrew Lang (1844- )= is the last of the critics I have named, and +not the least active. He has shone in many branches of literary work. +His "Ballads and Lyrics of Old France," "Ballades in Blue China," and +numerous other verses, have gained him considerable reputation as a +poet. His translations of Homer and Theocritus are by many counted the +finest translations that our literature has seen. Some have contended +that his musical prose rendering of the Odyssey is incomparably superior +to all the efforts of Pope, of Cowper, and of the many other poets who +have attempted to render Homer in verse. Mr Lang is an authority on +folk-lore; he has joined issue with Professor Max Mueller on many points +which are of keen interest to those who are attracted towards the +science of language and the study of comparative religion. As a writer +of fairy-tales, and as the editor of books of fairy-stories, Mr Lang has +endeared himself to thousands belonging to the younger generation. But +all this is but dimly and inefficiently to appraise Mr Lang's marvellous +versatility. He has written fiction, history, and, above all, biography, +his biographical work including a Life of Sir Stafford Northcote and a +Life of John Gibson Lockhart, Scott's son-in-law. + + +Biography has generally been written by literary critics, and one +requires no apology in any case for ranking the biographers among the +critics. =John Gibson Lockhart (1794-1854)= himself was a notable +example. He was editor of the _Quarterly Review_, and an industrious +writer for many years; but he is best known to us by his "Life of Sir +Walter Scott," which was published--it is worthy of note--in 1837, the +year of the Queen's accession. Lockhart's "Scott" is beyond question the +most important biography of the reign. The longest is that of Milton by +Professor Masson. =David Masson (1822- )= has held a chair of +literature in University College, London, and later at Edinburgh. Few +men know English literature better than he. His name will always be +associated with his monumental "Life of Milton," a solid, accurate, +exhaustive book; but he has written pleasantly on "British Novelists and +their Styles" and "Drummond of Hawthornden," besides sundry other books. +Many of our poets have had capable biographers. Professor Knight of St +Andrews has devoted himself for many years to Wordsworth, and has +written his biography besides editing his collected works. The late +James Dykes Campbell (1835-1894) wrote a biography of Coleridge +distinguished by remarkable thoroughness. Professor W. J. Courthope has +proved himself Pope's best biographer and editor, and is giving us a +good "History of English Poetry," which at present reaches only to the +Reformation. Mr Churton Collins, one of the most thorough of our +critics, has written on Swift, as has also Sir Henry Craik; and Swift's +life in Ireland has been gracefully sketched by Mr Richard Ashe King, a +novelist whose "Love the Debt" and "The Wearing of the Green" have +commanded a large audience. Swift has been a favourite subject with the +biographers. A life of him was the task upon which =John Forster +(1812-1876)= was engaged at the time of his death. Forster was an +untiring biographer, and he benefited literature as well by his death as +by his life, in that he bequeathed his fine library of books and +manuscripts to the nation. John Forster wrote a Life of Walter Savage +Landor, another of Goldsmith, and another of Charles Dickens, against +which it was urged that he had introduced too much of his own +personality. Perhaps Forster's best work was his "Life of Sir John +Eliot," an expansion of a biography of that patriot which he had +contributed to his "Statesmen of the Commonwealth." + + +Biography is the great medium of instruction and inspiration of that +little band of Positive philosophers who accept their gospel from +Auguste Comte, whose "Philosophie Positive" they have translated into +English. "Study the 'Philosophie Positive' for yourself," says George +Henry Lewes, who, with George Eliot, had much enthusiasm for the new +cult; "study it patiently, give it the time and thought you would not +grudge to a new science or a new language; and then, whether you accept +or reject the system, you will find your mental horizon irrevocably +enlarged. 'But six stout volumes!' exclaims the hesitating aspirant: +Well, yes; six volumes requiring to be meditated as well as read. I +admit that they 'give pause' in this busy bustling life of ours; but if +you reflect how willingly six separate volumes of philosophy would be +read in the course of the year the undertaking seems less formidable. No +one who considers the immense importance of a doctrine which will give +unity to his life, would hesitate to pay a higher price than that of a +year's study." Among the most gifted of the Positivists is =Frederic +Harrison (1831- )=, whose "Order and Progress," and "Choice of Books," +are well known. Among his companions in literary and religious warfare +have been =James Cotter Morison (1831-1888)=, who wrote biographies of +St Bernard of Clairvaux and Macaulay, "The Service of Man" which was a +contribution to religious propaganda; and Richard Congreve (born 1818), +who was a pupil of Dr Arnold at Rugby, and who has written many +thoughtful political tracts. + +An attempt to popularise Comte by an abridgment of his great work was +made by =Harriet Martineau (1802-1876)=, who was born at Norwich, and +was one of the most versatile of Victorian writers. None of her work has +stood the test of time, perhaps because she had so little of real +genius, although possessed undoubtedly of great intellectual endowments. +Not the less readily should we recognise that she exercised considerable +influence upon her own generation. She wrote many stories dealing with +social subjects, and tales illustrative of Political Economy, which +dispersed many a popular illusion. In a visit to America she learned to +sympathise with the Northern States, and perhaps no writer of the day +did so much in England to excite sympathy with the cause which +ultimately proved victorious. Miss Martineau's "Biographical Sketches" +were originally published in the _Daily News_, a journal to which she +was for many years a regular contributor, and for which she wrote her +own obituary notice. Her historical work is mere compilation, destitute +alike of originality and thoroughness, and the greater part of her other +work has proved to be ephemeral. Such tales, however, as "Deerbrook" and +"The Hour and the Man" have still admiring readers. The publication of +her "Letters on the Laws of Man's Nature and Development" (1851) excited +much controversy, although her fearless honesty won the respect even of +her opponents. + +A writer who distinguished himself most notably at one period by a +combination of antagonism to Supernatural Christianity, and a gift for +writing biography, was =John Morley (1838- )=. Mr Morley was born at +Blackburn, and educated at Cheltenham and at Lincoln College, Oxford. +Much of his work was done in journalism; he edited in succession the +_Morning Star_, the _Literary Gazette_, the _Fortnightly Review_, the +_Pall Mall Gazette_, and _Macmillan's Magazine_. He resigned the +editorship of the _Pall Mall Gazette_ in 1883, when he entered +Parliament as member for Newcastle-on-Tyne, and he gave up his post on +_Macmillan's Magazine_ on entering a Liberal Cabinet in 1886. He still +edits the "English Men of Letters Series," a remarkable collection of +handy biographies, for which he wrote a "Life of Burke." His literary +achievement, apart from his essays, is entirely biographical, but it was +of enormous influence upon the intellectual development of thoughtful +young men at the Universities during the seventies and eighties. He has +written lives of Voltaire, Rousseau, and Diderot, which throw much light +on the period prior to the French Revolution, and give abundant evidence +that, had he not devoted himself to politics he would have been able to +produce a history of the French Revolution of inestimable value. On the +other hand his "Life of Cobden" was a failure from a literary +standpoint. The essay "On Compromise" is a most interesting development +of the fundamental idea of Milton's "Areopagitica," and is probably the +most exhaustive treatment of the question--how far we are justified in +keeping back the expression of our opinions in deference to the views +and customs of our fellow-men. + +Another good biographer who gave up to Parliament time which might have +been better employed, from the point of view of a lover of letters, is +=Sir George Otto Trevelyan (1838- )=, whose life of his uncle, Lord +Macaulay, is a delightful biography, full of entertainment for the most +frivolous of readers. Not less entertaining is Sir George Trevelyan's +"Early History of Charles James Fox" (1880), a book which makes one wish +that the writer had devoted himself to that epoch of our history, and +had done for the period of the Georges what his uncle had done for their +immediate predecessors. + +=Lord Houghton (1809-1885)= wrote poetry as Richard Monckton Milnes, +and his lines are still frequently quoted. But his biography of +Keats--"Life, Letters, and Literary Remains of John Keats (1848)," +although not now in any publisher's list, is certain to be long +remembered. Lord Houghton's life was written by his friend, Sir Wemyss +Reid, author also of a "Monograph on Charlotte Bronte." His son, after +serving as Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, became Earl of Crewe; his +daughter, Florence Henniker, keeps alive the literary tradition of the +family, and is known as a writer of short stories. Lord Houghton had a +genuine love of letters and of the society of literary men. So also had +=Henry Crabb Robinson (1775-1867)=, whose diary edited by Dr Sadler +(1869) brings one in touch with all the literary men and women of the +period. At his house in Russell Square Robinson gave breakfasts, to +which it became a distinction to be invited. =Samuel Rogers's +(1763-1855)= breakfasts have been described in many memoirs. Rogers +wrote all his poems long years before the Queen began to reign, but he +lived for another thirty years with the reputation of a good +conversationalist and story-teller. His "Table Talk" was published in +1856, and it is full of good stories. Two valuable books concerning +Rogers have been written by Mr Peter William Clayden, "Early Life of +Samuel Rogers," and "Rogers and His Contemporaries." + + +An important biography was written by =James Spedding (1810-1881)=, +whose whole life was devoted to a study of Bacon, and to a thorough +destruction of Macaulay's criticism upon the great philosopher. The +"Letters and the Life of Francis Bacon, including all his Occasional +Works, newly collected and set forth, with a Commentary Biographical and +Historical," was published in seven volumes between 1857 and 1874. + + +Two of the most notable political philosophers of the era were George +Cornewall Lewis and Bagehot. =Sir George Lewis (1806-1863)= held +important posts in the Governments of his day, being at one time Home +Secretary and at another Secretary of State for War. He wrote "A +Dialogue on the Best Form of Government" and many other treatises. +=Walter Bagehot (1826-1877)= was one of the greatest authorities of +his day on banking and finance. He wrote "Physics and Politics," +"Economic Studies," and several other works which have little relation +to literature; but his "Literary Studies" indicated a critical +acquaintance with the best books. A brilliant publicist of our day, who +combines, like Bagehot, a love of affairs with keen literary instincts, +is =Goldwin Smith (1823- )=, who has made his home in Toronto, +Canada, for many years now, but who was once intimately associated with +Oxford University. Goldwin Smith has written many books and pamphlets, +one on "The Relations between England and America," another on "The +Political Destiny of Canada," and he has written a short biography of +Cowper. + + +The most famous traveller of the reign and one of our greatest men of +letters was =George Borrow (1803-1881)=, who went to Spain as an agent +of the British and Foreign Bible Society. Hence his "Bible in Spain," +which has become one of the most popular books in our language as it is +one of the most fascinating. It was first published in 1843 under the +title "The Bible in Spain, or Journeys, Adventures, and Imprisonments of +an Englishman in an attempt to circulate the Scriptures in the +Peninsula." "Lavengro" (1851) and "The Romany Rye" (1857) have enjoyed +almost an equal popularity with "The Bible in Spain." + + +Herman Melville (1819-1891) was an American citizen, and his work, +therefore, does not come within the scope of this volume. I am the more +sorry for this, that I consider Melville's name is entitled to rank with +that of George Borrow as one of the two travellers during the epoch +whose books make literature. It is small disparagement to the majority +of our great travellers that they have not been men of letters, that +their books, although serviceable to their generation, are of little +moment considered from the standpoint of art. Although Mr H. M. Stanley, +Dr Nansen, and other adventurous spirits of our time, may be quite as +important in the general drift of the world's doings as any of the +literary men whose names are contained in this volume, their books have +no place whatever in literature. It is noteworthy, however, that books +written by travellers have been, during the past ten years or more, by +far the most popular form of reading, apart from fiction. Interest in +historical study and speculative writing seems to have declined; +interest in travel is as marked as ever. + + +The journalism of the reign has been so intimately associated with +literature that were my space more ample I should have chosen to devote +a chapter to that subject alone. Many of the men I have mentioned, +perhaps most of them, have at one time or another contributed to the +journals or magazines of the day. Even the novelists have a peculiar +interest in journalism, because of late years as large a proportion of +their pecuniary reward has come from what is called serial publication +in this or that magazine or newspaper as from book publication. Apart +from fiction, access to magazines and newspapers has become, if it has +not always been, an easy and pleasant way of making oneself heard upon +the subject nearest to one's heart. Literary journalists, who have +afterwards republished their contributions in volume form include Sydney +Smith and John Wilson at the beginning of the reign; as also Douglas +Jerrold, Mark Lemon, Edmund Yates, Charles Mackay, and George Augustus +Sala. =Sydney Smith (1771-1845)= left nothing that we can read to-day. +He lives as a pleasant memory. We know that he must have been a +liberal-minded, as he was certainly a very witty clergyman. He wrote on +"The Ballot" in 1837 and on "The Church Bills" in 1838, and he went on +writing zealously until his death. "The Wit and Wisdom of Sydney Smith" +was published in 1861. =John Wilson (1785-1854)= has a more purely +literary record. As editor of _Blackwood's Magazine_, he made that +publication a power in the land. His "Recreations of Christopher North" +appeared in 1842. Many of his essays and sketches may still be read with +real pleasure, and indeed his influence will be very much alive for many +a year to come. =Douglas Jerrold (1803-1857)= is also well known +to-day by his "Black-eyed Susan" and "Mrs Caudle's Curtain Lectures." +His son, Blanchard Jerrold (1826-1884), wrote his life. =Mark Lemon +(1809-1870)= was one of the first editors of _Punch_ newspaper. His +hundreds of articles and many novels are all well nigh forgotten, but +his name will always receive honourable mention in the history of +journalism. =Edmund Yates (1831-1894)=, who founded _The World_ +newspaper in 1874, will be remembered by his well written +"Autobiography"--one of the best books of the kind ever issued. Yates +wrote many novels, but they have all passed out of memory. =Charles +Mackay (1814-1889)= was an active journalist for a number of years. He +wrote novels, poems, and criticisms, and an entertaining autobiography +entitled "Forty Years' Recollections of Life, Literature, and Public +Affairs." Dr Mackay was father of Eric Mackay, author of "Love Letters +of a Violinist," and stepfather of Miss Marie Corelli the novelist. +=George Augustus Sala (1828-1895)=, who wrote so continuously for the +_Daily Telegraph_ and other journals, was also author of many books as +well as the inevitable autobiography. "The Land of the Golden Fleece," +"America Revisited," and "Living London" are well known. =Richard +Jefferies (1848-1887)= published his "Gamekeeper at Home" in the _Pall +Mall Gazette_. "Wood Magic" (1881), "Bevis" (1882), and "The Story of My +Heart" (1883), are his best books. + + +These names suggest a hundred others. The most honoured journalist of +to-day is =Frederick Greenwood (1830- )=, who has edited "The +Cornhill Magazine" and more than one newspaper. He has written poems, +stories, and essays, his "Lover's Lexicon" and "Dreams" being two of his +latest volumes. + +Another editor of _The Cornhill Magazine_, =James Payn (1830- )=, has +written many successful novels, of which "Lost Sir Massingberd" (1864) +and "By Proxy" (1878) are perhaps the most popular. Mr Payn's many +accomplishments, his delightful humour and gift of genial anecdote, have +endeared him to a wide circle. + +A journalist of equal distinction was =Richard Holt Hutton +(1826-1897)=, the editor of the _Spectator_, who in that journal +maintained for thirty-five years the high-water mark of dignified and +independent criticism, in an age in which the extensive intercourse of +authors and critics, the constant communication between the writers of +books and the writers for newspapers, has made independent criticism a +difficult, and, indeed, almost impossible achievement. Mr Hutton wrote +many books, two of the most notable being "Essays Literary and +Speculative," which were full of thoughtful and discerning estimates of +the works of Wordsworth, George Eliot, and other writers. + + +Memoirs abound in the epoch, although we are mainly indebted to +translations. Amiel's "Journal," translated by Mrs Humphry Ward, "Marie +Bashkirtseff's Diary," translated by Mathilde Blind, reflect one side of +this literary taste; while the thousand and one memoirs concerning +Napoleon I. represents another. The most popular series of political +memoirs in English we owed to =Charles Cavendish Fulke Greville +(1794-1865)=, who became Clerk to the Privy Council in 1821, and held +that post until 1860. After his death his diary was edited by Mr Henry +Reeve. The first series of the "Greville Memoirs" dealing with the reign +of George IV. and William IV., appeared in 1875 and created immense +excitement.[19] The later volumes excited less interest. + + +"The Life of the late Prince Consort" (1874) by =Sir Theodore Martin +(1816- )=, naturally contained no indiscretions although it did much to +enhance, if that were possible, kindly memories of the Queen's husband. +Sir Theodore Martin made his first fame under the pseudonym of Bon +Gaultier. His "Book of Ballads," written in conjunction with Professor +Aytoun, had much success. Sir Theodore Martin also wrote Aytoun's +"Memoir" (1867), and "The Life of Lord Lyndhurst" (1883). He has +translated the Odes of Horace, "The Vita Nuova" of Dante, Goethe's +"Faust," and Heine's "Poems and Ballads." In 1885 he published a "Sketch +of the Life of Princess Alice." + + +It is difficult to know where to place =Sir Arthur Helps (1817-1875)=, +who wrote plays, novels, histories, and essays. He was an overrated +writer in his time. He is perhaps underrated now. Two series of "Friends +in Council" appeared, the first in 1847, the second in 1859. They dealt +with all manner of abstract subjects, such as "war," "despotism," and so +on, and were very popular. Another volume, "Companions of my Solitude," +was equally successful. Helps was rash enough to enter into competition +with Prescott in treating of the Spanish Conquest of America; but the +picturesque books of the earlier writer are still with us while Helps's +"Life of Pizarro" (1869) and "Life of Cortes" (1871) are almost +forgotten. That also is the fate of his romance, "Realmah" (1868) and of +his tragedies, "Catherine Douglas" and "Henry II." Sir Arthur Helps was +Clerk to the Privy Council, and he edited the "Principal Speeches and +Addresses of the late Prince Consort" (1862). + + +Sir Arthur Helps also edited for =Queen Victoria (1819- )= her "Leaves +from a Journal of our Life in the Highlands" (1868). The Queen has also +published "The Early Days of His Royal Highness the Prince Consort" +(1867), and "More Leaves from the Journal of our Life in the Highlands" +(1884). + +Her Majesty has been credited with a genuine taste for letters, and a +love for good poetry and good fiction. With some show of authority it +has been stated that her favourite novelists are Sir Walter Scott, Miss +Austen, and Miss Bronte; while it is quite evident to the least +inquisitive that many literary theologians have had some measure of her +regard. Happily the times have long passed when literature needed the +patronage of the powerful. To-day it can honourably stand alone. But it +is pleasing to remember that the sovereign whose sixty years of rule +make so remarkable a record in literature, as in many other aspects of +the world's progress, has taken a sympathetic interest in the books and +bookmen of the epoch. + + +The Queen will have seen reputations blaze forth and flicker out +ignominiously; she will have seen many a writer hailed for immortal +to-day and forgotten to-morrow. She will have seen, however, a +succession of writers, Browning and Tennyson, Carlyle and Ruskin, most +notable of all, who in their impulse towards high ideals of human +brotherhood, in their enthusiasm of humanity, have given us a literature +without a parallel in history; and she will not be without a sense of +gratification that that literature will go down the ages bearing the +name of Victorian. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[18] "Autobiography" by John Stuart Mill (1869), pp. 232, 233. + +[19] A contemporary epigram thus expressed the general feeling: + + "For fifty years he listened at the door, + And heard some scandal, but invented more. + This he wrote down; and statesmen, queens, and kings, + Appear before us quite as common things. + Most now are dead; yet some few still remain + To whom these 'Memoirs' give a needless pain; + For though they laugh, and say ''Tis only Greville,' + They wish him and his 'Memoirs' at the D--l." + + + + +INDEX + + + Abbott, Edwin. Distinguished member of Broad Church party; + 'Philochristus' and 'Onesimus'; his 'Through Nature to Christ' + perhaps the best evidence of the development of his party, 165. + + Abbott, Evelyn, 163. + + 'Adam Bede,' 49; + Reade on, 50. + + 'Addresses and Reviews,' 158. + + 'Admiral's Daughter, The,' 71. + + 'Adventures of Harry Richmond, The,' 61. + + 'Agnes Grey,' 47, 48. + + 'Agriculture and Prices, History of,' 144. + + 'A Hard Struggle,' 38. + + Ainsworth, W. H. 'Old St Paul's,' 'The Tower of London,' and + 'Rookwood' his best novels, 67. + + 'Alec Forbes of Howglen,' 63. + + Alexander, Mrs (Mrs Hector), 74. + + 'Alexander the Great,' 33. + + 'Alice's Adventures in Wonderland,' 64. + + Allen, Grant. 'Anglo-Saxon Britain,' 99. + + 'All in All,' 39. + + 'All Sorts and Conditions of Men,' 65. + + Allingham, William. Writer of Celtic and Irish poems and ballads; + edited _Fraser's Magazine_, 173. + + _All the Year Round_, 69. + + A.L.O.E. (Miss Charlotte Maria Tucker). Most popular stories, + 'Pride and his Pursuers,' 'Exiles in Babylon,' 'House Beautiful,' + and 'Cyril Ashley,' 73. + + 'Alton Locke,' 53. + + 'America Revisited,' 188. + + 'Amiel's Journal,' 189. + + 'And Shall Trelawney Die,' 38. + + 'Angel in the House, The,' 31. + + 'Anglo-Saxon Britain,' 99. + + 'Animal Intelligence,' 157. + + 'Ann Sherwood,' 72. + + 'Annals of the Parish,' 63. + + 'Anthony Hope,' 63. + + 'Anthropology' (Tylor's), 99. + + 'Antiquity of Man, The,' 153. + + Anti-theological books. The three most notable, 170. + + 'Apologia pro Vita Sua,' 110. + + 'Appreciations,' 171. + + Archer, William, 175. + + Aristotle's 'Politics,' Jowett's translation, 163. + + Arnold, Dr. 'History of Rome,' 102. (_Vide infra._) + + Arnold, Matthew, and Wordsworth, 8; + his poetic gifts first recognised by Swinburne, 17; + 'Literature and Dogma'; 'God and the Bible'; influence on + contemporary religious thought, 18; + Professor of Poetry; 'Essays in Criticism'; definition of + criticism; + educational work, 19; + best known by his poetry, 19, 20, 171; + 'Empedocles on Etna'; 'The Strayed Reveller'; 'Poems,' 20; + 'Thyrsis,' 21; + admiration for Emily Bronte, 47. + + Arnold, Sir Edwin. 'Light of Asia' and 'Light of the World,' 26; + on Henry Kingsley, 56. + + Arnold, Thomas. At Rugby; Dr Hawkins' recommendation; his + methods; 'Thucydides'; 'History of Rome'; a purifying influence, + 160; + at first unpopular; reaction in his favour; his best known + pupils, 161. (_Vide supra._) + + Ashley, Professor W. J. 'Economic History and Theory,' 144. + + _Athenaeum_ The, and Tupper's 'Proverbial Philosophy,' 27. + + _Aunt Judy's Magazine_, 73. + + 'Aurora Leigh,' 14. + + Austin, Alfred. Laureate, 39; + 'The Golden Age'; 'Savonarola'; 'English Lyrics,' etc., 40. + + 'Autobiography of W. B. Scott,' 173. + + 'Autobiography' (Mill), 138, 142. + + 'Autobiography' (Yates), 188. + + 'Ave atque Vale,' 17. + + 'Ayrshire Legatees,' 63. + + Aytoun, Professor, 191. + + + Bagehot, Walter. A great authority on banking and finance; + 'Physics and Politics'; 'Economic Studies'; 'Literary Studies,' + 184. + + Bailey, Philip James; author of 'Festus,' 28. + + Bain, Alexander. Assisted Mill in his 'Logic'; 'The Senses and the + Intellect'; 'The Emotions and the Will'; 'Mental and Moral + Science'; style, 147. + + Balfour, Francis Maitland, 151. + + 'Ballades in Blue China,' 30, 176. + + 'Ballads and Lyrics of Old France,' 176. + + 'Ballads for the Times,' 27. + + 'Ballot, The,' 187. + + Banim, John and Michael, 34. + + 'Barchester Towers,' 58. + + Barham, Richard Harris. 'Ingoldsby Legends' first appeared in + _Bentley's Miscellany_; his novel, 'My Cousin Nicholas,' all + but forgotten, 30. + + 'Barnaby Rudge,' 42. + + Barnes, William. Philologist and poet; author of 'Poems of Rural + Life in the Dorset Dialect,' 37. + + 'Barrack-Room Ballads,' 40. + + Barrie, J. M. 'A Window in Thrums,' written before he had read + Dr MacDonald's books; probably influenced by John Galt, 63. + + 'Barry Cornwall,' 35-36. + + _Beagle, The_, 154. + + 'Beau Austin,' 60. + + 'Beauchamp's Career,' 61. + + Beddoes, Thomas Lovell, author of 'The Bride's Tragedy' and + 'Death's Jest Book,' 36. + + Bell, Currer, Ellis, and Acton, 47, 48. + + Bentham, Jeremy, 137. + + Bentinck, Lord George. Biography of, by Lord Beaconsfield, 57. + + Bentley, Robert, 151. + + _Bentley's Miscellany_ and 'Ingoldsby Legends,' 30. + + Besant, Sir Walter. 'All Sorts and Conditions of Men,' practical + influence of; collaboration with James Rice; 'Ready Money + Mortiboy'; 'The Golden Butterfly,' 65. + + 'Bevis,' 188. + + 'Bible Inspiration,' 168. + + 'Biographical History of Philosophy,' 148-149. + + 'Biographical Sketches,' 180. + + 'Black but Comely,' 59. + + Black, William. First appearance as a novelist in 'Love or + Marriage,' 68; + 'A Daughter of Heth'; 'Madcap Violet'; 'Macleod of Dare,' 69. + + 'Black-eyed Susan,' 187. + + Blackmore, Richard Doddridge. 'Lorna Doone,' received coldly at + first; an unexcelled master of rustic comedy; 'The Maid of + Sker'; 'Christowell'; 'Cripps the Carrier,' 69. + + _Blackwood's Magazine_, 49, 70, 74, 187. + + 'Blessed Damozel, The,' 23. + + Blind, Mathilde. Translated 'Marie Bashkirtseff's Diary,' 190. + + 'Blot in the 'Scutcheon, A,' 12. + + 'Book of Ballads' (Martin and Aytoun), 191. + + 'Book of Verses,' 172. + + Boole. The Logician, 147. + + Booth, Charles. 'Life and Labor of the People,' 144-145. + + 'Borderers, The,' 9. + + Borrow, George. The most famous traveller of the reign; 'Bible + in Spain'; 'Lavengro'; 'The Romany Rye,' 185. + + 'Botanic Garden, The,' 154. + + Braddon, Miss, 74. + + Bradley, Professor A. C. Editor of Green's 'Prolegomena,' and + author of 'Ethical Studies,' 148. + + Brewer, Rev. John Sherren. Chief work a 'Calendar of Letters and + Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII.,' 88; + 'The Reign of Henry VIII.,' 89. + + Brewster, Sir David. The first writer of the era to popularise + science; founder of _Edinburgh Cyclopaedia_; his 'Life of + Newton,' 'Martyrs of Science,' and 'More Worlds than One' + still widely read, 150. + + 'Bride's Tragedy, The,' 36. + + _Bridgewater Treatises_, 153. + + Bright, James Franck. 'English History for the use of Public + Schools,' 97. + + 'British Novelists and their Styles,' 177. + + Broad Church party, manifesto of, 162. + + Bronte, Anne. 'Poems'; 'Agnes Grey,' 47; + 'The Tenant of Wildfell Hall,' 48. + + Bronte, Charlotte. Early years, 46; + Brussels; 'Poems'; 'The Professor'; 'Jane Eyre'; 'Shirley'; + 'Villette'; marriage and death, 47; + Mrs Gaskell's 'Life,' 71. + + Bronte, Emily. 'Poems'; 'Wuthering Heights'; 'Last Lines'; 'The + Old Stoic,' 47; + Swinburne's criticism of 'Wuthering Heights,' 48. + + Brooke, Stopford Augustus. Secession from the Church of England; + 'Primer of English Literature,' 'History of Early English + Poetry,' 'Theology in the English Poets,' and 'Life of + Milton,' 166. + + Broughton, Miss Rhoda, 74. + + Browne, Hablot, 45. + + Browning, Elizabeth Barrett, 13; + not in the least incomprehensible; 'Cry of the Children'; + 'Cowper's Grave'; 'Aurora Leigh'; 'Sonnets from the + Portuguese'; her opinion of 'Aurora Leigh'; 'Casa Guidi + Windows'; death, 14. + + Browning, Robert. Friendship with Tennyson; social traits, 11; + superb characterisation; charge of obscurity; half his work + not obscure; 'The Ring and the Book'; 'Men and Women'; and + 'Dramatic Idyls' are exciting stories; 'Luria'; 'In a + Balcony'; and 'A Blot in the 'Scutcheon' as readable as + railway novels; his small audience, 12; + 'Pauline'; hard fight for recognition; Elizabeth Barrett's + appreciation; marriage, 13-14. + + Bryce, James. 'The Holy Roman Empire'; parliamentary life, 104. + + Buckland, Frank. Author of books on 'Natural History,' 153. + + Buckland, William. Author of 'Geology and Mineralogy considered + with reference to Natural Theology,' 153. + + Buckle, Henry Thomas. 'History of Civilization in England'; + defects of, 103. + + Burney, Fanny, 49. + + Burton, John Hill. 'History of Scotland,' 96. + + 'By Proxy,' 189. + + Byron, death of, 5; + attitude towards Wordsworth, 8. + + + Caird, Edward. 'Philosophy of Kant'; 'Essays on Literature + and Philosophy'; 'The Evolution of Religion,' 170. + + Cairnes, John Elliott, 143. + + 'Calendar of Letters and Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII., + A,' 88. + + 'Calendar of Spanish State Papers of Elizabeth,' 89. + + 'Called to be Saints,' 22. + + 'Callista,' 111. + + Calverley, Charles Stuart. One of the most famous successors of + Hood and Barham; wrote 'Fly Leaves' and 'Verses and + Translations,' 30. + + Campbell, James Dykes. Biographer of Coleridge, 178. + + Campbell, Lewis, 163. + + Carleton, William. 'Traits and Stories of the Irish Peasantry'; + 'Tales of Ireland'; 'Fardorougha the Miser'; 'Black Prophet,' 66. + + Carlyle, Thomas. Birth; education; his father's influence, 112; + as tutor; biographer; Madame de Stael's influence, 113; + veneration for Goethe, 113-114, 120-121; + 'Wilhelm Meister'; 'Life of Schiller,' 113; + marriage; Richter's influence, 114; + personal character, 115-120; + domestic relations, 115-120; + Froude's 'Letters' and Reminiscences, 115-116; + his influence, 118-119, 128; + intentions respecting 'Reminiscences,' 119-120; + 'Sartor Resartus'; _Fraser's Magazine_, 121; + influence of his teaching on younger minds, 122-123; + 'Past and Present'; 'Latter-day Pamphlets'; John Stuart Mill; + Governor Eyre and Jamaica riots, 123; + 'Heroes and Hero-Worship'; 'French Revolution'; 'Cromwell'; + 'Frederick II. of Prussia'; his place in literature; 'Schiller' + criticised; 'Life of John Sterling,' 124; + Mill on the 'French Revolution,' 125; + Carlyle's judgments endorsed by John Morley; his 'Cromwell'; + his 'Frederick II.,' 126-7; + his enormous personality, 127-8; + _Edinburgh Cyclopaedia_, 150; + contempt for Darwinian hypothesis, 156. + + Carroll, Lewis. 'Euclid and his Modern Rivals'; 'A Tangled + Tale'; 'Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'; 'Through the + Looking-glass,' 64. + + 'Casa Guidi Windows,' 14. + + Cassels, Walter Richard. Author of 'Supernatural Religion,' 171. + + 'Catherine Douglas,' 191. + + 'Cave-hunting,' 99. + + 'Caxtons, The,' 56. + + Cellini's 'Autobiography' (Symonds'), 104. + + Celtic Renaissance, The, and Thomas Moore, 33. + + _Challenger_ Expedition, The, 155. + + 'Channings, The,' 70. + + Chapman, Dr, 49. + + Charles, Mrs. Author of 'The Schoenberg Cotta Family' and 'Kitty + Trevelyan's Diary,' 73. + + 'Charles O'Malley,' 66. + + Charlesworth, Maria Louisa. Author of 'Ministering Children,' 73. + + 'Chartist Parson, The,' 53. + + Chartist poets, 37. + + 'Childhood of Religion,' 99. + + 'Childhood of the World,' 99. + + 'Child's Garden of Verses, A,' 60. + + 'Chips from a German Workshop,' 99. + + 'Choice of Books,' 179. + + 'Choir Invisible, The,' 50. + + 'Christian Evidences,' 160. + + 'Christian Year, The,' 159. + + 'Christowell,' 69. + + 'Church Bills, The,' 187. + + Church, Richard William. Author of works on _Dante_ and _St + Anselm_, 167. + + 'Cithara,' 27. + + 'City of Dreadful Night, The,' 32. + + 'Civilisation, History of,' 103. + + 'Classical' essays, 172. + + Clayden, Peter William, 183; + 'Early Life of Samuel Rogers' and 'Rogers and His + Contemporaries,' 184. + + Clifford, Mrs W. K., 74. + + Clive, Mrs Archer. Author of 'Paul Ferrell,' 72. + + Clodd, Edward. 'Childhood of the World'; 'Childhood of Religion'; + 'Pioneers of Evolution,' 99. + + 'Cloister and the Hearth, The,' 58. + + Clough, Arthur Hugh, 21; + Lowell's estimate of; a pupil of Dr Arnold; 'The Bothie of + Tober-na-Vuolich'; death, 21. + + Colenso, John William. 'The Pentateuch and Book of Joshua + Critically Examined,' condemned as heretical, 164; + invited to the Abbey pulpit, 165. + + Coleridge, death of, 5; + on 'Thalaba,' 6; + Dykes Campbell's biography of, 178. + + Coleridge, Hartley, 35. + + Coleridge, Sara, and Southey, 7; + 'Phantasmion,' 35. + + Collet, Miss Clara, 144. + + Collins, J. Churton, 178. + + Collins, William Wilkie. The novelist of sensation. 'The Woman + in White'; 'The Moonstone'; 'The New Magdalen,' 69. + + 'Companions of my Solitude,' 191. + + Comte, Auguste and the 'Philosophie Positive,' 179. + + Congreve, Richard. A writer of thoughtful political tracts, 180. + + 'Coningsby,' 57. + + 'Conquest of England, The,' 98. + + 'Considerations on Representative Government,' 140. + + 'Constitutional History' (Hallam's), 78. + + ---- (May's), 80. + + ---- (Stubbs'), 79. + + Cook, Eliza. Her claims to consideration; 'The Old Armchair; the + _Journal_, 29. + + Cooper, Thomas. Chartist poet, wrote 'The Purgatory of Suicides,' + &c., 37. + + Conybeare, Rev. W. J., 168. + + 'Coral Reefs, Structure and distribution of,' 155. + + Corelli, Miss Marie, 74. + + _Cornhill Magazine_, The, 45, 93, 133. + + 'Corn Law Rhymes,' 37. + + 'Count Cagliostro,' 125. + + 'Count Julian,' 15. + + Courthope, Professor W. J. Pope's best biographer and editor; + 'History of English Poetry,' 178. + + 'Courtships of Queen Elizabeth, The,' 89. + + Cowper, 6. + + 'Cowper's Grave,' 14. + + Cox, Sir George. 'Mythology of the Aryan Nations;' 'History of + Greece,' 100. + + Craik, Mrs, 72. _See_ Mulock. + + Craik, Sir Henry. A writer on Swift, 178. + + 'Cranford,' 71. + + 'Creed of Christendom, The,' 170. + + Creighton, Mandell. 'History of the Papacy from the Great Schism + to the Sack of Rome,' 103. + + Crewe, Earl of, 183. + + 'Cripps the Carrier,' 69. + + Critics of the Era-- + Abbott, Dr E., 165. + Allingham, W., 173. + Arnold, Dr, 160. + Arnold, M., 171. + Ashley, Professor W. J., 144. + Bagehot, W., 184. + Bain, A., 147. + Bentley, R., 151. + Booth, C., 144. + Borrow, G., 185. + Bradley, Professor A. C., 148. + Brewster, Sir D., 150. + Brooke, S. A., 166. + Buckland, Dean, 153. + Buckland, F., 153. + Caird, E., 170. + Cairnes, J. E., 143. + Campbell, J. D., 178. + Cassels, W. R., 171. + Church, R. W., 167. + Clayden, P. W., 183. + Clifford, W. K., 170. + Colenso, J. W., 164. + Collet, Miss C., 144. + Collins, C., 178. + Congreve, R., 180. + Conybeare, Rev. W. J., 168. + Courthope, Professor W. J., 178. + Craik, Sir H., 178. + Cunningham, Dr, 144. + Darwin, C., 153. + Dowden, E., 173. + Faraday, M., 150. + Farrar, F. W., 168. + Fawcett, H., 142. + Ferrier, J. F., 169. + Forster, J., 178. + Foster, M., 151. + Garnett, Dr, 174. + Geikie, Sir A., 153. + Geikie, J., 153. + Gosse, E., 175. + Green, T. H., 147. + Greenwood, F., 188. + Greg, W. R., 170. + Greville, C. C. F., 190. + Hamerton, P. G., 171. + Harrison, F., 179. + Helps, Sir A., 191. + Henley, W. E., 172. + Hooker, Sir J., 151. + Houghton, Lord, 183. + Howson, J. S., 168. + Hutton, R. H., 189. + Huxley, T. H., 157. + Jefferies, R., 188. + Jerrold, D., 187. + Jevons, W. S., 143. + Jowett, B., 162. + Keble, J., 159. + King, R. A., 178. + Knight, Professor, 178. + Lang, A., 176. + Lemon, M., 187. + Leslie, T. E. C., 144. + Lewes, G. H., 148. + Lewis, Sir G. C., 184. + Liddon, H. P., 167. + Lightfoot, J. B., 168. + Lockhart, J. G., 177. + Lyell, Sir C., 152. + Lynch, T. T., 166. + Mackay, C., 188. + Manning, Cardinal, 169. + Mansel, H. L., 169. + Marshall, A., 143. + Martin, Sir T., 190. + Martineau, Dr J., 166. + Martineau, Miss, 180. + Masson, D., 177. + Maurice, J. F. D., 163. + Mill, J. S., 137. + Miller, H., 151. + Mivart, St G., 151. + Morison, J. C., 180. + Morley, J., 181. + Murchison, Sir R. I., 152. + Murray, Dr J., 155. + Myers, F. W. H., 172. + Newman, F. W., 170. + Pater, W., 171. + Pattison, M., 163. + Payn, J., 189. + Potter, Miss B., 144-5. + Pusey, E. B., 158. + Reid, Sir W., 183. + Robertson, F. W., 165. + Robinson, H. C., 183. + Rogers, S., 183. + Rogers, T., 144. + Romanes, G. J., 157. + Ruskin, J., 129. + Ryle, J. C., 168. + Saintsbury, G., 174. + Sala, G. A., 188. + Sanderson, B., 151. + Schloss, D. F., 144. + Scott, W. B., 173. + Sidgwick, H., 143. + Smith, H. Ll., 144. + Smith, G., 185. + Smith, S., 187. + Spedding, J., 184. + Spencer, H., 145. + Spurgeon, C. H., 168. + Stanley, A. P., 161. + Stephen, L., 175. + Stewart, B., 151. + Temple, Dr, 162. + Toynbee, A., 144. + Trevelyan, Sir G. O., 182. + Tyndall, J., 150. + Victoria, Q., 192. + Wallace, A. R., 156. + Whately, R., 159. + Wilson, J., 187. + Yates, E., 188. + + 'Critiques and Addresses,' 158. + + 'Cromwell,' 124, 126. + + 'Cromwell's Place in History,' 90. + + Cross, J. W., 50. + + Cross, Mrs (George Eliot), 50. + + 'Crotchet Castle,' 62. + + Crowe, Mrs. Author of 'Susan Hopley' and 'The Night Side of + Nature,' 71-72. + + 'Crown of Wild Olive,' 135. + + 'Cry of the Children,' 14. + + Cunningham, Dr. 'Growth of English History and Commerce,' 144. + + 'Curiosities of Literature,' 57. + + 'Cyril Ashley,' 73. + + + _Daily Telegraph, The_, 188. + + 'Daniel Deronda,' 50. + + 'Dante and His Circle,' 23. + + Darwin, Charles, 153; + early reception of his theory; Bishop Wilberforce in the + _Quarterly Review_; education; Professor Henslow; _Beagle_ + expedition, 154; + 'Journals of Researches,' republished as 'A Naturalist's Voyage + Round the World'; 'Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs' + a revolutionary work; the theory now somewhat modified; the + theory of evolution; contemporaneous discovery by Dr Wallace; + 'Origin of Species'; 'Descent of Man'; 'Earth Worms,' 156; + the hypothesis now generally accepted; popular interpretators, + 157. + + Darwin, Erasmus, 154. + + Darwin, Francis, 155. + + Darwin, George Howard, 155. + + 'Daughter of Heth, A,' 69. + + 'David Copperfield' and Thackeray, 44. + + 'David Elginbrod,' 63. + + Davis, Thomas. Wrote 'National and Historical Ballads, Songs and + Poems,' 34. + + Dawkins, William Boyd, 98; + 'Cave-hunting'; 'Early Man in Britain,' 99. + + 'Death of Marlowe, The,' 36. + + 'Death's Jest Book,' 36. + + 'Deerbrook,' 181. + + 'Defence of Guenevere,' 25. + + 'Deformed, The,' 71. + + De Morgan, 147. + + De Quincey's opinion of 'Count Julian,' 15. + + 'Descent of Man,' 156. + + 'Descriptive Sociology,' 146. + + De Vere, Thomas Aubrey. Wrote 'The Waldenses,' 'Alexander the + Great,' 'St Thomas of Canterbury,' and a volume of critical + essays, &c., 33. + + 'Dialogue on the best form of Government, A,' 184. + + 'Diamond Necklace, The,' 125. + + 'Diana of the Crossways,' 61. + + Dickens, Charles. Literary equipment of, 41; + achieved immediate fame with his first great book; birth; + Dickens senior and 'Micawber'; the _Morning Chronicle_; + 'Boz'; the _Monthly Magazine_; 'Pickwick'; 'Oliver Twist'; + 'Nicholas Nickleby'; 'The Old Curiosity Shop'; 'Barnaby + Rudge'; the most popular writer our literature has seen, 42; + criticisms, 43; + Thackeray's enthusiasm, 44; + 'Life' of, 178. + + _Dictionary of National Biography_, 176. + + Disraeli, Benjamin. 'Vivian Grey'; 'The Young Duke'; 'Venetia'; + 'Henrietta Temple'; 'Coningsby'; 'Tancred'; 'Sybil'; Biography + of Lord George Bentinck, 57. + + D'Israeli, Isaac. 'Curiosities of Literature,' 57. + + 'Dissertations and Discussions,' 140. + + Dobell, Sydney, 31; + admiration for Emily Bronte, 47. + + Dobson, Austin. Author of 'Vignettes in Rhyme'; 'Proverbs in + Porcelain,' &c., 30. + + 'Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde,' 60. + + 'Dr Thorne,' 58. + + Dodgson, Rev. C. L., 64. + + Dowden, Edward. Eminent critic of Wordsworth and Shelley; + 'Shakspere, his Mind and Art'; 'Studies in Literature,' 173; + 'Life of Shelley,' 174. + + Doyle, Conan, 63. + + 'Dramatic Idyls,' 12. + + 'Dramatic Scenes,' 36. + + 'Dream of Eugene Aram,' 29. + + 'Dream of Gerontius,' 111. + + 'Dream of John Ball,' 24. + + 'Dreams,' 189. + + 'Dress,' 74. + + 'Drink,' 58. + + 'Drummond of Hawthornden,' 177. + + _Dublin University Magazine_, 66. + + Dufferin, Lady, 34. + + + 'Early Days of His Royal Highness the Prince Consort,' 192. + + 'Early History of Charles James Fox,' 182. + + 'Early Italian Poets, The,' 23. + + 'Early Life of Samuel Rogers,' 184. + + 'Early Man in Britain,' 99. + + 'Earthly Paradise, The,' 25. + + 'Earth Worms,' 156. + + 'East Lynne,' 70. + + 'Ecce Homo,' 105. + + 'Ecclesiastical Sonnets,' 9. + + 'Economic History and Theory,' 144. + + 'Economics of Industry,' 143. + + 'Economic Studies,' 184. + + _Edinburgh Cyclopaedia_ and Carlyle, 150. + + _Edinburgh Review_ and Macaulay, 91. + + 'Education' (Spencer's), 145. + + 'Education of the World, The,' 162. + + 'Egoist, The,' 61. + + 'Eirenicon,' 158. + + 'Elements of Politics,' 143. + + Eliot, George. Early years; Strauss's 'Life of Jesus'; + _Westminster Review_; George Henry Lewes; 'Scenes of + Clerical Life'; 'Adam Bede,' 49; + 'The Mill on the Floss'; 'Silas Marner'; 'Romola'; 'Felix + Holt'; 'Middlemarch'; 'Daniel Deronda'; marriage; death; + her letters a disappointment; her poetry; 'Spanish Gipsy'; + 'Choir Invisible'; 'by her novels she must be judged,' 50; + catholicity of sympathy, 51-52; + has not maintained her position, but has an assured place, 53. + + Eliot, George, and Spencer, 145. + + _Eliza Cook's Journal_, 29. + + Elliott, Ebenezer. Author of 'Corn Law Rhymes,' &c., 37. + + 'Emotions and the Will, The,' 147. + + 'Empedocles on Etna,' 20. + + 'Endeavour after the Christian Life,' 167. + + 'English History and Commerce, Growth of,' 144. + + 'English History for the Use of Public Schools,' 97. + + 'English in Ireland, The,' 88. + + 'English Lyrics,' 40. + + 'English Men of Letters Series,' 181. + + 'English Seamen in the Sixteenth Century,' 88. + + 'Englishwomen of Letters,' 72. + + 'Enigmas of Life,' 170. + + 'Eothen,' 96. + + 'Epic of Hades,' 26. + + 'Epic of Women and other Poems,' 39. + + 'Esmond,' 45. + + 'Essay in Aid of the Grammar of Assent,' 111. + + 'Essay on Ritualism,' 106. + + 'Essays and Reviews,' 162. + + 'Essays and Studies,' 17. + + 'Essays,' by T. E. C. Leslie, 144. + + 'Essays, Classical and Modern' (Myers), 172. + + 'Essays in Criticism' (Arnold), 19. + + 'Essays, Literary and Speculative' (Hutton), 189. + + 'Essays on Literature and Philosophy' (Caird), 170. + + 'Essays on Unsettled Questions in Political Economy' (Mill), 140. + + 'Ethical Studies,' 148. + + 'Ethical Theory, Types of,' 167. + + 'Euclid and his Modern Rivals,' 64. + + 'European Morals from Augustus to Charlemagne,' 96. + + 'Evan Harrington,' 61. + + Evans, Mary Ann (George Eliot), 49-53. + + 'Evolution of Religion, The,' 170. + + Ewing, Mrs. Author of 'Remembrances of Mrs Overtheway,' 73. + + 'Examination of Sir William Hamilton's Philosophy,' 140. + + 'Excursion, The,' 9. + + 'Exiles in Babylon,' 73. + + 'Expansion of England, The,' 105. + + + 'Face of the Deep, The,' 22. + + Faraday, Michael. Famous physicist; Royal Institution Lectures; + 'Magneto-electricity'; devotion to science, 150. + + 'Faraday as a Discoverer,' 150. + + 'Fardorougha the Miser,' 66. + + 'Far from the Madding Crowd,' 68. + + 'Farina,' 61. + + Farrar, Frederick William, 168. + + 'Faust' (Martin's translation), 191. + + Fawcett, Henry. A disciple of the Ricardo school; 'Manual of + Political Economy,' 142-143; + a critic of Indian finance; Postmaster-General, 143. + + Ferguson, Sir Samuel, 34. + + 'Felix Holt,' 50. + + Ferrier, James Frederick. Professor of moral philosophy at St + Andrews; 'Lectures in Greek Philosophy,' 169. + + 'Festus,' 27, 28. + + Finlay, George. 'A History of Greece from its Conquest by the + Romans to the Present Time'; Greek War of Independence, 102. + + 'First Principles' (Spencer's), 145. + + Fitzgerald, Edward. 'Letters and Literary Remains' and 'Omar + Khayyam,' 35. + + 'Fly-Leaves,' 30. + + 'Footprints of Former Men in Far Cornwall,' 38. + + 'Footprints of the Creator,' 152. + + 'Fors Clavigera,' 133-134. + + Forster, John. 'Life of Swift'; 'Life of Walter Savage Landor'; + 'Goldsmith'; 'Dickens'; 'Life of Sir John Eliot,' 178; + 'Statesmen of the Commonwealth,' 179. + + _Fortnightly Review_, 93, 181. + + 'Forty Years' Recollections of Life, Literature and Public + Affairs,' 188. + + Foster, Michael, 151. + + 'Foul Play,' 58. + + Fox, Charles James, and 'Madoc,' 6; + 'Early History of,' 182. + + 'Framley Parsonage,' 58. + + 'Frank Mildmay,' 67. + + _Fraser's Magazine_, 45, 173. + + 'Frederick II. of Prussia,' 124, 126, 127. + + Freeman, Edward A. First work, 'A History of Architecture'; + 'History of Federal Government; 'History of the Norman + Conquest'; 'Reign of William Rufus'; 'Old English History,' + 81; + not a metaphysician; the 'Norman Conquest,' worth the effort + of reading it; Regius Professor at Oxford, 82; + contrasted with Froude, 83. + + 'French Revolution,' 124, 125. + + 'Frenchwomen of Letters,' 72. + + 'Friends in Council,' 191. + + Froude, James Anthony. Contrasted with Freeman; abandoned + supernatural Christianity, 83; + 'The Spirit's Trials'; 'The Lieutenant's Daughter'; 'Nemesis + of Faith'; his great work, 'The History of England,' 84; + his style and sympathies, 85; + the 'A Becket' articles inaccurate; his 'Life of Carlyle'; + Sir Fitz James Stephen's defence of the 'Life,' 86-87; + 'Short Studies on Great Subjects'; 'Life of Bunyan'; 'Life + of Caesar'; Carlyle's influence in 'The English in Ireland'; + 'Lectures on the Council of Trent'; 'English Seamen in the + Sixteenth Century'; 'Life and Letters of Erasmus,' 88. + + Froude, Richard Hurrell. 'Literary Remains of,' 83. + + Fullerton, Lady Georgina. Author of 'Ann Sherwood,' 72. + + + Gairdner, James. 'Life and Reign of Richard III.,' 96. + + 'Gamekeeper at Home, The,' 188. + + Gardiner, Samuel Rawson. The Historian of the Stuart kings; + now well into the study of the Protectorate, 89; + minor works, 'The Gunpowder Plot'; 'Cromwell's Place in + History'; not a brilliant writer, but absolutely fair and + impartial; his books the safest guide to the period, 90. + + Garnett, Richard (Doctor), and Marston, 38; + a partisan of Shelley; an acute critic, 174. + + Gaskell, Mrs. 'Mary Barton' her first success; 'Ruth,' 'North + and South,' 'Sylvia's Lovers,' 'Cranford,' and 'The Life of + Charlotte Bronte' her most enduring works, 71. + + Gatty, Mrs, 73. + + 'Gebir,' 15. + + Geikie, James. 'The Great Ice Age,' 153. + + Geikie, Sir Archibald. His 'Text Book of Geology' a model of + lucid writing, 153. + + 'Geoffrey Hamlyn,' 55. + + 'Geology and Mineralogy considered with reference to Natural + Theology,' 153. + + 'Geology, Principles of' (Lyell's), 152. + + 'Geology, Text Book of' (Geikie's), 153. + + _Germ_, The, 23. + + Gibbon's 'Rome,' Milman's edition of, 102. + + 'Glaciers, On the Structure and Motion of,' 151. + + 'Gladiators, The,' 59. + + Gladstone, William Ewart, and Macaulay, 93; + 'The State in its Relations with the Church'; Macaulay's + review; 'Essay on Ritualism'; and 'The Vatican Decrees'; + 'Studies in Homer'; 'Gleanings'; on Newman's secession, 106. + + 'Gleanings' (W. E. Gladstone), 106. + + 'Goblin Market,' 22. + + 'God and the Bible,' 18. + + 'Golden Age, The,' 40. + + 'Golden Butterfly, The,' 65. + + 'Golden Treasury of Songs and Lyrics, The,' 81. + + Goldsmith, 41; + Life of, 178. + + Gosse, Edmund. A poet and critic; joint translator with Mr Wm. + Archer of _Ibsen_, 175; + best biography, 'Life of Gray,' 175. + + 'Government, A Dialogue on the best form of,' 184. + + 'Government, On the Proper Sphere of,' 145. + + 'Grammar of Assent,' 111. + + 'Great Ice Age, The,' 153. + + 'Greece, History of' (Cox's), 100. + + 'Greece, History of' (Finlay's), 102. + + 'Greece, History of' (Grote's), 100, 101. + + 'Greece, History of' (Thirlwall's), 101. + + Green, Alice Stopford. 'Town Life in the Fifteenth Century, '98. + + Green, John Richard. 'Short History of the English People'; place + as a historian, 97; + critics, 97-98; + enlarged edition; dedication; Bishop Stubbs and Professor + Freeman; 'The Making of England,'; 'The Conquest of England'; + Sir Archibald Geikie's tribute; adverse criticisms, 98. + + Green, Thomas Hill. Long a leader of the Hegelian philosophy at + Oxford; published through _Contemporary Review_ articles on + 'Mr Herbert Spencer and Mr G. H. Lewes: their Application of + the Doctrine of Evolution to Thought,' 147; + his 'Prolegomena to Ethics,' finally edited by Professor + Bradley; a moral force in Oxford apart from his philosophy, + 148. + + Greenwood, Frederick. The most honoured journalist of to-day; + edited _Cornhill Magazine_, 188; + writer of poems, stories, and essays; 'Lover's Lexicon'; + 'Dreams,' 189. + + Greg, William Rathbone. Anti-theological writer; 'The Creed of + Christendom'; 'Enigmas of Life'; 'Rocks Ahead,' 170. + + Greville, Charles Cavendish Fulke. His political memoirs the + most popular series we have, 190. + + 'Greville Memoirs,' 190. + + 'Griffith Gaunt,' 58. + + Grote, George. _Westminster Review_, 100; + M.P. for the City of London; 'History of Greece'; Bishop + Thirlwall's appreciation, 101; + influence respecting views of Athenian democracy, 102. + + Grote and J. S. Mill, 139. + + 'Growth of English History and Commerce,' 144. + + 'Gryll Grange,' 63. + + 'Gunpowder Plot, The,' 90. + + + Hallam, Henry. 'View of the State of Europe during the Middle + Ages,' 77; + Constitutional History of England'; 'Introduction to the + Literature of Europe in the Fifteenth, Sixteenth, and + Seventeenth Centuries,' 78. + + Hamerton, Philip Gilbert. Author of 'Marmorne,' 171; + intimately acquainted with French life; edited _The Portfolio_; + 'The Intellectual Life,' 172. + + 'Hand and Soul,' 23. + + 'Handy Andy,' 34. + + 'Hard Cash,' 58. + + Hardy, Thomas. Earlier fame won with 'Far from the Madding + Crowd'; later popularity by 'Tess of the D'Urbervilles,' + 'The Return of the Native,' and 'The Woodlanders' greater + than either, 68. + + 'Harold,' 10, 56. + + Harrison, Frederic. A gifted Positivist; 'Order and Progress'; + 'Choice of Books,' 179. + + 'Harry Lorrequer,' 66. + + Hawker, Robert Stephen. Author of 'Song of the Western Men,' + and 'Footprints of Former Men in Far Cornwall,' 38. + + 'Headlong Hall,' 62. + + Heine's 'Poems and Ballads' (Martin's translation), 191. + + Helps, Sir Arthur. 'Friends in Council'; 'Companions of my + Solitude'; 'Life of Pizarro'; 'Life of Cortes'; 'Realmah'; + 'Catherine Douglas'; 'Henry II.,' 191; + edited 'Principal Speeches and Addresses of the late Prince + Consort,' and 'Leaves from a Journal,' 192. + + Henley, William Ernest. 'Book of Verses'; 'Song of the Sword'; + a critic of exceptional vigour; 'Views and Reviews,' 172. + + Henley, W. E., and Stevenson, 60. + + Hennell, Sarah, 49. + + Henniker, Florence, 183. + + 'Henrietta Temple,' 57. + + 'Henry II.' 191. + + Henslow, Professor, 154. + + 'Herodotus,' Sayce's edition of, 100. + + 'Heroes and Hero-Worship,' 124. + + 'High Tide on the Coast of Lincolnshire,' 29. + + 'Hillyars and the Burtons, The,' 55. + + Historians of the Era-- + Allan, G., 99. + Arnold, Dr, 102, 160. + Brewer, Rev. J. S., 88. + Bright, J. B., 97. + Bryce, J., 104. + Buckle, H. T., 103. + Burton, J. H., 96. + Carlyle, T., 112. + Clodd, E., 99. + Cox, Sir G., 100. + Creighton, M., 103. + Dawkins, W. B., 98. + Finlay, G., 102. + Freeman, E. A., 81. + Froude, J. A., 83. + Gairdner, J., 96. + Gardiner, S. R., 89. + Gladstone, W. E., 105, 106. + Green, J. R., 97. + Green, Mrs, 98. + Grote, G., 100. + Hallam, H., 77. + Hume, Major M., 89. + Kemble, J. M., 80. + Kinglake, A. W., 96. + Kitchin, G. W., 103. + Lecky, W. E. H., 96. + Lingard, J., 80. + Lubbock, Sir J., 99. + Macaulay, T. B., 91. + MacCarthy, J., 95. + Massey, W. M., 95. + May, Sir T. E., 79. + Merivale, C., 102. + Milman, H. H., 102. + Molesworth, Rev. W. N., 95. + Mueller, F. M., 99. + Napier, Sir Charles, 97. + Newman, J. H., 107. + Palgrave, Sir F., 81. + Sayce, A. H., 100. + Seeley, Sir J. R., 104. + Stanhope, Earl, 95. + Stubbs, W., 78. + Symonds, J. A., 103. + Thirlwall, C., 101. + Tylor, E. B., 99. + + 'History and Politics,' 104. + + 'History of Agriculture and Prices' (Rogers), 144. + + 'History of Christianity under the Empire' (Milman), 102. + + 'History of Civilization in England' (Buckle), 103. + + 'History of Early English Poetry' (Brooke), 166. + + 'History of Eighteenth Century Literature, A' (Oliphant), 74. + + 'History of England from the Fall of Wolsey to the Defeat of the + Spanish Armada, The' (Froude), 84, 85. + + 'History of England from 1603-1642' (Gardiner), 89. + + 'History of England from the Accession of James II.' (Macaulay), + 92. + + 'History of England from 1713 to 1783' (Earl Stanhope), 95. + + 'History of England' (Lingard), 80. + + 'History of England under George III.' (Massey), 95. + + 'History of England, 1830-1873' (Molesworth), 95. + + 'History of English Poetry' (Courthope), 178. + + 'History of English Thought in the Eighteenth Century' (Stephen), + 175. + + 'History of France previous to the Revolution' (Kitchin), 103. + + 'History of Federal Government' (Freeman), 81. + + 'History of Greece' (Cox), 100. + + 'History of Greece' (Finlay), 102. + + 'History of Greece' (Grote), 100-102. + + 'History of Greece' (Thirlwall), 101. + + 'History of Normandy and England' (Palgrave), 81. + + 'History of Our Own Time, 1830-1897 (MacCarthy), 95. + + 'History of Rome' (Arnold), 102, 160. + + 'History of Samuel Titmarsh and the Great Hoggarty Diamond, The,' + 45. + + 'History of Scotland' (Burton), 96. + + 'History of Trade Unionism, The' (Webb), 145. + + 'History of the Church of England' (Molesworth), 95. + + 'History of the Eighteenth Century' (Lecky), 96. + + 'History of the Four Georges' (MacCarthy), 96. + + 'History of the Jews' (Milman), 102. + + 'History of the Norman Conquest' (Freeman), 81. + + 'History of the Papacy from the Great Schism to the Sack of Rome' + (Creighton), 103. + + 'History of the Peace' (Martineau), 95. + + 'History of the Romans under the Empire' (Merivale), 102. + + 'History of the Reign of Queen Anne' (Stanhope), 95. + + 'History of the War in the Crimea,' (Kinglake), 96. + + 'Holy Roman Empire, The,' 104. + + 'Homer' (Lang's translation), 176. + + 'Homer, Studies in,' 106. + + Hood, Thomas. 'Song of the Shirt' and 'Dream of Eugene Aram' most + popular, 29. + + Hooker, Sir Joseph, 151. + + Horne, Richard Hengist. Wrote 'Orion,' 'Judas Iscariot,' 'The + Death of Marlowe,' &c., 36. + + Houghton, Lord (Monckton Milnes). 'Life, Letters, and Literary + Remains of John Keats'; his life written by Sir Wemyss Reid, + 183. + + 'Hour and the Man, The,' 181. + + 'Hours in a Library,' 175. + + 'Hours of Thought on Sacred Things,' 167. + + 'House Beautiful,' 73. + + 'House of Life, The,' 24. + + Howson, John Saul. Joint authorship with Rev. W. J. Conybeare + of 'The Life and Epistles of St Paul,' 168. + + Hughes, Thomas. A pupil of Dr Arnold's; wrote finest boy's + book in the language, 'Tom Brown's School Days,' 161. + + Hume, Major Martin. 'The Year after the Armada'; 'The Courtships + of Queen Elizabeth'; 'Calendar of Spanish State Papers of + Elizabeth,' 89. + + Hunt, Holman, and the pre-Raphaelite Movement, 23. + + Hutton, Richard Holt. Editor of the _Spectator_; A dignified + and independent critic; 'Essays, Literary and Speculative,' 189. + + Huxley, Thomas Henry. A profound Metaphysician as well as a great + scientist; early days; _Rattlesnake_ Voyage; Royal and + Linnaean Society Papers; Natural History and Palaeontology + Chairs, 157; + Inspector of Fisheries; President of the Royal Society; + 'Physiography'; his 'Lay Sermons,' 'Addresses and Reviews,' + 'Critiques and Addresses,' and 'American Addresses,' rank + among the finest prose of our age, 158. + + 'Hypatia,' 54. + + + Ibsen. Gosse and Archer's translations, 175. + + 'Ice Age, The Great,' 153. + + 'Idylls of the King, The,' 10. + + 'Imaginary Conversations,' 16. + + 'Imaginary Portraits,' 171. + + 'In a Balcony,' 12. + + 'In a Glass Darkly,' 66. + + 'Industrial Revolution, The,' 144. + + Ingelow, Jean. Outlived her popularity; 'High Tide on the Coast + of Lincolnshire' and 'Supper at the Mill' her most enduring + work, 29. + + 'Ingoldsby Legends,' 30. + + 'In Memoriam,' 10. + + 'Intellectual Life, The,' 172. + + 'International Scientific Series' and Spencer, 146. + + 'Interpretation of Scripture, The,' 163. + + 'Irish Melodies,' 33. + + + 'Jackdaw of Rheims,' 30. + + James, G. P. R., 67. + + 'Jane Eyre,' 46, 47. + + Jefferies, Richard. 'Gamekeeper at Home,' published in the _Pall + Mall Gazette_; 'Wood Magic'; 'Bevis'; 'The Story of My Heart,' + 188. + + Jerrold, Douglas. 'Black-eyed Susan'; 'Mrs Caudle's Curtain + Lectures,' 187. + + 'Jesus, Strauss's Life of,' 49. + + Jevons, William Stanley, 143. + + 'John Inglesant,' 64. + + 'John Ploughman's Talk,' 168. + + Jones, Ebenezer. Wrote 'Studies in Sensation and Event,' 37. + + Jones, Sumner, 37. + + 'John Halifax, Gentleman,' 72. + + Journalism and Novelists, 186-7. + + 'Journals of Researches during a Voyage round the World,' + 154-155. + + Jowett, Benjamin, 162; + 'The Interpretation of Scripture'; brilliant translations of + Plato, Thucydides, and 'The Politics' of Aristotle; John + Bright's admiration of Jowett's classic English; 'Life,' + written by Evelyn Abbott and Lewis Campbell, 163. + + 'Judas Iscariot,' 36. + + + 'Katerfelto,' 59. + + Kavanagh, Julia. Now little known. Wrote 'Madeleine,' 'Women in + France in the 18th Century,' 'Englishwomen of Letters,' and + 'Frenchwomen of Letters,' 72. + + Keats, death of, 5; + Biography, 183. + + Keble, John. Professor of Poetry at Oxford; 'Christian Year'; + 'Lyra Innocentium'; 'Life of Bishop Wilson,' 159. + + Kemble, John Mitchell. His 'Saxons in England' still useful, 80. + + King, Richard Ashe. Has sketched Swift's life in Ireland; 'Love + the Debt'; 'The Wearing of the Green,' 178. + + 'Kingdom of Christ,' 164. + + Kinglake, Alexander William. 'History of the War in the Crimea,' + a brilliant effort; his 'Eothen' scarcely less popular, 96. + + Kingsley, Charles. 'The Saint's Tragedy'; 'Alton Locke,' 53; + 'Yeast'; 'Two Years Ago'; 'Hypatia'; 'Westward Ho'; 'The Three + Fishers'; 'The Sands of Dee'; Professor of History at + Cambridge; his influence great and beneficial, 54-55. + + Kingsley, Henry. 'Geoffrey Hamlyn,' the best novel of Australian + life; 'Ravenshoe,' and 'The Hillyars and The Burtons' + forcible effective works, 55; + Sir Edwin Arnold and Mrs Thackeray Ritchie's testimony, 56. + + Kingston, W. H. G. Author of one hundred and twenty-five stories + of the sea, 67. + + 'King's Tragedy, The,' 24. + + Kipling, Rudyard. 'Soldiers Three'; 'Wee Willie Winkie'; + 'Barrack-Room Ballads,' 40. + + Kitchin, George William. 'History of France previous to the + Revolution,' 103. + + 'Kitty Trevelyan's Diary,' 73. + + Knight, Professor, of St Andrews. Biographer of Wordsworth and + editor of his collected works, 178. + + + 'Lachrymae Musarum,' 40. + + 'Lady Geraldine's Courtship,' 13. + + 'Lady of Lyons, The,' 56. + + 'Lady's Walk, The,' 75. + + 'Lalla Rookh,' 33. + + 'Land of the Golden Fleece, The,' 188. + + Landor, Walter Savage. Temperament; 'Gebir'; 'Count Julian,' 15; + 'Imaginary Conversations' and 'Longer Prose Works' have all + cultured men for readers now; Swinburne's admiration of, 16. + + Landor and 'Madoc,' 6. + + Lang, Andrew. 'Ballads and Lyrics of Old France'; 'Ballades in + Blue China'; translator of Homer and Theocritus, 176; + 'Life of Sir Stafford Northcote'; 'Life of John Gibson + Lockhart,' 177. + + 'Laodamia,' 7. + + 'Last Days of Pompeii,' 56. + + 'Last Lines,' 47. + + 'Last of the Barons, The,' 56. + + 'Latin Christianity,' 103. + + 'Latter-day Pamphlets,' 123. + + Laureate, The present, 39-40. + + 'Lavengro,' 185. + + 'Lay Sermons,' 158. + + 'Lead Kindly Light,' 108. + + 'Leaves from a Journal,' 192. + + Lecky, William Edward Hartpole. 'History of England in the + Eighteenth Century'; 'Rise and Influence of the Spirit of + Rationalism' and 'European Morals from Augustus to Charlemagne' + justly popular, 96. + + 'Lectures in Greek Philosophy,' 169. + + 'Lectures on the Council of Trent,' 88. + + 'Lectures on the Jewish Church,' 162. + + 'Lectures on Science for Unscientific People,' 151. + + 'Lectures on the Eastern Church,' 161-162. + + 'Lectures on the Science of Language,' 99. + + Le Fanu, Joseph Sheridan, 'Uncle Silas'; 'In a Glass Darkly,' 66. + + 'Legends and Lyrics,' 36. + + Lemon, Mark, 187. + Editor of _Punch_, 187-8. + + Leslie, Thomas Edward Cliffe. His 'Essays' full of terse and + suggestive criticism, 144. + + 'Letters and Life of Francis Bacon' (Spedding), 184. + + 'Letters' and 'Reminiscences' of Carlyle, 115-116, 119-120. + + 'Letters on the Laws of Man's Nature and Development,' 181. + + 'Letter to Keble,' 158. + + Lever, Charles. _Dublin University Magazine_; 'Charles O'Malley' + and 'Harry Lorrequer' still command attention, 66. + + Lewes, George Henry. 'Biographical History of Philosophy,' 148; + his 'Life of Goethe' the standard work; 'Ranthorpe'; edited + _Fortnightly Review_; 'Seaside Studies'; 'Problems of Life + and Mind,' 149; + on 'Philosophie Positive,' 179. + + Lewes, George Henry, and George Eliot, 49. + + Lewis, Sir George Cornewall. A notable political philosopher; + wrote 'A Dialogue on the Best Form of Government,' 184. + + 'Liberty,' 139. + + Liddon, Henry Parry. Bampton lectures 'On the Divinity of Jesus + Christ'; one of the most eloquent of preachers, 167. + + 'Lieutenant's Daughter,' 84. + + 'Life and Death of Jason,' 25. + + 'Life and Epistles of St Paul,' 168. + + 'Life and Letters of Erasmus,' 88. + + 'Life and Reign of Richard III.,' 96. + + 'Life and Times of Stein,' 104. + + 'Life, Letters and Literary Remains of John Keats,' 183. + + 'Life of Bishop Wilson,' 159. + + 'Life of Bunyan,' 88. + + 'Life of Burke,' 181. + + 'Life of Byron,' 34. + + 'Life of Cardinal Manning,' 169. + + 'Life of Carlyle,' 86. + + 'Life of Caesar,' 88. + + 'Life of Charlotte Bronte, The,' 71. + + 'Life of Christ,' 168. + + 'Life of Cicero,' 58. + + 'Life of Cobden,' 182. + + 'Life of Cortes,' 191. + + 'Life of Cowper,' 6. + + 'Life of Dickens,' 178. + + 'Life of Dr Arnold,' 161. + + 'Life of Edward Irving,' 74. + + 'Life of F. W. Robertson,' 166. + + 'Life of Goethe,' 149. + + 'Life of Gray,' 175. + + 'Life of Hume,' 157. + + 'Life of Isaac Casaubon,' 163. + + 'Life of Jesus,' 49. + + 'Life of John Gibson Lockhart,' 177. + + 'Life of John Sterling,' 124. + + 'Life of Jowett,' 163. + + 'Life of Lord Lyndhurst,' 191. + + 'Life of Lord Macaulay,' 182. + + 'Life of Milton,' 166, 177. + + 'Life of Nelson' (Mahan's), 6. + + 'Life of Nelson' (Southey's), 5. + + 'Life of Newton,' 150. + + 'Life of Pizarro,' 191. + + 'Life of St Paul,' 168. + + 'Life of Schiller,' 113, 124. + + 'Life of Shelley,' 174. + + 'Life of Sir John Eliot,' 178-179. + + 'Life of Sir Stafford Northcote,' 177. + + 'Life of Sir Walter Scott,' 177. + + 'Life of the late Prince Consort, The,' 190. + + 'Life of Walter Savage Landor,' 178. + + Lightfoot, Joseph Barber. One of the greatest scholars in the + English Church, 168. + + 'Light of Asia, The,' 26. + + 'Light of the World, The,' 26. + + 'Limits of Religious Thought, The,' 169. + + Lingard, John. 'History of England' impartial, but dull, 80. + + Linton, Mrs Lynn, 74. + + _Literary Gazette_, 181. + + 'Literary Studies,' 184. + + 'Literature and Dogma,' 18. + + 'Literature of Europe' (Hallam's), 78. + + 'Little Schoolmaster Mark,' 64. + + 'Living London,' 188. + + Lockhart, John Gibson. Editor of the _Quarterly Review_; his + 'Life of Scott,' the most important biography of the reign, 177. + + 'Logic' (Mill's), 140. + + 'Logic,' (Whately's), 159. + + 'Longer Prose Works,' 16. + + 'Lorna Doone,' 69. + + 'Lost and Saved,' 72. + + 'Lost Sir Massingberd,' 189. + + 'Love in a Valley,' 60. + + 'Love Letters of a Violinist,' 188. + + 'Love or Marriage,' 68. + + 'Love the Debt,' 178. + + Lover, Samuel. Best known works, 'Rory O'More' and 'Handy Andy,' + 34. + + 'Lover's Lexicon,' 189. + + Lubbock, Sir John. 'Pre-historic Times'; 'Origin of + Civilization,' 99. + + 'Luria,' 12. + + Lyall, Edna, 74. + + Lyell, Sir Charles. Abandoned law for geology; his 'Principles + of Geology' a revolutionary work; the smaller 'Student's + Elements of Geology' injured in literary merit, 152; + converted to Darwin's views; 'The Antiquity of Man,' 153. + + Lynch, Thomas Toke. His poems in the _Rivulet_ now in most + hymnologies, 166. + + 'Lyra Innocentium,' 159. + + 'Lyrical Ballads,' 7. + + Lytton, Edward Bulwer. 'Pelham'; 'Zanoni'; 'Harold'; 'Rienzi'; + 'The Last of the Barons'; 'The Last Days of Pompeii'; 'The + Caxtons'; 'Money'; 'Richelieu'; 'The Lady of Lyons'; one of + the 'cleverest' men of his age, 56. + + + Macaulay, Thomas Babington. His work guided by rhetorical + principles; earliest efforts in _Quarterly Magazine_ and + _Edinburgh Review_; Jeffrey on his 'Milton,' 91; + qualities of his 'Essays'; his career; 'History of England + from the Accession of James II.' very successful, 92; + now severely criticised, 93; + in spite of its deficiencies, a great work, 94-95. + + Macaulay and Hawker, 38. + + MacCarthy, Justin. 'History of Our Own Time, 1830-1897,' 95; + 'History of the Four Georges,' 96. + + MacDonald, George. 'Robert Falconer'; 'David Elginbrod'; 'Alec + Forbes of Howglen,' 63. + + Mackay, Charles. Novelist, poet and critic; 'Forty Years' + Recollections of Life, Literature and Public Affairs,' 188. + + Mackay, Eric. 'Love Letters of a Violinist,' 188. + + 'Macleod of Dare,' 69. + + Macquoid, Mrs, 74. + + _Macmillan's Magazine_, 181. + + 'Madcap Violet,' 69. + + 'Madeleine,' 72. + + 'Madoc,' 6. + + Mahon, Lord, 95. + + 'Maiden and Married Life of Mary Powell,' 72. + + 'Maid of Sker, The,' 69. + + 'Maid Marion,' 62. + + 'Makers of Florence,' 74. + + 'Making of England, The,' 98. + + Malet, Lucas, 74. + + _Manchester Examiner_ and Ruskin, 133. + + Mangan, James Clarence, 34. + + Manning, Anne. Author of 'Maiden and Married Life of Mary + Powell,' 72. + + Manning, Cardinal. Books and sermons of theological interest + only; his 'Life,' 169. + + Mansel, Henry Longueville. 'The Limits of Religious Thought'; + 'Metaphysics, or the Philosophy of Consciousness, Phenomenal + and Real'; a skilful fighter, 169. + + 'Manual of Political Economy' (Fawcett's), 142. + + 'Marie Bashkirtseff's Diary,' 190. + + 'Marcian Colonna,' 36. + + 'Marie de Meranie,' 38. + + 'Marius the Epicurean,' 171. + + 'Marmorne,' 171. + + Marryat, Captain Frederick. 'Frank Mildmay'; 'Mr Midshipman + Easy'; 'Peter Simple'; editor of _Metropolitan Magazine_; + appreciated by Carlyle and Ruskin, 66-67. + + Marsh, Mrs. Author of 'The Admiral's Daughter' and 'The + Deformed,' 71. + + Marshall, Alfred. Author of 'Economics of Industry' and + 'Principles of Economics,' 143. + + Marston, John Westland. Author of 'Strathmore,' 'Marie de + Meranie,' and 'A Hard Struggle,' 38. + + Marston, Philip Bourke. Published 'Song Tide and other Poems,' + 'All in All,' and 'Wind Voices,' 39. + + Martin, Sir Theodore. 'Life of the late Prince Consort,' 190; + 'Book of Ballads'; 'Memoir of Aytoun'; 'Life of Lord + Lyndhurst'; translated the Odes of Horace; 'The Vita Nuova'; + 'Faust'; and Heine's 'Poems and Ballads'; 'Sketch of the Life + of Princess Alice,' 191. + + Martineau, Harriet. 'History of the Peace,' 95; + Abridgment of Comte; influence upon her own generation; very + versatile writer; her 'Biographical Sketches' originally + published in _Daily News_, 180; + her historical work mere compilation; 'Deerbrook'; 'The Hour + and the Man'; 'Letters on the Laws of Man's Nature and + Development,' 181. + + Martineau, James. Early career, 166; + from Bentham to Kant; 'Endeavour after the Christian Life'; + 'Hours of Thought on Sacred Things'; 'Study of Spinoza'; + 'Types of Ethical Theory,' 167. + + 'Martyrs of Science,' 150. + + 'Mary Barton,' 71. + + 'Mary Tudor,' 33. + + 'Masks and Faces,' 58. + + Massey, Gerald. Chartist poet. Wrote 'Poems and Charms' and + 'Voices of Freedom and Lyrics of Love,' &c., 37. + + Massey, William Nathaniel. 'History of England under George III.' + 95 + + Masson, David. 'Life of Milton'; 'British Novelists and their + Styles'; 'Drummond of Hawthornden,' 177. + + 'Master of Ballantrae, The,' 60. + + 'Maud,' 10. + + 'Maude,' 22. + + Maurice, John Frederick Denison. Editor of the _Athenaeum_; joined + the Anglican Church, 163; + 'Subscription no Bondage'; 'Kingdom of Christ' tracts; 'Politics + for the People'; organised the Christian socialist and + co-operative movement, 164. + + Maxse, Admiral, 62. + + May, Sir Thomas Erskine. Continued the work of Hallam and Stubbs, + 79; + 'Democracy in Europe'; 'Constitutional History,' 80. + + Melbourne, Lord, and Macaulay, 91. + + 'Melincourt,' 62. + + Melville, George John Whyte. The novelist of the hunting field; + 'Katerfelto'; 'Black but Comely'; 'The Queen's Maries'; 'The + Gladiators,' 59. + + 'Memoirs of Barry Lyndon,' 45. + + 'Memoir of Principal Tulloch,' 74. + + 'Memorials of Canterbury,' 161. + + 'Men and Women,' 12. + + 'Mental and Moral Science,' 147. + + 'Mental Evolution in Animals,' 157. + + Meredith, George. 'Love in a Valley,' 60; + The Browning of Novelists; 'The Shaving of Shagpat'; 'Farina'; + 'The Ordeal of Richard Feverel' considered his best novel; + 'Evan Harrington'; 'Rhoda Fleming'; 'The Adventures of Harry + Richmond'; 'Beauchamp's Career'; 'The Egoist'; 'The Tragic + Comedians'; 'Diana of the Crossways'; Stevenson's admiration + for 'The Egoist,' 61; + 'Sandra Belloni,' 62. + + Meredith, George, and Rossetti, 24. + + Merivale, Charles. 'History of the Romans under the Empire,' 102. + + 'Metaphysics, or the Philosophy of Consciousness, Phenomenal and + Real,' 169. + + Methodism and Carlyle, 51. + + 'Methods of Ethics,' 143. + + _Metropolitan Magazine, The_, 67. + + 'Middle Ages' (Hallam's), 77. + + 'Middlemarch,' 50. + + Mill, James. 'History of India'; 'Analysis of the Human Mind,' 137. + + Mill, John Stuart. Ruskin's scorn of; education, 137; + influence of Wordsworth; the India House; _Westminster Review_; + Carlyle's 'French Revolution,' 138; + 'Political Economy'; 'Liberty'; 'Subjection of Women'; + contemporary opinion of Mrs Mill, 139; + 'Logic'; 'Essays on Unsettled Questions in Political Economy'; + 'Principles of Political Economy'; 'Liberty'; 'Sir William + Hamilton's Philosophy'; 'Dissertations and Discussions'; + 'Considerations on Representative Government'; a stimulator + of public opinion, 140; + his philosophical weaknesses, 141-42; + abandonment of early positions; 'Autobiography'; a socialist + at the last, 142. + + Miller, Hugh, 151. + Journalist; _The Witness_; 'Old Red Sandstone'; 'Footprints + of the Creator'; 'The Testimony of the Rocks,' 152. + + 'Mill on the Floss, The,' 50. + + Millais, Sir John, and the pre-Raphaelite movement, 23. + + Milman, Henry Hart. 'Gibbon's Rome'; 'History of the Jews'; + 'History of Christianity under the Empire,' 102; + 'Latin Christianity'; Dean Stanley's appreciation, 103. + + 'Milton, Masson's Life of,' 177. + + 'Ministering Children,' 73. + + Minor Poets, The, of our era, 31. + + 'Mirandola,' 36. + + 'Mr Herbert Spencer and Mr G. H. Lewes; their application of the + Doctrine of Evolution to Thought,' 147. + + 'Mr Midshipman Easy,' 67. + + 'Mrs Caudle's Curtain Lectures,' 187. + + 'Mrs Halliburton's Troubles,' 70. + + Mivart, St George, 151. + + 'Modern' Essays (Myers), 172. + + 'Modern Painters,' 130, 132. + + Molesworth, Rev. William Nassau. 'History of England, 1830-1873'; + 'History of the Church of England,' 95. + + 'Moliere,' by Mrs Oliphant, 74. + + 'Money,' 56. + + 'Monks of St Mark, The,' 62. + + 'Monograph on Charlotte Bronte,' 183. + + _Monthly Magazine, The_, 42. + + 'Moonstone, The,' 69. + + Moore, Thomas. The pioneer of the 'Celtic Renaissance'; 'Irish + Melodies,' 33; + 'Lalla Rookh'; 'Life of Byron,' 34. + + 'More Leaves from the Journal of our Life in the Highlands,' 192. + + 'More Worlds than One,' 150. + + Morison, James Cotter. Biographer of St Bernard of Clairvaux and + Macaulay; 'The Service of Man,' 180. + + Morley, John. Antagonist of 'Supernatural Christianity'; a gifted + biographer and journalist; editor of _Morning Star_, _Literary + Gazette_, _Fortnightly Review_, _Pall Mall Gazette_, and + _Macmillan's Magazine_; editor of 'English Men of Letters + Series'; 'Life of Burke'; influence, 181; + lives of Voltaire, Rousseau, Diderot; 'Life of Cobden'; his + essay 'On Compromise' probably the most exhaustive treatment + of the question, 182. + + Morley, John, and Macaulay, 93. + + _Morning Chronicle, The_, 42. + + _Morning Star_, 181. + + Morris, Sir Lewis. Wrote 'Songs of Two Worlds'; 'Epic of Hades'; + 'A Vision of Saints,' &c., 26. + + Morris, William. Connection with Rossetti, 23; + versatility of his genius; 'Dream of John Ball'; 'News from + Nowhere,' 24; + 'Defence of Guenevere'; 'Life and Death of Jason'; 'The Earthly + Paradise,' 25. + + Moulton, Mrs Chandler, 39. + + Mueller, Friedrich Max. Eminent Philologist; 'Lectures on the + Science of Language'; 'Chips from a German Workshop,' 99; + early religious systems, 100. + + Mulock, Dinah. 'John Halifax, Gentleman,' her best and most + successful book, 72. + + 'Munera Pulveris,' 133. + + Murchison, Sir Roderick Impey. Geologist; popularity of his + 'Siluria,' 152. + + Murray, Dr John, 155. + + 'My Beautiful Lady,' 23. + + 'My Cousin Nicholas,' 30. + + Myers, Ernest, 173. + + Myers, Frederick William Henry. 'Saint Paul'; his 'Classical' + and 'Modern' critical essays full of delightful ideas; biography + of Wordsworth, 172. + + 'Mythology of the Aryan Nations,' 100. + + + Nansen, Dr, 186. + + 'Napoleon, A Short History of,' 105. + + 'National and Historical Ballads, Songs and Poems,' 34. + + _National Reformer, The_, and 'The City of Dreadful Night,' 32. + + 'Natural History,' 153. + + 'Natural Religion,' 105. + + 'Naturalist's Voyage Round the World, A,' 155. + + 'Nelson Memorial, The,' 6. + + 'Nemesis of Faith,' 84. + + 'Never too Late to Mend,' 58. + + 'New Arabian Nights, The,' 60. + + 'Newcomes, The,' 45. + + 'New Magdalen, The,' 69. + + Newman, Francis William. 'The Soul,' 'Theism,' 'Phases of Faith,' + 170, 171. + + Newman, John Henry. Early religious tendencies; 'My Battle with + Liberalism,' 107; + Matthew Arnold's description of Newman, 107-108; + Tractarian movement; 'Lead Kindly Light'; 'Tracts for the Time'; + Tract XC., 108-109; + joins Church of Rome; Father Achilli, 109; + 'Apologia pro Vita Sua,'; Kingsley's attack and defeat, 110-111; + Froude on Newman's character, 110; + 'Dream of Gerontius'; 'Verses on Various Occasions,' 111; + 'Callista'; 'A Sketch of the Third Century'; 'Essay in Aid of + the Grammar of Assent,' 111; + Swinburne's 'Apostrophe'; Newman's influence on England and her + Prime Ministers, 112. + + 'New Poems,' 22. + + 'News from Nowhere,' 24. + + 'Nicholas Nickleby,' 42. + + 'Nightmare Abbey,' 62. + + 'Night Side of Nature, The,' 72. + + _Nonconformist, The_, and Spencer, 145. + + 'North and South,' 71. + + Norton, Mrs. Author of 'Stuart of Dunleath' and 'Lost and Saved,' + 72. + + Novelists and journalism, 186-187. + + Novelists of the Era:-- + Alexander, Mrs, 74. + A.L.O.E., 73. + Ainsworth, W. H., 67. + Barrie, J. M., 63. + Besant, Sir W., 65. + Black, W., 68. + Blackmore, R. D., 69. + Braddon, Miss, 74. + Bronte, Anne, 48. + Bronte, Charlotte, 46. + Bronte, Emily, 47. + Broughton, Miss R., 74. + Carleton, W., 66. + Carroll, Lewis, 64. + Charles, Mrs, 73. + Charlesworth, Miss M. L., 73. + Clifford, Mrs W. K., 74. + Clive, Mrs Archer, 72. + Craik, Mrs, 72. + Crowe, Mrs, 71. + Collins, W. W., 69. + Corelli, Miss M., 74. + Dickens, C., 42. + Disraeli, B., 57. + Doyle, Conan, 63. + Eliot, George, 49. + Ewing, Mrs, 73. + Fullerton, Lady G., 72. + Gaskell, Mrs, 71. + Hardy, T., 68. + Hope, Anthony, 63. + James, G. P. R., 67. + Kavanagh, Miss J., 72. + Kingsley, C., 53. + Kingsley, H., 55. + Kingston, W. H. G., 67. + Le Fanu, J. S., 66. + Lever, C, 66. + Linton, Mrs Lynn, 74. + Lyall, Edna, 74. + Lytton, E. B., 56. + MacDonald, G., 63. + Macquoid, Mrs, 74. + Malet, L., 74. + Manning, Anne, 72. + Marryat, Captain F., 66. + Marsh, Mrs, 71. + Melville, G. J. W., 59. + Meredith, G., 60. + Mulock, Miss D., 72. + Norton, Mrs, 72. + Oliphant, Mrs, 74. + Ouida, 74. + Peacock, T. L., 62. + Pemberton, Max, 63. + 'Q.', 63. + Reade, C., 57. + Rice, J., 65. + Schreiner, Miss O., 74. + Sergeant, Miss A., 74. + Shorthouse, J. H., 64. + Stevenson, R. L., 59. + Stretton, Mrs, 72. + Thackeray, W. M., 44. + Trollope, A., 58. + Tucker, Miss C. M., 73. + Ward, Mrs H., 74. + Warren, S., 70. + Weyman, S., 63. + Wood, Mrs H., 70. + Yonge, Miss C., 74. + + + Odes of Horace (Martin's translation), 191. + + 'Old Arm Chair, The,' 29. + + 'Old Curiosity Shop, The,' 42. + + 'Old English History,' 81. + + 'Old Red Sandstone,' 152. + + 'Old St Paul's,' 67. + + 'Old Stoic, The,' 47. + + Oliphant, Mrs. Type of the age; wrote biography, criticism, and + every form of prose; 'Makers of Florence'; 'Life of Edward + Irving'; 'History of Eighteenth Century Literature'; 'Memoir + of Principal Tulloch'; 'Cervantes'; 'Moliere'; 'Dress'; + neither a good critic nor a very accurate student; her fame + will have to rest on her novels, 74; + 'Salem Chapel'; 'Passages in the life of Margaret Maitland' + her first novel; 'The Lady's Walk' the last, 75. + + 'Oliver Twist,' 42. + + 'Omar Khayyam,' 35. + + 'On Compromise,' 182. + + 'Onesimus,' 165. + + 'On the Divinity of Jesus Christ,' 167. + + 'On the Proper Sphere of Government,' 145. + + 'On the Structure and Motion of Glaciers,' 151. + + 'Ordeal of Richard Feverel,' 61. + + 'Order and Progress,' 179. + + 'Origin of Civilization,' 99. + + 'Origin of Species,' 156. + + 'Orion,' 36. + + O'Shaughnessy, Arthur. Wrote 'Epic of Women and other Poems,' 39. + + Ouida, 74. + + _Oxford and Cambridge Magazine, The_, 23. + + + Palgrave, Francis Turner. Editor of the 'Golden Treasury of Songs + and Lyrics,' 81. + + Palgrave, Sir Francis. Wrote 'History of Normandy and England,' + 81. + + _Pall Mall Gazette_, 181, 188. + + 'Palmyra,' 62. + + 'Paper Money Lyrics and other Poems,' 62. + + 'Passages from the Diary of a Late Physician,' 70. + + 'Passages in the Life of Margaret Maitland,' 75. + + 'Past and Present,' 123. + + Pater, Walter. A great Critic; 'Marius the Epicurean'; 'Imaginary + Portraits'; 'The most Rhythmical of English Prose Writers'; + 'Renaissance'; 'Appreciations,' 171. + + Patmore, Coventry. 'Angel in the House' not always sincere, 31; + 'Unknown Eros,' 32. + + Pattison, Mark. 'The Tendencies of Religious Thought in England'; + profound scholar; 'Life of Isaac Casaubon,' 163. + + 'Paul Ferrell,' 72. + + 'Pauline,' 13. + + Payn, James. Editor _Cornhill Magazine_; 'Lost Sir Massingberd' + and 'By Proxy' the most popular of his novels, 189. + + Peacock, Thomas Love. Influence of, on Meredith; 'The Monks of + St Mark'; 'Palmyra'; 'Headlong Hall'; 'Melincourt'; 'Nightmare + Abbey'; 'Maid Marion'; 'Crotchet Castle'; 'Paper Money Lyrics + and other Poems,' 62; + 'Gryll Grange'; his relations with other famous men, 63. + + 'Peg Woffington,' 58. + + 'Pelham,' 56. + + Pemberton, Max, 63. + + 'Pendennis,' 45. + + 'Pentateuch and Book of Joshua Critically Examined, The,' 164. + + 'Peter Simple,' 67. + + 'Phantasmion,' 35. + + 'Phases of Faith,' 170, 171. + + 'Philip Van Artevelde,' 28. + + 'Philochristus,' 165. + + 'Philosophy of Kant,' 170. + + 'Physics and Politics,' 184. + + 'Physiography,' 158. + + 'Pickwick Papers,' influence of eighteenth century humorists + marked in, 41; + first appearance of, 42. + + 'Pioneers of Evolution,' 99. + + 'Poems and Charms,' 37. + + 'Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell,' 47. + + 'Poems' by George Meredith, 60, 62. + + 'Poems,' by Matthew Arnold, 20. + + 'Poems of Rural Life in the Dorset Dialect,' 37. + + Poets of the Era:-- + Arnold, M., 17-21. + Arnold, Sir Edwin, 26. + Austin, A., 39. + Bailey, P. J., 28. + Banim, J., 34. + Banim, M., 34. + Barham, R. H., 30. + Barnes, W., 37. + Beddoes, T. L., 36. + Browning, Mrs, 14-15. + Browning, Robert, 13-14. + Calverley, C. S., 30. + Clough, A. H., 21. + Coleridge, H., 35. + Coleridge, Sara, 35. + Cook, Eliza, 29. + Cooper, T., 37. + Davis, T., 34. + De Vere, T. A., 33. + Dobell, S., 31. + Dobson, A., 30. + Dufferin, Lady, 34. + Elliott, E., 37. + Ferguson, Sir S., 34. + FitzGerald, E., 34. + Hawker, R. S., 38. + Hood, T., 29. + Horne, R. H., 36. + Ingelow, Jean, 29. + Jones, E., 37. + Kipling, R., 40. + Landor, W. S., 15-16. + Lang, A., 30. + Lover, S., 34. + Mangan, J. C, 34. + Marston, J. W., 38. + Marston, P. B., 39. + Massey, G., 37. + Moore, T., 33. + Morris, Sir Lewis, 26. + Morris, William, 24. + O'Shaughnessy, A., 39. + Patmore, C., 31. + Procter, A. A., 36. + Procter, B. W., 35. + Rossetti, Christina, 22. + Rossetti, Dante G., 22. + Rossetti, Maria Francesca, 22. + Smith, A., 31. + Southey, R., 5. + Swinburne, A. C., 16. + Taylor, Sir Henry, 28. + Tennyson, A., 10. + Thomson, J., 32. + Tupper, M. F., 27. + Watson, W., 40. + Woolner, T., 23. + Wordsworth, 7. + + 'Political Destiny of Canada,' 185. + + 'Political Economy' (Fawcett's), 142. + + 'Political Economy' (Mill's), 139-141. + + 'Political Economy' (Sidgwick's), 143. + + 'Politics for the People,' 164. + + _Portfolio, The_, 172. + + Potter, Miss Beatrice, 144. + + Praed, Winthrop Mackworth, 36. + + 'Praeterita,' 130. + + 'Pre-historic Times,' 99. + + 'Prelude, The,' 9. + + 'Pre-Raphaelitism,' 132. + + 'Pre-Raphaelite Movement, The,' 23. + + 'Pride and his Pursuers,' 73. + + 'Primer of English Literature,' 166. + + 'Primitive Culture,' 99. + + 'Prince Otto,' 60. + + 'Principles of Economics,' 143. + + 'Principles of Geology,' 152. + + 'Principles of Psychology,' 145. + + 'Problems of Life and Mind,' 149. + + Procter, Adelaide Anne. Wrote 'Legends and Lyrics,' &c., 36. + + Procter, Bryan Waller. Wrote 'Dramatic Scenes'; 'Marcian + Colonna'; 'Mirandola,' &c., 35-36. + + 'Professor, The,' 47. + + 'Prolegomena to Ethics,' 148. + + 'Proverbial Philosophy,' 27. + + 'Proverbs in Porcelain,' 30. + + _Punch_, 187. + + 'Purgatory of Suicides, The,' 37. + + Pusey, Edward Bouverie. Founder of the modern high church + movement; a writer of 'Tracts for the Times'; 'Letter to + Keble'; 'Eirenicon,' 158. + + 'Put Yourself in His Place,' 58. + + + 'Q,' 63. + + _Quarterly Magazine, The_, 91. + + _Quarterly Review, The_, 28, 93, 154, 177. + + 'Queen's Maries, The,' 59. + + 'Queen Mary,' 10. + + + 'Raleigh,' 27. + + 'Ranthorpe,' 149. + + _Rattlesnake_ Survey, The, 157. + + 'Ravenshoe,' 55. + + Reade, Charles, 57-58. + 'Peg Woffington'; 'The Cloister and the Hearth'; 'Griffith + Gaunt'; 'Hard Cash'; 'Foul Play'; 'Put Yourself in His Place'; + 'Never Too Late to Mend'; 'Masks and Faces'; 'Drink,' 58. + + 'Ready Money Mortiboy,' 65. + + 'Realmah,' 191. + + Reid, Sir Wemyss. 'Monograph on Charlotte Bronte,' and life of + Lord Houghton, 183. + + 'Reign of Henry VIII.', 89. + + 'Reign of William Rufus and Accession of Henry I.,' 81. + + 'Rejected Addresses,' 8. + + 'Relations between England and America, The,' 185. + + 'Remembrances of Mrs Overtheway,' 73. + + 'Renaissance in Italy,' 103. + + 'Renaissance. Studies in Art and Poetry' (later), 171. + + 'Return of the Native, The,' 68. + + 'Rhetoric' (Whately's), 159. + + 'Rhoda Fleming,' 61. + + Rice, James. Collaborated with Walter Besant in 'Ready Money + Mortiboy' and 'The Golden Butterfly,' &c., 65. + + 'Richelieu,' 56. + + 'Rienzi,' 56. + + 'Ring and The Book, The,' 12. + + 'Rise and Influence of the Spirit of Rationalism,' 96. + + 'Ritualism, Essay on,' 106. + + 'Rivulet, The,' 166. + + 'Robert Falconer,' 63. + + Robertson, Frederick William, 165; + 'Life,' 166. + + Robinson, Henry Crabb. 'Diary,' edited by Dr Sadler, 183. + + 'Rocks Ahead,' 170. + + Rogers, Thorold. 'History of Agriculture and Prices,' 144. + + Rogers, Samuel. His 'Table Talk' full of good stories, 183. + + 'Rogers and his Contemporaries,' 184. + + 'Rogers, Early Life of,' 184. + + 'Roman Empire, The Holy,' 104. + + 'Rome, History of' (Dr Arnold's), 160. + + Romanes, George John. 'Animal Intelligence,' 'Mental Evolution in + Animals,' 157. + + 'Romany Rye, The,' 185. + + 'Romola,' 50. + + 'Rookwood,' 67. + + 'Rory O'More,' 34. + + Rossetti, Christina Georgina. 'Goblin Market,' 'Called to be + Saints,' 'The Face of the Deep,' 'Maude,' 'New Poems,' 22. + + Rossetti, Dante Gabriel, 22; + the pre-Raphaelite movement; the _Germ_; 'The Blessed Damozel'; + 'Hand and Soul'; connection with Ruskin, Morris, Swinburne, + and _Oxford and Cambridge Magazine_; 'The Early Italian + Poets,' 23; + 'The White Ship'; 'The King's Tragedy'; 'Sister Helen'; 'The + House of Life,' 24. + + Rossetti, Maria Francesca. 'Shadow of Dante,' 22. + + 'Recreations of Christopher North,' 187. + + 'Rubayat of Omar Khayyam of Naishapur,' 35. + + Ruskin, John, 129. + 'Praeterita'; early influences; Oxford; 'Salsette and Elephanta'; + 'Modern Painters'; Mazzini's opinion of, 130; + 'Seven Lamps of Architecture,' 130-131; + the 'Stones of Venice'; 'Pre-Raphaelitism'; Slade lectures; as + economist; 'Unto this Last,' 132; + the _Cornhill Magazine_ readers; his socialism; 'Munera + Pulveris'; 'Time and Tide by Wear and Tyne'; _Manchester + Examiner_; 'Fors Clavigera,' 133; + the tea-shop in the Marylebone Road; St George's Guild; Ruskin + museum, 134; + his influence; 'Crown of Wild Olive'; 'Time and Tide,' 'Sesame + and Lilies,' 135-6; + his self criticism, 136; + scorn of John Stuart Mill, 137. + + 'Ruth,' 71. + + Ryle, John Charles. Famous literary exponent of the Evangelical + position; 'Shall we know one another in Heaven'; 'Bible + Inspiration,' 168. + + + Saintsbury, George. Profound knowledge of French and English + literature, 174; + in brief biographies of Sir Walter Scott and others most + excellent, 175. + + 'Saint Paul,' 172. + + 'Saint's Tragedy, The,' 53. + + 'St Ives,' 60. + + St Luke. Schleiermacher's Essay on, 101. + + 'St Thomas of Canterbury,' 33. + + Sala, George Augustus. 'The Land of the Golden Fleece'; 'America + Revisited'; 'Living London,' 188. + + 'Salem Chapel,' 75. + + 'Salsette and Elephanta,' 130. + + Sanderson, Burdon, 151. + + 'Sandra Belloni,' 62. + + 'Sands of Dee, The,' 54. + + 'Sartor Resartus,' 121. + + _Saturday Review, The_, and Freeman, 83. + + 'Savonarola,' 40. + + 'Saxons in England,' 80. + + Sayce, Archibald Henry, 100. + + 'Scenes of Clerical Life,' 49. + + Schloss, D. F., 144. + + 'Schoenberg-Cotta Family, The,' 73. + + Schreiner, Miss Olive, 74. + + 'Science, Lectures on, for Unscientific People,' 150-151. + + Scott, Sir Walter. Death of, 5; + on 'Madoc,' 6; + Lockhart's 'Life of,' 177. + + Scott, William Bell. Best known by his 'Autobiography,' 173. + + 'Seaside Studies,' 149. + + Seeley, Sir John Robert. 'Life and Times of Stein'; German and + English criticisms; 'History and Politics,' 104; + 'Expansion of England'; 'A Short History of Napoleon'; 'Ecce + Homo'; censure and praise; Mr Gladstone; 'Natural Religion,' + 105. + + 'Select Charters,' 79. + + 'Selections from Wordsworth,' 8, 9. + + 'Senses and the Intellect, The,' 147. + + Sergeant, Miss Adeline, 74. + + 'Service of Man, The,' 180. + + 'Sesame and Lilies,' 135-136. + + 'Seven Lamps of Architecture,' 130-131. + + 'Shadow of Dante,' 22. + + 'Shakspere, his Mind and Art,' 173. + + 'Shall we know one another in Heaven,' 168. + + 'Shaving of Shagpat, The,' 61. + + Shelley. Death of, 5; + on Southey's 'Thalaba,' 6; + acquaintance with Peacock, 62; + Dowden's 'Life of,' 174. + + Sherlock Holmes, 63. + + 'Shirley,' 47. + + 'Short History of Napoleon, A,' 105. + + 'Short History of the English People,' 97. + + Shorthouse, Joseph Henry. 'John Inglesant'; 'Sir Perceval'; + 'Little Schoolmaster Mark,' 64. + + 'Short Studies on Great Subjects,' 88. + + Sidgwick, Henry. 'Principles of Political Economy'; 'Methods of + Ethics'; a compromise; 'Elements of Politics,' 143. + + 'Silas Marner,' 50. + + 'Siluria,' 152. + + 'Sinai and Palestine,' 161. + + 'Sir Perceval,' 64. + + 'Sister Helen,' 24. + + 'Sketches by Boz,' 42. + + 'Sketch of the Life of Princess Alice,' 191. + + Smith, Alexander, 31. + + Smith, Goldwin. 'The Relations between England and America'; 'The + Political Destiny of Canada,' 185. + + Smith, H. Llewellyn, 144. + + Smith, Sydney. 'The Ballot'; 'The Church Bills'; 'The Wit and + Wisdom of Sydney Smith,' 187. + + 'Social Statics,' 145. + + 'Soldiers Three,' 40. + + 'Some Aspects of Robert Burns,' 60. + + 'Song of the Shirt,' 29. + + 'Song of the Sword,' 172. + + 'Song of the Western Men,' 38. + + 'Songs of Two Worlds,' 26. + + 'Song Tide and other Poems,' 39. + + 'Sonnets from the Portuguese,' 14. + + 'Sonnets on the War,' 31. + + 'Soul, The,' 170. + + Southey, 5-7, 15. + + 'Spanish Gypsy,' 50. + + Spedding, James. 'Letters and Life of Francis Bacon,' 184. + + 'Speeches and Addresses of the late Prince Consort,' 192. + + Spencer, Herbert. The most characteristic philosopher of the + century; 'On the Proper Sphere of Government'; _Nonconformist_; + _Westminster Review_; 'Social Statics'; 'Principles of + Psychology'; 'Education'; 'First Principles,' 145; + 'Descriptive Sociology'; universality of his knowledge; his + 'Study of Sociology' and 'Education' books which all who read + must enjoy, 146. + + 'Spencer, Mr Herbert, and Mr G. H. Lewes: their Application of + the Doctrine of Evolution to Thought,' 147. + + 'Spirit's Trials, The,' 84. + + Spurgeon, Charles Haddon. Most distinguished Nonconformist minister + of the period; 'John Ploughman's Talk,' 168. + + _Standard, The_. Austin's connection with, 40. + + Stanley, Arthur Penrhyn. 'Life of Dr Arnold'; 'Memorials of + Canterbury'; 'Sinai and Palestine,' 161; + 'Lectures on the Eastern Church'; 'Lectures on the Jewish + Church'; leader of the Broad Church movement; proposed + the suppression of the Athanasian creed in church services; + his 'Life,' written by Dean Bradley, 162. + + Stanley, H. M., 186. + + Stanhope, Earl (Lord Mahon). 'History of the Reign of Queen + Anne,' and 'History of England from 1713-1783,' 95. + + 'State in its Relations with the Church, The,' 106. + + 'Statesmen of the Commonwealth,' 179. + + 'Stein, Life and Times of,' 104. + + Stephen, Leslie. A critic of remarkable learning; 'Hours in a + Library'; 'History of English Thought in the Eighteenth + Century,' 175; + first editor of the _Dictionary of National Biography_, 176. + + Stephen, Leslie, and Macaulay, 93. + + Stevenson, Robert Louis. One of the most picturesque figures + in literature; 'With a Donkey in the Cevennes,' 59; + his plays; 'Beau Austin,' probably the greatest contribution + to the drama of the era; 'Virginibus Puerisque'; 'Some + Aspects of Robert Burns'; 'A Child's Garden of Verse'; + 'Underwoods'; his place as a novelist; 'Treasure Island'; + 'The New Arabian Nights'; 'The Master of Ballantrae'; 'Prince + Otto'; 'St Ives'; 'Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde,' 60; + his admiration of 'The Egoist,' 61; + his influence on the modern historical romance, 63. + + Stewart, Balfour, 151. + + 'Stones of Venice,' 132. + + 'Story of My Heart, The,' 188. + + 'Stuart of Dunleath,' 72. + + Stubbs, William. Librarian at Lambeth Palace; edited mediaeval + chronicles, 78; + Regius Professor of History at Oxford; 'Select Charters'; + 'Constitutional History'; profoundly scientific, but not + dry-as-dust, 79. + + 'Student's Elements of Geology,' 152. + + 'Studies in Art and Poetry,' 171. + + 'Studies in Homer,' 106. + + 'Studies in Literature,' 173. + + 'Studies in Sensation and Event,' 37. + + 'Study of Sociology,' 146. + + 'Study of Spinoza, 167. + + 'Strathmore,' 38. + + Strauss, 49. + + 'Strayed Reveller, The,' 20. + + Stretton, Mrs. Author of 'The Valley of a Hundred Fires,' 72. + + 'Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs,' 155. + + 'Subjection of Women,' 139. + + 'Subscription no Bondage,' 164. + + 'Supernatural Religion,' 171. + + 'Supper at the Mill,' 29. + + 'Susan Hopley,' 71. + + 'Swallow Flights,' 39. + + Swift, modern biographies of, 178. + + Swinburne, Algernon Charles. Only comparable to Landor, 16; + 'Ave atque Vale' an imperishable elegy; a great poet and a + great prose writer, 17; + connection with Rossetti, 24; + admiration for Matthew Arnold, 17, + and Emily Bronte, 48. + + 'Sybil,' 57. + + 'Sylvia's Lovers,' 71. + + Symonds, John Addington. 'Renaissance in Italy,' 103; + Cellini's 'Autobiography,' 104. + + + 'Table Talk' (Rogers's), 183. + + 'Table Talk' (Southey's), 6. + + 'Tales of Ireland,' 66. + + 'Tancred' 57. + + 'Tangled Tale, A,' 64. + + 'Task, The,' 6. + + Taylor, Sir Henry. Author of 'Philip Van Artevelde,' &c., 28. + + Temple, Frederick. 'The Education of the World'; Bishop of + London, Archbishop of Canterbury, 162. + + 'Tenant of Wildfell Hall, The,' 48. + + 'Tendencies of Religious Thought in England, The,' 163. + + Tennyson, Alfred. Purity of his style; music; no great + characterisation in 'Harold' or 'Queen Mary'; insight of + 'Maud'; 'In Memoriam' and 'The Idylls of the King' won him + wider audiences, 10; + his transcendentalism; friendship with Browning; social traits, + 11; + popularity, 12. + + 'Ten Thousand a Year,' 70. + + 'Tess of the D'Urbervilles,' 68. + + 'Testimony of the Rocks, The,' 152. + + Thackeray, William Makepeace, 44-46; + admiration for 'David Copperfield'; his literary position, 44; + _Fraser's Magazine_; 'History of Samuel Titmarsh and the Great + Hoggarty Diamond'; 'Yellow Plush Papers'; 'Memoirs of Barry + Lyndon'; 'Vanity Fair'; 'Pendennis'; 'Esmond'; 'The + Newcomes'; 'The Virginians'; contested Oxford; _Cornhill + Magazine_, 45; + his death; his five great novels the basis of his future fame, + 46; + Trollope's biography of, 58; + burlesqued G. P. R. James, 67. + + 'Thalaba,' 6. + + 'Theism,' 170. + + Theocritus (Lang's), 176. + + 'Theology in the English Poets,' 166. + + Thirlwall, Connop (Bishop). 'History of Greece'; Grote's + appreciation of; Schleiermacher's 'Essay on St Luke,' 101. + + 'Thomas a Becket,' 86. + + Thomson, James. Author of 'The City of Dreadful Night,' 32. + + 'Three Fishers, The,' 54. + + 'Through Nature to Christ,' 165. + + 'Through the Looking-Glass,' 64. + + 'Thucydides,' 160. + + 'Thyrsis,' 21. + + 'Time and Tide by Wear and Tyne,' 133, 135. + + 'Tom Brown's School Days,' 161. + + 'Tower of London, The,' 67. + + 'Town Life in the Fifteenth Century,' 98. + + Toynbee, Arnold. 'The Industrial Revolution,' 144. + + 'Tract XC.,' 108. + + 'Tracts for the Time,' 108. + + 'Trade Unionism, History of,' 145. + + 'Tragic Comedians, The,' 61. + + 'Traits and Stories of the Irish Peasantry,' 66. + + 'Treasure Island,' 60. + + Trevelyan, Sir George Otto. His 'Life of Lord Macaulay' a + delightful biography; 'Early History of Charles James Fox,' + 182. + + Trollope, Anthony. 'Barchester Towers'; 'Framley Parsonage'; + 'Dr Thorne'; 'Life of Cicero'; his biography of Thackeray + the best that has yet appeared, 58. + + Tucker, Miss C. M. (A.L.O.E.), 73. (_Vide supra._) + + Tupper, Martin Farquhar. 'Proverbial Philosophy'; 'Ballads for + the Times,' 'Raleigh,' 'Cithara,' 27. + + Turner, Sharon, 80. + + 'Two Years Ago,' 54. + + Tylor, Edward Burnett. 'Primitive Culture'; 'Anthropology,' 99. + + Tyndall, John. 'Faraday as a Discoverer,' 150; + 'Lectures on Science for Unscientific People'; Huxley's eulogy + of; 'On the Structure and Motion of Glaciers,' 151. + + 'Types of Ethical Theory,' 167. + + + 'Uncle Silas,' 66. + + 'Underwoods,' 60. + + 'Unknown Eros,' 32. + + 'Unto this Last,' 132-3, 136. + + + 'Valley of a Hundred Fires, The,' 72. + + 'Vanity Fair,' 45. + + 'Vatican Decrees, The,' 106. + + 'Venetia,' 57. + + 'Verses and Translations,' 30. + + 'Verses on Various Occasions,' 111. + + Victoria, Queen. 'Leaves from a Journal'; 'The Early Days of the + Prince Consort'; 'More Leaves from the Journal,' 192. + + 'Views and Reviews,' 172. + + 'Vignettes in Rhyme,' 30. + + 'Villette,' 47. + + 'Virginians, The,' 45. + + 'Virginibus Puerisque,' 60. + + 'Vision of Saints, A,' 26. + + 'Vita Nuova' (Martin's), 191. + + 'Vivian Grey,' 57. + + 'Voices of Freedom and Lyrics of Love,' 37. + + + 'Waldenses, The,' 33. + + Wallace, Alfred Russel, 156. + + Ward, Mrs Humphry, 74; + Translated Amiel's 'Journal,' 189. + + Warren, Samuel. 'Passages from a Diary of a Late Physician,' 'Ten + Thousand a Year,' 70. + + Watson, William. Author of 'Wordsworth's Grave,' 'Lachrymae + Musarum,' &c., 40. + + 'Wearing of the Green, The,' 178. + + Webb, Mr and Mrs Sidney. 'The History of Trade Unionism,' 145. + + 'Wee Willie Winkie,' 40. + + _Westminster Review_, 49, 138, 145. + + 'Westward Ho,' 54. + + Weyman, Stanley, 63. + + Whately, Richard. His 'Logic' and 'Rhetoric,' pre-Victorian; + Archbishop of Dublin, 159; + 'Christian Evidences,' 160. + + 'White Ship, The,' 24. + + Wilberforce, Bishop, and Darwin, 154. + + 'Wilhelm Meister,' 113. + + Wilson, John. Editor of _Blackwood's Magazine_; 'Recreations + of Christopher North,' 187. + + 'Window in Thrums, A,' 63. + + 'Wind Voices,' 39. + + 'Wit and Wisdom of Sidney Smith, The,' 187. + + 'With a Donkey in the Cevennes,' 59. + + _Witness, The_, 152. + + 'Woman in White, The,' 69. + + 'Woman in France in the 18th Century,' 72. + + Women novelists, 49. + + 'Woodlanders, The,' 68. + + 'Wood Magic,' 188. + + Wood, Mrs Henry. 'The Channings' and 'Mrs Haliburton's Troubles' + her best novels; 'East Lynne' the most popular, 70. + + Woolner, Thomas, 23. + + Wordsworth, William. 'Lyrical Ballads'; 'Laodamia'; Keble's eulogy + on; laureate, 7; + Arnold's estimate of, 8; + Wordsworth Society; a vital force in the last decade; Arnold's + 'Selections'; 'The Excursion,' 'The Prelude,' 'Ecclesiastical + Sonnets,' 'The Borderers,' 9; + on the Brownings' marriage, 13. + + 'Wordsworth's Grave,' 40. + + Wordsworth, Knight's biography of, 178. + + Wordsworth Society, The, 8, 9. + + 'Wuthering Heights,' 47, 48. + + + Yates, Edmund. Founded _The World_; his 'Autobiography' one of + the best books of the kind ever issued, 188. + + 'Yeast,' 54. + + 'Yellow Plush Papers, The,' 45. + + Yonge, Miss Charlotte, 74. + + 'Young Duke, The,' 57. + + + 'Zanoni,' 56. + + +TURNBULL AND SPEARS, PRINTERS, EDINBURGH + + + + + London: 10 Henrietta Street + Covent Garden, W.C. + + + A Selected List + of + Books + published by + Mr James Bowden + + + Telegraphic Address: + "Reperuse, London" + + + + +_Mr JAMES BOWDEN'S Announcements._ + + +NEW NOVEL BY JOSEPH HOCKING. + +_Crown 8vo, cloth gilt, 3s. 6d._ + +The Birthright + +By Joseph Hocking, Author of "All Men are Liars," "Andrew Fairfax," &c. + +With Illustrations by Harold Piffard. + + +_OPINIONS OF THE PRESS._ + +"This volume proves beyond all doubt that Mr Hocking has mastered the +art of the historical romancist. 'The Birthright' is, in its way, quite +as well constructed, as well written, and as full of incident as any +story that has come from the pen of Mr Conan Doyle or Mr Stanley +Weyman."--_The Spectator._ + +"We read Mr Hocking's book at a sitting; not because we had any leisure +for the task, but simply because the book compelled us.... We hold our +breath as each chapter draws to an end, yet cannot stop there, for the +race is unflagging.... We congratulate Mr Hocking upon his book, for it +is a great advance upon anything he has done. We prophesy a big public +for 'The Birthright.'"--_The Daily Chronicle._ + +"'The Birthright' will be appreciated on account of its successions of +exciting scenes, its crisp dialogue, its play of varied character, and a +certain eerie air of superstition with which it is pervaded....--_The +Daily Mail._ + +"A thoroughly enjoyable romance.... Mr Hocking has woven a story which +few will lay down unfinished. The interest never flags for a moment, and +the faithfulness with which the scenery of the land of Tre, Pol and Pen +is described, and the quaint dialect and traditions of its older +inhabitants are reproduced, is beyond praise."--_Weekly Times._ + +"We feel certain that, were we still condemned to go to bed at nine, we +should sleep with the book under our pillow, and wake with the birds to +see what happened.... A capital story of its class."--_The Star._ + + + + +THE LAUREL LIBRARY--VOLUME I. + +SECOND EDITION NOW READY. + +_Crown 8vo, cloth elegant, gilt top, 2s._ + +Litanies of Life + +By Kathleen Watson + + +Mr T. P. O'CONNOR, M.P., in _The Weekly Sun_ ("A Book of the Week") + +"Fancy a woman ... so gifted, sitting down with the resolve to crush +into a few words the infinite tale of all the whole race of her sex can +suffer, and you have an idea of what this remarkable book is like.... As +wonderful an epitome of a world of sorrow as I have ever read." + + +"A work of great charm, over which one likes to linger, and dream, and +think.... The words flow with that tuneful felicity which belongs more +to poetry than to prose."--_Liverpool Post._ + +"The five short, poignant stories which make up this excellent little +book, are remarkable for distinction of style, and interesting by reason +of the writer's observation of life and character, and the originality +of her reflections.... Miss Watson can tell a story in a way to cut the +reader to the heart.... The reader of sensibility will find a chastened +pleasure in every one of them."--_The Morning._ + +"So real is this first sketch, so human, so sensitively delicate, so +successful in its curious mingling of boldness and tenderness, that the +reader necessarily imagines it to be autobiographical, believing that +only out of actual sorrow could be distilled so true a record of passion +and of regret."--_The Daily Mail._ + +"Written in most admirable prose, this collection of five beautiful, +though sad stories, will appeal to all lovers of good literature.... It +adds to its worth as a clever book the additional charm of being a good +one."--_Lloyd's Newspaper._ + + + + +THE LAUREL LIBRARY--VOLUME II. + +_Crown 8vo, cloth elegant, gilt top, 2s._ + +The Widow Woman + +A CORNISH TALE. + +By Charles Lee. + + +_OPINIONS OF THE PRESS._ + +"Such a delightfully natural love story is this that even staid old +people who have not read one for a score of years will admit that it is +quite unromantic enough to be sensible.... We close the book with a +feeling of gratitude to the author who has supplied us with such a +delightful study."--_Manchester Courier._ + +"A delightful little work.... Mr Lee knows these fisher folk by heart, +and has the ability to draw them to the life in a few bright strokes of +drollery.... The character sketching is admirable, the scenes and +situations are most vividly brought out, and the pervading humour is of +a genuine stamp."--_Sheffield Independent._ + +"An entertaining story.... A clever, humorous and thoroughly enjoyable +book."--_Scotsman._ + +"A fascinating book.... From beginning to end it is delightfully fresh +and vigorous; the vignettes of Cornish life and character are quaint and +humorous; and the snatches of unsophisticated philosophy, not without a +dash of subtlety, are as amusing as they are original.... Nothing so +deliciously witty as John Trehill's courtship has been written of late, +and another story from the author's pen will be awaited with the keenest +pleasure and interest."--_Dundee Advertiser._ + +"The story, simple and homely in its nature, is told with a humour and +abandon that makes the book most delightful reading."--_Glasgow Daily +Mail._ + +"The book is one to read, having the blessed quality of making you +chuckle: the best of qualities in literature, one is inclined to say, in +these tired days."--_Black and White._ + + + + +STORIES OF LOWER LONDON. + +_Crown 8vo, cloth gilt, 3s. 6d._ + +East End Idylls + +By A. St John Adcock. + + +"This is a remarkable book. It is a collection of short stories on East +End life, but they are told with that real realism of observation of +which Mr Morrison has set the fashion. The setting is real, the slang is +real, the manners and customs seem to have been drawn from life."--_The +Daily News._ + +"It does not need any actual experience of East End life to tell the +reader of these 'East End Idylls' that they are the work of a +master-hand.... The little idylls are all exquisitely done--exquisitely, +we say, because there is no other word which will do full justice to the +performance."--_The Sun._ + +"Very vivid sketches of the East End as it is to-day. In the intimacy +they display with life in the slums, and in the terseness and force of +their style, they boldly challenge comparison with 'Tales of Mean +Streets,' nor do they lose by the comparison. Mr Adcock's themes are +less gloomy and hopeless than Mr Morrison's. Amid all the misery he +loves to recount deeds of unselfish devotion and simple heroism; nor do +I believe that he is less true to life because his realism is less +grim."--_The Pall Mall Gazette._ + +"Distinctly a book worth reading. There is heroism here, and +knowledge--true insight, in fact--and sympathy."--_The Leeds Mercury._ + +"A series of touching and delightful sketches. Much has been written of +the East End, but rarely with more charm or sympathy than by Mr +Adcock."--_The Star._ + +"Mr Adcock possesses a graphic pen, and has sketched the loves and +hates, the joys and the sorrows of the dwellers in London's mighty East +in a series of short, vigorous stories that make up a very delightful +volume."--_Lloyd's Newspaper._ + + + + +A BOOK OF YACHTING STORIES FOR HOLIDAY READING. + +_Crown 8vo, cloth, price 3s. 6d._ + +The Paper Boat + +By "Palinurus." + + +_OPINIONS OF THE PRESS._ + +"Lively tales of yachting adventure.... 'The Paper Boat' will be a +pleasant companion on any cruise, and we wish her a prosperous voyage on +her own account as well."--_Glasgow Herald._ + +"Bright and amusing.... There is some charming description in the book, +which is in every respect eminently readable, making no heavy demands on +the reader, and keeping him in good humour."--_The Sportsman._ + +"Brightly written stories of the sea.... The stories have a brightness +and freshness which cannot fail to give pleasure."--_Manchester +Courier._ + +"We unreservedly recommend this book to any one on holiday as a sure +tonic against business worries and city soot. It has the same effect as +a whip of salt spray on the face of a jaded worker."--_N. B. Daily +Mail._ + +"The author writes with strength and picturesqueness on a subject of +which he is evidently a master, and one cannot read his stories without +a thrill of the excitement that is one of the greatest charms of +yachting."--_Dundee Advertiser._ + +"A charming volume in all respects.... A more delightful story, or +better told, than 'The Voyage of the Florette' there could not be. We +envy those who have not read it. The book is full of life and +go."--_Sheffield Telegraph._ + +"As bright and breezy as can be wished.... One of the best volumes of +light short stories offered to the public for a long time +past."--_Lloyd's Newspaper._ + + + + +NEW WORK BY THE REV. FREDERICK LANGBRIDGE. + +_Crown 8vo, cloth gilt, 3s. 6d._ + +The Dreams of Dania + +By Frederick Langbridge, Author of "Sent back by the Angels," &c. + +With Four Full-Page Illustrations by J. B. Yeats. + +"Mr Langbridge's novel is one which will be read with unmixed pleasure. +It is sprightly and often amusing, reproducing the talk of Irish +peasants and Irish editors. It is also pathetic as it gives us with much +sympathy and good taste a picture of an Irish rector in sickness and +sorrow.... Narrated by Mr Langbridge in a manner that holds the interest +of the reader from beginning to end. Bridget is one of the raciest +characters in recent fiction, and a novel at once so healthy and so +pleasant should be heartily welcomed."--_British Weekly._ + + +_Crown 8vo, Art Linen, 3s. 6d._ + +Orgeas and Miradou + +With other Pieces + +By Frederick Wedmore + +Author of "Renunciations," "English Episodes," &c. + +"The beautiful story of 'Orgeas and Miradou,' is specially typical of Mr +Wedmore's power of expressing and translating the poignancy of human +emotion.... It is charged with depths of feeling, and vivid in its +extreme reticence and discrimination of touch. In it there is nothing +short of divination."--_The Athenaeum._ + + + + +SECOND EDITION NOW READY. + +_Fcap. 4to, art canvas, gilt, 3s. 6d._ + +The House of Dreams + +_An Allegory_ + +By an Anonymous Author. + + +"'The House of Dreams' belongs to the same class as Mrs Oliphant's 'A +Pilgrim in the Unseen,' and may rival the great popularity of that +striking fancy.... A book of signal literary beauty, of profound +tenderness, and deeply reverent throughout; the work of a man who finds +in earth and heaven alike the sign and token of the Cross."--_The +British Weekly._ + +"A very beautiful allegory.... The author's deep reverence and exalted +phantasy never ring false, and his work cannot fail to inspire the +reader with reverence for ideals undreamed of in worldly +philosophy."--_The Pall Mall Gazette._ + +"An allegory worthy to rank among the greatest achievements of that form +of literature.... The great gospel of love and hope shines out from these +splendid pages.... 'The House of Dreams' is a book which religious teachers +will find it abundantly worth their while to study."--_Christian World._ + +"It is in truth a prose poem, one of the most beautiful and delightful +we have ever read.... Nothing could be better than that the leaders of +all Churches should breathe the pure and tender atmosphere of 'The House +of Dreams,' and carry it with them into the world of daily +reality."--_Methodist Times._ + +"A vision of extraordinary force and significance.... It seems to us +that no thoughtful reader will be likely to rise from a perusal of this +book without feeling himself heartened, so inspiring are certain of its +passages.... It is full of high suggestion, of pathos, and of +poetry."--_The Literary World._ + + + + +THE FIFTIETH THOUSAND NOW READY. + +_Long 8vo, sewed, 1s.; cloth extra, gilt, gilt top, 2s._ + +The Child, the Wise Man, and the Devil + +By Coulson Kernahan + +Author of "God and the Ant." + + +_SOME OPINIONS OF THE PRESS._ + +_The Bookman_ says-- + +"It is the author's special gift to stimulate the minds of Christian +teachers.... In this little work he has given us work which deserves to +live.... No one can read these pages without emotion." + +_The Daily Mail_ says-- + +"The writer's views are expressed with bold and manly sincerity, and in +a spirit of true reverence. His little book must make a very deep and +abiding impression upon the hearts and minds of all who read it to the +end." + +_The Echo_ says-- + +"There will be few readers of this work who will not allow with +enthusiasm the moral earnestness, the poetic imagination, and the +literary charm of Mr Kernahan's stern muse." + +_The British Weekly_ says-- + +"By far the best piece of work that Mr Kernahan has done.... The spirit +of the age, with its yearnings, its sorrows, its vague aspiration, finds +expression in these pages." + +_The Queen_ says-- + +"A work of genius. No one who has read it will ever be likely to forget +it." + +_The Saturday Review_ says-- + +"There is a touch of genius, perhaps even more than a touch, about this +brilliant and original booklet." + +_The Illustrated London News_ says-- + +"All must recognise the boundless charity, the literary power, and the +intense sincerity of one of the most interesting works of the year." + + + + +"We put first of the books for girls 'When Hearts are Young' by Deas +Cromarty."--_The Christian World_ on "The Season's Gift Books." + +_Crown 8vo, cloth extra, gilt, 2s. 6d._ + +When Hearts are Young + +By Deas Cromarty + +With Eight Illustrations by Will Morgan. + + +_OPINIONS OF THE PRESS._ + +_The Manchester Guardian_ says-- + +"It is delightful to read. One has come across few recent books that +leave a pleasanter impression on the reader's memory."_ + +_The Star_ says-- + +"There is true insight into the peasant character of the lower fringe of +the Highlands.... The girl Maggie is true to the life.... _One is +grateful for the wholesomeness of this gentle story._" + +_Lloyd's News_ says-- + +_"This is one of the pleasantest volumes we have picked up for a long +time.... It is a tender, beautiful love story, very fresh and wholesome, +with a wealth of fine descriptive writing."_ + +_The Methodist Times_ says-- + +"Deas Cromarty ... comes in a good second to these great writers (Barrie +and Maclaren). _There is the freshness of the mountain breezes about the +book which gives zest to the reading of it._" + +_The Manchester Courier_ says-- + +_"Those who pick up the book will find difficulty in laying it down +before the last page is reached."_ + +_The Methodist Recorder_ says-- + +"One of the most charming stories of the season.... _This is as truly an +'Idyll' as anything Tennyson ever wrote._" + + + + +NEW BOOK BY CUTCLIFFE HYNE. + +_Crown 8vo, cloth, gilt, 6s._ + +The 'Paradise' Coal Boat + +By Cutcliffe Hyne, Author of "The Recipe for Diamonds," &c. + +"In Mr Cutcliffe Hyne our great Anglo-Indian romancer (Rudyard Kipling) +seems to have found a worthy comrade.... Grim and powerful tales.... +Alike from a literary and political point of view Mr Cutcliffe Hyne has, +in his latest volume, deserved well of the commonwealth."--_The Star._ + +"Mr Hyne knows the sea, and the seamy side of sea life. He also knows +the West Coast of Africa, and whether we are voyaging with him in a +tramp steamer between London and Shields, or off the Lagos Coast, we +feel that we are somehow in the proper atmosphere. Constructively his +stories are always excellent."--_The Scotsman._ + + +A NEW VOLUME OF SERMONS. + +_Just Published, crown 8vo, buckram, 3s. 6d._ + +The Sorrow of God + +And Other Sermons + +By Rev. John Oates. + +"For the contents of 'The Sorrow of God' we have nothing but praise, and +we could wish for nothing more than that the book might be widely +circulated. Spiritual insight, large culture, with its consequent +breadth of sympathy and eloquent expression, are the distinguishing +features of what is, without exaggeration, a collection of notable +sermons.... Those of our readers who value a fresh utterance on the +great problems of religion will lose no time in getting acquainted with +a book we have been able to notice all too briefly."--_The Sunday School +Chronicle._ + +"There are many noble utterances in these sermons.... It is because the +author helps us to feel purer and better that we so heartily commend his +book."--_The New Age._ + + + + +FOURTH EDITION. _Long 8vo, cloth, 1s._ + +Manners for Men + +By Madge of "Truth" + +(Mrs Humphry.) + +"Always in most excellent taste as well as astonishingly complete. +Certainly the world would be a very much pleasanter place to live in if +all men did read and practise her admirable precepts."--_Saturday +Review._ + +"It is a charmingly-written code of true manners."--_Leeds Mercury._ + +"Very welcome will be this little book, written sensibly and +brightly."--_Daily Telegraph._ + +"Mrs Humphry's book will be worth more than its weight in gold.... +Excellent, robust common sense, tempered by genuine goodness of heart, +is a characteristic of everything she writes."--_The Queen._ + +"A very dainty and instructive epitome of all that we ought to be.... To +a shy young man this tactful volume should be invaluable."--_To-Day._ + + +NEW BOOK BY MRS HUMPHRY. + +_Long 8vo, cloth, round corners, 1s._ + +Manners for Women + +By the Author of, and a Companion to, the above. + +This new work is intended to mirror the social and home life of a girl +and woman of the present day. The subjects treated will include: The +Girl in Society--Cards and Calls--Engagement--Marriage--Weddings-- +Entertaining--Restaurants--Clubs--Correspondence--Dress--Mothers +and Daughters--Mourning--Home Life, &c. + + + + +_Crown 8vo, cloth, 2s. 6d._ + +The White Slaves of England + +Being true Pictures of Certain Social Conditions of England in the year +1897. + +By Robert H. Sherard. + +With about 40 Illustrations by Harold Piffard. + + +Dr ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE says:--"You have done a service to the cause of +humanity in publishing it, and the author in writing it. That such +things as Mr Sherard describes should exist at the very end of the +century, when all our public writers are boasting of our wealth, our +progress, and our civilisation, is a sufficient proof that our so-called +civilisation is rotten to the core, worse in many respects than it has +ever been before." + +Mr HALL CAINE says:--"The appalling revelations of Robert Sherard in his +recent book are enough to make a man's heart bleed for the awful +sufferings of women in the bitter struggle for bread. On the fate of our +women, especially our working women, the future of our country, I truly +believe, depends; and it is amazing that Parliament and the Press, and, +above all, the Church, have hitherto given so little attention to so +great a problem." + +Dr MAX NORDAU says:--"I have now read your book 'The White Slaves of +England.' I am not easily unnerved, but at times it was almost too much +for me.... May it be your lot to become the Plimsoll of the alkali and +lead-workers. This would be an achievement grand enough to satisfy the +ambition of the greatest." + +"An indictment which should rouse a cry of passionate indignation +throughout the land. A careful and noble exposure of industrial +iniquity."--_The Echo._ + + + + +NEW NOVEL BY SHAN F. BULLOCK. + +_Crown 8vo, cloth gilt, 3s. 6d._ + +The Charmer + +A SEASIDE COMEDY + +By Shan F. Bullock, + +Author of "The Awkward Squads," "By Thrasna River," &c. + +With Illustrations by Bertha Newcombe. + +"Mr Anthony Hope at his best has given us nothing more delicious in +humour. The pages of the book ripple--as we turn them--with fun as +sparkling and spontaneous as the ripple of the salt water upon the sandy +beach whither Mr Bullock leads us. Surely no more delightful picture of +Irish life and of Irish people--the people whom we love while we laugh +at, and laugh at while we love--has been drawn than is to be found in +'The Charmer.'"--From an illustrated article on Mr Bullock and his work +in _The Young Man_. + + +_Crown 8vo, cloth gilt, 6s._ + +Methodist Idylls + +By Harry Lindsay. + +"Worthy of any writer who has yet set himself to depict Methodist +life.... A very helpful and right religious book."--_Methodist Times._ + +"A book which in its lovely prose chapters gives an insight into the +true romance, the April sunshine, of Methodist life.... We hope that the +volume may find its way into every Methodist home."--_Methodist +Recorder._ + +"A most admirable attempt to throw into permanent form some portraits of +the old and vanishing Methodists.... As a study in Methodism, Mr +Lindsay's work can be cordially and heartily commended."--_The Sun._ + +"Extremely interesting stories ... admirably told."--_The Scotsman._ + + + + +NEW BOOK BY REV. F. B. MEYER. + +Work-a-day Sermons + +By Rev. F. B. Meyer, B.A. + +Few names in the Christian ministry are held in such honour as is +accorded by earnest Christian men and women of every sect to that of the +Rev. F. B. Meyer, who has an enormous audience outside his own church. +Hence the announcement of a new volume of Sermons by him will be +peculiarly welcome, and all the more so for the fact that this is a book +which is intended, not for the few, but for the work-a-day many, for +whose encouragement and consolation Mr Meyer has here given the very +fine gold of his thoughts upon spiritual things and upon the intimate +association which exists--or should exist--between the things of the +work-a-day life and the higher life. + + +NEW BOOKLET BY RICHARD LE GALLIENNE + +_Long 8vo, price One Shilling._ + +If I Were God + +By Richard Le Gallienne. + +The announcement of a new book--and especially of a new book of a +peculiarly Le Galliennesque and characteristic description by the author +of "The Book-Bills of Narcissus," "The Religion of a Literary Man," and +"Prose Fancies," will be received with very eager and unusual interest. +Whatever may be the opinions entertained by individual readers about Mr +Le Gallienne's own views, there is no denying that no book by him has +yet appeared which has not aroused exceptional interest and exceptional +discussion. His last venture is likely to be even more universally +talked about. It is a greatly-daring but extremely beautiful and +reverent attempt to deal with the terrible problem of the presence of +moral and physical evil, but quite apart from its value as a +contribution to the philosophy of life, it is a singularly striking and +beautiful piece of literary work, full of the exquisite imaginings and +lovely fancies of the accomplished poet and man of letters. + + + + +BY THE LATE WM. BRIGHTY RANDS. + +_Fcap. 8vo, buckram, 340 pp., 3s. 6d._ + +I. Lazy Lessons and Essays on Conduct. + +_Fcap. 8vo, buckram, 192 pp., 2s. 6d._ + +II. Lilliput Lectures. + +With Introductions by R. Brimley Johnson. + +These two instructive books for Children by the late William Brighty +Rands, "the laureate of the nursery," as he has been called, may be +classed as entirely new works, although some portions appeared in +magazine form under the author's numerous pen-names. The two books have +been edited by Mr R. Brimley Johnson, who supplies a biographical and +critical introduction. + + +NEW NOVEL BY E. PHIPPS TRAIN. + +_Crown 8vo, cloth gilt, 3s. 6d._ + +A Deserter from Philistia + +By E. Phipps Train + +Author of "A Social Highwayman," etc. + +This is a book which, with ordinary luck, should bid fair to rival the +popularity of "Called Back" or "Mr Barnes of New York." From first to +last it is enthrallingly interesting, and dealing, as it does, with the +life "behind the scenes" of a great dancer who is the "darling" of her +public, it gives its readers a peep into a world of which little is +known by outsiders. Rarely have the trials and temptations, the thousand +and one cares and anxieties of those whose business it is always to wear +a smiling face, in order that they may entertain their public, been +drawn with such skill and vividness. + + +_London: 10 Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, W.C._ + + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Victorian Literature, by Clement K. 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