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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/39851-8.txt b/39851-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..aecce1b --- /dev/null +++ b/39851-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8513 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Victorian Literature, by Clement K. Shorter + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Victorian Literature + Sixty Years of Books and Bookmen + +Author: Clement K. Shorter + +Release Date: May 29, 2012 [EBook #39851] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK VICTORIAN LITERATURE *** + + + + +Distributed Proofreaders + + + + + + +Transcriber's Note: + + Inconsistent hyphenation and spelling in the original document have + been preserved. Obvious typographical errors have been corrected. + + Italic text is denoted by _underscores_ and bold text by =equal + signs=. + + + + + VICTORIAN LITERATURE + + SIXTY YEARS OF BOOKS + AND BOOKMEN + + + + + _Births have brought us richness and variety, + And other births will bring us richness and variety; + I do not call one greater and one smaller; + That which fills its period and place is equal to any_. + + _Walt Whitman_ + + + + + VICTORIAN + LITERATURE + + SIXTY YEARS + OF BOOKS AND + BOOKMEN + + BY + CLEMENT SHORTER + + LONDON: JAMES BOWDEN + 10 HENRIETTA STREET + COVENT GARDEN W.C. 1897 + + + + +INTRODUCTORY + + +Asked by a kindly publisher to add one more to the Jubilee volumes which +commemorate the sixtieth year of the Queen's reign, I am pleased at the +opportunity thus afforded me of gathering up a few impressions of +pleasant reading hours. "Every age," says Emerson, "must write its own +books; or rather, each generation for the next succeeding. The books of +an older period will not fit this." It is true, of course, and as a +result the popular favourite of to-day is well-nigh forgotten to-morrow. +In reading the critical journals of thirty years ago it is made quite +clear that they contain few judgments which would be sustained by a +consensus of critical opinion to-day. Whether time will deal as hardly +with the critical judgments of to-day we may not live to see. I have no +ambition to put this book to a personal test. So far as it has any worth +at all it is meant to be bibliographical and not critical. It aspires to +furnish the young student, in handy form, with as large a number of +facts about books as can be concentrated in so small a volume. That this +has been done under the guise of a consecutive narrative, and not in +the form of a dictionary, is merely for the convenience of the writer. + +I have endeavoured to say as little as possible about living poets and +novelists. With the historians and critics the matter is of less +importance. To say that Mr Samuel Rawson Gardiner has written a useful +history, or that Professor David Masson's "Life of Milton" is a valuable +contribution to biographical literature, will excite no antagonism. But +to attempt to assign Mr W. B. Yeats a place among the poets, or "Mark +Rutherford" a position among the prose writers of the day, is to +trespass upon ground which it is wiser to leave to the critics who write +in the literary journals from week to week. It was not possible to +ignore all living writers. I have ignored as many as I dared. + +It was my intention at first to devote a chapter to Sixty Years of +American Literature. But for that task an Englishman who has paid but +one short visit to the United States has no qualification. He can write +of American literature only as seen through English eyes. That is to see +much of it, it is true. Few Americans realise the enormous influence +which the literature of their own land has had upon this country. +Probably the most read poet in England during the sixty years has been +Longfellow. Probably the most read novel has been "Uncle Tom's Cabin." +Among people who claim to be distinctly literary Hawthorne has been all +but the favourite novelist, Washington Irving not the least popular of +essayists, and Emerson the most invigorating moral influence. In my +youth "The Wide, Wide World" and "Queechy" were in everybody's hands; as +the stories of Bret Harte, William Dean Howells, Thomas Bailey Aldrich, +Frank Stockton, Henry James, and Mary Wilkins are to-day. Apart from +Dickens, nearly all our laughter has come from Mark Twain and Artemus +Ward. + +In history, we in England have read Prescott and Motley; in poetry we +have read Walt Whitman, William Cullen Bryant, John Greenleaf Whittier, +and, above all, James Russell Lowell, who endeared himself to us alike +as a poet, a critic, and in his own person when he represented the +United States at the Court of St James's. Lastly I recall the delight +with which as a boy I read the "Autocrat of the Breakfast Table," and +the joy with which as a man I visited the author, Dr Oliver Wendell +Holmes, in his pleasant study in Beacon Street, Boston. These and many +other writers have made America and the Americans very dear to +Englishmen, and this in spite of much wild and foolish talk in the +journals of the two countries. + +I have to thank Mr William Mackenzie, the well-known publisher of +Glasgow, for kindly letting me draw upon some articles which I wrote +for his "National Cyclopædia" ten years ago, and upon the literary +section, which he and his editor, Mr John Brabner, permitted me to +contribute at that time to a book entitled "The Victorian Empire." I +have also to thank my friends, Dr Robertson Nicoll and Mr L. F. Austin, +for kindly reading my proof-sheets, Mr Edward Clodd for valuable +suggestions, and Mr Sydney Webb, a friend of old student days, for +reading the chapter which treats briefly of sociology and economics. + +A compilation of this kind can scarcely hope to escape the defects of +most such enterprises--errors both of date and of fact. I shall be glad +to receive corrections for the next edition. + + CLEMENT K. SHORTER. + + _September 27, 1897._ + + + + +CHAPTER I + +The Poets + + +When Queen Victoria came to the throne in 1837, most of the great poets +who had been inspired by the French Revolutionary epoch were dead. Keats +had died in Rome in 1821, Shelley was drowned in the Gulf of Spezzia in +1822, Byron died at Missolonghi in 1824, Scott at Abbotsford in 1832, +and Coleridge at Highgate in 1834. Southey was Poet Laureate, although +Wordsworth held a paramount place, recognised on all hands as the +greatest poet of the day. + + +The gulf which separates the =Southey (1774-1843)= of the laureateship +from the Southey who presents himself to our judgment to-day is almost +impossible to bridge over. Southey, as the average bookman thinks of him +now, is the author of a "Life of Nelson" and of one or two lyrics and +ballads.[1] The "Life of Nelson" is constantly republished for an age +keenly bent on Nelson worship, but for the exacting it has been +superseded by at least two biographies from living authors.[2] That +Southey should live mainly by a book which was merely a publisher's +commission, and not by the works which he and his contemporaries deemed +immortal, is one of the ironies of literature. Southey's "Cowper" is a +much better biography than his "Nelson," but in Cowper the world has +almost ceased to be interested. It does not now read "Table Talk" and +"The Task" any more than it reads "Thalaba" and "Madoc," although every +cultivated household of sixty years ago could talk freely of these +poems. There will probably be a revival of interest in Cowper. It is +safe to assume that there will never be a revival of interest in +Southey, and that his very lengthy poems are doomed to oblivion. + + +And yet it is interesting to note where Southey's contemporaries placed +him. Shelley thought "Thalaba" magnificent, and its influence was marked +in "Queen Mab." Coleridge spoke of its "pastoral charm." Landor found +"Madoc" superb. Scott said that he had read it three or four times with +ever-increasing admiration. It kept Charles James Fox out of bed till +the small hours! But inexorable time has declared that these poems have +no permanent place in literature. Time, however, has left us a kindly +memory of Southey the man. Sara Coleridge's assertion that he was "on +the whole the best man she had ever known," tallies with the judgment of +many others of his contemporaries--who did not come into collision with +his relentless prejudices. + + +Relentless prejudice was equally a characteristic of Southey's greater +successor as Poet Laureate. =William Wordsworth (1770-1850)= had written +all the poems by which he will live when the Queen came to the throne, +but further recognition awaited the author of "Lyrical Ballads" and +"Laodamia" in the thirteen years of his life that were yet to come. It +was in 1839 that Keble, as Professor of Poetry at Oxford, welcomed +Wordsworth when he received the honorary degree of D.C.L. with the +eulogy that he had "shed a celestial light upon the affections, the +occupations and the piety of the poor." In 1842 he obtained an annuity +from the Civil List, and in the following year he succeeded Southey as +laureate. The mere fact, however, that Wordsworth wrote nothing of +importance in the present reign does not permit of his dismissal as a +pre-Victorian author. His real influence, splendid and serene, was made +upon the age which is passing away. + + He found us when the age had bound + Our souls in its benumbing round; + He spoke, and loosed our heart in tears. + +During the period in which Wordsworth's poems were coming from the press +he was scoffed at alike by Byron and by the authors of "Rejected +Addresses," and they appealed to a sympathetic audience. Coleridge had, +indeed, praised him generously enough, but the author of "The Ode to +Duty" knew nothing of the enthusiastic partisanship which was to be his +lot in the later years of his life, and for more than a quarter of a +century after his death. I have before me two books which will serve to +indicate the high-water-mark of Wordsworth's popularity. One is a volume +of selections from his poems, which was edited by Mr Matthew Arnold,[3] +the other, a volume of Transactions of the Wordsworth Society, which was +privately issued to the members. In his little volume of "Selections" Mr +Arnold, then recognised on all hands as our most important living +critic, insisted upon Wordsworth's pre-eminence in poetry, placing him +indeed on a level with Shakspere and Milton, and assigning to Byron and +Shelley a secondary rank. + +Mr Arnold, as events proved, only echoed a pervading sentiment. The +Wordsworth Society was founded, with the Archbishop of Canterbury, the +Dean of St Paul's, the Lord Chief Justice of England, the then American +Minister--Mr Lowell--and a number of distinguished literary men, among +its members. The Transactions of that Society give evidence that among +the thoughtful men and women of the last decade Wordsworth was by far +the strongest influence, that he was not merely a literary tradition, +but that he was a vital force in the minds and hearts of nearly all the +most interesting people of the period. Students of to-day, however, will +be well content to read Wordsworth only in Matthew Arnold's +"Selections." Here they will find him as a sonneteer proclaiming liberty +with scarcely less zeal and power than Milton. They will find him as the +sympathetic friend of the poor and of the oppressed. To be dead to the +charm of Matthew Arnold's "Selections from Wordsworth" is to care +nothing for poetry. To appreciate with any measure of enthusiasm the +twelve volumes of Wordsworth's collected writings is equally to have +one's sense of true poetry deadened and destroyed. We have no time now +for "The Excursion" and "The Prelude." We have less for Wordsworth's +"Ecclesiastical Sonnets" and "The Borderers." For his copious prose +moralizings one has no toleration whatever. + + +It is not easy to judge whether =Alfred Tennyson (1809-1892)= will ever +cease to retain the very wide hold upon the public which was his for at +least thirty years prior to his death, and which is his to-day. The +poems of Tennyson might be read by succeeding generations of Englishmen +if only for their exquisite purity of style. Music he has also in +abundance. In "Harold," "Queen Mary," and his other plays there is no +great gift of characterisation, and these assuredly will go the way of +Southey's more ambitious poems. But in "Maud" Tennyson caught the social +aspiration of his time with singular insight. The world, he pleaded--and +England in particular--was given over to money-getting. The capitalist +was more tyrannical than the old, expiring slave-owner. Even peace was a +mere word. There was a worse tyranny than that which left men for dead +on the battle-field. There was the tyranny which ground them to dust for +a bare pittance in mill and factory. Tennyson never wrote with greater +force or with more perfect dramatic and lyric art, and his poem is as +striking and effective to-day as at the time of its publication in 1855. + + +Lord Tennyson--for the Poet Laureate accepted a peerage in 1890--won the +hearts of a wider audience by "In Memoriam," and of a still larger one +by "The Idylls of the King." "In Memoriam," a lengthy elegy on his +college friend, Arthur Hallam, touched the great religious public of +England. The poem reflected a certain transcendentalism of view which +was fast becoming fashionable. + + "There lives more faith in honest doubt, + Believe me, than in half the creeds" + +was, in fact, more and more the prevailing tone among all phases of +Protestantism where a few years earlier the exact opposite had been +insisted upon. + + +One of the most agreeable pictures which our literary period affords is +offered by the friendship between Lord Tennyson and Robert Browning. The +two men were not seldom compared; each had his partisans, and each his +enthusiastic disciples. Neither from a social nor from a literary point +of view would they seem to have had much in common. Browning was a +regular diner-out, he appeared systematically at every picture-gallery, +and at every public entertainment, and in all these things he was keenly +interested: he loved society. Lord Tennyson, on the other hand, lived a +retired life in one or other of his country houses. He was morbidly +sensitive to the attentions of the crowd, and amusing stories are told +of his desire to avoid the "vulgar" gaze. Considered as literary men, +the contrast between these poets was greater. Tennyson's language was +dainty, simple, full of grace; his characters monotonous, lacking in +vigour. Browning wrote with rugged force, and sometimes with an +obscurity which left the reader bewildered. But his gift of +characterisation was superb, and his men and women for individuality are +comparable only to those of Shakspere. The hearts of all of us go out to +Tennyson when we think of the music of his verses, of his gifts of +natural description, his fine and captivating imagination; but our +hearts and our intellects go out to Browning, as to one who has +enshrined our best thoughts, who has touched all our deepest emotions. +It is true that half of Browning's sixteen volumes are flatly +incomprehensible to the majority of us; but the other half are equal in +bulk to the whole of Lord Tennyson's writings, and quite free from any +suspicion of obscurity. The "Ring and the Book" is not obscure. It is an +exciting story, dramatically told. So also are the poems called "Men and +Women," and the "Dramatic Idyls." "Luria," "In a Balcony," "A Blot in +the 'Scutcheon," are as readable as railway novels. And yet Browning +had, and has, none of the popularity of Tennyson. The one writer sold by +thousands, and his financial reward was probably unprecedented in +poetry; the other had but a small audience, an audience which never +approached to one-third of his rival's. Notwithstanding all this, it is +pleasing to note that the two poets loyally esteemed one another, as +the dedication of some of their books conspicuously proves. + + +To write thus early of =Robert Browning (1812-1889)= is to anticipate in +the literary record. "Pauline," the poet's first poem, was published, it +is true, in 1833; and that and successive poems were accepted by good +critics as the work of a true poet. Nevertheless, Browning had to fight +his way as no poet of equal merit has ever had to do, and it was very +late indeed in the Victorian epoch that he became more than the poet of +a limited circle. One there was, certainly, who appreciated his work +from the first with no common fervour, for the world has long been +familiar with the statement that a reference by Elizabeth Barrett in +"Lady Geraldine's Courtship" first brought the two poets together in +1845-- + + "From Browning some 'Pomegranate' + Which, if cut deep down the middle, + Shows a heart within blood-tinctured, + Of a veined humanity." + +They were married a year later. As exemplifying the condescension of +their earlier contemporaries it is interesting to note Wordsworth's +observation on the event--and Wordsworth had no humour--"So, Robert +Browning and Elizabeth Barrett have gone off together! Well, I hope they +may understand each other--nobody else could!" Lord Granville, who was +staying in Florence when a son was born to the poets there in 1849, was +still more amusing although equally uncritical. "Now there are not two +incomprehensibles but three incomprehensibles," he said. + + +It cannot be charged against =Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1806-1861)= +that she was in the least incomprehensible. Her "Cry of the Children," +"Cowper's Grave," and "Aurora Leigh," have the note of extreme +simplicity. Nor is obscurity a characteristic of "Sonnets from the +Portuguese," which were not translations, but so named to disguise a +wife's devotion to her husband. "Aurora Leigh" she styled a "novel in +verse," and it was in fact a very readable romance, marked by that zest +for social reform which characterised the period.[4] "The most mature of +my works, and the one into which my highest convictions upon Life and +Art have entered," she wrote of it. + +After the marriage the pair lived principally at Florence. In their +Florentine home--Casa Guidi--"Aurora Leigh," and "Casa Guidi Windows" +were written, and here Mrs Browning died in June 1861. One may still see +the house upon which the Florentine municipality has inscribed a tablet +in gratitude for the "golden ring" of poetry with which the +enthusiastic woman poet had attempted to unite England and Italy. + + +Another great Florentine by adoption, =Walter Savage Landor +(1775-1864)=, came to live near the Brownings. His rugged nature must +have been not a little soothed by the gentle little woman with "a soul +of fire enclosed in a shell of pearl." Landor was educated at Rugby, at +Ashbourne, and at Trinity College, Oxford. From Rugby he was removed to +avoid expulsion, and at Oxford he was rusticated. All this was the +outcome of an excitable temperament, which led in later life to domestic +complications, and to exile from his family in Florence. It found no +reflection in his many beautiful works. As a poet, however, Landor holds +no considerable rank, although here placed among them. "Gebir" was +published in 1798 and "Count Julian" in 1812. Both these lengthy poems +have received the rapturous praise of authoritative critics, De Quincey +even declaring that Count Julian was a creation worthy to rank beside +the Prometheus of Æschylus and Milton's Satan. Southey insisted indeed +that Landor had written verses "of which he would rather have been the +author than of any produced in our time." But Landor's poems, although +obtainable in his collected works, and published in selections, command +no audience to-day. With his prose the case is otherwise. There is +little in the six volumes of "Imaginary Conversations," or in the two +volumes of "Longer Prose Works," that does not merit attention alike for +style and matter. "Give me," he says in one of his prefaces, "ten +accomplished men for readers and I am content." Landor has all +accomplished men for readers now. And all are at one with the critic who +said that, "excepting Shakspere, no other writer has furnished us with +so many delicate aphorisms of human nature." Mr Swinburne's expression +of veneration is well known. + + "I came as one whose thoughts half linger, + Half run before; + The youngest to the oldest singer + That England bore. + + I found him whom I shall not find + Till all grief end; + In holiest age our mightiest mind, + Father and friend." + +The connecting link between Landor and his young admirer is sufficiently +apparent. In genuine accomplishment, the imaginative literature of our +era has produced no one comparable to Landor, save only =Algernon +Charles Swinburne (1837- )=. Mr Swinburne has written well in several +languages other than his own. In his own he has written tragedies of +wider purpose than those of Tennyson, of equal insight with those of +Browning. He has written noble sonnets, lyrics of exquisite melody, and +one poem, "Ave atque Vale," which takes rank among the imperishable +elegies of our literature. He has abundant spontaneity and a marvellous +gift of rhythm. Added to all this, he is a critic of almost unequalled +learning and distinction. He was the first to give adequate recognition +to the poetic genius of Matthew Arnold and Emily Brontë. He knows +Elizabethan literature with remarkable thoroughness, and he knows the +literature of many ages and many lands better than most of the +professors. His appreciation of Charles Lamb endears him to English +readers, and his eulogies of Victor Hugo command the respect of +Frenchmen. A great poet and a great prose writer, Mr Swinburne is +perhaps the most distinguished literary figure of our day. Only when in +the distant years his country has lost him, will a great folly be +generally recognised. Why, it will be asked, did we not spontaneously +call for him--arch democrat and arch rebel though he may have been--as +the only possible successor to Lord Tennyson as Poet Laureate? + + +It has been said that Mr Swinburne was the first to recognise the great +poetical gifts of =Matthew Arnold (1822-1888)=. Writing in the +Fortnightly Review in 1867,[5] he remarked that the fame of Mr Matthew +Arnold had for some years been almost exclusively the fame of a prose +writer. "Those students," he continued, "could hardly find hearing, who +with all esteem and enjoyment of his essays ... retained the opinion +that, if justly judged, he must be judged by his verse and not by his +prose." The view that Arnold excelled as a prose writer continued to +hold sway for many years after Mr Swinburne wrote, and it was current up +to the date of Arnold's death. "Literature and Dogma" and "God and the +Bible," the former of which first appeared in 1873, excited an +extraordinary amount of attention, and helped largely to modify the +religious beliefs of many men and women now rapidly approaching middle +age. The son of a famous clergyman, Dr Thomas Arnold of Rugby, Matthew +Arnold was a product of that Broad Church movement which Dr Arnold had +helped largely to inspire. A fellow-pupil of Dr Stanley, Dean of +Westminster, Arnold went further than the Dean in his opposition to +supernaturalism in religion, though he stopped short of the fiery +antagonism which another eminent Anglican churchman, Bishop Colenso, +displayed towards the miraculous stories of the Old Testament. But far +more than Stanley or Colenso did he influence the Protestant +Christianity of his day. This, however, scarcely enters into the +discussion of Matthew Arnold the poet. More akin to that side of +Arnold's life is his literary criticism. For many years he held in this +field a well nigh undisputed throne. For a time he was Professor of +Poetry at Oxford. But his influence came mainly through a volume called +"Essays in Criticism" (1865), of which it is not too much to say that +the paper entitled "The Function of Criticism at the Present Time," gave +a new impulse to all students of books. Here and elsewhere Arnold +emphasised the opinion that not only a fine artistic instinct but a vast +amount of knowledge, admitting of comparisons, is necessary as the +equipment of a critic. Criticism he defined as "a disinterested +endeavour to learn and propagate the best that is known and thought in +the world." Matthew Arnold had other claims as a prose writer. His +appeal for the study of Celtic literature initiated and encouraged a +revival of learning in Wales and in Ireland; and his books and essays on +Education--for his main income for many years was derived from his +salary as an Inspector of Schools--did much to further the cause which +his brother-in-law, Mr W. E. Forster, began with the great Education Act +of 1870. + +But it is as a poet, as Mr Swinburne foretold, that Matthew Arnold lives +in literature. It is strange to some of us to note how largely the bulk +of his prose work has dropped out of the memory of the younger +generation. The diligent collector possesses some forty-five volumes of +Mr Arnold's writings; but although there has been a cheap reprint of +many of these, it is only by his collected poems that he is widely known +to-day. Mr Swinburne, in the essay to which I have referred, tells of +the joy with which, as a schoolboy, he came upon a copy of "Empedocles +on Etna." He must then have been about fifteen years of age, as +"Empedocles on Etna and Other Poems by A" was published in 1852. It +contained "Tristram and Iseult," "Stanzas in Memory of the Author of +'Obermann,'" and many now accepted favourites. "The Strayed Reveller" by +"A" was a still earlier volume of anonymous verse (1849); and, in 1853, +"Poems" by Matthew Arnold made the poet known by name to a small circle. +A substantial recognition as a poet did not however fall to Matthew +Arnold while he lived. His career is, indeed, a striking example of the +fact that our views of contemporary literature require to be revised +every decade. Ten years ago everyone was discussing Matthew Arnold's +views concerning Isaiah and St Paul, and the Nonconformists, whom he +chaffed good-humouredly, have reconstructed many of their beliefs +through a study of his works. People were excited by his views on +education and by his views on literature, but not by his poetry. To-day +his poetry is all of him that remains, and its charm is likely to +soothe the more strenuous minds among us for at least another +generation, and perhaps for all time. + + +In "Thyrsis," a striking elegy on =Arthur Hugh Clough (1819-1861)=, +Arnold struck a note which has only Milton's "Lycidas" and Shelley's +"Adonais" to call forth comparisons. Clough was not a Keats, but he was +a more considerable personage than Milton's friend, and indeed he has +been persistently underrated by many men of letters. Not indeed by all. +"We have a foreboding," said Mr Lowell, "that Clough will be thought a +hundred years hence, to have been the truest expression in verse of the +moral and intellectual tendencies of the period in which he lived." +Clough was the son of a cotton merchant of Liverpool, and he was a pupil +of Dr Arnold at Rugby. He gained a Balliol scholarship, and went into +residence in 1837. The coming years brought doubts and distractions, +religious and political, and Clough parted from Oxford. His most famous +poem, "The Bothie of Tober-na-Vuolich," was published in 1848. In 1852 +he sailed to Boston in the same ship that carried Thackeray and Lowell. +Emerson, who had met him in England, welcomed him there. Travelling +through Europe for his health, he died of paralysis in Florence in +1861.[6] + + +The catalogue of great English poets of the period is completed with the +names of Rossetti and Morris. Perhaps there is no more romantic figure +in modern literature than =Dante Gabriel Rossetti (1828-1882)=, although +he has suffered cruelly from the biographer. His father, Gabriele, was +an Italian exile, a critic of Dante, a teacher of Italian in London. His +mother was a sister of the notorious Polidori, whose charlatanry is +remembered wherever an interest in Lord Byron prevails. + +The younger Rossetti had relatives--a brother, William Michael, who has +written verses, criticisms, and a ponderous biography of Gabriel; and a +sister, =Maria Francesca Rossetti (1827-1876)=, whose "Shadow of Dante" +makes good reading for admirers of the great Florentine, and, indeed, +may be recommended to every English student of Dante. Another sister, +=Christina Georgina Rossetti (1830-1894)=, wrote many books. She will +live by her "Goblin Market" (1862), and by numerous short poems. Books +of the type of "Called to be Saints" and "The Face of the Deep: A +Commentary on the Revelation," have also won her much affection and +admiration from religious sympathisers. She was not responsible for +"Maude" and "New Poems," inadequate works which her brother thought fit +to publish after her death. They are practically worthless. + +Dante Rossetti was a considerable painter as well as a poet. His name is +written large in that pre-Raphaelite movement which gave him for +associates Mr Holman Hunt and Sir John Millais. The movement, which had +Mr John Ruskin for its literary champion, when reduced to simple +statement, meant a harking back to early mediæval art. Sir John Millais +and Mr Holman Hunt speedily abandoned this position, and Rossetti +himself was never a pre-Raphaelite in any real sense. The +pre-Raphaelites issued in 1850 a journal under the editorship of +Rossetti's brother, and to the _Germ_, as it was called, Rossetti +contributed his poem, "The Blessed Damozel," and a story, "Hand and +Soul." To the _Germ_ also, Thomas Woolner (1825-1892), the sculptor, +contributed the poems of "My Beautiful Lady." + + +One epoch in the life of Rossetti was his introduction to Mr Ruskin, and +another was his first acquaintance with William Morris. Ruskin bought +his pictures with characteristic generosity, and further assisted +Rossetti to publish "The Early Italian Poets" (1861), afterwards +reprinted as "Dante and his Circle" (1874). William Morris introduced +Rossetti to his Oxford friends, including Mr Swinburne, and to the +_Oxford and Cambridge Magazine_, in which many of his finest poems were +published. After his wife's death, from an overdose of laudanum in 1862, +Rossetti moved to Queen's House, Cheyne Walk, where for a time he had +for associates in payment of rent Mr Swinburne and Mr George Meredith, +though the latter never actually lived in the house. From that time to +his death he published many important poems--ballads of singular power +like "The White Ship," "The King's Tragedy," and "Sister Helen," and the +many splendid sonnets of "The House of Life." The two volumes of +Rossetti's collected works must always command readers. Rossetti died at +Birchington-on-Sea, and a simple tomb in the churchyard marks his grave. + + +The name of =William Morris (1834-1896)= closes the list of Victorian +poets of the first rank. Morris was as versatile as Rossetti. He touched +many branches of Art with remarkable success. Now he was designing +wall-papers, and became a successful manufacturer in this branch of +commerce: now he was indefatigable in printing notable books in English +literature from a type which he had himself selected. The wall-paper has +given a new direction to the decoration of English houses, and the +Kelmscott Press has added many beautiful books to our libraries, and +given an impetus to a revival of taste in printing. This was but a part +of Morris's life. Although a rich man, he was a vigorous lecturer on +behalf of Socialism, and wrote many books, such as, for example: "The +Dream of John Ball" (1888), and "News from Nowhere" (1891), in support +of his ideals. From the appearance of his "Defence of Guenevere" (1858), +and "Life and Death of Jason" (1867), he was always publishing, and his +translations from Homer, Virgil, and Scandinavian literature make a +small library by themselves. But a practical handbook to Victorian +literature needs but to mention one of his books. "The Earthly Paradise" +(1868-70), will live as long as a love of good story-telling remains to +us. The tales are told by twenty-four travellers who desire to find the +earthly paradise, and the book opens as do the Canterbury Tales with a +Prologue. The lyrical introduction is one of the most quotable things in +our later literature:-- + + "Of Heaven or Hell I have no power to sing, + I cannot ease the burden of your fears, + Or make quick-coming death a little thing, + Or bring again the pleasure of past years, + Nor for my words shall ye forget your tears, + Or hope again for aught that I can say, + The idle singer of an empty day. + + "Dreamer of dreams, born out of my due time, + Why should I strive to set the crooked straight? + Let it suffice me that my murmuring rhyme + Beats with light wing against the ivory gate, + Telling a tale not too importunate + To those who in the sleepy region stay, + Lulled by the singer of an empty day. + + "Folk say, a wizard to a Northern King + At Christmastide such wondrous things did show + That through one window men beheld the Spring, + And through another saw the Summer glow, + And through a third the fruited vines arow, + While still, unheard, but in its wonted way, + Piped the drear wind of that December day." + +William Morris has not seldom been confused with a writer with whom he +had nothing in common but the name. =Sir Lewis Morris (1833- )=, a +Welsh squire, and candidate for Parliament, has stood for convention as +decisively as William Morris has stood against it. His "Songs of Two +Worlds" (1871-5), and "Epic of Hades" (1876), brought him a considerable +popularity, which "A Vision of Saints," and later books have not been +able to maintain. Another literary knight of our time who has secured a +large share of public attention through his verse is =Sir Edwin Arnold +(1832- )=, whose "Light of Asia" interpreted to many the story of +Buddha's career. A poem upon Christ and Christianity "The Light of the +World," owed the fact of its smaller success to the greater familiarity +of the public with its main incidents. Sir Edwin Arnold has won other +laurels as a traveller and as a journalist. + + +Some of the best poetry of the era has been produced by writers whose +principal achievements are in the realm of prose. The Brontës, Charles +Kingsley, George Meredith, and George Eliot--to name but a few--all +wrote verse which must ultimately have secured attention had they not +made great reputations as novelists. + +Assuredly, the three most successful poems in Victorian literature, of +that portion of it which is already passing into oblivion, are +"Proverbial Philosophy," "Festus," and "Philip Van Artevelde." The +"Proverbial Philosophy" of =Martin Farquhar Tupper (1810-1889)= +created an excitement in literary and non-literary circles, which it is +difficult for the present generation to comprehend. It is true that when +it was first published, in 1838, it was greeted by the _Athenaeum_ as "a +book not likely to please beyond the circle of a few minds as eccentric +as the author's." In spite of this, it sold in thousands and hundreds of +thousands; it went through over nine hundred editions in England, and +five hundred thousand copies at least were sold in America. It was +translated into French, German, and many other tongues; its author was a +popular hero, although of his later books, including "Ballads for the +Times," "Raleigh, his Life and Death," and "Cithara," the very names are +by this time forgotten. Of "Proverbial Philosophy" itself there are few +enough copies in demand to-day, and it is difficult for us to place +ourselves in the position of those who felt its charm. What to the early +Victorian Era was counted for wisdom, and piety, and even for beauty, +counts to the present age for mere commonplace verbiage. Tupper's name +has taken a place in our language as the contemptuous synonym for a +poetaster. "Festus," on the other hand, although not read to-day, has +always commanded respectful attention. Its author, =Philip James Bailey +(1816- )=, wrote "Festus" in its first form, at the age of twenty, and +it was published in 1839. The book was enlarged again and again, till it +reached to three times its original length. It may be that this +enlargement has had something to do with its fate. "Festus" was +frequently compared to the best work of Goethe and of Mr Browning. Even +a more pronounced recognition accrued to the dramatic poems of =Sir +Henry Taylor (1800-1886)=, and more particularly to "Philip Van +Artevelde" (1834), which was described by the _Quarterly Review_ as "the +noblest effort in the true old taste of our English historical drama, +that has been made for more than a century," and which attracted the +keenest attention of all Sir Henry Taylor's contemporaries. His +entertaining "Autobiography" has told us that Taylor, who was an +important official at the Colonial Office, knew all the famous men of +his time. + + +Women have occupied no small share in the literary history of the past +sixty years, although it is in fiction that their most enduring +triumphs have been secured. The most popular women poets, next in order +to Mrs Browning, have been Eliza Cook and Jean Ingelow. =Eliza Cook +(1818-1889)= wrote for the most part the kind of verses which would now +be rejected by the editor of the Poet's Corner of a provincial +newspaper. She would be little more than a vague memory, were it not for +"The Old Arm-Chair"; but she has other claims to consideration. In the +forties and the fifties _Eliza Cook's Journal_ was one of the most +prominent publications of the day, and it did much for the cause of +literature and philanthropy. =Jean Ingelow (1820-1897)= survived, as +did Eliza Cook, to see her verse well-nigh forgotten, and yet it is +stated that two hundred thousand copies of her poems have been sold in +America alone. Miss Ingelow, who was born in Boston, Lincolnshire, and +died in London, will live in anthologies by her ballad, "High Tide on +the Coast of Lincolnshire," by a song in "Supper at the Mill," and by +sundry short poems. + + +A certain brighter and more humorous kind of verse had its beginnings +with Thomas Hood and the author of "The Ingoldsby Legends." =Thomas +Hood (1798-1845)= has endeared himself to the whole reading world by +his "Song of the Shirt" (1844); and his "Dream of Eugene Aram" (1829) is +not less familiar. But in addition to this he had an abundance of wit +and drollery side by side with pathos and tenderness, which will always +make a splendid tradition and a great inspiration. Hood was a +journalist. His prototype, =Richard Harris Barham (1788-1845)=, was an +Anglican clergyman. His pseudonym of Thomas Ingoldsby calls up memories +of some of the quaintest and drollest verse ever written. "The Ingoldsby +Legends" were first contributed to _Bentley's Miscellany_, and +afterwards collected in volumes. "The Jackdaw of Rheims" is the most +popular. Barham's once successful novel, "My Cousin Nicholas," is now +all but forgotten. + + +The most famous successors of Hood and Barham have been Calverley and Mr +Austin Dobson. =Charles Stuart Calverley (1831-1884)= wrote "Fly +Leaves" and "Verses and Translations." Mr Dobson has published, in +addition to many valuable prose works, the exquisite "Vignettes in +Rhyme" and "Proverbs in Porcelain," which, with Mr Andrew Lang's +"Ballades in Blue China," form a dainty contribution to the lighter +literature of the epoch. + + +A determination to say as little as possible concerning writers still +young in years, though already famous, will make, it may be, my summary +of Victorian poetry seem inadequate to many. Mr Traill, a discerning +critic, has specified some hundred or more "minor poets" who flourish +to-day! But it cannot be doubted that the minor poet of our era, with +his excellent technique, his deep feeling, and his high-minded +impulsiveness, is separated by an immense gulf from the minor poet of an +earlier period. The Pyes and the Hayleys, who were famous in an age when +criticism was less of an art, had little enough of the real poetical +faculty. That faculty can scarcely be denied to the hundred or more of +living bards who now claim the suffrages of the poetry-loving reader. It +cannot be denied also to many men who have passed away during the +present era--to Alexander Smith and Sydney Dobell in one period, and to +Coventry Patmore and James Thomson in another. =Alexander Smith +(1830-1867)= was an industrious essayist as well as a poet. Tennyson +and Mrs Browning concurred in their esteem of Smith as a poet "whose +works show fancy, and not imagination"; and this might with truth be +said of too many of the minor bards, and, indeed, constitutes the +dividing line. Sydney Yendys, under which pseudonym =Sydney Dobell +(1824-1874)= co-operated with Smith in "Sonnets on the War" (1855), was +a poet of similar temperament. + + +=Coventry Patmore (1823-1896)= is known to the many through his "Angel +in the House," a poem upon domestic bliss which breathed a note not +always sincere, but to which Mr Ruskin assured a certain popularity +through effective quotation in his "Sesame and Lilies." A certain +ecstatic band of admirers attached more importance to Patmore's "Unknown +Eros." These admirers spoilt him by adulation. He probably looked +forward with the same keen assurance to the verdict of posterity as did +Southey; and posterity it is all but certain will be as ruthless in the +one case as in the other. + + +Patmore's life was one of luxury and independence. Quite the reverse was +the fate of =James Thomson (1834-1882)=, whose great poem, "The City +of Dreadful Night," was published in Mr Charles Bradlaugh's _National +Reformer_ in 1874, and not republished as a book until 1880. Thomson had +a melancholy career which ended in drink and disaster. He died in +University Hospital, London. His "City of Dreadful Night" is peculiarly +a reflection of the age that is passing. It secured even during the +poet's life the commendation of George Eliot, of George Meredith, and of +other critics; and it may yet command a large audience, who breathe the +note of pessimism which was always characteristic of the writer:-- + + "The sense that every struggle brings defeat + Because Fate holds no prize to crown success, + That all the oracles are dumb or cheat + Because they have no secret to express; + That none can pierce the vast black veil uncertain + Because there is no light beyond the curtain; + That all is vanity and nothingness." + + +A poet whom one names with peculiar reverence is =Thomas Aubrey de Vere +(1814- )=, the son of Sir Aubrey de Vere, who was also a poet. Aubrey +de Vere, the younger, knew and loved Wordsworth, to whom in 1842 he +dedicated "The Waldenses: A Lyrical Tale," and yet retains, sixty years +later, the most sympathetic interest in modern literary effort. Mr de +Vere is an Irishman, and was educated at Trinity College, Dublin. He has +written many volumes of poetry and prose, his dramatic poems "Alexander +the Great" and "St Thomas of Canterbury" having, no doubt, been largely +inspired by the successes of his friend and relative, Sir Henry Taylor, +and by his father's brilliant drama, "Mary Tudor." One of his most +recent books was a volume of critical essays containing a notable study +of Wordsworth. + + +Irishmen have been fairly conspicuous in the poetry of the epoch, and +the term "Celtic Renaissance" has begun to be used hopefully by lovers +of Ireland who desire that country to have a literature as distinctly +Irish as Scotland has a literature definitely Scottish. =Thomas Moore +(1779-1852)= was the pioneer of this movement. He had, it is true, done +all his work before the Queen came to the throne, although he lived yet +another fifteen years. His "Irish Melodies" began to appear in 1807, +"Lalla Rookh" was published in 1817, and the "Life of Byron" in 1830. +Moore was as much an inspiration to modern Ireland as Burns to modern +Scotland, and the one country holds the name of its poet as +reverentially in memory as does the other. Moore, however, lacked the +note of passionate sincerity which pertained to Burns; although we may +fairly ask what would have been the career of Burns had he been thrown +early into the literary and social life of London--the London of Byron's +time. + + +The influence of Moore was strong in =Thomas Davis (1814-1845)= whose +"National and Historical Ballads, Songs and Poems" caused so great a +ferment in the heart of Young Ireland. Many other Irish writers deserve +to be named, such as James Clarence Mangan (1803-1849), Sir Samuel +Ferguson (1810-1886), Lady Dufferin (1807-1867) and John Banim +(1798-1842), who wrote, in conjunction with his brother Michael, some +twenty-four volumes of Irish stories and verses. =Samuel Lover (1797-1868)= +is best known in England by his romance "Rory O'More" and +his ever popular "Handy Andy," but in Ireland he is remembered as a +writer of lyrics and ballads of heart-stirring character. + + +An Irishman by descent, although not by birth, was =Edward FitzGerald +(1809-1883)=, who was born in Suffolk and lived all his life in the +neighbourhood of Woodbridge in that county. FitzGerald's "Letters and +Literary Remains" fill three substantial volumes, but he lives for us by +his translation or rather paraphrase of the "Rubáyát of Omar Khayyám of +Naishápur," which first appeared in 1859. It is generally agreed that +FitzGerald, a nineteenth century pagan, always reverently questioning +the mystery of existence, superadded his own personal thoughts and +feelings to the verses of the old Persian singer. In doing this he +touched deeply a certain aspect of the second half of the nineteenth +century and founded a cult. FitzGerald's verses, however, have been +ardently admired by many who are far from accepting their pessimist view +of life. + + +=Hartley Coleridge (1796-1849)= wrote and published his admirable +sonnets before 1837. He was a son of Samuel Taylor Coleridge +(1772-1834), whose literary remains were edited by Henry Nelson +Coleridge, a nephew and son-in-law. H. N. Coleridge married the great +poet's only daughter, =Sara Coleridge (1803-1852)=, who wrote one +poem, "Phantasmion," and whose letters throw much light on an important +chapter of literary history. + + +=Bryan Waller Procter (1787-1874)=, better known as "Barry Cornwall," +was at school with Lord Byron at Harrow. His "Dramatic Scenes," +"Marcian Colonna," and "Mirandola" were much talked of in their day. +Procter was admired as a poet by Byron, Moore, and other famous +contemporaries, but no one reads him now. A happier fate has befallen +his daughter, =Adelaide Anne Procter (1825-1864)=, whose "Legends and +Lyrics" are still widely popular. + + +Winthrop Mackworth Praed, who wrote much admirable humorous and +satirical verse, is not a Victorian author, although his present +popularity makes that rather hard to realise. He died in 1839. =Richard +Hengist Horne (1803-1884)=, on the other hand, although he lived into +our time, is now remembered only by his friendship with Mrs Browning and +by the humorous freak of publishing his epic "Orion" at a farthing. He +was the author of a miracle play entitled "Judas Iscariot," a tragedy +entitled "The Death of Marlowe," and many other works. + + +Another writer of well-nigh forgotten tragedies was =Thomas Lovell +Beddoes (1803-1849)=, who wrote "The Bride's Tragedy" and "Death's +Jest Book." A like extinction, it is to be feared, has befallen Ebenezer +Jones and Ebenezer Elliott--the former of whom belonged to that +spasmodic school of poets of which Alexander Smith and Philip James +Bailey were supposed to be the leaders. =Ebenezer Jones (1820-1860)= +wrote "Studies in Sensation and Event," to which in 1879 his brother, +Sumner Jones, attached an interesting biography. There is very genuine +poetry in the volume, but it is not likely to be republished. =Ebenezer +Elliott (1781-1849)= had a very different fate. He enjoyed for many +years the suffrages of the multitude. His "Corn Law Rhymes" played a +considerable part in the political agitation of the period. James +Montgomery called him "the poet of the poor." Another writer with a fine +democratic impulse was =Gerald Massey (1828- )=, who was associated +with the Chartist movement, and wrote "Poems and Charms" and "Voices of +Freedom and Lyrics of Love." Another Chartist was =Thomas Cooper +(1805-1892)=, who wrote "The Purgatory of Suicides" and many other poems +and an entertaining autobiography. Cooper was an active political +agitator, and was imprisoned for two years in Stafford gaol for +sedition. + + +A poet who holds a great place in the minds of many is =William Barnes +(1820-1886)=, who kept a school for a time in Mr Thomas Hardy's town of +Dorchester. He afterwards became a clergyman and rector of +Winterbourne-Came. He was a philologist as well as a poet, and published +many works on language. His interest for us here is in his "Poems of +Rural Life in the Dorset Dialect" (1844). Another poet-clergyman of +great learning was =Robert Stephen Hawker (1803-1875)= whose work +reflects Devonshire and Cornwall as Barnes' reflects Dorsetshire. He +wrote the "Song of the Western Men" which he deceived Macaulay into +believing to be an old Cornish ballad, and the great historian +introduced it into his "History of England" as an example of the +excitement caused by the arrest of the seven bishops.[7] Its stirring +refrain:-- + + "And shall Trelawney die, and shall Trelawney die? + Then thirty thousand Cornish boys will know the reason why" + +will always keep Hawker in remembrance. He was vicar of Morwenstow and +wrote several volumes of poems and some prose, including "Footprints of +Former Men in Far Cornwall." + + +Two poets, father and son, made the name of Marston honoured in their +days. John Westland Marston (1819-1890) was born at Boston, +Lincolnshire. He wrote two dramas, "Strathmore" and "Marie de Méranie," +which had much success some years ago. Another work, "A Hard Struggle," +obtained the enthusiastic praise of Dickens. Dr Garnett claims for +Marston that he was long the chief upholder of the poetical drama on the +English stage. =Philip Bourke Marston (1850-1887)=, a son of Westland +Marston, should not have failed of literary success, as he had for +godfather Philip James Bailey, the author of "Festus," and for godmother +Miss Mulock, author of "John Halifax, Gentleman." He, however, became +blind at three years of age. He published three volumes of verse, "Song +Tide and Other Poems" (1871), "All in All" (1875) and "Wind Voices" +(1883). They were never popular, although his poetry gained him the +esteem of many eminent men, Rossetti and Mr Swinburne among others. Mrs +Chandler Moulton, an American lady who wrote "Swallow Flights," gave us +a memoir of Philip Bourke Marston. In this she was assisted by Mr +William Sharp, who was also one of Rossetti's biographers. Mrs Moulton +did a like good office to the memory of =Arthur O'Shaughnessy +(1844-1881)=, a poet of considerable distinction in his day. +O'Shaughnessy married the younger Marston's sister. His "Epic of Women & +Other Poems," published in 1870, was a volume of very great promise. He +wrote other verses, which never attained to quite the same measure of +success. + + +It only remains for me to name =Alfred Austin (1835- )= the Poet +Laureate. After Lord Tennyson's death in 1892 the office remained vacant +for four years. The two poets who might have been considered to have +had some claim, William Morris and Mr Swinburne, were supposed to be +impossible on account of democratic sympathies, although it is doubtful +if either would have accepted the office. Almost every living poet, +however small the bulk of his achievement, and however inconsiderable +his years, was nominated--by the press--in turn. Finally, in 1896, by a +pleasant irony of circumstances, the laureateship was given to a +journalist,--for Mr Austin had been a leader-writer on the staff of the +_Standard_ newspaper for many years. He has written "The Golden Age, a +Satire" (1871), "Savonarola" (1881), "English Lyrics" (1891), and many +prose works. His "English Lyrics" contained an appreciative introduction +by William Watson, the author of "Wordsworth's Grave," "Lachrymæ +Musarum," and other poems which have been received with abundant +cordiality by the press and public. Another living poet who has been +well and justly praised is =Rudyard Kipling (1864- )=. He made his +earliest fame as a writer of short stories of Indian military life. +"Soldiers Three" and "Wee Willie Winkie" have entirely captivated the +imagination of Mr Kipling's contemporaries. It is as a poet, however, +that he will perhaps longest retain his hold upon them. His +"Barrack-Room Ballads" (1892) are finely touched with that martial +spirit which so strongly appeals to the heart of our nation. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[1] As, for example, _The Battle of Blenheim_, _The Inchcape Rock_ and +_The Cataract of Lodore_. + +[2] "The Nelson Memorial," by J. K. Laughton, 1896. "The Life of Nelson. +The embodiment of the Sea Power of Great Britain," by Captain A. T. +Mahan, 1897. + +[3] "Select Poems of Wordsworth," by Matthew Arnold. "Golden Treasury +Series." + +[4] Charles Kingsley's "Two Years Ago" appeared the same year--in 1857. + +[5] Reprinted in 1875 in "Essays and Studies." + +[6] See "Poems and Prose Remains" by Arthur Hugh Clough, with a +Selection from his Letters, and a Memoir, edited by his wife. 2 vols., +1888. + +[7] All over the country the peasants chanted a ballad of which the +burden is still remembered. MACAULAY, History, Vol. II., p. 371. + + + + +CHAPTER II + +The Novelists + + +Any comparison of the novels of the Victorian Era, with the novels of +the Georgian Period, must be very much to the disadvantage of the +former. The great epoch of English fiction began with Goldsmith and +Richardson, and ended with Sir Walter Scott. It was an epoch which gave +us "The Vicar of Wakefield," "Clarissa," "Tom Jones," "Pride and +Prejudice," "Humphrey Clinker," and "Tristram Shandy." That fiction had +a naturalness and spontaneity to which the novels of the Victorian Era +can lay no claim. The novels of the period with which we are concerned +aspire to regenerate mankind. Dickens, indeed, started off with but +little literary equipment save sundry eighteenth century novels. He had +read Smollett, and Fielding, and Sterne, diligently. But the influence +of these humourists--so marked in "Pickwick"--became qualified in his +succeeding books by the strenuous spirit of the times. + + +It is alike interesting in itself and convenient for my purpose that +the most popular novelist of the Victorian era should have published his +first great book in 1837. Dickens awoke then to abundant fame, and his +popularity has never waned for an instant during the sixty succeeding +years. To-day he may be more or less decried by "literary" people, but +his audience has multiplied twofold. He has added to it the countless +thousands whom the School Board has given to the reading world. + +=Charles Dickens (1812-1870)= was born at Landport, Portsea, his +father being an improvident clerk in the Navy Pay Office at Portsmouth. +Dickens senior has been immortalized for us by the not too pleasing +portrait of "Micawber." After infinite struggle and penury, Dickens +became a reporter for the _Morning Chronicle_. Under the signature of +"Boz" he wrote "Sketches" for the _Monthly Magazine_ in 1834. "Pickwick" +appeared from April 1836 to November 1837, and alike in parts and in +book form took the world by storm. It was succeeded by "Oliver Twist" +(1838), "Nicholas Nickleby" (1839), "The Old Curiosity Shop" (1840), and +"Barnaby Rudge" (1841). From this time forth Dickens was the most +popular writer that our literature has seen. Within twelve years after +his death some four millions of his books were sold in England, and +there is no reason to believe that this popularity has in any way +abated, although George Eliot foretold that much of Dickens's humour +would be meaningless to the next generation, that is to say, to the +generation which is now with us. It is the fashion to call Dickens the +novelist of the half-educated, to charge him with lack of +reflectiveness, with incapacity for serious reasoning. His humour has +been described as insincere, his pathos as exaggerated. Much of this +indictment may with equal justice be made against Richardson and even +against Jane Austen, who surely anticipated Dickens by the creation of +the Rev. William Collins. + +If Dickens had been a learned University Professor he would not have +possessed the equipment most needful for the artist who was to portray +to us in an imperishable manner the London which is now fast +disappearing. The people who censure Dickens are those for whom he has +served a purpose and is of no further use. They are a mere drop in the +ocean of readers. It is not easy to-day to gauge his precise position. +The exhaustion of many of his copyrights has given up his work to a host +of rival publishers. There are probably thousands of men and women now, +as there were in the fifties and sixties, who have been stimulated by +him, and who have found in his writings the aid to a cheery optimism +which has made life more tolerable amid adverse conditions. Mrs Richmond +Ritchie, Thackeray's daughter, tells us how keenly Dickens's capacity +for stirring the heart was felt even in the home of the rival novelist. +Thackeray's youngest daughter, then a child, looked up from the book she +was reading to ask the question, "Papa, why do you not write books like +'Nicholas Nickleby'"? Thackeray himself shared the general enthusiasm. +"David Copperfield!" he writes to a correspondent, "By Jingo! It is +beautiful! It is charming! Bravo Dickens! It has some of his very +brightest touches--those inimitable Dickens touches which make such a +great man of him. And the reading of the book has done another author a +great deal of good.... It has put me on my mettle and made me feel that +I must do something; that I have fame and name and family to support." + + +If Dickens is still beloved by the multitude, the name of =William +Makepeace Thackeray (1811-1863)= has entirely eclipsed his in the +minds of a certain literary section of the community. Thackeray stands +to them for culture, Dickens for illiteracy. Thackeray had indeed a more +polished intellect; he had also a more restrained style. Thackeray was +born at Calcutta. His father, who was an Indian civil servant, died when +the boy was only five years old. He was educated at Charterhouse School +and Trinity College, Cambridge. In 1831 he went to Weimar. He studied +long at Paris with a view to becoming an artist, and when "Pickwick" +wanted an illustrator to continue the work of Seymour who had committed +suicide, Thackeray applied to Dickens, but Hablot Browne was chosen, and +Thackeray was disappointed--happily for the world, which lost an +indifferent artist to gain a great author. Thackeray in 1837--the year +which saw the publication of "Pickwick" as a volume--joined the staff of +_Fraser's Magazine_. In that journal appeared in succession "The History +of Samuel Titmarsh and the Great Hoggarty Diamond," "The Yellowplush +Papers," and "The Memoirs of Barry Lyndon." In 1847 "Vanity Fair" was +begun in numbers, and not till then did its author secure real renown. +"Pendennis" was published in 1850, and "Esmond" in 1852. "The Newcomes" +(1854) is in some measure a sequel to "Pendennis," as "The Virginians" +(1858) is in some measure a sequel to "Esmond." These are the five works +by Thackeray which everyone must read. In 1857 Thackeray unsuccessfully +contested Oxford. In 1859 he undertook the editorship of the new +_Cornhill Magazine_ which flourished in his hands. These were the +halcyon days of magazine editors. On Macaulay's death in 1859, Thackeray +talked of purchasing the historian's vacant house. A friend remarked +upon his prosperity. "To make money one must edit a magazine," was the +answer. He did not buy Macaulay's house, but built himself one at +Palace Green, and here he died the day before Christmas-day 1863. His +daughter, Anne Thackeray, who became Mrs Richmond Ritchie, has written +"Old Kensington" and other stories of singular charm. + +The twenty-six volumes of Thackeray's works make a veritable nursery of +style for the modern literary aspirant. But it is, as has been said, +upon his five great novels that his future fame must rest. They are as +permanent a picture of life among the well-to-do classes as those +Dickens has given us of life among the poor. + + +=Charlotte Brontë (1816-1855)=, who gave to Thackeray the enthusiastic +hero-worship of her early years, called him a Titan, and dedicated "Jane +Eyre" to him, had little enough in common with the author of "Vanity +Fair." The daughter of a poor parson of Irish birth, she was born at +Thornton in Yorkshire. She and two sisters grew up in the cramped +atmosphere of a vicarage at Haworth, in the centre of the moorlands. +They wrote stories and poems from childhood, and dreamed of literary +fame. Meanwhile it was necessary to add to the scanty stipend of their +father; two of them went back as governesses to the school in which they +had been educated; and all of them a little later attempted the +uncongenial life of private governesses. The desire to have a school of +their own led Charlotte and her sister Emily to Brussels, where they +studied French and German. Returning to the Haworth parsonage, the three +sisters, Charlotte, Emily, and Anne, with money left them by an aunt, +published a volume of verse--"Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell." +Then each sister produced from her drawer the manuscript of a novel, and +Charlotte's "Professor," Emily's "Wuthering Heights," and Anne's "Agnes +Grey" were sent round to the publishers and returned more than once to +the parsonage. Finally the "Professor" was read by Smith & Elder, who +asked for a longer story by the writer. "Jane Eyre" (1847) was the +result, and that story became one of the most successful novels of the +day. It was followed by "Shirley" (1849) and "Villette" (1853). In 1854 +Charlotte Brontë became Mrs Arthur Bell Nicholls, and the wife of her +father's curate. In the following year she died. "The Professor" was +published two years after her death. + + +=Emily Brontë (1818-1848)= accomplished less than her elder sister, +but her name will live as long. She secured the admiration of Sydney +Dobell, of Matthew Arnold, and of Mr Swinburne, and her best verse is +perhaps the greatest ever written by a woman. "Last Lines" and "The Old +Stoic" will rank with the finest poetry in our literature. Her one +novel, "Wuthering Heights," has been most happily criticised by Mr +Swinburne: "As was the author's life so is her book in all things; +troubled and taintless, with little of rest in it and nothing of +reproach. It may be true that not many will ever take it to their +hearts; it is certain that those who do like it will like nothing very +much better in the whole world of poetry or prose." + +Emily Brontë's sole contributions to literature were the poems written +in conjunction with her two sisters under the name of Ellis Bell, some +further poems published by her sister Charlotte after her death, and the +single novel "Wuthering Heights." + + +=Anne Brontë (1819-1849)= wrote more than her sister Emily, but with +less of recognition. She contributed verses to the little volume of +poems under the name of Acton Bell, and additional verses were published +after her death by Charlotte. In addition to this she wrote two novels, +the first of them "Agnes Grey," and the second "The Tenant of Wildfell +Hall." This last, curiously enough, went into a second edition during +Anne's lifetime, and she contributed a preface to it defending herself +against her critics. Neither Anne's poetry nor her novels are of any +account to-day. They would not be read, were it not for the glory with +which her two sisters have surrounded the name of Brontë. + +Women novelists have abundantly flourished during the Victorian Era, but +then the path was made easy for them by Jane Austen, Maria Edgeworth, +and Fanny Burney. By all those who delight in debatable comparisons the +name of George Eliot is frequently brought into contrast with that of +Charlotte Brontë. =George Eliot (1819-1880)= was born at Griff in +Warwickshire, her real name being Mary Ann Evans. She was for a time at +a school at Nuneaton, and afterwards at Coventry. At first she was an +evangelical churchwoman, but about 1842 she became acquainted with two +or three cultivated women friends at whose houses she met Froude, +Emerson, and Francis Newman, all of whom represented a reverent +antagonism to supernatural Christianity. In conjunction with Sarah +Hennell, she undertook a translation of Strauss's "Life of Jesus." On +her father's death, in 1849, she came to London and became associated +with Dr Chapman in the editorship of the _Westminster Review_. It was +her friendship with George Henry Lewes, whom she met in 1851, which gave +her the first impulse towards fiction. Lewes was an active critic, and a +writer of two now forgotten novels. Miss Evans's "Scenes of Clerical +Life" were sent to Blackwood's Magazine in 1856. The stories were a +great success. Thackeray and Dickens were loud in expressions of +admiration. In 1859 "Adam Bede" was published and made George Eliot +famous. "It is the finest thing since Shakspere," said Charles Reade. +Her success, however, did not lead to hasty production. She wrote only +six novels during the remainder of her life. "I can write no word that +is not prompted from within," she said. "The Mill on the Floss" was +written in 1860; "Silas Marner" in 1861; "Romola" in 1863; "Felix Holt" +in 1866; "Middlemarch" in 1871-1872; and "Daniel Deronda" in 1876. + +In 1880 Miss Mary Ann Evans became Mrs Walter Cross, but after a few +months of wedded life she died of inflammation of the heart at 4 Cheyne +Walk, Chelsea. Her husband wrote her biography, not with much success. +So entirely was George Eliot's best mind concentrated upon her books +that her letters, and indeed her personality, were a disappointment to +all but a few hero-worshippers. + + +The novels, with two volumes of poems and two of essays, make up George +Eliot's collected works. The essays written before and after her novels +give, like her letters, but few indications of her remarkable powers. +Nor, although "The Spanish Gipsy" is deeply interesting, can her poetry +be counted for much. "The Choir Invisible" is her best known poem. It is +by her novels that she must be judged, and these, for insight into +character, analysis of the motives which guide men, and sympathy with +the intellectual and moral struggles which make up so large a part of +life, have a literary niche to themselves. With singular catholicity she +paints the simplest faith and the highest idealism. Whether it be an +Evangelical clergyman, a Dissenting minister, or a Methodist +factory-girl, she enters into the spirit of their lives with fullest +sympathy. Carlyle could see in Methodism only "a religion fit for gross +and vulgar-minded people, a religion so-called, and the essence of it +_cowardice_ and _hunger_, terror of pain and appetite for pleasure both +carried to the infinite." George Eliot's sympathies were wider. She won +the heart of Methodists, who have stood in imagination listening to +Dinah Morris addressing the Hayslope peasantry, as she gained the +devotion of Roman Catholics like Lord Acton, who have seen in her +portrait of Savonarola a wise expression of their faith. And it is not +only in religious matters that her sympathies are so broad. The +sententious dulness of Mr Macey is as much within the range of her +feelings as the manliness of Adam Bede or the scholastic pride of old +Bardo. She feels equally for the weak and frivolous Hetty and the lofty, +self-sustained Romola. "At least eighty out of a hundred," she says, "of +your adult male fellow-Britons returned in the last census are neither +extraordinarily silly nor extraordinarily wicked, nor extraordinarily +wise; their eyes are neither deep and liquid with sentiment, nor +sparkling with suppressed witticisms; they have probably had no +hairbreadth escapes or thrilling adventures; their brains are certainly +not pregnant with genius, and their passions have not manifested +themselves at all after the fashion of a volcano. They are simply men of +complexions more or less muddy, whose conversation is more or less bald +and disjointed. Yet these commonplace people--many of them--bear a +conscience, and have felt the sublime promptings to do the painful +right; they have their unspoken sorrows and their sacred joys; their +hearts have perhaps gone out towards their first-born, and they have +mourned over the irreclaimable dead. Nay, is there not a pathos in their +very insignificance, in our comparison of their dim and narrow existence +with the glorious possibilities of that human nature which they share? +Depend upon it you would gain unspeakably if you would learn with me to +see some of the poetry and the pathos, the tragedy and the comedy, lying +in the experience of a human soul that looks out through dull gray eyes, +and that speaks in a voice of quite ordinary tones." The creations of +George Eliot,--Tito and Baldassare, Mrs Poyser and Silas Marner, Dorothy +Brooke and Gwendolen,--are not as familiar to the reading public of +to-day as they were to that of ten or fifteen years ago. Of the +idolatry which almost made her a prophetess of a new cult we hear +nothing now. She has not maintained her position as Dickens, Thackeray, +and Charlotte Brontë have maintained theirs. But if there be little of +partisanship and much detraction, it is idle to deny that George Eliot's +many gifts, her humour, her pathos, her remarkable intellectual +endowments, give her an assured place among the writers of Victorian +literature. + + +The next in order of prominence among the novelists of the period is +=Charles Kingsley (1819-1875)=. He was born at Holne Vicarage, on the +borders of Dartmoor, and was educated at King's College, London, and +Magdalen College, Cambridge. After this he received the curacy of +Eversley, in Hampshire, of which parish he finally became rector. In +1848 he published a drama entitled "The Saint's Tragedy," with St +Elizabeth of Hungary as heroine. A year later his novel of "Alton Locke" +gained him the title of "The Chartist Parson." This tale, in which +Carlyle is introduced in the person of an old Scotch bookseller, was a +crude and yet vigorous expression of sympathy with the Chartist +movement, and its influence was tremendous. For its sympathy with the +working classes, and in its reflection of the broad and tolerant +Christianity of which Kingsley was always the eloquent preacher, "Alton +Locke," in common with "Yeast" and "Two Years Ago," is a valuable +contribution to literature. Kingsley, however, became a truer artist +when, as in "Hypatia" and "Westward Ho!" he had not social and religious +ends in view. "Hypatia," in spite of many historical errors, is a +brilliant sketch of the early Church at Alexandria. Gibbon, from whom +Kingsley obtained the hint for this book, would have revelled in the +apparent endorsement by a latter-day clergyman of his estimate of the +early Christianity of the East. "Westward Ho!" is a picturesque +narrative of English rivalry with Spain in the reign of Elizabeth. The +contrasts of character in Frank and Amyas Leigh perhaps give this novel +a claim to be considered Kingsley's best effort. He wrote many other +works, including children's stories, scientific lectures, and poems, +among which last the beautiful ballads, "The Three Fishers" and "The +Sands of Dee," are the most popular. For nine years he held the office +of Professor of Modern History at Cambridge University, but his +unphilosophical views of history made his presence there a misfortune. A +model country clergyman, a man essentially healthy-minded and interested +in all phases of life and thought, Kingsley's influence, especially on +young men, during the past five-and-thirty years, has been very great +and very beneficial. + + +=Henry Kingsley (1830-1876)=, a younger brother of Charles, wrote many +novels and romances, three of them memorable. "Geoffrey Hamlyn" is +popular as the best novel of Australian life. To Australia he had gone +to make his fortune at the diggings. He did not make a fortune, but +joined the colonial mounted police instead. Compelled by his office to +attend an execution, he threw up the post in disgust, and returned to +England to find his brother installed as Vicar of Eversley and on the +high road to fame. Little wonder that he attempted to emulate him, and +he succeeded. + +Never, surely, has literature produced two brothers so remarkable, and +at the same time so different. Both gave us energetic heroes, and loved +manliness. In Charles Kingsley, however, the novelist was always largely +subordinated to the preacher. In Henry there was nothing of the preacher +whatever. "Geoffrey Hamlyn," "Ravenshoe" and "The Hillyars and The +Burtons," are all forcible, effective works, and they have secured +generous praise and appreciation from many a literary colleague. But +Henry was a bit of a ne'er-do-well, and so his personality has been +carefully screened from the public. His name is not even mentioned in +Charles Kingsley's biography. Sir Edwin Arnold, however, who knew him +at Oxford, and Mrs Thackeray Ritchie, who knew him towards the end of +his life, testify to certain delightful qualities of mind and heart +which peculiarly appealed to them.[8] + + +A writer not less successful than Charles Kingsley, but in no way +comparable as a man, was =Edward Bulwer Lytton (1803-1873)=, Baron +Lytton, who was born in London, and created no small sensation in 1828 +by the publication of "Pelham." This was followed by a long list of +novels of infinite variety. Some dealt with the preternatural like +"Zanoni," and others with history, psychology, and ethics. Of these the +most popular were doubtless the historical "Harold," "Rienzi," "The Last +of the Barons," and "The Last Days of Pompeii," which still hold their +own with the younger generation. The thoughtful men of to-day do not +however read "The Caxtons" as they did in the sixties and seventies. +Lytton was one of the cleverest men of his age--using the word in no +friendly sense--he was a clever novelist, a clever dramatist (his comedy +of "Money," and his tragedies "Richelieu" and "The Lady of Lyons," +still hold the stage), and a clever Parliamentary debater. + + +Another writer, with higher claims to consideration than those of +literature, was =Benjamin Disraeli (1804-1881)=, Earl of Beaconsfield. +Disraeli entered life under conditions peculiarly favourable to a +successful literary career. His father, Isaac D'Israeli, was an +enthusiastic bookworm, whose "Curiosities of Literature" and other books +are an inexhaustible mine of anecdote on the quarrels and calamities of +authors. The young Disraeli wrote "Vivian Grey" in 1827, following this +very successful effort with "The Young Duke," "Venetia," "Henrietta +Temple," and other novels. In 1837 he was returned to Parliament as +member for Maidstone. His career as an orator and statesman does not +concern us here; suffice to say that of his many later novels +"Coningsby," "Tancred," and "Sybil" are by far the ablest and most +brilliant, and that "Sybil" was an effective exposure of many abuses in +the relations of capital to labour. In addition to his work as a +novelist, Lord Beaconsfield wrote an able biography of his friend and +colleague, Lord George Bentinck. + + +One of the most successful of the greater novelists of the reign was +=Charles Reade (1814-1884)=, who first became famous by "Peg +Woffington" in 1852. "The Cloister and the Hearth" was published in +1861, and "Griffith Gaunt" in 1866. Several of his later novels were +written "with a purpose." In "Hard Cash" he drew attention to the abuses +of private lunatic asylums; in "Foul Play" he aroused public interest in +the iniquities of ship-knackers; in "Put Yourself in His Place," he +attacked Trades Unions, and in "Never Too Late to Mend" he exposed some +of the abuses of our prison system as it existed at that time. Reade was +also an industrious dramatist; "Masks and Faces," and "Drink," are among +his most popular plays. Of all his books "The Cloister and the Hearth" +is the best, and also the most widely read. It has for its hero the +father of Erasmus. + + +Those who in days to come will want to know what provincial life was +really like in England in early Victorian times will enquire for the +novels of =Anthony Trollope (1815-1822)=. "Barchester Towers," +"Framley Parsonage," and "Dr Thorne," are the most popular of a series +of tales, in all of which the country life of England, its clergy and +squirearchy, are portrayed. Trollope wrote on many subjects. His "Life +of Cicero" secured the commendation of Professor Freeman, and his +biography of Thackeray, though all too slight, is the best book about +the author of "Vanity Fair" that has so far been given us. + + +Another novelist of about equal status with Trollope in mid-Victorian +fiction is =George John Whyte Melville (1821-1878)=. Major Whyte +Melville is the novelist of all lovers of the hunting-field, and +strangely enough he fell a victim to the very sport which he had done so +much to picture. He was killed by a fall from his horse. Whyte +Melville's hunting novels include "Katerfelto" and "Black but Comely." +He also wrote historical novels, of which "The Queen's Maries" and "The +Gladiators" were the most popular, and he had a pretty gift of verse. + + +Literature has rarely produced a more picturesque figure than =Robert +Louis Stevenson (1850-1894)=. The son of a famous Scottish engineer he +was destined, like his great countryman Sir Walter Scott, for a +Writership to the Signet. He took, however, to literature instead, and +died at forty-four in Samoa,--where he had gone for his health,--after a +remarkable literary achievement. With a style not always rigidly +grammatical, but always impressive and distinguished, he shone in many +branches of literary work. He wrote travel pictures like "With a Donkey +in the Cevennes," which were incomparably superior to those of any +contemporary; his plays--written in collaboration with Mr W. E. +Henley--had a power of their own, and one of them, "Beau Austin," +although not accepted by the public, is probably the greatest +contribution to the drama of the era. As a critic of life and of books +Stevenson has also an honourable place. I know of no better treatment of +the one than "Virginibus Puerisque," or of the other than "Some Aspects +of Robert Burns." He has given abundant pleasure to children by "A +Child's Garden of Verses," and in "Underwoods" he has scarcely less +successfully appealed to their elders. + +It is as a novelist, however, that Stevenson fills the largest place. He +is the inheritor of the traditions of Scott, with the world-pain of his +own epoch superadded. Men and boys alike have found "Treasure Island" +absorbing, while men have also pondered over the widely different powers +which are displayed in "The New Arabian Nights" and "The Master of +Ballantrae," "Prince Otto," and "St Ives." "Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde" is a +parable which has thrilled us all. + + +Stevenson delighted to call Mr George Meredith his master, and the two +men were friends of years. =George Meredith (1828- )= began his +literary career in 1851, with a volume of poems, one of which, "Love in +a Valley," is still an unqualified joy to all who read it. Mr Meredith +has published several volumes of poems since then, and all of them have +their loyal admirers, but it is as a novelist that the world at large +appraises him. + +His concentrated thought and vivid passion have gained for him the title +of the "Browning of novelists." Each of his books in turn has had its +ardent partisans among cultivated and thoughtful readers. "The Shaving +of Shagpat" appeared in 1856, and "Farina" in 1857. "The Ordeal of +Richard Feverel," which appeared in 1859, is by many considered +Meredith's best novel. It treats, with subtle humour and profound +philosophical insight, of the problem of a youth's education, and is +full of truth to life. "Feverel" was followed by "Evan Harrington" +(1861), while "Rhoda Fleming" (1865), "The Adventures of Harry Richmond" +(1871), "Beauchamp's Career" (1876), "The Egoist" (1879), "The Tragic +Comedians" (1881), and "Diana of the Crossways" (1885), have each of +them abundance of readers. Merely to enumerate George Meredith's novels +is to call to the memory of all who have read them a widening of mental +and moral vision. The rich vein of poetry running through the books, +their humour and imagination, place their author in the very front rank +of English novelists. "I should never forgive myself," said Robert Louis +Stevenson, "if I forgot 'The Egoist,' which, of all the novels I have +read (and I have read thousands), stands in a place by itself. I have +read 'The Egoist' five or six times, and I mean to read it again." +Others have spoken with equal enthusiasm of "Sandra Belloni," with its +sweet singer Emilia; others of "Beauchamp's Career," with its +aristocratic Radical, now generally understood to have been intended for +Admiral Maxse. + +Mr Meredith dedicated his volume of "Poems" of 1851 to =Thomas Love +Peacock (1785-1866)=, who, perhaps, more than any other writer +influenced his own style. Peacock was born at Weymouth, and he was +mainly self-educated. In 1804 and 1806 he published two small volumes of +poetry, "The Monks of St Mark" and "Palmyra." In 1812 he became +acquainted with Shelley, and the two were intimate at Great Marlow where +Peacock lived in 1815, and later. Peacock's novels "Headlong Hall" +(1816-1817), "Melincourt" (1817) and "Nightmare Abbey" (1818), which +have been two or three times reprinted within the last five or six +years, gained no commensurate attention on their appearance, although +one of them was translated into French. In 1819 Peacock became a clerk +in the India House, and married a Welsh girl, Jane Gryffdh. "Maid +Marion" appeared in 1822, "Crotchet Castle" in 1831, and in 1837 "Paper +Money Lyrics and other Poems." All the novels I have named, and they +are his most famous, belong to the pre-Victorian period, but "Gryll +Grange," his last novel, was published in 1861. Peacock is interesting +as a novelist and for his relations with other famous men. He was, as I +have said, the friend of Shelley, and he was the father-in-law of Mr +George Meredith. Added to this he succeeded to James Mill's post at the +India House, and vacated it for James Mill's son, John Stuart Mill. + +To R. L. Stevenson we undoubtedly owe much of the impulse to the modern +romantic movement, which adds every day an historical novel or a story +of adventure to our libraries. It has given us Stanley Weyman, "Q" (A. +T. Quiller Couch), "Anthony Hope," Max Pemberton, and Conan Doyle, the +creator of Sherlock Holmes. Another Scotsman, =George MacDonald (1824- )=, +whose "Robert Falconer," "David Elginbrod," and "Alec Forbes +of Howglen," have charmed nearly a generation, had less influence than +might have been thought upon the younger Scottish writers, who have made +Scottish scenes and Scottish dialect so marked an element in many +popular works. James Matthew Barrie, for example, had written "A Window +in Thrums," before he had read one of Dr MacDonald's books. Mr Barrie +was probably influenced, however, by John Galt (1779-1859), whose +"Ayrshire Legatees" and "Annals of the Parish" were written before the +Queen began to reign. + +A writer whose most striking book was published sufficiently long ago to +justify its inclusion here, was =Joseph Henry Shorthouse (1834- )=. His +"John Inglesant" gained for him a reputation which his "Sir Percival" +did not sustain. Mr Shorthouse has written nothing since "John +Inglesant" so beautiful as his "Little Schoolmaster Mark," a singularly +poetical conception of abnormal childhood. + +The best stories for children have been written by =Lewis Carroll +(1833- )=. This is the pseudonym of the Rev. Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, a +lecturer on mathematics at Christ Church, Oxford, and the author of +several mathematical text-books. In "Euclid and his Modern Rivals" and +"A Tangled Tale," Mr Dodgson has succeeded in combining his taste for +science with a rich humour, but his fame rests upon his remarkable +fairy-stories, "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland," published in 1865, +and its sequel, "Through the Looking-Glass," which appeared in 1872. Men +and women, quite as much as little children, have found pleasure and +entertainment in these happy efforts of a genius as individual as +anything our age has produced. + + +I have purposely all but ignored many writers of fiction who are still +actively engaged in literary pursuits. The daily journals bring their +achievements sufficiently to the front. But literary workers owe so much +to the untiring zeal of =Sir Walter Besant (1838- )= in their behalf, +that at the risk of inconsistency I mention his "All Sorts and +Conditions of Men," a story which not only sold by thousands, but had a +practical influence such as is rarely given to poet or novelist to +achieve. The writer dreams of a wealthy heiress devoting her time and +money to purifying and elevating the East End of London. She builds a +Palace of Delight, and devotes it to the service of the people. In May, +1887, the dream was realised, for the Queen opened just such a Palace +for the People in the Mile-End Road. How far this institution, the +outcome of a novelist's imagination and the generous subscriptions of +philanthropists, has achieved the regeneration of the London poor, +history has yet to record. Sir Walter Besant wrote at an earlier period +twelve novels in conjunction with =James Rice (1843-1882)=, a +collaborator of singular humour and imagination. Of the books written +conjointly, "Ready Money Mortiboy" and "The Golden Butterfly" are the +most popular. + + +Passing from the acknowledged masters in imaginative literature, one +turns to a crowd of popular and interesting writers who have charmed and +delighted multitudes of readers. Foremost among these are Lever and +Marryat. =Charles Lever (1806-1872)= was for some time editor of the +_Dublin University Magazine_, but his Irish stories, "Charles O'Malley" +and "Harry Lorrequer" are his chief title to fame. That the rollicking +humour of these books still commands attention is proved by a recent +luxurious re-issue of them.[9] + +Another Irishman, who won the affections of Irishmen as Lever won their +laughter, was =William Carleton (1798-1869)=, who was born at +Prillisk, county Tyrone. He was the youngest of fourteen children. His +equal knowledge of Irish and English gave him an intimacy with the +folk-lore and fairy tales, which make up so large a part in the lives of +the poorer among his countrymen, and "Traits and Stories of the Irish +Peasantry" (1833) and "Tales of Ireland" (1834), were the result. His +romance, "Fardorougha the Miser," appeared in 1839, and he treated in +1847 of the horrors of the Irish famine in his "Black Prophet." Carleton +has for many years ceased to be read in England, but he shares in the +revived interest in Irish literature, which has taken the place of +interest in Irish politics. =Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu (1814-1873)= also +made a great success with "Uncle Silas" (1864) and "In a Glass Darkly" +(1872). + +=Frederick Marryat (1792-1848)= ran away to sea several times before +his father, a member of Parliament of great wealth, consented to his +being a sailor. He was a successful and popular naval officer before he +was twenty-one. He was thirty-seven years of age when he wrote his first +novel, "Frank Mildmay," the success of which led him to adopt literature +as the profession of his later life. Of his many novels, of which "Mr +Midshipman Easy" and "Peter Simple" are perhaps the best, several +appeared in the _Metropolitan Magazine_, which Marryat edited for four +years. Not only is Marryat the most delightful of writers for boys, but +it is interesting to note that both Carlyle and Ruskin during long terms +of illness solaced themselves with his wonderful sea-stories. + + +A writer who gave much healthy pleasure to schoolboys was =William Henry +Giles Kingston (1814-1880)=, who left behind him one hundred and +twenty-five stories of the sea. Another writer for boys, =William +Harrison Ainsworth (1805-1882)=, was the son of a Manchester +solicitor. The majority of his thirty novels treat of historical themes. +The best of them, "Old St Paul's," "The Tower of London," and +"Rookwood," have been translated into most modern languages. Scarcely +less popular for a time was =G. P. R. James (1801-1860)=, who also +dealt freely with history. Thackeray burlesqued James so skilfully that +he has already become a tradition. He was British Consul in Virginia, +and afterwards at Venice, where he died. + + +Living English novelists of well-deserved popularity, are Mr Hardy, Mr +Black, and Mr Blackmore. + +=Thomas Hardy (1840- )= made his earlier fame by "Far from the Madding +Crowd" (1874). He made his later popularity by "Tess of the +D'Urbervilles" (1892). Between these books came two stories greater than +either--"The Return of the Native" (1878) and "The Woodlanders" (1887). +One must read those books to appreciate how very great a novelist Mr +Hardy is, how full of poetry and of insight. The Dorsetshire landscape +which, under the guise of "Wessex," he has made so familiar, will be +classic ground for many a day to all lovers of good literature. + + +Although =William Black (1841- )=, who was born in Glasgow, has +written numerous stories about the West Highlands of Scotland, he has no +affinity whatever to the new Scotch school. He made his first appearance +as a novelist in 1867 with "Love or Marriage," and almost every year +since he has published a story, over thirty novels now bearing his name. +Black has recognised the value of the picturesque back-ground afforded +by West Highland scenery, with its accompanying incidents in the outdoor +life of the deer stalker and angler. He has given us some real +characterization in "A Daughter of Heth" (1871), in "Madcap Violet" +(1876): while "Macleod of Dare" (1878) is perhaps the best thing he has +written. + + +=Richard Doddridge Blackmore (1825- )= has written many interesting +novels, but it has been his perverse fate to live by only one of them. +"Lorna Doone" was published in 1869, and although received coldly at +first, finally achieved great popularity: and visits to the Lorna Doone +country, as that part of Devonshire is called, make part of the +travelled education of every literary American. As a master of rustic +comedy he stands unexcelled in our day, and the merits of certain other +novels--"The Maid of Sker," "Christowell" and "Cripps the Carrier"--may +some day become more fully recognised. + + +Not less popular than the novelist of locality--for this description may +surely be applied to Mr Hardy and the two other writers I have named--is +the novelist of sensation. =William Wilkie Collins (1824-1889)= was +the most prominent exponent of that School. "The Woman in White," which +appeared in 1860 in _All the Year Round_, took the town by storm, but +Count Fosco would be pronounced a tiresome villain to-day. With "The +Moonstone" and "The New Magdalen" Wilkie Collins secured almost equal +success. Although it has been affirmed that a new Wilkie Collins, that +is to say a novelist of pure sensation, might even now have a great +vogue, it is quite certain that the actual Wilkie Collins has lost the +greater part of his.[10] Another novelist who presents himself as little +more than a name to the present generation is =Samuel Warren +(1807-1877)=. He was a doctor, and, like his homotype, Mr Conan Doyle +half a century later, studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh. +His "Passages from the Diary of a Late Physician" began in _Blackwood's +Magazine_ in 1830, and was well received, but a still greater success +attended his "Ten Thousand a Year," which appeared first in the same +periodical. + + +Time has dealt unkindly with Samuel Warren: it is yet to be seen how +time will deal with another popular favourite, =Mrs Henry Wood +(1820-1887)=, who was born in Worcestershire and made the city of +Worcester the centre of many of her stories. The "Channings" and "Mrs +Halliburton's Troubles" are her best novels and they have had a +well-deserved popularity, for Mrs Wood had a splendid faculty for +telling a story. Her even more popular novel, "East Lynne," will +probably survive for many a year as a stage play. + + +Next to Charlotte Brontë and George Eliot the most distinguished woman +novelist of the era is =Mrs Gaskell (1810-1865)=, who, as Elizabeth +Cleghorn Stevenson, married William Gaskell, a Unitarian minister of +Manchester. Mrs Gaskell's first literary success was "Mary Barton," the +story of a Manchester factory girl. "Ruth," "North and South," and +"Sylvia's Lovers" were equally successful, but the two books which are +certain to secure immortality to their author are "Cranford" (1853), and +"The Life of Charlotte Brontë" (1857). "Cranford" is an idyll of village +life which is sure to charm many generations of readers, and not a few +artists have delighted to illustrate its quaint and fascinating +character studies. "Cranford" has been identified with Knutsford in +Cheshire. Mrs Gaskell's biography of her friend Charlotte Brontë has +probably had a larger sale than any other biography in our literature. +Many causes contributed to this--the popularity of the Brontë novels, +the exceptionally romantic and pathetic life of their authors, Mrs +Gaskell's own fame as a writer of fiction, and the literary skill with +which she treated the material at her command. + + +Other women writers who have had a large measure of fame, and are now +well-nigh forgotten, are Mrs Marsh (1791-1874), who wrote "The Admiral's +Daughter" and "The Deformed," Mrs Crowe (1800-1876), who wrote "Susan +Hopley" and "The Night Side of Nature," Mrs Archer Clive (1801-1873), +who wrote "Paul Ferroll," Lady Georgiana Fullerton (1812-1885), the +author of "Ann Sherwood," Mrs Stretton (1812-1878), who wrote "The +Valley of a Hundred Fires." + + +All these are now little more than names to us, but not so =Anne +Manning (1800-1879)=, whose "Maiden and Married Life of Mary Powell" +will long continue to be read. It is an effective presentation of Milton +and his first wife. =Mrs Norton (1808-1877)=, "the Byron of +poetesses," as Lockhart described her, wrote several novels, "Stuart of +Dunleath" and "Lost and Saved" being perhaps the best known in their +time, but she lives now mainly in George Meredith's "Diana of the +Crossways." =Dinah Mulock (1826-1887)= (Mrs Craik) may still be ranked +among our most popular novelists, although her best and most successful +book, "John Halifax, Gentleman," was published in 1857. The memory of +=Julia Kavanagh (1824-1877)=, although her "Madeleine" was +enthusiastically greeted on its appearance, has all but faded away. Miss +Kavanagh's "Woman in France in the 18th Century," "English Women of +Letters," and "French Women of Letters," were handsomely got-up books, +and are still to be found in many old-fashioned libraries. + + +Two of the most popular writers for children were A.L.O.E. and Mrs +Ewing. A.L.O.E. or A Lady of England, was the pseudonym of =Charlotte +Maria Tucker (1821-1893)=, who after many years of successful literary +labour, went out to India for the Church Missionary Society, at the age +of fifty-four. Miss Tucker's most popular stories were "Pride and his +Pursuers," "Exiles in Babylon," "House Beautiful," and "Cyril Ashley." +Scarcely less popular was =Mrs Ewing (1841-1885)=, whose mother, Mrs +Gatty, edited _Aunt Judy's Magazine_. It was in this magazine that Mrs +Ewing's "Remembrances of Mrs Overtheway" made their appearance. + + +Another writer of great popularity, =Mrs Charles (1828-1896)=, secured +an immense success with "The Schönberg-Cotta Family," "Kitty Trevelyan's +Diary," and other books of a semi-religious, semi-historical tendency. +It is a natural association, not derived from similarity of name, to +mention =Maria Louisa Charlesworth (1819-1880)= at the same time, +because Miss Charlesworth's "Ministering Children" had an enormous +success with the religious public of England,--the public which supports +Missionary Societies and Sunday Schools. + + +I might easily devote many pages to the living women novelists who have +impressed themselves upon the era; but that scarcely comes within the +scope of this little book. There are, to name but a few, Mrs Lynn +Linton, Mrs Humphry Ward, Ouida, Miss Braddon, Miss Marie Corelli, Miss +Olive Schreiner, Miss Rhoda Broughton, Edna Lyall, Lucas Malet, Miss +Charlotte Yonge, Miss Adeline Sergeant, Mrs Macquoid, Mrs Alexander, Mrs +W. K. Clifford--names which recall to thousands of readers many familiar +books and some of the happiest hours they have ever spent. + + +With the name of =Mrs Oliphant (1828-1897)=, who has recently died, I +may fitly close this survey of Victorian fiction. Mrs Oliphant struck +the note of the era alike in her versatility and in her lack of +thoroughness. She was so versatile that she once offered to write a +whole number of _Blackwood's Magazine_, a publication to which she was +for years a valued contributor. And she would have done it with fair +effectiveness. That she wrote good fiction is now generally +acknowledged. She wrote also biography, criticism, and every form of +prose. Her "Makers of Florence" has been a popular history,--it treats +of Dante, Giotto, and Savonarola,--as her "Life of Edward Irving" has +been a popular biography. She wrote many other books apart from her +fiction, "A History of Eighteenth Century Literature," a "Memoir of +Principal Tulloch," biographies of Cervantes and Molière, and a volume +on "Dress." But she was not a good critic, nor was she a very accurate +student. It is upon her novels that her fame will have to rest. "Salem +Chapel," a skilful delineation of a minister and his congregation, has +been compared to George Eliot's "Silas Marner." "Passages in the Life of +Margaret Maitland" (1849) was her first novel and "The Lady's Walk" +(1897) her last, and in the intervening years she probably wrote sixty +or seventy stories, each of them containing indications of a genius +which, with more concentration, would have given her an enduring place +in English fiction. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[8] Charles Kingsley's novels and miscellaneous writings are published +by Macmillan & Co., in twenty-nine volumes. Henry Kingsley's novels have +been recently issued by Ward & Lock in twelve volumes. + +[9] "The Collected Works of Charles Lever." Downey & Co. + +[10] A New Library Edition of the novels of Wilkie Collins has just been +published by Chatto and Windus. + + + + +CHAPTER III + +The Historians + + +The reign of Victoria has been pre-eminently the reign of the historian +in our literature. Greater poets we had seen in the reigns of the +Georges, greater essayists in the reign of Anne. But Grote and Carlyle, +Macaulay and Gardiner, Bishop Stubbs and Dr Freeman, had no counterparts +in an earlier age--always excepting the one great name of Gibbon. Before +them there were chroniclers of contemporary events and pamphleteers +under the guise of historians, but little more. Goldsmith's histories +are the laughing-stock of those to whom the modern methods of research +are familiar, and even Hume had little of the spirit of the genuine +student. Hallam and Lingard were the pioneers in this branch of +literature, although both of them had done their work before Queen +Victoria came to the throne. + +=Henry Hallam (1777-1859)= was born at Windsor, where his father held +a canonry. His first great work, entitled "View of the State of Europe +during the Middle Ages," was published in 1818, and his "Constitutional +History of England, from the Accession of Henry VII. to the Death of +George II.," in 1827. In 1838 he produced his "Introduction to the +Literature of Europe in the Fifteenth, Sixteenth, and Seventeenth +Centuries." Of these three works the first and the last are valuable +mainly for their stimulus to the more philosophical and imaginative work +of later writers, but the "Constitutional History" remains the text-book +for the period which it covers. Macaulay praised it highly, possibly +because of the Whiggism which undoubtedly underlies some of the more +debatable propositions in the book; but Macaulay and many other writers +have disputed the correctness of many of Hallam's judgments. To write +the constitutional history of England from the earliest period to the +year 1485, where Hallam begins, was a far more difficult undertaking +than to deal with the reigns of the Tudors and the Stuarts. This work +devolved on Dr Stubbs. + +=William Stubbs (1825- )=, who was appointed Bishop of Oxford in 1889, +was born at Knaresborough, and was educated at Ripon Grammar School and +at Christ Church, Oxford. In 1850 he became vicar of Navestock, in +Essex, and in 1862 he was made librarian at Lambeth Palace. His editions +of mediæval chronicles were well calculated to smooth the path of any +future historian, and the critical introductions showed the profound +scholarship of the editor. Probably no one man has done so much to throw +light on the obscure by-ways of history, and as Regius Professor of +Modern History at Oxford, a post he accepted in 1866, he gave so great a +stimulus to historical study that many brilliant writers have since been +proud to call him "master." In 1870 he published his "Select Charters," +of which the "Introductions" are also invaluable, and between 1874 and +1878 he wrote his great work, "The Constitutional History of England in +its Origin and Development," the three volumes of which carry us down to +the death of Richard III. The book is profoundly scientific in its +method, but it is a mistaken, although popular, belief which classes Dr +Stubbs among Dryasdust investigators. The work glows with life and +interest, and is full of suggestive parallels for modern political +society. + +The work of tracing the growth of the English constitution, which had +been so worthily begun by Hallam, and continued in so wise and scholarly +a fashion by Bishop Stubbs, was carried on by =Sir Thomas Erskine May +(1815-1886)=, who, a few days before his death, was created Baron +Farnborough. After a long official career in connection with the House +of Commons, he was appointed Clerk to the House in 1871. In addition to +several publications dealing with Parliamentary forms, and a book on +"Democracy in Europe," he wrote a "Constitutional History since the +Accession of George III.," thus continuing the work from the point at +which Hallam had dropped it, and completing a continuous history of the +English Constitution. + +When we turn to what is more popularly understood by the history of a +country, the political and social life of peoples, and the wars and +conquests of nations, we are not less fortunate in the results attained. +=John Lingard (1771-1851)= had, it is true, written his great work +before 1837. "The History of England, from the First Invasion by the +Romans to the Commencement of the Reign of William III.," appeared in +eight volumes between 1819 and 1830. Lingard was the son of a Winchester +carpenter. He was for some time the Professor of Moral Philosophy at a +Roman Catholic College. His religious views doubtless affected, in +considerable measure, his judgment of events, especially in the reign of +Henry VIII., but he is a fairly impartial historian. He confesses that +he has been more anxious to arrive at the facts than troubled as to the +garb in which those facts were presented to the public, and his work is +really very dull in consequence. A contemporary of Lingard, who covered +much of the same historic ground, was Sharon Turner (1768-1847), and yet +another was =John Mitchell Kemble (1807-1857)=, whose "Saxons in +England" (1849) still fills a useful place. Another distinguished +writer, of what we may term the earlier school of historical research, +was =Sir Francis Palgrave (1788-1861)=, one of whose accomplished sons, +Francis Turner Palgrave, is still living (born 1824), whilom Professor +of Poetry at Oxford and the friend of Tennyson, the author of excellent +verse, and, moreover, the editor of that incomparable volume, the +"Golden Treasury of Songs and Lyrics." Sir Francis was the son of a +Jewish stockbroker named Cohen, and changed his name on becoming a +Christian. His best book, the "History of Normandy and of England," lost +much of its value by the publication of Freeman's monumental work, "The +History of the Norman Conquest." + +=Edward Augustus Freeman (1823-1892)= was born at Harborne, in +Staffordshire, and educated at Trinity College, Oxford. His first work +was a "History of Architecture," published in 1849. In 1863 he issued +the first volume of a "History of Federal Government." The "History of +the Norman Conquest," in five large volumes, appeared between 1867 and +1876, and the "Reign of William Rufus, and Accession of Henry I.," in +1882. His "Old English History" was a most delightful collection of the +primitive stories which have always had a great fascination for +beginners in history. There was scarcely any period of European history +with which the author of the "Norman Conquest" did not show a thorough +familiarity. No historian has had a keener grasp of hard solid facts, or +is more able to make common-sense deductions from them. "I am quite +unable," he candidly confessed, "to appreciate physical or metaphysical +works in any language," and he hated literary discussion, which he +contemptuously termed "Chatter about Harriet," in reference to the +debatable question of Shelley's treatment of his wife. Perhaps this lack +of breadth did not materially spoil him for his work. Of his many +volumes of histories and essays, those on the "Norman Conquest" must be +given the first place. It has been said, indeed, that the work takes as +long to read as the event took to achieve, but it is worth reading +nevertheless. The battle of Hastings, or, as Mr Freeman would say, of +Senlac, was a turning-point in our national history, and we have here +the most complete description of that great struggle. Since Freeman's +death some attempt has been made to question his accuracy and his +scholarship; but it has not amounted to very much. When Dr Stubbs, with +whom difference of political views has in no way impaired a lifelong +friendship, was appointed Bishop of Chester in 1884, Mr Freeman +succeeded him as Regius Professor of Modern History at Oxford, where he +was followed on his death by Mr Froude. + +It would be hard to find a greater contrast, both in method and in +manner, than between Edward Freeman and James Anthony Froude. Freeman's +style, though clear and trenchant, was never brilliant; Froude's +language compares with that of the best artists in literature. Freeman +was always scrupulously exact, never at fault in a fact or a date; +Froude was notoriously careless, and slipped at every turn. Freeman +cared nothing for theories; Froude was never so happy as when he stopped +abruptly in a description to discourse on the mysteries of Providence or +the follies of mankind. Between men of such opposite natures no +friendship was possible, and in the _Saturday Review_ and other +periodicals Freeman commented vigorously, and not always fairly, on the +other's inaccuracy. + +=James Anthony Froude (1818-1894)= was one of three gifted brothers, +another being William Froude (1810-1879), the mathematician and +engineer; and the third, Richard Hurrell Froude (1803-1836), a leader of +the Tractarian movement, whose "Literary Remains" were published after +his death by Keble and Newman. Froude was educated at Oriel College, +Oxford, and for a time came under the influence of the movement of which +his elder brother was a leading spirit, but ultimately he abandoned +supernatural Christianity altogether, substituting for it a kind of +poetic Theism which he partly adopted from Carlyle. In 1847 he published +anonymously two novels, "The Spirit's Trials" and "The Lieutenant's +Daughter," which contained some not very generous criticisms on his +brother and former friends. His "Nemesis of Faith," which appeared in +1848, was a further criticism of the doctrines which he had abandoned. +Between the years 1856 and 1869 he published the twelve volumes of his +great work, "The History of England, from the Fall of Wolsey to the +Defeat of the Spanish Armada," which achieved a great and, in many +respects, a well-deserved popularity. Rarely indeed has history been +written with so much brilliancy and picturesque power. The earlier +volumes have been much discredited among historical students: yet we +would not willingly miss such delightful word-painting as his +description of the Pilgrimage of Grace and other scenes in the career of +the Eighth Henry, whom he selected for rehabilitation. It was, of +course, a vain and impossible task to remove the odium which has settled +upon the name of Henry VIII.; but it was as well that the attempt should +be made. Henry had appeared to the mass of modern Englishmen as an +old-world ogre, and Mr Froude has at least enabled them to see that he +was after all a man. Mr Freeman, himself the most conscientious and +laborious of writers, expressed his hearty contempt for an author who +professed in the preface to his history that he took up the subject +because he had "nothing better to do." As, however, Froude warmed to his +work his book increased in value, and there are few who will deny the +most sterling worth to his "Edward VI.," "Mary," and "Elizabeth." His +escape from Tractarianism had made him unfriendly to all kindred +movements, and his views of the struggle between Catholicism and +Evangelicalism in the sixteenth century are more worthy of a Puritan +divine than of an academic writer of our own day. But we can forgive all +this, and much more, to one who has described with so much delicate +fancy the adventurous life of Drake and Hawkins, the intrigues of the +Scottish Queen, and the restless fickleness and untruthfulness of +Elizabeth. His exquisite literary style and general breadth of sympathy +are shown in such passages as his sketch of the rise of Protestantism +and the execution of More and Fisher:-- + +"Whilst we exult in that chivalry with which the Smithfield martyrs +bought England's freedom with their blood, so we will not refuse our +admiration to those other gallant men whose high forms, in the sunset of +the old faith, stand transfigured on the horizon, tinged with the light +of its dying glory."[11] + +Inaccuracy and tactlessness, however, seemed to haunt Mr Froude like +evil spirits. He wrote a series of articles on Thomas à Becket, but the +numerous mistakes and misstatements brought down on him once again the +strictures of Mr Freeman. He wrote a biography of Carlyle, to whom he +acted as literary executor, and the whole of the literary world was in +arms at the revelations of Carlyle's somewhat unamiable relations with +his wife, and of his too contemptuous sentiments about many personal +friends. Still, Mr Froude's great literary faculty will secure to this +biography a far greater permanence than will fall to the lot of the +thousand-and-one memoirs which have appeared during the reign. Even +should Carlyle's writings cease to be generally studied, it is not +improbable that Froude's "Life of Carlyle" will always be read as an +important chapter in literary history. In this connection I cannot do +better than quote from an unpublished letter from Sir Fitz James +Stephen, Mr Froude's co-executor, to Mr Froude:-- + +"For about fifteen years I was the intimate friend and constant +companion of both you and Mr Carlyle, and never in my life did I see any +one man so much devoted to any other as you were to him during the whole +of that period of time. The most affectionate son could not have acted +better to the most venerated father. You cared for him, soothed him, +protected him as a guide might protect a weak old man down a steep and +painful path. The admiration you habitually expressed for him both +morally and intellectually was unqualified. You never said to me one +ill-natured word about him down to this day. It is to me wholly +incredible that anything but a severe regard for truth, learnt to a +great extent from his teaching, could ever have led you to embody in +your portrait of him a delineation of the faults and weaknesses which +mixed with his great qualities. + +"Of him I will make only one remark in justice to you. He did not use +you well. He threw upon you the responsibility of a decision which he +ought to have taken himself in a plain, unmistakable way. He considered +himself bound to expiate the wrongs which he had done to his wife. If he +had done this himself it would have been a courageous thing; but he did +not do it himself. He did not even decide for himself that it should be +done after his death. If any courage was shown in the matter, it was +shown by you, and not by him. You took the responsibility of deciding +for him that it ought to be done. You took the odium of doing it, of +avowing to the world the faults and weaknesses of one whom you regarded +as your teacher and master. In order to present to the world a true +picture of him as he really was, you, well knowing what you were about, +stepped into a pillory in which you were charged with treachery, +violation of confidence, and every imaginable base motive, when you were +in fact guilty of no other fault than that of practising Mr Carlyle's +great doctrine that men ought to tell the truth." + +Mr Froude has other claims to remembrance. In his "Short Studies on +Great Subjects," many of them essays written for _Fraser's Magazine_, of +which he was for a long time editor, are some very wise and thoughtful +papers, particularly one on the Book of Job. His "Life of Bunyan" is +characteristic, as is also his "Life of Cæsar." Carlyle taught him +hero-worship, and from Carlyle also he learnt the disposition which +inspired his powerful book, "The English in Ireland in the Eighteenth +Century." + +He also wrote two picturesque books of travel, and three volumes of +lectures[12] delivered at Oxford during his occupancy of the chair of +history, which had been previously held in succession by his two great +rivals, Bishop Stubbs and Dr Freeman. + +The historian who devoted himself most earnestly to Mr Froude's chief +historical period, and whose writings were in some measure a reply to +his, was the =Rev. John Sherren Brewer (1810-1879)=, who for many +years was Professor of English Literature at King's College, London. +Brewer's chief work, a "Calendar of Letters and Papers, Foreign and +Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII.," comes down, however, to 1530, +the year in which Mr Froude's history commences, and thus Brewer stands +alone as an authority on Henry's early reign. A compressed work in one +volume, "The Reign of Henry VIII.," was published after his death. Mr +Froude concludes his narrative at the year 1588, the year of the Spanish +Armada, but no recent writer of mark has treated of the closing years of +Elizabeth's reign in any detail, although we owe to Major Martin Hume a +well-written study entitled "The Year after the Armada." Major Hume, who +is the best living authority upon this period, has also written upon +"The Courtships of Queen Elizabeth," and has edited for the Public +Record Office the Calendar of Spanish State Papers of Elizabeth. + + +The next great period of English history, that of the Stuart kings, is +dealt with by Professor Gardiner. =Samuel Rawson Gardiner (1829- )= +was born at Ropley, in Hampshire, and was educated at Winchester and at +Christ Church, Oxford. His whole life has been devoted to the most +laborious research in the annals of the reigns of James I., Charles I., +and the Protectorate of Cromwell. He has not, like Mr Froude, taken up +history as a pleasant literary recreation, but has given years of +unremitting labour to the production of each separate volume. He is now +well into the study of the Protectorate, the first volume of his history +of which appeared in 1894. He has written many minor books, one dealing +with "The Gunpowder Plot," and another with "Cromwell's Place in +History." Mr Gardiner will not perhaps be counted a brilliant writer. He +gives us none of the fire and eloquence, almost bordering on poetry, +which we find so abundantly in Froude; but he has been described by Sir +John Seeley as the only historian who has trodden the controversial +ground of seventeenth-century English political history with absolute +fairness and impartiality. James and Charles, Buckingham and Bristol, +Strafford and Pym, stand out in clear and well-defined lineaments. There +is no hero-worship to blind us; no flowing rhetoric to atone for +insufficient knowledge. We see these men in their weakness and in their +strength, neither side monopolising the virtue and the patriotism, but +each, on occasion, acting from noble or ignoble motives. It may be urged +that too much attention is devoted to the follies of princes and the +intrigues of courtiers, and certainly of the inner life of the nation we +get all too little in Mr Gardiner's pages: but it may be fairly said +that these books are the safest and best of guides to one of the most +important and critical periods in our political history. It is +impossible to avoid contrasting Mr Gardiner with a far more popular and +more brilliant historian, Lord Macaulay, and the contrast is, in some +respects, in favour of the former. Mr Gardiner sees that in dealing +with the complexities of human motives we are on very uncertain and +delicate ground. We need to pause step by step to weigh probabilities +and to qualify our every statement, although such hesitancy and +qualification is not conducive to brilliant writing. + + +The importance of this rhetorical principle was fully grasped by =Thomas +Babington Macaulay, (1800-1859)= and, accordingly, in his writings a +single definite and distinct motive is seized upon as the guiding +principle of every action, and, by the simple plan of ignoring +complexities in human character, we are carried along in an easy manner +to positive and undoubting opinions. "I wish," said Lord Melbourne, +"that I were as cock-sure of _anything_ as Tom Macaulay is of +everything;" and the remark hit off an undoubted failing, at least from +the standpoint of sound and trustworthy workmanship. Macaulay, whose +father was a distinguished philanthropist and slavery abolitionist, was +born at Rothley Temple, in Leicestershire. From a private school he went +to Trinity College, Cambridge. His earliest efforts in literature were +articles for Knight's _Quarterly Magazine_, and contributions to the +_Edinburgh Review_, the first of which, on "Milton," drew from Lord +Jeffrey the remark, "The more I think the less I can conceive where you +picked up that style." Perhaps Macaulay's essays have been more popular +even than his history. The extraordinary knowledge they display, the +discursive familiarity with all poetry and fiction, ancient and modern, +and their enthusiastic interest in historical events, make them a kind +of education to men whose reading has been slight, or who are beginners +in the art of reading--an art at which Macaulay was such an adept. In +1830 Macaulay entered Parliament as member for Calne, and four years +later received the post of member of the Indian Council at Calcutta, +with a salary of £10,000 a year. He left India in 1838, having rendered +great service to that country by assisting to frame the Indian penal +code. After his return to England he sat in Parliament for many years as +member for Edinburgh, and for a short time held a seat in Lord +Melbourne's Cabinet. Some of his speeches in the House were among the +most eloquent and successful to which that assembly has listened. In +1849 the first two volumes of his "History of England from the Accession +of James II." were published. The great success of these and the +succeeding volumes made him one of the most popular authors of his day. +In 1857 Macaulay was made a Peer, but he never spoke in the House of +Lords. He died in December 1859, before he had finished the "Reign of +William III.," and was buried in Westminster Abbey. During the later +years of Macaulay's life, and for many years after his death, he +received the unstinted praise, not only of the great mass of readers, +but even of cultured brother authors. Of late years this has changed; a +reaction has set in, and perhaps the time has not yet come to assign to +him his true place in literature. When Sir George Trevelyan's admirable +life of his uncle appeared in 1876, a number of eminent writers based +upon that book a criticism of Macaulay's work. Mr Gladstone wrote in the +_Quarterly Review_, Mr Leslie Stephen in the _Cornhill Magazine_, and Mr +John Morley in the _Fortnightly Review_. In each separate case the +review was unfavourable. All alike agreed as to his high qualities as a +man; his sincerity, generosity, kindliness, and purity, his love of +children and his brotherly devotion; but each in turn found matter for +censure in his work. One condemned his style, another his Whig +partialities, another his boundless optimism, and another his errors of +judgment or alleged misstatements of facts. It is true that Macaulay is +sometimes inaccurate, that he is not seldom unjust to the characters +whom he paints so vividly. It is now a commonplace to say that his +history was written, as Carlyle said, "to prove that Providence was on +the side of the Whigs." It is clear that he was a man of strong literary +prejudices, and he undoubtedly owes much of his popularity to the fact +that he expresses in grandly rhetorical language the average sentiment +of his day, its belief in material prosperity, and its delight in being +told that there has been no age of the world so happy as our own. All +this is true, and yet it is also true that Macaulay's real services to +literature are lost sight of when such an estimate is propounded too +harshly. + +In spite of obvious deficiencies, Macaulay's history is a great work. It +fills up a gap in historical literature, and such incidents as the trial +of the seven bishops and the siege of Londonderry excel both in +picturesqueness and in accuracy. But Macaulay has claims far beyond his +merits as a historian. The critics who condemn him so freely seem to +have forgotten their own early years. "If I am in the wrong," said +Macaulay of his history, "I shall at least have set the minds of others +at work." He has set the minds of others at work. What cultivated man or +woman lives, with whom Macaulay's writings have not been among the first +books read, who has not been made to feel that all the great poetry, and +fiction, and history to which he alludes so freely must be well worth +careful study? What matter if in after-years we discover that Macaulay +was unjust to Bacon the man, and was entirely ignorant of Bacon the +philosopher; or understand clearly what he meant by saying that such +critiques as Lessing's "Laocoon" "filled him with wonder and despair?" +If we have been encouraged by him to desire a wider knowledge, if we +have learnt from him to admire so many great writers, so many famous +statesmen, we may surely forgive him much, if indeed there be anything +to forgive. + +=Earl Stanhope (1805-1875)=, who did most of his historical work when, +as an expectant peer, he was known as Lord Mahon, was a great friend of +Macaulay's. In 1870 he published a "History of the Reign of Queen Anne," +which began at the year 1701, and thus served as a connecting link +between Macaulay's history and his own larger work--the "History of +England, from the Peace of Utrecht down to the Peace of Versailles +(1713-1783)." The continuation of Earl Stanhope's narrative may be found +either in Mr Lecky's "Eighteenth Century," or in =William Nathaniel +Massey's (1809-1881)= "History of England under George III." Mr Massey +brings us down to the Peace of Amiens in 1801, from which date Harriet +Martineau leads us to 1846 in a work ("History of the Peace") which is +quite unworthy of her abilities. The reign of Victoria has been written +by many hands, not the least successful being the "History of England, +1830-1873" of the =Rev. William Nassau Molesworth (1816-1890)= of +Rochdale, the author also of a "History of the Church of England." +Equally popular is the "History of Our Own Time, 1830-1897," of =Justin +MacCarthy (1830- )=, who has also written a "History of the Four +Georges," and many popular novels. Nor must we forget the brilliant +literary effort of =Alexander William Kinglake (1811-1891)= who, in +his "History of the War in the Crimea," has made a younger generation +familiar with a struggle in which their fathers took so brave a part. Mr +Kinglake was for some years the Liberal member for Bridgewater. His +first literary effort, "Eothen," a volume of travels, is scarcely less +popular than his history. By far the most important work, however, on +English history, in a period subsequent to that dealt with by Macaulay, +is Lecky's "History of England in the Eighteenth Century," a work of +great thoroughness and thoughtfulness, the eighth and concluding volume +of which was published in 1890. =William Edward Hartpole Lecky +(1838- )=, who was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, which he now +represents in Parliament, is one of the most brilliant and suggestive +writers of our age. His "Rise and Influence of the Spirit of +Rationalism," and "European Morals from Augustus to Charlemagne," as +well as the "History of the Eighteenth Century," are justly popular. + +It is impossible to enumerate all the important contributions to +historical study of the past few years, but the "History of Scotland, +from the Invasion of Agricola to the Revolution of 1688," by =John Hill +Burton (1809-1881)=, and the "Life and Reign of Richard III.," by +James Gairdner must not be forgotten, nor the "History of the War in +the Peninsula," by Sir Charles Napier (1786-1860). Many writers have +embodied the main conclusions of the historians we have named, in brief, +but useful, histories for the use of the more advanced schools. The more +successful of these are the Rev. James Franck Bright and the late John +Richard Green. =James Franck Bright (1832- )= is master of University +College, Oxford, and his "English History for the use of Public Schools" +is a work so lucidly and carefully written, that it is entitled to be +lifted out of the category of mere text-books, and to take rank as good +literature. Still more is this true of Green's "Short History of the +English People." =John Richard Green (1837-1883)= was born at Oxford, +and educated at Magdalen College School and at Jesus College. For some +time he was vicar of St Philip's, Stepney. His "Short History," +published in 1874, was speedily adopted in schools, and had an enormous +sale among general readers. It was immediately recognised that a +brilliant writer had appeared, one who had assimilated all that was +worthy in the work of laborious contemporary historians, had himself +made much study of original documents, and had welded all together by +the power of real genius. A critic here and there devoted himself to +discovering the errors, mainly of dates, which, owing to the illness of +the author, disfigured the first edition. But the popular instinct +which declared this to be a great work, was a sound one. In the main its +conclusions are just. There is not a line of cheap sentiment or +rhetorical clap-trap in the book. Mr Green soon afterwards enlarged his +work, and published it in four handsome volumes, which he dedicated to +his friends--"My Masters in the Study of English History,"--Bishop +Stubbs and Professor Freeman. Later on appeared "The Making of England," +and, after his decease, another volume, "The Conquest of England," +written on his deathbed, was published by his widow, Alice Stopford +Green, who has written "Town Life in the Fifteenth Century." Sir +Archibald Geikie, the geologist, once rendered a tribute to Green for +endeavouring to bring geological science to the aid of historical +research; but on the question of the Teutonic element in our nation, it +has been urged that Green follows his friends, Stubbs and Freeman, all +too readily, and ignores the evidence from anthropology in favour of the +very great prevalence of Celtic blood in the English-speaking race. + +I regret that my space will not permit me to write at length of the men +who have studied so thoroughly sciences which have so much bearing upon +history, and who have written delightful books upon them. I must be +content merely to mention the names of William Boyd Dawkins, who has +written "Cave-hunting" and "Early Man in Britain;" and Sir John Lubbock, +banker and member of Parliament, who has written "Pre-historic Times" +and "The Origin of Civilization and the Primitive Condition of Man," +also various books on natural science, and some very inadequate literary +essays. Nor must I forget Edward Burnett Tylor's "Primitive Culture" and +"Anthropology," Grant Allen's "Anglo-Saxon Britain," and Edward Clodd's +"Childhood of the World," "Childhood of Religion," and "Pioneers of +Evolution." From such works as these it is but a very short step to the +writings of Max Müller. =Friedrich Max Müller (1823- )=, son of the +German poet, Wilhelm Müller, was educated at the University of Leipzig, +and made a special study of philosophy in Germany for many years before +he came to the land of his adoption, in 1846. Appointed an Oxford +professor, first of modern languages and later of comparative philology, +a science which he may almost be said to have created, he has become an +Englishman both in speech and in writing. Max Müller's most popular +works are his interesting "Lectures on the Science of Language," and his +"Chips from a German Workshop," in which he deals not only with the +common origin of the world's leading languages, but in a skilful and +almost startling manner reconstructs, by the aid of language alone, the +conditions out of which have risen the various religious and social +systems of the early nations. The writers who have most prominently +followed in Max Müller's footsteps, as elucidators of primitive +religious belief, are Professor Sayce and the Rev. Sir George Cox. +=Archibald Henry Sayce (1846- )=, who succeeded Max Müller in the +chair of comparative philology at Oxford, has written numerous books and +treatises dealing with the Chaldean and other ancient nations, and has +also published an annotated edition of Herodotus, noticeable chiefly for +its unfavourable verdict on the "Father of History." =Sir George Cox +(1827- )=, whose "Mythology of the Aryan Nations" has provoked much +adverse criticism from its extreme application of the "Solar" theory to +the interpretation of myth, epic, and romance, has also written an +interesting "History of Greece" in two volumes. + +The "History of Greece" which may be considered one of the most +satisfactory achievements of the Victorian era, is that by Grote, +published in twelve volumes. =George Grote (1794-1871)= was born at +Clay Hill, near Beckenham, and was educated at the Charterhouse School. +He early went into the banking-house in Threadneedle Street, of which +his father was one of the partners, but found time to devote himself to +philosophy and history, and to write for the _Westminster Review_, the +organ of philosophical Radicalism. It was as a representative of this +phase of thought that he was returned as member of Parliament for the +city of London in 1833. He sat in the House as one of a small body of +philosophical Radicals until 1841, bringing forward annually a +resolution in favour of the ballot. He retired from Parliamentary life +to devote himself more energetically to his "History of Greece," the +first two volumes of which appeared in 1846; the twelfth, and last, +which takes us to the death of Alexander the Great, was published in +1856. During the same years, but unknown to Grote, =Connop Thirlwall +(1797-1875)=, Bishop of St David's, a former schoolfellow of his, was +engaged upon the same task. Each acknowledged the superiority of his +rival's work, and Grote said that he should never have written his had +Thirlwall's book appeared a few years earlier; but there can be little +hesitation in assigning the higher place to Grote. Of Thirlwall it may +be said, however, that but for Grote his history would have taken high +rank, and would have been a welcome relief from the foolish but once +popular work of William Mitford. Thirlwall is also interesting for +having translated, in 1825, Schleiermacher's "Essay on St Luke," and +thus first introduced German theology into England. Grote's history is a +book of high educational value. In it we have all that is best in +Herodotus, Thucydides, and the other ancient historians, added to the +sound and weighty judgment of a clear-sighted modern critic, +exceptionally free from prejudice. It was Grote's great destiny to free +the English mind from the erroneous impressions which had so long +prevailed as to the real character of the Athenian democracy, and we +cannot find elsewhere a truer or juster picture of Athens at the height +of her power. A great work on Greek history in later aspects than those +of Grote and Thirlwall is "A History of Greece, from its Conquest by the +Romans to the Present Time," by =George Finlay (1799-1875)=. Finlay +fought in the Greek War of Independence, and lived for the greater part +of his life in Athens. + +A number of clergymen besides Dr Thirlwall have shown an able grasp of +classical history. Dr Arnold wrote a "History of Rome," based on +Niebuhr, which, although interesting, is scarcely worthy of so great a +man. =Charles Merivale (1808-1893)=, Dean of Ely, wrote an admirable +summary of Roman history from the foundation of the city in B.C. 753 to +the fall of Augustulus in A.D. 476; but his great work is the "History +of the Romans under the Empire," which is indispensable for a thorough +appreciation of Gibbon. =Henry Hart Milman (1791-1868)=, Dean of St +Paul's, did good service to historical scholarship by his edition of +Gibbon's pre-eminent work, and by his own "History of the Jews," +"History of Christianity under the Empire," and "Latin Christianity." +The nine volumes of this last were called by Dean Stanley "a complete +epic and philosophy of mediæval Christianity." Milman is said to have +described himself as "the last learned man in the Church," but in the +presence of so eminent a scholar as =Mandell Creighton (1843- )=, +Bishop of London, the statement is meaningless. Dr Creighton's great +work, "A History of the Papacy From the Great Schism to the Sack of +Rome," is of the highest value in the consecutive study of European +history; and so also is the work of another clergyman, =George William +Kitchin (1827- )=, Dean of Durham, whose "History of France previous +to the Revolution," is very attractively written. + +A writer who generalises freely from the facts of history, and whose +generalisations were once very popular, and, according to Sir Mackenzie +Wallace, are still widely read in Russia, was =Henry Thomas Buckle +(1821-1862)=, who published in 1857 the first volume of the "History of +Civilisation in England;" a second volume appeared in 1861, but the +author died before he had completed his intended undertaking. Buckle +unduly emphasises the influence of national and moral laws upon the +progress of civilisation, minimises the influence of individuals, and +overlooks the momentous action of heredity. A writer of equal importance +with Buckle was =John Addington Symonds (1840-1893)=, whose +"Renaissance in Italy" is a work of great literary merit, and whose +translation of Cellini's "Autobiography" has superseded Roscoe's. + +Passing from historic Italy to Germany we may note that "The Holy Roman +Empire" of =James Bryce (1838- )= created quite a _furore_ as a prize +essay at Oxford, and, in its enlarged shape, forms the only English +sketch of German history of great literary merit. Mr Bryce was, some +years ago, announced to write a "History of Germany" of more formidable +dimensions, but the glamour of parliamentary life and a seat in the +Cabinet have robbed us of a capable historian. Although we are without a +satisfactory German history we possess two very solid contributions to +such a work. With one of these, Carlyle's "Frederick II.," I shall deal +later; the other is =Sir John Robert Seeley's (1834-1895)= "Life and +Times of Stein; or, Germany and Prussia in the Napoleonic Age." When +this work appeared it was received with high commendation in Germany, +but in England with the qualification that it had none of the literary +charm of the author's earlier efforts. To such criticism Professor +Seeley--he received the professorship of modern history at Cambridge on +Kingsley's resignation in 1869--replied in a series of papers entitled +"History and Politics," wherein he practically contended that it was the +business of historians to be dull, and that brilliant history-writing +was, as a matter of fact, little other than fiction. Still, in his +lectures on "The Expansion of England" (1883) and "A Short History of +Napoleon" (1886) he succeeded in making himself entirely interesting. + +The books which gave Sir John Seeley his greatest fame--he received a +knighthood in 1893--were not, however, historical, but, in a sense, +theological; and with him we find ourselves in the midst of the great +religious controversies of the reign. "Ecce Homo; a Survey of the Life +and Work of Jesus Christ," was published anonymously in 1865. While +censured on many sides on account of its alleged heterodoxy, it drew +from opponents unstinted admiration on account of its perfect literary +workmanship. One of these opponents was Mr Gladstone, who ventured the +prophecy that the author would at a later period write something from a +more orthodox standpoint. The prediction was not verified, for in 1882 a +further work, "Natural Religion," by the Author of "Ecce Homo," showed +still less sympathy with the supernatural side of religion. + +Mr Gladstone, who flung himself into this as into so many other +controversies, has a fame quite apart from any literary achievement. But +whatever posterity may say of his influence on the destinies of the +nation which he has helped for so many years to rule, it is certain that +his powers as an author would have made the reputation of a man of less +versatility. + +=William Ewart Gladstone (1809- )=, the son of a Lancashire merchant, +was born at Liverpool. Into his political career it is not my province +to enter. His first literary work, "The State in its Relations with the +Church," was made famous through a review by Macaulay. Later in life he +indulged in theological controversy, publishing an "Essay on Ritualism" +and "The Vatican Decrees." Mr Gladstone's chief work is, however, his +"Studies in Homer," in which he argues for the unity of the poem, for +the foundation in fact of its main incidents, and for the definite +personality of the author. His contributions to periodical literature +have been innumerable, and only a few--and those non-controversial and +non-classical--have been republished in his five volumes of "Gleanings." +Mr Gladstone's chief opponent in theological controversy, Cardinal +Newman, has profoundly influenced his religious views. "In my opinion," +wrote Mr Gladstone many years after Newman had become a Roman Catholic, +"his secession from the Church of England has never yet been estimated +among us at anything like the full amount of its calamitous importance. +It has been said that the world does not know its greatest men; neither, +I will add, is it aware of the power and weight carried by the words and +the acts of those among its greatest men whom it does know. The +ecclesiastical historian will perhaps hereafter judge that this +secession was a much greater event even than the partial secession of +John Wesley, the only case of personal loss suffered by the Church of +England since the Reformation which can be at all compared with it in +magnitude." + +=John Henry Newman (1801-1890)= was born in London, and educated at a +private school at Ealing and at Trinity College, Oxford. Inclined at +first to the liberal Christianity which men like Whately and Milman were +furthering among churchmen, he was, he says, "rudely awakened by two great +blows--illness and bereavement"; and he devoted himself to a life-long +opposition to what he has called "the great apostasy--liberalism in +religion." "My battle," he writes, "was with liberalism; by liberalism I +mean the anti-dogmatic principle and its developments." From 1828 to +1843 he held the incumbency of St Mary's Church, Oxford, and the +influence which he then exerted was of the deepest moment for the future +of religious life in England. "Who," says Matthew Arnold, himself, like +his father before him, one of the leaders of the movement which Newman +has hated so intensely, "who could resist the charm of that spiritual +apparition, gliding in the dim afternoon light through the aisles of St +Mary's, rising into the pulpit, and then, in the most entrancing of +voices, breaking the silence with words and thoughts which were a +religious music--subtle, sweet, mournful? I seem to hear him still, +saying: 'After the fever of life, after wearinesses and sicknesses, +fightings and despondings, languor and fretfulness, struggling and +succeeding; after all the changes and chances of this troubled, +unhealthy state,--at length comes death, at length the white throne of +God, at length the beatific vision.'" During these years at St Mary's +what is called the Tractarian movement sprang to life--a movement, as we +have said, against Broad-Churchism. It was at the beginning of the +movement, on his way home from Sicily in 1833, whilst pondering over the +difficulties of the task he had undertaken, that Newman wrote the hymn +"Lead, kindly Light," which is now as popular in the most advanced and +liberalized churches as it can be in those nearest to its author's +religious standpoint. The "Tracts for the Times," whence Tractarians +derived their name, were written by Newman, Hurrell Froude, Pusey, and +others. Bishop Bloomfield said that the whole movement was nothing but +Newmania. The writers argued now in short papers, now in elaborate +treatises, for the Divine mission of the Anglican Church. Not till +"Tract XC." was reached did the alarm of the Protestant party manifest +itself in any practical form. In that Tract Newman declared that +subscription to the Thirty-nine Articles was not inconsistent with the +acceptance of Roman Catholic teaching on purgatory, on the invocation of +saints, and on the mass. The Hebdomadal Council of the University +condemned the Tract. Two years later Newman resigned his position at St +Mary's, and in 1845 formally joined the Church of Rome. According to +Disraeli, Anglicanism "reeled under the shock," and Dean Stanley +remarked to a friend that the fortunes of the English Church might have +been very different "had Newman been able to read German."[13] + +In 1848 he was appointed head of the Birmingham Oratory, and there he +resided--with one short break as rector of the Roman Catholic University +at Dublin--for nearly forty years. In 1879 he was created a cardinal, +and his visit to Rome and installation as a Prince of the Sacred College +excited much attention in England. Although by temperament and +inclination one of the least combative and most retiring of men, +Cardinal Newman found himself again and again in the thick of the +argumentative fray. At one time he was involved in a libel action by an +ex-priest and ultra-Protestant lecturer named Father Achilli, and this +cost Newman and his friends twelve thousand pounds; at another time he +was arguing with the foremost English statesman, Mr Gladstone, as to the +probable loyalty of English Roman Catholics if the Papacy and the +English Government were brought into collision. In one great controversy +of his life he was generally admitted to have achieved a success, and +this success is associated with an enduring literary work, the +autobiography which he calls his "Apologia pro Vitâ Suâ." Reviewing +Froude's "History of England" in _Macmillan's Magazine_ (January 1864), +Charles Kingsley charged Newman with being careless about truth, and +with teaching that cunning and not truth-seeking was the acceptable +method of the Roman Catholic clergy. Brought to bay by Newman, Kingsley +contradicted himself in an amazing fashion, and even the most +enthusiastic Protestants were compelled to admit that the clever +novelist was no match for the trained dialectician. Mrs Kingsley, in her +charming life of her husband, practically admits that he was worsted in +the conflict, and J. A. Froude, his brother-in-law, wrote: "Kingsley +entirely misunderstood Newman's character. Newman's whole life had been +a struggle for truth. He had neglected his own interests; he had never +thought of them at all. He had brought to bear a most powerful and +subtle intellect to support the convictions of a conscience which was +superstitiously sensitive. His single object had been to discover what +were the real relations between man and his Maker, and to shape his own +conduct by the conclusions at which he arrived. To represent such a +person as careless of truth was neither generous nor even reasonable." + +The final outcome of the controversy was the publication of the +"Apologia," a work which, alike in beauty of style and devotion of +spirit, must be assigned a very high place in religious literature. My +space is too limited to pass in review, or even to name, the thirty-six +volumes which contain the writings of this eloquent preacher and +teacher. His "Dream of Gerontius" and "Verses on Various Occasions" show +his high qualities as a poet; his "Apologia," "Callista," and "Essay in +aid of the Grammar of Assent," display his genius as a prose stylist. In +"Callista: a Sketch of the Third Century," he pictures a beautiful Greek +girl, who becomes a convert to Christianity after a severe struggle +between human affection and religious faith. The "Grammar of Assent" is +an apology for Christianity, far above the narrow controversies in which +the author took so distinguished a part. + + +The question whether Cardinal Newman or Carlyle has been the most +influential personality in Victorian literature will be largely decided +by the temperament of the critic. Mr Swinburne, looking at them both +from a standpoint of antagonism to the priestly proclivities of the one +and to the tyrannical proclivities of the other, apostrophised them +jointly in the well-known lines:-- + + "With all our hearts we praise you whom ye hate, + High souls that hate us; for our hopes are higher, + And higher than yours the goal of our desire, + Though high your ends be as your hearts are great." + +Newman, indeed, left England more dominated by ritual than in any other +period of its history, the Roman Church more powerful than ever before, +the new High Church party in the Establishment a great institution, with +the rival Prime Ministers, Mr Gladstone and Lord Salisbury, among its +supporters, and a taste for ritual conspicuous in the chapels of the +Nonconformists. And yet with all this Carlyle was the more dominant +personality. + +=Thomas Carlyle (1795-1881)= was born at Ecclefechan, in +Dumfriesshire, on the 4th of December 1795. His father was a stonemason, +at whose death Carlyle thus tenderly wrote in his Diary:--"I owe him +much more than existence. I owe him a noble inspiring example. It was he +_exclusively_ that determined on educating me; that from his small +hard-earned funds sent me to school and college, and made me whatever I +am and may become. Let me not mourn for my father, let me do worthily of +him. So shall he still live, even here in me, and his worth plant itself +honourably forth into new generations." From Annan Grammar School the +young Carlyle went to Edinburgh University, where he became a voracious +reader, although never a great classical scholar. He then took the post +of mathematical tutor at Annan school, and afterwards at Kirkcaldy, +where he was friendly with Edward Irving, afterwards the famous +preacher. Disgusted with this life he flung up his appointment, and +determined to study for the law. For some time he eked out a scanty +subsistence in Edinburgh by writing biographies for Brewster's +_Encyclopædia_. It was at this period that he obtained some measure of +mental and moral stimulus from his German studies. Goethe opened a new +world to him. He began to study German in 1819, induced thereto by +Madame de Staël's interesting account of the German poets and +philosophers. Goethe was seventy-five years old when in 1824 he received +from Carlyle an English translation of "Wilhelm Meister," with a letter, +saying, "Four years ago, when I read your 'Faust' among the mountains of +my native Scotland, I could not but fancy I might one day see you, and +pour out before you, as before a father, the woes and wanderings of a +heart whose mysteries you seemed so thoroughly to comprehend, and could +so beautifully represent." Two years later Carlyle sent Goethe his "Life +of Schiller," and once again he expressed his intense devotion to one +"whose voice came to me from afar, with counsel and help, in my utmost +need." "For if," he continues, "I have been delivered from darkness +into any measure of light, if I know aught of myself and my destination, +it is to the study of your writings more than to any other circumstance +that I owe this; it is you more than any other man that I should always +thank and reverence with the feeling of a disciple to his Master, nay, +of a son to his spiritual Father." In the meantime Carlyle had married +Jane Welsh, the daughter of a doctor in Haddington, and had settled at +the lonely farm-house of Craigenputtock, in Dumfriesshire. There he was +visited by Emerson, and there he remained for six years, before removing +to London. Not only had Carlyle then translated "Wilhelm Meister" and +written the "Life of Schiller," but he had made numerous translations +from Musæus, Tieck, and Richter, and had published essays on these and +other German authors. Jean Paul Richter had a peculiar attraction for +him, and there can be no doubt that Carlyle owed his extraordinary +style, in some degree, to his study of the German humorist. + +The forty-seven years of Carlyle's London life (1834-1881) were years of +incessant literary activity. The thirty volumes which came from his pen +during that time not only secured for him a permanent place amongst the +historians, biographers, and essayists of our literature, but they +kindled for him a glow of intense personal enthusiasm amongst the best +of his contemporaries, such as, perhaps, no other English author has +enjoyed. At his death on the 5th of February, 1881, the world knew +Carlyle, apart from his books, as a man of simple tastes, content, in +spite of the wealth which literary success had brought, to reside amidst +unostentatious surroundings, ever ready to help the distressed and +needy, refusing a title and the like official recognitions, and carrying +out to the letter the reverence, earnestness, and unobtrusive manliness +which he had inculcated in his writings; devotedly attached to his wife, +whom he described on her tombstone as having "unweariedly forwarded him +as none else could, in all of good that he did or attempted;" and, in +short, worthy of the address presented to him on his eightieth birthday, +by nearly all the men of literary and scientific eminence in England, +including, amongst others, Lord Tennyson and George Eliot, Robert +Browning and Professor Huxley. "A whole generation has elapsed," they +said, "since you described for us the hero as a man of letters. We +congratulate you and ourselves on the spacious fulness of years which +has enabled you to sustain this rare dignity amongst mankind in all its +possible splendour and completeness." The publication of Mr Froude's +nine volumes of memorials caused a considerable revulsion of feeling. +The Carlyle of these "Letters" and "Reminiscences" appeared to be +over-censorious in his estimate of his contemporaries, not too +considerate in his relations with his wife, and, however admirable he +might find contentment in Richter or Heyne, not content without much +murmuring to accept a life of restricted means. + +To give too much emphasis to this view of Carlyle's character is to +ignore certain peculiarities of Mr Froude's biographical and historical +style, to which reference has already been made. It will suffice to +point out here that there are other sources of information about Carlyle +than the books of his accredited biographer. Sir Henry Taylor, Mrs +Oliphant, Mr Charles Eliot Norton, Mrs Gilchrist, and other friends of +Carlyle's later life have published much additional matter, and have +shown, as it were, the other side of the shield. To Sir Henry Taylor, +who knew him well, he seemed "the most faithful and true-hearted of +men," and from many sources we learn that Mr Froude's picture is not +that of the true Carlyle; that he was not a selfish husband, that his +married life was not unhappy, that he was not altogether dumb to the +heroes living, whilst eloquent over heroes dead, and that, in spite of +many faults, he was a noble high-minded man, a "kingly soul," as +Longfellow called him. Writing in his Diary during his second visit to +England in 1847, Emerson says:--"Carlyle and his wife live on beautiful +terms. Their ways are very engaging, and in her bookcase all his books +are inscribed to her as they came from year to year, each with some +significant lines." + +The letters which Carlyle wrote to his wife at the time she lost her +mother are most touchingly affectionate. This is what she wrote to a +friend at that time:--"In great matters he is always kind and +considerate, but these little attentions which we women attach so much +importance to, he was never in the habit of rendering to anyone. And, +now, the desire to replace the irreplaceable makes him as good in little +things as he used to be in great." And to Carlyle himself she +writes:--"God keep you, my dear husband, and bring you safe back to me. +The house looks very desolate without you, and my mind feels empty too. +I expect, with impatience, the letter that is to fix your return." + +On another occasion, writing to her husband's mother, she says:--"You +have others behind and I have only him--only him in the whole wide world +to love me and take care of me--poor little wretch that I am. Not but +that numbers of people love me, after their fashion, far more than I +deserve, but then his fashion is so different from theirs, and seems +alone to suit the crotchety creature that I am." And then her pride in +her husband is well exemplified by an experience related in a letter to +him, which shows also how wide and deep is that mysterious impersonal +influence of great authors on men who are totally unknown to them:--"A +man of the people mounted the platform and spoke; a youngish, +intelligent-looking man, who alone, of all the speakers, seemed to +understand the question, and to have feelings as well as notions about +it. He spoke with a heart-eloquence that left me warm. I never was more +affected by public speaking.... A sudden thought struck me: this man +would like to know you. I would give him my address in London. I +borrowed a piece of paper and handed him my address. When he looked at +it he started as if I had sent a bullet into him, caught my hand, and +said, 'Oh, it is your husband! Mr Carlyle has been my teacher and +master! I have owed everything to him for years and years!' I felt it a +credit to you really to have had a hand in turning out this man, was +prouder of that heart-tribute to your genius than any amount of +reviewers' praises or aristocratic invitations to dinner." + +It is because the spirit which breathes in the words of this young +workman has been the guiding moral force of numbers of men and women in +all stations of life, during the last sixty years, that I have devoted +so much space to Carlyle. It is of the greatest importance to literature +that the man whose eloquent preaching of justice, sincerity, and +reverence has turned the hearts of thousands of his fellowmen towards +nobility and simplicity of life, should not himself have been out of +harmony with all that he taught. "The world," says Thackeray's gifted +daughter, "has pointed its moral finger of late at the old man in his +great old age, accusing himself in the face of all, and confessing the +overpowering irritations which the suffering of a lifetime had laid upon +him and upon her he loved. That old caustic man of deepest feeling, with +an ill-temper and a tender heart, and a racking imagination, speaking +from the grave, and bearing unto it that cross of passionate remorse +which few among us dare to face, seems to some of us now a figure nobler +and truer, a teacher greater far than in the days when all his pain and +love and remorse were still hidden from us all."[14] + +Of the "Reminiscences" which excited so much criticism on account of +their references to persons still living, Carlyle wrote on the last +page:--"I still mainly mean to _burn_ this book before my own departure, +but feel that I shall always have a kind of grudge to do it, and an +indolent excuse. 'Not _yet_; wait, any day that can be done!' and that +it is possible the thing _may_ be left behind me, legible to interested +survivors--_friends_ only, I will hope, and with _worthy_ curiosity, not +_un_worthy! In which event, I solemnly forbid them, each and all, to +_publish_ this bit of writing _as it stands here_, and warn them that +_without fit editing_ no _part_ of it should be printed (nor so far as I +can order _shall_ ever be), and that the 'fit editing' of perhaps +nine-tenths of it will, after I am gone, have become _impossible_."[15] + +The only editing which Mr Froude deemed "fit" was the omission of this +paragraph from his edition of the work. And yet to read, with the +"worthy curiosity" of which he speaks, of his love for father and wife, +and of his kindly solicitude for brothers and sisters, whom he +constantly assisted, is to make him nearer and dearer to those who care +to remember that he was after all but human. Carlyle spoke with too +little kindness, it must be owned, of Wordsworth, and Coleridge, and +Lamb, because he saw only the palpable weaknesses of their characters, +and was blinded by forbidding externals to the sterling worth of these +great men; but he loved Emerson, and Tennyson, and Ruskin, and he +profoundly revered Goethe, who, after all, was the only one of his +contemporaries who could take rank anywhere near him.[16] Carlyle +recognised that Goethe was incomparably his superior in every way; that +he was, as Matthew Arnold calls him, "the greatest poet of the present +age, and the greatest critic of all ages," the one man of transcendent +genius whom Europe has produced since Dante and Shakspere. To have first +led England to appreciate Goethe is not the least of Carlyle's many +services to his country. To have acted as an inspiring and helpful +prophet is perhaps his greatest. "Sartor Resartus" first appeared in +_Fraser's Magazine_ for 1833, where it met with but scanty recognition, +and, indeed, half-ruined the editor, whose subscribers anxiously asked +when the "tailor sketches" were coming to an end. It is surely something +more than a passing fashion in literature which leads us now to take up +these well-worn pages with so much of tenderness and sympathy. "There is +in man," he says, "a Higher than Love of Happiness; he can do without +Happiness, and instead thereof find Blessedness! Was it not to preach +forth this same Higher that sages and martyrs, the Poet and the Priest, +in all times, have spoken and suffered; bearing testimony, through life +and through death, of the Godlike that is in Man, and how, in the +Godlike only, has he Strength and Freedom?" How can it be said that +Carlyle did not love humanity when we read the lines in which he +expresses reverence for the "toilworn Craftsman that, with earth-made +Implement, laboriously conquers the Earth and makes her man's?" +"Venerable to me," he continues, "is the hard Hand; crooked, coarse; +wherein notwithstanding lies a cunning virtue, indefeasibly royal, as of +the Sceptre of this Planet. Venerable, too, is the rugged face, all +weather-tanned, besoiled, with its rude intelligence; for it is the face +of a Man living manlike. O, but the more venerable for thy rudeness, and +even because we must pity as well as love thee! Hardly entreated +Brother! For us was thy back so bent, for us were thy straight limbs and +fingers so deformed; thou wert our Conscript on whom the lot fell, and +fighting our battles wert so marred." + +It is impossible to exaggerate the effect upon the younger minds of his +age of Carlyle's stirring words, inciting to worthy and ever worthier +effort:--"Do the duty which lies nearest to thee, which thou knowest to +be a duty. In all situations out of the pit of Tophet, wherein a living +man has stood, there is actually a prize of quite infinite value placed +within his reach, namely a duty for him to do; this highest of Gospels +forms the basis and worth of all other gospels whatever." "Brother," he +says elsewhere, "thou hast possibility in thee for much, the possibility +of writing on the eternal skies the record of a heroic life. Is not +every man, God be thanked, a potential hero? The measure of a nation's +greatness, of its worth under the sky to God and to man, is not the +quantity of bullion it has realised, but the quantity of heroisms it has +achieved, of noble pieties and valiant wisdoms that were in it, that +still are in it." + +Little less valuable than "Sartor Resartus" is "Past and Present," which +was published in 1843. The reverence and delicacy with which it touches +the monasticism of a bygone age are as remarkable as the prophetic +vision with which it deals with the social problems of our latter-day +life. State-aided emigration, co-operation and national education, are +some of the many changes advocated here and elsewhere. Not till the +"Latter-day Pamphlets" (1850) did Carlyle become an eloquent advocate of +"force" as a guide in politics, thereby alienating John Stuart Mill and +many of his old friends. His language then seemed to degenerate into +mere shrieking and scolding. The world must be governed, he declared, by +men of heroic mould, who know what is good for the inferior natures +around them. Let such inferior natures, if need be, be scourged into +silence. Parliaments he spoke of contemptuously as "talking shops," and +his sympathies went out heartily to Governor Eyre at the time of the +Jamaica riots, and to the Southern States at the time of the American +Civil War. An admiration for "heaven-sent heroes" had always been +strong in Carlyle, although it certainly had not its after meaning when +he wrote in early life, "Not brute force, but only persuasion and faith +are the kings of this world." In "Heroes and Hero-worship," a course of +lectures delivered in 1840, he had waxed eloquent over Mahomet, Luther, +and Napoleon, and three years earlier, in 1837, he had published in his +"French Revolution" a brilliant eulogy of Mirabeau. His vindication of +Cromwell was brought about perhaps mainly by his appreciation of the +Protector's high-handed resoluteness, and his "Life of Frederick II. of +Prussia" was the apology for a man who was the very embodiment of +despotic ideals. + +But quite apart from Carlyle's worth as a moral teacher or as a +controversialist, his place in literature is very high. His short +biography of Schiller was an epoch-making book, because of the influence +it has exercised upon the study of German literature: but it bears +little evidence of the genius of its author, and, in consequence of the +abundance of Schiller correspondence subsequently brought to light, it +has been superseded by the biographies of Palleskie and Duntzer. +Carlyle's "Life of John Sterling" is, however, a work of great power, a +kind of prose "Lycidas," which, like that great elegy, has rescued from +oblivion a man in whom the world would soon have ceased to be +interested. Carlyle, again, was an essayist of striking individuality. +Few literary sketches are more picturesque than his "Count Cagliostro" +and "The Diamond Necklace," and the essays on Johnson and Burns are +models of generous human insight. With literary insight, however, +Carlyle was not too well endowed, at least, when purely imaginative +literature was concerned, and he once expressed the opinion that +Shakspere had better have written in prose. "It is part of my creed," he +wrote to Emerson, "that the only poetry is history could we tell it +right." His method of telling it gives him a place by himself among +historians, a place so singular that it is impossible to classify him. +"Carlyle's 'French Revolution,'" said John Stuart Mill, "is one of those +productions of genius which is above all rule, and is a law to itself." +The deathbed of Louis XV., the taking of the Bastille, and the execution +of Danton, are never-to-be-forgotten descriptions, and the poetical +passage which follows the relation of the bloody horrors of 1789 cannot +be too often quoted:--"O evening sun of July, how, at this hour, thy +beams fall slant on reapers amid peaceful woody fields; on old women +spinning in cottages; on ships far out in the silent main; on Balls at +the Orangerie of Versailles, where high-rouged Dames of the Palace are +even now dancing with double-jacketed Hussar-Officers;--and also on this +roaring Hell-porch of a Hôtel-de-Ville!" + +The scientific history of the French Revolution has yet to be written; +and even to appreciate Carlyle's prose epic adequately we should know +something of Mignet, Thiers, Morse Stephens, and von Sybel, but neither +the accumulation of fresh facts, nor a philosophical deduction from such +facts, can impair the value of Carlyle's work. That, in spite of all his +fire and passion, Carlyle could delineate character with most judicial +fairness, may be demonstrated by turning to Mr John Morley's essays on +Robespierre and the other revolutionists, and observing how his calm and +unprejudiced intellect has pronounced judgments in every way endorsing +Carlyle's. + +Carlyle's "Cromwell" has less attraction for us to-day than the "French +Revolution"; but the service to historical study was even greater. +Opinions will always differ as to the wisdom of the Protector's policy +and the righteousness of his deeds, but since the publication of these +letters and speeches, "edited with the care of an antiquarian and the +genius of a poet,"[17] Cromwell's sincerity and genuine piety have been +unimpugned. There are others beside Mr Froude who esteem the "History of +Frederick II." Carlyle's greatest work. The humour of the book is +wonderful, for Carlyle is the greatest humorist since Sterne, and +nowhere is this humour more conspicuous than in "Frederick." The +splendid portraits of all the most important figures in the eighteenth +century fix themselves indelibly in the memory, and it is even said that +German soldiers study the art of war from the descriptions of +Frederick's campaigns. Nevertheless, the book has much in it that is +unsatisfying to Englishmen. Frederick and his father could not easily +excite the hero-worshipping inclinations of a free people, and even +Carlyle became disillusioned as he proceeded with his task, and finally +admitted that Frederick was not worth the trouble he had given to him. +He commenced it as a "History of Frederick the Great," and concluded it +as a "History of Frederick, _called_ the Great." + + +Carlyle is surely the greatest figure in our modern literature. He wrote +no poetry worth consideration, it is true. His verse would long since +have been forgotten had it not been for his effectiveness as a prose +writer. But although we are accustomed to the claim for poetry that it +ranks higher than prose, it must be conceded that in Victorian +literature this is not the case, and that Carlyle's enormous +personality, his capacity for influencing others for good and ill, have +made him the greatest moral and intellectual force of his age. To him we +owe the indifference to mere political shibboleths, the lull in party +warfare, which is the note of our age. He gave no definite answer to any +question, but he gave us the impetus which led others to seek for +solutions. His literary influence on Froude and Mill, Mr Ruskin and Mr +Lecky, and numbers of others was tremendous. The place which was +occupied by Swift in the eighteenth century is held by Carlyle in the +nineteenth, and though every line that he has written should cease to be +read, he will still be remembered as the greatest of literary figures in +an age of great men of letters. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[11] Froude's "History of England," vol. ii. chap. ix. + +[12] "Lectures on the Council of Trent," "English Seamen in the +Sixteenth Century," and "Life and Letters of Erasmus." + +[13] "Memoirs of Mark Pattison." + +[14] Mrs Thackeray-Ritchie, _Harper's Magazine_ (1883). + +[15] "Reminiscences," by Thomas Carlyle. 2nd Edition. Edited by C. E. +Norton (1887). + +[16] When George Eliot read Carlyle's eulogy on Emerson in introducing +his essays to the British public, she wrote:--"I have shed many tears +over it: this is a world worth abiding in while one man can thus +venerate and love another."--Cross's "Life of George Eliot." + +[17] Green's "Short History of the English People." + + + + +CHAPTER IV + +The Critics + + +The plan of describing all the writers of a period who are not poets, +novelists and historians as critics is open to many objections, although +I intend to adopt it. If Matthew Arnold's plea for poetry as a criticism +of life holds good, it is precisely the poets, novelists and historians +who are the true critics. An alternative plan would have been to give a +chapter to prose writers and another to the poets; and still another +arrangement would have been to divide the subject, as De Quincey +suggested, into the literature of power and the literature of +imagination, the former including the philosophers and historians, the +latter the poets, the novelists, and the more picturesque of the prose +writers--Carlyle and Ruskin, for example. + + +One unhesitatingly assigns to Mr Ruskin the distinction of the critic +whose work is most eloquent and impressive. =John Ruskin (1819- )= was +born in Hunter Street, Brunswick Square, London. He has told us in his +autobiography, "Præterita," of his early life under a tender mother's +care, of his boyish affection for Byron and Scott, and of the youthful +impulse to art study excited by the present of Rogers's "Italy," with +Turner's illustrations. In 1837 he was entered as a gentleman commoner +at Christ Church, Oxford, gaining, two years later, the Newdigate prize +for English poetry, his subject being "Salsette and Elephanta." In 1843 +he produced the first volume of "Modern Painters: their Superiority in +the Art of Landscape Painting to all the Ancient Masters. By a Graduate +of Oxford." The work originated, he says, "in indignation at the shallow +and false criticism of the periodicals of the day on the work of the +great living artist to whom it principally refers." The artist in +question was Joseph Mallord William Turner, upon whom Ruskin has +pronounced somewhat contradictory judgments at different periods in his +career. "Modern Painters" soon extended beyond the mere essay at first +intended, and in its final form of five handsome volumes, it was not +only a philosophical treatise on landscape painting, but an exhaustive +dissertation on many phases of life from one whom Mazzini declared to +possess "the most analytic brain in Europe." + +Another important work, "The Seven Lamps of Architecture" (1849), is a +brilliant attempt at reform in domestic and church architecture. The +"lamps" represent the characteristics which good architecture should +possess. The first is the Lamp of Sacrifice: "What of beauty and what of +riches we may possess, let a portion be dedicated to God. It was in this +spirit that our cathedrals were built." The second, the Lamp of Truth, +is a plea for honesty in architecture, no imitation wood or marble, but +solid wood and solid stone. "Exactly as a woman of feeling," he says, +"would not wear false jewels, so would a builder of honour disdain false +ornaments. The using of them is just as downright and inexcusable a +lie." The third is the Lamp of Power: "Until that street architecture of +ours is bettered, until we give it some size and boldness, until we give +our windows recess and our walls thickness, I know not how we can blame +our architects for their feebleness in more important work." The fourth +is the Lamp of Beauty, and in this chapter he maintains that "all the +most lovely forms and thoughts" are directly taken from natural objects. +The fifth is the Lamp of Life. "To those who love architecture," he +says, "the life and accent of the hand are everything." The sixth is the +Lamp of Memory: "All public edifices should be records of national life, +all ordinary dwelling-houses endeared to their owners by sacred and +sweet associations. There is infinite sanctity in a good man's house!" +The seventh is the Lamp of Obedience, and here he pleads eloquently for +the enforcement of an established type of architecture--the Gothic, in +his judgment, lending itself most readily to all services, vulgar or +noble. The "Stones of Venice" (1851-1853), in three volumes, gives in +further detail Ruskin's views of the laws of architecture. The +pre-Raphaelite movement of Millais, Rossetti, and Holman Hunt early +enlisted his sympathy, and in "Pre-Raphaelitism" (1851) he declared that +they had worthily followed the advice given in "Modern Painters," to "go +to nature in all singleness of heart, and walk with her laboriously and +trustingly, having no other thought but how best to penetrate her +meaning; rejecting nothing, selecting nothing, and scorning nothing." +From that time until his Slade lectures at Oxford in 1883-1884 Ruskin +wrote several books on painting and architecture, all of them in a style +which attracts even those who are least in sympathy with his opinions. + +But as Goethe declared of himself that posterity would honour him, not +for his poetry, but for his discoveries in science, so Ruskin, perhaps +more justly, insists that it is as an economist that he is most +deserving of remembrance. The four essays on the first principles of +political economy, entitled "Unto this Last" (1862), he declares to be +"the truest, rightest-worded, and most serviceable things" he has ever +written. These essays were originally published by Thackeray in the +_Cornhill Magazine_, but the remonstrances of its readers brought the +series to a speedy end. The principles of state socialism there +initiated have since entered the field in direct contest with the +established order of things. Mr Ruskin would have every child in the +country taught a trade at the cost of government; he would have +manufactories and workshops entirely under government regulation for the +production and sale of every necessary of life, and for the exercise of +every useful art; he would permit competition with government +manufactories and shops, but all who desired work could be sure of it at +the state establishments: finally, he would provide comfortable homes +for the old and destitute, as "it ought to be quite as natural and +straightforward a matter for a labourer to take his pension from his +parish, because he has deserved well of his parish, as for a man in +higher rank to take his pension from his country because he has deserved +well of his country." Ruskin has amplified his economic doctrines in +"Munera Pulveris," "Time and Tide by Wear and Tyne," and "Fors +Clavigera." "Time and Tide" is a collection of letters on the laws of +work to the late Thomas Dixon, a working corkcutter of Sunderland. They +were originally published in the _Manchester Examiner_. "Fors Clavigera" +is a series of ninety-six letters to working-men, which were issued in +monthly parts, and rendered additionally interesting by the quantity of +autobiographical anecdotes so freely interspersed in their pages. The +title is derived, as Ruskin has explained, from the Latin _fors_, the +best part of three good English words--force, fortitude, and fortune; +the root of the adjective _clavigera_ being either _clava_, a club, +_clavis_, a key, or _clavus_, a nail, and _gero_, to carry. Fors the +Club-bearer therefore represents the strength of Hercules or of Deed; +the Key-bearer, the strength of Ulysses or of Patience; and the +Nail-bearer, the strength of Lycurgus or of Law. + +To carry out his principles practically, Ruskin established for a short +time a tea shop in the Marylebone Road, where nothing but the best tea +was sold at a fair price, and he founded the St George's Guild with a +view of showing "the rational organisation of country life independent +of that of cities;" or in other words, the restoration of the peasantry +to the soil of England. One of the conditions of membership was that +every member should give one-tenth of his property to the guild for +carrying out its work. Ruskin led the way, his property being then +estimated at £70,000. He has told us in "Fors" that out of the £157,000 +left him by his parents he has spent £153,000. Much of this must have +gone to the Ruskin Museum at Sheffield. + +It is, however, in following Carlyle as a bracing, invigorating +influence that Ruskin has most claim on the gratitude of the present +generation. If Carlyle taught us to be content with this "miserable +actual," with such environment as may have fallen to our lot, his +disciple has given the impulse which has led to the beautifying of that +environment. The more refined taste in dress, furniture, and in +dwelling-houses which has characterized the later Victorian era, and, +side by side therewith, a greater simplicity of life on the part of the +more cultured rich, are in an especial degree due to the influence of +Ruskin. "What is chiefly needed in England at the present day," he says, +"is to show the quantity of pleasure that may be obtained by a +consistent, well-administered competence, modest, confessed, and +laborious. We need examples of people who, leaving Heaven to decide +whether they are to rise in the world, decide for themselves that they +will be happy in it, and have resolved to seek--not greater wealth, but +simpler pleasures; not higher fortune, but deeper felicity; making the +first of possessions, self-possession; and honouring themselves in the +harmless pride and calm pursuits of peace." In the "Crown of Wild +Olive," "Time and Tide," and "Sesame and Lilies," he emphasizes this +teaching with his customary eloquence. Of these books, by far the most +important is "Sesame and Lilies," which was written, he says, "while my +energies were still unbroken and my temper unfretted, and if read in +connection with 'Unto this Last,' contains the chief truths I have +endeavoured through all my life to display, and which, under the +warnings I have received to prepare for its close, I am chiefly thankful +to have learnt and taught." It treats of "the majesty of the influence +of good books and of good women, if we know how to read them and how to +honour." How to read books he shows by analyzing the well-known passage +from Milton's "Lycidas" on "The Pilot of the Galilean Lake," and +explaining the deep meaning of its every word. How to honour women, how +women may become worthy of honour, he shows by taking us to Shakspere +and to Scott, whose Portias and Rosalinds, Catherine Seytons and Diana +Vernons are ever ready at critical moments to be a help and a guidance +to men; and finally he appeals to the great Florentine, and shows us +Beatrice leading Dante through the starry spheres of heaven up to the +very throne of light and of truth. But the book is full of healthy and +helpful passages, and is, like so much that its author has written, a +moral inspiration for all who read it. "I am a great man," Ruskin once +said, with a consciousness of genius which reminds us that Horace and +Milton, Shakspere and Goethe were equally outspoken. Posterity, we may +well believe, will endorse the self-criticism, and will not willingly +let his works or his memory die. + +Of late years Mr Ruskin has lived, not in the most robust health, in a +house at Coniston, in the English Lake District. + +The next most prominent critic of the period is one upon whom Ruskin has +always poured his bitterest scorn, and who yet will be ever remembered +with warmest reverence by those who are old enough to have been his +contemporaries. I mean John Stuart Mill. + +Jeremy Bentham, who gave such an impulse to all political reform, and +made a complete revolution in English jurisprudence, died in 1832. His +friend James Mill, who wrote the "History of India" and an "Analysis of +the Human Mind," died four years later. "It was," says Professor Bain, +"James Mill's greatest contribution to human progress to have given us +his son." It may be so, and yet he seems to have done his utmost to +spoil the gift, not, as children are usually spoiled, by +over-indulgence, but by the most excessive severity. + +=John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)= born in Rodney Street, Pentonville. His +education, which was conducted by his father, would have been the mental +ruin of a mind of smaller powers. "I never was a boy," he said, "never +played at cricket; it is better to let Nature have her own way." He +began Greek at three, and Latin at eight years of age. The list of +classical authors with whose works he was familiar at thirteen is truly +appalling. This in itself would have been a small matter had not his +cold, stern father discouraged all imaginative reading. Poetry in +particular he was taught to look upon as mere vanity, and there are few +passages in Mill's "Autobiography" more interesting than the story how +in early manhood Wordsworth's poetry came to him like veritable "balm in +Gilead," for spiritual refreshment and healing. In 1823 he obtained a +clerkship in the India House, from which he withdrew, with ample +compensation, when the Indian Government was transferred to the Crown in +1858. Meanwhile he had been an industrious contributor to the +_Westminster Review_ and other periodicals, and regularly attended the +debates of the Speculative Society which met at Grote's house. Scarcely +any scene in literature is better known than the destruction of the +manuscript of Carlyle's "French Revolution" which he had lent to Mill. +Mill lent it to Mrs Taylor, the lady who afterwards became his wife, and +it was inadvertently destroyed. The speechless agony of Mill when he +went to inform his friend, the self-command with which Carlyle and his +wife concealed their own misery in endeavouring to moderate his +self-reproaches--these and many other details have been made familiar to +us by many pens. Mill gave Carlyle what monetary compensation he could, +and acted, as he always acted in life, with all possible nobleness. Mrs +Taylor, who was the real culprit on this occasion, was the wife of a +wholesale druggist in Mark Lane. When Mill made her acquaintance, his +father remonstrated, but he replied that he had no other feelings +towards her than he would have towards an equally able man. The +equivocal friendship, which was the talk of all Mill's circle of +acquaintances, lasted for twenty years, when Mr Taylor died, and Mill +married his widow. It is impossible to regard the enthusiasm of Mill for +this lady without feeling how much there was in it of the humorous, how +much also of the pathetic. That Mill had a most exaggerated opinion of +her intellectual attainments there can be no doubt. He declared her to +be the author of all that was best in his writings. Much of his +"Political Economy," he said, was her work, and also the "Liberty" and +the "Subjection of Women." His language with regard to her was always +extravagant, and Grote said that "only John Mill's reputation could +survive such displays." Mill's brother George declared that she was +"nothing like what John thought her," and there is much evidence to show +that she was but a weak reflection of her husband. Still, it is +impossible not to sympathize with such an illusion. Mrs Mill died in +1858, and was buried at Avignon, in France, where Mill himself spent +many of the later years of his life, and where he died in 1873. It was +at Avignon that the Crown Princess of Prussia and the Princess Alice of +Hesse proposed to visit him, when he, with due courtesy, declined to see +them. + +Mill's works, which are very extensive, deal with philosophical, +psychological, economical, and political problems. His "Logic" was +published in 1843, his "Essays on Unsettled Questions in Political +Economy" in 1844, his "Principles of Political Economy" in 1848, and his +"Liberty" in 1858. In 1865 he published his "Examination of Sir William +Hamilton's Philosophy." Four volumes of "Dissertations and Discussions" +appeared between 1859 and 1867, and "Considerations on Representative +Government" in 1861. In 1865 he entered Parliament as Member for +Westminster, losing his seat, however, in 1868. It would be hard to +speak too highly of Mill. As a man he was all kindliness and considerate +thoughtfulness for others, and his ideal of life was a very high one. +Carlyle's Letters, Caroline Fox's Memoirs, and many other sources of +information, make this clear. On the literary side he will be variously +estimated, as we survey him from one or other aspect of his many-sided +career. As a stimulator of public opinion the work he did was enormous. +This is not the place to discuss the value of this or that movement +associated with his name; but there can be no doubt that many questions, +like the reform of the land laws, were initiated by him. In the +seventies his philosophy dominated Oxford. It is of no account to-day. + +On the philosophical side Mill's position is weakened by his ignorance +of the more simple sciences, which we now know to be of the greatest +moment in the study of intellectual problems. Mill knew little of +physics, and of biology still less. His education in this respect +belonged to the old-fashioned type. His work in logic is all but +unshaken, although his book has been superseded for school and college +use. His psychology, however, his ethics, much of his economics, and +above all, his metaphysics, must be corrected by later ideas. Doubtless +Mill's readjustments in mental science are most valuable, especially his +rehandling of the old doctrines; but fundamentally these are Hume's. +Mill's chief philosophical work was destructive. He utterly routed the +remnants of a still earlier philosophy, furbished up with all the +knowledge and all the acuteness of Sir William Hamilton. But the great +generalizations which have changed the whole drift of our philosophy are +the Conservation of Energy, and Evolution, including as the latter does +the laws and conditions of life, and in particular the doctrine of +Heredity. For adequate philosophical guidance on these subjects we must +turn to Herbert Spencer. + +But first let me point to the number of political economists who have +followed Mill in the discussion of the relation of society to the +"wealth" it produces. Mill's "Political Economy" was more of a +systematic summary of the prevailing doctrines than an original work. It +long formed, however, the basis of ordinary English knowledge on the +subject, and by its adhesion to the Wages Fund and other erroneous +theories, it did not a little harm as well as good to Economic Science. +Mill's most enthusiastic disciple in economics, =Henry Fawcett +(1833-1884)=, went far beyond his master in his acceptance of the main +doctrines of the Ricardo school. Many of the positions maintained in his +"Political Economy" were abandoned by Mill before his death, +particularly the Wages Fund theory; and in his "Autobiography" he traced +his own progress to views which, as he said, would class him "under the +general designation of Socialist." He declared himself in favour of "the +common ownership in the raw material of the globe, and an equal +participation of all in the benefits of combined labour."[18] + +Professor Fawcett, who published his "Manual of Political Economy" in +1863, continued to the last to hold to the old views, and especially to +favour as little as possible the intervention of the State. As member of +Parliament, first for Brighton and afterwards for Hackney, he did great +service by his criticisms of Indian finance. For more than four years +(1880-1884) he held the position of Postmaster-General, and introduced +many valuable reforms into the department under his administration. +Other economists of importance, =John Elliott Cairnes (1824-1875)= and +=William Stanley Jevons (1835-1882)=, have differed from Mill in many +theoretic principles; but the fairest survey of the later developments +of Mill's economics is given by =Henry Sidgwick (1838- )=, +Knightbridge Professor of Moral Philosophy at Cambridge, and by Alfred +Marshall (born 1842). In his "Principles of Political Economy" (1883) +Sidgwick attempts, with great clearness, to criticise the conflicting +views of the older economists in the light of the modern and more +socialist views. He also attempts in his "Methods of Ethics" (1874) a +compromise between the Utilitarian and the Intuitionist schools, and he +does this also in his "Elements of Politics" (1891), a comprehensive +survey of political science. Mr Marshall, who holds the Chair of +Political Economy at Cambridge, has written "Economics of Industry" +(1879), and "Principles of Economics" (1890). A writer who did much to +make foreign economists known in England, and who seemed at one time +destined to be the able leader of a new school, was =Thomas Edward +Cliffe Leslie (1827-1882)=, whose "Essays" are full of terse and +suggestive criticism. Cliffe Leslie died, however, without writing any +work of first-rate importance. He did something, however, following the +line of writers like Richard Jones (1790-1855), to bring academic theory +to the test of actual facts. + +During the last twenty years of the century, economic study has taken +increasingly the direction of elaborate investigation of the +circumstances of industrial life. On the one hand, a school of economic +historians,--Arnold Toynbee, with a brilliant _aperÁu_ on "The +Industrial Revolution," Thorold Rogers in his monumental "History of +Agriculture and Prices," Dr Cunningham, in the "Growth of English +History and Commerce," and Professor W. J. Ashley in "Economic History +and Theory," have greatly extended our knowledge of past industry. On +the other, we have the colossal work undertaken at his own expense by Mr +Charles Booth, assisted by a group of zealous students--including H. +Llewellyn Smith, D. F. Schloss, and Miss Clara Collet, now all filling +official posts at the Labor Department of the Board of Trade; and Miss +Beatrice Potter (now Mrs Sidney Webb)--a complete survey of London life, +statistical, economic, industrial, and social. The nine volumes of this +"Life and Labor of the People," already issued, constitute one of the +most important statistical works ever undertaken by a private person. Mr +and Mrs Sidney Webb wrote together another valuable contribution to +economic science in "The History of Trade Unionism" (1894). + +But political economy is merely a branch of the larger science of +sociology, and for the first general treatment of the whole science, +since Comte, we turn to the most characteristic philosopher of the +century. =Herbert Spencer (1820- )= was born at Derby, where his +father was a teacher of mathematics. From his father and uncle, the +latter a Congregational minister, he received his early education. +Articled at seventeen years of age to a civil engineer, he followed that +profession with some success for seven or eight years, when he gradually +drifted into literature--a series of letters by him "On the Proper +Sphere of Government" appearing in the _Nonconformist_ for 1842. A few +years later, he wrote for the _Westminster Review_, at the house of the +editor of which magazine he met George Eliot in 1851, and began the most +famous friendship of his life. It was also in 1851 that he published his +first work, "Social Statics," and four years later his "Principles of +Psychology." In 1861 he published his work on "Education," and the +following year his "First Principles." Between that time and 1896 he has +slowly built up a system of synthetic philosophy, in a dozen bulky +volumes, which has secured him a very large following not only in +England, but throughout the Continent and America. His "Descriptive +Sociology" is the production of many writers, who have worked under his +direction, collecting facts from travellers and scientists all over the +world. + +To have placed Psychology and Ethics on a scientific basis in harmony +with the discoveries of the century is a truly great achievement. Many +years have now passed away since Herbert Spencer claimed the whole +domain of knowledge as his own, and undertook to revise, in accordance +with the latest lights, the whole sphere of philosophy. What must have +seemed intolerable presumption in 1860 became in 1896 a completed task. +In universality of knowledge he rivals Aristotle and Bacon at a time +when the sphere of learning is immensely larger than in their epochs. It +is not within the province of this survey of literature to go through +the twelve large volumes of his works in detail. We would rather point +out that, to the unphilosophical reader, who would willingly know +something of Spencer's literary powers, the "Study of Sociology," which +he wrote for the "International Scientific Series," and the treatise on +"Education" are books which all who read must enjoy. + +To him, with Mill, belongs the glory of restoring to Great Britain the +old supremacy in philosophy given to her by Bacon, continued by Locke, +Hume, and Berkeley, but temporarily interrupted by Kant and Hegel. + +Another writer who has attempted to combine psychology with physiology +is =Alexander Bain (1818- )=, who was for many years Professor of +Logic in the University of Aberdeen, and twice Lord Rector. Bain +assisted Mill in the preparation of his "Logic," and has himself written +a treatise on that science, also lengthy works on "The Senses and the +Intellect," and "The Emotions and the Will." Perhaps his work on "Mental +and Moral Science" is his best-known contribution to student literature. +Although he is the author of books on grammar and composition, Professor +Bain's style is always oppressively heavy and unattractive. As Spencer +and Bain combined psychology with physiology, so it was the effort of +Boole and De Morgan to extend the scope of logic by an ingenious +application of mathematics. + +The leader for many years of the "Hegelian" school of philosophy at +Oxford, which has long held the field against Mill on the one hand and +Spencer on the other, was =Thomas Hill Green (1838-1882)=, who was +appointed Whyte Professor of Moral Philosophy in 1877, and who published +the same year a series of articles in the _Contemporary Review_, on "Mr +Herbert Spencer and Mr G. H. Lewes: their Application of the Doctrine of +Evolution to Thought." He was preparing for publication his +"Prolegomena to Ethics" at the time of his death, and the work was +finally edited by Professor A. C. Bradley, who has himself written a +treatise on logic, and whose Hegelian work, entitled "Ethical Studies," +is of the highest interest. Green was a moral force in Oxford, quite +apart from his philosophical speculation, as the following extract from +one of his lectures will indicate:--"I confess to hoping for a time when +the phrase, 'the education of a gentleman,' will have lost its meaning, +because the sort of education which alone makes the gentleman in any +true sense will be within the reach of all. As it was the aspiration of +Moses that all the Lord's people should be prophets, so with all +seriousness and reverence we may hope and pray for a condition of +English society in which all honest citizens will recognize themselves +and be recognized by each other as gentlemen." + +=George Henry Lewes (1817-1878)=, whose name is frequently joined with +that of Spencer by his association of biology with ethics and +psychology, was the son of Charles Lee Lewes, the actor, and was one of +the most versatile writers of our times. His first important work was +the "Biographical History of Philosophy," originally published in 1845 +in Knight's Shilling Library, but amplified without improvement into two +substantial volumes in 1867. Lewes's distaste for the ordinary +metaphysics, and the severity of his criticism on Hegel, have rendered +this work the _bête noir_ of all transcendental students; but it remains +the one English "History of Philosophy" of any pretension. More +unqualified praise may be given to the "Life of Goethe," which Lewes +published in 1855. Perhaps no other man then living could have shown +himself competent to deal with Goethe's many-sidedness--to discuss +"Faust" and "Tasso," "Hermann und Dorothea" at one moment, the poet's +biological and botanical discoveries the next, and to estimate at their +true worth the speculations on colours, which Goethe held to be more +calculated than his poems to secure him immortality. The book remains +the standard life of the great Weimar sage in this country, and is +popular in Germany, in spite of a vast Goethe literature which has been +published since its appearance. In addition to these great works Lewes +wrote two novels, one of which, "Ranthorpe," Charlotte Brontë praised +enthusiastically. He edited the _Fortnightly Review_, and also initiated +a craze for aquaria, by his "Seaside Studies;" he endeavoured, indeed, +to popularise many of the sciences, particularly physiology. His last +years were devoted to philosophical questions, and his "Problems of Life +and Mind" were published in fragments, the concluding volume, under +George Eliot's editorship, after his death. + +The earliest writer of the era to popularise science was =Sir David +Brewster (1781-1868)=, an eminent physicist, in whose _Edinburgh +Cyclopædia_ Carlyle commenced his literary career. His "Life of Newton," +"Martyrs of Science," and "More Worlds than One" are still widely read. +=Michael Faraday (1791-1867)=, another famous physicist, is still +better remembered by our own generation, principally for his popular +lectures at the Royal Institution, where he was superintendent of the +laboratory for forty-eight years. He was a blacksmith's son, and was +originally apprenticed to a bookbinder. After his discovery of +magneto-electricity, he had, he told Tyndall, a hard struggle to decide +whether he should make wealth or science the pursuit of his life. +Tyndall calculates that Faraday could easily have realised £150,000; but +he declared for science and died a poor man. + +=John Tyndall (1820-1893)=, who once said that it was his great +ambition to play the part of Schiller to this Goethe, succeeded Faraday +at the Royal Institution, and wrote about him eloquently in his "Faraday +as a Discoverer." Tyndall was born at Leighlin Bridge, Carlow, Ireland, +in 1820. His father was a member of the Irish constabulary. His services +to many branches of science were great; but he concerns us here not so +much by his treatises on electricity, sound, light, and heat, or by his +discoveries in diamagnetism, as by his "Lectures on Science for +Unscientific People," which, Huxley said, was the most scientific book +he had ever read, and which has yet the transcendent merit of giving +enjoyment as well as instruction, even to the readers of three-volume +novels. In 1856 Tyndall made a journey to Switzerland, in company with +Professor Huxley, and the friends afterwards wrote a treatise "On the +Structure and Motion of Glaciers." Geological treatises may be said to +have given the fullest play to the literary side of science. The work of +Robert Bentley and Sir Joseph Hooker in botany, of Michael Foster, St +George Mivart, and Francis Maitland Balfour in biology, is, it may be, +equal or superior to that of the bulk of the writers whose achievements +we have chronicled; but it is not a part of literature. Burdon +Sanderson, Balfour Stewart, and a host of other men, have done +incalculable service in the Victorian era--service, it is to be feared, +which scarcely obtains as generous recognition as the cheap +generalisations of smaller men; but scientific text-books, however +important, are scarcely within the scope of these chapters. Geology, on +the other hand, is, as it were, a conglomerate of the sciences, and +lends itself readily to the most eloquent literary expression. Few +writers have been more widely read than =Hugh Miller (1802-1856)=, a +Cromarty stone-mason, whose first enthusiasm for study of the rocks +arose from following his trade, but whose life was mainly devoted to +journalism, and to editing _The Witness_. His "Old Red Sandstone," +"Footprints of the Creator," and "The Testimony of the Rocks" were +effective in kindling a taste for natural science. + +The special study which Miller gave to the Red Sandstone rocks was +extended by =Sir Roderick Impey Murchison (1792-1871)= to the Silurian +System, and his work entitled "Siluria" has passed through many +editions. Scotland seems to have been the nursery of geologists, for +Miller and Murchison, Lyell and the brothers Geikie, were all born north +of the Tweed. =Sir Charles Lyell (1797-1875)= was born at Kinnordy, in +Forfarshire, and educated at Midhurst, and at Exeter College, Oxford. +Called to the bar, he went the Western Circuit for two years, but, when +attending some of Dr Buckland's lectures, he became attached to geology. +His "Principles of Geology," first published in 1830, caused a +revolution in the science. Never before had there been presented such a +connected illustration of the influences which had caused the earth's +changes in the unresting distribution of land and water areas. Much of +Lyell's great work reads like a fairy tale; much might have been thought +the fruit of an imaginative rather than of a scientific mind. Lyell's +smaller book, the "Student's Elements of Geology," was injured in +literary merit by the progressive study of the science of which he had +been the second father. The constant addition of fresh knowledge, and +his conversion to Darwin's views, necessitated the continual rewriting +of parts and further revision by other hands after the author's death. +"The Antiquity of Man" (in defence of Darwin's theory) is of more value +from a literary standpoint. Before the beginning of the reign =William +Buckland (1784-1856)=, Dean of Westminster, by whose lectures Lyell +had so much profited, had written his famous Bridgewater Treatise on +"Geology and Mineralogy considered with reference to Natural Theology." +His son, =Frank Buckland (1826-1880)=, wrote clever and readable books +on "Natural History," and had genuine enthusiasm for the study of animal +life; but he was charged with having vulgarised the studies in which he +took so keen an interest. The most distinguished living geologist is Sir +Archibald Geikie, who is now director-general of the Geological Survey +of the United Kingdom. His "Text Book," which was first published in +1882, is a model of lucid writing, and his essays are among the most +pleasant literary products of the age. His brother, James Geikie, has +written an important work on glaciation, entitled "The Great Ice Age." + +But the scientific literature of the past sixty years might almost be +said to be summarised in the work of =Charles Darwin (1809-1882)=. A +funeral in Westminster Abbey, amid the mourning of many nations, closed +the career of one whose life-work had often been greeted with scorn. +"Our century is Darwin's century," said a leading German newspaper +(_Allgemeine Zeitung_) at his death, and the statement is no +exaggeration. Those who witnessed the long stream of prelates and nobles +who filed through the Abbey at his funeral, the then Archbishop of +Canterbury (Dr Tait) and the present Prime Minister (Lord Salisbury) +among the number, could not but recall the reception of the great +investigator's theory twenty years before. Bishop Wilberforce in +particular denounced it in the _Quarterly Review_ as "a flimsy +speculation." Darwin's antecedents were of a nature such as, on the +principle of heredity, a great man should possess. His paternal +grandfather, Erasmus Darwin, was a poet, whose "Botanic Garden" may +still be read with interest. His maternal grandfather was Josiah +Wedgwood, the famous potter. Darwin was the son of a doctor of +Shrewsbury, and was educated at the Grammar School of that city and at +Christ's College, Cambridge. Here his natural history studies were +sympathetically directed by Professor Henslow, the botanist, by whose +recommendation he was selected to accompany the _Beagle_ on its +expedition to survey the South American coast. The results of his +travels were embodied in his first important work, "Journals of +Researches during a Voyage round the World," which was published in +1839, and was republished under the title of "A Naturalist's Voyage +round the World." In the same year he married his cousin, Miss Wedgwood, +and, after a few years of London life, took up his residence in a +pleasant country house at Down, near Beckenham, in Kent. Here he pursued +his remarkable investigations until his death, surrounded by his +accomplished children, and finding, as he told a friend, his highest +emotional gratification in the joys of family life and a love of animate +nature. Two of his sons, George Howard Darwin and Francis Darwin, have +done good work in science, the one in geology and astronomy, the other +in botany. Darwin himself wrote also on the "Structure and Distribution +of Coral Reefs," revolutionising the popular view concerning these +remarkable phenomena. Discovering that reef-building polyps cannot live +at depths of more than twenty fathoms, he found it necessary to explain +the presence of rocks built by them which rise from more than 2000 feet +below the surface of the sea. This he did on the hypothesis of a gradual +subsidence of the sea-floor whilst the polyps are at work. This view has +since been generally accepted by geologists, although somewhat modified +by Dr John Murray's observation in the _Challenger_ expedition, that the +reefs are not always of solid coral, and that they may in many cases +have been formed on the cones of extinct volcanoes. + +Darwin had pondered for many years over the theory which was to make him +famous before he decided to bring his conclusions before the public. +After considerable observation of every form of animal and vegetable +life and experiments in selective breeding he concluded that the species +of plants and animals now on the earth were not created in their present +form, but had been evolved by unbroken descent with modification of +structure from cruder forms, the remains of many of which are constantly +discovered in the older rocks. He discovered in 1858 that =Alfred Russel +Wallace (1822- )= had independently arrived at the same conclusions, +and so it was agreed that their views should be jointly laid before the +Linnæan Society. In 1859 the "Origin of Species" was published, and it +was followed by a number of works bearing upon the same subject, the +most notable of all being the "Descent of Man." Darwin's work on "Earth +Worms," perhaps the most purely literary of all his writings, appeared +the year before his death. It is not the province of a sketch of +Victorian literature to discuss the many important bearings of the +Darwinian hypothesis. Received with unbounded contempt by literary men +so eminent as Carlyle and Ruskin, it was accepted only with +qualification by men of science like Agassiz, Carpenter, and Owen; but +an overwhelming majority of scientific men in England, America, and +above all in Continental countries, have declared in its favour. The +theory has received popular interpretation in Germany from Haeckel, and +in England from Huxley, although in this connection we must not forget +=George John Romanes (1848-1894)=, the author of "Animal Intelligence" +and "Mental Evolution in Animals," Grant Allen, and Edward Clodd. + +=Thomas Henry Huxley (1825-1895)=, one of the greatest of our men of +science, was of interest not only on account of his vast scientific +attainments, but for his profound acquaintance with metaphysics, as +illustrated in his "Life of Hume," his wide culture, and his exquisite +literary style. He was born and educated at Ealing, in Middlesex, where +his father was a schoolmaster. He studied medicine at the Charing Cross +Hospital, then entered the Royal Navy as an assistant surgeon, and went +in the _Rattlesnake_ to survey the Barrier Reef of Australia. The papers +which he sent to the Royal and Linnæan Societies gave him fame. After +his return he devoted himself to original research; but work of that +sort brings no recompense in money, and Huxley's means were narrow. In +1854, however, he obtained the chairs of Natural History and +Palæontology at the School of Mines, and to this he afterwards added the +appointment of Inspector of Fisheries. The "blue ribbon" of science, +the Presidency of the Royal Society, was conferred on him in 1883. +Huxley wrote much on biological problems, and by the publication of his +"Physiography" gave a new name to the science which has extended the +scope of the old Physical Geography: but his chief interest for us here +is in his "Lay Sermons," "Addresses and Reviews," his "Critiques and +Addresses," and his "American Addresses," all of which may take rank +among the finest prose of our age. + + +As an interesting contrast to the work of Darwin and Huxley, and all +that it has implied to modern literature, one may refer once again to +the movement inspired by Cardinal Newman. His most prominent associates +for many years, neither of whom, however, left the Church of England for +the Church of Rome, were Pusey and Keble. + +=Edward Bouverie Pusey (1800-1882)= was practically the founder of the +modern High Church movement in the Anglican community. A writer of +"Tracts for the Times," he was, after Newman had "gone over to Rome," +the recognized head of the movement, and his followers were frequently +called "Puseyites." A demoralization of the party seemed inevitable on +Newman's secession, but the publication of Dr Pusey's "Letter to Keble" +gave it fresh life. In 1866 his "Eirenicon," a proposal for the reunion +of Christendom, drew a reply from Cardinal Newman, with whom, however, +he maintained the profoundest friendship to the end. =John Keble +(1792-1866)=, who was born at Fairford, in Gloucestershire, was a man +of far higher gifts. Educated at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, he +obtained a fellowship at Oriel. For some years he was Professor of +Poetry at Oxford, a position for which he had qualified himself by the +publication of the "Christian Year," a volume of religious poems for +every Sunday and church festival, many of which have been admitted into +the hymnology of all the Christian sects. Perhaps truer poetry is to be +found in his "Lyra Innocentium," a series of poems on children, for +there the human element is more marked. Keble also wrote a "Life of +Bishop Wilson," and published several volumes of sermons. + + +The movement of Liberal theology, to which men like Keble gave the name +of "national apostasy," was headed in its earlier developments by +Archbishop Whately and Dr Arnold of Rugby, and more recently by the Rev. +Frederick Denison Maurice and Dean Stanley. =Richard Whately +(1787-1863)=, who was at Oriel with Keble, had published his once +popular "Logic" and "Rhetoric" before the commencement of the reign of +Victoria, and in 1831 had been made Archbishop of Dublin, a position +which he held till his death, in 1863, winning all hearts by his +kindness and liberality, by his generous tolerance and zeal for +progress. His "Logic" is chiefly of importance for the impetus it gave +to the study of that science. His "Christian Evidences" gained in its +day a wider audience. =Thomas Arnold (1795-1842)= was born at East +Cowes, in the Isle of Wight, and was educated at Winchester, and with +Keble at Corpus Christi College, Oxford. After ordination he removed to +Laleham-on-Thames, where he prepared young men for the universities. +When, in 1827, the head-mastership of Rugby became vacant, Arnold was +elected on the strength of a recommendation by Dr Hawkins, to the effect +that he "would change the face of education all through the public +schools of England." The prophecy was fulfilled. He was the first to +introduce modern languages and modern history and mathematics into the +regular school course. At the same time he always insisted on the value +of the classics as a basis of education, and himself prepared an edition +of "Thucydides," and wrote a "History of Rome" in its earlier periods, +which is at least eminently interesting. His services to his country as +an educational reformer were even greater on the moral side. Dr Arnold +was a purifying influence to men of the higher classes, to a degree +which is inexplicable to the present generation. For a time he was +unpopular, and his school suffered, through his advocacy of church +reform and his association with political Liberalism; but the success of +his pupils at the universities had caused a reaction in his favour at +the time of his death, which occurred all too early, for he was only +forty-seven. Of his many distinguished pupils, perhaps the best known +are Tom Hughes and Dean Stanley. =Thomas Hughes (1823-1896)=, who in +1882 was made a county-court judge, wrote many books, but only one of +them entitles him to be remembered to-day. In a moment of happy +inspiration, he wrote the finest boy's book in the language. "Tom +Brown's School Days" was published in 1857. It is a picture of life at +Rugby, under Dr Arnold's healthy, manly guidance. + +=Arthur Penrhyn Stanley (1815-1881)= wrote his "Life of Dr Arnold" in +1844. A son of Edward Stanley, Bishop of Norwich, he was born at +Alderley, in Cheshire. From Rugby he went to Balliol College, Oxford, +where he had an exceptionally distinguished career. In 1851 he became a +canon of Canterbury, and his picturesque "Memorials of Canterbury" were +the outcome of residence in that city. In 1863 he was made Dean of +Westminster, notwithstanding the opposition of the High Church party, to +whom the theological views expressed in his numerous works were +distasteful. Of these writings, "Sinai and Palestine," "Lectures on the +Eastern Church," and "Lectures on the Jewish Church," are the best +known. As Dean of Westminster Dr Stanley became an active leader of the +Broad Church movement. Although not a contributor to "Essays and +Reviews" his services to the movement were incalculable. He invited Max +Müller to lecture in the Abbey, befriended Père Hyacinthe, and gave +sympathy to Bishop Colenso. His speeches in the Lower House of +Convocation, particularly one in which he proposed the suppression of +the Athanasian Creed in the services of the Church, made him many +enemies; but few ecclesiastics have been so beloved by both sovereign +and people. One recalls the pleasant, active little man, so proud of his +Abbey Church, with a deep sigh that he should be no more. His life was +written by his successor, Dean Bradley. + +Of the contributors to "Essays and Reviews," the manifesto of the Broad +Church party, which appeared in 1860, Frederick Temple must be +mentioned, because his contribution, "The Education of the World," led +to a frantic effort to prevent his receiving the bishopric of Exeter, an +effort which was unsuccessful. In 1885 Dr Temple was made Bishop of +London, and in 1896 Archbishop of Canterbury. Other distinguished +writers in "Essays and Reviews" were Dr Jowett and Mr Mark Pattison. +=Benjamin Jowett (1817-1893)=, master of Balliol, who wrote the essay +on "The Interpretation of Scripture," achieved his greatest successes by +his brilliant translations of Plato, Thucydides, and "The Politics" of +Aristotle. His Plato drew from John Bright, who was little inclined to +appreciate the great thoughts of the Athenian philosopher, an expression +of admiration for the classic English of the Oxford professor. Jowett's +life was written by Evelyn Abbott and Lewis Campbell. =Mark Pattison +(1813-1884)=, whose contribution to "Essays and Reviews" was on "The +Tendencies of Religious Thought in England," assisted Newman and Pusey +in the early days of the Tractarian movement, but finally went over to +the Liberalism which they so much dreaded. In 1861 he was elected Rector +of Lincoln College, Oxford. Pattison was a profound scholar. Few men +have led lives so absorbed in books. The results of his learning are +apparent in his interesting "Life of Isaac Casaubon," which he had hoped +to follow by a life of Scaliger. + +But men like Jowett and Pattison have been the arm-chair representatives +of a movement which found one of its most active supporters in =John +Frederick Denison Maurice (1805-1872)=. Maurice was the son of a +Unitarian minister, and was born at Normanstone, near Lowestoft. For a +time he was editor of the _Athenæum_, but joined the Anglican Church in +1831, and accepted a curacy near Leamington. A treatise entitled +"Subscription no Bondage," which defined his position in the Church, +excited much attention, as did also his tracts on the "Kingdom of +Christ." In conjunction with Kingsley and Hughes he published pamphlets +called "Politics for the People," and organised the Christian socialist +and co-operative movement of 1850. Like Kingsley, Maurice may be +labelled a Broad Churchman, not so much on doctrinal grounds as for the +breadth of his sympathies. It was social rather than theological +problems to which he attached importance. Kingsley, indeed, described +himself to correspondents as a Broad Churchman, a High Churchman, and an +Evangelical, as the mood seemed to take him. Bishop Colenso is a good +type of the more militant theologians. =John William Colenso +(1814-1883)= first came before the public as the author of mathematical +text-books. At this time he was vicar of Forncett St Mary, in Norfolk, +but in 1853 he was made Bishop of Natal. In South Africa he was a +zealous advocate of the rights of the natives against the oppression of +the Boers and Cape Town officials; but in a measure his influence was +weakened by the publication of his work on Biblical criticism, "The +Pentateuch and Book of Joshua Critically Examined," which was condemned +by both Houses of Convocation as heretical. When Colenso came to England +in 1874 he was inhibited from preaching in the dioceses of London, +Lincoln, and Oxford. At Oxford, however, his sermon was read from the +pulpit of Balliol while the Bishop sat below, and the same device was +pursued at Mr Stopford Brooke's Church in London. Dean Stanley invited +him to the Abbey pulpit, claiming freedom from the jurisdiction of Dr +Jackson, the then Bishop of London; but Colenso declined to increase the +ill-feeling which had been excited. + +Another distinguished member of the Broad Church party, =Edwin Abbott +(1838- )=, was head-master of the City of London School from 1865 to +1889. He has published several educational works. His religious +influence has developed itself through "Philochristus; Memoirs of a +Disciple of our Lord," and "Onesimus; Memoirs of a Disciple of St Paul," +also by a volume of sermons, "Through Nature to Christ," which is +perhaps the best evidence of the development of the Broad Church +movement. Dr Whately, one of its founders, argued for the miracles as +indicative of the Divine origin of Christianity; Dr Abbott esteems the +insistence on miracles as a bar to belief. Perhaps the purest and most +inspiring of all the eloquent teachers belonging to this party was +=Frederick William Robertson (1816-1853)= of Brighton, whose sermons +have been widely read, especially in America, and whose lectures are as +helpful and bracing as any written in our time. Robertson's remarkable +career of only thirty-seven years has been made known to us by the +beautiful life which was written by Mr Stopford Brooke. =Stopford +Augustus Brooke (1832- )= was born in Dublin and educated at Trinity +College. At first he was a Church of England clergyman and a Queen's +Chaplain, but seceded in 1880 on account of his inability to believe in +many supernatural phases of Christian teaching. His "Primer of English +Literature," "History of Early English Poetry," "Theology in the English +Poets," and "Life of Milton" have the ring of the genuine, and, indeed, +of the great, critic. + +Outside the pale of the Anglican community, but powerful factors in that +same Broad Church movement which has been charged with "stretching the +old formula to meet the new facts," one recalls the names of Lynch and +Martineau. =Thomas Toke Lynch (1818-1871)= was born at Dunmow, in +Essex, and held for many years the ministry of a small Congregational +Church, first in Grafton Street and afterwards in the Hampstead Road, +London. He died in comparative obscurity; but the poems in his +"Rivulet," once condemned as heretical, have found their way into most +hymnologies. + +=James Martineau (1805- )= was born at Norwich, and was originally +educated for the profession of civil engineer, but turned to theological +studies, and was for some time the minister of a Presbyterian Church in +Dublin. Then, during a residence in Liverpool, he became a supporter of +the philosophy of Bentham and the elder Mill, but finally abandoned that +position for Kantian metaphysics. Thenceforth he was to be a great power +on behalf of the Theistic and Unitarian position, and he turned +vigorously upon the materialistic beliefs which he had abandoned, and +was, it may be added, somewhat too harsh to his sister Harriet when, +later in life, she adopted them. His "Endeavour after the Christian +Life" and "Hours of Thought on Sacred Things" are two of his best known +works, although a more philosophical interest attaches to his "Study of +Spinoza" and his "Types of Ethical Theory." + +I have dwelt at some length on the work of the High Church and Broad +Church parties during the reign, because with these bodies it has been a +period of great literary achievement, and it can scarcely be claimed +that Evangelicanism, however earnest, zealous, and numerically powerful, +has added much of enduring worth to religious literature. =Richard +William Church (1815-1890)=, Dean of St Paul's, who wrote so +eloquently on Dante and St Anselm, belonged to the Liberal High Church +school, as did also =Henry Parry Liddon (1829-1890)=, a canon of the +same cathedral, whose Bampton lectures "On the Divinity of Jesus Christ" +marked him out as one of the most eloquent of modern preachers. One of +the greatest scholars in the English Church, =Joseph Barber Lightfoot +(1828-1889)=, Bishop of Durham, who replied to the author of +"Supernatural Religion," belonged to the same party. Midway between the +Broad Church and the Evangelical schools we find =Frederick William +Farrar (1831- )=, Dean of Canterbury, who, as head-master of +Marlborough College, wrote stories of boy life. He succeeded Kingsley as +a Canon of Westminster, and excited much attention by his sermons on the +doctrine of eternal punishment. His lives of Christ and of St Paul have +been widely read. =John Charles Ryle (1816- )=, Bishop of Liverpool, +has been perhaps the most famous literary exponent of the Evangelical +position. "Shall we know one another in Heaven" and "Bible Inspiration" +were characteristic books from his pen. =John Saul Howson +(1816-1885)=, Dean of Chester, who, in conjunction with the Rev. W. J. +Conybeare, wrote an able work on "The Life and Epistles of St Paul," was +also a Low Churchman. + +The most distinguished Nonconformist minister of the Victorian period, +and the man whose sermons found most readers, was =Charles Haddon +Spurgeon (1834-1892)=, with whom eloquence and earnestness were +combined with the possession of a simple English style, which he derived +from a study of the Puritan fathers. In "John Ploughman's Talk" (1868) +Spurgeon put forth much homely wisdom in a quaint and humorous garb. + + +I have said well nigh enough concerning speculative writers and +theologians, but it is necessary to mention here =Henry Longueville +Mansel (1820-1871)=, who succeeded Milman as Dean of St Paul's. Mansel +was a vigorous defender of the Anglican position. "The Limits of +Religious Thought" was the title of one of his books; "Metaphysics, or +the Philosophy of Consciousness, Phenomenal and Real" was another, but +he crossed swords with many disputants, with F. D. Maurice, with J. S. +Mill, and indeed he was ever a fighter, subtle and skilful. Another +theologian, =Cardinal Manning (1808-1892)=, was a disputant on behalf +of Roman Catholicism, he having left the Anglican Church in 1851. His +many books and sermons are to-day only of interest to the theological +student. His life was written in 1896, and caused much controversy +through its exceeding candour and indiscretion. + + +Philosophy has had notable students also in Ferrier, Caird, and +Clifford. =James Frederick Ferrier (1808-1864)= who was a nephew of +Susan Ferrier the author of "Marriage," was professor of moral +philosophy at St Andrews. He wrote "Lectures in Greek Philosophy" and +other works. =Edward Caird (1835- )= is master of Balliol and he has +written "Philosophy of Kant," "Essays on Literature and Philosophy," and +"The Evolution of Religion." =William Kingdon Clifford (1845-1879)= +belonged to the opposite camp. He obtained an early reputation as a +mathematician and became professor of applied mathematics in University +College, London, in 1871. His powerful contributions to the literary +side of science were contained in "Seeing and Thinking" and "Lectures +and Essays," the latter volume being edited after his death by his +friends Mr Leslie Stephen and Sir Frederick Pollock. + + +The three most notable books that we have seen from the anti-theological +side, apart from Matthew Arnold's "Literature and Dogma," are "The Creed +of Christendom," "Phases of Faith," and "Supernatural Religion," +although to these may perhaps be added translations of the Lives of +Christ, of Strauss, and of Renan. The "Creed of Christendom" was the +work of =William Rathbone Greg (1809-1881)=, who wrote also "Enigmas +of Life" (1872), and "Rocks Ahead" (1874). "Phases of Faith" was the +work of =Francis William Newman (1805-1897)=, a younger brother of +Cardinal Newman, but at the opposite pole of religious conviction. He +has written many books, the most successful being one on "The Soul" +(1849). Another on "Theism" (1858), was inspired by the same theistic, +but non-Christian impulse. "Phases of Faith" (1858), was his most +successful work. The author of "Supernatural Religion" is Walter Richard +Cassels, who has also published a reply to Bishop Lightfoot's strictures +upon his larger work--a work now all but forgotten, but which created a +considerable sensation at the time of its appearance. + +The age has been, particularly in its later developments, an age of good +critics of literature. Criticism unhappily rarely lasts much beyond its +own decade. Even Mr Matthew Arnold lives now only by his poetry, and the +many good things that he said about books are being steadily forgotten. +Arnold was a great critic, and so also was =Walter Pater (1839-1894)=, +whose "Marius the Epicurean" and "Imaginary Portraits" should have +ranked him with writers of imagination were it not that criticism was +his dominant faculty. Pater has been described as "the most rhythmical +of English prose writers," and his "Renaissance: Studies in Art and +Poetry," and his "Appreciations" give him a very high place among the +writers of our time. + +=Philip Gilbert Hamerton (1834-1894)= was another great critic, who +wrote at least one work of imagination. "Marmorne" is a very pretty +story of life in France. With every aspect of French life Mr Hamerton +was well acquainted, as he lived in that country for very many years. He +wrote regularly upon art topics, and edited an art magazine, _The +Portfolio_; but it is by his volume of essays entitled "The Intellectual +Life" that he will be most kindly remembered for many a year to come. + + +Certain writers whom I must mention are entitled to a place both as +critics and as poets. Mr W. E. Henley, Mr F. W. H. Myers, William Bell +Scott, and William Allingham for example. =William Ernest Henley +(1849- )= has written plays in conjunction with R. L. Stevenson, and +his "Book of Verses" and "Song of the Sword" entitle him to very high +rank among the poets of the day. But he is also a critic of exceptional +vigour and force, and since Matthew Arnold there has been no volume of +criticism so full of discrimination and sound judgment as "Views and +Reviews." Ill health has compelled Mr Henley to waste much of his +undoubted talent. He is at present editing fine library editions of +Burns and Byron. =Frederic William Henry Myers (1843- )= wrote "Saint +Paul," a poem of considerable reputation, but his critical essays are +more widely known. They were published in two volumes, "Classical" and +"Modern," and are full of delightful ideas delightfully expressed. His +biography of Wordsworth is a daintily fanciful memoir, abounding in +good criticism. Mr Myers's brother Ernest is also a poet, and so also +was =William Bell Scott (1811-1890)=. He was, it is true, a poet of a +narrow range, but a critic of great energy and industry. Bell Scott +became best known by his "Autobiography," published after his death. In +it he discussed Rossetti and the Pre-Raphaelite movement with sufficient +frankness. =William Allingham (1824-1889)= wrote many poems and +ballads full of the Celtic spirit, and of Ireland, which he loved as the +land of his birth. Allingham was for a time editor of _Fraser's +Magazine_, and he contributed regularly to the chief literary +periodicals of his day. + + +Literary critics of importance to-day are Edward Dowden, Richard +Garnett, George Saintsbury, Edmund Gosse, Leslie Stephen, and Andrew +Lang--all of whom are happily living and writing. + +=Edward Dowden (1843- )=, who is an Irishman, and a professor of +Trinity College, Dublin, has a genius for accuracy and is a master of +detail. For textual criticism of Wordsworth and Shelley he has no +superior. He has an immense knowledge of the literature of many +languages, and holds without dispute the first place among living +students of German literature in this country. His knowledge of English +literature is profound, and in "Shakspere, his Mind and Art," and +"Studies in Literature," he has said some singularly illuminating +things about books. With his "Life of Shelley" one observes a certain +deterioration; Professor Dowden, with all his profound love of +literature, has scarcely the qualities which would find attraction in +the curiously impulsive character of the poet Shelley. Dowden was +happier when writing about Southey, and he is still more at home with +great impersonal literary figures like Shakspere and Goethe. + + +=Richard Garnett (1835- )=,--better known to the world to-day as Dr +Garnett--has also written on Shelley, not merely with sympathy but with +partisanship. Dr Garnett, who is honourably associated with the British +Museum Library, is a most acute critic, a biographer of Carlyle and +Emerson, a translator from the Greek and German, and, like Professor +Dowden, a poet. + + +=George Saintsbury (1845- )=, who is Professor of English Literature +at the University of Edinburgh, has been an industrious critic for many +years, and his knowledge of French literature in particular is profound. +His acquaintance with English literature in the seventeenth century has, +however, considerably vitiated his style. It is not easy to tolerate the +phraseology of the seventeenth century in modern books. This defect of +style is regrettably noticeable in two volumes of literary history which +Professor Saintsbury has published, one dealing with the seventeenth +and the other with the nineteenth century. It is in certain brief +biographies of Sir Walter Scott and others that Professor Saintsbury is +most excellent; but his wide knowledge and his genuine grasp of the most +salient characteristics of good literature are indisputable qualities +which rank him high among the bookmen of his day. + + +=Edmund Gosse (1849- )= is not less distinguished than the writers I +have named. He would be widely known as a writer of charming verse were +he not actively engaged in literary criticism. The son of a famous +naturalist, Mr Gosse is the author of many admirably written books about +the literature of the past and the present. What Carlyle so largely did +for German literature by introducing it to English readers Mr Gosse has +done for Scandinavian literature. In conjunction with Mr William +Archer--a dramatic critic of singular insight--he has translated Ibsen, +whose influence has been as marked during the past ten years as the +influence of German writers was marked during the previous thirty. Mr +Gosse's best biography is his "Life of Gray." + + +A critic of remarkable learning is =Leslie Stephen (1832- )=, whose +"Hours in a Library" and "History of English Thought in the Eighteenth +Century" are books which have profoundly impressed the age. Mr Leslie +Stephen has written a large number of biographies, all of them +characterised by singular accuracy, by remarkable graces of style, and +by genuine insight. He was the first editor of the _Dictionary of +National Biography_, a work which has proved invaluable to students of +our later literature. + + +=Andrew Lang (1844- )= is the last of the critics I have named, and +not the least active. He has shone in many branches of literary work. +His "Ballads and Lyrics of Old France," "Ballades in Blue China," and +numerous other verses, have gained him considerable reputation as a +poet. His translations of Homer and Theocritus are by many counted the +finest translations that our literature has seen. Some have contended +that his musical prose rendering of the Odyssey is incomparably superior +to all the efforts of Pope, of Cowper, and of the many other poets who +have attempted to render Homer in verse. Mr Lang is an authority on +folk-lore; he has joined issue with Professor Max Müller on many points +which are of keen interest to those who are attracted towards the +science of language and the study of comparative religion. As a writer +of fairy-tales, and as the editor of books of fairy-stories, Mr Lang has +endeared himself to thousands belonging to the younger generation. But +all this is but dimly and inefficiently to appraise Mr Lang's marvellous +versatility. He has written fiction, history, and, above all, biography, +his biographical work including a Life of Sir Stafford Northcote and a +Life of John Gibson Lockhart, Scott's son-in-law. + + +Biography has generally been written by literary critics, and one +requires no apology in any case for ranking the biographers among the +critics. =John Gibson Lockhart (1794-1854)= himself was a notable +example. He was editor of the _Quarterly Review_, and an industrious +writer for many years; but he is best known to us by his "Life of Sir +Walter Scott," which was published--it is worthy of note--in 1837, the +year of the Queen's accession. Lockhart's "Scott" is beyond question the +most important biography of the reign. The longest is that of Milton by +Professor Masson. =David Masson (1822- )= has held a chair of +literature in University College, London, and later at Edinburgh. Few +men know English literature better than he. His name will always be +associated with his monumental "Life of Milton," a solid, accurate, +exhaustive book; but he has written pleasantly on "British Novelists and +their Styles" and "Drummond of Hawthornden," besides sundry other books. +Many of our poets have had capable biographers. Professor Knight of St +Andrews has devoted himself for many years to Wordsworth, and has +written his biography besides editing his collected works. The late +James Dykes Campbell (1835-1894) wrote a biography of Coleridge +distinguished by remarkable thoroughness. Professor W. J. Courthope has +proved himself Pope's best biographer and editor, and is giving us a +good "History of English Poetry," which at present reaches only to the +Reformation. Mr Churton Collins, one of the most thorough of our +critics, has written on Swift, as has also Sir Henry Craik; and Swift's +life in Ireland has been gracefully sketched by Mr Richard Ashe King, a +novelist whose "Love the Debt" and "The Wearing of the Green" have +commanded a large audience. Swift has been a favourite subject with the +biographers. A life of him was the task upon which =John Forster +(1812-1876)= was engaged at the time of his death. Forster was an +untiring biographer, and he benefited literature as well by his death as +by his life, in that he bequeathed his fine library of books and +manuscripts to the nation. John Forster wrote a Life of Walter Savage +Landor, another of Goldsmith, and another of Charles Dickens, against +which it was urged that he had introduced too much of his own +personality. Perhaps Forster's best work was his "Life of Sir John +Eliot," an expansion of a biography of that patriot which he had +contributed to his "Statesmen of the Commonwealth." + + +Biography is the great medium of instruction and inspiration of that +little band of Positive philosophers who accept their gospel from +Auguste Comte, whose "Philosophie Positive" they have translated into +English. "Study the 'Philosophie Positive' for yourself," says George +Henry Lewes, who, with George Eliot, had much enthusiasm for the new +cult; "study it patiently, give it the time and thought you would not +grudge to a new science or a new language; and then, whether you accept +or reject the system, you will find your mental horizon irrevocably +enlarged. 'But six stout volumes!' exclaims the hesitating aspirant: +Well, yes; six volumes requiring to be meditated as well as read. I +admit that they 'give pause' in this busy bustling life of ours; but if +you reflect how willingly six separate volumes of philosophy would be +read in the course of the year the undertaking seems less formidable. No +one who considers the immense importance of a doctrine which will give +unity to his life, would hesitate to pay a higher price than that of a +year's study." Among the most gifted of the Positivists is =Frederic +Harrison (1831- )=, whose "Order and Progress," and "Choice of Books," +are well known. Among his companions in literary and religious warfare +have been =James Cotter Morison (1831-1888)=, who wrote biographies of +St Bernard of Clairvaux and Macaulay, "The Service of Man" which was a +contribution to religious propaganda; and Richard Congreve (born 1818), +who was a pupil of Dr Arnold at Rugby, and who has written many +thoughtful political tracts. + +An attempt to popularise Comte by an abridgment of his great work was +made by =Harriet Martineau (1802-1876)=, who was born at Norwich, and +was one of the most versatile of Victorian writers. None of her work has +stood the test of time, perhaps because she had so little of real +genius, although possessed undoubtedly of great intellectual endowments. +Not the less readily should we recognise that she exercised considerable +influence upon her own generation. She wrote many stories dealing with +social subjects, and tales illustrative of Political Economy, which +dispersed many a popular illusion. In a visit to America she learned to +sympathise with the Northern States, and perhaps no writer of the day +did so much in England to excite sympathy with the cause which +ultimately proved victorious. Miss Martineau's "Biographical Sketches" +were originally published in the _Daily News_, a journal to which she +was for many years a regular contributor, and for which she wrote her +own obituary notice. Her historical work is mere compilation, destitute +alike of originality and thoroughness, and the greater part of her other +work has proved to be ephemeral. Such tales, however, as "Deerbrook" and +"The Hour and the Man" have still admiring readers. The publication of +her "Letters on the Laws of Man's Nature and Development" (1851) excited +much controversy, although her fearless honesty won the respect even of +her opponents. + +A writer who distinguished himself most notably at one period by a +combination of antagonism to Supernatural Christianity, and a gift for +writing biography, was =John Morley (1838- )=. Mr Morley was born at +Blackburn, and educated at Cheltenham and at Lincoln College, Oxford. +Much of his work was done in journalism; he edited in succession the +_Morning Star_, the _Literary Gazette_, the _Fortnightly Review_, the +_Pall Mall Gazette_, and _Macmillan's Magazine_. He resigned the +editorship of the _Pall Mall Gazette_ in 1883, when he entered +Parliament as member for Newcastle-on-Tyne, and he gave up his post on +_Macmillan's Magazine_ on entering a Liberal Cabinet in 1886. He still +edits the "English Men of Letters Series," a remarkable collection of +handy biographies, for which he wrote a "Life of Burke." His literary +achievement, apart from his essays, is entirely biographical, but it was +of enormous influence upon the intellectual development of thoughtful +young men at the Universities during the seventies and eighties. He has +written lives of Voltaire, Rousseau, and Diderot, which throw much light +on the period prior to the French Revolution, and give abundant evidence +that, had he not devoted himself to politics he would have been able to +produce a history of the French Revolution of inestimable value. On the +other hand his "Life of Cobden" was a failure from a literary +standpoint. The essay "On Compromise" is a most interesting development +of the fundamental idea of Milton's "Areopagitica," and is probably the +most exhaustive treatment of the question--how far we are justified in +keeping back the expression of our opinions in deference to the views +and customs of our fellow-men. + +Another good biographer who gave up to Parliament time which might have +been better employed, from the point of view of a lover of letters, is +=Sir George Otto Trevelyan (1838- )=, whose life of his uncle, Lord +Macaulay, is a delightful biography, full of entertainment for the most +frivolous of readers. Not less entertaining is Sir George Trevelyan's +"Early History of Charles James Fox" (1880), a book which makes one wish +that the writer had devoted himself to that epoch of our history, and +had done for the period of the Georges what his uncle had done for their +immediate predecessors. + +=Lord Houghton (1809-1885)= wrote poetry as Richard Monckton Milnes, +and his lines are still frequently quoted. But his biography of +Keats--"Life, Letters, and Literary Remains of John Keats (1848)," +although not now in any publisher's list, is certain to be long +remembered. Lord Houghton's life was written by his friend, Sir Wemyss +Reid, author also of a "Monograph on Charlotte Brontë." His son, after +serving as Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, became Earl of Crewe; his +daughter, Florence Henniker, keeps alive the literary tradition of the +family, and is known as a writer of short stories. Lord Houghton had a +genuine love of letters and of the society of literary men. So also had +=Henry Crabb Robinson (1775-1867)=, whose diary edited by Dr Sadler +(1869) brings one in touch with all the literary men and women of the +period. At his house in Russell Square Robinson gave breakfasts, to +which it became a distinction to be invited. =Samuel Rogers's +(1763-1855)= breakfasts have been described in many memoirs. Rogers +wrote all his poems long years before the Queen began to reign, but he +lived for another thirty years with the reputation of a good +conversationalist and story-teller. His "Table Talk" was published in +1856, and it is full of good stories. Two valuable books concerning +Rogers have been written by Mr Peter William Clayden, "Early Life of +Samuel Rogers," and "Rogers and His Contemporaries." + + +An important biography was written by =James Spedding (1810-1881)=, +whose whole life was devoted to a study of Bacon, and to a thorough +destruction of Macaulay's criticism upon the great philosopher. The +"Letters and the Life of Francis Bacon, including all his Occasional +Works, newly collected and set forth, with a Commentary Biographical and +Historical," was published in seven volumes between 1857 and 1874. + + +Two of the most notable political philosophers of the era were George +Cornewall Lewis and Bagehot. =Sir George Lewis (1806-1863)= held +important posts in the Governments of his day, being at one time Home +Secretary and at another Secretary of State for War. He wrote "A +Dialogue on the Best Form of Government" and many other treatises. +=Walter Bagehot (1826-1877)= was one of the greatest authorities of +his day on banking and finance. He wrote "Physics and Politics," +"Economic Studies," and several other works which have little relation +to literature; but his "Literary Studies" indicated a critical +acquaintance with the best books. A brilliant publicist of our day, who +combines, like Bagehot, a love of affairs with keen literary instincts, +is =Goldwin Smith (1823- )=, who has made his home in Toronto, +Canada, for many years now, but who was once intimately associated with +Oxford University. Goldwin Smith has written many books and pamphlets, +one on "The Relations between England and America," another on "The +Political Destiny of Canada," and he has written a short biography of +Cowper. + + +The most famous traveller of the reign and one of our greatest men of +letters was =George Borrow (1803-1881)=, who went to Spain as an agent +of the British and Foreign Bible Society. Hence his "Bible in Spain," +which has become one of the most popular books in our language as it is +one of the most fascinating. It was first published in 1843 under the +title "The Bible in Spain, or Journeys, Adventures, and Imprisonments of +an Englishman in an attempt to circulate the Scriptures in the +Peninsula." "Lavengro" (1851) and "The Romany Rye" (1857) have enjoyed +almost an equal popularity with "The Bible in Spain." + + +Herman Melville (1819-1891) was an American citizen, and his work, +therefore, does not come within the scope of this volume. I am the more +sorry for this, that I consider Melville's name is entitled to rank with +that of George Borrow as one of the two travellers during the epoch +whose books make literature. It is small disparagement to the majority +of our great travellers that they have not been men of letters, that +their books, although serviceable to their generation, are of little +moment considered from the standpoint of art. Although Mr H. M. Stanley, +Dr Nansen, and other adventurous spirits of our time, may be quite as +important in the general drift of the world's doings as any of the +literary men whose names are contained in this volume, their books have +no place whatever in literature. It is noteworthy, however, that books +written by travellers have been, during the past ten years or more, by +far the most popular form of reading, apart from fiction. Interest in +historical study and speculative writing seems to have declined; +interest in travel is as marked as ever. + + +The journalism of the reign has been so intimately associated with +literature that were my space more ample I should have chosen to devote +a chapter to that subject alone. Many of the men I have mentioned, +perhaps most of them, have at one time or another contributed to the +journals or magazines of the day. Even the novelists have a peculiar +interest in journalism, because of late years as large a proportion of +their pecuniary reward has come from what is called serial publication +in this or that magazine or newspaper as from book publication. Apart +from fiction, access to magazines and newspapers has become, if it has +not always been, an easy and pleasant way of making oneself heard upon +the subject nearest to one's heart. Literary journalists, who have +afterwards republished their contributions in volume form include Sydney +Smith and John Wilson at the beginning of the reign; as also Douglas +Jerrold, Mark Lemon, Edmund Yates, Charles Mackay, and George Augustus +Sala. =Sydney Smith (1771-1845)= left nothing that we can read to-day. +He lives as a pleasant memory. We know that he must have been a +liberal-minded, as he was certainly a very witty clergyman. He wrote on +"The Ballot" in 1837 and on "The Church Bills" in 1838, and he went on +writing zealously until his death. "The Wit and Wisdom of Sydney Smith" +was published in 1861. =John Wilson (1785-1854)= has a more purely +literary record. As editor of _Blackwood's Magazine_, he made that +publication a power in the land. His "Recreations of Christopher North" +appeared in 1842. Many of his essays and sketches may still be read with +real pleasure, and indeed his influence will be very much alive for many +a year to come. =Douglas Jerrold (1803-1857)= is also well known +to-day by his "Black-eyed Susan" and "Mrs Caudle's Curtain Lectures." +His son, Blanchard Jerrold (1826-1884), wrote his life. =Mark Lemon +(1809-1870)= was one of the first editors of _Punch_ newspaper. His +hundreds of articles and many novels are all well nigh forgotten, but +his name will always receive honourable mention in the history of +journalism. =Edmund Yates (1831-1894)=, who founded _The World_ +newspaper in 1874, will be remembered by his well written +"Autobiography"--one of the best books of the kind ever issued. Yates +wrote many novels, but they have all passed out of memory. =Charles +Mackay (1814-1889)= was an active journalist for a number of years. He +wrote novels, poems, and criticisms, and an entertaining autobiography +entitled "Forty Years' Recollections of Life, Literature, and Public +Affairs." Dr Mackay was father of Eric Mackay, author of "Love Letters +of a Violinist," and stepfather of Miss Marie Corelli the novelist. +=George Augustus Sala (1828-1895)=, who wrote so continuously for the +_Daily Telegraph_ and other journals, was also author of many books as +well as the inevitable autobiography. "The Land of the Golden Fleece," +"America Revisited," and "Living London" are well known. =Richard +Jefferies (1848-1887)= published his "Gamekeeper at Home" in the _Pall +Mall Gazette_. "Wood Magic" (1881), "Bevis" (1882), and "The Story of My +Heart" (1883), are his best books. + + +These names suggest a hundred others. The most honoured journalist of +to-day is =Frederick Greenwood (1830- )=, who has edited "The +Cornhill Magazine" and more than one newspaper. He has written poems, +stories, and essays, his "Lover's Lexicon" and "Dreams" being two of his +latest volumes. + +Another editor of _The Cornhill Magazine_, =James Payn (1830- )=, has +written many successful novels, of which "Lost Sir Massingberd" (1864) +and "By Proxy" (1878) are perhaps the most popular. Mr Payn's many +accomplishments, his delightful humour and gift of genial anecdote, have +endeared him to a wide circle. + +A journalist of equal distinction was =Richard Holt Hutton +(1826-1897)=, the editor of the _Spectator_, who in that journal +maintained for thirty-five years the high-water mark of dignified and +independent criticism, in an age in which the extensive intercourse of +authors and critics, the constant communication between the writers of +books and the writers for newspapers, has made independent criticism a +difficult, and, indeed, almost impossible achievement. Mr Hutton wrote +many books, two of the most notable being "Essays Literary and +Speculative," which were full of thoughtful and discerning estimates of +the works of Wordsworth, George Eliot, and other writers. + + +Memoirs abound in the epoch, although we are mainly indebted to +translations. Amiel's "Journal," translated by Mrs Humphry Ward, "Marie +Bashkirtseff's Diary," translated by Mathilde Blind, reflect one side of +this literary taste; while the thousand and one memoirs concerning +Napoleon I. represents another. The most popular series of political +memoirs in English we owed to =Charles Cavendish Fulke Greville +(1794-1865)=, who became Clerk to the Privy Council in 1821, and held +that post until 1860. After his death his diary was edited by Mr Henry +Reeve. The first series of the "Greville Memoirs" dealing with the reign +of George IV. and William IV., appeared in 1875 and created immense +excitement.[19] The later volumes excited less interest. + + +"The Life of the late Prince Consort" (1874) by =Sir Theodore Martin +(1816- )=, naturally contained no indiscretions although it did much to +enhance, if that were possible, kindly memories of the Queen's husband. +Sir Theodore Martin made his first fame under the pseudonym of Bon +Gaultier. His "Book of Ballads," written in conjunction with Professor +Aytoun, had much success. Sir Theodore Martin also wrote Aytoun's +"Memoir" (1867), and "The Life of Lord Lyndhurst" (1883). He has +translated the Odes of Horace, "The Vita Nuova" of Dante, Goethe's +"Faust," and Heine's "Poems and Ballads." In 1885 he published a "Sketch +of the Life of Princess Alice." + + +It is difficult to know where to place =Sir Arthur Helps (1817-1875)=, +who wrote plays, novels, histories, and essays. He was an overrated +writer in his time. He is perhaps underrated now. Two series of "Friends +in Council" appeared, the first in 1847, the second in 1859. They dealt +with all manner of abstract subjects, such as "war," "despotism," and so +on, and were very popular. Another volume, "Companions of my Solitude," +was equally successful. Helps was rash enough to enter into competition +with Prescott in treating of the Spanish Conquest of America; but the +picturesque books of the earlier writer are still with us while Helps's +"Life of Pizarro" (1869) and "Life of Cortes" (1871) are almost +forgotten. That also is the fate of his romance, "Realmah" (1868) and of +his tragedies, "Catherine Douglas" and "Henry II." Sir Arthur Helps was +Clerk to the Privy Council, and he edited the "Principal Speeches and +Addresses of the late Prince Consort" (1862). + + +Sir Arthur Helps also edited for =Queen Victoria (1819- )= her "Leaves +from a Journal of our Life in the Highlands" (1868). The Queen has also +published "The Early Days of His Royal Highness the Prince Consort" +(1867), and "More Leaves from the Journal of our Life in the Highlands" +(1884). + +Her Majesty has been credited with a genuine taste for letters, and a +love for good poetry and good fiction. With some show of authority it +has been stated that her favourite novelists are Sir Walter Scott, Miss +Austen, and Miss Brontë; while it is quite evident to the least +inquisitive that many literary theologians have had some measure of her +regard. Happily the times have long passed when literature needed the +patronage of the powerful. To-day it can honourably stand alone. But it +is pleasing to remember that the sovereign whose sixty years of rule +make so remarkable a record in literature, as in many other aspects of +the world's progress, has taken a sympathetic interest in the books and +bookmen of the epoch. + + +The Queen will have seen reputations blaze forth and flicker out +ignominiously; she will have seen many a writer hailed for immortal +to-day and forgotten to-morrow. She will have seen, however, a +succession of writers, Browning and Tennyson, Carlyle and Ruskin, most +notable of all, who in their impulse towards high ideals of human +brotherhood, in their enthusiasm of humanity, have given us a literature +without a parallel in history; and she will not be without a sense of +gratification that that literature will go down the ages bearing the +name of Victorian. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[18] "Autobiography" by John Stuart Mill (1869), pp. 232, 233. + +[19] A contemporary epigram thus expressed the general feeling: + + "For fifty years he listened at the door, + And heard some scandal, but invented more. + This he wrote down; and statesmen, queens, and kings, + Appear before us quite as common things. + Most now are dead; yet some few still remain + To whom these 'Memoirs' give a needless pain; + For though they laugh, and say ''Tis only Greville,' + They wish him and his 'Memoirs' at the D--l." + + + + +INDEX + + + Abbott, Edwin. Distinguished member of Broad Church party; + 'Philochristus' and 'Onesimus'; his 'Through Nature to Christ' + perhaps the best evidence of the development of his party, 165. + + Abbott, Evelyn, 163. + + 'Adam Bede,' 49; + Reade on, 50. + + 'Addresses and Reviews,' 158. + + 'Admiral's Daughter, The,' 71. + + 'Adventures of Harry Richmond, The,' 61. + + 'Agnes Grey,' 47, 48. + + 'Agriculture and Prices, History of,' 144. + + 'A Hard Struggle,' 38. + + Ainsworth, W. H. 'Old St Paul's,' 'The Tower of London,' and + 'Rookwood' his best novels, 67. + + 'Alec Forbes of Howglen,' 63. + + Alexander, Mrs (Mrs Hector), 74. + + 'Alexander the Great,' 33. + + 'Alice's Adventures in Wonderland,' 64. + + Allen, Grant. 'Anglo-Saxon Britain,' 99. + + 'All in All,' 39. + + 'All Sorts and Conditions of Men,' 65. + + Allingham, William. Writer of Celtic and Irish poems and ballads; + edited _Fraser's Magazine_, 173. + + _All the Year Round_, 69. + + A.L.O.E. (Miss Charlotte Maria Tucker). Most popular stories, + 'Pride and his Pursuers,' 'Exiles in Babylon,' 'House Beautiful,' + and 'Cyril Ashley,' 73. + + 'Alton Locke,' 53. + + 'America Revisited,' 188. + + 'Amiel's Journal,' 189. + + 'And Shall Trelawney Die,' 38. + + 'Angel in the House, The,' 31. + + 'Anglo-Saxon Britain,' 99. + + 'Animal Intelligence,' 157. + + 'Ann Sherwood,' 72. + + 'Annals of the Parish,' 63. + + 'Anthony Hope,' 63. + + 'Anthropology' (Tylor's), 99. + + 'Antiquity of Man, The,' 153. + + Anti-theological books. The three most notable, 170. + + 'Apologia pro Vitâ Suâ,' 110. + + 'Appreciations,' 171. + + Archer, William, 175. + + Aristotle's 'Politics,' Jowett's translation, 163. + + Arnold, Dr. 'History of Rome,' 102. (_Vide infra._) + + Arnold, Matthew, and Wordsworth, 8; + his poetic gifts first recognised by Swinburne, 17; + 'Literature and Dogma'; 'God and the Bible'; influence on + contemporary religious thought, 18; + Professor of Poetry; 'Essays in Criticism'; definition of + criticism; + educational work, 19; + best known by his poetry, 19, 20, 171; + 'Empedocles on Etna'; 'The Strayed Reveller'; 'Poems,' 20; + 'Thyrsis,' 21; + admiration for Emily Brontë, 47. + + Arnold, Sir Edwin. 'Light of Asia' and 'Light of the World,' 26; + on Henry Kingsley, 56. + + Arnold, Thomas. At Rugby; Dr Hawkins' recommendation; his + methods; 'Thucydides'; 'History of Rome'; a purifying influence, + 160; + at first unpopular; reaction in his favour; his best known + pupils, 161. (_Vide supra._) + + Ashley, Professor W. J. 'Economic History and Theory,' 144. + + _Athenæum_ The, and Tupper's 'Proverbial Philosophy,' 27. + + _Aunt Judy's Magazine_, 73. + + 'Aurora Leigh,' 14. + + Austin, Alfred. Laureate, 39; + 'The Golden Age'; 'Savonarola'; 'English Lyrics,' etc., 40. + + 'Autobiography of W. B. Scott,' 173. + + 'Autobiography' (Mill), 138, 142. + + 'Autobiography' (Yates), 188. + + 'Ave atque Vale,' 17. + + 'Ayrshire Legatees,' 63. + + Aytoun, Professor, 191. + + + Bagehot, Walter. A great authority on banking and finance; + 'Physics and Politics'; 'Economic Studies'; 'Literary Studies,' + 184. + + Bailey, Philip James; author of 'Festus,' 28. + + Bain, Alexander. Assisted Mill in his 'Logic'; 'The Senses and the + Intellect'; 'The Emotions and the Will'; 'Mental and Moral + Science'; style, 147. + + Balfour, Francis Maitland, 151. + + 'Ballades in Blue China,' 30, 176. + + 'Ballads and Lyrics of Old France,' 176. + + 'Ballads for the Times,' 27. + + 'Ballot, The,' 187. + + Banim, John and Michael, 34. + + 'Barchester Towers,' 58. + + Barham, Richard Harris. 'Ingoldsby Legends' first appeared in + _Bentley's Miscellany_; his novel, 'My Cousin Nicholas,' all + but forgotten, 30. + + 'Barnaby Rudge,' 42. + + Barnes, William. Philologist and poet; author of 'Poems of Rural + Life in the Dorset Dialect,' 37. + + 'Barrack-Room Ballads,' 40. + + Barrie, J. M. 'A Window in Thrums,' written before he had read + Dr MacDonald's books; probably influenced by John Galt, 63. + + 'Barry Cornwall,' 35-36. + + _Beagle, The_, 154. + + 'Beau Austin,' 60. + + 'Beauchamp's Career,' 61. + + Beddoes, Thomas Lovell, author of 'The Bride's Tragedy' and + 'Death's Jest Book,' 36. + + Bell, Currer, Ellis, and Acton, 47, 48. + + Bentham, Jeremy, 137. + + Bentinck, Lord George. Biography of, by Lord Beaconsfield, 57. + + Bentley, Robert, 151. + + _Bentley's Miscellany_ and 'Ingoldsby Legends,' 30. + + Besant, Sir Walter. 'All Sorts and Conditions of Men,' practical + influence of; collaboration with James Rice; 'Ready Money + Mortiboy'; 'The Golden Butterfly,' 65. + + 'Bevis,' 188. + + 'Bible Inspiration,' 168. + + 'Biographical History of Philosophy,' 148-149. + + 'Biographical Sketches,' 180. + + 'Black but Comely,' 59. + + Black, William. First appearance as a novelist in 'Love or + Marriage,' 68; + 'A Daughter of Heth'; 'Madcap Violet'; 'Macleod of Dare,' 69. + + 'Black-eyed Susan,' 187. + + Blackmore, Richard Doddridge. 'Lorna Doone,' received coldly at + first; an unexcelled master of rustic comedy; 'The Maid of + Sker'; 'Christowell'; 'Cripps the Carrier,' 69. + + _Blackwood's Magazine_, 49, 70, 74, 187. + + 'Blessed Damozel, The,' 23. + + Blind, Mathilde. Translated 'Marie Bashkirtseff's Diary,' 190. + + 'Blot in the 'Scutcheon, A,' 12. + + 'Book of Ballads' (Martin and Aytoun), 191. + + 'Book of Verses,' 172. + + Boole. The Logician, 147. + + Booth, Charles. 'Life and Labor of the People,' 144-145. + + 'Borderers, The,' 9. + + Borrow, George. The most famous traveller of the reign; 'Bible + in Spain'; 'Lavengro'; 'The Romany Rye,' 185. + + 'Botanic Garden, The,' 154. + + Braddon, Miss, 74. + + Bradley, Professor A. C. Editor of Green's 'Prolegomena,' and + author of 'Ethical Studies,' 148. + + Brewer, Rev. John Sherren. Chief work a 'Calendar of Letters and + Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII.,' 88; + 'The Reign of Henry VIII.,' 89. + + Brewster, Sir David. The first writer of the era to popularise + science; founder of _Edinburgh Cyclopædia_; his 'Life of + Newton,' 'Martyrs of Science,' and 'More Worlds than One' + still widely read, 150. + + 'Bride's Tragedy, The,' 36. + + _Bridgewater Treatises_, 153. + + Bright, James Franck. 'English History for the use of Public + Schools,' 97. + + 'British Novelists and their Styles,' 177. + + Broad Church party, manifesto of, 162. + + Brontë, Anne. 'Poems'; 'Agnes Grey,' 47; + 'The Tenant of Wildfell Hall,' 48. + + Brontë, Charlotte. Early years, 46; + Brussels; 'Poems'; 'The Professor'; 'Jane Eyre'; 'Shirley'; + 'Villette'; marriage and death, 47; + Mrs Gaskell's 'Life,' 71. + + Brontë, Emily. 'Poems'; 'Wuthering Heights'; 'Last Lines'; 'The + Old Stoic,' 47; + Swinburne's criticism of 'Wuthering Heights,' 48. + + Brooke, Stopford Augustus. Secession from the Church of England; + 'Primer of English Literature,' 'History of Early English + Poetry,' 'Theology in the English Poets,' and 'Life of + Milton,' 166. + + Broughton, Miss Rhoda, 74. + + Browne, Hablot, 45. + + Browning, Elizabeth Barrett, 13; + not in the least incomprehensible; 'Cry of the Children'; + 'Cowper's Grave'; 'Aurora Leigh'; 'Sonnets from the + Portuguese'; her opinion of 'Aurora Leigh'; 'Casa Guidi + Windows'; death, 14. + + Browning, Robert. Friendship with Tennyson; social traits, 11; + superb characterisation; charge of obscurity; half his work + not obscure; 'The Ring and the Book'; 'Men and Women'; and + 'Dramatic Idyls' are exciting stories; 'Luria'; 'In a + Balcony'; and 'A Blot in the 'Scutcheon' as readable as + railway novels; his small audience, 12; + 'Pauline'; hard fight for recognition; Elizabeth Barrett's + appreciation; marriage, 13-14. + + Bryce, James. 'The Holy Roman Empire'; parliamentary life, 104. + + Buckland, Frank. Author of books on 'Natural History,' 153. + + Buckland, William. Author of 'Geology and Mineralogy considered + with reference to Natural Theology,' 153. + + Buckle, Henry Thomas. 'History of Civilization in England'; + defects of, 103. + + Burney, Fanny, 49. + + Burton, John Hill. 'History of Scotland,' 96. + + 'By Proxy,' 189. + + Byron, death of, 5; + attitude towards Wordsworth, 8. + + + Caird, Edward. 'Philosophy of Kant'; 'Essays on Literature + and Philosophy'; 'The Evolution of Religion,' 170. + + Cairnes, John Elliott, 143. + + 'Calendar of Letters and Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII., + A,' 88. + + 'Calendar of Spanish State Papers of Elizabeth,' 89. + + 'Called to be Saints,' 22. + + 'Callista,' 111. + + Calverley, Charles Stuart. One of the most famous successors of + Hood and Barham; wrote 'Fly Leaves' and 'Verses and + Translations,' 30. + + Campbell, James Dykes. Biographer of Coleridge, 178. + + Campbell, Lewis, 163. + + Carleton, William. 'Traits and Stories of the Irish Peasantry'; + 'Tales of Ireland'; 'Fardorougha the Miser'; 'Black Prophet,' 66. + + Carlyle, Thomas. Birth; education; his father's influence, 112; + as tutor; biographer; Madame de Staël's influence, 113; + veneration for Goethe, 113-114, 120-121; + 'Wilhelm Meister'; 'Life of Schiller,' 113; + marriage; Richter's influence, 114; + personal character, 115-120; + domestic relations, 115-120; + Froude's 'Letters' and Reminiscences, 115-116; + his influence, 118-119, 128; + intentions respecting 'Reminiscences,' 119-120; + 'Sartor Resartus'; _Fraser's Magazine_, 121; + influence of his teaching on younger minds, 122-123; + 'Past and Present'; 'Latter-day Pamphlets'; John Stuart Mill; + Governor Eyre and Jamaica riots, 123; + 'Heroes and Hero-Worship'; 'French Revolution'; 'Cromwell'; + 'Frederick II. of Prussia'; his place in literature; 'Schiller' + criticised; 'Life of John Sterling,' 124; + Mill on the 'French Revolution,' 125; + Carlyle's judgments endorsed by John Morley; his 'Cromwell'; + his 'Frederick II.,' 126-7; + his enormous personality, 127-8; + _Edinburgh Cyclopædia_, 150; + contempt for Darwinian hypothesis, 156. + + Carroll, Lewis. 'Euclid and his Modern Rivals'; 'A Tangled + Tale'; 'Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'; 'Through the + Looking-glass,' 64. + + 'Casa Guidi Windows,' 14. + + Cassels, Walter Richard. Author of 'Supernatural Religion,' 171. + + 'Catherine Douglas,' 191. + + 'Cave-hunting,' 99. + + 'Caxtons, The,' 56. + + Cellini's 'Autobiography' (Symonds'), 104. + + Celtic Renaissance, The, and Thomas Moore, 33. + + _Challenger_ Expedition, The, 155. + + 'Channings, The,' 70. + + Chapman, Dr, 49. + + Charles, Mrs. Author of 'The Schönberg Cotta Family' and 'Kitty + Trevelyan's Diary,' 73. + + 'Charles O'Malley,' 66. + + Charlesworth, Maria Louisa. Author of 'Ministering Children,' 73. + + 'Chartist Parson, The,' 53. + + Chartist poets, 37. + + 'Childhood of Religion,' 99. + + 'Childhood of the World,' 99. + + 'Child's Garden of Verses, A,' 60. + + 'Chips from a German Workshop,' 99. + + 'Choice of Books,' 179. + + 'Choir Invisible, The,' 50. + + 'Christian Evidences,' 160. + + 'Christian Year, The,' 159. + + 'Christowell,' 69. + + 'Church Bills, The,' 187. + + Church, Richard William. Author of works on _Dante_ and _St + Anselm_, 167. + + 'Cithara,' 27. + + 'City of Dreadful Night, The,' 32. + + 'Civilisation, History of,' 103. + + 'Classical' essays, 172. + + Clayden, Peter William, 183; + 'Early Life of Samuel Rogers' and 'Rogers and His + Contemporaries,' 184. + + Clifford, Mrs W. K., 74. + + Clive, Mrs Archer. Author of 'Paul Ferrell,' 72. + + Clodd, Edward. 'Childhood of the World'; 'Childhood of Religion'; + 'Pioneers of Evolution,' 99. + + 'Cloister and the Hearth, The,' 58. + + Clough, Arthur Hugh, 21; + Lowell's estimate of; a pupil of Dr Arnold; 'The Bothie of + Tober-na-Vuolich'; death, 21. + + Colenso, John William. 'The Pentateuch and Book of Joshua + Critically Examined,' condemned as heretical, 164; + invited to the Abbey pulpit, 165. + + Coleridge, death of, 5; + on 'Thalaba,' 6; + Dykes Campbell's biography of, 178. + + Coleridge, Hartley, 35. + + Coleridge, Sara, and Southey, 7; + 'Phantasmion,' 35. + + Collet, Miss Clara, 144. + + Collins, J. Churton, 178. + + Collins, William Wilkie. The novelist of sensation. 'The Woman + in White'; 'The Moonstone'; 'The New Magdalen,' 69. + + 'Companions of my Solitude,' 191. + + Comte, Auguste and the 'Philosophie Positive,' 179. + + Congreve, Richard. A writer of thoughtful political tracts, 180. + + 'Coningsby,' 57. + + 'Conquest of England, The,' 98. + + 'Considerations on Representative Government,' 140. + + 'Constitutional History' (Hallam's), 78. + + ---- (May's), 80. + + ---- (Stubbs'), 79. + + Cook, Eliza. Her claims to consideration; 'The Old Armchair; the + _Journal_, 29. + + Cooper, Thomas. Chartist poet, wrote 'The Purgatory of Suicides,' + &c., 37. + + Conybeare, Rev. W. J., 168. + + 'Coral Reefs, Structure and distribution of,' 155. + + Corelli, Miss Marie, 74. + + _Cornhill Magazine_, The, 45, 93, 133. + + 'Corn Law Rhymes,' 37. + + 'Count Cagliostro,' 125. + + 'Count Julian,' 15. + + Courthope, Professor W. J. Pope's best biographer and editor; + 'History of English Poetry,' 178. + + 'Courtships of Queen Elizabeth, The,' 89. + + Cowper, 6. + + 'Cowper's Grave,' 14. + + Cox, Sir George. 'Mythology of the Aryan Nations;' 'History of + Greece,' 100. + + Craik, Mrs, 72. _See_ Mulock. + + Craik, Sir Henry. A writer on Swift, 178. + + 'Cranford,' 71. + + 'Creed of Christendom, The,' 170. + + Creighton, Mandell. 'History of the Papacy from the Great Schism + to the Sack of Rome,' 103. + + Crewe, Earl of, 183. + + 'Cripps the Carrier,' 69. + + Critics of the Era-- + Abbott, Dr E., 165. + Allingham, W., 173. + Arnold, Dr, 160. + Arnold, M., 171. + Ashley, Professor W. J., 144. + Bagehot, W., 184. + Bain, A., 147. + Bentley, R., 151. + Booth, C., 144. + Borrow, G., 185. + Bradley, Professor A. C., 148. + Brewster, Sir D., 150. + Brooke, S. A., 166. + Buckland, Dean, 153. + Buckland, F., 153. + Caird, E., 170. + Cairnes, J. E., 143. + Campbell, J. D., 178. + Cassels, W. R., 171. + Church, R. W., 167. + Clayden, P. W., 183. + Clifford, W. K., 170. + Colenso, J. W., 164. + Collet, Miss C., 144. + Collins, C., 178. + Congreve, R., 180. + Conybeare, Rev. W. J., 168. + Courthope, Professor W. J., 178. + Craik, Sir H., 178. + Cunningham, Dr, 144. + Darwin, C., 153. + Dowden, E., 173. + Faraday, M., 150. + Farrar, F. W., 168. + Fawcett, H., 142. + Ferrier, J. F., 169. + Forster, J., 178. + Foster, M., 151. + Garnett, Dr, 174. + Geikie, Sir A., 153. + Geikie, J., 153. + Gosse, E., 175. + Green, T. H., 147. + Greenwood, F., 188. + Greg, W. R., 170. + Greville, C. C. F., 190. + Hamerton, P. G., 171. + Harrison, F., 179. + Helps, Sir A., 191. + Henley, W. E., 172. + Hooker, Sir J., 151. + Houghton, Lord, 183. + Howson, J. S., 168. + Hutton, R. H., 189. + Huxley, T. H., 157. + Jefferies, R., 188. + Jerrold, D., 187. + Jevons, W. S., 143. + Jowett, B., 162. + Keble, J., 159. + King, R. A., 178. + Knight, Professor, 178. + Lang, A., 176. + Lemon, M., 187. + Leslie, T. E. C., 144. + Lewes, G. H., 148. + Lewis, Sir G. C., 184. + Liddon, H. P., 167. + Lightfoot, J. B., 168. + Lockhart, J. G., 177. + Lyell, Sir C., 152. + Lynch, T. T., 166. + Mackay, C., 188. + Manning, Cardinal, 169. + Mansel, H. L., 169. + Marshall, A., 143. + Martin, Sir T., 190. + Martineau, Dr J., 166. + Martineau, Miss, 180. + Masson, D., 177. + Maurice, J. F. D., 163. + Mill, J. S., 137. + Miller, H., 151. + Mivart, St G., 151. + Morison, J. C., 180. + Morley, J., 181. + Murchison, Sir R. I., 152. + Murray, Dr J., 155. + Myers, F. W. H., 172. + Newman, F. W., 170. + Pater, W., 171. + Pattison, M., 163. + Payn, J., 189. + Potter, Miss B., 144-5. + Pusey, E. B., 158. + Reid, Sir W., 183. + Robertson, F. W., 165. + Robinson, H. C., 183. + Rogers, S., 183. + Rogers, T., 144. + Romanes, G. J., 157. + Ruskin, J., 129. + Ryle, J. C., 168. + Saintsbury, G., 174. + Sala, G. A., 188. + Sanderson, B., 151. + Schloss, D. F., 144. + Scott, W. B., 173. + Sidgwick, H., 143. + Smith, H. Ll., 144. + Smith, G., 185. + Smith, S., 187. + Spedding, J., 184. + Spencer, H., 145. + Spurgeon, C. H., 168. + Stanley, A. P., 161. + Stephen, L., 175. + Stewart, B., 151. + Temple, Dr, 162. + Toynbee, A., 144. + Trevelyan, Sir G. O., 182. + Tyndall, J., 150. + Victoria, Q., 192. + Wallace, A. R., 156. + Whately, R., 159. + Wilson, J., 187. + Yates, E., 188. + + 'Critiques and Addresses,' 158. + + 'Cromwell,' 124, 126. + + 'Cromwell's Place in History,' 90. + + Cross, J. W., 50. + + Cross, Mrs (George Eliot), 50. + + 'Crotchet Castle,' 62. + + Crowe, Mrs. Author of 'Susan Hopley' and 'The Night Side of + Nature,' 71-72. + + 'Crown of Wild Olive,' 135. + + 'Cry of the Children,' 14. + + Cunningham, Dr. 'Growth of English History and Commerce,' 144. + + 'Curiosities of Literature,' 57. + + 'Cyril Ashley,' 73. + + + _Daily Telegraph, The_, 188. + + 'Daniel Deronda,' 50. + + 'Dante and His Circle,' 23. + + Darwin, Charles, 153; + early reception of his theory; Bishop Wilberforce in the + _Quarterly Review_; education; Professor Henslow; _Beagle_ + expedition, 154; + 'Journals of Researches,' republished as 'A Naturalist's Voyage + Round the World'; 'Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs' + a revolutionary work; the theory now somewhat modified; the + theory of evolution; contemporaneous discovery by Dr Wallace; + 'Origin of Species'; 'Descent of Man'; 'Earth Worms,' 156; + the hypothesis now generally accepted; popular interpretators, + 157. + + Darwin, Erasmus, 154. + + Darwin, Francis, 155. + + Darwin, George Howard, 155. + + 'Daughter of Heth, A,' 69. + + 'David Copperfield' and Thackeray, 44. + + 'David Elginbrod,' 63. + + Davis, Thomas. Wrote 'National and Historical Ballads, Songs and + Poems,' 34. + + Dawkins, William Boyd, 98; + 'Cave-hunting'; 'Early Man in Britain,' 99. + + 'Death of Marlowe, The,' 36. + + 'Death's Jest Book,' 36. + + 'Deerbrook,' 181. + + 'Defence of Guenevere,' 25. + + 'Deformed, The,' 71. + + De Morgan, 147. + + De Quincey's opinion of 'Count Julian,' 15. + + 'Descent of Man,' 156. + + 'Descriptive Sociology,' 146. + + De Vere, Thomas Aubrey. Wrote 'The Waldenses,' 'Alexander the + Great,' 'St Thomas of Canterbury,' and a volume of critical + essays, &c., 33. + + 'Dialogue on the best form of Government, A,' 184. + + 'Diamond Necklace, The,' 125. + + 'Diana of the Crossways,' 61. + + Dickens, Charles. Literary equipment of, 41; + achieved immediate fame with his first great book; birth; + Dickens senior and 'Micawber'; the _Morning Chronicle_; + 'Boz'; the _Monthly Magazine_; 'Pickwick'; 'Oliver Twist'; + 'Nicholas Nickleby'; 'The Old Curiosity Shop'; 'Barnaby + Rudge'; the most popular writer our literature has seen, 42; + criticisms, 43; + Thackeray's enthusiasm, 44; + 'Life' of, 178. + + _Dictionary of National Biography_, 176. + + Disraeli, Benjamin. 'Vivian Grey'; 'The Young Duke'; 'Venetia'; + 'Henrietta Temple'; 'Coningsby'; 'Tancred'; 'Sybil'; Biography + of Lord George Bentinck, 57. + + D'Israeli, Isaac. 'Curiosities of Literature,' 57. + + 'Dissertations and Discussions,' 140. + + Dobell, Sydney, 31; + admiration for Emily Brontë, 47. + + Dobson, Austin. Author of 'Vignettes in Rhyme'; 'Proverbs in + Porcelain,' &c., 30. + + 'Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde,' 60. + + 'Dr Thorne,' 58. + + Dodgson, Rev. C. L., 64. + + Dowden, Edward. Eminent critic of Wordsworth and Shelley; + 'Shakspere, his Mind and Art'; 'Studies in Literature,' 173; + 'Life of Shelley,' 174. + + Doyle, Conan, 63. + + 'Dramatic Idyls,' 12. + + 'Dramatic Scenes,' 36. + + 'Dream of Eugene Aram,' 29. + + 'Dream of Gerontius,' 111. + + 'Dream of John Ball,' 24. + + 'Dreams,' 189. + + 'Dress,' 74. + + 'Drink,' 58. + + 'Drummond of Hawthornden,' 177. + + _Dublin University Magazine_, 66. + + Dufferin, Lady, 34. + + + 'Early Days of His Royal Highness the Prince Consort,' 192. + + 'Early History of Charles James Fox,' 182. + + 'Early Italian Poets, The,' 23. + + 'Early Life of Samuel Rogers,' 184. + + 'Early Man in Britain,' 99. + + 'Earthly Paradise, The,' 25. + + 'Earth Worms,' 156. + + 'East Lynne,' 70. + + 'Ecce Homo,' 105. + + 'Ecclesiastical Sonnets,' 9. + + 'Economic History and Theory,' 144. + + 'Economics of Industry,' 143. + + 'Economic Studies,' 184. + + _Edinburgh Cyclopædia_ and Carlyle, 150. + + _Edinburgh Review_ and Macaulay, 91. + + 'Education' (Spencer's), 145. + + 'Education of the World, The,' 162. + + 'Egoist, The,' 61. + + 'Eirenicon,' 158. + + 'Elements of Politics,' 143. + + Eliot, George. Early years; Strauss's 'Life of Jesus'; + _Westminster Review_; George Henry Lewes; 'Scenes of + Clerical Life'; 'Adam Bede,' 49; + 'The Mill on the Floss'; 'Silas Marner'; 'Romola'; 'Felix + Holt'; 'Middlemarch'; 'Daniel Deronda'; marriage; death; + her letters a disappointment; her poetry; 'Spanish Gipsy'; + 'Choir Invisible'; 'by her novels she must be judged,' 50; + catholicity of sympathy, 51-52; + has not maintained her position, but has an assured place, 53. + + Eliot, George, and Spencer, 145. + + _Eliza Cook's Journal_, 29. + + Elliott, Ebenezer. Author of 'Corn Law Rhymes,' &c., 37. + + 'Emotions and the Will, The,' 147. + + 'Empedocles on Etna,' 20. + + 'Endeavour after the Christian Life,' 167. + + 'English History and Commerce, Growth of,' 144. + + 'English History for the Use of Public Schools,' 97. + + 'English in Ireland, The,' 88. + + 'English Lyrics,' 40. + + 'English Men of Letters Series,' 181. + + 'English Seamen in the Sixteenth Century,' 88. + + 'Englishwomen of Letters,' 72. + + 'Enigmas of Life,' 170. + + 'Eothen,' 96. + + 'Epic of Hades,' 26. + + 'Epic of Women and other Poems,' 39. + + 'Esmond,' 45. + + 'Essay in Aid of the Grammar of Assent,' 111. + + 'Essay on Ritualism,' 106. + + 'Essays and Reviews,' 162. + + 'Essays and Studies,' 17. + + 'Essays,' by T. E. C. Leslie, 144. + + 'Essays, Classical and Modern' (Myers), 172. + + 'Essays in Criticism' (Arnold), 19. + + 'Essays, Literary and Speculative' (Hutton), 189. + + 'Essays on Literature and Philosophy' (Caird), 170. + + 'Essays on Unsettled Questions in Political Economy' (Mill), 140. + + 'Ethical Studies,' 148. + + 'Ethical Theory, Types of,' 167. + + 'Euclid and his Modern Rivals,' 64. + + 'European Morals from Augustus to Charlemagne,' 96. + + 'Evan Harrington,' 61. + + Evans, Mary Ann (George Eliot), 49-53. + + 'Evolution of Religion, The,' 170. + + Ewing, Mrs. Author of 'Remembrances of Mrs Overtheway,' 73. + + 'Examination of Sir William Hamilton's Philosophy,' 140. + + 'Excursion, The,' 9. + + 'Exiles in Babylon,' 73. + + 'Expansion of England, The,' 105. + + + 'Face of the Deep, The,' 22. + + Faraday, Michael. Famous physicist; Royal Institution Lectures; + 'Magneto-electricity'; devotion to science, 150. + + 'Faraday as a Discoverer,' 150. + + 'Fardorougha the Miser,' 66. + + 'Far from the Madding Crowd,' 68. + + 'Farina,' 61. + + Farrar, Frederick William, 168. + + 'Faust' (Martin's translation), 191. + + Fawcett, Henry. A disciple of the Ricardo school; 'Manual of + Political Economy,' 142-143; + a critic of Indian finance; Postmaster-General, 143. + + Ferguson, Sir Samuel, 34. + + 'Felix Holt,' 50. + + Ferrier, James Frederick. Professor of moral philosophy at St + Andrews; 'Lectures in Greek Philosophy,' 169. + + 'Festus,' 27, 28. + + Finlay, George. 'A History of Greece from its Conquest by the + Romans to the Present Time'; Greek War of Independence, 102. + + 'First Principles' (Spencer's), 145. + + Fitzgerald, Edward. 'Letters and Literary Remains' and 'Omar + Khayyám,' 35. + + 'Fly-Leaves,' 30. + + 'Footprints of Former Men in Far Cornwall,' 38. + + 'Footprints of the Creator,' 152. + + 'Fors Clavigera,' 133-134. + + Forster, John. 'Life of Swift'; 'Life of Walter Savage Landor'; + 'Goldsmith'; 'Dickens'; 'Life of Sir John Eliot,' 178; + 'Statesmen of the Commonwealth,' 179. + + _Fortnightly Review_, 93, 181. + + 'Forty Years' Recollections of Life, Literature and Public + Affairs,' 188. + + Foster, Michael, 151. + + 'Foul Play,' 58. + + Fox, Charles James, and 'Madoc,' 6; + 'Early History of,' 182. + + 'Framley Parsonage,' 58. + + 'Frank Mildmay,' 67. + + _Fraser's Magazine_, 45, 173. + + 'Frederick II. of Prussia,' 124, 126, 127. + + Freeman, Edward A. First work, 'A History of Architecture'; + 'History of Federal Government; 'History of the Norman + Conquest'; 'Reign of William Rufus'; 'Old English History,' + 81; + not a metaphysician; the 'Norman Conquest,' worth the effort + of reading it; Regius Professor at Oxford, 82; + contrasted with Froude, 83. + + 'French Revolution,' 124, 125. + + 'Frenchwomen of Letters,' 72. + + 'Friends in Council,' 191. + + Froude, James Anthony. Contrasted with Freeman; abandoned + supernatural Christianity, 83; + 'The Spirit's Trials'; 'The Lieutenant's Daughter'; 'Nemesis + of Faith'; his great work, 'The History of England,' 84; + his style and sympathies, 85; + the 'À Becket' articles inaccurate; his 'Life of Carlyle'; + Sir Fitz James Stephen's defence of the 'Life,' 86-87; + 'Short Studies on Great Subjects'; 'Life of Bunyan'; 'Life + of Cæsar'; Carlyle's influence in 'The English in Ireland'; + 'Lectures on the Council of Trent'; 'English Seamen in the + Sixteenth Century'; 'Life and Letters of Erasmus,' 88. + + Froude, Richard Hurrell. 'Literary Remains of,' 83. + + Fullerton, Lady Georgina. Author of 'Ann Sherwood,' 72. + + + Gairdner, James. 'Life and Reign of Richard III.,' 96. + + 'Gamekeeper at Home, The,' 188. + + Gardiner, Samuel Rawson. The Historian of the Stuart kings; + now well into the study of the Protectorate, 89; + minor works, 'The Gunpowder Plot'; 'Cromwell's Place in + History'; not a brilliant writer, but absolutely fair and + impartial; his books the safest guide to the period, 90. + + Garnett, Richard (Doctor), and Marston, 38; + a partisan of Shelley; an acute critic, 174. + + Gaskell, Mrs. 'Mary Barton' her first success; 'Ruth,' 'North + and South,' 'Sylvia's Lovers,' 'Cranford,' and 'The Life of + Charlotte Brontë' her most enduring works, 71. + + Gatty, Mrs, 73. + + 'Gebir,' 15. + + Geikie, James. 'The Great Ice Age,' 153. + + Geikie, Sir Archibald. His 'Text Book of Geology' a model of + lucid writing, 153. + + 'Geoffrey Hamlyn,' 55. + + 'Geology and Mineralogy considered with reference to Natural + Theology,' 153. + + 'Geology, Principles of' (Lyell's), 152. + + 'Geology, Text Book of' (Geikie's), 153. + + _Germ_, The, 23. + + Gibbon's 'Rome,' Milman's edition of, 102. + + 'Glaciers, On the Structure and Motion of,' 151. + + 'Gladiators, The,' 59. + + Gladstone, William Ewart, and Macaulay, 93; + 'The State in its Relations with the Church'; Macaulay's + review; 'Essay on Ritualism'; and 'The Vatican Decrees'; + 'Studies in Homer'; 'Gleanings'; on Newman's secession, 106. + + 'Gleanings' (W. E. Gladstone), 106. + + 'Goblin Market,' 22. + + 'God and the Bible,' 18. + + 'Golden Age, The,' 40. + + 'Golden Butterfly, The,' 65. + + 'Golden Treasury of Songs and Lyrics, The,' 81. + + Goldsmith, 41; + Life of, 178. + + Gosse, Edmund. A poet and critic; joint translator with Mr Wm. + Archer of _Ibsen_, 175; + best biography, 'Life of Gray,' 175. + + 'Government, A Dialogue on the best form of,' 184. + + 'Government, On the Proper Sphere of,' 145. + + 'Grammar of Assent,' 111. + + 'Great Ice Age, The,' 153. + + 'Greece, History of' (Cox's), 100. + + 'Greece, History of' (Finlay's), 102. + + 'Greece, History of' (Grote's), 100, 101. + + 'Greece, History of' (Thirlwall's), 101. + + Green, Alice Stopford. 'Town Life in the Fifteenth Century, '98. + + Green, John Richard. 'Short History of the English People'; place + as a historian, 97; + critics, 97-98; + enlarged edition; dedication; Bishop Stubbs and Professor + Freeman; 'The Making of England,'; 'The Conquest of England'; + Sir Archibald Geikie's tribute; adverse criticisms, 98. + + Green, Thomas Hill. Long a leader of the Hegelian philosophy at + Oxford; published through _Contemporary Review_ articles on + 'Mr Herbert Spencer and Mr G. H. Lewes: their Application of + the Doctrine of Evolution to Thought,' 147; + his 'Prolegomena to Ethics,' finally edited by Professor + Bradley; a moral force in Oxford apart from his philosophy, + 148. + + Greenwood, Frederick. The most honoured journalist of to-day; + edited _Cornhill Magazine_, 188; + writer of poems, stories, and essays; 'Lover's Lexicon'; + 'Dreams,' 189. + + Greg, William Rathbone. Anti-theological writer; 'The Creed of + Christendom'; 'Enigmas of Life'; 'Rocks Ahead,' 170. + + Greville, Charles Cavendish Fulke. His political memoirs the + most popular series we have, 190. + + 'Greville Memoirs,' 190. + + 'Griffith Gaunt,' 58. + + Grote, George. _Westminster Review_, 100; + M.P. for the City of London; 'History of Greece'; Bishop + Thirlwall's appreciation, 101; + influence respecting views of Athenian democracy, 102. + + Grote and J. S. Mill, 139. + + 'Growth of English History and Commerce,' 144. + + 'Gryll Grange,' 63. + + 'Gunpowder Plot, The,' 90. + + + Hallam, Henry. 'View of the State of Europe during the Middle + Ages,' 77; + Constitutional History of England'; 'Introduction to the + Literature of Europe in the Fifteenth, Sixteenth, and + Seventeenth Centuries,' 78. + + Hamerton, Philip Gilbert. Author of 'Marmorne,' 171; + intimately acquainted with French life; edited _The Portfolio_; + 'The Intellectual Life,' 172. + + 'Hand and Soul,' 23. + + 'Handy Andy,' 34. + + 'Hard Cash,' 58. + + Hardy, Thomas. Earlier fame won with 'Far from the Madding + Crowd'; later popularity by 'Tess of the D'Urbervilles,' + 'The Return of the Native,' and 'The Woodlanders' greater + than either, 68. + + 'Harold,' 10, 56. + + Harrison, Frederic. A gifted Positivist; 'Order and Progress'; + 'Choice of Books,' 179. + + 'Harry Lorrequer,' 66. + + Hawker, Robert Stephen. Author of 'Song of the Western Men,' + and 'Footprints of Former Men in Far Cornwall,' 38. + + 'Headlong Hall,' 62. + + Heine's 'Poems and Ballads' (Martin's translation), 191. + + Helps, Sir Arthur. 'Friends in Council'; 'Companions of my + Solitude'; 'Life of Pizarro'; 'Life of Cortes'; 'Realmah'; + 'Catherine Douglas'; 'Henry II.,' 191; + edited 'Principal Speeches and Addresses of the late Prince + Consort,' and 'Leaves from a Journal,' 192. + + Henley, William Ernest. 'Book of Verses'; 'Song of the Sword'; + a critic of exceptional vigour; 'Views and Reviews,' 172. + + Henley, W. E., and Stevenson, 60. + + Hennell, Sarah, 49. + + Henniker, Florence, 183. + + 'Henrietta Temple,' 57. + + 'Henry II.' 191. + + Henslow, Professor, 154. + + 'Herodotus,' Sayce's edition of, 100. + + 'Heroes and Hero-Worship,' 124. + + 'High Tide on the Coast of Lincolnshire,' 29. + + 'Hillyars and the Burtons, The,' 55. + + Historians of the Era-- + Allan, G., 99. + Arnold, Dr, 102, 160. + Brewer, Rev. J. S., 88. + Bright, J. B., 97. + Bryce, J., 104. + Buckle, H. T., 103. + Burton, J. H., 96. + Carlyle, T., 112. + Clodd, E., 99. + Cox, Sir G., 100. + Creighton, M., 103. + Dawkins, W. B., 98. + Finlay, G., 102. + Freeman, E. A., 81. + Froude, J. A., 83. + Gairdner, J., 96. + Gardiner, S. R., 89. + Gladstone, W. E., 105, 106. + Green, J. R., 97. + Green, Mrs, 98. + Grote, G., 100. + Hallam, H., 77. + Hume, Major M., 89. + Kemble, J. M., 80. + Kinglake, A. W., 96. + Kitchin, G. W., 103. + Lecky, W. E. H., 96. + Lingard, J., 80. + Lubbock, Sir J., 99. + Macaulay, T. B., 91. + MacCarthy, J., 95. + Massey, W. M., 95. + May, Sir T. E., 79. + Merivale, C., 102. + Milman, H. H., 102. + Molesworth, Rev. W. N., 95. + Müller, F. M., 99. + Napier, Sir Charles, 97. + Newman, J. H., 107. + Palgrave, Sir F., 81. + Sayce, A. H., 100. + Seeley, Sir J. R., 104. + Stanhope, Earl, 95. + Stubbs, W., 78. + Symonds, J. A., 103. + Thirlwall, C., 101. + Tylor, E. B., 99. + + 'History and Politics,' 104. + + 'History of Agriculture and Prices' (Rogers), 144. + + 'History of Christianity under the Empire' (Milman), 102. + + 'History of Civilization in England' (Buckle), 103. + + 'History of Early English Poetry' (Brooke), 166. + + 'History of Eighteenth Century Literature, A' (Oliphant), 74. + + 'History of England from the Fall of Wolsey to the Defeat of the + Spanish Armada, The' (Froude), 84, 85. + + 'History of England from 1603-1642' (Gardiner), 89. + + 'History of England from the Accession of James II.' (Macaulay), + 92. + + 'History of England from 1713 to 1783' (Earl Stanhope), 95. + + 'History of England' (Lingard), 80. + + 'History of England under George III.' (Massey), 95. + + 'History of England, 1830-1873' (Molesworth), 95. + + 'History of English Poetry' (Courthope), 178. + + 'History of English Thought in the Eighteenth Century' (Stephen), + 175. + + 'History of France previous to the Revolution' (Kitchin), 103. + + 'History of Federal Government' (Freeman), 81. + + 'History of Greece' (Cox), 100. + + 'History of Greece' (Finlay), 102. + + 'History of Greece' (Grote), 100-102. + + 'History of Greece' (Thirlwall), 101. + + 'History of Normandy and England' (Palgrave), 81. + + 'History of Our Own Time, 1830-1897 (MacCarthy), 95. + + 'History of Rome' (Arnold), 102, 160. + + 'History of Samuel Titmarsh and the Great Hoggarty Diamond, The,' + 45. + + 'History of Scotland' (Burton), 96. + + 'History of Trade Unionism, The' (Webb), 145. + + 'History of the Church of England' (Molesworth), 95. + + 'History of the Eighteenth Century' (Lecky), 96. + + 'History of the Four Georges' (MacCarthy), 96. + + 'History of the Jews' (Milman), 102. + + 'History of the Norman Conquest' (Freeman), 81. + + 'History of the Papacy from the Great Schism to the Sack of Rome' + (Creighton), 103. + + 'History of the Peace' (Martineau), 95. + + 'History of the Romans under the Empire' (Merivale), 102. + + 'History of the Reign of Queen Anne' (Stanhope), 95. + + 'History of the War in the Crimea,' (Kinglake), 96. + + 'Holy Roman Empire, The,' 104. + + 'Homer' (Lang's translation), 176. + + 'Homer, Studies in,' 106. + + Hood, Thomas. 'Song of the Shirt' and 'Dream of Eugene Aram' most + popular, 29. + + Hooker, Sir Joseph, 151. + + Horne, Richard Hengist. Wrote 'Orion,' 'Judas Iscariot,' 'The + Death of Marlowe,' &c., 36. + + Houghton, Lord (Monckton Milnes). 'Life, Letters, and Literary + Remains of John Keats'; his life written by Sir Wemyss Reid, + 183. + + 'Hour and the Man, The,' 181. + + 'Hours in a Library,' 175. + + 'Hours of Thought on Sacred Things,' 167. + + 'House Beautiful,' 73. + + 'House of Life, The,' 24. + + Howson, John Saul. Joint authorship with Rev. W. J. Conybeare + of 'The Life and Epistles of St Paul,' 168. + + Hughes, Thomas. A pupil of Dr Arnold's; wrote finest boy's + book in the language, 'Tom Brown's School Days,' 161. + + Hume, Major Martin. 'The Year after the Armada'; 'The Courtships + of Queen Elizabeth'; 'Calendar of Spanish State Papers of + Elizabeth,' 89. + + Hunt, Holman, and the pre-Raphaelite Movement, 23. + + Hutton, Richard Holt. Editor of the _Spectator_; A dignified + and independent critic; 'Essays, Literary and Speculative,' 189. + + Huxley, Thomas Henry. A profound Metaphysician as well as a great + scientist; early days; _Rattlesnake_ Voyage; Royal and + Linnæan Society Papers; Natural History and Palæontology + Chairs, 157; + Inspector of Fisheries; President of the Royal Society; + 'Physiography'; his 'Lay Sermons,' 'Addresses and Reviews,' + 'Critiques and Addresses,' and 'American Addresses,' rank + among the finest prose of our age, 158. + + 'Hypatia,' 54. + + + Ibsen. Gosse and Archer's translations, 175. + + 'Ice Age, The Great,' 153. + + 'Idylls of the King, The,' 10. + + 'Imaginary Conversations,' 16. + + 'Imaginary Portraits,' 171. + + 'In a Balcony,' 12. + + 'In a Glass Darkly,' 66. + + 'Industrial Revolution, The,' 144. + + Ingelow, Jean. Outlived her popularity; 'High Tide on the Coast + of Lincolnshire' and 'Supper at the Mill' her most enduring + work, 29. + + 'Ingoldsby Legends,' 30. + + 'In Memoriam,' 10. + + 'Intellectual Life, The,' 172. + + 'International Scientific Series' and Spencer, 146. + + 'Interpretation of Scripture, The,' 163. + + 'Irish Melodies,' 33. + + + 'Jackdaw of Rheims,' 30. + + James, G. P. R., 67. + + 'Jane Eyre,' 46, 47. + + Jefferies, Richard. 'Gamekeeper at Home,' published in the _Pall + Mall Gazette_; 'Wood Magic'; 'Bevis'; 'The Story of My Heart,' + 188. + + Jerrold, Douglas. 'Black-eyed Susan'; 'Mrs Caudle's Curtain + Lectures,' 187. + + 'Jesus, Strauss's Life of,' 49. + + Jevons, William Stanley, 143. + + 'John Inglesant,' 64. + + 'John Ploughman's Talk,' 168. + + Jones, Ebenezer. Wrote 'Studies in Sensation and Event,' 37. + + Jones, Sumner, 37. + + 'John Halifax, Gentleman,' 72. + + Journalism and Novelists, 186-7. + + 'Journals of Researches during a Voyage round the World,' + 154-155. + + Jowett, Benjamin, 162; + 'The Interpretation of Scripture'; brilliant translations of + Plato, Thucydides, and 'The Politics' of Aristotle; John + Bright's admiration of Jowett's classic English; 'Life,' + written by Evelyn Abbott and Lewis Campbell, 163. + + 'Judas Iscariot,' 36. + + + 'Katerfelto,' 59. + + Kavanagh, Julia. Now little known. Wrote 'Madeleine,' 'Women in + France in the 18th Century,' 'Englishwomen of Letters,' and + 'Frenchwomen of Letters,' 72. + + Keats, death of, 5; + Biography, 183. + + Keble, John. Professor of Poetry at Oxford; 'Christian Year'; + 'Lyra Innocentium'; 'Life of Bishop Wilson,' 159. + + Kemble, John Mitchell. His 'Saxons in England' still useful, 80. + + King, Richard Ashe. Has sketched Swift's life in Ireland; 'Love + the Debt'; 'The Wearing of the Green,' 178. + + 'Kingdom of Christ,' 164. + + Kinglake, Alexander William. 'History of the War in the Crimea,' + a brilliant effort; his 'Eothen' scarcely less popular, 96. + + Kingsley, Charles. 'The Saint's Tragedy'; 'Alton Locke,' 53; + 'Yeast'; 'Two Years Ago'; 'Hypatia'; 'Westward Ho'; 'The Three + Fishers'; 'The Sands of Dee'; Professor of History at + Cambridge; his influence great and beneficial, 54-55. + + Kingsley, Henry. 'Geoffrey Hamlyn,' the best novel of Australian + life; 'Ravenshoe,' and 'The Hillyars and The Burtons' + forcible effective works, 55; + Sir Edwin Arnold and Mrs Thackeray Ritchie's testimony, 56. + + Kingston, W. H. G. Author of one hundred and twenty-five stories + of the sea, 67. + + 'King's Tragedy, The,' 24. + + Kipling, Rudyard. 'Soldiers Three'; 'Wee Willie Winkie'; + 'Barrack-Room Ballads,' 40. + + Kitchin, George William. 'History of France previous to the + Revolution,' 103. + + 'Kitty Trevelyan's Diary,' 73. + + Knight, Professor, of St Andrews. Biographer of Wordsworth and + editor of his collected works, 178. + + + 'Lachrymæ Musarum,' 40. + + 'Lady Geraldine's Courtship,' 13. + + 'Lady of Lyons, The,' 56. + + 'Lady's Walk, The,' 75. + + 'Lalla Rookh,' 33. + + 'Land of the Golden Fleece, The,' 188. + + Landor, Walter Savage. Temperament; 'Gebir'; 'Count Julian,' 15; + 'Imaginary Conversations' and 'Longer Prose Works' have all + cultured men for readers now; Swinburne's admiration of, 16. + + Landor and 'Madoc,' 6. + + Lang, Andrew. 'Ballads and Lyrics of Old France'; 'Ballades in + Blue China'; translator of Homer and Theocritus, 176; + 'Life of Sir Stafford Northcote'; 'Life of John Gibson + Lockhart,' 177. + + 'Laodamia,' 7. + + 'Last Days of Pompeii,' 56. + + 'Last Lines,' 47. + + 'Last of the Barons, The,' 56. + + 'Latin Christianity,' 103. + + 'Latter-day Pamphlets,' 123. + + Laureate, The present, 39-40. + + 'Lavengro,' 185. + + 'Lay Sermons,' 158. + + 'Lead Kindly Light,' 108. + + 'Leaves from a Journal,' 192. + + Lecky, William Edward Hartpole. 'History of England in the + Eighteenth Century'; 'Rise and Influence of the Spirit of + Rationalism' and 'European Morals from Augustus to Charlemagne' + justly popular, 96. + + 'Lectures in Greek Philosophy,' 169. + + 'Lectures on the Council of Trent,' 88. + + 'Lectures on the Jewish Church,' 162. + + 'Lectures on Science for Unscientific People,' 151. + + 'Lectures on the Eastern Church,' 161-162. + + 'Lectures on the Science of Language,' 99. + + Le Fanu, Joseph Sheridan, 'Uncle Silas'; 'In a Glass Darkly,' 66. + + 'Legends and Lyrics,' 36. + + Lemon, Mark, 187. + Editor of _Punch_, 187-8. + + Leslie, Thomas Edward Cliffe. His 'Essays' full of terse and + suggestive criticism, 144. + + 'Letters and Life of Francis Bacon' (Spedding), 184. + + 'Letters' and 'Reminiscences' of Carlyle, 115-116, 119-120. + + 'Letters on the Laws of Man's Nature and Development,' 181. + + 'Letter to Keble,' 158. + + Lever, Charles. _Dublin University Magazine_; 'Charles O'Malley' + and 'Harry Lorrequer' still command attention, 66. + + Lewes, George Henry. 'Biographical History of Philosophy,' 148; + his 'Life of Goethe' the standard work; 'Ranthorpe'; edited + _Fortnightly Review_; 'Seaside Studies'; 'Problems of Life + and Mind,' 149; + on 'Philosophie Positive,' 179. + + Lewes, George Henry, and George Eliot, 49. + + Lewis, Sir George Cornewall. A notable political philosopher; + wrote 'A Dialogue on the Best Form of Government,' 184. + + 'Liberty,' 139. + + Liddon, Henry Parry. Bampton lectures 'On the Divinity of Jesus + Christ'; one of the most eloquent of preachers, 167. + + 'Lieutenant's Daughter,' 84. + + 'Life and Death of Jason,' 25. + + 'Life and Epistles of St Paul,' 168. + + 'Life and Letters of Erasmus,' 88. + + 'Life and Reign of Richard III.,' 96. + + 'Life and Times of Stein,' 104. + + 'Life, Letters and Literary Remains of John Keats,' 183. + + 'Life of Bishop Wilson,' 159. + + 'Life of Bunyan,' 88. + + 'Life of Burke,' 181. + + 'Life of Byron,' 34. + + 'Life of Cardinal Manning,' 169. + + 'Life of Carlyle,' 86. + + 'Life of Cæsar,' 88. + + 'Life of Charlotte Brontë, The,' 71. + + 'Life of Christ,' 168. + + 'Life of Cicero,' 58. + + 'Life of Cobden,' 182. + + 'Life of Cortes,' 191. + + 'Life of Cowper,' 6. + + 'Life of Dickens,' 178. + + 'Life of Dr Arnold,' 161. + + 'Life of Edward Irving,' 74. + + 'Life of F. W. Robertson,' 166. + + 'Life of Goethe,' 149. + + 'Life of Gray,' 175. + + 'Life of Hume,' 157. + + 'Life of Isaac Casaubon,' 163. + + 'Life of Jesus,' 49. + + 'Life of John Gibson Lockhart,' 177. + + 'Life of John Sterling,' 124. + + 'Life of Jowett,' 163. + + 'Life of Lord Lyndhurst,' 191. + + 'Life of Lord Macaulay,' 182. + + 'Life of Milton,' 166, 177. + + 'Life of Nelson' (Mahan's), 6. + + 'Life of Nelson' (Southey's), 5. + + 'Life of Newton,' 150. + + 'Life of Pizarro,' 191. + + 'Life of St Paul,' 168. + + 'Life of Schiller,' 113, 124. + + 'Life of Shelley,' 174. + + 'Life of Sir John Eliot,' 178-179. + + 'Life of Sir Stafford Northcote,' 177. + + 'Life of Sir Walter Scott,' 177. + + 'Life of the late Prince Consort, The,' 190. + + 'Life of Walter Savage Landor,' 178. + + Lightfoot, Joseph Barber. One of the greatest scholars in the + English Church, 168. + + 'Light of Asia, The,' 26. + + 'Light of the World, The,' 26. + + 'Limits of Religious Thought, The,' 169. + + Lingard, John. 'History of England' impartial, but dull, 80. + + Linton, Mrs Lynn, 74. + + _Literary Gazette_, 181. + + 'Literary Studies,' 184. + + 'Literature and Dogma,' 18. + + 'Literature of Europe' (Hallam's), 78. + + 'Little Schoolmaster Mark,' 64. + + 'Living London,' 188. + + Lockhart, John Gibson. Editor of the _Quarterly Review_; his + 'Life of Scott,' the most important biography of the reign, 177. + + 'Logic' (Mill's), 140. + + 'Logic,' (Whately's), 159. + + 'Longer Prose Works,' 16. + + 'Lorna Doone,' 69. + + 'Lost and Saved,' 72. + + 'Lost Sir Massingberd,' 189. + + 'Love in a Valley,' 60. + + 'Love Letters of a Violinist,' 188. + + 'Love or Marriage,' 68. + + 'Love the Debt,' 178. + + Lover, Samuel. Best known works, 'Rory O'More' and 'Handy Andy,' + 34. + + 'Lover's Lexicon,' 189. + + Lubbock, Sir John. 'Pre-historic Times'; 'Origin of + Civilization,' 99. + + 'Luria,' 12. + + Lyall, Edna, 74. + + Lyell, Sir Charles. Abandoned law for geology; his 'Principles + of Geology' a revolutionary work; the smaller 'Student's + Elements of Geology' injured in literary merit, 152; + converted to Darwin's views; 'The Antiquity of Man,' 153. + + Lynch, Thomas Toke. His poems in the _Rivulet_ now in most + hymnologies, 166. + + 'Lyra Innocentium,' 159. + + 'Lyrical Ballads,' 7. + + Lytton, Edward Bulwer. 'Pelham'; 'Zanoni'; 'Harold'; 'Rienzi'; + 'The Last of the Barons'; 'The Last Days of Pompeii'; 'The + Caxtons'; 'Money'; 'Richelieu'; 'The Lady of Lyons'; one of + the 'cleverest' men of his age, 56. + + + Macaulay, Thomas Babington. His work guided by rhetorical + principles; earliest efforts in _Quarterly Magazine_ and + _Edinburgh Review_; Jeffrey on his 'Milton,' 91; + qualities of his 'Essays'; his career; 'History of England + from the Accession of James II.' very successful, 92; + now severely criticised, 93; + in spite of its deficiencies, a great work, 94-95. + + Macaulay and Hawker, 38. + + MacCarthy, Justin. 'History of Our Own Time, 1830-1897,' 95; + 'History of the Four Georges,' 96. + + MacDonald, George. 'Robert Falconer'; 'David Elginbrod'; 'Alec + Forbes of Howglen,' 63. + + Mackay, Charles. Novelist, poet and critic; 'Forty Years' + Recollections of Life, Literature and Public Affairs,' 188. + + Mackay, Eric. 'Love Letters of a Violinist,' 188. + + 'Macleod of Dare,' 69. + + Macquoid, Mrs, 74. + + _Macmillan's Magazine_, 181. + + 'Madcap Violet,' 69. + + 'Madeleine,' 72. + + 'Madoc,' 6. + + Mahon, Lord, 95. + + 'Maiden and Married Life of Mary Powell,' 72. + + 'Maid of Sker, The,' 69. + + 'Maid Marion,' 62. + + 'Makers of Florence,' 74. + + 'Making of England, The,' 98. + + Malet, Lucas, 74. + + _Manchester Examiner_ and Ruskin, 133. + + Mangan, James Clarence, 34. + + Manning, Anne. Author of 'Maiden and Married Life of Mary + Powell,' 72. + + Manning, Cardinal. Books and sermons of theological interest + only; his 'Life,' 169. + + Mansel, Henry Longueville. 'The Limits of Religious Thought'; + 'Metaphysics, or the Philosophy of Consciousness, Phenomenal + and Real'; a skilful fighter, 169. + + 'Manual of Political Economy' (Fawcett's), 142. + + 'Marie Bashkirtseff's Diary,' 190. + + 'Marcian Colonna,' 36. + + 'Marie de Méranie,' 38. + + 'Marius the Epicurean,' 171. + + 'Marmorne,' 171. + + Marryat, Captain Frederick. 'Frank Mildmay'; 'Mr Midshipman + Easy'; 'Peter Simple'; editor of _Metropolitan Magazine_; + appreciated by Carlyle and Ruskin, 66-67. + + Marsh, Mrs. Author of 'The Admiral's Daughter' and 'The + Deformed,' 71. + + Marshall, Alfred. Author of 'Economics of Industry' and + 'Principles of Economics,' 143. + + Marston, John Westland. Author of 'Strathmore,' 'Marie de + Méranie,' and 'A Hard Struggle,' 38. + + Marston, Philip Bourke. Published 'Song Tide and other Poems,' + 'All in All,' and 'Wind Voices,' 39. + + Martin, Sir Theodore. 'Life of the late Prince Consort,' 190; + 'Book of Ballads'; 'Memoir of Aytoun'; 'Life of Lord + Lyndhurst'; translated the Odes of Horace; 'The Vita Nuova'; + 'Faust'; and Heine's 'Poems and Ballads'; 'Sketch of the Life + of Princess Alice,' 191. + + Martineau, Harriet. 'History of the Peace,' 95; + Abridgment of Comte; influence upon her own generation; very + versatile writer; her 'Biographical Sketches' originally + published in _Daily News_, 180; + her historical work mere compilation; 'Deerbrook'; 'The Hour + and the Man'; 'Letters on the Laws of Man's Nature and + Development,' 181. + + Martineau, James. Early career, 166; + from Bentham to Kant; 'Endeavour after the Christian Life'; + 'Hours of Thought on Sacred Things'; 'Study of Spinoza'; + 'Types of Ethical Theory,' 167. + + 'Martyrs of Science,' 150. + + 'Mary Barton,' 71. + + 'Mary Tudor,' 33. + + 'Masks and Faces,' 58. + + Massey, Gerald. Chartist poet. Wrote 'Poems and Charms' and + 'Voices of Freedom and Lyrics of Love,' &c., 37. + + Massey, William Nathaniel. 'History of England under George III.' + 95 + + Masson, David. 'Life of Milton'; 'British Novelists and their + Styles'; 'Drummond of Hawthornden,' 177. + + 'Master of Ballantrae, The,' 60. + + 'Maud,' 10. + + 'Maude,' 22. + + Maurice, John Frederick Denison. Editor of the _Athenæum_; joined + the Anglican Church, 163; + 'Subscription no Bondage'; 'Kingdom of Christ' tracts; 'Politics + for the People'; organised the Christian socialist and + co-operative movement, 164. + + Maxse, Admiral, 62. + + May, Sir Thomas Erskine. Continued the work of Hallam and Stubbs, + 79; + 'Democracy in Europe'; 'Constitutional History,' 80. + + Melbourne, Lord, and Macaulay, 91. + + 'Melincourt,' 62. + + Melville, George John Whyte. The novelist of the hunting field; + 'Katerfelto'; 'Black but Comely'; 'The Queen's Maries'; 'The + Gladiators,' 59. + + 'Memoirs of Barry Lyndon,' 45. + + 'Memoir of Principal Tulloch,' 74. + + 'Memorials of Canterbury,' 161. + + 'Men and Women,' 12. + + 'Mental and Moral Science,' 147. + + 'Mental Evolution in Animals,' 157. + + Meredith, George. 'Love in a Valley,' 60; + The Browning of Novelists; 'The Shaving of Shagpat'; 'Farina'; + 'The Ordeal of Richard Feverel' considered his best novel; + 'Evan Harrington'; 'Rhoda Fleming'; 'The Adventures of Harry + Richmond'; 'Beauchamp's Career'; 'The Egoist'; 'The Tragic + Comedians'; 'Diana of the Crossways'; Stevenson's admiration + for 'The Egoist,' 61; + 'Sandra Belloni,' 62. + + Meredith, George, and Rossetti, 24. + + Merivale, Charles. 'History of the Romans under the Empire,' 102. + + 'Metaphysics, or the Philosophy of Consciousness, Phenomenal and + Real,' 169. + + Methodism and Carlyle, 51. + + 'Methods of Ethics,' 143. + + _Metropolitan Magazine, The_, 67. + + 'Middle Ages' (Hallam's), 77. + + 'Middlemarch,' 50. + + Mill, James. 'History of India'; 'Analysis of the Human Mind,' 137. + + Mill, John Stuart. Ruskin's scorn of; education, 137; + influence of Wordsworth; the India House; _Westminster Review_; + Carlyle's 'French Revolution,' 138; + 'Political Economy'; 'Liberty'; 'Subjection of Women'; + contemporary opinion of Mrs Mill, 139; + 'Logic'; 'Essays on Unsettled Questions in Political Economy'; + 'Principles of Political Economy'; 'Liberty'; 'Sir William + Hamilton's Philosophy'; 'Dissertations and Discussions'; + 'Considerations on Representative Government'; a stimulator + of public opinion, 140; + his philosophical weaknesses, 141-42; + abandonment of early positions; 'Autobiography'; a socialist + at the last, 142. + + Miller, Hugh, 151. + Journalist; _The Witness_; 'Old Red Sandstone'; 'Footprints + of the Creator'; 'The Testimony of the Rocks,' 152. + + 'Mill on the Floss, The,' 50. + + Millais, Sir John, and the pre-Raphaelite movement, 23. + + Milman, Henry Hart. 'Gibbon's Rome'; 'History of the Jews'; + 'History of Christianity under the Empire,' 102; + 'Latin Christianity'; Dean Stanley's appreciation, 103. + + 'Milton, Masson's Life of,' 177. + + 'Ministering Children,' 73. + + Minor Poets, The, of our era, 31. + + 'Mirandola,' 36. + + 'Mr Herbert Spencer and Mr G. H. Lewes; their application of the + Doctrine of Evolution to Thought,' 147. + + 'Mr Midshipman Easy,' 67. + + 'Mrs Caudle's Curtain Lectures,' 187. + + 'Mrs Halliburton's Troubles,' 70. + + Mivart, St George, 151. + + 'Modern' Essays (Myers), 172. + + 'Modern Painters,' 130, 132. + + Molesworth, Rev. William Nassau. 'History of England, 1830-1873'; + 'History of the Church of England,' 95. + + 'Molière,' by Mrs Oliphant, 74. + + 'Money,' 56. + + 'Monks of St Mark, The,' 62. + + 'Monograph on Charlotte Brontë,' 183. + + _Monthly Magazine, The_, 42. + + 'Moonstone, The,' 69. + + Moore, Thomas. The pioneer of the 'Celtic Renaissance'; 'Irish + Melodies,' 33; + 'Lalla Rookh'; 'Life of Byron,' 34. + + 'More Leaves from the Journal of our Life in the Highlands,' 192. + + 'More Worlds than One,' 150. + + Morison, James Cotter. Biographer of St Bernard of Clairvaux and + Macaulay; 'The Service of Man,' 180. + + Morley, John. Antagonist of 'Supernatural Christianity'; a gifted + biographer and journalist; editor of _Morning Star_, _Literary + Gazette_, _Fortnightly Review_, _Pall Mall Gazette_, and + _Macmillan's Magazine_; editor of 'English Men of Letters + Series'; 'Life of Burke'; influence, 181; + lives of Voltaire, Rousseau, Diderot; 'Life of Cobden'; his + essay 'On Compromise' probably the most exhaustive treatment + of the question, 182. + + Morley, John, and Macaulay, 93. + + _Morning Chronicle, The_, 42. + + _Morning Star_, 181. + + Morris, Sir Lewis. Wrote 'Songs of Two Worlds'; 'Epic of Hades'; + 'A Vision of Saints,' &c., 26. + + Morris, William. Connection with Rossetti, 23; + versatility of his genius; 'Dream of John Ball'; 'News from + Nowhere,' 24; + 'Defence of Guenevere'; 'Life and Death of Jason'; 'The Earthly + Paradise,' 25. + + Moulton, Mrs Chandler, 39. + + Müller, Friedrich Max. Eminent Philologist; 'Lectures on the + Science of Language'; 'Chips from a German Workshop,' 99; + early religious systems, 100. + + Mulock, Dinah. 'John Halifax, Gentleman,' her best and most + successful book, 72. + + 'Munera Pulveris,' 133. + + Murchison, Sir Roderick Impey. Geologist; popularity of his + 'Siluria,' 152. + + Murray, Dr John, 155. + + 'My Beautiful Lady,' 23. + + 'My Cousin Nicholas,' 30. + + Myers, Ernest, 173. + + Myers, Frederick William Henry. 'Saint Paul'; his 'Classical' + and 'Modern' critical essays full of delightful ideas; biography + of Wordsworth, 172. + + 'Mythology of the Aryan Nations,' 100. + + + Nansen, Dr, 186. + + 'Napoleon, A Short History of,' 105. + + 'National and Historical Ballads, Songs and Poems,' 34. + + _National Reformer, The_, and 'The City of Dreadful Night,' 32. + + 'Natural History,' 153. + + 'Natural Religion,' 105. + + 'Naturalist's Voyage Round the World, A,' 155. + + 'Nelson Memorial, The,' 6. + + 'Nemesis of Faith,' 84. + + 'Never too Late to Mend,' 58. + + 'New Arabian Nights, The,' 60. + + 'Newcomes, The,' 45. + + 'New Magdalen, The,' 69. + + Newman, Francis William. 'The Soul,' 'Theism,' 'Phases of Faith,' + 170, 171. + + Newman, John Henry. Early religious tendencies; 'My Battle with + Liberalism,' 107; + Matthew Arnold's description of Newman, 107-108; + Tractarian movement; 'Lead Kindly Light'; 'Tracts for the Time'; + Tract XC., 108-109; + joins Church of Rome; Father Achilli, 109; + 'Apologia pro Vitâ Suâ,'; Kingsley's attack and defeat, 110-111; + Froude on Newman's character, 110; + 'Dream of Gerontius'; 'Verses on Various Occasions,' 111; + 'Callista'; 'A Sketch of the Third Century'; 'Essay in Aid of + the Grammar of Assent,' 111; + Swinburne's 'Apostrophe'; Newman's influence on England and her + Prime Ministers, 112. + + 'New Poems,' 22. + + 'News from Nowhere,' 24. + + 'Nicholas Nickleby,' 42. + + 'Nightmare Abbey,' 62. + + 'Night Side of Nature, The,' 72. + + _Nonconformist, The_, and Spencer, 145. + + 'North and South,' 71. + + Norton, Mrs. Author of 'Stuart of Dunleath' and 'Lost and Saved,' + 72. + + Novelists and journalism, 186-187. + + Novelists of the Era:-- + Alexander, Mrs, 74. + A.L.O.E., 73. + Ainsworth, W. H., 67. + Barrie, J. M., 63. + Besant, Sir W., 65. + Black, W., 68. + Blackmore, R. D., 69. + Braddon, Miss, 74. + Brontë, Anne, 48. + Brontë, Charlotte, 46. + Brontë, Emily, 47. + Broughton, Miss R., 74. + Carleton, W., 66. + Carroll, Lewis, 64. + Charles, Mrs, 73. + Charlesworth, Miss M. L., 73. + Clifford, Mrs W. K., 74. + Clive, Mrs Archer, 72. + Craik, Mrs, 72. + Crowe, Mrs, 71. + Collins, W. W., 69. + Corelli, Miss M., 74. + Dickens, C., 42. + Disraeli, B., 57. + Doyle, Conan, 63. + Eliot, George, 49. + Ewing, Mrs, 73. + Fullerton, Lady G., 72. + Gaskell, Mrs, 71. + Hardy, T., 68. + Hope, Anthony, 63. + James, G. P. R., 67. + Kavanagh, Miss J., 72. + Kingsley, C., 53. + Kingsley, H., 55. + Kingston, W. H. G., 67. + Le Fanu, J. S., 66. + Lever, C, 66. + Linton, Mrs Lynn, 74. + Lyall, Edna, 74. + Lytton, E. B., 56. + MacDonald, G., 63. + Macquoid, Mrs, 74. + Malet, L., 74. + Manning, Anne, 72. + Marryat, Captain F., 66. + Marsh, Mrs, 71. + Melville, G. J. W., 59. + Meredith, G., 60. + Mulock, Miss D., 72. + Norton, Mrs, 72. + Oliphant, Mrs, 74. + Ouida, 74. + Peacock, T. L., 62. + Pemberton, Max, 63. + 'Q.', 63. + Reade, C., 57. + Rice, J., 65. + Schreiner, Miss O., 74. + Sergeant, Miss A., 74. + Shorthouse, J. H., 64. + Stevenson, R. L., 59. + Stretton, Mrs, 72. + Thackeray, W. M., 44. + Trollope, A., 58. + Tucker, Miss C. M., 73. + Ward, Mrs H., 74. + Warren, S., 70. + Weyman, S., 63. + Wood, Mrs H., 70. + Yonge, Miss C., 74. + + + Odes of Horace (Martin's translation), 191. + + 'Old Arm Chair, The,' 29. + + 'Old Curiosity Shop, The,' 42. + + 'Old English History,' 81. + + 'Old Red Sandstone,' 152. + + 'Old St Paul's,' 67. + + 'Old Stoic, The,' 47. + + Oliphant, Mrs. Type of the age; wrote biography, criticism, and + every form of prose; 'Makers of Florence'; 'Life of Edward + Irving'; 'History of Eighteenth Century Literature'; 'Memoir + of Principal Tulloch'; 'Cervantes'; 'Molière'; 'Dress'; + neither a good critic nor a very accurate student; her fame + will have to rest on her novels, 74; + 'Salem Chapel'; 'Passages in the life of Margaret Maitland' + her first novel; 'The Lady's Walk' the last, 75. + + 'Oliver Twist,' 42. + + 'Omar Khayyám,' 35. + + 'On Compromise,' 182. + + 'Onesimus,' 165. + + 'On the Divinity of Jesus Christ,' 167. + + 'On the Proper Sphere of Government,' 145. + + 'On the Structure and Motion of Glaciers,' 151. + + 'Ordeal of Richard Feverel,' 61. + + 'Order and Progress,' 179. + + 'Origin of Civilization,' 99. + + 'Origin of Species,' 156. + + 'Orion,' 36. + + O'Shaughnessy, Arthur. Wrote 'Epic of Women and other Poems,' 39. + + Ouida, 74. + + _Oxford and Cambridge Magazine, The_, 23. + + + Palgrave, Francis Turner. Editor of the 'Golden Treasury of Songs + and Lyrics,' 81. + + Palgrave, Sir Francis. Wrote 'History of Normandy and England,' + 81. + + _Pall Mall Gazette_, 181, 188. + + 'Palmyra,' 62. + + 'Paper Money Lyrics and other Poems,' 62. + + 'Passages from the Diary of a Late Physician,' 70. + + 'Passages in the Life of Margaret Maitland,' 75. + + 'Past and Present,' 123. + + Pater, Walter. A great Critic; 'Marius the Epicurean'; 'Imaginary + Portraits'; 'The most Rhythmical of English Prose Writers'; + 'Renaissance'; 'Appreciations,' 171. + + Patmore, Coventry. 'Angel in the House' not always sincere, 31; + 'Unknown Eros,' 32. + + Pattison, Mark. 'The Tendencies of Religious Thought in England'; + profound scholar; 'Life of Isaac Casaubon,' 163. + + 'Paul Ferrell,' 72. + + 'Pauline,' 13. + + Payn, James. Editor _Cornhill Magazine_; 'Lost Sir Massingberd' + and 'By Proxy' the most popular of his novels, 189. + + Peacock, Thomas Love. Influence of, on Meredith; 'The Monks of + St Mark'; 'Palmyra'; 'Headlong Hall'; 'Melincourt'; 'Nightmare + Abbey'; 'Maid Marion'; 'Crotchet Castle'; 'Paper Money Lyrics + and other Poems,' 62; + 'Gryll Grange'; his relations with other famous men, 63. + + 'Peg Woffington,' 58. + + 'Pelham,' 56. + + Pemberton, Max, 63. + + 'Pendennis,' 45. + + 'Pentateuch and Book of Joshua Critically Examined, The,' 164. + + 'Peter Simple,' 67. + + 'Phantasmion,' 35. + + 'Phases of Faith,' 170, 171. + + 'Philip Van Artevelde,' 28. + + 'Philochristus,' 165. + + 'Philosophy of Kant,' 170. + + 'Physics and Politics,' 184. + + 'Physiography,' 158. + + 'Pickwick Papers,' influence of eighteenth century humorists + marked in, 41; + first appearance of, 42. + + 'Pioneers of Evolution,' 99. + + 'Poems and Charms,' 37. + + 'Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell,' 47. + + 'Poems' by George Meredith, 60, 62. + + 'Poems,' by Matthew Arnold, 20. + + 'Poems of Rural Life in the Dorset Dialect,' 37. + + Poets of the Era:-- + Arnold, M., 17-21. + Arnold, Sir Edwin, 26. + Austin, A., 39. + Bailey, P. J., 28. + Banim, J., 34. + Banim, M., 34. + Barham, R. H., 30. + Barnes, W., 37. + Beddoes, T. L., 36. + Browning, Mrs, 14-15. + Browning, Robert, 13-14. + Calverley, C. S., 30. + Clough, A. H., 21. + Coleridge, H., 35. + Coleridge, Sara, 35. + Cook, Eliza, 29. + Cooper, T., 37. + Davis, T., 34. + De Vere, T. A., 33. + Dobell, S., 31. + Dobson, A., 30. + Dufferin, Lady, 34. + Elliott, E., 37. + Ferguson, Sir S., 34. + FitzGerald, E., 34. + Hawker, R. S., 38. + Hood, T., 29. + Horne, R. H., 36. + Ingelow, Jean, 29. + Jones, E., 37. + Kipling, R., 40. + Landor, W. S., 15-16. + Lang, A., 30. + Lover, S., 34. + Mangan, J. C, 34. + Marston, J. W., 38. + Marston, P. B., 39. + Massey, G., 37. + Moore, T., 33. + Morris, Sir Lewis, 26. + Morris, William, 24. + O'Shaughnessy, A., 39. + Patmore, C., 31. + Procter, A. A., 36. + Procter, B. W., 35. + Rossetti, Christina, 22. + Rossetti, Dante G., 22. + Rossetti, Maria Francesca, 22. + Smith, A., 31. + Southey, R., 5. + Swinburne, A. C., 16. + Taylor, Sir Henry, 28. + Tennyson, A., 10. + Thomson, J., 32. + Tupper, M. F., 27. + Watson, W., 40. + Woolner, T., 23. + Wordsworth, 7. + + 'Political Destiny of Canada,' 185. + + 'Political Economy' (Fawcett's), 142. + + 'Political Economy' (Mill's), 139-141. + + 'Political Economy' (Sidgwick's), 143. + + 'Politics for the People,' 164. + + _Portfolio, The_, 172. + + Potter, Miss Beatrice, 144. + + Praed, Winthrop Mackworth, 36. + + 'Præterita,' 130. + + 'Pre-historic Times,' 99. + + 'Prelude, The,' 9. + + 'Pre-Raphaelitism,' 132. + + 'Pre-Raphaelite Movement, The,' 23. + + 'Pride and his Pursuers,' 73. + + 'Primer of English Literature,' 166. + + 'Primitive Culture,' 99. + + 'Prince Otto,' 60. + + 'Principles of Economics,' 143. + + 'Principles of Geology,' 152. + + 'Principles of Psychology,' 145. + + 'Problems of Life and Mind,' 149. + + Procter, Adelaide Anne. Wrote 'Legends and Lyrics,' &c., 36. + + Procter, Bryan Waller. Wrote 'Dramatic Scenes'; 'Marcian + Colonna'; 'Mirandola,' &c., 35-36. + + 'Professor, The,' 47. + + 'Prolegomena to Ethics,' 148. + + 'Proverbial Philosophy,' 27. + + 'Proverbs in Porcelain,' 30. + + _Punch_, 187. + + 'Purgatory of Suicides, The,' 37. + + Pusey, Edward Bouverie. Founder of the modern high church + movement; a writer of 'Tracts for the Times'; 'Letter to + Keble'; 'Eirenicon,' 158. + + 'Put Yourself in His Place,' 58. + + + 'Q,' 63. + + _Quarterly Magazine, The_, 91. + + _Quarterly Review, The_, 28, 93, 154, 177. + + 'Queen's Maries, The,' 59. + + 'Queen Mary,' 10. + + + 'Raleigh,' 27. + + 'Ranthorpe,' 149. + + _Rattlesnake_ Survey, The, 157. + + 'Ravenshoe,' 55. + + Reade, Charles, 57-58. + 'Peg Woffington'; 'The Cloister and the Hearth'; 'Griffith + Gaunt'; 'Hard Cash'; 'Foul Play'; 'Put Yourself in His Place'; + 'Never Too Late to Mend'; 'Masks and Faces'; 'Drink,' 58. + + 'Ready Money Mortiboy,' 65. + + 'Realmah,' 191. + + Reid, Sir Wemyss. 'Monograph on Charlotte Brontë,' and life of + Lord Houghton, 183. + + 'Reign of Henry VIII.', 89. + + 'Reign of William Rufus and Accession of Henry I.,' 81. + + 'Rejected Addresses,' 8. + + 'Relations between England and America, The,' 185. + + 'Remembrances of Mrs Overtheway,' 73. + + 'Renaissance in Italy,' 103. + + 'Renaissance. Studies in Art and Poetry' (later), 171. + + 'Return of the Native, The,' 68. + + 'Rhetoric' (Whately's), 159. + + 'Rhoda Fleming,' 61. + + Rice, James. Collaborated with Walter Besant in 'Ready Money + Mortiboy' and 'The Golden Butterfly,' &c., 65. + + 'Richelieu,' 56. + + 'Rienzi,' 56. + + 'Ring and The Book, The,' 12. + + 'Rise and Influence of the Spirit of Rationalism,' 96. + + 'Ritualism, Essay on,' 106. + + 'Rivulet, The,' 166. + + 'Robert Falconer,' 63. + + Robertson, Frederick William, 165; + 'Life,' 166. + + Robinson, Henry Crabb. 'Diary,' edited by Dr Sadler, 183. + + 'Rocks Ahead,' 170. + + Rogers, Thorold. 'History of Agriculture and Prices,' 144. + + Rogers, Samuel. His 'Table Talk' full of good stories, 183. + + 'Rogers and his Contemporaries,' 184. + + 'Rogers, Early Life of,' 184. + + 'Roman Empire, The Holy,' 104. + + 'Rome, History of' (Dr Arnold's), 160. + + Romanes, George John. 'Animal Intelligence,' 'Mental Evolution in + Animals,' 157. + + 'Romany Rye, The,' 185. + + 'Romola,' 50. + + 'Rookwood,' 67. + + 'Rory O'More,' 34. + + Rossetti, Christina Georgina. 'Goblin Market,' 'Called to be + Saints,' 'The Face of the Deep,' 'Maude,' 'New Poems,' 22. + + Rossetti, Dante Gabriel, 22; + the pre-Raphaelite movement; the _Germ_; 'The Blessed Damozel'; + 'Hand and Soul'; connection with Ruskin, Morris, Swinburne, + and _Oxford and Cambridge Magazine_; 'The Early Italian + Poets,' 23; + 'The White Ship'; 'The King's Tragedy'; 'Sister Helen'; 'The + House of Life,' 24. + + Rossetti, Maria Francesca. 'Shadow of Dante,' 22. + + 'Recreations of Christopher North,' 187. + + 'Rubáyát of Omar Khayyám of Naishápur,' 35. + + Ruskin, John, 129. + 'Præterita'; early influences; Oxford; 'Salsette and Elephanta'; + 'Modern Painters'; Mazzini's opinion of, 130; + 'Seven Lamps of Architecture,' 130-131; + the 'Stones of Venice'; 'Pre-Raphaelitism'; Slade lectures; as + economist; 'Unto this Last,' 132; + the _Cornhill Magazine_ readers; his socialism; 'Munera + Pulveris'; 'Time and Tide by Wear and Tyne'; _Manchester + Examiner_; 'Fors Clavigera,' 133; + the tea-shop in the Marylebone Road; St George's Guild; Ruskin + museum, 134; + his influence; 'Crown of Wild Olive'; 'Time and Tide,' 'Sesame + and Lilies,' 135-6; + his self criticism, 136; + scorn of John Stuart Mill, 137. + + 'Ruth,' 71. + + Ryle, John Charles. Famous literary exponent of the Evangelical + position; 'Shall we know one another in Heaven'; 'Bible + Inspiration,' 168. + + + Saintsbury, George. Profound knowledge of French and English + literature, 174; + in brief biographies of Sir Walter Scott and others most + excellent, 175. + + 'Saint Paul,' 172. + + 'Saint's Tragedy, The,' 53. + + 'St Ives,' 60. + + St Luke. Schleiermacher's Essay on, 101. + + 'St Thomas of Canterbury,' 33. + + Sala, George Augustus. 'The Land of the Golden Fleece'; 'America + Revisited'; 'Living London,' 188. + + 'Salem Chapel,' 75. + + 'Salsette and Elephanta,' 130. + + Sanderson, Burdon, 151. + + 'Sandra Belloni,' 62. + + 'Sands of Dee, The,' 54. + + 'Sartor Resartus,' 121. + + _Saturday Review, The_, and Freeman, 83. + + 'Savonarola,' 40. + + 'Saxons in England,' 80. + + Sayce, Archibald Henry, 100. + + 'Scenes of Clerical Life,' 49. + + Schloss, D. F., 144. + + 'Schönberg-Cotta Family, The,' 73. + + Schreiner, Miss Olive, 74. + + 'Science, Lectures on, for Unscientific People,' 150-151. + + Scott, Sir Walter. Death of, 5; + on 'Madoc,' 6; + Lockhart's 'Life of,' 177. + + Scott, William Bell. Best known by his 'Autobiography,' 173. + + 'Seaside Studies,' 149. + + Seeley, Sir John Robert. 'Life and Times of Stein'; German and + English criticisms; 'History and Politics,' 104; + 'Expansion of England'; 'A Short History of Napoleon'; 'Ecce + Homo'; censure and praise; Mr Gladstone; 'Natural Religion,' + 105. + + 'Select Charters,' 79. + + 'Selections from Wordsworth,' 8, 9. + + 'Senses and the Intellect, The,' 147. + + Sergeant, Miss Adeline, 74. + + 'Service of Man, The,' 180. + + 'Sesame and Lilies,' 135-136. + + 'Seven Lamps of Architecture,' 130-131. + + 'Shadow of Dante,' 22. + + 'Shakspere, his Mind and Art,' 173. + + 'Shall we know one another in Heaven,' 168. + + 'Shaving of Shagpat, The,' 61. + + Shelley. Death of, 5; + on Southey's 'Thalaba,' 6; + acquaintance with Peacock, 62; + Dowden's 'Life of,' 174. + + Sherlock Holmes, 63. + + 'Shirley,' 47. + + 'Short History of Napoleon, A,' 105. + + 'Short History of the English People,' 97. + + Shorthouse, Joseph Henry. 'John Inglesant'; 'Sir Perceval'; + 'Little Schoolmaster Mark,' 64. + + 'Short Studies on Great Subjects,' 88. + + Sidgwick, Henry. 'Principles of Political Economy'; 'Methods of + Ethics'; a compromise; 'Elements of Politics,' 143. + + 'Silas Marner,' 50. + + 'Siluria,' 152. + + 'Sinai and Palestine,' 161. + + 'Sir Perceval,' 64. + + 'Sister Helen,' 24. + + 'Sketches by Boz,' 42. + + 'Sketch of the Life of Princess Alice,' 191. + + Smith, Alexander, 31. + + Smith, Goldwin. 'The Relations between England and America'; 'The + Political Destiny of Canada,' 185. + + Smith, H. Llewellyn, 144. + + Smith, Sydney. 'The Ballot'; 'The Church Bills'; 'The Wit and + Wisdom of Sydney Smith,' 187. + + 'Social Statics,' 145. + + 'Soldiers Three,' 40. + + 'Some Aspects of Robert Burns,' 60. + + 'Song of the Shirt,' 29. + + 'Song of the Sword,' 172. + + 'Song of the Western Men,' 38. + + 'Songs of Two Worlds,' 26. + + 'Song Tide and other Poems,' 39. + + 'Sonnets from the Portuguese,' 14. + + 'Sonnets on the War,' 31. + + 'Soul, The,' 170. + + Southey, 5-7, 15. + + 'Spanish Gypsy,' 50. + + Spedding, James. 'Letters and Life of Francis Bacon,' 184. + + 'Speeches and Addresses of the late Prince Consort,' 192. + + Spencer, Herbert. The most characteristic philosopher of the + century; 'On the Proper Sphere of Government'; _Nonconformist_; + _Westminster Review_; 'Social Statics'; 'Principles of + Psychology'; 'Education'; 'First Principles,' 145; + 'Descriptive Sociology'; universality of his knowledge; his + 'Study of Sociology' and 'Education' books which all who read + must enjoy, 146. + + 'Spencer, Mr Herbert, and Mr G. H. Lewes: their Application of + the Doctrine of Evolution to Thought,' 147. + + 'Spirit's Trials, The,' 84. + + Spurgeon, Charles Haddon. Most distinguished Nonconformist minister + of the period; 'John Ploughman's Talk,' 168. + + _Standard, The_. Austin's connection with, 40. + + Stanley, Arthur Penrhyn. 'Life of Dr Arnold'; 'Memorials of + Canterbury'; 'Sinai and Palestine,' 161; + 'Lectures on the Eastern Church'; 'Lectures on the Jewish + Church'; leader of the Broad Church movement; proposed + the suppression of the Athanasian creed in church services; + his 'Life,' written by Dean Bradley, 162. + + Stanley, H. M., 186. + + Stanhope, Earl (Lord Mahon). 'History of the Reign of Queen + Anne,' and 'History of England from 1713-1783,' 95. + + 'State in its Relations with the Church, The,' 106. + + 'Statesmen of the Commonwealth,' 179. + + 'Stein, Life and Times of,' 104. + + Stephen, Leslie. A critic of remarkable learning; 'Hours in a + Library'; 'History of English Thought in the Eighteenth + Century,' 175; + first editor of the _Dictionary of National Biography_, 176. + + Stephen, Leslie, and Macaulay, 93. + + Stevenson, Robert Louis. One of the most picturesque figures + in literature; 'With a Donkey in the Cevennes,' 59; + his plays; 'Beau Austin,' probably the greatest contribution + to the drama of the era; 'Virginibus Puerisque'; 'Some + Aspects of Robert Burns'; 'A Child's Garden of Verse'; + 'Underwoods'; his place as a novelist; 'Treasure Island'; + 'The New Arabian Nights'; 'The Master of Ballantrae'; 'Prince + Otto'; 'St Ives'; 'Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde,' 60; + his admiration of 'The Egoist,' 61; + his influence on the modern historical romance, 63. + + Stewart, Balfour, 151. + + 'Stones of Venice,' 132. + + 'Story of My Heart, The,' 188. + + 'Stuart of Dunleath,' 72. + + Stubbs, William. Librarian at Lambeth Palace; edited mediæval + chronicles, 78; + Regius Professor of History at Oxford; 'Select Charters'; + 'Constitutional History'; profoundly scientific, but not + dry-as-dust, 79. + + 'Student's Elements of Geology,' 152. + + 'Studies in Art and Poetry,' 171. + + 'Studies in Homer,' 106. + + 'Studies in Literature,' 173. + + 'Studies in Sensation and Event,' 37. + + 'Study of Sociology,' 146. + + 'Study of Spinoza, 167. + + 'Strathmore,' 38. + + Strauss, 49. + + 'Strayed Reveller, The,' 20. + + Stretton, Mrs. Author of 'The Valley of a Hundred Fires,' 72. + + 'Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs,' 155. + + 'Subjection of Women,' 139. + + 'Subscription no Bondage,' 164. + + 'Supernatural Religion,' 171. + + 'Supper at the Mill,' 29. + + 'Susan Hopley,' 71. + + 'Swallow Flights,' 39. + + Swift, modern biographies of, 178. + + Swinburne, Algernon Charles. Only comparable to Landor, 16; + 'Ave atque Vale' an imperishable elegy; a great poet and a + great prose writer, 17; + connection with Rossetti, 24; + admiration for Matthew Arnold, 17, + and Emily Brontë, 48. + + 'Sybil,' 57. + + 'Sylvia's Lovers,' 71. + + Symonds, John Addington. 'Renaissance in Italy,' 103; + Cellini's 'Autobiography,' 104. + + + 'Table Talk' (Rogers's), 183. + + 'Table Talk' (Southey's), 6. + + 'Tales of Ireland,' 66. + + 'Tancred' 57. + + 'Tangled Tale, A,' 64. + + 'Task, The,' 6. + + Taylor, Sir Henry. Author of 'Philip Van Artevelde,' &c., 28. + + Temple, Frederick. 'The Education of the World'; Bishop of + London, Archbishop of Canterbury, 162. + + 'Tenant of Wildfell Hall, The,' 48. + + 'Tendencies of Religious Thought in England, The,' 163. + + Tennyson, Alfred. Purity of his style; music; no great + characterisation in 'Harold' or 'Queen Mary'; insight of + 'Maud'; 'In Memoriam' and 'The Idylls of the King' won him + wider audiences, 10; + his transcendentalism; friendship with Browning; social traits, + 11; + popularity, 12. + + 'Ten Thousand a Year,' 70. + + 'Tess of the D'Urbervilles,' 68. + + 'Testimony of the Rocks, The,' 152. + + Thackeray, William Makepeace, 44-46; + admiration for 'David Copperfield'; his literary position, 44; + _Fraser's Magazine_; 'History of Samuel Titmarsh and the Great + Hoggarty Diamond'; 'Yellow Plush Papers'; 'Memoirs of Barry + Lyndon'; 'Vanity Fair'; 'Pendennis'; 'Esmond'; 'The + Newcomes'; 'The Virginians'; contested Oxford; _Cornhill + Magazine_, 45; + his death; his five great novels the basis of his future fame, + 46; + Trollope's biography of, 58; + burlesqued G. P. R. James, 67. + + 'Thalaba,' 6. + + 'Theism,' 170. + + Theocritus (Lang's), 176. + + 'Theology in the English Poets,' 166. + + Thirlwall, Connop (Bishop). 'History of Greece'; Grote's + appreciation of; Schleiermacher's 'Essay on St Luke,' 101. + + 'Thomas à Becket,' 86. + + Thomson, James. Author of 'The City of Dreadful Night,' 32. + + 'Three Fishers, The,' 54. + + 'Through Nature to Christ,' 165. + + 'Through the Looking-Glass,' 64. + + 'Thucydides,' 160. + + 'Thyrsis,' 21. + + 'Time and Tide by Wear and Tyne,' 133, 135. + + 'Tom Brown's School Days,' 161. + + 'Tower of London, The,' 67. + + 'Town Life in the Fifteenth Century,' 98. + + Toynbee, Arnold. 'The Industrial Revolution,' 144. + + 'Tract XC.,' 108. + + 'Tracts for the Time,' 108. + + 'Trade Unionism, History of,' 145. + + 'Tragic Comedians, The,' 61. + + 'Traits and Stories of the Irish Peasantry,' 66. + + 'Treasure Island,' 60. + + Trevelyan, Sir George Otto. His 'Life of Lord Macaulay' a + delightful biography; 'Early History of Charles James Fox,' + 182. + + Trollope, Anthony. 'Barchester Towers'; 'Framley Parsonage'; + 'Dr Thorne'; 'Life of Cicero'; his biography of Thackeray + the best that has yet appeared, 58. + + Tucker, Miss C. M. (A.L.O.E.), 73. (_Vide supra._) + + Tupper, Martin Farquhar. 'Proverbial Philosophy'; 'Ballads for + the Times,' 'Raleigh,' 'Cithara,' 27. + + Turner, Sharon, 80. + + 'Two Years Ago,' 54. + + Tylor, Edward Burnett. 'Primitive Culture'; 'Anthropology,' 99. + + Tyndall, John. 'Faraday as a Discoverer,' 150; + 'Lectures on Science for Unscientific People'; Huxley's eulogy + of; 'On the Structure and Motion of Glaciers,' 151. + + 'Types of Ethical Theory,' 167. + + + 'Uncle Silas,' 66. + + 'Underwoods,' 60. + + 'Unknown Eros,' 32. + + 'Unto this Last,' 132-3, 136. + + + 'Valley of a Hundred Fires, The,' 72. + + 'Vanity Fair,' 45. + + 'Vatican Decrees, The,' 106. + + 'Venetia,' 57. + + 'Verses and Translations,' 30. + + 'Verses on Various Occasions,' 111. + + Victoria, Queen. 'Leaves from a Journal'; 'The Early Days of the + Prince Consort'; 'More Leaves from the Journal,' 192. + + 'Views and Reviews,' 172. + + 'Vignettes in Rhyme,' 30. + + 'Villette,' 47. + + 'Virginians, The,' 45. + + 'Virginibus Puerisque,' 60. + + 'Vision of Saints, A,' 26. + + 'Vita Nuova' (Martin's), 191. + + 'Vivian Grey,' 57. + + 'Voices of Freedom and Lyrics of Love,' 37. + + + 'Waldenses, The,' 33. + + Wallace, Alfred Russel, 156. + + Ward, Mrs Humphry, 74; + Translated Amiel's 'Journal,' 189. + + Warren, Samuel. 'Passages from a Diary of a Late Physician,' 'Ten + Thousand a Year,' 70. + + Watson, William. Author of 'Wordsworth's Grave,' 'Lachrymæ + Musarum,' &c., 40. + + 'Wearing of the Green, The,' 178. + + Webb, Mr and Mrs Sidney. 'The History of Trade Unionism,' 145. + + 'Wee Willie Winkie,' 40. + + _Westminster Review_, 49, 138, 145. + + 'Westward Ho,' 54. + + Weyman, Stanley, 63. + + Whately, Richard. His 'Logic' and 'Rhetoric,' pre-Victorian; + Archbishop of Dublin, 159; + 'Christian Evidences,' 160. + + 'White Ship, The,' 24. + + Wilberforce, Bishop, and Darwin, 154. + + 'Wilhelm Meister,' 113. + + Wilson, John. Editor of _Blackwood's Magazine_; 'Recreations + of Christopher North,' 187. + + 'Window in Thrums, A,' 63. + + 'Wind Voices,' 39. + + 'Wit and Wisdom of Sidney Smith, The,' 187. + + 'With a Donkey in the Cevennes,' 59. + + _Witness, The_, 152. + + 'Woman in White, The,' 69. + + 'Woman in France in the 18th Century,' 72. + + Women novelists, 49. + + 'Woodlanders, The,' 68. + + 'Wood Magic,' 188. + + Wood, Mrs Henry. 'The Channings' and 'Mrs Haliburton's Troubles' + her best novels; 'East Lynne' the most popular, 70. + + Woolner, Thomas, 23. + + Wordsworth, William. 'Lyrical Ballads'; 'Laodamia'; Keble's eulogy + on; laureate, 7; + Arnold's estimate of, 8; + Wordsworth Society; a vital force in the last decade; Arnold's + 'Selections'; 'The Excursion,' 'The Prelude,' 'Ecclesiastical + Sonnets,' 'The Borderers,' 9; + on the Brownings' marriage, 13. + + 'Wordsworth's Grave,' 40. + + Wordsworth, Knight's biography of, 178. + + Wordsworth Society, The, 8, 9. + + 'Wuthering Heights,' 47, 48. + + + Yates, Edmund. Founded _The World_; his 'Autobiography' one of + the best books of the kind ever issued, 188. + + 'Yeast,' 54. + + 'Yellow Plush Papers, The,' 45. + + Yonge, Miss Charlotte, 74. + + 'Young Duke, The,' 57. + + + 'Zanoni,' 56. + + +TURNBULL AND SPEARS, PRINTERS, EDINBURGH + + + + + London: 10 Henrietta Street + Covent Garden, W.C. + + + A Selected List + of + Books + published by + Mr James Bowden + + + Telegraphic Address: + "Reperuse, London" + + + + +_Mr JAMES BOWDEN'S Announcements._ + + +NEW NOVEL BY JOSEPH HOCKING. + +_Crown 8vo, cloth gilt, 3s. 6d._ + +The Birthright + +By Joseph Hocking, Author of "All Men are Liars," "Andrew Fairfax," &c. + +With Illustrations by Harold Piffard. + + +_OPINIONS OF THE PRESS._ + +"This volume proves beyond all doubt that Mr Hocking has mastered the +art of the historical romancist. 'The Birthright' is, in its way, quite +as well constructed, as well written, and as full of incident as any +story that has come from the pen of Mr Conan Doyle or Mr Stanley +Weyman."--_The Spectator._ + +"We read Mr Hocking's book at a sitting; not because we had any leisure +for the task, but simply because the book compelled us.... We hold our +breath as each chapter draws to an end, yet cannot stop there, for the +race is unflagging.... We congratulate Mr Hocking upon his book, for it +is a great advance upon anything he has done. We prophesy a big public +for 'The Birthright.'"--_The Daily Chronicle._ + +"'The Birthright' will be appreciated on account of its successions of +exciting scenes, its crisp dialogue, its play of varied character, and a +certain eerie air of superstition with which it is pervaded....--_The +Daily Mail._ + +"A thoroughly enjoyable romance.... Mr Hocking has woven a story which +few will lay down unfinished. The interest never flags for a moment, and +the faithfulness with which the scenery of the land of Tre, Pol and Pen +is described, and the quaint dialect and traditions of its older +inhabitants are reproduced, is beyond praise."--_Weekly Times._ + +"We feel certain that, were we still condemned to go to bed at nine, we +should sleep with the book under our pillow, and wake with the birds to +see what happened.... A capital story of its class."--_The Star._ + + + + +THE LAUREL LIBRARY--VOLUME I. + +SECOND EDITION NOW READY. + +_Crown 8vo, cloth elegant, gilt top, 2s._ + +Litanies of Life + +By Kathleen Watson + + +Mr T. P. O'CONNOR, M.P., in _The Weekly Sun_ ("A Book of the Week") + +"Fancy a woman ... so gifted, sitting down with the resolve to crush +into a few words the infinite tale of all the whole race of her sex can +suffer, and you have an idea of what this remarkable book is like.... As +wonderful an epitome of a world of sorrow as I have ever read." + + +"A work of great charm, over which one likes to linger, and dream, and +think.... The words flow with that tuneful felicity which belongs more +to poetry than to prose."--_Liverpool Post._ + +"The five short, poignant stories which make up this excellent little +book, are remarkable for distinction of style, and interesting by reason +of the writer's observation of life and character, and the originality +of her reflections.... Miss Watson can tell a story in a way to cut the +reader to the heart.... The reader of sensibility will find a chastened +pleasure in every one of them."--_The Morning._ + +"So real is this first sketch, so human, so sensitively delicate, so +successful in its curious mingling of boldness and tenderness, that the +reader necessarily imagines it to be autobiographical, believing that +only out of actual sorrow could be distilled so true a record of passion +and of regret."--_The Daily Mail._ + +"Written in most admirable prose, this collection of five beautiful, +though sad stories, will appeal to all lovers of good literature.... It +adds to its worth as a clever book the additional charm of being a good +one."--_Lloyd's Newspaper._ + + + + +THE LAUREL LIBRARY--VOLUME II. + +_Crown 8vo, cloth elegant, gilt top, 2s._ + +The Widow Woman + +A CORNISH TALE. + +By Charles Lee. + + +_OPINIONS OF THE PRESS._ + +"Such a delightfully natural love story is this that even staid old +people who have not read one for a score of years will admit that it is +quite unromantic enough to be sensible.... We close the book with a +feeling of gratitude to the author who has supplied us with such a +delightful study."--_Manchester Courier._ + +"A delightful little work.... Mr Lee knows these fisher folk by heart, +and has the ability to draw them to the life in a few bright strokes of +drollery.... The character sketching is admirable, the scenes and +situations are most vividly brought out, and the pervading humour is of +a genuine stamp."--_Sheffield Independent._ + +"An entertaining story.... A clever, humorous and thoroughly enjoyable +book."--_Scotsman._ + +"A fascinating book.... From beginning to end it is delightfully fresh +and vigorous; the vignettes of Cornish life and character are quaint and +humorous; and the snatches of unsophisticated philosophy, not without a +dash of subtlety, are as amusing as they are original.... Nothing so +deliciously witty as John Trehill's courtship has been written of late, +and another story from the author's pen will be awaited with the keenest +pleasure and interest."--_Dundee Advertiser._ + +"The story, simple and homely in its nature, is told with a humour and +abandon that makes the book most delightful reading."--_Glasgow Daily +Mail._ + +"The book is one to read, having the blessed quality of making you +chuckle: the best of qualities in literature, one is inclined to say, in +these tired days."--_Black and White._ + + + + +STORIES OF LOWER LONDON. + +_Crown 8vo, cloth gilt, 3s. 6d._ + +East End Idylls + +By A. St John Adcock. + + +"This is a remarkable book. It is a collection of short stories on East +End life, but they are told with that real realism of observation of +which Mr Morrison has set the fashion. The setting is real, the slang is +real, the manners and customs seem to have been drawn from life."--_The +Daily News._ + +"It does not need any actual experience of East End life to tell the +reader of these 'East End Idylls' that they are the work of a +master-hand.... The little idylls are all exquisitely done--exquisitely, +we say, because there is no other word which will do full justice to the +performance."--_The Sun._ + +"Very vivid sketches of the East End as it is to-day. In the intimacy +they display with life in the slums, and in the terseness and force of +their style, they boldly challenge comparison with 'Tales of Mean +Streets,' nor do they lose by the comparison. Mr Adcock's themes are +less gloomy and hopeless than Mr Morrison's. Amid all the misery he +loves to recount deeds of unselfish devotion and simple heroism; nor do +I believe that he is less true to life because his realism is less +grim."--_The Pall Mall Gazette._ + +"Distinctly a book worth reading. There is heroism here, and +knowledge--true insight, in fact--and sympathy."--_The Leeds Mercury._ + +"A series of touching and delightful sketches. Much has been written of +the East End, but rarely with more charm or sympathy than by Mr +Adcock."--_The Star._ + +"Mr Adcock possesses a graphic pen, and has sketched the loves and +hates, the joys and the sorrows of the dwellers in London's mighty East +in a series of short, vigorous stories that make up a very delightful +volume."--_Lloyd's Newspaper._ + + + + +A BOOK OF YACHTING STORIES FOR HOLIDAY READING. + +_Crown 8vo, cloth, price 3s. 6d._ + +The Paper Boat + +By "Palinurus." + + +_OPINIONS OF THE PRESS._ + +"Lively tales of yachting adventure.... 'The Paper Boat' will be a +pleasant companion on any cruise, and we wish her a prosperous voyage on +her own account as well."--_Glasgow Herald._ + +"Bright and amusing.... There is some charming description in the book, +which is in every respect eminently readable, making no heavy demands on +the reader, and keeping him in good humour."--_The Sportsman._ + +"Brightly written stories of the sea.... The stories have a brightness +and freshness which cannot fail to give pleasure."--_Manchester +Courier._ + +"We unreservedly recommend this book to any one on holiday as a sure +tonic against business worries and city soot. It has the same effect as +a whip of salt spray on the face of a jaded worker."--_N. B. Daily +Mail._ + +"The author writes with strength and picturesqueness on a subject of +which he is evidently a master, and one cannot read his stories without +a thrill of the excitement that is one of the greatest charms of +yachting."--_Dundee Advertiser._ + +"A charming volume in all respects.... A more delightful story, or +better told, than 'The Voyage of the Florette' there could not be. We +envy those who have not read it. The book is full of life and +go."--_Sheffield Telegraph._ + +"As bright and breezy as can be wished.... One of the best volumes of +light short stories offered to the public for a long time +past."--_Lloyd's Newspaper._ + + + + +NEW WORK BY THE REV. FREDERICK LANGBRIDGE. + +_Crown 8vo, cloth gilt, 3s. 6d._ + +The Dreams of Dania + +By Frederick Langbridge, Author of "Sent back by the Angels," &c. + +With Four Full-Page Illustrations by J. B. Yeats. + +"Mr Langbridge's novel is one which will be read with unmixed pleasure. +It is sprightly and often amusing, reproducing the talk of Irish +peasants and Irish editors. It is also pathetic as it gives us with much +sympathy and good taste a picture of an Irish rector in sickness and +sorrow.... Narrated by Mr Langbridge in a manner that holds the interest +of the reader from beginning to end. Bridget is one of the raciest +characters in recent fiction, and a novel at once so healthy and so +pleasant should be heartily welcomed."--_British Weekly._ + + +_Crown 8vo, Art Linen, 3s. 6d._ + +Orgeas and Miradou + +With other Pieces + +By Frederick Wedmore + +Author of "Renunciations," "English Episodes," &c. + +"The beautiful story of 'Orgeas and Miradou,' is specially typical of Mr +Wedmore's power of expressing and translating the poignancy of human +emotion.... It is charged with depths of feeling, and vivid in its +extreme reticence and discrimination of touch. In it there is nothing +short of divination."--_The Athenæum._ + + + + +SECOND EDITION NOW READY. + +_Fcap. 4to, art canvas, gilt, 3s. 6d._ + +The House of Dreams + +_An Allegory_ + +By an Anonymous Author. + + +"'The House of Dreams' belongs to the same class as Mrs Oliphant's 'A +Pilgrim in the Unseen,' and may rival the great popularity of that +striking fancy.... A book of signal literary beauty, of profound +tenderness, and deeply reverent throughout; the work of a man who finds +in earth and heaven alike the sign and token of the Cross."--_The +British Weekly._ + +"A very beautiful allegory.... The author's deep reverence and exalted +phantasy never ring false, and his work cannot fail to inspire the +reader with reverence for ideals undreamed of in worldly +philosophy."--_The Pall Mall Gazette._ + +"An allegory worthy to rank among the greatest achievements of that form +of literature.... The great gospel of love and hope shines out from these +splendid pages.... 'The House of Dreams' is a book which religious teachers +will find it abundantly worth their while to study."--_Christian World._ + +"It is in truth a prose poem, one of the most beautiful and delightful +we have ever read.... Nothing could be better than that the leaders of +all Churches should breathe the pure and tender atmosphere of 'The House +of Dreams,' and carry it with them into the world of daily +reality."--_Methodist Times._ + +"A vision of extraordinary force and significance.... It seems to us +that no thoughtful reader will be likely to rise from a perusal of this +book without feeling himself heartened, so inspiring are certain of its +passages.... It is full of high suggestion, of pathos, and of +poetry."--_The Literary World._ + + + + +THE FIFTIETH THOUSAND NOW READY. + +_Long 8vo, sewed, 1s.; cloth extra, gilt, gilt top, 2s._ + +The Child, the Wise Man, and the Devil + +By Coulson Kernahan + +Author of "God and the Ant." + + +_SOME OPINIONS OF THE PRESS._ + +_The Bookman_ says-- + +"It is the author's special gift to stimulate the minds of Christian +teachers.... In this little work he has given us work which deserves to +live.... No one can read these pages without emotion." + +_The Daily Mail_ says-- + +"The writer's views are expressed with bold and manly sincerity, and in +a spirit of true reverence. His little book must make a very deep and +abiding impression upon the hearts and minds of all who read it to the +end." + +_The Echo_ says-- + +"There will be few readers of this work who will not allow with +enthusiasm the moral earnestness, the poetic imagination, and the +literary charm of Mr Kernahan's stern muse." + +_The British Weekly_ says-- + +"By far the best piece of work that Mr Kernahan has done.... The spirit +of the age, with its yearnings, its sorrows, its vague aspiration, finds +expression in these pages." + +_The Queen_ says-- + +"A work of genius. No one who has read it will ever be likely to forget +it." + +_The Saturday Review_ says-- + +"There is a touch of genius, perhaps even more than a touch, about this +brilliant and original booklet." + +_The Illustrated London News_ says-- + +"All must recognise the boundless charity, the literary power, and the +intense sincerity of one of the most interesting works of the year." + + + + +"We put first of the books for girls 'When Hearts are Young' by Deas +Cromarty."--_The Christian World_ on "The Season's Gift Books." + +_Crown 8vo, cloth extra, gilt, 2s. 6d._ + +When Hearts are Young + +By Deas Cromarty + +With Eight Illustrations by Will Morgan. + + +_OPINIONS OF THE PRESS._ + +_The Manchester Guardian_ says-- + +"It is delightful to read. One has come across few recent books that +leave a pleasanter impression on the reader's memory."_ + +_The Star_ says-- + +"There is true insight into the peasant character of the lower fringe of +the Highlands.... The girl Maggie is true to the life.... _One is +grateful for the wholesomeness of this gentle story._" + +_Lloyd's News_ says-- + +_"This is one of the pleasantest volumes we have picked up for a long +time.... It is a tender, beautiful love story, very fresh and wholesome, +with a wealth of fine descriptive writing."_ + +_The Methodist Times_ says-- + +"Deas Cromarty ... comes in a good second to these great writers (Barrie +and Maclaren). _There is the freshness of the mountain breezes about the +book which gives zest to the reading of it._" + +_The Manchester Courier_ says-- + +_"Those who pick up the book will find difficulty in laying it down +before the last page is reached."_ + +_The Methodist Recorder_ says-- + +"One of the most charming stories of the season.... _This is as truly an +'Idyll' as anything Tennyson ever wrote._" + + + + +NEW BOOK BY CUTCLIFFE HYNE. + +_Crown 8vo, cloth, gilt, 6s._ + +The 'Paradise' Coal Boat + +By Cutcliffe Hyne, Author of "The Recipe for Diamonds," &c. + +"In Mr Cutcliffe Hyne our great Anglo-Indian romancer (Rudyard Kipling) +seems to have found a worthy comrade.... Grim and powerful tales.... +Alike from a literary and political point of view Mr Cutcliffe Hyne has, +in his latest volume, deserved well of the commonwealth."--_The Star._ + +"Mr Hyne knows the sea, and the seamy side of sea life. He also knows +the West Coast of Africa, and whether we are voyaging with him in a +tramp steamer between London and Shields, or off the Lagos Coast, we +feel that we are somehow in the proper atmosphere. Constructively his +stories are always excellent."--_The Scotsman._ + + +A NEW VOLUME OF SERMONS. + +_Just Published, crown 8vo, buckram, 3s. 6d._ + +The Sorrow of God + +And Other Sermons + +By Rev. John Oates. + +"For the contents of 'The Sorrow of God' we have nothing but praise, and +we could wish for nothing more than that the book might be widely +circulated. Spiritual insight, large culture, with its consequent +breadth of sympathy and eloquent expression, are the distinguishing +features of what is, without exaggeration, a collection of notable +sermons.... Those of our readers who value a fresh utterance on the +great problems of religion will lose no time in getting acquainted with +a book we have been able to notice all too briefly."--_The Sunday School +Chronicle._ + +"There are many noble utterances in these sermons.... It is because the +author helps us to feel purer and better that we so heartily commend his +book."--_The New Age._ + + + + +FOURTH EDITION. _Long 8vo, cloth, 1s._ + +Manners for Men + +By Madge of "Truth" + +(Mrs Humphry.) + +"Always in most excellent taste as well as astonishingly complete. +Certainly the world would be a very much pleasanter place to live in if +all men did read and practise her admirable precepts."--_Saturday +Review._ + +"It is a charmingly-written code of true manners."--_Leeds Mercury._ + +"Very welcome will be this little book, written sensibly and +brightly."--_Daily Telegraph._ + +"Mrs Humphry's book will be worth more than its weight in gold.... +Excellent, robust common sense, tempered by genuine goodness of heart, +is a characteristic of everything she writes."--_The Queen._ + +"A very dainty and instructive epitome of all that we ought to be.... To +a shy young man this tactful volume should be invaluable."--_To-Day._ + + +NEW BOOK BY MRS HUMPHRY. + +_Long 8vo, cloth, round corners, 1s._ + +Manners for Women + +By the Author of, and a Companion to, the above. + +This new work is intended to mirror the social and home life of a girl +and woman of the present day. The subjects treated will include: The +Girl in Society--Cards and Calls--Engagement--Marriage--Weddings-- +Entertaining--Restaurants--Clubs--Correspondence--Dress--Mothers +and Daughters--Mourning--Home Life, &c. + + + + +_Crown 8vo, cloth, 2s. 6d._ + +The White Slaves of England + +Being true Pictures of Certain Social Conditions of England in the year +1897. + +By Robert H. Sherard. + +With about 40 Illustrations by Harold Piffard. + + +Dr ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE says:--"You have done a service to the cause of +humanity in publishing it, and the author in writing it. That such +things as Mr Sherard describes should exist at the very end of the +century, when all our public writers are boasting of our wealth, our +progress, and our civilisation, is a sufficient proof that our so-called +civilisation is rotten to the core, worse in many respects than it has +ever been before." + +Mr HALL CAINE says:--"The appalling revelations of Robert Sherard in his +recent book are enough to make a man's heart bleed for the awful +sufferings of women in the bitter struggle for bread. On the fate of our +women, especially our working women, the future of our country, I truly +believe, depends; and it is amazing that Parliament and the Press, and, +above all, the Church, have hitherto given so little attention to so +great a problem." + +Dr MAX NORDAU says:--"I have now read your book 'The White Slaves of +England.' I am not easily unnerved, but at times it was almost too much +for me.... May it be your lot to become the Plimsoll of the alkali and +lead-workers. This would be an achievement grand enough to satisfy the +ambition of the greatest." + +"An indictment which should rouse a cry of passionate indignation +throughout the land. A careful and noble exposure of industrial +iniquity."--_The Echo._ + + + + +NEW NOVEL BY SHAN F. BULLOCK. + +_Crown 8vo, cloth gilt, 3s. 6d._ + +The Charmer + +A SEASIDE COMEDY + +By Shan F. Bullock, + +Author of "The Awkward Squads," "By Thrasna River," &c. + +With Illustrations by Bertha Newcombe. + +"Mr Anthony Hope at his best has given us nothing more delicious in +humour. The pages of the book ripple--as we turn them--with fun as +sparkling and spontaneous as the ripple of the salt water upon the sandy +beach whither Mr Bullock leads us. Surely no more delightful picture of +Irish life and of Irish people--the people whom we love while we laugh +at, and laugh at while we love--has been drawn than is to be found in +'The Charmer.'"--From an illustrated article on Mr Bullock and his work +in _The Young Man_. + + +_Crown 8vo, cloth gilt, 6s._ + +Methodist Idylls + +By Harry Lindsay. + +"Worthy of any writer who has yet set himself to depict Methodist +life.... A very helpful and right religious book."--_Methodist Times._ + +"A book which in its lovely prose chapters gives an insight into the +true romance, the April sunshine, of Methodist life.... We hope that the +volume may find its way into every Methodist home."--_Methodist +Recorder._ + +"A most admirable attempt to throw into permanent form some portraits of +the old and vanishing Methodists.... As a study in Methodism, Mr +Lindsay's work can be cordially and heartily commended."--_The Sun._ + +"Extremely interesting stories ... admirably told."--_The Scotsman._ + + + + +NEW BOOK BY REV. F. B. MEYER. + +Work-a-day Sermons + +By Rev. F. B. Meyer, B.A. + +Few names in the Christian ministry are held in such honour as is +accorded by earnest Christian men and women of every sect to that of the +Rev. F. B. Meyer, who has an enormous audience outside his own church. +Hence the announcement of a new volume of Sermons by him will be +peculiarly welcome, and all the more so for the fact that this is a book +which is intended, not for the few, but for the work-a-day many, for +whose encouragement and consolation Mr Meyer has here given the very +fine gold of his thoughts upon spiritual things and upon the intimate +association which exists--or should exist--between the things of the +work-a-day life and the higher life. + + +NEW BOOKLET BY RICHARD LE GALLIENNE + +_Long 8vo, price One Shilling._ + +If I Were God + +By Richard Le Gallienne. + +The announcement of a new book--and especially of a new book of a +peculiarly Le Galliennesque and characteristic description by the author +of "The Book-Bills of Narcissus," "The Religion of a Literary Man," and +"Prose Fancies," will be received with very eager and unusual interest. +Whatever may be the opinions entertained by individual readers about Mr +Le Gallienne's own views, there is no denying that no book by him has +yet appeared which has not aroused exceptional interest and exceptional +discussion. His last venture is likely to be even more universally +talked about. It is a greatly-daring but extremely beautiful and +reverent attempt to deal with the terrible problem of the presence of +moral and physical evil, but quite apart from its value as a +contribution to the philosophy of life, it is a singularly striking and +beautiful piece of literary work, full of the exquisite imaginings and +lovely fancies of the accomplished poet and man of letters. + + + + +BY THE LATE WM. BRIGHTY RANDS. + +_Fcap. 8vo, buckram, 340 pp., 3s. 6d._ + +I. Lazy Lessons and Essays on Conduct. + +_Fcap. 8vo, buckram, 192 pp., 2s. 6d._ + +II. Lilliput Lectures. + +With Introductions by R. Brimley Johnson. + +These two instructive books for Children by the late William Brighty +Rands, "the laureate of the nursery," as he has been called, may be +classed as entirely new works, although some portions appeared in +magazine form under the author's numerous pen-names. The two books have +been edited by Mr R. Brimley Johnson, who supplies a biographical and +critical introduction. + + +NEW NOVEL BY E. PHIPPS TRAIN. + +_Crown 8vo, cloth gilt, 3s. 6d._ + +A Deserter from Philistia + +By E. Phipps Train + +Author of "A Social Highwayman," etc. + +This is a book which, with ordinary luck, should bid fair to rival the +popularity of "Called Back" or "Mr Barnes of New York." From first to +last it is enthrallingly interesting, and dealing, as it does, with the +life "behind the scenes" of a great dancer who is the "darling" of her +public, it gives its readers a peep into a world of which little is +known by outsiders. Rarely have the trials and temptations, the thousand +and one cares and anxieties of those whose business it is always to wear +a smiling face, in order that they may entertain their public, been +drawn with such skill and vividness. + + +_London: 10 Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, W.C._ + + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Victorian Literature, by Clement K. 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Shorter + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Victorian Literature + Sixty Years of Books and Bookmen + +Author: Clement K. Shorter + +Release Date: May 29, 2012 [EBook #39851] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK VICTORIAN LITERATURE *** + + + + +Distributed Proofreaders + + + + + +</pre> + + +<div class="tnbox"> +<p class="center"><b>Transcriber's Note:</b></p> +<p>Obvious typographical errors have been corrected. +Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation in the original +document have been preserved.</p> +</div> + +<h1>VICTORIAN LITERATURE<br /><br /> +SIXTY YEARS OF BOOKS<br /> +AND BOOKMEN</h1> + +<div class="poem p6"> +<p class="i4"><i>Births have brought us richness and variety,</i></p> +<p class="i4"><i>And other births will bring us richness and variety;</i></p> +<p class="i4"><i>I do not call one greater and one smaller;</i></p> +<p class="i4"><i>That which fills its period and place is equal to any</i>.</p> +<p class="i10"><i>Walt Whitman</i></p> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter p6"> +<img src="images/cover.jpg" width="550" height="376" alt="frontispiece" /> +</div> + +<p class="p6 b15 center">VICTORIAN<br /> +LITERATURE<br /> +SIXTY YEARS<br /> +OF BOOKS AND<br /> +BOOKMEN</p> + +<p class="p2 center b15">BY<br /> +CLEMENT SHORTER</p> + +<p class="p4 center b13">LONDON: JAMES BOWDEN<br /> +10 HENRIETTA STREET<br /> +COVENT GARDEN W.C. 1897</p> + +<h2 class="p6">INTRODUCTORY</h2> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">1</a></span></p> + +<p>Asked by a kindly publisher to add one more +to the Jubilee volumes which commemorate the +sixtieth year of the Queen's reign, I am pleased +at the opportunity thus afforded me of gathering +up a few impressions of pleasant reading +hours. "Every age," says Emerson, "must write +its own books; or rather, each generation for the +next succeeding. The books of an older period +will not fit this." It is true, of course, and as a +result the popular favourite of to-day is well-nigh +forgotten to-morrow. In reading the critical +journals of thirty years ago it is made quite +clear that they contain few judgments which would +be sustained by a consensus of critical opinion +to-day. Whether time will deal as hardly with the +critical judgments of to-day we may not live to see. +I have no ambition to put this book to a personal +test. So far as it has any worth at all it is +meant to be bibliographical and not critical. It +aspires to furnish the young student, in handy form, +with as large a number of facts about books as can +be concentrated in so small a volume. That this +has been done under the guise of a consecutive +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">2</a></span> +narrative, and not in the form of a dictionary, is +merely for the convenience of the writer.</p> + +<p>I have endeavoured to say as little as possible +about living poets and novelists. With the historians +and critics the matter is of less importance. +To say that Mr Samuel Rawson Gardiner has +written a useful history, or that Professor David +Masson's "Life of Milton" is a valuable contribution +to biographical literature, will excite no +antagonism. But to attempt to assign Mr W. B. +Yeats a place among the poets, or "Mark Rutherford" +a position among the prose writers of the +day, is to trespass upon ground which it is wiser +to leave to the critics who write in the literary +journals from week to week. It was not possible +to ignore all living writers. I have ignored as +many as I dared.</p> + +<p>It was my intention at first to devote a chapter +to Sixty Years of American Literature. But for +that task an Englishman who has paid but one +short visit to the United States has no qualification. +He can write of American literature only as +seen through English eyes. That is to see much +of it, it is true. Few Americans realise the enormous +influence which the literature of their own +land has had upon this country. Probably the most +read poet in England during the sixty years has +been Longfellow. Probably the most read novel +has been "Uncle Tom's Cabin." Among people +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">3</a></span> +who claim to be distinctly literary Hawthorne has +been all but the favourite novelist, Washington +Irving not the least popular of essayists, and +Emerson the most invigorating moral influence. +In my youth "The Wide, Wide World" and +"Queechy" were in everybody's hands; as the +stories of Bret Harte, William Dean Howells, +Thomas Bailey Aldrich, Frank Stockton, Henry +James, and Mary Wilkins are to-day. Apart from +Dickens, nearly all our laughter has come from +Mark Twain and Artemus Ward.</p> + +<p>In history, we in England have read Prescott +and Motley; in poetry we have read Walt Whitman, +William Cullen Bryant, John Greenleaf +Whittier, and, above all, James Russell Lowell, +who endeared himself to us alike as a poet, a +critic, and in his own person when he represented +the United States at the Court of St James's. +Lastly I recall the delight with which as a boy I +read the "Autocrat of the Breakfast Table," and +the joy with which as a man I visited the author, +Dr Oliver Wendell Holmes, in his pleasant study +in Beacon Street, Boston. These and many other +writers have made America and the Americans +very dear to Englishmen, and this in spite of +much wild and foolish talk in the journals of the +two countries.</p> + +<p>I have to thank Mr William Mackenzie, the +well-known publisher of Glasgow, for kindly letting +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">4</a></span> +me draw upon some articles which I wrote for his +"National Cyclopædia" ten years ago, and upon +the literary section, which he and his editor, Mr +John Brabner, permitted me to contribute at that +time to a book entitled "The Victorian Empire." +I have also to thank my friends, Dr Robertson +Nicoll and Mr L. F. Austin, for kindly reading +my proof-sheets, Mr Edward Clodd for valuable +suggestions, and Mr Sydney Webb, a friend of +old student days, for reading the chapter which +treats briefly of sociology and economics.</p> + +<p>A compilation of this kind can scarcely hope to +escape the defects of most such enterprises—errors +both of date and of fact. I shall be glad to receive +corrections for the next edition.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap left45">Clement K. Shorter.</span></p> + +<p><i>September 27, 1897.</i></p> + +<h2 class="p6">CHAPTER I</h2> + +<p class="center b15">The Poets</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">5</a></span></p> + +<p class="p2">When Queen Victoria came to the throne in +1837, most of the great poets who had been +inspired by the French Revolutionary epoch were +dead. Keats had died in Rome in 1821, Shelley +was drowned in the Gulf of Spezzia in 1822, Byron +died at Missolonghi in 1824, Scott at Abbotsford +in 1832, and Coleridge at Highgate in 1834. +Southey was Poet Laureate, although Wordsworth +held a paramount place, recognised on all hands +as the greatest poet of the day.</p> + +<p class="p2">The gulf which separates the <b>Southey </b><span class="sidenote"><b>1774-1843</b></span> of the +laureateship from the Southey who presents himself +to our judgment to-day is almost impossible +to bridge over. Southey, as the average bookman +thinks of him now, is the author of a "Life of +Nelson" and of one or two lyrics and ballads.<a name="FNanchor_1" id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> +The "Life of Nelson" is constantly republished for +an age keenly bent on Nelson worship, but for the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">6</a></span> +exacting it has been superseded by at least two +biographies from living authors.<a name="FNanchor_2" id="FNanchor_2" href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> That Southey +should live mainly by a book which was merely +a publisher's commission, and not by the works +which he and his contemporaries deemed immortal, +is one of the ironies of literature. +Southey's "Cowper" is a much better biography +than his "Nelson," but in Cowper the world has +almost ceased to be interested. It does not +now read "Table Talk" and "The Task" any +more than it reads "Thalaba" and "Madoc," +although every cultivated household of sixty +years ago could talk freely of these poems. +There will probably be a revival of interest in +Cowper. It is safe to assume that there will +never be a revival of interest in Southey, and that +his very lengthy poems are doomed to oblivion.</p> + +<p class="p2">And yet it is interesting to note where +Southey's contemporaries placed him. Shelley +thought "Thalaba" magnificent, and its influence +was marked in "Queen Mab." Coleridge spoke +of its "pastoral charm." Landor found "Madoc" +superb. Scott said that he had read it three or +four times with ever-increasing admiration. It +kept Charles James Fox out of bed till the small +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">7</a></span> +hours! But inexorable time has declared that +these poems have no permanent place in literature. +Time, however, has left us a kindly memory of +Southey the man. Sara Coleridge's assertion that +he was "on the whole the best man she had ever +known," tallies with the judgment of many others +of his contemporaries—who did not come into +collision with his relentless prejudices.</p> + +<p class="p2">Relentless prejudice was equally a characteristic +of Southey's greater successor as Poet Laureate. +<b>William Wordsworth </b><span class="sidenote"><b>1770-1850</b></span> had written all the poems +by which he will live when the Queen came to +the throne, but further recognition awaited the +author of "Lyrical Ballads" and "Laodamia" in +the thirteen years of his life that were yet to +come. It was in 1839 that Keble, as Professor of +Poetry at Oxford, welcomed Wordsworth when he +received the honorary degree of D.C.L. with the +eulogy that he had "shed a celestial light upon +the affections, the occupations and the piety of +the poor." In 1842 he obtained an annuity from +the Civil List, and in the following year he succeeded +Southey as laureate. The mere fact, +however, that Wordsworth wrote nothing of importance +in the present reign does not permit of +his dismissal as a pre-Victorian author. His real +influence, splendid and serene, was made upon +the age which is passing away. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">8</a></span></p> + +<div class="poem"> +<p>He found us when the age had bound</p> +<p>Our souls in its benumbing round;</p> +<p>He spoke, and loosed our heart in tears.</p> +</div> + +<p>During the period in which Wordsworth's poems +were coming from the press he was scoffed at +alike by Byron and by the authors of "Rejected +Addresses," and they appealed to a sympathetic +audience. Coleridge had, indeed, praised him +generously enough, but the author of "The Ode +to Duty" knew nothing of the enthusiastic partisanship +which was to be his lot in the later years +of his life, and for more than a quarter of a century +after his death. I have before me two books +which will serve to indicate the high-water-mark of +Wordsworth's popularity. One is a volume of +selections from his poems, which was edited by +Mr Matthew Arnold,<a name="FNanchor_3" id="FNanchor_3" href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> the other, a volume of +Transactions of the Wordsworth Society, which +was privately issued to the members. In his little +volume of "Selections" Mr Arnold, then recognised +on all hands as our most important living critic, +insisted upon Wordsworth's pre-eminence in poetry, +placing him indeed on a level with Shakspere and +Milton, and assigning to Byron and Shelley a +secondary rank.</p> + +<p>Mr Arnold, as events proved, only echoed a +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">9</a></span> +pervading sentiment. The Wordsworth Society was +founded, with the Archbishop of Canterbury, the +Dean of St Paul's, the Lord Chief Justice of England, +the then American Minister—Mr Lowell—and +a number of distinguished literary men, among +its members. The Transactions of that Society +give evidence that among the thoughtful men and +women of the last decade Wordsworth was by far +the strongest influence, that he was not merely a +literary tradition, but that he was a vital force in the +minds and hearts of nearly all the most interesting +people of the period. Students of to-day, +however, will be well content to read Wordsworth +only in Matthew Arnold's "Selections." Here they +will find him as a sonneteer proclaiming liberty with +scarcely less zeal and power than Milton. They +will find him as the sympathetic friend of the poor +and of the oppressed. To be dead to the charm +of Matthew Arnold's "Selections from Wordsworth" +is to care nothing for poetry. To appreciate with +any measure of enthusiasm the twelve volumes of +Wordsworth's collected writings is equally to have +one's sense of true poetry deadened and destroyed. +We have no time now for "The Excursion" and +"The Prelude." We have less for Wordsworth's +"Ecclesiastical Sonnets" and "The Borderers." +For his copious prose moralizings one has no +toleration whatever. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">10</a></span></p> + +<p class="p2">It is not easy to judge whether <b>Alfred Tennyson </b><span class="sidenote"><b>1809-1892</b></span> +will ever cease to retain the very wide hold upon +the public which was his for at least thirty years +prior to his death, and which is his to-day. The +poems of Tennyson might be read by succeeding +generations of Englishmen if only for their +exquisite purity of style. Music he has also +in abundance. In "Harold," "Queen Mary," +and his other plays there is no great gift of characterisation, +and these assuredly will go the way of +Southey's more ambitious poems. But in "Maud" +Tennyson caught the social aspiration of his time +with singular insight. The world, he pleaded—and +England in particular—was given over to money-getting. +The capitalist was more tyrannical than +the old, expiring slave-owner. Even peace was a +mere word. There was a worse tyranny than that +which left men for dead on the battle-field. There +was the tyranny which ground them to dust for a +bare pittance in mill and factory. Tennyson never +wrote with greater force or with more perfect +dramatic and lyric art, and his poem is as striking +and effective to-day as at the time of its publication +in 1855.</p> + +<p class="p2">Lord Tennyson—for the Poet Laureate accepted +a peerage in 1890—won the hearts of a wider audience +by "In Memoriam," and of a still larger one +by "The Idylls of the King." "In Memoriam," a +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">11</a></span> +lengthy elegy on his college friend, Arthur Hallam, +touched the great religious public of England. +The poem reflected a certain transcendentalism of +view which was fast becoming fashionable.</p> + +<div class="poem"> +<p class="o1">"There lives more faith in honest doubt,</p> +<p>Believe me, than in half the creeds"</p> +</div> + +<p>was, in fact, more and more the prevailing tone +among all phases of Protestantism where a few years +earlier the exact opposite had been insisted upon.</p> + +<p class="p2">One of the most agreeable pictures which our +literary period affords is offered by the friendship +between Lord Tennyson and Robert Browning. +The two men were not seldom compared; +each had his partisans, and each his enthusiastic +disciples. Neither from a social nor +from a literary point of view would they seem +to have had much in common. Browning was +a regular diner-out, he appeared systematically at +every picture-gallery, and at every public entertainment, +and in all these things he was keenly interested: +he loved society. Lord Tennyson, on +the other hand, lived a retired life in one or other +of his country houses. He was morbidly sensitive +to the attentions of the crowd, and amusing stories +are told of his desire to avoid the "vulgar" gaze. +Considered as literary men, the contrast between +these poets was greater. Tennyson's language was +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">12</a></span> +dainty, simple, full of grace; his characters monotonous, +lacking in vigour. Browning wrote with +rugged force, and sometimes with an obscurity +which left the reader bewildered. But his gift of +characterisation was superb, and his men and +women for individuality are comparable only to +those of Shakspere. The hearts of all of us go out +to Tennyson when we think of the music of his +verses, of his gifts of natural description, his fine +and captivating imagination; but our hearts and +our intellects go out to Browning, as to one who has +enshrined our best thoughts, who has touched all our +deepest emotions. It is true that half of Browning's +sixteen volumes are flatly incomprehensible to the +majority of us; but the other half are equal in bulk +to the whole of Lord Tennyson's writings, and +quite free from any suspicion of obscurity. The +"Ring and the Book" is not obscure. It is +an exciting story, dramatically told. So also are +the poems called "Men and Women," and the +"Dramatic Idyls." "Luria," "In a Balcony," "A +Blot in the 'Scutcheon," are as readable as railway +novels. And yet Browning had, and has, none of +the popularity of Tennyson. The one writer sold +by thousands, and his financial reward was probably +unprecedented in poetry; the other had but a small +audience, an audience which never approached to +one-third of his rival's. Notwithstanding all this, +it is pleasing to note that the two poets loyally +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">13</a></span> +esteemed one another, as the dedication of some +of their books conspicuously proves.</p> + +<p class="p2">To write thus early of <b>Robert Browning </b><span class="sidenote"><b>1812-1889</b></span> is to +anticipate in the literary record. "Pauline," the +poet's first poem, was published, it is true, in 1833; +and that and successive poems were accepted by +good critics as the work of a true poet. Nevertheless, +Browning had to fight his way as no poet of +equal merit has ever had to do, and it was very +late indeed in the Victorian epoch that he became +more than the poet of a limited circle. One there +was, certainly, who appreciated his work from the +first with no common fervour, for the world has +long been familiar with the statement that a reference +by Elizabeth Barrett in "Lady Geraldine's +Courtship" first brought the two poets together in +1845—</p> + +<div class="poem"> +<p class="o1">"From Browning some 'Pomegranate'</p> +<p>Which, if cut deep down the middle,</p> +<p>Shows a heart within blood-tinctured,</p> +<p>Of a veined humanity."</p> +</div> + +<p>They were married a year later. As exemplifying +the condescension of their earlier contemporaries +it is interesting to note Wordsworth's observation +on the event—and Wordsworth had no humour—"So, +Robert Browning and Elizabeth Barrett have +gone off together! Well, I hope they may understand +each other—nobody else could!" Lord +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">14</a></span> +Granville, who was staying in Florence when a son +was born to the poets there in 1849, was still +more amusing although equally uncritical. "Now +there are not two incomprehensibles but three +incomprehensibles," he said.</p> + +<p class="p2">It cannot be charged against <b>Elizabeth Barrett +Browning </b><span class="sidenote"><b>1806-1861</b></span> that she was in the least incomprehensible. +Her "Cry of the Children," "Cowper's +Grave," and "Aurora Leigh," have the note of +extreme simplicity. Nor is obscurity a characteristic +of "Sonnets from the Portuguese," which +were not translations, but so named to disguise a +wife's devotion to her husband. "Aurora Leigh" +she styled a "novel in verse," and it was in +fact a very readable romance, marked by that +zest for social reform which characterised the +period.<a name="FNanchor_4" id="FNanchor_4" href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> "The most mature of my works, and +the one into which my highest convictions upon +Life and Art have entered," she wrote of it.</p> + +<p>After the marriage the pair lived principally at +Florence. In their Florentine home—Casa Guidi—"Aurora +Leigh," and "Casa Guidi Windows" +were written, and here Mrs Browning died in +June 1861. One may still see the house upon +which the Florentine municipality has inscribed +a tablet in gratitude for the "golden ring" of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">15</a></span> +poetry with which the enthusiastic woman poet +had attempted to unite England and Italy.</p> + +<p class="p2">Another great Florentine by adoption, <b>Walter +Savage Landor </b><span class="sidenote"><b>1775-1864</b></span>, came to live near the Brownings. +His rugged nature must have been not a little +soothed by the gentle little woman with "a soul +of fire enclosed in a shell of pearl." Landor was +educated at Rugby, at Ashbourne, and at Trinity +College, Oxford. From Rugby he was removed to +avoid expulsion, and at Oxford he was rusticated. +All this was the outcome of an excitable temperament, +which led in later life to domestic complications, +and to exile from his family in Florence. +It found no reflection in his many beautiful works. +As a poet, however, Landor holds no considerable +rank, although here placed among them. "Gebir" +was published in 1798 and "Count Julian" in +1812. Both these lengthy poems have received +the rapturous praise of authoritative critics, De +Quincey even declaring that Count Julian was a +creation worthy to rank beside the Prometheus +of Æschylus and Milton's Satan. Southey insisted +indeed that Landor had written verses "of which +he would rather have been the author than of +any produced in our time." But Landor's poems, +although obtainable in his collected works, and +published in selections, command no audience +to-day. With his prose the case is otherwise. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">16</a></span> +There is little in the six volumes of "Imaginary +Conversations," or in the two volumes of "Longer +Prose Works," that does not merit attention +alike for style and matter. "Give me," he +says in one of his prefaces, "ten accomplished +men for readers and I am content." Landor +has all accomplished men for readers now. +And all are at one with the critic who said +that, "excepting Shakspere, no other writer has +furnished us with so many delicate aphorisms of +human nature." Mr Swinburne's expression of +veneration is well known.</p> + +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="o1">"I came as one whose thoughts half linger,</p> +<p class="i1">Half run before;</p> +<p>The youngest to the oldest singer</p> +<p class="i1">That England bore.</p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>I found him whom I shall not find</p> +<p class="i1">Till all grief end;</p> +<p>In holiest age our mightiest mind,</p> +<p class="i1">Father and friend."</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p>The connecting link between Landor and his +young admirer is sufficiently apparent. In genuine +accomplishment, the imaginative literature of our +era has produced no one comparable to Landor, +save only <b>Algernon Charles Swinburne</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1837- </b></span>. Mr Swinburne +has written well in several languages other +than his own. In his own he has written tragedies +of wider purpose than those of Tennyson, of equal +insight with those of Browning. He has written +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">17</a></span> +noble sonnets, lyrics of exquisite melody, and +one poem, "Ave atque Vale," which takes rank +among the imperishable elegies of our literature. +He has abundant spontaneity and a marvellous +gift of rhythm. Added to all this, he is a critic of +almost unequalled learning and distinction. He +was the first to give adequate recognition to the +poetic genius of Matthew Arnold and Emily Brontë. +He knows Elizabethan literature with remarkable +thoroughness, and he knows the literature of many +ages and many lands better than most of the professors. +His appreciation of Charles Lamb endears +him to English readers, and his eulogies of Victor +Hugo command the respect of Frenchmen. A +great poet and a great prose writer, Mr Swinburne +is perhaps the most distinguished literary figure +of our day. Only when in the distant years his +country has lost him, will a great folly be generally +recognised. Why, it will be asked, did we +not spontaneously call for him—arch democrat +and arch rebel though he may have been—as the +only possible successor to Lord Tennyson as Poet +Laureate?</p> + +<p class="p2">It has been said that Mr Swinburne was the first +to recognise the great poetical gifts of <b>Matthew +Arnold </b><span class="sidenote"><b>1822-1888</b></span>. Writing in the Fortnightly Review in +1867,<a name="FNanchor_5" id="FNanchor_5" href="#Footnote_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> he remarked that the fame of Mr Matthew +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">18</a></span> +Arnold had for some years been almost exclusively +the fame of a prose writer. "Those students," he +continued, "could hardly find hearing, who with +all esteem and enjoyment of his essays ... retained +the opinion that, if justly judged, he must +be judged by his verse and not by his prose." +The view that Arnold excelled as a prose writer +continued to hold sway for many years after +Mr Swinburne wrote, and it was current up to +the date of Arnold's death. "Literature and +Dogma" and "God and the Bible," the former +of which first appeared in 1873, excited an +extraordinary amount of attention, and helped +largely to modify the religious beliefs of many +men and women now rapidly approaching middle +age. The son of a famous clergyman, Dr Thomas +Arnold of Rugby, Matthew Arnold was a product +of that Broad Church movement which Dr +Arnold had helped largely to inspire. A fellow-pupil +of Dr Stanley, Dean of Westminster, Arnold +went further than the Dean in his opposition to +supernaturalism in religion, though he stopped short +of the fiery antagonism which another eminent +Anglican churchman, Bishop Colenso, displayed +towards the miraculous stories of the Old Testament. +But far more than Stanley or Colenso did +he influence the Protestant Christianity of his day. +This, however, scarcely enters into the discussion +of Matthew Arnold the poet. More akin to that +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">19</a></span> +side of Arnold's life is his literary criticism. For +many years he held in this field a well nigh +undisputed throne. For a time he was Professor +of Poetry at Oxford. But his influence came +mainly through a volume called "Essays in +Criticism" (1865), of which it is not too much +to say that the paper entitled "The Function of +Criticism at the Present Time," gave a new impulse +to all students of books. Here and elsewhere +Arnold emphasised the opinion that not only a fine +artistic instinct but a vast amount of knowledge, +admitting of comparisons, is necessary as the +equipment of a critic. Criticism he defined as "a +disinterested endeavour to learn and propagate the +best that is known and thought in the world." +Matthew Arnold had other claims as a prose +writer. His appeal for the study of Celtic literature +initiated and encouraged a revival of +learning in Wales and in Ireland; and his books +and essays on Education—for his main income +for many years was derived from his salary as an +Inspector of Schools—did much to further the +cause which his brother-in-law, Mr W. E. Forster, +began with the great Education Act of 1870.</p> + +<p>But it is as a poet, as Mr Swinburne foretold, that +Matthew Arnold lives in literature. It is strange +to some of us to note how largely the bulk of his +prose work has dropped out of the memory of the +younger generation. The diligent collector possesses +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">20</a></span> +some forty-five volumes of Mr Arnold's +writings; but although there has been a cheap +reprint of many of these, it is only by his collected +poems that he is widely known to-day. +Mr Swinburne, in the essay to which I have referred, +tells of the joy with which, as a schoolboy, +he came upon a copy of "Empedocles on Etna." +He must then have been about fifteen years of +age, as "Empedocles on Etna and Other Poems +by A" was published in 1852. It contained +"Tristram and Iseult," "Stanzas in Memory of +the Author of 'Obermann,'" and many now accepted +favourites. "The Strayed Reveller" by +"A" was a still earlier volume of anonymous +verse (1849); and, in 1853, "Poems" by Matthew +Arnold made the poet known by name to a small +circle. A substantial recognition as a poet did not +however fall to Matthew Arnold while he lived. His +career is, indeed, a striking example of the fact that +our views of contemporary literature require to be +revised every decade. Ten years ago everyone +was discussing Matthew Arnold's views concerning +Isaiah and St Paul, and the Nonconformists, +whom he chaffed good-humouredly, have reconstructed +many of their beliefs through a study of +his works. People were excited by his views on +education and by his views on literature, but not +by his poetry. To-day his poetry is all of him +that remains, and its charm is likely to soothe +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">21</a></span> +the more strenuous minds among us for at least +another generation, and perhaps for all time.</p> + +<p class="p2">In "Thyrsis," a striking elegy on <b>Arthur Hugh +Clough</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1819-1861</b></span>, Arnold struck a note which has only +Milton's "Lycidas" and Shelley's "Adonais" to +call forth comparisons. Clough was not a Keats, +but he was a more considerable personage than +Milton's friend, and indeed he has been persistently +underrated by many men of letters. Not +indeed by all. "We have a foreboding," said +Mr Lowell, "that Clough will be thought a +hundred years hence, to have been the truest +expression in verse of the moral and intellectual +tendencies of the period in which he lived." +Clough was the son of a cotton merchant of +Liverpool, and he was a pupil of Dr Arnold at +Rugby. He gained a Balliol scholarship, and went +into residence in 1837. The coming years brought +doubts and distractions, religious and political, and +Clough parted from Oxford. His most famous +poem, "The Bothie of Tober-na-Vuolich," was +published in 1848. In 1852 he sailed to Boston +in the same ship that carried Thackeray and Lowell. +Emerson, who had met him in England, welcomed +him there. Travelling through Europe for his +health, he died of paralysis in Florence in 1861.<a name="FNanchor_6" id="FNanchor_6" href="#Footnote_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></p> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">22</a></span></p> + +<p class="p2">The catalogue of great English poets of the +period is completed with the names of Rossetti +and Morris. Perhaps there is no more romantic +figure in modern literature than <b>Dante Gabriel +Rossetti </b><span class="sidenote"><b>1828-1882</b></span>, although he has suffered cruelly from the +biographer. His father, Gabriele, was an Italian +exile, a critic of Dante, a teacher of Italian in +London. His mother was a sister of the notorious +Polidori, whose charlatanry is remembered wherever +an interest in Lord Byron prevails.</p> + +<p>The younger Rossetti had relatives—a brother, +William Michael, who has written verses, criticisms, +and a ponderous biography of Gabriel; and a sister, +<b>Maria Francesca Rossetti </b><span class="sidenote"><b>1827-1876</b></span>, whose "Shadow of +Dante" makes good reading for admirers of the +great Florentine, and, indeed, may be recommended +to every English student of Dante. Another sister, +<b>Christina Georgina Rossetti </b><span class="sidenote"><b>1830-1894</b></span>, wrote many books. +She will live by her "Goblin Market" (1862), and +by numerous short poems. Books of the type of +"Called to be Saints" and "The Face of the +Deep: A Commentary on the Revelation," have +also won her much affection and admiration from +religious sympathisers. She was not responsible +for "Maude" and "New Poems," inadequate +works which her brother thought fit to publish +after her death. They are practically worthless.</p> + +<p>Dante Rossetti was a considerable painter as +well as a poet. His name is written large in that pre-Raphaelite +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">23</a></span> +movement which gave him for associates +Mr Holman Hunt and Sir John Millais. The +movement, which had Mr John Ruskin for its +literary champion, when reduced to simple statement, +meant a harking back to early mediæval +art. Sir John Millais and Mr Holman Hunt +speedily abandoned this position, and Rossetti +himself was never a pre-Raphaelite in any real +sense. The pre-Raphaelites issued in 1850 a +journal under the editorship of Rossetti's brother, +and to the <i>Germ</i>, as it was called, Rossetti contributed +his poem, "The Blessed Damozel," and +a story, "Hand and Soul." To the <i>Germ</i> also, +Thomas Woolner (1825-1892), the sculptor, contributed +the poems of "My Beautiful Lady."</p> + +<p class="p2">One epoch in the life of Rossetti was his introduction +to Mr Ruskin, and another was his first +acquaintance with William Morris. Ruskin bought +his pictures with characteristic generosity, and +further assisted Rossetti to publish "The Early +Italian Poets" (1861), afterwards reprinted as +"Dante and his Circle" (1874). William Morris +introduced Rossetti to his Oxford friends, including +Mr Swinburne, and to the <i>Oxford and Cambridge +Magazine</i>, in which many of his finest poems +were published. After his wife's death, from an +overdose of laudanum in 1862, Rossetti moved to +Queen's House, Cheyne Walk, where for a time he +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">24</a></span> +had for associates in payment of rent Mr Swinburne +and Mr George Meredith, though the latter +never actually lived in the house. From that +time to his death he published many important +poems—ballads of singular power like "The White +Ship," "The King's Tragedy," and "Sister Helen," +and the many splendid sonnets of "The House of +Life." The two volumes of Rossetti's collected +works must always command readers. Rossetti +died at Birchington-on-Sea, and a simple tomb in +the churchyard marks his grave.</p> + +<p class="p2">The name of <b>William Morris</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1834-1896</b></span> closes the list +of Victorian poets of the first rank. Morris +was as versatile as Rossetti. He touched many +branches of Art with remarkable success. Now +he was designing wall-papers, and became a successful +manufacturer in this branch of commerce: +now he was indefatigable in printing notable +books in English literature from a type which he +had himself selected. The wall-paper has given a +new direction to the decoration of English houses, +and the Kelmscott Press has added many beautiful +books to our libraries, and given an impetus to a +revival of taste in printing. This was but a part +of Morris's life. Although a rich man, he was a +vigorous lecturer on behalf of Socialism, and wrote +many books, such as, for example: "The Dream +of John Ball" (1888), and "News from Nowhere" +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">25</a></span> +(1891), in support of his ideals. From the appearance +of his "Defence of Guenevere" (1858), +and "Life and Death of Jason" (1867), he +was always publishing, and his translations from +Homer, Virgil, and Scandinavian literature make +a small library by themselves. But a practical +handbook to Victorian literature needs but to +mention one of his books. "The Earthly Paradise" +(1868-70), will live as long as a love of good +story-telling remains to us. The tales are told by +twenty-four travellers who desire to find the earthly +paradise, and the book opens as do the Canterbury +Tales with a Prologue. The lyrical introduction +is one of the most quotable things in our +later literature:—</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="o1">"Of Heaven or Hell I have no power to sing,</p> +<p>I cannot ease the burden of your fears,</p> +<p>Or make quick-coming death a little thing,</p> +<p>Or bring again the pleasure of past years,</p> +<p>Nor for my words shall ye forget your tears,</p> +<p>Or hope again for aught that I can say,</p> +<p>The idle singer of an empty day.</p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="o1">"Dreamer of dreams, born out of my due time,</p> +<p>Why should I strive to set the crooked straight?</p> +<p>Let it suffice me that my murmuring rhyme</p> +<p>Beats with light wing against the ivory gate,</p> +<p>Telling a tale not too importunate</p> +<p>To those who in the sleepy region stay,</p> +<p>Lulled by the singer of an empty day. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">26</a></span></p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="o1">"Folk say, a wizard to a Northern King</p> +<p>At Christmastide such wondrous things did show</p> +<p>That through one window men beheld the Spring,</p> +<p>And through another saw the Summer glow,</p> +<p>And through a third the fruited vines arow,</p> +<p>While still, unheard, but in its wonted way,</p> +<p>Piped the drear wind of that December day."</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p>William Morris has not seldom been confused +with a writer with whom he had nothing in common +but the name. <b>Sir Lewis Morris</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1833-</b></span>, a Welsh +squire, and candidate for Parliament, has stood +for convention as decisively as William Morris +has stood against it. His "Songs of Two Worlds" +(1871-5), and "Epic of Hades" (1876), brought +him a considerable popularity, which "A Vision +of Saints," and later books have not been able +to maintain. Another literary knight of our time +who has secured a large share of public attention +through his verse is <b>Sir Edwin Arnold</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1832-</b></span>, whose +"Light of Asia" interpreted to many the story of +Buddha's career. A poem upon Christ and +Christianity "The Light of the World," owed the +fact of its smaller success to the greater familiarity +of the public with its main incidents. Sir Edwin +Arnold has won other laurels as a traveller and as +a journalist.</p> + +<p class="p2">Some of the best poetry of the era has been +produced by writers whose principal achievements +are in the realm of prose. The Brontës, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">27</a></span> +Charles Kingsley, George Meredith, and George +Eliot—to name but a few—all wrote verse which +must ultimately have secured attention had they +not made great reputations as novelists.</p> + +<p>Assuredly, the three most successful poems in +Victorian literature, of that portion of it which is +already passing into oblivion, are "Proverbial +Philosophy," "Festus," and "Philip Van Artevelde." +The "Proverbial Philosophy" of <b>Martin +Farquhar Tupper</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1810-1889</b></span> created an excitement in literary +and non-literary circles, which it is difficult for the +present generation to comprehend. It is true that +when it was first published, in 1838, it was greeted +by the <i>Athenaeum</i> as "a book not likely to please +beyond the circle of a few minds as eccentric as +the author's." In spite of this, it sold in thousands +and hundreds of thousands; it went through over +nine hundred editions in England, and five +hundred thousand copies at least were sold in +America. It was translated into French, German, +and many other tongues; its author was a popular +hero, although of his later books, including "Ballads +for the Times," "Raleigh, his Life and +Death," and "Cithara," the very names are +by this time forgotten. Of "Proverbial Philosophy" +itself there are few enough copies in +demand to-day, and it is difficult for us to +place ourselves in the position of those who felt +its charm. What to the early Victorian Era +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">28</a></span> +was counted for wisdom, and piety, and even +for beauty, counts to the present age for mere +commonplace verbiage. Tupper's name has taken +a place in our language as the contemptuous +synonym for a poetaster. "Festus," on the other +hand, although not read to-day, has always commanded +respectful attention. Its author, <b>Philip James Bailey</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1816-</b></span>, +wrote "Festus" in its first form, at +the age of twenty, and it was published in 1839. +The book was enlarged again and again, till it +reached to three times its original length. It may +be that this enlargement has had something to do +with its fate. "Festus" was frequently compared +to the best work of Goethe and of Mr Browning. +Even a more pronounced recognition accrued to +the dramatic poems of <b>Sir Henry Taylor</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1800-1886</b></span>, and +more particularly to "Philip Van Artevelde" +(1834), which was described by the <i>Quarterly +Review</i> as "the noblest effort in the true old +taste of our English historical drama, that has +been made for more than a century," and +which attracted the keenest attention of all Sir +Henry Taylor's contemporaries. His entertaining +"Autobiography" has told us that Taylor, who +was an important official at the Colonial Office, +knew all the famous men of his time.</p> + +<p class="p2">Women have occupied no small share in the +literary history of the past sixty years, although +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">29</a></span> +it is in fiction that their most enduring triumphs +have been secured. The most popular women +poets, next in order to Mrs Browning, have been +Eliza Cook and Jean Ingelow. <b>Eliza Cook</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1818-1889</b></span> wrote +for the most part the kind of verses which would +now be rejected by the editor of the Poet's Corner +of a provincial newspaper. She would be little +more than a vague memory, were it not for +"The Old Arm-Chair"; but she has other +claims to consideration. In the forties and the +fifties <i>Eliza Cook's Journal</i> was one of the most +prominent publications of the day, and it did +much for the cause of literature and philanthropy. +<b>Jean Ingelow</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1820-1897</b></span> survived, as did Eliza Cook, +to see her verse well-nigh forgotten, and yet it is +stated that two hundred thousand copies of her +poems have been sold in America alone. Miss +Ingelow, who was born in Boston, Lincolnshire, +and died in London, will live in anthologies by +her ballad, "High Tide on the Coast of Lincolnshire," +by a song in "Supper at the Mill," and +by sundry short poems.</p> + +<p class="p2">A certain brighter and more humorous kind of +verse had its beginnings with Thomas Hood and the +author of "The Ingoldsby Legends." <b>Thomas Hood</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1798-1845</b></span> +has endeared himself to the whole reading world +by his "Song of the Shirt" (1844); and his "Dream +of Eugene Aram" (1829) is not less familiar. But +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">30</a></span> +in addition to this he had an abundance of wit +and drollery side by side with pathos and tenderness, +which will always make a splendid tradition +and a great inspiration. Hood was a journalist. +His prototype, <b>Richard Harris Barham</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1788-1845</b></span>, was an +Anglican clergyman. His pseudonym of Thomas +Ingoldsby calls up memories of some of the quaintest +and drollest verse ever written. "The Ingoldsby +Legends" were first contributed to <i>Bentley's Miscellany</i>, +and afterwards collected in volumes. "The +Jackdaw of Rheims" is the most popular. Barham's +once successful novel, "My Cousin Nicholas," is +now all but forgotten.</p> + +<p class="p2">The most famous successors of Hood and Barham +have been Calverley and Mr Austin Dobson. +<b>Charles Stuart Calverley</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1831-1884</b></span> wrote "Fly Leaves" and +"Verses and Translations." Mr Dobson has published, +in addition to many valuable prose works, +the exquisite "Vignettes in Rhyme" and "Proverbs +in Porcelain," which, with Mr Andrew Lang's +"Ballades in Blue China," form a dainty contribution +to the lighter literature of the epoch.</p> + +<p class="p2">A determination to say as little as possible concerning +writers still young in years, though already +famous, will make, it may be, my summary of +Victorian poetry seem inadequate to many. Mr +Traill, a discerning critic, has specified some hundred +or more "minor poets" who flourish to-day! But +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">31</a></span> +it cannot be doubted that the minor poet of our era, +with his excellent technique, his deep feeling, and his +high-minded impulsiveness, is separated by an immense +gulf from the minor poet of an earlier period. +The Pyes and the Hayleys, who were famous in +an age when criticism was less of an art, had little +enough of the real poetical faculty. That faculty can +scarcely be denied to the hundred or more of living +bards who now claim the suffrages of the poetry-loving +reader. It cannot be denied also to many +men who have passed away during the present +era—to Alexander Smith and Sydney Dobell in +one period, and to Coventry Patmore and +James Thomson in another. <b>Alexander Smith</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1830-1867</b></span> +was an industrious essayist as well as a poet. +Tennyson and Mrs Browning concurred in their +esteem of Smith as a poet "whose works show +fancy, and not imagination"; and this might with +truth be said of too many of the minor bards, and, +indeed, constitutes the dividing line. Sydney +Yendys, under which pseudonym <b>Sydney Dobell</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1824-1874</b></span> +co-operated with Smith in "Sonnets on the War" +(1855), was a poet of similar temperament.</p> + +<p class="p2"><b>Coventry Patmore</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1823-1896</b></span> is known to the many +through his "Angel in the House," a poem upon +domestic bliss which breathed a note not always +sincere, but to which Mr Ruskin assured a certain +popularity through effective quotation in his +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">32</a></span> +"Sesame and Lilies." A certain ecstatic band of +admirers attached more importance to Patmore's +"Unknown Eros." These admirers spoilt him by +adulation. He probably looked forward with the +same keen assurance to the verdict of posterity +as did Southey; and posterity it is all but certain +will be as ruthless in the one case as in the other.</p> + +<p class="p2">Patmore's life was one of luxury and independence. +Quite the reverse was the fate of <b>James +Thomson</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1834-1882</b></span>, whose great poem, "The City of +Dreadful Night," was published in Mr Charles +Bradlaugh's <i>National Reformer</i> in 1874, and not +republished as a book until 1880. Thomson +had a melancholy career which ended in drink +and disaster. He died in University Hospital, +London. His "City of Dreadful Night" is +peculiarly a reflection of the age that is passing. +It secured even during the poet's life the commendation +of George Eliot, of George Meredith, and +of other critics; and it may yet command a large +audience, who breathe the note of pessimism which +was always characteristic of the writer:—</p> + +<div class="poem"> +<p class="o1">"The sense that every struggle brings defeat</p> +<p class="i1">Because Fate holds no prize to crown success,</p> +<p>That all the oracles are dumb or cheat</p> +<p class="i1">Because they have no secret to express;</p> +<p>That none can pierce the vast black veil uncertain</p> +<p>Because there is no light beyond the curtain;</p> +<p>That all is vanity and nothingness."</p> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">33</a></span></p> + +<p class="p2">A poet whom one names with peculiar reverence +is <b>Thomas Aubrey de Vere</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1814-</b></span>, the son of Sir Aubrey +de Vere, who was also a poet. Aubrey de Vere, +the younger, knew and loved Wordsworth, to whom +in 1842 he dedicated "The Waldenses: A Lyrical +Tale," and yet retains, sixty years later, the most +sympathetic interest in modern literary effort. Mr +de Vere is an Irishman, and was educated at +Trinity College, Dublin. He has written many +volumes of poetry and prose, his dramatic poems +"Alexander the Great" and "St Thomas of Canterbury" +having, no doubt, been largely inspired +by the successes of his friend and relative, Sir +Henry Taylor, and by his father's brilliant drama, +"Mary Tudor." One of his most recent books +was a volume of critical essays containing a notable +study of Wordsworth.</p> + +<p class="p2">Irishmen have been fairly conspicuous in the +poetry of the epoch, and the term "Celtic +Renaissance" has begun to be used hopefully +by lovers of Ireland who desire that country +to have a literature as distinctly Irish as +Scotland has a literature definitely Scottish. +<b>Thomas Moore</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1779-1852</b></span> was the pioneer of this movement. +He had, it is true, done all his work before +the Queen came to the throne, although he +lived yet another fifteen years. His "Irish +Melodies" began to appear in 1807, "Lalla +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">34</a></span> +Rookh" was published in 1817, and the "Life +of Byron" in 1830. Moore was as much an +inspiration to modern Ireland as Burns to modern +Scotland, and the one country holds the name of +its poet as reverentially in memory as does the +other. Moore, however, lacked the note of +passionate sincerity which pertained to Burns; +although we may fairly ask what would have been +the career of Burns had he been thrown early into +the literary and social life of London—the London +of Byron's time.</p> + +<p class="p2">The influence of Moore was strong in <b>Thomas +Davis</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1814-1845</b></span> whose "National and Historical Ballads, +Songs and Poems" caused so great a ferment in the +heart of Young Ireland. Many other Irish writers +deserve to be named, such as James Clarence +Mangan (1803-1849), Sir Samuel Ferguson (1810-1886), +Lady Dufferin (1807-1867) and John +Banim (1798-1842), who wrote, in conjunction +with his brother Michael, some twenty-four +volumes of Irish stories and verses. <b>Samuel +Lover</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1797-1868</b></span> is best known in England by his romance +"Rory O'More" and his ever popular "Handy +Andy," but in Ireland he is remembered as a writer +of lyrics and ballads of heart-stirring character.</p> + +<p class="p2">An Irishman by descent, although not by birth, +was <b>Edward FitzGerald</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1809-1883</b></span>, who was born in Suffolk +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">35</a></span> +and lived all his life in the neighbourhood of Woodbridge +in that county. FitzGerald's "Letters and +Literary Remains" fill three substantial volumes, +but he lives for us by his translation or rather +paraphrase of the "Rubáyát of Omar Khayyám +of Naishápur," which first appeared in 1859. It +is generally agreed that FitzGerald, a nineteenth +century pagan, always reverently questioning the +mystery of existence, superadded his own personal +thoughts and feelings to the verses of the +old Persian singer. In doing this he touched +deeply a certain aspect of the second half of the +nineteenth century and founded a cult. FitzGerald's +verses, however, have been ardently +admired by many who are far from accepting +their pessimist view of life.</p> + +<p class="p2"><b>Hartley Coleridge</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1796-1849</b></span> wrote and published his +admirable sonnets before 1837. He was a +son of Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834), +whose literary remains were edited by Henry +Nelson Coleridge, a nephew and son-in-law. H. +N. Coleridge married the great poet's only daughter, +<b>Sara Coleridge</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1803-1852</b></span>, who wrote one poem, "Phantasmion," +and whose letters throw much light on an +important chapter of literary history.</p> + +<p class="p2"><b>Bryan Waller Procter</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1787-1874</b></span>, better known as "Barry +Cornwall," was at school with Lord Byron at +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">36</a></span> +Harrow. His "Dramatic Scenes," "Marcian +Colonna," and "Mirandola" were much talked of +in their day. Procter was admired as a poet by +Byron, Moore, and other famous contemporaries, +but no one reads him now. A happier fate has +befallen his daughter, <b>Adelaide Anne Procter</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1825-1864</b></span>, +whose "Legends and Lyrics" are still widely +popular.</p> + +<p class="p2">Winthrop Mackworth Praed, who wrote much +admirable humorous and satirical verse, is not a +Victorian author, although his present popularity +makes that rather hard to realise. He died in +1839. <b>Richard Hengist Horne</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1803-1884</b></span>, on the other +hand, although he lived into our time, is now +remembered only by his friendship with Mrs Browning +and by the humorous freak of publishing his +epic "Orion" at a farthing. He was the author +of a miracle play entitled "Judas Iscariot," a +tragedy entitled "The Death of Marlowe," and +many other works.</p> + +<p class="p2">Another writer of well-nigh forgotten tragedies +was <b>Thomas Lovell Beddoes</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1803-1849</b></span>, who wrote "The +Bride's Tragedy" and "Death's Jest Book." A +like extinction, it is to be feared, has befallen +Ebenezer Jones and Ebenezer Elliott—the former +of whom belonged to that spasmodic school of +poets of which Alexander Smith and Philip James +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">37</a></span> +Bailey were supposed to be the leaders. <b>Ebenezer +Jones </b><span class="sidenote"><b>1820-1860</b></span> wrote "Studies in Sensation and Event," to +which in 1879 his brother, Sumner Jones, attached +an interesting biography. There is very genuine +poetry in the volume, but it is not likely to be +republished. <b>Ebenezer Elliott </b><span class="sidenote"><b>1781-1849</b></span> had a very different +fate. He enjoyed for many years the suffrages of +the multitude. His "Corn Law Rhymes" played +a considerable part in the political agitation of the +period. James Montgomery called him "the poet +of the poor." Another writer with a fine democratic +impulse was <b>Gerald Massey</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1828- </b></span>, who was associated +with the Chartist movement, and wrote +"Poems and Charms" and "Voices of Freedom +and Lyrics of Love." Another Chartist was +<b>Thomas Cooper </b><span class="sidenote"><b>1805-1892</b></span>, who wrote "The Purgatory of +Suicides" and many other poems and an entertaining +autobiography. Cooper was an active +political agitator, and was imprisoned for two +years in Stafford gaol for sedition.</p> + +<p class="p2">A poet who holds a great place in the minds of +many is <b>William Barnes </b><span class="sidenote"><b>1820-1886</b></span>, who kept a school for a +time in Mr Thomas Hardy's town of Dorchester. +He afterwards became a clergyman and rector of +Winterbourne-Came. He was a philologist as +well as a poet, and published many works on +language. His interest for us here is in his +"Poems of Rural Life in the Dorset Dialect" +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">38</a></span> +(1844). Another poet-clergyman of great learning +was <b>Robert Stephen Hawker</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1803-1875</b></span> whose work +reflects Devonshire and Cornwall as Barnes' reflects +Dorsetshire. He wrote the "Song of the +Western Men" which he deceived Macaulay into +believing to be an old Cornish ballad, and the +great historian introduced it into his "History +of England" as an example of the excitement +caused by the arrest of the seven bishops.<a name="FNanchor_7" id="FNanchor_7" href="#Footnote_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> Its +stirring refrain:—</p> + +<div class="poem"> +<p class="o1">"And shall Trelawney die, and shall Trelawney die?</p> +<p>Then thirty thousand Cornish boys will know the reason why"</p> +</div> + +<p>will always keep Hawker in remembrance. He +was vicar of Morwenstow and wrote several +volumes of poems and some prose, including +"Footprints of Former Men in Far Cornwall."</p> + +<p class="p2">Two poets, father and son, made the name of +Marston honoured in their days. John Westland +Marston (1819-1890) was born at Boston, Lincolnshire. +He wrote two dramas, "Strathmore" +and "Marie de Méranie," which had much success +some years ago. Another work, "A Hard +Struggle," obtained the enthusiastic praise of +Dickens. Dr Garnett claims for Marston that he +was long the chief upholder of the poetical drama +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">39</a></span> +on the English stage. <b>Philip Bourke Marston</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1850-1887</b></span>, a +son of Westland Marston, should not have failed +of literary success, as he had for godfather Philip +James Bailey, the author of "Festus," and for +godmother Miss Mulock, author of "John Halifax, +Gentleman." He, however, became blind at +three years of age. He published three volumes +of verse, "Song Tide and Other Poems" (1871), +"All in All" (1875) and "Wind Voices" (1883). +They were never popular, although his poetry +gained him the esteem of many eminent men, +Rossetti and Mr Swinburne among others. Mrs +Chandler Moulton, an American lady who wrote +"Swallow Flights," gave us a memoir of Philip +Bourke Marston. In this she was assisted by Mr +William Sharp, who was also one of Rossetti's biographers. +Mrs Moulton did a like good office to +the memory of <b>Arthur O'Shaughnessy</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1844-1881</b></span>, a poet of +considerable distinction in his day. O'Shaughnessy +married the younger Marston's sister. His +"Epic of Women & Other Poems," published in +1870, was a volume of very great promise. He +wrote other verses, which never attained to quite +the same measure of success.</p> + +<p class="p2">It only remains for me to name <b>Alfred Austin</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1835-</b></span> +the Poet Laureate. After Lord Tennyson's death +in 1892 the office remained vacant for four years. +The two poets who might have been considered to +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">40</a></span> +have had some claim, William Morris and Mr +Swinburne, were supposed to be impossible on +account of democratic sympathies, although it is +doubtful if either would have accepted the office. +Almost every living poet, however small the bulk +of his achievement, and however inconsiderable +his years, was nominated—by the press—in turn. +Finally, in 1896, by a pleasant irony of circumstances, +the laureateship was given to a journalist,—for +Mr Austin had been a leader-writer on the staff +of the <i>Standard</i> newspaper for many years. He +has written "The Golden Age, a Satire" (1871), +"Savonarola" (1881), "English Lyrics" (1891), +and many prose works. His "English Lyrics" +contained an appreciative introduction by William +Watson, the author of "Wordsworth's Grave," +"Lachrymæ Musarum," and other poems which +have been received with abundant cordiality by +the press and public. Another living poet who has +been well and justly praised is <b>Rudyard Kipling</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1864-</b></span>. +He made his earliest fame as a writer of short +stories of Indian military life. "Soldiers Three" +and "Wee Willie Winkie" have entirely captivated +the imagination of Mr Kipling's contemporaries. +It is as a poet, however, that he will perhaps +longest retain his hold upon them. His "Barrack-Room +Ballads" (1892) are finely touched with that +martial spirit which so strongly appeals to the heart +of our nation.</p> + +<h2 class="p6">CHAPTER II</h2> + +<p class="center b15">The Novelists</p> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">41</a></span></p> + +<p class="p2">Any comparison of the novels of the Victorian +Era, with the novels of the Georgian Period, +must be very much to the disadvantage of the +former. The great epoch of English fiction began +with Goldsmith and Richardson, and ended with +Sir Walter Scott. It was an epoch which gave +us "The Vicar of Wakefield," "Clarissa," "Tom +Jones," "Pride and Prejudice," "Humphrey +Clinker," and "Tristram Shandy." That fiction had +a naturalness and spontaneity to which the novels +of the Victorian Era can lay no claim. The +novels of the period with which we are concerned +aspire to regenerate mankind. Dickens, indeed, +started off with but little literary equipment save +sundry eighteenth century novels. He had read +Smollett, and Fielding, and Sterne, diligently. +But the influence of these humourists—so marked +in "Pickwick"—became qualified in his succeeding +books by the strenuous spirit of the times.</p> + +<p class="p2">It is alike interesting in itself and convenient +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">42</a></span> +for my purpose that the most popular novelist of +the Victorian era should have published his first +great book in 1837. Dickens awoke then to +abundant fame, and his popularity has never +waned for an instant during the sixty succeeding +years. To-day he may be more or less decried +by "literary" people, but his audience has multiplied +twofold. He has added to it the countless +thousands whom the School Board has given to +the reading world.</p> + +<p><b>Charles Dickens</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1812-1870</b></span> was born at Landport, Portsea, +his father being an improvident clerk in the Navy +Pay Office at Portsmouth. Dickens senior has +been immortalized for us by the not too pleasing +portrait of "Micawber." After infinite struggle +and penury, Dickens became a reporter for the +<i>Morning Chronicle</i>. Under the signature of +"Boz" he wrote "Sketches" for the <i>Monthly +Magazine</i> in 1834. "Pickwick" appeared from +April 1836 to November 1837, and alike in parts +and in book form took the world by storm. +It was succeeded by "Oliver Twist" (1838), +"Nicholas Nickleby" (1839), "The Old Curiosity +Shop" (1840), and "Barnaby Rudge" (1841). +From this time forth Dickens was the most popular +writer that our literature has seen. Within twelve +years after his death some four millions of his +books were sold in England, and there is no +reason to believe that this popularity has in any +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">43</a></span> +way abated, although George Eliot foretold that +much of Dickens's humour would be meaningless +to the next generation, that is to say, to the +generation which is now with us. It is the fashion +to call Dickens the novelist of the half-educated, +to charge him with lack of reflectiveness, with incapacity +for serious reasoning. His humour has +been described as insincere, his pathos as exaggerated. +Much of this indictment may with equal +justice be made against Richardson and even against +Jane Austen, who surely anticipated Dickens by the +creation of the Rev. William Collins.</p> + +<p>If Dickens had been a learned University Professor +he would not have possessed the equipment +most needful for the artist who was to portray to +us in an imperishable manner the London which +is now fast disappearing. The people who +censure Dickens are those for whom he has served +a purpose and is of no further use. They are a +mere drop in the ocean of readers. It is not +easy to-day to gauge his precise position. +The exhaustion of many of his copyrights has +given up his work to a host of rival publishers. +There are probably thousands of men and women +now, as there were in the fifties and sixties, who +have been stimulated by him, and who have found in +his writings the aid to a cheery optimism which has +made life more tolerable amid adverse conditions. +Mrs Richmond Ritchie, Thackeray's daughter, tells +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">44</a></span> +us how keenly Dickens's capacity for stirring the +heart was felt even in the home of the rival novelist. +Thackeray's youngest daughter, then a child, +looked up from the book she was reading to ask +the question, "Papa, why do you not write books +like 'Nicholas Nickleby'"? Thackeray himself +shared the general enthusiasm. "David Copperfield!" +he writes to a correspondent, "By Jingo! +It is beautiful! It is charming! Bravo Dickens! +It has some of his very brightest touches—those +inimitable Dickens touches which make such a +great man of him. And the reading of the book +has done another author a great deal of good.... +It has put me on my mettle and made me feel that +I must do something; that I have fame and name +and family to support."</p> + +<p class="p2">If Dickens is still beloved by the multitude, +the name of <b>William Makepeace Thackeray</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1811-1863</b></span> has +entirely eclipsed his in the minds of a certain +literary section of the community. Thackeray +stands to them for culture, Dickens for illiteracy. +Thackeray had indeed a more polished intellect; +he had also a more restrained style. Thackeray +was born at Calcutta. His father, who was an +Indian civil servant, died when the boy was only +five years old. He was educated at Charterhouse +School and Trinity College, Cambridge. In 1831 +he went to Weimar. He studied long at Paris +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">45</a></span> +with a view to becoming an artist, and when +"Pickwick" wanted an illustrator to continue the +work of Seymour who had committed suicide, +Thackeray applied to Dickens, but Hablot Browne +was chosen, and Thackeray was disappointed—happily +for the world, which lost an indifferent +artist to gain a great author. Thackeray in 1837—the +year which saw the publication of "Pickwick" +as a volume—joined the staff of <i>Fraser's +Magazine</i>. In that journal appeared in succession +"The History of Samuel Titmarsh and the +Great Hoggarty Diamond," "The Yellowplush +Papers," and "The Memoirs of Barry Lyndon." +In 1847 "Vanity Fair" was begun in numbers, +and not till then did its author secure real renown. +"Pendennis" was published in 1850, and "Esmond" +in 1852. "The Newcomes" (1854) is in +some measure a sequel to "Pendennis," as "The +Virginians" (1858) is in some measure a sequel +to "Esmond." These are the five works by +Thackeray which everyone must read. In 1857 +Thackeray unsuccessfully contested Oxford. In +1859 he undertook the editorship of the new +<i>Cornhill Magazine</i> which flourished in his hands. +These were the halcyon days of magazine editors. +On Macaulay's death in 1859, Thackeray talked +of purchasing the historian's vacant house. A +friend remarked upon his prosperity. "To make +money one must edit a magazine," was the answer. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">46</a></span> +He did not buy Macaulay's house, but built +himself one at Palace Green, and here he died +the day before Christmas-day 1863. His daughter, +Anne Thackeray, who became Mrs Richmond +Ritchie, has written "Old Kensington" and other +stories of singular charm.</p> + +<p>The twenty-six volumes of Thackeray's works +make a veritable nursery of style for the modern +literary aspirant. But it is, as has been said, upon +his five great novels that his future fame must rest. +They are as permanent a picture of life among the +well-to-do classes as those Dickens has given us +of life among the poor.</p> + +<p class="p2"><b>Charlotte Brontë</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1816-1855</b></span>, who gave to Thackeray the +enthusiastic hero-worship of her early years, called +him a Titan, and dedicated "Jane Eyre" to him, +had little enough in common with the author of +"Vanity Fair." The daughter of a poor parson +of Irish birth, she was born at Thornton in Yorkshire. +She and two sisters grew up in the cramped +atmosphere of a vicarage at Haworth, in the centre +of the moorlands. They wrote stories and poems +from childhood, and dreamed of literary fame. +Meanwhile it was necessary to add to the scanty +stipend of their father; two of them went back +as governesses to the school in which they had +been educated; and all of them a little later attempted +the uncongenial life of private governesses. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">47</a></span> +The desire to have a school of their own led +Charlotte and her sister Emily to Brussels, where +they studied French and German. Returning to +the Haworth parsonage, the three sisters, Charlotte, +Emily, and Anne, with money left them by +an aunt, published a volume of verse—"Poems +by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell." Then each +sister produced from her drawer the manuscript +of a novel, and Charlotte's "Professor," Emily's +"Wuthering Heights," and Anne's "Agnes Grey" +were sent round to the publishers and returned +more than once to the parsonage. Finally the +"Professor" was read by Smith & Elder, who +asked for a longer story by the writer. "Jane +Eyre" (1847) was the result, and that story became +one of the most successful novels of the day. +It was followed by "Shirley" (1849) and "Villette" +(1853). In 1854 Charlotte Brontë became Mrs +Arthur Bell Nicholls, and the wife of her father's +curate. In the following year she died. "The +Professor" was published two years after her death.</p> + +<p class="p2"><b>Emily Brontë</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1818-1848</b></span> accomplished less than her elder +sister, but her name will live as long. She secured +the admiration of Sydney Dobell, of Matthew +Arnold, and of Mr Swinburne, and her best verse +is perhaps the greatest ever written by a woman. +"Last Lines" and "The Old Stoic" will rank +with the finest poetry in our literature. Her one +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">48</a></span> +novel, "Wuthering Heights," has been most happily +criticised by Mr Swinburne: "As was the author's +life so is her book in all things; troubled and taintless, +with little of rest in it and nothing of reproach. +It may be true that not many will ever take it to +their hearts; it is certain that those who do like it +will like nothing very much better in the whole +world of poetry or prose."</p> + +<p>Emily Brontë's sole contributions to literature +were the poems written in conjunction with her two +sisters under the name of Ellis Bell, some further +poems published by her sister Charlotte after her +death, and the single novel "Wuthering Heights."</p> + +<p class="p2"><b>Anne Brontë</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1819-1849</b></span> wrote more than her sister Emily, +but with less of recognition. She contributed +verses to the little volume of poems under the +name of Acton Bell, and additional verses were +published after her death by Charlotte. In +addition to this she wrote two novels, the first +of them "Agnes Grey," and the second "The +Tenant of Wildfell Hall." This last, curiously +enough, went into a second edition during Anne's +lifetime, and she contributed a preface to it defending +herself against her critics. Neither Anne's +poetry nor her novels are of any account to-day. +They would not be read, were it not for the glory +with which her two sisters have surrounded the +name of Brontë. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">49</a></span></p> + +<p>Women novelists have abundantly flourished +during the Victorian Era, but then the path +was made easy for them by Jane Austen, +Maria Edgeworth, and Fanny Burney. By all +those who delight in debatable comparisons the +name of George Eliot is frequently brought into +contrast with that of Charlotte Brontë. <b>George +Eliot</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1819-1880</b></span> was born at Griff in Warwickshire, her real +name being Mary Ann Evans. She was for a +time at a school at Nuneaton, and afterwards at +Coventry. At first she was an evangelical churchwoman, +but about 1842 she became acquainted +with two or three cultivated women friends at +whose houses she met Froude, Emerson, and +Francis Newman, all of whom represented a +reverent antagonism to supernatural Christianity. +In conjunction with Sarah Hennell, she undertook +a translation of Strauss's "Life of Jesus." On her +father's death, in 1849, she came to London and +became associated with Dr Chapman in the editorship +of the <i>Westminster Review</i>. It was her +friendship with George Henry Lewes, whom she met +in 1851, which gave her the first impulse towards +fiction. Lewes was an active critic, and a writer of +two now forgotten novels. Miss Evans's "Scenes +of Clerical Life" were sent to Blackwood's Magazine +in 1856. The stories were a great success. +Thackeray and Dickens were loud in expressions +of admiration. In 1859 "Adam Bede" was published +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">50</a></span> +and made George Eliot famous. "It is the +finest thing since Shakspere," said Charles Reade. +Her success, however, did not lead to hasty production. +She wrote only six novels during the +remainder of her life. "I can write no word that +is not prompted from within," she said. "The +Mill on the Floss" was written in 1860; "Silas +Marner" in 1861; "Romola" in 1863; "Felix +Holt" in 1866; "Middlemarch" in 1871-1872; +and "Daniel Deronda" in 1876.</p> + +<p>In 1880 Miss Mary Ann Evans became Mrs +Walter Cross, but after a few months of wedded +life she died of inflammation of the heart at 4 +Cheyne Walk, Chelsea. Her husband wrote her +biography, not with much success. So entirely +was George Eliot's best mind concentrated +upon her books that her letters, and indeed +her personality, were a disappointment to all but +a few hero-worshippers.</p> + +<p class="p2">The novels, with two volumes of poems and two +of essays, make up George Eliot's collected works. +The essays written before and after her novels give, +like her letters, but few indications of her remarkable +powers. Nor, although "The Spanish Gipsy" +is deeply interesting, can her poetry be counted +for much. "The Choir Invisible" is her best +known poem. It is by her novels that she must +be judged, and these, for insight into character, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">51</a></span> +analysis of the motives which guide men, and +sympathy with the intellectual and moral struggles +which make up so large a part of life, have a +literary niche to themselves. With singular catholicity +she paints the simplest faith and the highest +idealism. Whether it be an Evangelical clergyman, +a Dissenting minister, or a Methodist factory-girl, +she enters into the spirit of their lives with fullest +sympathy. Carlyle could see in Methodism only +"a religion fit for gross and vulgar-minded people, +a religion so-called, and the essence of it <i>cowardice</i> +and <i>hunger</i>, terror of pain and appetite for pleasure +both carried to the infinite." George Eliot's sympathies +were wider. She won the heart of Methodists, +who have stood in imagination listening to +Dinah Morris addressing the Hayslope peasantry, +as she gained the devotion of Roman Catholics +like Lord Acton, who have seen in her portrait +of Savonarola a wise expression of their faith. +And it is not only in religious matters that +her sympathies are so broad. The sententious +dulness of Mr Macey is as much within the range +of her feelings as the manliness of Adam Bede or +the scholastic pride of old Bardo. She feels +equally for the weak and frivolous Hetty and the +lofty, self-sustained Romola. "At least eighty +out of a hundred," she says, "of your adult male +fellow-Britons returned in the last census are +neither extraordinarily silly nor extraordinarily +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">52</a></span> +wicked, nor extraordinarily wise; their eyes are +neither deep and liquid with sentiment, nor sparkling +with suppressed witticisms; they have probably +had no hairbreadth escapes or thrilling +adventures; their brains are certainly not pregnant +with genius, and their passions have not manifested +themselves at all after the fashion of a volcano. +They are simply men of complexions more or less +muddy, whose conversation is more or less bald +and disjointed. Yet these commonplace people—many +of them—bear a conscience, and have felt +the sublime promptings to do the painful right; +they have their unspoken sorrows and their sacred +joys; their hearts have perhaps gone out towards +their first-born, and they have mourned over the +irreclaimable dead. Nay, is there not a pathos in +their very insignificance, in our comparison of their +dim and narrow existence with the glorious possibilities +of that human nature which they share? +Depend upon it you would gain unspeakably if +you would learn with me to see some of the poetry +and the pathos, the tragedy and the comedy, lying +in the experience of a human soul that looks out +through dull gray eyes, and that speaks in a voice +of quite ordinary tones." The creations of George +Eliot,—Tito and Baldassare, Mrs Poyser and +Silas Marner, Dorothy Brooke and Gwendolen,—are +not as familiar to the reading public of to-day +as they were to that of ten or fifteen years ago. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">53</a></span> +Of the idolatry which almost made her a prophetess +of a new cult we hear nothing now. +She has not maintained her position as Dickens, +Thackeray, and Charlotte Brontë have maintained +theirs. But if there be little of partisanship and +much detraction, it is idle to deny that George +Eliot's many gifts, her humour, her pathos, her +remarkable intellectual endowments, give her an +assured place among the writers of Victorian +literature.</p> + +<p class="p2">The next in order of prominence among the +novelists of the period is <b>Charles Kingsley</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1819-1875</b></span>. He +was born at Holne Vicarage, on the borders of +Dartmoor, and was educated at King's College, +London, and Magdalen College, Cambridge. +After this he received the curacy of Eversley, +in Hampshire, of which parish he finally became +rector. In 1848 he published a drama entitled +"The Saint's Tragedy," with St Elizabeth of +Hungary as heroine. A year later his novel of +"Alton Locke" gained him the title of "The +Chartist Parson." This tale, in which Carlyle is +introduced in the person of an old Scotch bookseller, +was a crude and yet vigorous expression of +sympathy with the Chartist movement, and its influence +was tremendous. For its sympathy with +the working classes, and in its reflection of the +broad and tolerant Christianity of which Kingsley +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">54</a></span> +was always the eloquent preacher, "Alton Locke," +in common with "Yeast" and "Two Years Ago," +is a valuable contribution to literature. Kingsley, +however, became a truer artist when, as in +"Hypatia" and "Westward Ho!" he had not +social and religious ends in view. "Hypatia," +in spite of many historical errors, is a brilliant +sketch of the early Church at Alexandria. Gibbon, +from whom Kingsley obtained the hint for this +book, would have revelled in the apparent endorsement +by a latter-day clergyman of his estimate +of the early Christianity of the East. "Westward +Ho!" is a picturesque narrative of English rivalry +with Spain in the reign of Elizabeth. The contrasts +of character in Frank and Amyas Leigh +perhaps give this novel a claim to be considered +Kingsley's best effort. He wrote many other +works, including children's stories, scientific lectures, +and poems, among which last the beautiful +ballads, "The Three Fishers" and "The Sands +of Dee," are the most popular. For nine years he +held the office of Professor of Modern History +at Cambridge University, but his unphilosophical +views of history made his presence there a misfortune. +A model country clergyman, a man +essentially healthy-minded and interested in all +phases of life and thought, Kingsley's influence, +especially on young men, during the past five-and-thirty +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">55</a></span> +years, has been very great and very +beneficial.</p> + +<p class="p2"><b>Henry Kingsley</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1830-1876</b></span>, a younger brother of Charles, +wrote many novels and romances, three of them +memorable. "Geoffrey Hamlyn" is popular as +the best novel of Australian life. To Australia +he had gone to make his fortune at the diggings. +He did not make a fortune, but joined the colonial +mounted police instead. Compelled by his office +to attend an execution, he threw up the post in +disgust, and returned to England to find his +brother installed as Vicar of Eversley and on +the high road to fame. Little wonder that he +attempted to emulate him, and he succeeded.</p> + +<p>Never, surely, has literature produced two brothers +so remarkable, and at the same time so different. +Both gave us energetic heroes, and loved +manliness. In Charles Kingsley, however, +the novelist was always largely subordinated to +the preacher. In Henry there was nothing of +the preacher whatever. "Geoffrey Hamlyn," +"Ravenshoe" and "The Hillyars and The +Burtons," are all forcible, effective works, and they +have secured generous praise and appreciation +from many a literary colleague. But Henry was a +bit of a ne'er-do-well, and so his personality has +been carefully screened from the public. His +name is not even mentioned in Charles Kingsley's +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">56</a></span> +biography. Sir Edwin Arnold, however, who knew +him at Oxford, and Mrs Thackeray Ritchie, who +knew him towards the end of his life, testify to +certain delightful qualities of mind and heart +which peculiarly appealed to them.<a name="FNanchor_8" id="FNanchor_8" href="#Footnote_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></p> + +<p class="p2">A writer not less successful than Charles +Kingsley, but in no way comparable as a man, +was <b>Edward Bulwer Lytton</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1803-1873</b></span>, Baron Lytton, who +was born in London, and created no small sensation +in 1828 by the publication of "Pelham." +This was followed by a long list of novels of +infinite variety. Some dealt with the preternatural +like "Zanoni," and others with history, psychology, +and ethics. Of these the most popular were doubtless +the historical "Harold," "Rienzi," "The Last +of the Barons," and "The Last Days of Pompeii," +which still hold their own with the younger generation. +The thoughtful men of to-day do not however +read "The Caxtons" as they did in the sixties +and seventies. Lytton was one of the cleverest +men of his age—using the word in no friendly +sense—he was a clever novelist, a clever dramatist +(his comedy of "Money," and his tragedies +"Richelieu" and "The Lady of Lyons," still +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">57</a></span> +hold the stage), and a clever Parliamentary +debater.</p> + +<p class="p2">Another writer, with higher claims to consideration +than those of literature, was <b>Benjamin Disraeli</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1804-1881</b></span>, +Earl of Beaconsfield. Disraeli entered life under +conditions peculiarly favourable to a successful +literary career. His father, Isaac D'Israeli, was +an enthusiastic bookworm, whose "Curiosities of +Literature" and other books are an inexhaustible +mine of anecdote on the quarrels and calamities +of authors. The young Disraeli wrote "Vivian +Grey" in 1827, following this very successful effort +with "The Young Duke," "Venetia," "Henrietta +Temple," and other novels. In 1837 he +was returned to Parliament as member for Maidstone. +His career as an orator and statesman +does not concern us here; suffice to say that of +his many later novels "Coningsby," "Tancred," +and "Sybil" are by far the ablest and most +brilliant, and that "Sybil" was an effective +exposure of many abuses in the relations of +capital to labour. In addition to his work as a +novelist, Lord Beaconsfield wrote an able biography +of his friend and colleague, Lord George +Bentinck.</p> + +<p class="p2">One of the most successful of the greater novelists +of the reign was <b>Charles Reade</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1814-1884</b></span>, who first +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">58</a></span> +became famous by "Peg Woffington" in 1852. +"The Cloister and the Hearth" was published in +1861, and "Griffith Gaunt" in 1866. Several of +his later novels were written "with a purpose." In +"Hard Cash" he drew attention to the abuses of +private lunatic asylums; in "Foul Play" he +aroused public interest in the iniquities of ship-knackers; +in "Put Yourself in His Place," he +attacked Trades Unions, and in "Never Too Late +to Mend" he exposed some of the abuses of our +prison system as it existed at that time. Reade +was also an industrious dramatist; "Masks and +Faces," and "Drink," are among his most popular +plays. Of all his books "The Cloister and the +Hearth" is the best, and also the most widely +read. It has for its hero the father of Erasmus.</p> + +<p class="p2">Those who in days to come will want to know +what provincial life was really like in England +in early Victorian times will enquire for the +novels of <b>Anthony Trollope</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1815-1822</b></span>. "Barchester +Towers," "Framley Parsonage," and "Dr +Thorne," are the most popular of a series of +tales, in all of which the country life of England, +its clergy and squirearchy, are portrayed. +Trollope wrote on many subjects. His "Life of +Cicero" secured the commendation of Professor +Freeman, and his biography of Thackeray, +though all too slight, is the best book about +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">59</a></span> +the author of "Vanity Fair" that has so far +been given us.</p> + +<p class="p2">Another novelist of about equal status with +Trollope in mid-Victorian fiction is <b>George John +Whyte Melville</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1821-1878</b></span>. Major Whyte Melville is the +novelist of all lovers of the hunting-field, and +strangely enough he fell a victim to the very +sport which he had done so much to picture. +He was killed by a fall from his horse. Whyte +Melville's hunting novels include "Katerfelto" +and "Black but Comely." He also wrote historical +novels, of which "The Queen's Maries" and "The +Gladiators" were the most popular, and he had a +pretty gift of verse.</p> + +<p class="p2">Literature has rarely produced a more picturesque +figure than <b>Robert Louis Stevenson</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1850-1894</b></span>. +The son of a famous Scottish engineer he was +destined, like his great countryman Sir Walter +Scott, for a Writership to the Signet. He took, +however, to literature instead, and died at forty-four +in Samoa,—where he had gone for his health,—after +a remarkable literary achievement. With +a style not always rigidly grammatical, but always +impressive and distinguished, he shone in +many branches of literary work. He wrote +travel pictures like "With a Donkey in the +Cevennes," which were incomparably superior to +those of any contemporary; his plays—written +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">60</a></span> +in collaboration with Mr W. E. Henley—had a +power of their own, and one of them, "Beau +Austin," although not accepted by the public, +is probably the greatest contribution to the drama +of the era. As a critic of life and of books +Stevenson has also an honourable place. I know +of no better treatment of the one than "Virginibus +Puerisque," or of the other than "Some Aspects +of Robert Burns." He has given abundant +pleasure to children by "A Child's Garden of +Verses," and in "Underwoods" he has scarcely +less successfully appealed to their elders.</p> + +<p>It is as a novelist, however, that Stevenson fills +the largest place. He is the inheritor of the +traditions of Scott, with the world-pain of his own +epoch superadded. Men and boys alike have +found "Treasure Island" absorbing, while men +have also pondered over the widely different +powers which are displayed in "The New Arabian +Nights" and "The Master of Ballantrae," "Prince +Otto," and "St Ives." "Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde" +is a parable which has thrilled us all.</p> + +<p class="p2">Stevenson delighted to call Mr George Meredith +his master, and the two men were friends of +years. <b>George Meredith</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1828-</b></span> began his literary career +in 1851, with a volume of poems, one of which, +"Love in a Valley," is still an unqualified joy to +all who read it. Mr Meredith has published +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">61</a></span> +several volumes of poems since then, and all of +them have their loyal admirers, but it is as a +novelist that the world at large appraises him.</p> + +<p>His concentrated thought and vivid passion +have gained for him the title of the "Browning +of novelists." Each of his books in turn has +had its ardent partisans among cultivated and +thoughtful readers. "The Shaving of Shagpat" +appeared in 1856, and "Farina" in 1857. +"The Ordeal of Richard Feverel," which appeared +in 1859, is by many considered Meredith's +best novel. It treats, with subtle humour and +profound philosophical insight, of the problem +of a youth's education, and is full of truth to life. +"Feverel" was followed by "Evan Harrington" +(1861), while "Rhoda Fleming" (1865), "The +Adventures of Harry Richmond" (1871), "Beauchamp's +Career" (1876), "The Egoist" (1879), +"The Tragic Comedians" (1881), and "Diana +of the Crossways" (1885), have each of them +abundance of readers. Merely to enumerate +George Meredith's novels is to call to the +memory of all who have read them a widening +of mental and moral vision. The rich vein of +poetry running through the books, their humour +and imagination, place their author in the very +front rank of English novelists. "I should never +forgive myself," said Robert Louis Stevenson, "if +I forgot 'The Egoist,' which, of all the novels I +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">62</a></span> +have read (and I have read thousands), stands in +a place by itself. I have read 'The Egoist' five +or six times, and I mean to read it again." Others +have spoken with equal enthusiasm of "Sandra +Belloni," with its sweet singer Emilia; others +of "Beauchamp's Career," with its aristocratic +Radical, now generally understood to have been +intended for Admiral Maxse.</p> + +<p>Mr Meredith dedicated his volume of "Poems" +of 1851 to <b>Thomas Love Peacock</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1785-1866</b></span>, who, perhaps, +more than any other writer influenced his +own style. Peacock was born at Weymouth, +and he was mainly self-educated. In 1804 +and 1806 he published two small volumes of +poetry, "The Monks of St Mark" and "Palmyra." +In 1812 he became acquainted with +Shelley, and the two were intimate at Great +Marlow where Peacock lived in 1815, and later. +Peacock's novels "Headlong Hall" (1816-1817), +"Melincourt" (1817) and "Nightmare Abbey" +(1818), which have been two or three times reprinted +within the last five or six years, gained no +commensurate attention on their appearance, +although one of them was translated into +French. In 1819 Peacock became a clerk in +the India House, and married a Welsh girl, +Jane Gryffdh. "Maid Marion" appeared in +1822, "Crotchet Castle" in 1831, and in 1837 +"Paper Money Lyrics and other Poems." All +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">63</a></span> +the novels I have named, and they are his +most famous, belong to the pre-Victorian period, +but "Gryll Grange," his last novel, was published +in 1861. Peacock is interesting as a novelist and +for his relations with other famous men. He was, +as I have said, the friend of Shelley, and he was +the father-in-law of Mr George Meredith. Added +to this he succeeded to James Mill's post at the +India House, and vacated it for James Mill's son, +John Stuart Mill.</p> + +<p>To R. L. Stevenson we undoubtedly owe much +of the impulse to the modern romantic movement, +which adds every day an historical novel or a story +of adventure to our libraries. It has given us Stanley +Weyman, "Q" (A. T. Quiller Couch), "Anthony +Hope," Max Pemberton, and Conan Doyle, the +creator of Sherlock Holmes. Another Scotsman, +<b>George MacDonald</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1824-</b></span>, whose "Robert Falconer," +"David Elginbrod," and "Alec Forbes of Howglen," +have charmed nearly a generation, had +less influence than might have been thought +upon the younger Scottish writers, who have made +Scottish scenes and Scottish dialect so marked an +element in many popular works. James Matthew +Barrie, for example, had written "A Window in +Thrums," before he had read one of Dr MacDonald's +books. Mr Barrie was probably influenced, +however, by John Galt (1779-1859), +whose "Ayrshire Legatees" and "Annals of the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">64</a></span> +Parish" were written before the Queen began to +reign.</p> + +<p>A writer whose most striking book was published +sufficiently long ago to justify its inclusion here, was +<b>Joseph Henry Shorthouse</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1834-</b></span>. His "John Inglesant" +gained for him a reputation which his "Sir Percival" +did not sustain. Mr Shorthouse has written +nothing since "John Inglesant" so beautiful as +his "Little Schoolmaster Mark," a singularly +poetical conception of abnormal childhood.</p> + +<p>The best stories for children have been written +by <b>Lewis Carroll</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1833-</b></span>. This is the pseudonym of the +Rev. Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, a lecturer on +mathematics at Christ Church, Oxford, and the +author of several mathematical text-books. In +"Euclid and his Modern Rivals" and "A Tangled +Tale," Mr Dodgson has succeeded in combining +his taste for science with a rich humour, +but his fame rests upon his remarkable fairy-stories, +"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland," published +in 1865, and its sequel, "Through the +Looking-Glass," which appeared in 1872. Men +and women, quite as much as little children, have +found pleasure and entertainment in these happy +efforts of a genius as individual as anything our age +has produced.</p> + +<p class="p2">I have purposely all but ignored many writers +of fiction who are still actively engaged in literary +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">65</a></span> +pursuits. The daily journals bring their achievements +sufficiently to the front. But literary +workers owe so much to the untiring zeal of <b>Sir +Walter Besant</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1838-</b></span> in their behalf, that at the risk of +inconsistency I mention his "All Sorts and +Conditions of Men," a story which not only sold +by thousands, but had a practical influence such +as is rarely given to poet or novelist to achieve. +The writer dreams of a wealthy heiress devoting +her time and money to purifying and elevating the +East End of London. She builds a Palace of +Delight, and devotes it to the service of the people. +In May, 1887, the dream was realised, for the +Queen opened just such a Palace for the People in +the Mile-End Road. How far this institution, the +outcome of a novelist's imagination and the +generous subscriptions of philanthropists, has +achieved the regeneration of the London poor, +history has yet to record. Sir Walter Besant +wrote at an earlier period twelve novels in conjunction +with <b>James Rice</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1843-1882</b></span>, a collaborator of singular +humour and imagination. Of the books written +conjointly, "Ready Money Mortiboy" and "The +Golden Butterfly" are the most popular.</p> + +<p class="p2">Passing from the acknowledged masters in +imaginative literature, one turns to a crowd of +popular and interesting writers who have charmed +and delighted multitudes of readers. Foremost +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">66</a></span> +among these are Lever and Marryat. <b>Charles +Lever</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1806-1872</b></span> was for some time editor of the <i>Dublin +University Magazine</i>, but his Irish stories, +"Charles O'Malley" and "Harry Lorrequer" +are his chief title to fame. That the rollicking +humour of these books still commands attention +is proved by a recent luxurious re-issue of them.<a name="FNanchor_9" id="FNanchor_9" href="#Footnote_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a></p> + +<p>Another Irishman, who won the affections of +Irishmen as Lever won their laughter, was <b>William +Carleton</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1798-1869</b></span>, who was born at Prillisk, county Tyrone. +He was the youngest of fourteen children. His +equal knowledge of Irish and English gave him an +intimacy with the folk-lore and fairy tales, which +make up so large a part in the lives of the poorer +among his countrymen, and "Traits and Stories +of the Irish Peasantry" (1833) and "Tales of +Ireland" (1834), were the result. His romance, +"Fardorougha the Miser," appeared in 1839, and +he treated in 1847 of the horrors of the Irish +famine in his "Black Prophet." Carleton has +for many years ceased to be read in England, +but he shares in the revived interest in Irish +literature, which has taken the place of interest +in Irish politics. <b>Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1814-1873</b></span> also +made a great success with "Uncle Silas" (1864) +and "In a Glass Darkly" (1872).</p> + +<p><b>Frederick Marryat</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1792-1848</b></span> ran away to sea several +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">67</a></span> +times before his father, a member of Parliament of +great wealth, consented to his being a sailor. He +was a successful and popular naval officer before +he was twenty-one. He was thirty-seven years +of age when he wrote his first novel, "Frank +Mildmay," the success of which led him to adopt +literature as the profession of his later life. Of +his many novels, of which "Mr Midshipman Easy" +and "Peter Simple" are perhaps the best, several +appeared in the <i>Metropolitan Magazine</i>, which +Marryat edited for four years. Not only is +Marryat the most delightful of writers for boys, +but it is interesting to note that both Carlyle +and Ruskin during long terms of illness solaced +themselves with his wonderful sea-stories.</p> + +<p class="p2">A writer who gave much healthy pleasure +to schoolboys was <b>William Henry Giles Kingston</b> +(<b>1814-1880</b>), who left behind him one hundred and +twenty-five stories of the sea. Another writer +for boys, <b>William Harrison Ainsworth</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1805-1882</b></span>, was the +son of a Manchester solicitor. The majority of +his thirty novels treat of historical themes. The +best of them, "Old St Paul's," "The Tower of +London," and "Rookwood," have been translated +into most modern languages. Scarcely less +popular for a time was <b>G. P. R. James</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1801-1860</b></span>, who also +dealt freely with history. Thackeray burlesqued +James so skilfully that he has already become +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">68</a></span> +a tradition. He was British Consul in Virginia, +and afterwards at Venice, where he died.</p> + +<p class="p2">Living English novelists of well-deserved popularity, +are Mr Hardy, Mr Black, and Mr Blackmore.</p> + +<p><b>Thomas Hardy</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1840-</b></span> made his earlier fame by "Far +from the Madding Crowd" (1874). He made his +later popularity by "Tess of the D'Urbervilles" +(1892). Between these books came two stories +greater than either—"The Return of the Native" +(1878) and "The Woodlanders" (1887). One +must read those books to appreciate how very +great a novelist Mr Hardy is, how full of poetry +and of insight. The Dorsetshire landscape which, +under the guise of "Wessex," he has made so +familiar, will be classic ground for many a day to +all lovers of good literature.</p> + +<p class="p2">Although <b>William Black</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1841-</b></span>, who was born in Glasgow, +has written numerous stories about the West +Highlands of Scotland, he has no affinity whatever +to the new Scotch school. He made his first +appearance as a novelist in 1867 with "Love or +Marriage," and almost every year since he has +published a story, over thirty novels now bearing +his name. Black has recognised the value of the +picturesque back-ground afforded by West Highland +scenery, with its accompanying incidents in +the outdoor life of the deer stalker and angler. +He has given us some real characterization in +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">69</a></span> +"A Daughter of Heth" (1871), in "Madcap +Violet" (1876): while "Macleod of Dare" (1878) +is perhaps the best thing he has written.</p> + +<p class="p2"><b>Richard Doddridge Blackmore</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1825-</b></span> has written many +interesting novels, but it has been his perverse fate +to live by only one of them. "Lorna Doone" was +published in 1869, and although received coldly at +first, finally achieved great popularity: and visits +to the Lorna Doone country, as that part of Devonshire +is called, make part of the travelled education +of every literary American. As a master of +rustic comedy he stands unexcelled in our day, and +the merits of certain other novels—"The Maid of +Sker," "Christowell" and "Cripps the Carrier"—may +some day become more fully recognised.</p> + +<p class="p2">Not less popular than the novelist of locality—for +this description may surely be applied to Mr +Hardy and the two other writers I have named—is +the novelist of sensation. <b>William Wilkie Collins</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1824-1889</b></span> +was the most prominent exponent of that School. +"The Woman in White," which appeared in 1860 +in <i>All the Year Round</i>, took the town by storm, +but Count Fosco would be pronounced a tiresome +villain to-day. With "The Moonstone" and "The +New Magdalen" Wilkie Collins secured almost +equal success. Although it has been affirmed that a +new Wilkie Collins, that is to say a novelist of pure +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">70</a></span> +sensation, might even now have a great vogue, it is +quite certain that the actual Wilkie Collins has lost +the greater part of his.<a name="FNanchor_10" id="FNanchor_10" href="#Footnote_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> Another novelist who +presents himself as little more than a name to the +present generation is <b>Samuel Warren</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1807-1877</b></span>. He was a +doctor, and, like his homotype, Mr Conan Doyle +half a century later, studied medicine at the University +of Edinburgh. His "Passages from the +Diary of a Late Physician" began in <i>Blackwood's +Magazine</i> in 1830, and was well received, +but a still greater success attended his "Ten +Thousand a Year," which appeared first in the +same periodical.</p> + +<p class="p2">Time has dealt unkindly with Samuel Warren: +it is yet to be seen how time will deal with another +popular favourite, <b>Mrs Henry Wood</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1820-1887</b></span>, who was born +in Worcestershire and made the city of Worcester +the centre of many of her stories. The "Channings" +and "Mrs Halliburton's Troubles" are her +best novels and they have had a well-deserved +popularity, for Mrs Wood had a splendid faculty +for telling a story. Her even more popular novel, +"East Lynne," will probably survive for many a +year as a stage play.</p> + +<p class="p2">Next to Charlotte Brontë and George Eliot the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">71</a></span> +most distinguished woman novelist of the era is +<b>Mrs Gaskell</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1810-1865</b></span>, who, as Elizabeth Cleghorn Stevenson, +married William Gaskell, a Unitarian minister of +Manchester. Mrs Gaskell's first literary success +was "Mary Barton," the story of a Manchester +factory girl. "Ruth," "North and South," and +"Sylvia's Lovers" were equally successful, but the +two books which are certain to secure immortality +to their author are "Cranford" (1853), and "The +Life of Charlotte Brontë" (1857). "Cranford" +is an idyll of village life which is sure to charm +many generations of readers, and not a few artists +have delighted to illustrate its quaint and fascinating +character studies. "Cranford" has been identified +with Knutsford in Cheshire. Mrs Gaskell's +biography of her friend Charlotte Brontë has +probably had a larger sale than any other biography +in our literature. Many causes contributed +to this—the popularity of the Brontë novels, the +exceptionally romantic and pathetic life of their +authors, Mrs Gaskell's own fame as a writer of +fiction, and the literary skill with which she treated +the material at her command.</p> + +<p class="p2">Other women writers who have had a large +measure of fame, and are now well-nigh forgotten, +are Mrs Marsh (1791-1874), who wrote "The +Admiral's Daughter" and "The Deformed," Mrs +Crowe (1800-1876), who wrote "Susan Hopley" +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">72</a></span> +and "The Night Side of Nature," Mrs Archer +Clive (1801-1873), who wrote "Paul Ferroll," +Lady Georgiana Fullerton (1812-1885), the author +of "Ann Sherwood," Mrs Stretton (1812-1878), +who wrote "The Valley of a Hundred Fires."</p> + +<p class="p2">All these are now little more than names to us, +but not so <b>Anne Manning</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1800-1879</b></span>, whose "Maiden and +Married Life of Mary Powell" will long continue to +be read. It is an effective presentation of Milton +and his first wife. <b>Mrs Norton</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1808-1877</b></span>, "the Byron of +poetesses," as Lockhart described her, wrote several +novels, "Stuart of Dunleath" and "Lost and +Saved" being perhaps the best known in their time, +but she lives now mainly in George Meredith's +"Diana of the Crossways." <b>Dinah Mulock</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1826-1887</b></span> (Mrs +Craik) may still be ranked among our most popular +novelists, although her best and most successful +book, "John Halifax, Gentleman," was published +in 1857. The memory of <b>Julia Kavanagh</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1824-1877</b></span>, although +her "Madeleine" was enthusiastically +greeted on its appearance, has all but faded +away. Miss Kavanagh's "Woman in France in +the 18th Century," "English Women of Letters," +and "French Women of Letters," were handsomely +got-up books, and are still to be found in many +old-fashioned libraries.</p> + +<p class="p2">Two of the most popular writers for children +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">73</a></span> +were A.L.O.E. and Mrs Ewing. A.L.O.E. +or A Lady of England, was the pseudonym of +<b>Charlotte Maria Tucker</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1821-1893</b></span>, who after many years of +successful literary labour, went out to India for +the Church Missionary Society, at the age of fifty-four. +Miss Tucker's most popular stories were +"Pride and his Pursuers," "Exiles in Babylon," +"House Beautiful," and "Cyril Ashley." Scarcely +less popular was <b>Mrs Ewing</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1841-1885</b></span>, whose mother, Mrs +Gatty, edited <i>Aunt Judy's Magazine</i>. It was in +this magazine that Mrs Ewing's "Remembrances +of Mrs Overtheway" made their appearance.</p> + +<p class="p2">Another writer of great popularity, <b>Mrs Charles</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1828-1896</b></span>, +secured an immense success with "The Schönberg-Cotta +Family," "Kitty Trevelyan's Diary," and +other books of a semi-religious, semi-historical +tendency. It is a natural association, not derived +from similarity of name, to mention <b>Maria Louisa +Charlesworth</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1819-1880</b></span> at the same time, because Miss +Charlesworth's "Ministering Children" had an +enormous success with the religious public of +England,—the public which supports Missionary +Societies and Sunday Schools.</p> + +<p class="p2">I might easily devote many pages to the living +women novelists who have impressed themselves +upon the era; but that scarcely comes within the +scope of this little book. There are, to name but +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">74</a></span> +a few, Mrs Lynn Linton, Mrs Humphry Ward, +Ouida, Miss Braddon, Miss Marie Corelli, Miss +Olive Schreiner, Miss Rhoda Broughton, Edna +Lyall, Lucas Malet, Miss Charlotte Yonge, Miss +Adeline Sergeant, Mrs Macquoid, Mrs Alexander, +Mrs W. K. Clifford—names which recall to +thousands of readers many familiar books and +some of the happiest hours they have ever spent.</p> + +<p class="p2">With the name of <b>Mrs Oliphant</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1828-1897</b></span>, who has +recently died, I may fitly close this survey of +Victorian fiction. Mrs Oliphant struck the note +of the era alike in her versatility and in her lack +of thoroughness. She was so versatile that she once +offered to write a whole number of <i>Blackwood's +Magazine</i>, a publication to which she was for years +a valued contributor. And she would have done +it with fair effectiveness. That she wrote good +fiction is now generally acknowledged. She wrote +also biography, criticism, and every form of +prose. Her "Makers of Florence" has been a +popular history,—it treats of Dante, Giotto, and +Savonarola,—as her "Life of Edward Irving" has +been a popular biography. She wrote many other +books apart from her fiction, "A History of +Eighteenth Century Literature," a "Memoir of +Principal Tulloch," biographies of Cervantes and +Molière, and a volume on "Dress." But she was +not a good critic, nor was she a very accurate +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">75</a></span> +student. It is upon her novels that her fame will +have to rest. "Salem Chapel," a skilful delineation +of a minister and his congregation, has been +compared to George Eliot's "Silas Marner." +"Passages in the Life of Margaret Maitland" +(1849) was her first novel and "The Lady's Walk" +(1897) her last, and in the intervening years she +probably wrote sixty or seventy stories, each of +them containing indications of a genius which, +with more concentration, would have given her +an enduring place in English fiction. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76"></a></span></p> + +<h2 class="p6">CHAPTER III</h2> + +<p class="center b15">The Historians</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">77</a></span></p> + +<p class="p2">The reign of Victoria has been pre-eminently +the reign of the historian in our literature. +Greater poets we had seen in the reigns of the +Georges, greater essayists in the reign of Anne. +But Grote and Carlyle, Macaulay and Gardiner, +Bishop Stubbs and Dr Freeman, had no counterparts +in an earlier age—always excepting the +one great name of Gibbon. Before them there +were chroniclers of contemporary events and +pamphleteers under the guise of historians, but +little more. Goldsmith's histories are the +laughing-stock of those to whom the modern +methods of research are familiar, and even Hume +had little of the spirit of the genuine student. +Hallam and Lingard were the pioneers in this +branch of literature, although both of them had +done their work before Queen Victoria came to +the throne.</p> + +<p><b>Henry Hallam</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1777-1859</b></span> was born at Windsor, where his +father held a canonry. His first great work, +entitled "View of the State of Europe during the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">78</a></span> +Middle Ages," was published in 1818, and his +"Constitutional History of England, from the +Accession of Henry VII. to the Death of George +II.," in 1827. In 1838 he produced his "Introduction +to the Literature of Europe in the Fifteenth, +Sixteenth, and Seventeenth Centuries." Of these +three works the first and the last are valuable +mainly for their stimulus to the more philosophical +and imaginative work of later writers, +but the "Constitutional History" remains the text-book +for the period which it covers. Macaulay +praised it highly, possibly because of the Whiggism +which undoubtedly underlies some of the more +debatable propositions in the book; but Macaulay +and many other writers have disputed the correctness +of many of Hallam's judgments. To write +the constitutional history of England from the +earliest period to the year 1485, where Hallam +begins, was a far more difficult undertaking than to +deal with the reigns of the Tudors and the Stuarts. +This work devolved on Dr Stubbs.</p> + +<p><b>William Stubbs</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1825-</b></span>, who was appointed Bishop of +Oxford in 1889, was born at Knaresborough, and +was educated at Ripon Grammar School and at +Christ Church, Oxford. In 1850 he became vicar +of Navestock, in Essex, and in 1862 he was made +librarian at Lambeth Palace. His editions of +mediæval chronicles were well calculated to smooth +the path of any future historian, and the critical +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">79</a></span> +introductions showed the profound scholarship of +the editor. Probably no one man has done so +much to throw light on the obscure by-ways of +history, and as Regius Professor of Modern History +at Oxford, a post he accepted in 1866, he +gave so great a stimulus to historical study that +many brilliant writers have since been proud to +call him "master." In 1870 he published his +"Select Charters," of which the "Introductions" +are also invaluable, and between 1874 and 1878 +he wrote his great work, "The Constitutional +History of England in its Origin and Development," +the three volumes of which carry us down +to the death of Richard III. The book is profoundly +scientific in its method, but it is a mistaken, +although popular, belief which classes Dr +Stubbs among Dryasdust investigators. The work +glows with life and interest, and is full of suggestive +parallels for modern political society.</p> + +<p>The work of tracing the growth of the English +constitution, which had been so worthily begun by +Hallam, and continued in so wise and scholarly a +fashion by Bishop Stubbs, was carried on by <b>Sir +Thomas Erskine May </b><span class="sidenote"><b>1815-1886</b></span>, who, a few days before his +death, was created Baron Farnborough. After a +long official career in connection with the House +of Commons, he was appointed Clerk to the House +in 1871. In addition to several publications dealing +with Parliamentary forms, and a book on +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">80</a></span> +"Democracy in Europe," he wrote a "Constitutional +History since the Accession of George III.," +thus continuing the work from the point at which +Hallam had dropped it, and completing a continuous +history of the English Constitution.</p> + +<p>When we turn to what is more popularly understood +by the history of a country, the political and +social life of peoples, and the wars and conquests +of nations, we are not less fortunate in the results +attained. <b>John Lingard </b><span class="sidenote"><b>1771-1851</b></span> had, it is true, written his +great work before 1837. "The History of England, +from the First Invasion by the Romans to +the Commencement of the Reign of William +III.," appeared in eight volumes between 1819 and +1830. Lingard was the son of a Winchester carpenter. +He was for some time the Professor +of Moral Philosophy at a Roman Catholic +College. His religious views doubtless affected, +in considerable measure, his judgment of events, +especially in the reign of Henry VIII., but he is a +fairly impartial historian. He confesses that he +has been more anxious to arrive at the facts than +troubled as to the garb in which those facts were +presented to the public, and his work is really very +dull in consequence. A contemporary of Lingard, +who covered much of the same historic ground, was +Sharon Turner (1768-1847), and yet another was +<b>John Mitchell Kemble </b><span class="sidenote"><b>1807-1857</b></span>, whose "Saxons in England" +(1849) still fills a useful place. Another distinguished +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">81</a></span> +writer, of what we may term the earlier +school of historical research, was <b>Sir Francis +Palgrave </b><span class="sidenote"><b>1788-1861</b></span>, one of whose accomplished sons, Francis +Turner Palgrave, is still living (born 1824), whilom +Professor of Poetry at Oxford and the friend of +Tennyson, the author of excellent verse, and, +moreover, the editor of that incomparable volume, +the "Golden Treasury of Songs and Lyrics." Sir +Francis was the son of a Jewish stockbroker +named Cohen, and changed his name on becoming +a Christian. His best book, the "History of +Normandy and of England," lost much of its +value by the publication of Freeman's monumental +work, "The History of the Norman Conquest."</p> + +<p><b>Edward Augustus Freeman </b><span class="sidenote"><b>1823-1892</b></span> was born at Harborne, +in Staffordshire, and educated at Trinity +College, Oxford. His first work was a "History of +Architecture," published in 1849. In 1863 he +issued the first volume of a "History of Federal +Government." The "History of the Norman +Conquest," in five large volumes, appeared +between 1867 and 1876, and the "Reign of +William Rufus, and Accession of Henry I.," in +1882. His "Old English History" was a most +delightful collection of the primitive stories which +have always had a great fascination for beginners +in history. There was scarcely any period of European +history with which the author of the "Norman +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">82</a></span> +Conquest" did not show a thorough familiarity. +No historian has had a keener grasp of hard +solid facts, or is more able to make common-sense +deductions from them. "I am quite unable," he +candidly confessed, "to appreciate physical or +metaphysical works in any language," and he hated +literary discussion, which he contemptuously termed +"Chatter about Harriet," in reference to the debatable +question of Shelley's treatment of his +wife. Perhaps this lack of breadth did not +materially spoil him for his work. Of his +many volumes of histories and essays, those on +the "Norman Conquest" must be given the +first place. It has been said, indeed, that the +work takes as long to read as the event took to +achieve, but it is worth reading nevertheless. +The battle of Hastings, or, as Mr Freeman would +say, of Senlac, was a turning-point in our national +history, and we have here the most complete +description of that great struggle. Since Freeman's +death some attempt has been made to +question his accuracy and his scholarship; but +it has not amounted to very much. When Dr +Stubbs, with whom difference of political views +has in no way impaired a lifelong friendship, was +appointed Bishop of Chester in 1884, Mr Freeman +succeeded him as Regius Professor of Modern +History at Oxford, where he was followed on his +death by Mr Froude. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">83</a></span></p> + +<p>It would be hard to find a greater contrast, +both in method and in manner, than between +Edward Freeman and James Anthony Froude. +Freeman's style, though clear and trenchant, +was never brilliant; Froude's language compares +with that of the best artists in literature. Freeman +was always scrupulously exact, never at fault +in a fact or a date; Froude was notoriously +careless, and slipped at every turn. Freeman +cared nothing for theories; Froude was never +so happy as when he stopped abruptly in a description +to discourse on the mysteries of Providence +or the follies of mankind. Between men +of such opposite natures no friendship was possible, +and in the <i>Saturday Review</i> and other periodicals +Freeman commented vigorously, and not always +fairly, on the other's inaccuracy.</p> + +<p><b>James Anthony Froude </b><span class="sidenote"><b>1818-1894</b></span> was one of three gifted +brothers, another being William Froude (1810-1879), +the mathematician and engineer; and the +third, Richard Hurrell Froude (1803-1836), a +leader of the Tractarian movement, whose +"Literary Remains" were published after his +death by Keble and Newman. Froude was +educated at Oriel College, Oxford, and for a +time came under the influence of the movement +of which his elder brother was a leading spirit, +but ultimately he abandoned supernatural Christianity +altogether, substituting for it a kind of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">84</a></span> +poetic Theism which he partly adopted from +Carlyle. In 1847 he published anonymously two +novels, "The Spirit's Trials" and "The Lieutenant's +Daughter," which contained some not very generous +criticisms on his brother and former friends. His +"Nemesis of Faith," which appeared in 1848, was +a further criticism of the doctrines which he had +abandoned. Between the years 1856 and 1869 he +published the twelve volumes of his great work, +"The History of England, from the Fall of Wolsey +to the Defeat of the Spanish Armada," which +achieved a great and, in many respects, a well-deserved +popularity. Rarely indeed has history +been written with so much brilliancy and picturesque +power. The earlier volumes have been much +discredited among historical students: yet we would +not willingly miss such delightful word-painting as +his description of the Pilgrimage of Grace and +other scenes in the career of the Eighth Henry, +whom he selected for rehabilitation. It was, of +course, a vain and impossible task to remove the +odium which has settled upon the name of +Henry VIII.; but it was as well that the attempt +should be made. Henry had appeared to the +mass of modern Englishmen as an old-world ogre, +and Mr Froude has at least enabled them to see +that he was after all a man. Mr Freeman, himself +the most conscientious and laborious of writers, +expressed his hearty contempt for an author who +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">85</a></span> +professed in the preface to his history that he took +up the subject because he had "nothing better to +do." As, however, Froude warmed to his work his +book increased in value, and there are few who will +deny the most sterling worth to his "Edward VI.," +"Mary," and "Elizabeth." His escape from Tractarianism +had made him unfriendly to all kindred +movements, and his views of the struggle between +Catholicism and Evangelicalism in the sixteenth +century are more worthy of a Puritan divine than +of an academic writer of our own day. But we can +forgive all this, and much more, to one who has +described with so much delicate fancy the adventurous +life of Drake and Hawkins, the intrigues of +the Scottish Queen, and the restless fickleness and +untruthfulness of Elizabeth. His exquisite literary +style and general breadth of sympathy are shown +in such passages as his sketch of the rise of +Protestantism and the execution of More and +Fisher:—</p> + +<p>"Whilst we exult in that chivalry with which the +Smithfield martyrs bought England's freedom with +their blood, so we will not refuse our admiration to +those other gallant men whose high forms, in the +sunset of the old faith, stand transfigured on the +horizon, tinged with the light of its dying glory."<a name="FNanchor_11" id="FNanchor_11" href="#Footnote_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a></p> + +<p>Inaccuracy and tactlessness, however, seemed to +haunt Mr Froude like evil spirits. He wrote a +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">86</a></span> +series of articles on Thomas à Becket, but the +numerous mistakes and misstatements brought +down on him once again the strictures of Mr +Freeman. He wrote a biography of Carlyle, to +whom he acted as literary executor, and the whole +of the literary world was in arms at the revelations +of Carlyle's somewhat unamiable relations with his +wife, and of his too contemptuous sentiments about +many personal friends. Still, Mr Froude's great +literary faculty will secure to this biography a far +greater permanence than will fall to the lot of the +thousand-and-one memoirs which have appeared +during the reign. Even should Carlyle's writings +cease to be generally studied, it is not improbable +that Froude's "Life of Carlyle" will always be +read as an important chapter in literary history. +In this connection I cannot do better than quote +from an unpublished letter from Sir Fitz James +Stephen, Mr Froude's co-executor, to Mr Froude:—</p> + +<p>"For about fifteen years I was the intimate +friend and constant companion of both you and +Mr Carlyle, and never in my life did I see any one +man so much devoted to any other as you were to +him during the whole of that period of time. The +most affectionate son could not have acted better +to the most venerated father. You cared for him, +soothed him, protected him as a guide might protect +a weak old man down a steep and painful +path. The admiration you habitually expressed +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">87</a></span> +for him both morally and intellectually was unqualified. +You never said to me one ill-natured +word about him down to this day. It is to me +wholly incredible that anything but a severe regard +for truth, learnt to a great extent from his teaching, +could ever have led you to embody in your portrait +of him a delineation of the faults and weaknesses +which mixed with his great qualities.</p> + +<p>"Of him I will make only one remark in justice +to you. He did not use you well. He threw upon +you the responsibility of a decision which he ought +to have taken himself in a plain, unmistakable way. +He considered himself bound to expiate the wrongs +which he had done to his wife. If he had done +this himself it would have been a courageous thing; +but he did not do it himself. He did not even +decide for himself that it should be done after his +death. If any courage was shown in the matter, it +was shown by you, and not by him. You took the +responsibility of deciding for him that it ought to +be done. You took the odium of doing it, of +avowing to the world the faults and weaknesses of +one whom you regarded as your teacher and +master. In order to present to the world a true +picture of him as he really was, you, well knowing +what you were about, stepped into a pillory in +which you were charged with treachery, violation +of confidence, and every imaginable base motive, +when you were in fact guilty of no other fault than +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">88</a></span> +that of practising Mr Carlyle's great doctrine that +men ought to tell the truth."</p> + +<p>Mr Froude has other claims to remembrance. +In his "Short Studies on Great Subjects," many of +them essays written for <i>Fraser's Magazine</i>, of which +he was for a long time editor, are some very wise +and thoughtful papers, particularly one on the Book +of Job. His "Life of Bunyan" is characteristic, as +is also his "Life of Cæsar." Carlyle taught him +hero-worship, and from Carlyle also he learnt the +disposition which inspired his powerful book, "The +English in Ireland in the Eighteenth Century."</p> + +<p>He also wrote two picturesque books of travel, +and three volumes of lectures<a name="FNanchor_12" id="FNanchor_12" href="#Footnote_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> delivered at Oxford +during his occupancy of the chair of history, which +had been previously held in succession by his two +great rivals, Bishop Stubbs and Dr Freeman.</p> + +<p>The historian who devoted himself most earnestly +to Mr Froude's chief historical period, and +whose writings were in some measure a reply to +his, was the <b>Rev. John Sherren Brewer</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1810-1879</b></span>, who for +many years was Professor of English Literature at +King's College, London. Brewer's chief work, a +"Calendar of Letters and Papers, Foreign and +Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII.," comes +down, however, to 1530, the year in which Mr +Froude's history commences, and thus Brewer +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">89</a></span> +stands alone as an authority on Henry's early reign. +A compressed work in one volume, "The Reign +of Henry VIII.," was published after his death. +Mr Froude concludes his narrative at the year +1588, the year of the Spanish Armada, but no +recent writer of mark has treated of the closing +years of Elizabeth's reign in any detail, although +we owe to Major Martin Hume a well-written +study entitled "The Year after the Armada." Major +Hume, who is the best living authority upon this +period, has also written upon "The Courtships of +Queen Elizabeth," and has edited for the Public +Record Office the Calendar of Spanish State +Papers of Elizabeth.</p> + +<p class="p2">The next great period of English history, that +of the Stuart kings, is dealt with by Professor +Gardiner. <b>Samuel Rawson Gardiner</b> (<b>1829-</b> ) was born at +Ropley, in Hampshire, and was educated at Winchester +and at Christ Church, Oxford. His whole +life has been devoted to the most laborious research +in the annals of the reigns of James I., +Charles I., and the Protectorate of Cromwell. +He has not, like Mr Froude, taken up history as a +pleasant literary recreation, but has given years of unremitting +labour to the production of each separate +volume. He is now well into the study of the +Protectorate, the first volume of his history of which +appeared in 1894. He has written many minor +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">90</a></span> +books, one dealing with "The Gunpowder Plot," +and another with "Cromwell's Place in History." +Mr Gardiner will not perhaps be counted a brilliant +writer. He gives us none of the fire and eloquence, +almost bordering on poetry, which we find so +abundantly in Froude; but he has been described +by Sir John Seeley as the only historian who has +trodden the controversial ground of seventeenth-century +English political history with absolute +fairness and impartiality. James and Charles, +Buckingham and Bristol, Strafford and Pym, +stand out in clear and well-defined lineaments. +There is no hero-worship to blind us; no flowing +rhetoric to atone for insufficient knowledge. We +see these men in their weakness and in their +strength, neither side monopolising the virtue and +the patriotism, but each, on occasion, acting from +noble or ignoble motives. It may be urged that +too much attention is devoted to the follies of +princes and the intrigues of courtiers, and certainly +of the inner life of the nation we get all too +little in Mr Gardiner's pages: but it may be fairly +said that these books are the safest and best of +guides to one of the most important and critical +periods in our political history. It is impossible to +avoid contrasting Mr Gardiner with a far more +popular and more brilliant historian, Lord Macaulay, +and the contrast is, in some respects, in +favour of the former. Mr Gardiner sees that in +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">91</a></span> +dealing with the complexities of human motives we +are on very uncertain and delicate ground. We +need to pause step by step to weigh probabilities +and to qualify our every statement, although such +hesitancy and qualification is not conducive to +brilliant writing.</p> + +<p class="p2">The importance of this rhetorical principle was +fully grasped by <b>Thomas Babington Macaulay</b>, (<b>1800-1859</b>) +and, accordingly, in his writings a single definite +and distinct motive is seized upon as the guiding +principle of every action, and, by the simple plan +of ignoring complexities in human character, we +are carried along in an easy manner to positive +and undoubting opinions. "I wish," said Lord +Melbourne, "that I were as cock-sure of <i>anything</i> +as Tom Macaulay is of everything;" and the +remark hit off an undoubted failing, at least from +the standpoint of sound and trustworthy workmanship. +Macaulay, whose father was a distinguished +philanthropist and slavery abolitionist, was born at +Rothley Temple, in Leicestershire. From a private +school he went to Trinity College, Cambridge. +His earliest efforts in literature were articles for +Knight's <i>Quarterly Magazine</i>, and contributions +to the <i>Edinburgh Review</i>, the first of which, on +"Milton," drew from Lord Jeffrey the remark, +"The more I think the less I can conceive where +you picked up that style." Perhaps Macaulay's +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">92</a></span> +essays have been more popular even than his history. +The extraordinary knowledge they display, the +discursive familiarity with all poetry and fiction, +ancient and modern, and their enthusiastic interest +in historical events, make them a kind of education +to men whose reading has been slight, or who are +beginners in the art of reading—an art at which +Macaulay was such an adept. In 1830 Macaulay +entered Parliament as member for Calne, and +four years later received the post of member of +the Indian Council at Calcutta, with a salary of +£10,000 a year. He left India in 1838, having +rendered great service to that country by assisting +to frame the Indian penal code. After his +return to England he sat in Parliament for many +years as member for Edinburgh, and for a short +time held a seat in Lord Melbourne's Cabinet. +Some of his speeches in the House were among +the most eloquent and successful to which that +assembly has listened. In 1849 the first two +volumes of his "History of England from the +Accession of James II." were published. The +great success of these and the succeeding volumes +made him one of the most popular authors of his +day. In 1857 Macaulay was made a Peer, but he +never spoke in the House of Lords. He died in +December 1859, before he had finished the +"Reign of William III.," and was buried in +Westminster Abbey. During the later years of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">93</a></span> +Macaulay's life, and for many years after his death, +he received the unstinted praise, not only of the +great mass of readers, but even of cultured brother +authors. Of late years this has changed; a reaction +has set in, and perhaps the time has not +yet come to assign to him his true place in +literature. When Sir George Trevelyan's admirable +life of his uncle appeared in 1876, a number of +eminent writers based upon that book a criticism +of Macaulay's work. Mr Gladstone wrote in the +<i>Quarterly Review</i>, Mr Leslie Stephen in the +<i>Cornhill Magazine</i>, and Mr John Morley in the +<i>Fortnightly Review</i>. In each separate case the +review was unfavourable. All alike agreed as to +his high qualities as a man; his sincerity, +generosity, kindliness, and purity, his love of +children and his brotherly devotion; but each in +turn found matter for censure in his work. One +condemned his style, another his Whig partialities, +another his boundless optimism, and another his +errors of judgment or alleged misstatements of facts. +It is true that Macaulay is sometimes inaccurate, that +he is not seldom unjust to the characters whom he +paints so vividly. It is now a commonplace to say +that his history was written, as Carlyle said, "to +prove that Providence was on the side of the Whigs." +It is clear that he was a man of strong literary +prejudices, and he undoubtedly owes much of his +popularity to the fact that he expresses in grandly +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">94</a></span> +rhetorical language the average sentiment of his +day, its belief in material prosperity, and its delight +in being told that there has been no age of +the world so happy as our own. All this is true, +and yet it is also true that Macaulay's real services +to literature are lost sight of when such an estimate +is propounded too harshly.</p> + +<p>In spite of obvious deficiencies, Macaulay's +history is a great work. It fills up a gap in +historical literature, and such incidents as the +trial of the seven bishops and the siege of +Londonderry excel both in picturesqueness and +in accuracy. But Macaulay has claims far beyond +his merits as a historian. The critics who condemn +him so freely seem to have forgotten their +own early years. "If I am in the wrong," said +Macaulay of his history, "I shall at least have +set the minds of others at work." He has set the +minds of others at work. What cultivated man or +woman lives, with whom Macaulay's writings have +not been among the first books read, who has not +been made to feel that all the great poetry, and +fiction, and history to which he alludes so freely +must be well worth careful study? What matter +if in after-years we discover that Macaulay was +unjust to Bacon the man, and was entirely ignorant +of Bacon the philosopher; or understand clearly +what he meant by saying that such critiques as +Lessing's "Laocoon" "filled him with wonder and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">95</a></span> +despair?" If we have been encouraged by him to +desire a wider knowledge, if we have learnt from +him to admire so many great writers, so many +famous statesmen, we may surely forgive him +much, if indeed there be anything to forgive.</p> + +<p><b>Earl Stanhope</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1805-1875</b></span>, who did most of his historical +work when, as an expectant peer, he was known as +Lord Mahon, was a great friend of Macaulay's. In +1870 he published a "History of the Reign of +Queen Anne," which began at the year 1701, +and thus served as a connecting link between +Macaulay's history and his own larger work—the +"History of England, from the Peace of Utrecht +down to the Peace of Versailles (1713-1783)." +The continuation of Earl Stanhope's narrative +may be found either in Mr Lecky's "Eighteenth +Century," or in <b>William Nathaniel Massey's</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1809-1881</b></span> "History +of England under George III." Mr Massey +brings us down to the Peace of Amiens in 1801, +from which date Harriet Martineau leads us to 1846 +in a work ("History of the Peace") which is quite +unworthy of her abilities. The reign of Victoria +has been written by many hands, not the least +successful being the "History of England, 1830-1873" +of the <b>Rev. William Nassau Molesworth</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1816-1890</b></span> +of Rochdale, the author also of a "History of the +Church of England." Equally popular is the +"History of Our Own Time, 1830-1897," of <b>Justin +MacCarthy</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1830-</b></span>, who has also written a "History of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">96</a></span> +the Four Georges," and many popular novels. +Nor must we forget the brilliant literary effort +of <b>Alexander William Kinglake</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1811-1891</b></span> who, in his +"History of the War in the Crimea," has made +a younger generation familiar with a struggle in +which their fathers took so brave a part. Mr +Kinglake was for some years the Liberal member +for Bridgewater. His first literary effort, "Eothen," +a volume of travels, is scarcely less popular than his +history. By far the most important work, however, +on English history, in a period subsequent to that +dealt with by Macaulay, is Lecky's "History of +England in the Eighteenth Century," a work of +great thoroughness and thoughtfulness, the eighth +and concluding volume of which was published in +1890. <b>William Edward Hartpole Lecky</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1838-</b></span>, who was +educated at Trinity College, Dublin, which he now +represents in Parliament, is one of the most brilliant +and suggestive writers of our age. His "Rise +and Influence of the Spirit of Rationalism," and +"European Morals from Augustus to Charlemagne," +as well as the "History of the Eighteenth Century," +are justly popular.</p> + +<p>It is impossible to enumerate all the important +contributions to historical study of the past few +years, but the "History of Scotland, from the +Invasion of Agricola to the Revolution of 1688," +by <b>John Hill Burton</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1809-1881</b></span>, and the "Life and Reign of +Richard III.," by James Gairdner must not be +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">97</a></span> +forgotten, nor the "History of the War in the +Peninsula," by Sir Charles Napier (1786-1860). +Many writers have embodied the main conclusions +of the historians we have named, in brief, +but useful, histories for the use of the more +advanced schools. The more successful of these +are the Rev. James Franck Bright and the late +John Richard Green. <b>James Franck Bright</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1832-</b></span> is +master of University College, Oxford, and his +"English History for the use of Public Schools" +is a work so lucidly and carefully written, that it is +entitled to be lifted out of the category of mere +text-books, and to take rank as good literature. +Still more is this true of Green's "Short History +of the English People." <b>John Richard Green</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1837-1883</b></span> +was born at Oxford, and educated at Magdalen +College School and at Jesus College. For +some time he was vicar of St Philip's, Stepney. +His "Short History," published in 1874, was +speedily adopted in schools, and had an enormous +sale among general readers. It was immediately +recognised that a brilliant writer had appeared, +one who had assimilated all that was worthy in +the work of laborious contemporary historians, +had himself made much study of original documents, +and had welded all together by the power +of real genius. A critic here and there devoted +himself to discovering the errors, mainly of dates, +which, owing to the illness of the author, disfigured +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">98</a></span> +the first edition. But the popular instinct which +declared this to be a great work, was a sound one. +In the main its conclusions are just. There is not +a line of cheap sentiment or rhetorical clap-trap +in the book. Mr Green soon afterwards enlarged +his work, and published it in four handsome +volumes, which he dedicated to his friends—"My +Masters in the Study of English History,"—Bishop +Stubbs and Professor Freeman. Later on appeared +"The Making of England," and, after his decease, +another volume, "The Conquest of England," +written on his deathbed, was published by his +widow, Alice Stopford Green, who has written +"Town Life in the Fifteenth Century." Sir Archibald +Geikie, the geologist, once rendered a tribute +to Green for endeavouring to bring geological +science to the aid of historical research; but on +the question of the Teutonic element in our nation, +it has been urged that Green follows his friends, +Stubbs and Freeman, all too readily, and ignores +the evidence from anthropology in favour of the +very great prevalence of Celtic blood in the +English-speaking race.</p> + +<p>I regret that my space will not permit me to +write at length of the men who have studied so +thoroughly sciences which have so much bearing +upon history, and who have written delightful +books upon them. I must be content merely to +mention the names of William Boyd Dawkins, who +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">99</a></span> +has written "Cave-hunting" and "Early Man in +Britain;" and Sir John Lubbock, banker and +member of Parliament, who has written "Pre-historic +Times" and "The Origin of Civilization +and the Primitive Condition of Man," also +various books on natural science, and some +very inadequate literary essays. Nor must I forget +Edward Burnett Tylor's "Primitive Culture" +and "Anthropology," Grant Allen's "Anglo-Saxon +Britain," and Edward Clodd's "Childhood of the +World," "Childhood of Religion," and "Pioneers +of Evolution." From such works as these it is +but a very short step to the writings of Max +Müller. <b>Friedrich Max Müller</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1823-</b></span>, son of the +German poet, Wilhelm Müller, was educated at +the University of Leipzig, and made a special +study of philosophy in Germany for many years +before he came to the land of his adoption, in +1846. Appointed an Oxford professor, first of +modern languages and later of comparative philology, +a science which he may almost be said to +have created, he has become an Englishman both +in speech and in writing. Max Müller's most +popular works are his interesting "Lectures on the +Science of Language," and his "Chips from a +German Workshop," in which he deals not only +with the common origin of the world's leading +languages, but in a skilful and almost startling +manner reconstructs, by the aid of language alone, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">100</a></span> +the conditions out of which have risen the various +religious and social systems of the early nations. +The writers who have most prominently followed +in Max Müller's footsteps, as elucidators of +primitive religious belief, are Professor Sayce and +the Rev. Sir George Cox. <b>Archibald Henry +Sayce</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1846-</b></span>, who succeeded Max Müller in the chair +of comparative philology at Oxford, has written +numerous books and treatises dealing with the +Chaldean and other ancient nations, and has also +published an annotated edition of Herodotus, +noticeable chiefly for its unfavourable verdict on +the "Father of History." <b>Sir George Cox</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1827-</b></span>, whose +"Mythology of the Aryan Nations" has provoked +much adverse criticism from its extreme +application of the "Solar" theory to the interpretation +of myth, epic, and romance, has also +written an interesting "History of Greece" in +two volumes.</p> + +<p>The "History of Greece" which may be considered +one of the most satisfactory achievements +of the Victorian era, is that by Grote, published in +twelve volumes. <b>George Grote</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1794-1871</b></span> was born at Clay +Hill, near Beckenham, and was educated at the +Charterhouse School. He early went into the +banking-house in Threadneedle Street, of which +his father was one of the partners, but found time +to devote himself to philosophy and history, and +to write for the <i>Westminster Review</i>, the organ of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">101</a></span> +philosophical Radicalism. It was as a representative +of this phase of thought that he was returned +as member of Parliament for the city of London +in 1833. He sat in the House as one of a small +body of philosophical Radicals until 1841, bringing +forward annually a resolution in favour of the +ballot. He retired from Parliamentary life to +devote himself more energetically to his "History +of Greece," the first two volumes of which appeared +in 1846; the twelfth, and last, which takes +us to the death of Alexander the Great, was published +in 1856. During the same years, but unknown +to Grote, <b>Connop Thirlwall</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1797-1875</b></span>, Bishop of St +David's, a former schoolfellow of his, was engaged +upon the same task. Each acknowledged the +superiority of his rival's work, and Grote said that +he should never have written his had Thirlwall's +book appeared a few years earlier; but there can +be little hesitation in assigning the higher place to +Grote. Of Thirlwall it may be said, however, that +but for Grote his history would have taken high +rank, and would have been a welcome relief from +the foolish but once popular work of William +Mitford. Thirlwall is also interesting for having +translated, in 1825, Schleiermacher's "Essay on +St Luke," and thus first introduced German theology +into England. Grote's history is a book of +high educational value. In it we have all that +is best in Herodotus, Thucydides, and the other +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">102</a></span> +ancient historians, added to the sound and weighty +judgment of a clear-sighted modern critic, exceptionally +free from prejudice. It was Grote's great +destiny to free the English mind from the erroneous +impressions which had so long prevailed as to +the real character of the Athenian democracy, and +we cannot find elsewhere a truer or juster picture +of Athens at the height of her power. A great +work on Greek history in later aspects than those +of Grote and Thirlwall is "A History of Greece, +from its Conquest by the Romans to the Present +Time," by <b>George Finlay</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1799-1875</b></span>. Finlay fought in the +Greek War of Independence, and lived for the +greater part of his life in Athens.</p> + +<p>A number of clergymen besides Dr Thirlwall +have shown an able grasp of classical history. +Dr Arnold wrote a "History of Rome," based on +Niebuhr, which, although interesting, is scarcely +worthy of so great a man. <b>Charles Merivale</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1808-1893</b></span>, Dean +of Ely, wrote an admirable summary of Roman +history from the foundation of the city in <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> 753 +to the fall of Augustulus in <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 476; but his great +work is the "History of the Romans under the +Empire," which is indispensable for a thorough +appreciation of Gibbon. <b>Henry Hart Milman</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1791-1868</b></span>, +Dean of St Paul's, did good service to historical +scholarship by his edition of Gibbon's pre-eminent +work, and by his own "History of the Jews," +"History of Christianity under the Empire," and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">103</a></span> +"Latin Christianity." The nine volumes of this +last were called by Dean Stanley "a complete epic +and philosophy of mediæval Christianity." Milman +is said to have described himself as "the last +learned man in the Church," but in the presence of +so eminent a scholar as <b>Mandell Creighton</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1843-</b></span>, Bishop +of London, the statement is meaningless. Dr +Creighton's great work, "A History of the Papacy +From the Great Schism to the Sack of Rome," is +of the highest value in the consecutive study of +European history; and so also is the work of +another clergyman, <b>George William Kitchin</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1827-</b></span>, Dean +of Durham, whose "History of France previous to +the Revolution," is very attractively written.</p> + +<p>A writer who generalises freely from the facts +of history, and whose generalisations were once +very popular, and, according to Sir Mackenzie +Wallace, are still widely read in Russia, was <b>Henry +Thomas Buckle</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1821-1862</b></span>, who published in 1857 the first +volume of the "History of Civilisation in England;" +a second volume appeared in 1861, but the author +died before he had completed his intended undertaking. +Buckle unduly emphasises the influence of +national and moral laws upon the progress of civilisation, +minimises the influence of individuals, and +overlooks the momentous action of heredity. A +writer of equal importance with Buckle was <b>John +Addington Symonds</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1840-1893</b></span>, whose "Renaissance in +Italy" is a work of great literary merit, and whose +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">104</a></span> +translation of Cellini's "Autobiography" has +superseded Roscoe's.</p> + +<p>Passing from historic Italy to Germany we may +note that "The Holy Roman Empire" of <b>James +Bryce</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1838-</b></span> created quite a <i>furore</i> as a prize essay at +Oxford, and, in its enlarged shape, forms the only +English sketch of German history of great literary +merit. Mr Bryce was, some years ago, announced +to write a "History of Germany" of more formidable +dimensions, but the glamour of parliamentary life +and a seat in the Cabinet have robbed us of a +capable historian. Although we are without a +satisfactory German history we possess two very +solid contributions to such a work. With one +of these, Carlyle's "Frederick II.," I shall deal +later; the other is <b>Sir John Robert Seeley's</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1834-1895</b></span> +"Life and Times of Stein; or, Germany and Prussia in +the Napoleonic Age." When this work appeared +it was received with high commendation in Germany, +but in England with the qualification that it +had none of the literary charm of the author's +earlier efforts. To such criticism Professor Seeley—he +received the professorship of modern history +at Cambridge on Kingsley's resignation in 1869—replied +in a series of papers entitled "History and +Politics," wherein he practically contended that it +was the business of historians to be dull, and that +brilliant history-writing was, as a matter of fact, +little other than fiction. Still, in his lectures on +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">105</a></span> +"The Expansion of England" (1883) and "A +Short History of Napoleon" (1886) he succeeded +in making himself entirely interesting.</p> + +<p>The books which gave Sir John Seeley his +greatest fame—he received a knighthood in 1893—were +not, however, historical, but, in a sense, theological; +and with him we find ourselves in the +midst of the great religious controversies of the +reign. "Ecce Homo; a Survey of the Life and +Work of Jesus Christ," was published anonymously +in 1865. While censured on many sides on +account of its alleged heterodoxy, it drew from +opponents unstinted admiration on account of its +perfect literary workmanship. One of these +opponents was Mr Gladstone, who ventured the +prophecy that the author would at a later period +write something from a more orthodox standpoint. +The prediction was not verified, for in 1882 a +further work, "Natural Religion," by the Author +of "Ecce Homo," showed still less sympathy with +the supernatural side of religion.</p> + +<p>Mr Gladstone, who flung himself into this as into +so many other controversies, has a fame quite apart +from any literary achievement. But whatever +posterity may say of his influence on the destinies +of the nation which he has helped for so many +years to rule, it is certain that his powers as an +author would have made the reputation of a man +of less versatility. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">106</a></span></p> + +<p><b>William Ewart Gladstone</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1809-</b></span>, the son of a Lancashire +merchant, was born at Liverpool. Into +his political career it is not my province to +enter. His first literary work, "The State in its +Relations with the Church," was made famous +through a review by Macaulay. Later in life he +indulged in theological controversy, publishing +an "Essay on Ritualism" and "The Vatican +Decrees." Mr Gladstone's chief work is, however, +his "Studies in Homer," in which he argues for +the unity of the poem, for the foundation in fact +of its main incidents, and for the definite personality +of the author. His contributions to periodical +literature have been innumerable, and only a few—and +those non-controversial and non-classical—have +been republished in his five volumes of +"Gleanings." Mr Gladstone's chief opponent in +theological controversy, Cardinal Newman, has +profoundly influenced his religious views. "In +my opinion," wrote Mr Gladstone many years after +Newman had become a Roman Catholic, "his +secession from the Church of England has never +yet been estimated among us at anything like the +full amount of its calamitous importance. It has +been said that the world does not know its greatest +men; neither, I will add, is it aware of the power +and weight carried by the words and the acts of +those among its greatest men whom it does know. +The ecclesiastical historian will perhaps hereafter +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">107</a></span> +judge that this secession was a much greater event +even than the partial secession of John Wesley, the +only case of personal loss suffered by the Church +of England since the Reformation which can be at +all compared with it in magnitude."</p> + +<p><b>John Henry Newman</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1801-1890</b></span> was born in London, and +educated at a private school at Ealing and at +Trinity College, Oxford. Inclined at first to the +liberal Christianity which men like Whately and +Milman were furthering among churchmen, he +was, he says, "rudely awakened by two great +blows—illness and bereavement"; and he devoted +himself to a life-long opposition to what he has +called "the great apostasy—liberalism in religion." +"My battle," he writes, "was with liberalism; by +liberalism I mean the anti-dogmatic principle and +its developments." From 1828 to 1843 he held +the incumbency of St Mary's Church, Oxford, and +the influence which he then exerted was of the +deepest moment for the future of religious life in +England. "Who," says Matthew Arnold, himself, +like his father before him, one of the leaders +of the movement which Newman has hated +so intensely, "who could resist the charm of that +spiritual apparition, gliding in the dim afternoon +light through the aisles of St Mary's, rising into +the pulpit, and then, in the most entrancing of +voices, breaking the silence with words and +thoughts which were a religious music—subtle, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">108</a></span> +sweet, mournful? I seem to hear him still, saying: +'After the fever of life, after wearinesses +and sicknesses, fightings and despondings, languor +and fretfulness, struggling and succeeding; after +all the changes and chances of this troubled, unhealthy +state,—at length comes death, at length +the white throne of God, at length the beatific +vision.'" During these years at St Mary's what is +called the Tractarian movement sprang to life—a +movement, as we have said, against Broad-Churchism. +It was at the beginning of the movement, on +his way home from Sicily in 1833, whilst pondering +over the difficulties of the task he had undertaken, +that Newman wrote the hymn "Lead, kindly Light," +which is now as popular in the most advanced and +liberalized churches as it can be in those nearest +to its author's religious standpoint. The "Tracts +for the Times," whence Tractarians derived their +name, were written by Newman, Hurrell Froude, +Pusey, and others. Bishop Bloomfield said that +the whole movement was nothing but Newmania. +The writers argued now in short papers, now in +elaborate treatises, for the Divine mission of the +Anglican Church. Not till "Tract XC." was reached +did the alarm of the Protestant party manifest +itself in any practical form. In that Tract +Newman declared that subscription to the +Thirty-nine Articles was not inconsistent with +the acceptance of Roman Catholic teaching on +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">109</a></span> +purgatory, on the invocation of saints, and on the +mass. The Hebdomadal Council of the University +condemned the Tract. Two years later Newman +resigned his position at St Mary's, and in 1845 +formally joined the Church of Rome. According to +Disraeli, Anglicanism "reeled under the shock," and +Dean Stanley remarked to a friend that the fortunes +of the English Church might have been very different +"had Newman been able to read German."<a name="FNanchor_13" id="FNanchor_13" href="#Footnote_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></p> + +<p>In 1848 he was appointed head of the Birmingham +Oratory, and there he resided—with one short +break as rector of the Roman Catholic University +at Dublin—for nearly forty years. In 1879 he was +created a cardinal, and his visit to Rome and installation +as a Prince of the Sacred College excited +much attention in England. Although by temperament +and inclination one of the least combative +and most retiring of men, Cardinal Newman found +himself again and again in the thick of the argumentative +fray. At one time he was involved in +a libel action by an ex-priest and ultra-Protestant +lecturer named Father Achilli, and this cost Newman +and his friends twelve thousand pounds; at +another time he was arguing with the foremost +English statesman, Mr Gladstone, as to the probable +loyalty of English Roman Catholics if the +Papacy and the English Government were brought +into collision. In one great controversy of his life +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">110</a></span> +he was generally admitted to have achieved a success, +and this success is associated with an enduring +literary work, the autobiography which he calls +his "Apologia pro Vitâ Suâ." Reviewing Froude's +"History of England" in <i>Macmillan's Magazine</i> +(January 1864), Charles Kingsley charged Newman +with being careless about truth, and with +teaching that cunning and not truth-seeking was the +acceptable method of the Roman Catholic clergy. +Brought to bay by Newman, Kingsley contradicted +himself in an amazing fashion, and even +the most enthusiastic Protestants were compelled +to admit that the clever novelist was no match for +the trained dialectician. Mrs Kingsley, in her +charming life of her husband, practically admits that +he was worsted in the conflict, and J. A. Froude, +his brother-in-law, wrote: "Kingsley entirely +misunderstood Newman's character. Newman's +whole life had been a struggle for truth. He had +neglected his own interests; he had never thought +of them at all. He had brought to bear a most +powerful and subtle intellect to support the convictions +of a conscience which was superstitiously +sensitive. His single object had been to discover +what were the real relations between man and his +Maker, and to shape his own conduct by the conclusions +at which he arrived. To represent such +a person as careless of truth was neither generous +nor even reasonable." +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">111</a></span></p> + +<p>The final outcome of the controversy was the +publication of the "Apologia," a work which, alike +in beauty of style and devotion of spirit, must be +assigned a very high place in religious literature. +My space is too limited to pass in review, or even +to name, the thirty-six volumes which contain the +writings of this eloquent preacher and teacher. +His "Dream of Gerontius" and "Verses on +Various Occasions" show his high qualities as +a poet; his "Apologia," "Callista," and "Essay +in aid of the Grammar of Assent," display his +genius as a prose stylist. In "Callista: a Sketch +of the Third Century," he pictures a beautiful +Greek girl, who becomes a convert to Christianity +after a severe struggle between human affection +and religious faith. The "Grammar of Assent" +is an apology for Christianity, far above the +narrow controversies in which the author took so +distinguished a part.</p> + +<p class="p2">The question whether Cardinal Newman or +Carlyle has been the most influential personality +in Victorian literature will be largely decided by +the temperament of the critic. Mr Swinburne, +looking at them both from a standpoint of antagonism +to the priestly proclivities of the one +and to the tyrannical proclivities of the other, +apostrophised them jointly in the well-known +lines:— +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">112</a></span></p> + +<div class="poem"> +<p class="o1">"With all our hearts we praise you whom ye hate,</p> +<p class="i1">High souls that hate us; for our hopes are higher,</p> +<p class="i1">And higher than yours the goal of our desire,</p> +<p>Though high your ends be as your hearts are great."</p> +</div> + +<p>Newman, indeed, left England more dominated +by ritual than in any other period of its history, +the Roman Church more powerful than ever before, +the new High Church party in the Establishment +a great institution, with the rival Prime +Ministers, Mr Gladstone and Lord Salisbury, +among its supporters, and a taste for ritual conspicuous +in the chapels of the Nonconformists. +And yet with all this Carlyle was the more +dominant personality.</p> + +<p><b>Thomas Carlyle</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1795-1881</b></span> was born at Ecclefechan, in +Dumfriesshire, on the 4th of December 1795. +His father was a stonemason, at whose death +Carlyle thus tenderly wrote in his Diary:—"I +owe him much more than existence. I owe him +a noble inspiring example. It was he <i>exclusively</i> +that determined on educating me; that from his +small hard-earned funds sent me to school and +college, and made me whatever I am and may +become. Let me not mourn for my father, let me +do worthily of him. So shall he still live, even +here in me, and his worth plant itself honourably +forth into new generations." From Annan Grammar +School the young Carlyle went to Edinburgh +University, where he became a voracious reader, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">113</a></span> +although never a great classical scholar. He then +took the post of mathematical tutor at Annan +school, and afterwards at Kirkcaldy, where he +was friendly with Edward Irving, afterwards the +famous preacher. Disgusted with this life he flung +up his appointment, and determined to study for +the law. For some time he eked out a scanty +subsistence in Edinburgh by writing biographies +for Brewster's <i>Encyclopædia</i>. It was at this period +that he obtained some measure of mental and +moral stimulus from his German studies. Goethe +opened a new world to him. He began to +study German in 1819, induced thereto by +Madame de Staël's interesting account of the +German poets and philosophers. Goethe was +seventy-five years old when in 1824 he received +from Carlyle an English translation of "Wilhelm +Meister," with a letter, saying, "Four years ago, +when I read your 'Faust' among the mountains +of my native Scotland, I could not but fancy I +might one day see you, and pour out before you, +as before a father, the woes and wanderings of a +heart whose mysteries you seemed so thoroughly +to comprehend, and could so beautifully represent." +Two years later Carlyle sent Goethe his "Life of +Schiller," and once again he expressed his intense +devotion to one "whose voice came to me from +afar, with counsel and help, in my utmost need." +"For if," he continues, "I have been delivered +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">114</a></span> +from darkness into any measure of light, if I know +aught of myself and my destination, it is to the +study of your writings more than to any other +circumstance that I owe this; it is you more than +any other man that I should always thank and +reverence with the feeling of a disciple to his +Master, nay, of a son to his spiritual Father." In +the meantime Carlyle had married Jane Welsh, +the daughter of a doctor in Haddington, and had +settled at the lonely farm-house of Craigenputtock, +in Dumfriesshire. There he was visited by Emerson, +and there he remained for six years, before +removing to London. Not only had Carlyle then +translated "Wilhelm Meister" and written the "Life +of Schiller," but he had made numerous translations +from Musæus, Tieck, and Richter, and had published +essays on these and other German authors. +Jean Paul Richter had a peculiar attraction for +him, and there can be no doubt that Carlyle owed +his extraordinary style, in some degree, to his study +of the German humorist.</p> + +<p>The forty-seven years of Carlyle's London life +(1834-1881) were years of incessant literary activity. +The thirty volumes which came from his pen during +that time not only secured for him a permanent +place amongst the historians, biographers, and +essayists of our literature, but they kindled for him +a glow of intense personal enthusiasm amongst the +best of his contemporaries, such as, perhaps, no +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">115</a></span> +other English author has enjoyed. At his death +on the 5th of February, 1881, the world knew +Carlyle, apart from his books, as a man of simple +tastes, content, in spite of the wealth which literary +success had brought, to reside amidst unostentatious +surroundings, ever ready to help the distressed +and needy, refusing a title and the like +official recognitions, and carrying out to the letter +the reverence, earnestness, and unobtrusive manliness +which he had inculcated in his writings; devotedly +attached to his wife, whom he described on +her tombstone as having "unweariedly forwarded +him as none else could, in all of good that he did +or attempted;" and, in short, worthy of the address +presented to him on his eightieth birthday, by nearly +all the men of literary and scientific eminence in +England, including, amongst others, Lord Tennyson +and George Eliot, Robert Browning and Professor +Huxley. "A whole generation has elapsed," +they said, "since you described for us the hero as +a man of letters. We congratulate you and ourselves +on the spacious fulness of years which has +enabled you to sustain this rare dignity amongst +mankind in all its possible splendour and completeness." +The publication of Mr Froude's nine +volumes of memorials caused a considerable +revulsion of feeling. The Carlyle of these +"Letters" and "Reminiscences" appeared to be +over-censorious in his estimate of his contemporaries, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">116</a></span> +not too considerate in his relations with +his wife, and, however admirable he might find +contentment in Richter or Heyne, not content +without much murmuring to accept a life of restricted +means.</p> + +<p>To give too much emphasis to this view of +Carlyle's character is to ignore certain peculiarities +of Mr Froude's biographical and historical style, to +which reference has already been made. It will +suffice to point out here that there are other sources +of information about Carlyle than the books of his +accredited biographer. Sir Henry Taylor, Mrs +Oliphant, Mr Charles Eliot Norton, Mrs Gilchrist, +and other friends of Carlyle's later life have +published much additional matter, and have +shown, as it were, the other side of the shield. +To Sir Henry Taylor, who knew him well, he +seemed "the most faithful and true-hearted of +men," and from many sources we learn that Mr +Froude's picture is not that of the true Carlyle; +that he was not a selfish husband, that his married +life was not unhappy, that he was not altogether +dumb to the heroes living, whilst eloquent over +heroes dead, and that, in spite of many faults, he +was a noble high-minded man, a "kingly soul," as +Longfellow called him. Writing in his Diary during +his second visit to England in 1847, Emerson +says:—"Carlyle and his wife live on beautiful +terms. Their ways are very engaging, and in her +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">117</a></span> +bookcase all his books are inscribed to her as they +came from year to year, each with some significant +lines."</p> + +<p>The letters which Carlyle wrote to his wife at +the time she lost her mother are most touchingly +affectionate. This is what she wrote to a friend at +that time:—"In great matters he is always kind +and considerate, but these little attentions which +we women attach so much importance to, he was +never in the habit of rendering to anyone. And, +now, the desire to replace the irreplaceable makes +him as good in little things as he used to be in +great." And to Carlyle himself she writes:—"God +keep you, my dear husband, and bring you +safe back to me. The house looks very desolate +without you, and my mind feels empty too. I +expect, with impatience, the letter that is to fix +your return."</p> + +<p>On another occasion, writing to her husband's +mother, she says:—"You have others behind and +I have only him—only him in the whole wide +world to love me and take care of me—poor little +wretch that I am. Not but that numbers of people +love me, after their fashion, far more than I deserve, +but then his fashion is so different from +theirs, and seems alone to suit the crotchety +creature that I am." And then her pride in her +husband is well exemplified by an experience related +in a letter to him, which shows also how +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">118</a></span> +wide and deep is that mysterious impersonal influence +of great authors on men who are totally +unknown to them:—"A man of the people +mounted the platform and spoke; a youngish, +intelligent-looking man, who alone, of all the +speakers, seemed to understand the question, and +to have feelings as well as notions about it. He +spoke with a heart-eloquence that left me warm. +I never was more affected by public speaking.... +A sudden thought struck me: this man would like +to know you. I would give him my address in +London. I borrowed a piece of paper and handed +him my address. When he looked at it he started +as if I had sent a bullet into him, caught my hand, +and said, 'Oh, it is your husband! Mr Carlyle +has been my teacher and master! I have owed +everything to him for years and years!' I felt it a +credit to you really to have had a hand in turning +out this man, was prouder of that heart-tribute to +your genius than any amount of reviewers' praises +or aristocratic invitations to dinner."</p> + +<p>It is because the spirit which breathes in the +words of this young workman has been the guiding +moral force of numbers of men and women in all +stations of life, during the last sixty years, that I +have devoted so much space to Carlyle. It is of +the greatest importance to literature that the man +whose eloquent preaching of justice, sincerity, and +reverence has turned the hearts of thousands of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">119</a></span> +his fellowmen towards nobility and simplicity of +life, should not himself have been out of harmony +with all that he taught. "The world," says +Thackeray's gifted daughter, "has pointed its +moral finger of late at the old man in his great +old age, accusing himself in the face of all, and +confessing the overpowering irritations which the +suffering of a lifetime had laid upon him and upon +her he loved. That old caustic man of deepest +feeling, with an ill-temper and a tender heart, and +a racking imagination, speaking from the grave, +and bearing unto it that cross of passionate remorse +which few among us dare to face, seems to some of +us now a figure nobler and truer, a teacher greater +far than in the days when all his pain and love and +remorse were still hidden from us all."<a name="FNanchor_14" id="FNanchor_14" href="#Footnote_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a></p> + +<p>Of the "Reminiscences" which excited so much +criticism on account of their references to persons +still living, Carlyle wrote on the last page:—"I +still mainly mean to <i>burn</i> this book before my own +departure, but feel that I shall always have a kind +of grudge to do it, and an indolent excuse. 'Not +<i>yet</i>; wait, any day that can be done!' and that it +is possible the thing <i>may</i> be left behind me, legible +to interested survivors—<i>friends</i> only, I will hope, +and with <i>worthy</i> curiosity, not <i>un</i>worthy! In which +event, I solemnly forbid them, each and all, to +<i>publish</i> this bit of writing <i>as it stands here</i>, and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">120</a></span> +warn them that <i>without fit editing</i> no <i>part</i> of it +should be printed (nor so far as I can order <i>shall</i> +ever be), and that the 'fit editing' of perhaps +nine-tenths of it will, after I am gone, have become +<i>impossible</i>."<a name="FNanchor_15" id="FNanchor_15" href="#Footnote_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a></p> + +<p>The only editing which Mr Froude deemed "fit" +was the omission of this paragraph from his edition +of the work. And yet to read, with the "worthy +curiosity" of which he speaks, of his love for +father and wife, and of his kindly solicitude for +brothers and sisters, whom he constantly assisted, +is to make him nearer and dearer to those who +care to remember that he was after all but human. +Carlyle spoke with too little kindness, it must be +owned, of Wordsworth, and Coleridge, and Lamb, +because he saw only the palpable weaknesses of +their characters, and was blinded by forbidding +externals to the sterling worth of these great +men; but he loved Emerson, and Tennyson, and +Ruskin, and he profoundly revered Goethe, who, +after all, was the only one of his contemporaries +who could take rank anywhere near him.<a name="FNanchor_16" id="FNanchor_16" href="#Footnote_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> Carlyle +recognised that Goethe was incomparably his +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">121</a></span> +superior in every way; that he was, as Matthew +Arnold calls him, "the greatest poet of the present +age, and the greatest critic of all ages," the one +man of transcendent genius whom Europe has +produced since Dante and Shakspere. To have +first led England to appreciate Goethe is not the +least of Carlyle's many services to his country. To +have acted as an inspiring and helpful prophet is +perhaps his greatest. "Sartor Resartus" first appeared +in <i>Fraser's Magazine</i> for 1833, where it +met with but scanty recognition, and, indeed, half-ruined +the editor, whose subscribers anxiously +asked when the "tailor sketches" were coming to +an end. It is surely something more than a passing +fashion in literature which leads us now to take +up these well-worn pages with so much of tenderness +and sympathy. "There is in man," he says, +"a Higher than Love of Happiness; he can do +without Happiness, and instead thereof find +Blessedness! Was it not to preach forth this +same Higher that sages and martyrs, the Poet and +the Priest, in all times, have spoken and suffered; +bearing testimony, through life and through death, +of the Godlike that is in Man, and how, in the +Godlike only, has he Strength and Freedom?" +How can it be said that Carlyle did not love +humanity when we read the lines in which he +expresses reverence for the "toilworn Craftsman +that, with earth-made Implement, laboriously conquers +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">122</a></span> +the Earth and makes her man's?" "Venerable +to me," he continues, "is the hard Hand; +crooked, coarse; wherein notwithstanding lies a +cunning virtue, indefeasibly royal, as of the Sceptre +of this Planet. Venerable, too, is the rugged face, +all weather-tanned, besoiled, with its rude intelligence; +for it is the face of a Man living manlike. +O, but the more venerable for thy rudeness, and +even because we must pity as well as love thee! +Hardly entreated Brother! For us was thy back +so bent, for us were thy straight limbs and fingers +so deformed; thou wert our Conscript on whom +the lot fell, and fighting our battles wert so +marred."</p> + +<p>It is impossible to exaggerate the effect upon +the younger minds of his age of Carlyle's stirring +words, inciting to worthy and ever worthier effort:—"Do +the duty which lies nearest to thee, which +thou knowest to be a duty. In all situations out +of the pit of Tophet, wherein a living man has +stood, there is actually a prize of quite infinite +value placed within his reach, namely a duty for +him to do; this highest of Gospels forms the +basis and worth of all other gospels whatever." +"Brother," he says elsewhere, "thou hast possibility +in thee for much, the possibility of writing +on the eternal skies the record of a heroic life. Is +not every man, God be thanked, a potential hero? +The measure of a nation's greatness, of its worth +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">123</a></span> +under the sky to God and to man, is not the +quantity of bullion it has realised, but the quantity +of heroisms it has achieved, of noble pieties and +valiant wisdoms that were in it, that still are +in it."</p> + +<p>Little less valuable than "Sartor Resartus" is +"Past and Present," which was published in +1843. The reverence and delicacy with which it +touches the monasticism of a bygone age are as +remarkable as the prophetic vision with which it +deals with the social problems of our latter-day +life. State-aided emigration, co-operation and +national education, are some of the many changes +advocated here and elsewhere. Not till the +"Latter-day Pamphlets" (1850) did Carlyle become +an eloquent advocate of "force" as a guide +in politics, thereby alienating John Stuart Mill +and many of his old friends. His language +then seemed to degenerate into mere shrieking +and scolding. The world must be governed, he +declared, by men of heroic mould, who know what +is good for the inferior natures around them. Let +such inferior natures, if need be, be scourged into +silence. Parliaments he spoke of contemptuously +as "talking shops," and his sympathies went out +heartily to Governor Eyre at the time of the +Jamaica riots, and to the Southern States at the +time of the American Civil War. An admiration +for "heaven-sent heroes" had always been strong +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">124</a></span> +in Carlyle, although it certainly had not its after +meaning when he wrote in early life, "Not brute +force, but only persuasion and faith are the kings +of this world." In "Heroes and Hero-worship," a +course of lectures delivered in 1840, he had waxed +eloquent over Mahomet, Luther, and Napoleon, +and three years earlier, in 1837, he had published +in his "French Revolution" a brilliant eulogy +of Mirabeau. His vindication of Cromwell was +brought about perhaps mainly by his appreciation +of the Protector's high-handed resoluteness, and +his "Life of Frederick II. of Prussia" was the +apology for a man who was the very embodiment +of despotic ideals.</p> + +<p>But quite apart from Carlyle's worth as a moral +teacher or as a controversialist, his place in literature +is very high. His short biography of Schiller +was an epoch-making book, because of the influence +it has exercised upon the study of German +literature: but it bears little evidence of the genius +of its author, and, in consequence of the abundance +of Schiller correspondence subsequently +brought to light, it has been superseded by the biographies +of Palleskie and Duntzer. Carlyle's "Life +of John Sterling" is, however, a work of great power, +a kind of prose "Lycidas," which, like that great +elegy, has rescued from oblivion a man in whom +the world would soon have ceased to be interested. +Carlyle, again, was an essayist of striking individuality. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">125</a></span> +Few literary sketches are more picturesque +than his "Count Cagliostro" and "The Diamond +Necklace," and the essays on Johnson and Burns +are models of generous human insight. With +literary insight, however, Carlyle was not too well +endowed, at least, when purely imaginative literature +was concerned, and he once expressed the +opinion that Shakspere had better have written in +prose. "It is part of my creed," he wrote to +Emerson, "that the only poetry is history could +we tell it right." His method of telling it gives +him a place by himself among historians, a place +so singular that it is impossible to classify him. +"Carlyle's 'French Revolution,'" said John Stuart +Mill, "is one of those productions of genius which +is above all rule, and is a law to itself." The +deathbed of Louis XV., the taking of the Bastille, +and the execution of Danton, are never-to-be-forgotten +descriptions, and the poetical passage which +follows the relation of the bloody horrors of 1789 +cannot be too often quoted:—"O evening sun of +July, how, at this hour, thy beams fall slant on +reapers amid peaceful woody fields; on old women +spinning in cottages; on ships far out in the silent +main; on Balls at the Orangerie of Versailles, +where high-rouged Dames of the Palace are even +now dancing with double-jacketed Hussar-Officers;—and +also on this roaring Hell-porch of a Hôtel-de-Ville!" +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">126</a></span></p> + +<p>The scientific history of the French Revolution +has yet to be written; and even to appreciate +Carlyle's prose epic adequately we should know +something of Mignet, Thiers, Morse Stephens, and +von Sybel, but neither the accumulation of fresh +facts, nor a philosophical deduction from such +facts, can impair the value of Carlyle's work. That, +in spite of all his fire and passion, Carlyle could +delineate character with most judicial fairness, may +be demonstrated by turning to Mr John Morley's +essays on Robespierre and the other revolutionists, +and observing how his calm and unprejudiced +intellect has pronounced judgments in every way +endorsing Carlyle's.</p> + +<p>Carlyle's "Cromwell" has less attraction for us +to-day than the "French Revolution"; but the +service to historical study was even greater. +Opinions will always differ as to the wisdom of +the Protector's policy and the righteousness of his +deeds, but since the publication of these letters and +speeches, "edited with the care of an antiquarian +and the genius of a poet,"<a name="FNanchor_17" id="FNanchor_17" href="#Footnote_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> Cromwell's sincerity and +genuine piety have been unimpugned. There are +others beside Mr Froude who esteem the "History +of Frederick II." Carlyle's greatest work. +The humour of the book is wonderful, for Carlyle +is the greatest humorist since Sterne, and nowhere +is this humour more conspicuous than in +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">127</a></span> +"Frederick." The splendid portraits of all the +most important figures in the eighteenth century +fix themselves indelibly in the memory, and it is +even said that German soldiers study the art of +war from the descriptions of Frederick's campaigns. +Nevertheless, the book has much in it that is unsatisfying +to Englishmen. Frederick and his father +could not easily excite the hero-worshipping inclinations +of a free people, and even Carlyle became +disillusioned as he proceeded with his task, and +finally admitted that Frederick was not worth the +trouble he had given to him. He commenced it +as a "History of Frederick the Great," and concluded +it as a "History of Frederick, <i>called</i> the +Great."</p> + +<p class="p2">Carlyle is surely the greatest figure in our +modern literature. He wrote no poetry worth +consideration, it is true. His verse would long +since have been forgotten had it not been for +his effectiveness as a prose writer. But although +we are accustomed to the claim for poetry that +it ranks higher than prose, it must be conceded +that in Victorian literature this is not the case, +and that Carlyle's enormous personality, his +capacity for influencing others for good and ill, +have made him the greatest moral and intellectual +force of his age. To him we owe the indifference +to mere political shibboleths, the lull in +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">128</a></span> +party warfare, which is the note of our age. He +gave no definite answer to any question, but he +gave us the impetus which led others to seek +for solutions. His literary influence on Froude +and Mill, Mr Ruskin and Mr Lecky, and numbers +of others was tremendous. The place which was +occupied by Swift in the eighteenth century is held +by Carlyle in the nineteenth, and though every +line that he has written should cease to be read, +he will still be remembered as the greatest of +literary figures in an age of great men of letters.</p> + +<h2 class="p6">CHAPTER IV</h2> + +<p class="center b15">The Critics</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">129</a></span></p> + +<p class="p2">The plan of describing all the writers of a period +who are not poets, novelists and historians as +critics is open to many objections, although I +intend to adopt it. If Matthew Arnold's plea for +poetry as a criticism of life holds good, it is +precisely the poets, novelists and historians who +are the true critics. An alternative plan would +have been to give a chapter to prose writers +and another to the poets; and still another +arrangement would have been to divide the subject, +as De Quincey suggested, into the literature of +power and the literature of imagination, the former +including the philosophers and historians, the latter +the poets, the novelists, and the more picturesque +of the prose writers—Carlyle and Ruskin, for +example.</p> + +<p class="p2">One unhesitatingly assigns to Mr Ruskin the +distinction of the critic whose work is most +eloquent and impressive. <b>John Ruskin</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1819-</b></span> was born +in Hunter Street, Brunswick Square, London. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">130</a></span> +He has told us in his autobiography, "Præterita," +of his early life under a tender mother's care, +of his boyish affection for Byron and Scott, +and of the youthful impulse to art study excited +by the present of Rogers's "Italy," with +Turner's illustrations. In 1837 he was entered +as a gentleman commoner at Christ Church, +Oxford, gaining, two years later, the Newdigate +prize for English poetry, his subject being "Salsette +and Elephanta." In 1843 he produced the first +volume of "Modern Painters: their Superiority in +the Art of Landscape Painting to all the Ancient +Masters. By a Graduate of Oxford." The work +originated, he says, "in indignation at the shallow +and false criticism of the periodicals of the day +on the work of the great living artist to whom it +principally refers." The artist in question was +Joseph Mallord William Turner, upon whom +Ruskin has pronounced somewhat contradictory +judgments at different periods in his career. +"Modern Painters" soon extended beyond the +mere essay at first intended, and in its final form +of five handsome volumes, it was not only a philosophical +treatise on landscape painting, but an exhaustive +dissertation on many phases of life from +one whom Mazzini declared to possess "the most +analytic brain in Europe."</p> + +<p>Another important work, "The Seven Lamps of +Architecture" (1849), is a brilliant attempt at reform +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">131</a></span> +in domestic and church architecture. The +"lamps" represent the characteristics which good +architecture should possess. The first is the Lamp +of Sacrifice: "What of beauty and what of riches +we may possess, let a portion be dedicated to God. +It was in this spirit that our cathedrals were built." +The second, the Lamp of Truth, is a plea for +honesty in architecture, no imitation wood or +marble, but solid wood and solid stone. "Exactly +as a woman of feeling," he says, "would not wear +false jewels, so would a builder of honour disdain +false ornaments. The using of them is just as +downright and inexcusable a lie." The third is +the Lamp of Power: "Until that street architecture +of ours is bettered, until we give it some +size and boldness, until we give our windows recess +and our walls thickness, I know not how we can +blame our architects for their feebleness in more +important work." The fourth is the Lamp of +Beauty, and in this chapter he maintains that "all +the most lovely forms and thoughts" are directly +taken from natural objects. The fifth is the Lamp +of Life. "To those who love architecture," he +says, "the life and accent of the hand are everything." +The sixth is the Lamp of Memory: "All +public edifices should be records of national life, +all ordinary dwelling-houses endeared to their +owners by sacred and sweet associations. There +is infinite sanctity in a good man's house!" The +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">132</a></span> +seventh is the Lamp of Obedience, and here he +pleads eloquently for the enforcement of an established +type of architecture—the Gothic, in his +judgment, lending itself most readily to all services, +vulgar or noble. The "Stones of Venice" (1851-1853), +in three volumes, gives in further detail +Ruskin's views of the laws of architecture. The +pre-Raphaelite movement of Millais, Rossetti, and +Holman Hunt early enlisted his sympathy, and in +"Pre-Raphaelitism" (1851) he declared that they +had worthily followed the advice given in "Modern +Painters," to "go to nature in all singleness of +heart, and walk with her laboriously and trustingly, +having no other thought but how best to +penetrate her meaning; rejecting nothing, selecting +nothing, and scorning nothing." From that +time until his Slade lectures at Oxford in 1883-1884 +Ruskin wrote several books on painting +and architecture, all of them in a style which +attracts even those who are least in sympathy +with his opinions.</p> + +<p>But as Goethe declared of himself that posterity +would honour him, not for his poetry, but for his +discoveries in science, so Ruskin, perhaps more +justly, insists that it is as an economist that he is +most deserving of remembrance. The four essays +on the first principles of political economy, entitled +"Unto this Last" (1862), he declares to be "the +truest, rightest-worded, and most serviceable +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">133</a></span> +things" he has ever written. These essays were +originally published by Thackeray in the <i>Cornhill +Magazine</i>, but the remonstrances of its readers +brought the series to a speedy end. The principles +of state socialism there initiated have since entered +the field in direct contest with the established +order of things. Mr Ruskin would have every +child in the country taught a trade at the cost of +government; he would have manufactories and +workshops entirely under government regulation +for the production and sale of every necessary of +life, and for the exercise of every useful art; he +would permit competition with government manufactories +and shops, but all who desired work could +be sure of it at the state establishments: finally, he +would provide comfortable homes for the old and +destitute, as "it ought to be quite as natural and +straightforward a matter for a labourer to take his +pension from his parish, because he has deserved +well of his parish, as for a man in higher rank to +take his pension from his country because he has +deserved well of his country." Ruskin has +amplified his economic doctrines in "Munera +Pulveris," "Time and Tide by Wear and Tyne," +and "Fors Clavigera." "Time and Tide" is a +collection of letters on the laws of work to the late +Thomas Dixon, a working corkcutter of Sunderland. +They were originally published in the <i>Manchester +Examiner</i>. "Fors Clavigera" is a series of ninety-six +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">134</a></span> +letters to working-men, which were issued +in monthly parts, and rendered additionally +interesting by the quantity of autobiographical +anecdotes so freely interspersed in their pages. +The title is derived, as Ruskin has explained, from +the Latin <i>fors</i>, the best part of three good English +words—force, fortitude, and fortune; the root of +the adjective <i>clavigera</i> being either <i>clava</i>, a club, +<i>clavis</i>, a key, or <i>clavus</i>, a nail, and <i>gero</i>, to carry. +Fors the Club-bearer therefore represents the +strength of Hercules or of Deed; the Key-bearer, +the strength of Ulysses or of Patience; and the +Nail-bearer, the strength of Lycurgus or of Law.</p> + +<p>To carry out his principles practically, Ruskin +established for a short time a tea shop in the +Marylebone Road, where nothing but the best tea +was sold at a fair price, and he founded the St +George's Guild with a view of showing "the rational +organisation of country life independent of that of +cities;" or in other words, the restoration of the +peasantry to the soil of England. One of the +conditions of membership was that every member +should give one-tenth of his property to the guild +for carrying out its work. Ruskin led the way, his +property being then estimated at £70,000. He +has told us in "Fors" that out of the £157,000 left +him by his parents he has spent £153,000. Much +of this must have gone to the Ruskin Museum at +Sheffield. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">135</a></span></p> + +<p>It is, however, in following Carlyle as a bracing, +invigorating influence that Ruskin has most claim +on the gratitude of the present generation. If +Carlyle taught us to be content with this "miserable +actual," with such environment as may have +fallen to our lot, his disciple has given the impulse +which has led to the beautifying of that environment. +The more refined taste in dress, furniture, +and in dwelling-houses which has characterized +the later Victorian era, and, side by side therewith, +a greater simplicity of life on the part of the +more cultured rich, are in an especial degree due +to the influence of Ruskin. "What is chiefly +needed in England at the present day," he says, +"is to show the quantity of pleasure that may be +obtained by a consistent, well-administered competence, +modest, confessed, and laborious. We +need examples of people who, leaving Heaven to +decide whether they are to rise in the world, decide +for themselves that they will be happy in it, and +have resolved to seek—not greater wealth, but +simpler pleasures; not higher fortune, but deeper +felicity; making the first of possessions, self-possession; +and honouring themselves in the harmless +pride and calm pursuits of peace." In the +"Crown of Wild Olive," "Time and Tide," and +"Sesame and Lilies," he emphasizes this teaching +with his customary eloquence. Of these books, by +far the most important is "Sesame and Lilies," +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">136</a></span> +which was written, he says, "while my energies +were still unbroken and my temper unfretted, +and if read in connection with 'Unto this Last,' +contains the chief truths I have endeavoured +through all my life to display, and which, under +the warnings I have received to prepare for its +close, I am chiefly thankful to have learnt and +taught." It treats of "the majesty of the influence +of good books and of good women, if we know +how to read them and how to honour." How to +read books he shows by analyzing the well-known +passage from Milton's "Lycidas" on "The Pilot +of the Galilean Lake," and explaining the deep +meaning of its every word. How to honour +women, how women may become worthy of honour, +he shows by taking us to Shakspere and +to Scott, whose Portias and Rosalinds, Catherine +Seytons and Diana Vernons are ever ready at +critical moments to be a help and a guidance to +men; and finally he appeals to the great Florentine, +and shows us Beatrice leading Dante through +the starry spheres of heaven up to the very throne +of light and of truth. But the book is full of +healthy and helpful passages, and is, like so much +that its author has written, a moral inspiration for +all who read it. "I am a great man," Ruskin once +said, with a consciousness of genius which reminds +us that Horace and Milton, Shakspere and Goethe +were equally outspoken. Posterity, we may well +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">137</a></span> +believe, will endorse the self-criticism, and will not +willingly let his works or his memory die.</p> + +<p>Of late years Mr Ruskin has lived, not in the +most robust health, in a house at Coniston, in +the English Lake District.</p> + +<p>The next most prominent critic of the period +is one upon whom Ruskin has always poured +his bitterest scorn, and who yet will be ever remembered +with warmest reverence by those +who are old enough to have been his contemporaries. +I mean John Stuart Mill.</p> + +<p>Jeremy Bentham, who gave such an impulse to +all political reform, and made a complete revolution +in English jurisprudence, died in 1832. His +friend James Mill, who wrote the "History of +India" and an "Analysis of the Human Mind," +died four years later. "It was," says Professor +Bain, "James Mill's greatest contribution to human +progress to have given us his son." It may be so, +and yet he seems to have done his utmost to spoil +the gift, not, as children are usually spoiled, by +over-indulgence, but by the most excessive severity.</p> + +<p><b>John Stuart Mill</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1806-1873</b></span> born in Rodney Street, +Pentonville. His education, which was conducted +by his father, would have been the mental +ruin of a mind of smaller powers. "I never +was a boy," he said, "never played at cricket; +it is better to let Nature have her own way." +He began Greek at three, and Latin at eight +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">138</a></span> +years of age. The list of classical authors with +whose works he was familiar at thirteen is truly +appalling. This in itself would have been a +small matter had not his cold, stern father discouraged +all imaginative reading. Poetry in particular +he was taught to look upon as mere vanity, +and there are few passages in Mill's "Autobiography" +more interesting than the story how in +early manhood Wordsworth's poetry came to him +like veritable "balm in Gilead," for spiritual +refreshment and healing. In 1823 he obtained a +clerkship in the India House, from which he withdrew, +with ample compensation, when the Indian +Government was transferred to the Crown in 1858. +Meanwhile he had been an industrious contributor +to the <i>Westminster Review</i> and other periodicals, +and regularly attended the debates of the Speculative +Society which met at Grote's house. Scarcely +any scene in literature is better known than the +destruction of the manuscript of Carlyle's "French +Revolution" which he had lent to Mill. Mill lent +it to Mrs Taylor, the lady who afterwards became +his wife, and it was inadvertently destroyed. The +speechless agony of Mill when he went to inform +his friend, the self-command with which Carlyle +and his wife concealed their own misery in endeavouring +to moderate his self-reproaches—these +and many other details have been made +familiar to us by many pens. Mill gave Carlyle +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">139</a></span> +what monetary compensation he could, and +acted, as he always acted in life, with all possible +nobleness. Mrs Taylor, who was the real culprit +on this occasion, was the wife of a wholesale +druggist in Mark Lane. When Mill made her +acquaintance, his father remonstrated, but he replied +that he had no other feelings towards +her than he would have towards an equally +able man. The equivocal friendship, which was +the talk of all Mill's circle of acquaintances, lasted +for twenty years, when Mr Taylor died, and Mill +married his widow. It is impossible to regard the +enthusiasm of Mill for this lady without feeling +how much there was in it of the humorous, how +much also of the pathetic. That Mill had a most +exaggerated opinion of her intellectual attainments +there can be no doubt. He declared her to be +the author of all that was best in his writings. +Much of his "Political Economy," he said, was +her work, and also the "Liberty" and the "Subjection +of Women." His language with regard to +her was always extravagant, and Grote said that +"only John Mill's reputation could survive such +displays." Mill's brother George declared that +she was "nothing like what John thought her," and +there is much evidence to show that she was but +a weak reflection of her husband. Still, it is impossible +not to sympathize with such an illusion. +Mrs Mill died in 1858, and was buried at Avignon, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">140</a></span> +in France, where Mill himself spent many of the +later years of his life, and where he died in 1873. +It was at Avignon that the Crown Princess of +Prussia and the Princess Alice of Hesse proposed +to visit him, when he, with due courtesy, declined +to see them.</p> + +<p>Mill's works, which are very extensive, deal +with philosophical, psychological, economical, and +political problems. His "Logic" was published +in 1843, his "Essays on Unsettled Questions in +Political Economy" in 1844, his "Principles of +Political Economy" in 1848, and his "Liberty" in +1858. In 1865 he published his "Examination of +Sir William Hamilton's Philosophy." Four volumes +of "Dissertations and Discussions" appeared between +1859 and 1867, and "Considerations on +Representative Government" in 1861. In 1865 +he entered Parliament as Member for Westminster, +losing his seat, however, in 1868. It +would be hard to speak too highly of Mill. As +a man he was all kindliness and considerate +thoughtfulness for others, and his ideal of life +was a very high one. Carlyle's Letters, Caroline +Fox's Memoirs, and many other sources of information, +make this clear. On the literary side +he will be variously estimated, as we survey him +from one or other aspect of his many-sided career. +As a stimulator of public opinion the work he did +was enormous. This is not the place to discuss +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">141</a></span> +the value of this or that movement associated +with his name; but there can be no doubt that +many questions, like the reform of the land laws, +were initiated by him. In the seventies his philosophy +dominated Oxford. It is of no account to-day.</p> + +<p>On the philosophical side Mill's position is +weakened by his ignorance of the more simple +sciences, which we now know to be of the greatest +moment in the study of intellectual problems. +Mill knew little of physics, and of biology still less. +His education in this respect belonged to the old-fashioned +type. His work in logic is all but unshaken, +although his book has been superseded for +school and college use. His psychology, however, +his ethics, much of his economics, and above all, +his metaphysics, must be corrected by later ideas. +Doubtless Mill's readjustments in mental science +are most valuable, especially his rehandling of +the old doctrines; but fundamentally these are +Hume's. Mill's chief philosophical work was destructive. +He utterly routed the remnants of a +still earlier philosophy, furbished up with all the +knowledge and all the acuteness of Sir William +Hamilton. But the great generalizations which +have changed the whole drift of our philosophy +are the Conservation of Energy, and Evolution, +including as the latter does the laws and conditions +of life, and in particular the doctrine +of Heredity. For adequate philosophical guidance +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">142</a></span> +on these subjects we must turn to Herbert +Spencer.</p> + +<p>But first let me point to the number of political +economists who have followed Mill in the discussion +of the relation of society to the "wealth" it +produces. Mill's "Political Economy" was more +of a systematic summary of the prevailing doctrines +than an original work. It long formed, however, +the basis of ordinary English knowledge +on the subject, and by its adhesion to the Wages +Fund and other erroneous theories, it did not +a little harm as well as good to Economic Science. +Mill's most enthusiastic disciple in economics, +<b>Henry Fawcett</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1833-1884</b></span>, went far beyond his master in his +acceptance of the main doctrines of the Ricardo +school. Many of the positions maintained in his +"Political Economy" were abandoned by Mill +before his death, particularly the Wages Fund +theory; and in his "Autobiography" he traced +his own progress to views which, as he said, +would class him "under the general designation +of Socialist." He declared himself in favour of +"the common ownership in the raw material of +the globe, and an equal participation of all in the +benefits of combined labour."<a name="FNanchor_18" id="FNanchor_18" href="#Footnote_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a></p> + +<p>Professor Fawcett, who published his "Manual +of Political Economy" in 1863, continued to +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">143</a></span> +the last to hold to the old views, and especially +to favour as little as possible the intervention +of the State. As member of Parliament, first +for Brighton and afterwards for Hackney, he +did great service by his criticisms of Indian +finance. For more than four years (1880-1884) +he held the position of Postmaster-General, +and introduced many valuable reforms into the +department under his administration. Other +economists of importance, <b>John Elliott Cairnes</b> +and <b>William Stanley Jevons</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1824-1875</b><br /><b>1835-1882</b><br /><b>1838-</b></span>, have differed from +Mill in many theoretic principles; but the fairest +survey of the later developments of Mill's economics +is given by <b>Henry Sidgwick</b>, Knightbridge Professor +of Moral Philosophy at Cambridge, and by +Alfred Marshall (born 1842). In his "Principles +of Political Economy" (1883) Sidgwick attempts, +with great clearness, to criticise the conflicting +views of the older economists in the light of the +modern and more socialist views. He also attempts +in his "Methods of Ethics" (1874) a compromise +between the Utilitarian and the Intuitionist +schools, and he does this also in his "Elements of +Politics" (1891), a comprehensive survey of political +science. Mr Marshall, who holds the Chair +of Political Economy at Cambridge, has written +"Economics of Industry" (1879), and "Principles +of Economics" (1890). A writer who did much +to make foreign economists known in England, and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">144</a></span> +who seemed at one time destined to be the able +leader of a new school, was <b>Thomas Edward Cliffe +Leslie</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1827-1882</b></span>, whose "Essays" are full of terse and suggestive +criticism. Cliffe Leslie died, however, +without writing any work of first-rate importance. +He did something, however, following the line of +writers like Richard Jones (1790-1855), to bring +academic theory to the test of actual facts.</p> + +<p>During the last twenty years of the century, +economic study has taken increasingly the direction +of elaborate investigation of the circumstances of +industrial life. On the one hand, a school of +economic historians,—Arnold Toynbee, with a +brilliant <i>aperçu</i> on "The Industrial Revolution," +Thorold Rogers in his monumental "History of +Agriculture and Prices," Dr Cunningham, in the +"Growth of English History and Commerce," and +Professor W. J. Ashley in "Economic History and +Theory," have greatly extended our knowledge of +past industry. On the other, we have the colossal +work undertaken at his own expense by Mr Charles +Booth, assisted by a group of zealous students—including +H. Llewellyn Smith, D. F. Schloss, and +Miss Clara Collet, now all filling official posts at +the Labor Department of the Board of Trade; +and Miss Beatrice Potter (now Mrs Sidney Webb)—a +complete survey of London life, statistical, +economic, industrial, and social. The nine +volumes of this "Life and Labor of the People," +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">145</a></span> +already issued, constitute one of the most important +statistical works ever undertaken by a +private person. Mr and Mrs Sidney Webb +wrote together another valuable contribution to +economic science in "The History of Trade +Unionism" (1894).</p> + +<p>But political economy is merely a branch of the +larger science of sociology, and for the first general +treatment of the whole science, since Comte, we +turn to the most characteristic philosopher of +the century. <b>Herbert Spencer</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1820-</b></span> was born at Derby, +where his father was a teacher of mathematics. +From his father and uncle, the latter a Congregational +minister, he received his early education. +Articled at seventeen years of age to a civil engineer, +he followed that profession with some success +for seven or eight years, when he gradually drifted +into literature—a series of letters by him "On the +Proper Sphere of Government" appearing in the +<i>Nonconformist</i> for 1842. A few years later, he +wrote for the <i>Westminster Review</i>, at the house of +the editor of which magazine he met George Eliot +in 1851, and began the most famous friendship +of his life. It was also in 1851 that he published +his first work, "Social Statics," and four +years later his "Principles of Psychology." In +1861 he published his work on "Education," and +the following year his "First Principles." Between +that time and 1896 he has slowly built up a system +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">146</a></span> +of synthetic philosophy, in a dozen bulky volumes, +which has secured him a very large following not +only in England, but throughout the Continent +and America. His "Descriptive Sociology" is +the production of many writers, who have worked +under his direction, collecting facts from travellers +and scientists all over the world.</p> + +<p>To have placed Psychology and Ethics on a +scientific basis in harmony with the discoveries of +the century is a truly great achievement. Many +years have now passed away since Herbert Spencer +claimed the whole domain of knowledge as his own, +and undertook to revise, in accordance with the +latest lights, the whole sphere of philosophy. +What must have seemed intolerable presumption +in 1860 became in 1896 a completed task. In +universality of knowledge he rivals Aristotle and +Bacon at a time when the sphere of learning +is immensely larger than in their epochs. It is +not within the province of this survey of literature +to go through the twelve large volumes of his works +in detail. We would rather point out that, to the +unphilosophical reader, who would willingly know +something of Spencer's literary powers, the "Study +of Sociology," which he wrote for the "International +Scientific Series," and the treatise on "Education" +are books which all who read must enjoy.</p> + +<p>To him, with Mill, belongs the glory of restoring +to Great Britain the old supremacy in philosophy +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">147</a></span> +given to her by Bacon, continued by Locke, Hume, +and Berkeley, but temporarily interrupted by Kant +and Hegel.</p> + +<p>Another writer who has attempted to combine +psychology with physiology is <b>Alexander Bain</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1818-</b></span>, +who was for many years Professor of Logic in the +University of Aberdeen, and twice Lord Rector. +Bain assisted Mill in the preparation of his +"Logic," and has himself written a treatise on that +science, also lengthy works on "The Senses and +the Intellect," and "The Emotions and the Will." +Perhaps his work on "Mental and Moral Science" +is his best-known contribution to student literature. +Although he is the author of books on grammar +and composition, Professor Bain's style is +always oppressively heavy and unattractive. As +Spencer and Bain combined psychology with +physiology, so it was the effort of Boole and De +Morgan to extend the scope of logic by an ingenious +application of mathematics.</p> + +<p>The leader for many years of the "Hegelian" +school of philosophy at Oxford, which has long +held the field against Mill on the one hand and +Spencer on the other, was <b>Thomas Hill Green</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1838-1882</b></span>, who +was appointed Whyte Professor of Moral Philosophy +in 1877, and who published the same year a series +of articles in the <i>Contemporary Review</i>, on "Mr +Herbert Spencer and Mr G. H. Lewes: their Application +of the Doctrine of Evolution to Thought." +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">148</a></span> +He was preparing for publication his "Prolegomena +to Ethics" at the time of his death, and the work +was finally edited by Professor A. C. Bradley, who +has himself written a treatise on logic, and whose +Hegelian work, entitled "Ethical Studies," is of +the highest interest. Green was a moral force in +Oxford, quite apart from his philosophical speculation, +as the following extract from one of his lectures +will indicate:—"I confess to hoping for a time +when the phrase, 'the education of a gentleman,' +will have lost its meaning, because the sort of education +which alone makes the gentleman in any true +sense will be within the reach of all. As it was +the aspiration of Moses that all the Lord's people +should be prophets, so with all seriousness and +reverence we may hope and pray for a condition +of English society in which all honest citizens will +recognize themselves and be recognized by each +other as gentlemen."</p> + +<p><b>George Henry Lewes</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1817-1878</b></span>, whose name is frequently +joined with that of Spencer by his association of +biology with ethics and psychology, was the son of +Charles Lee Lewes, the actor, and was one of the +most versatile writers of our times. His first +important work was the "Biographical History of +Philosophy," originally published in 1845 in +Knight's Shilling Library, but amplified without +improvement into two substantial volumes in +1867. Lewes's distaste for the ordinary metaphysics, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">149</a></span> +and the severity of his criticism on +Hegel, have rendered this work the <i>bête noir</i> of +all transcendental students; but it remains the one +English "History of Philosophy" of any pretension. +More unqualified praise may be given to +the "Life of Goethe," which Lewes published in +1855. Perhaps no other man then living could +have shown himself competent to deal with +Goethe's many-sidedness—to discuss "Faust" +and "Tasso," "Hermann und Dorothea" at one +moment, the poet's biological and botanical discoveries +the next, and to estimate at their true +worth the speculations on colours, which Goethe +held to be more calculated than his poems to +secure him immortality. The book remains the +standard life of the great Weimar sage in this +country, and is popular in Germany, in spite of a vast +Goethe literature which has been published since +its appearance. In addition to these great works +Lewes wrote two novels, one of which, "Ranthorpe," +Charlotte Brontë praised enthusiastically. +He edited the <i>Fortnightly Review</i>, and also initiated +a craze for aquaria, by his "Seaside Studies;" +he endeavoured, indeed, to popularise many of the +sciences, particularly physiology. His last years +were devoted to philosophical questions, and his +"Problems of Life and Mind" were published in +fragments, the concluding volume, under George +Eliot's editorship, after his death. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">150</a></span></p> + +<p>The earliest writer of the era to popularise +science was <b>Sir David Brewster</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1781-1868</b></span>, an eminent +physicist, in whose <i>Edinburgh Cyclopædia</i> Carlyle +commenced his literary career. His "Life of +Newton," "Martyrs of Science," and "More +Worlds than One" are still widely read. <b>Michael +Faraday</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1791-1867</b></span>, another famous physicist, is still better +remembered by our own generation, principally +for his popular lectures at the Royal Institution, +where he was superintendent of the laboratory for +forty-eight years. He was a blacksmith's son, and +was originally apprenticed to a bookbinder. After +his discovery of magneto-electricity, he had, he +told Tyndall, a hard struggle to decide whether he +should make wealth or science the pursuit of his +life. Tyndall calculates that Faraday could easily +have realised £150,000; but he declared for +science and died a poor man.</p> + +<p><b>John Tyndall</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1820-1893</b></span>, who once said that it was his great +ambition to play the part of Schiller to this Goethe, +succeeded Faraday at the Royal Institution, and +wrote about him eloquently in his "Faraday as a +Discoverer." Tyndall was born at Leighlin +Bridge, Carlow, Ireland, in 1820. His father was +a member of the Irish constabulary. His services +to many branches of science were great; but he +concerns us here not so much by his treatises on +electricity, sound, light, and heat, or by his discoveries +in diamagnetism, as by his "Lectures on +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">151</a></span> +Science for Unscientific People," which, Huxley +said, was the most scientific book he had ever +read, and which has yet the transcendent merit of +giving enjoyment as well as instruction, even to the +readers of three-volume novels. In 1856 Tyndall +made a journey to Switzerland, in company with +Professor Huxley, and the friends afterwards wrote +a treatise "On the Structure and Motion of +Glaciers." Geological treatises may be said to +have given the fullest play to the literary side +of science. The work of Robert Bentley and +Sir Joseph Hooker in botany, of Michael Foster, +St George Mivart, and Francis Maitland Balfour in +biology, is, it may be, equal or superior to that +of the bulk of the writers whose achievements +we have chronicled; but it is not a part of +literature. Burdon Sanderson, Balfour Stewart, +and a host of other men, have done incalculable +service in the Victorian era—service, it is to +be feared, which scarcely obtains as generous recognition +as the cheap generalisations of smaller +men; but scientific text-books, however important, +are scarcely within the scope of these chapters. +Geology, on the other hand, is, as it were, a conglomerate +of the sciences, and lends itself readily +to the most eloquent literary expression. Few +writers have been more widely read than <b>Hugh +Miller</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1802-1856</b></span>, a Cromarty stone-mason, whose first +enthusiasm for study of the rocks arose from +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">152</a></span> +following his trade, but whose life was mainly +devoted to journalism, and to editing <i>The Witness</i>. +His "Old Red Sandstone," "Footprints of the +Creator," and "The Testimony of the Rocks" +were effective in kindling a taste for natural +science.</p> + +<p>The special study which Miller gave to the Red +Sandstone rocks was extended by <b>Sir Roderick +Impey Murchison</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1792-1871</b></span> to the Silurian System, and his +work entitled "Siluria" has passed through many +editions. Scotland seems to have been the nursery +of geologists, for Miller and Murchison, Lyell +and the brothers Geikie, were all born north of +the Tweed. <b>Sir Charles Lyell</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1797-1875</b></span> was born at Kinnordy, +in Forfarshire, and educated at Midhurst, +and at Exeter College, Oxford. Called to the bar, +he went the Western Circuit for two years, but, +when attending some of Dr Buckland's lectures, +he became attached to geology. His "Principles +of Geology," first published in 1830, caused a +revolution in the science. Never before had +there been presented such a connected illustration +of the influences which had caused the earth's +changes in the unresting distribution of land +and water areas. Much of Lyell's great work +reads like a fairy tale; much might have been +thought the fruit of an imaginative rather than of +a scientific mind. Lyell's smaller book, the +"Student's Elements of Geology," was injured in +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">153</a></span> +literary merit by the progressive study of the +science of which he had been the second father. +The constant addition of fresh knowledge, and his +conversion to Darwin's views, necessitated the continual +rewriting of parts and further revision by +other hands after the author's death. "The +Antiquity of Man" (in defence of Darwin's theory) +is of more value from a literary standpoint. Before +the beginning of the reign <b>William Buckland</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1784-1856</b></span>, Dean +of Westminster, by whose lectures Lyell had so +much profited, had written his famous Bridgewater +Treatise on "Geology and Mineralogy considered +with reference to Natural Theology." His son, +<b>Frank Buckland</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1826-1880</b></span>, wrote clever and readable books +on "Natural History," and had genuine enthusiasm +for the study of animal life; but he was charged +with having vulgarised the studies in which he +took so keen an interest. The most distinguished +living geologist is Sir Archibald Geikie, who is +now director-general of the Geological Survey of +the United Kingdom. His "Text Book," which +was first published in 1882, is a model of lucid +writing, and his essays are among the most pleasant +literary products of the age. His brother, James +Geikie, has written an important work on glaciation, +entitled "The Great Ice Age."</p> + +<p>But the scientific literature of the past sixty years +might almost be said to be summarised in the work +of <b>Charles Darwin</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1809-1882</b></span>. A funeral in Westminster +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">154</a></span> +Abbey, amid the mourning of many nations, closed +the career of one whose life-work had often been +greeted with scorn. "Our century is Darwin's +century," said a leading German newspaper (<i>Allgemeine +Zeitung</i>) at his death, and the statement is +no exaggeration. Those who witnessed the long +stream of prelates and nobles who filed through +the Abbey at his funeral, the then Archbishop of +Canterbury (Dr Tait) and the present Prime +Minister (Lord Salisbury) among the number, +could not but recall the reception of the great +investigator's theory twenty years before. Bishop +Wilberforce in particular denounced it in the +<i>Quarterly Review</i> as "a flimsy speculation." +Darwin's antecedents were of a nature such as, +on the principle of heredity, a great man should +possess. His paternal grandfather, Erasmus Darwin, +was a poet, whose "Botanic Garden" may +still be read with interest. His maternal grandfather +was Josiah Wedgwood, the famous potter. +Darwin was the son of a doctor of Shrewsbury, and +was educated at the Grammar School of that city +and at Christ's College, Cambridge. Here his +natural history studies were sympathetically directed +by Professor Henslow, the botanist, by whose recommendation +he was selected to accompany the +<i>Beagle</i> on its expedition to survey the South American +coast. The results of his travels were embodied +in his first important work, "Journals of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">155</a></span> +Researches during a Voyage round the World," +which was published in 1839, and was republished +under the title of "A Naturalist's Voyage round +the World." In the same year he married his +cousin, Miss Wedgwood, and, after a few years of +London life, took up his residence in a pleasant +country house at Down, near Beckenham, in Kent. +Here he pursued his remarkable investigations +until his death, surrounded by his accomplished +children, and finding, as he told a friend, his +highest emotional gratification in the joys of family +life and a love of animate nature. Two of his +sons, George Howard Darwin and Francis Darwin, +have done good work in science, the one in geology +and astronomy, the other in botany. Darwin himself +wrote also on the "Structure and Distribution +of Coral Reefs," revolutionising the popular +view concerning these remarkable phenomena. +Discovering that reef-building polyps cannot live +at depths of more than twenty fathoms, he found +it necessary to explain the presence of rocks +built by them which rise from more than 2000 feet +below the surface of the sea. This he did on the +hypothesis of a gradual subsidence of the sea-floor +whilst the polyps are at work. This view has since +been generally accepted by geologists, although +somewhat modified by Dr John Murray's observation +in the <i>Challenger</i> expedition, that the reefs +are not always of solid coral, and that they may in +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">156</a></span> +many cases have been formed on the cones of +extinct volcanoes.</p> + +<p>Darwin had pondered for many years over the +theory which was to make him famous before he +decided to bring his conclusions before the public. +After considerable observation of every form of +animal and vegetable life and experiments in +selective breeding he concluded that the species +of plants and animals now on the earth were +not created in their present form, but had been +evolved by unbroken descent with modification +of structure from cruder forms, the remains of +many of which are constantly discovered in +the older rocks. He discovered in 1858 that +<b>Alfred Russel Wallace</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1822-</b></span> had independently +arrived at the same conclusions, and so it +was agreed that their views should be jointly laid +before the Linnæan Society. In 1859 the "Origin +of Species" was published, and it was followed by +a number of works bearing upon the same subject, +the most notable of all being the "Descent of +Man." Darwin's work on "Earth Worms," perhaps +the most purely literary of all his writings, appeared +the year before his death. It is not the province +of a sketch of Victorian literature to discuss the +many important bearings of the Darwinian hypothesis. +Received with unbounded contempt by +literary men so eminent as Carlyle and Ruskin, it +was accepted only with qualification by men of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">157</a></span> +science like Agassiz, Carpenter, and Owen; but an +overwhelming majority of scientific men in England, +America, and above all in Continental countries, +have declared in its favour. The theory has received +popular interpretation in Germany from +Haeckel, and in England from Huxley, although +in this connection we must not forget <b>George John +Romanes</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1848-1894</b></span>, the author of "Animal Intelligence" and +"Mental Evolution in Animals," Grant Allen, and +Edward Clodd.</p> + +<p><b>Thomas Henry Huxley</b> (<b>1825-1895</b>), one of the greatest of +our men of science, was of interest not only on +account of his vast scientific attainments, but for +his profound acquaintance with metaphysics, as +illustrated in his "Life of Hume," his wide +culture, and his exquisite literary style. He was +born and educated at Ealing, in Middlesex, where +his father was a schoolmaster. He studied medicine +at the Charing Cross Hospital, then entered +the Royal Navy as an assistant surgeon, and went +in the <i>Rattlesnake</i> to survey the Barrier Reef of +Australia. The papers which he sent to the Royal +and Linnæan Societies gave him fame. After his +return he devoted himself to original research; but +work of that sort brings no recompense in money, +and Huxley's means were narrow. In 1854, however, +he obtained the chairs of Natural History +and Palæontology at the School of Mines, and +to this he afterwards added the appointment of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">158</a></span> +Inspector of Fisheries. The "blue ribbon" of +science, the Presidency of the Royal Society, was +conferred on him in 1883. Huxley wrote much +on biological problems, and by the publication +of his "Physiography" gave a new name to the +science which has extended the scope of the old +Physical Geography: but his chief interest for us +here is in his "Lay Sermons," "Addresses and +Reviews," his "Critiques and Addresses," and +his "American Addresses," all of which may +take rank among the finest prose of our age.</p> + +<p class="p2">As an interesting contrast to the work of Darwin +and Huxley, and all that it has implied to modern +literature, one may refer once again to the movement +inspired by Cardinal Newman. His most +prominent associates for many years, neither of +whom, however, left the Church of England for +the Church of Rome, were Pusey and Keble.</p> + +<p><b>Edward Bouverie Pusey</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1800-1882</b></span> was practically the +founder of the modern High Church movement +in the Anglican community. A writer of "Tracts +for the Times," he was, after Newman had "gone +over to Rome," the recognized head of the movement, +and his followers were frequently called +"Puseyites." A demoralization of the party +seemed inevitable on Newman's secession, but +the publication of Dr Pusey's "Letter to Keble" +gave it fresh life. In 1866 his "Eirenicon," a +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">159</a></span> +proposal for the reunion of Christendom, drew +a reply from Cardinal Newman, with whom, however, +he maintained the profoundest friendship to +the end. <b>John Keble</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1792-1866</b></span>, who was born at Fairford, +in Gloucestershire, was a man of far higher gifts. +Educated at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, he +obtained a fellowship at Oriel. For some years +he was Professor of Poetry at Oxford, a position +for which he had qualified himself by the publication +of the "Christian Year," a volume of +religious poems for every Sunday and church +festival, many of which have been admitted into +the hymnology of all the Christian sects. Perhaps +truer poetry is to be found in his "Lyra Innocentium," +a series of poems on children, for there +the human element is more marked. Keble also +wrote a "Life of Bishop Wilson," and published +several volumes of sermons.</p> + +<p class="p2">The movement of Liberal theology, to which +men like Keble gave the name of "national +apostasy," was headed in its earlier developments +by Archbishop Whately and Dr Arnold of Rugby, +and more recently by the Rev. Frederick Denison +Maurice and Dean Stanley. <b>Richard Whately</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1787-1863</b></span>, +who was at Oriel with Keble, had published his +once popular "Logic" and "Rhetoric" before +the commencement of the reign of Victoria, and +in 1831 had been made Archbishop of Dublin, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">160</a></span> +a position which he held till his death, in 1863, +winning all hearts by his kindness and liberality, +by his generous tolerance and zeal for progress. +His "Logic" is chiefly of importance for the +impetus it gave to the study of that science. +His "Christian Evidences" gained in its day a +wider audience. <b>Thomas Arnold</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1795-1842</b></span> was born at +East Cowes, in the Isle of Wight, and was educated +at Winchester, and with Keble at Corpus +Christi College, Oxford. After ordination he removed +to Laleham-on-Thames, where he prepared +young men for the universities. When, in 1827, +the head-mastership of Rugby became vacant, +Arnold was elected on the strength of a recommendation +by Dr Hawkins, to the effect that he +"would change the face of education all through +the public schools of England." The prophecy +was fulfilled. He was the first to introduce +modern languages and modern history and mathematics +into the regular school course. At the +same time he always insisted on the value of the +classics as a basis of education, and himself prepared +an edition of "Thucydides," and wrote a +"History of Rome" in its earlier periods, which is +at least eminently interesting. His services to his +country as an educational reformer were even +greater on the moral side. Dr Arnold was a +purifying influence to men of the higher classes, +to a degree which is inexplicable to the present +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">161</a></span> +generation. For a time he was unpopular, and his +school suffered, through his advocacy of church reform +and his association with political Liberalism; +but the success of his pupils at the universities had +caused a reaction in his favour at the time of his +death, which occurred all too early, for he was +only forty-seven. Of his many distinguished +pupils, perhaps the best known are Tom Hughes +and Dean Stanley. <b>Thomas Hughes</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1823-1896</b></span>, who in 1882 +was made a county-court judge, wrote many books, +but only one of them entitles him to be remembered +to-day. In a moment of happy inspiration, +he wrote the finest boy's book in the language. +"Tom Brown's School Days" was published in +1857. It is a picture of life at Rugby, under +Dr Arnold's healthy, manly guidance.</p> + +<p><b>Arthur Penrhyn Stanley</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1815-1881</b></span> wrote his "Life of +Dr Arnold" in 1844. A son of Edward Stanley, +Bishop of Norwich, he was born at Alderley, in +Cheshire. From Rugby he went to Balliol College, +Oxford, where he had an exceptionally distinguished +career. In 1851 he became a canon of +Canterbury, and his picturesque "Memorials of +Canterbury" were the outcome of residence in +that city. In 1863 he was made Dean of Westminster, +notwithstanding the opposition of the +High Church party, to whom the theological views +expressed in his numerous works were distasteful. +Of these writings, "Sinai and Palestine," "Lectures +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">162</a></span> +on the Eastern Church," and "Lectures on +the Jewish Church," are the best known. As Dean +of Westminster Dr Stanley became an active leader +of the Broad Church movement. Although not a +contributor to "Essays and Reviews" his services +to the movement were incalculable. He invited +Max Müller to lecture in the Abbey, befriended +Père Hyacinthe, and gave sympathy to Bishop +Colenso. His speeches in the Lower House of +Convocation, particularly one in which he proposed +the suppression of the Athanasian Creed +in the services of the Church, made him many +enemies; but few ecclesiastics have been so beloved +by both sovereign and people. One recalls the +pleasant, active little man, so proud of his Abbey +Church, with a deep sigh that he should be no +more. His life was written by his successor, Dean +Bradley.</p> + +<p>Of the contributors to "Essays and Reviews," +the manifesto of the Broad Church party, which +appeared in 1860, Frederick Temple must be +mentioned, because his contribution, "The Education +of the World," led to a frantic effort to prevent +his receiving the bishopric of Exeter, an effort +which was unsuccessful. In 1885 Dr Temple was +made Bishop of London, and in 1896 Archbishop +of Canterbury. Other distinguished writers in +"Essays and Reviews" were Dr Jowett and Mr +Mark Pattison. <b>Benjamin Jowett</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1817-1893</b></span>, master of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">163</a></span> +Balliol, who wrote the essay on "The Interpretation +of Scripture," achieved his greatest successes +by his brilliant translations of Plato, Thucydides, +and "The Politics" of Aristotle. His Plato +drew from John Bright, who was little inclined to +appreciate the great thoughts of the Athenian +philosopher, an expression of admiration for the +classic English of the Oxford professor. Jowett's +life was written by Evelyn Abbott and Lewis +Campbell. <b>Mark Pattison</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1813-1884</b></span>, whose contribution +to "Essays and Reviews" was on "The Tendencies +of Religious Thought in England," assisted +Newman and Pusey in the early days of the Tractarian +movement, but finally went over to the +Liberalism which they so much dreaded. In 1861 +he was elected Rector of Lincoln College, Oxford. +Pattison was a profound scholar. Few men have +led lives so absorbed in books. The results of his +learning are apparent in his interesting "Life of +Isaac Casaubon," which he had hoped to follow +by a life of Scaliger.</p> + +<p>But men like Jowett and Pattison have been the +arm-chair representatives of a movement which +found one of its most active supporters in <b>John +Frederick Denison Maurice</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1805-1872</b></span>. Maurice was the son +of a Unitarian minister, and was born at Normanstone, +near Lowestoft. For a time he was editor +of the <i>Athenæum</i>, but joined the Anglican +Church in 1831, and accepted a curacy near +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">164</a></span> +Leamington. A treatise entitled "Subscription +no Bondage," which defined his position in the +Church, excited much attention, as did also his +tracts on the "Kingdom of Christ." In conjunction +with Kingsley and Hughes he published pamphlets +called "Politics for the People," and organised +the Christian socialist and co-operative movement +of 1850. Like Kingsley, Maurice may be +labelled a Broad Churchman, not so much on +doctrinal grounds as for the breadth of his +sympathies. It was social rather than theological +problems to which he attached importance. +Kingsley, indeed, described himself to correspondents +as a Broad Churchman, a High Churchman, +and an Evangelical, as the mood seemed to take +him. Bishop Colenso is a good type of the more +militant theologians. <b>John William Colenso</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1814-1883</b></span> first +came before the public as the author of mathematical +text-books. At this time he was vicar of Forncett +St Mary, in Norfolk, but in 1853 he was made +Bishop of Natal. In South Africa he was a zealous +advocate of the rights of the natives against the +oppression of the Boers and Cape Town officials; +but in a measure his influence was weakened by +the publication of his work on Biblical criticism, +"The Pentateuch and Book of Joshua Critically +Examined," which was condemned by both Houses +of Convocation as heretical. When Colenso came +to England in 1874 he was inhibited from preaching +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">165</a></span> +in the dioceses of London, Lincoln, and +Oxford. At Oxford, however, his sermon was read +from the pulpit of Balliol while the Bishop sat +below, and the same device was pursued at Mr +Stopford Brooke's Church in London. Dean +Stanley invited him to the Abbey pulpit, claiming +freedom from the jurisdiction of Dr Jackson, the +then Bishop of London; but Colenso declined to +increase the ill-feeling which had been excited.</p> + +<p>Another distinguished member of the Broad +Church party, <b>Edwin Abbott</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1838-</b></span>, was head-master of +the City of London School from 1865 to 1889. +He has published several educational works. His +religious influence has developed itself through +"Philochristus; Memoirs of a Disciple of our +Lord," and "Onesimus; Memoirs of a Disciple +of St Paul," also by a volume of sermons, +"Through Nature to Christ," which is perhaps +the best evidence of the development of the +Broad Church movement. Dr Whately, one of +its founders, argued for the miracles as indicative +of the Divine origin of Christianity; Dr Abbott +esteems the insistence on miracles as a bar to +belief. Perhaps the purest and most inspiring of +all the eloquent teachers belonging to this party +was <b>Frederick William Robertson</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1816-1853</b></span> of Brighton, +whose sermons have been widely read, especially +in America, and whose lectures are as helpful and +bracing as any written in our time. Robertson's +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">166</a></span> +remarkable career of only thirty-seven years has +been made known to us by the beautiful life which +was written by Mr Stopford Brooke. <b>Stopford +Augustus Brooke</b> (<b>1832-</b> ) was born in Dublin and educated +at Trinity College. At first he was a Church of +England clergyman and a Queen's Chaplain, but +seceded in 1880 on account of his inability to +believe in many supernatural phases of Christian +teaching. His "Primer of English Literature," +"History of Early English Poetry," "Theology in +the English Poets," and "Life of Milton" have the +ring of the genuine, and, indeed, of the great, critic.</p> + +<p>Outside the pale of the Anglican community, +but powerful factors in that same Broad Church +movement which has been charged with "stretching +the old formula to meet the new facts," one +recalls the names of Lynch and Martineau. +<b>Thomas Toke Lynch</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1818-1871</b></span> was born at Dunmow, in +Essex, and held for many years the ministry of +a small Congregational Church, first in Grafton +Street and afterwards in the Hampstead Road, +London. He died in comparative obscurity; +but the poems in his "Rivulet," once condemned +as heretical, have found their way into +most hymnologies.</p> + +<p><b>James Martineau</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1805-</b></span> was born at Norwich, and +was originally educated for the profession of civil +engineer, but turned to theological studies, and +was for some time the minister of a Presbyterian +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">167</a></span> +Church in Dublin. Then, during a residence in +Liverpool, he became a supporter of the philosophy +of Bentham and the elder Mill, but finally abandoned +that position for Kantian metaphysics. +Thenceforth he was to be a great power on behalf +of the Theistic and Unitarian position, and he +turned vigorously upon the materialistic beliefs +which he had abandoned, and was, it may be +added, somewhat too harsh to his sister Harriet +when, later in life, she adopted them. His "Endeavour +after the Christian Life" and "Hours +of Thought on Sacred Things" are two of his +best known works, although a more philosophical +interest attaches to his "Study of Spinoza" and +his "Types of Ethical Theory."</p> + +<p>I have dwelt at some length on the work of the +High Church and Broad Church parties during the +reign, because with these bodies it has been a +period of great literary achievement, and it can +scarcely be claimed that Evangelicanism, however +earnest, zealous, and numerically powerful, has +added much of enduring worth to religious literature. +<b>Richard William Church</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1815-1890</b></span>, Dean of St Paul's, +who wrote so eloquently on Dante and St Anselm, +belonged to the Liberal High Church school, as +did also <b>Henry Parry Liddon</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1829-1890</b></span>, a canon of the same +cathedral, whose Bampton lectures "On the Divinity +of Jesus Christ" marked him out as one of the +most eloquent of modern preachers. One of the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">168</a></span> +greatest scholars in the English Church, <b>Joseph +Barber Lightfoot</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1828-1889</b></span>, Bishop of Durham, who replied +to the author of "Supernatural Religion," belonged +to the same party. Midway between the Broad +Church and the Evangelical schools we find +<b>Frederick William Farrar</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1831-</b></span>, Dean of Canterbury, +who, as head-master of Marlborough College, +wrote stories of boy life. He succeeded +Kingsley as a Canon of Westminster, and excited +much attention by his sermons on the doctrine +of eternal punishment. His lives of Christ +and of St Paul have been widely read. <b>John +Charles Ryle</b> (<b>1816-</b> ), Bishop of Liverpool, has been +perhaps the most famous literary exponent of +the Evangelical position. "Shall we know one +another in Heaven" and "Bible Inspiration" were +characteristic books from his pen. <b>John Saul +Howson</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1816-1885</b></span>, Dean of Chester, who, in conjunction +with the Rev. W. J. Conybeare, wrote an able +work on "The Life and Epistles of St Paul," +was also a Low Churchman.</p> + +<p>The most distinguished Nonconformist minister +of the Victorian period, and the man whose sermons +found most readers, was <b>Charles Haddon +Spurgeon</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1834-1892</b></span>, with whom eloquence and earnestness +were combined with the possession of a simple +English style, which he derived from a study +of the Puritan fathers. In "John Ploughman's +Talk" (1868) Spurgeon put forth +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">169</a></span> +much homely wisdom in a quaint and humorous +garb.</p> + +<p class="p2">I have said well nigh enough concerning +speculative writers and theologians, but it is +necessary to mention here <b>Henry Longueville +Mansel</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1820-1871</b></span>, who succeeded Milman as Dean of St +Paul's. Mansel was a vigorous defender of the +Anglican position. "The Limits of Religious +Thought" was the title of one of his books; +"Metaphysics, or the Philosophy of Consciousness, +Phenomenal and Real" was another, but he +crossed swords with many disputants, with F. D. +Maurice, with J. S. Mill, and indeed he was ever +a fighter, subtle and skilful. Another theologian, +<b>Cardinal Manning</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1808-1892</b></span>, was a disputant on behalf of +Roman Catholicism, he having left the Anglican +Church in 1851. His many books and sermons +are to-day only of interest to the theological +student. His life was written in 1896, and caused +much controversy through its exceeding candour +and indiscretion.</p> + +<p class="p2">Philosophy has had notable students also in +Ferrier, Caird, and Clifford. <b>James Frederick +Ferrier</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1808-1864</b></span> who was a nephew of Susan Ferrier the +author of "Marriage," was professor of moral +philosophy at St Andrews. He wrote "Lectures +in Greek Philosophy" and other works. <b>Edward +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">170</a></span> +Caird</b> (<b>1835-</b> ) is master of Balliol and he has written +"Philosophy of Kant," "Essays on Literature +and Philosophy," and "The Evolution of +Religion." <b>William Kingdon Clifford</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1845-1879</b></span> belonged +to the opposite camp. He obtained an early +reputation as a mathematician and became +professor of applied mathematics in University +College, London, in 1871. His powerful contributions +to the literary side of science were +contained in "Seeing and Thinking" and +"Lectures and Essays," the latter volume being +edited after his death by his friends Mr Leslie +Stephen and Sir Frederick Pollock.</p> + +<p class="p2">The three most notable books that we have +seen from the anti-theological side, apart from +Matthew Arnold's "Literature and Dogma," are +"The Creed of Christendom," "Phases of Faith," +and "Supernatural Religion," although to these +may perhaps be added translations of the Lives of +Christ, of Strauss, and of Renan. The "Creed of +Christendom" was the work of <b>William Rathbone +Greg</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1809-1881</b></span>, who wrote also "Enigmas of Life" (1872), +and "Rocks Ahead" (1874). "Phases of Faith" +was the work of <b>Francis William Newman</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1805-1897</b></span>, a +younger brother of Cardinal Newman, but at the +opposite pole of religious conviction. He has +written many books, the most successful being one +on "The Soul" (1849). Another on "Theism" +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">171</a></span> +(1858), was inspired by the same theistic, but +non-Christian impulse. "Phases of Faith" (1858), +was his most successful work. The author of +"Supernatural Religion" is Walter Richard +Cassels, who has also published a reply to +Bishop Lightfoot's strictures upon his larger +work—a work now all but forgotten, but which +created a considerable sensation at the time of its +appearance.</p> + +<p>The age has been, particularly in its later developments, +an age of good critics of literature. +Criticism unhappily rarely lasts much beyond its +own decade. Even Mr Matthew Arnold lives +now only by his poetry, and the many good +things that he said about books are being steadily +forgotten. Arnold was a great critic, and so also +was <b>Walter Pater</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1839-1894</b></span>, whose "Marius the Epicurean" +and "Imaginary Portraits" should have ranked +him with writers of imagination were it not that +criticism was his dominant faculty. Pater has +been described as "the most rhythmical of +English prose writers," and his "Renaissance: +Studies in Art and Poetry," and his "Appreciations" +give him a very high place among the +writers of our time.</p> + +<p><b>Philip Gilbert Hamerton</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1834-1894</b></span> was another great +critic, who wrote at least one work of imagination. +"Marmorne" is a very pretty story of life in +France. With every aspect of French life Mr +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">172</a></span> +Hamerton was well acquainted, as he lived in +that country for very many years. He wrote regularly +upon art topics, and edited an art magazine, +<i>The Portfolio</i>; but it is by his volume of essays +entitled "The Intellectual Life" that he will be +most kindly remembered for many a year to come.</p> + +<p class="p2">Certain writers whom I must mention are entitled +to a place both as critics and as poets. +Mr W. E. Henley, Mr F. W. H. Myers, +William Bell Scott, and William Allingham for +example. <b>William Ernest Henley</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1849- </b></span> has written +plays in conjunction with R. L. Stevenson, and +his "Book of Verses" and "Song of the Sword" +entitle him to very high rank among the poets +of the day. But he is also a critic of exceptional +vigour and force, and since Matthew Arnold there +has been no volume of criticism so full of discrimination +and sound judgment as "Views and +Reviews." Ill health has compelled Mr Henley +to waste much of his undoubted talent. He is +at present editing fine library editions of Burns +and Byron. <b>Frederic William Henry Myers</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1843- </b></span> +wrote "Saint Paul," a poem of considerable +reputation, but his critical essays are more widely +known. They were published in two volumes, +"Classical" and "Modern," and are full of delightful +ideas delightfully expressed. His biography of +Wordsworth is a daintily fanciful memoir, abounding +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">173</a></span> +in good criticism. Mr Myers's brother Ernest +is also a poet, and so also was <b>William Bell Scott</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1811-1890</b></span>. +He was, it is true, a poet of a narrow range, +but a critic of great energy and industry. Bell +Scott became best known by his "Autobiography," +published after his death. In it he discussed +Rossetti and the Pre-Raphaelite movement with +sufficient frankness. <b>William Allingham</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1824-1889</b></span> wrote +many poems and ballads full of the Celtic spirit, +and of Ireland, which he loved as the land of his +birth. Allingham was for a time editor of <i>Fraser's +Magazine</i>, and he contributed regularly to the chief +literary periodicals of his day.</p> + +<p class="p2">Literary critics of importance to-day are Edward +Dowden, Richard Garnett, George Saintsbury, +Edmund Gosse, Leslie Stephen, and Andrew Lang—all +of whom are happily living and writing.</p> + +<p><b>Edward Dowden</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1843-</b></span>, who is an Irishman, and a +professor of Trinity College, Dublin, has a genius +for accuracy and is a master of detail. For textual +criticism of Wordsworth and Shelley he has no +superior. He has an immense knowledge of the +literature of many languages, and holds without +dispute the first place among living students of +German literature in this country. His knowledge +of English literature is profound, and in "Shakspere, +his Mind and Art," and "Studies in Literature," +he has said some singularly illuminating +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">174</a></span> +things about books. With his "Life of Shelley" +one observes a certain deterioration; Professor +Dowden, with all his profound love of literature, +has scarcely the qualities which would find attraction +in the curiously impulsive character of the +poet Shelley. Dowden was happier when writing +about Southey, and he is still more at home with +great impersonal literary figures like Shakspere +and Goethe.</p> + +<p class="p2"><b>Richard Garnett</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1835-</b></span>,—better known to the world +to-day as Dr Garnett—has also written on Shelley, +not merely with sympathy but with partisanship. +Dr Garnett, who is honourably associated with +the British Museum Library, is a most acute critic, +a biographer of Carlyle and Emerson, a translator +from the Greek and German, and, like Professor +Dowden, a poet.</p> + +<p class="p2"><b>George Saintsbury</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1845-</b></span>, who is Professor of English +Literature at the University of Edinburgh, has been +an industrious critic for many years, and his knowledge +of French literature in particular is profound. +His acquaintance with English literature in the +seventeenth century has, however, considerably +vitiated his style. It is not easy to tolerate the +phraseology of the seventeenth century in modern +books. This defect of style is regrettably noticeable +in two volumes of literary history which Professor +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">175</a></span> +Saintsbury has published, one dealing with +the seventeenth and the other with the nineteenth +century. It is in certain brief biographies of Sir +Walter Scott and others that Professor Saintsbury +is most excellent; but his wide knowledge and his +genuine grasp of the most salient characteristics of +good literature are indisputable qualities which +rank him high among the bookmen of his day.</p> + +<p class="p2"><b>Edmund Gosse</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1849-</b></span> is not less distinguished than the +writers I have named. He would be widely +known as a writer of charming verse were he not +actively engaged in literary criticism. The son of +a famous naturalist, Mr Gosse is the author of +many admirably written books about the literature +of the past and the present. What Carlyle so +largely did for German literature by introducing +it to English readers Mr Gosse has done for +Scandinavian literature. In conjunction with Mr +William Archer—a dramatic critic of singular +insight—he has translated Ibsen, whose influence +has been as marked during the past ten years as +the influence of German writers was marked during +the previous thirty. Mr Gosse's best biography +is his "Life of Gray."</p> + +<p class="p2">A critic of remarkable learning is <b>Leslie Stephen</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1832-</b></span>, +whose "Hours in a Library" and "History of +English Thought in the Eighteenth Century" are +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">176</a></span> +books which have profoundly impressed the age. +Mr Leslie Stephen has written a large number of +biographies, all of them characterised by singular +accuracy, by remarkable graces of style, and by +genuine insight. He was the first editor of the +<i>Dictionary of National Biography</i>, a work which +has proved invaluable to students of our later +literature.</p> + +<p class="p2"><b>Andrew Lang</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1844-</b></span> is the last of the critics I have +named, and not the least active. He has shone in +many branches of literary work. His "Ballads +and Lyrics of Old France," "Ballades in Blue +China," and numerous other verses, have gained +him considerable reputation as a poet. His translations +of Homer and Theocritus are by many +counted the finest translations that our literature +has seen. Some have contended that his musical +prose rendering of the Odyssey is incomparably +superior to all the efforts of Pope, of Cowper, and +of the many other poets who have attempted to +render Homer in verse. Mr Lang is an authority +on folk-lore; he has joined issue with Professor +Max Müller on many points which are of keen +interest to those who are attracted towards the +science of language and the study of comparative +religion. As a writer of fairy-tales, +and as the editor of books of fairy-stories, +Mr Lang has endeared himself to thousands +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">177</a></span> +belonging to the younger generation. But all this +is but dimly and inefficiently to appraise Mr Lang's +marvellous versatility. He has written fiction, +history, and, above all, biography, his biographical +work including a Life of Sir Stafford Northcote +and a Life of John Gibson Lockhart, Scott's +son-in-law.</p> + +<p class="p2">Biography has generally been written by literary +critics, and one requires no apology in any +case for ranking the biographers among the +critics. <b>John Gibson Lockhart</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1794-1854</b></span> himself was a +notable example. He was editor of the <i>Quarterly +Review</i>, and an industrious writer for many years; +but he is best known to us by his "Life of Sir +Walter Scott," which was published—it is worthy +of note—in 1837, the year of the Queen's accession. +Lockhart's "Scott" is beyond question the +most important biography of the reign. The +longest is that of Milton by Professor Masson. +<b>David Masson</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1822-</b></span> has held a chair of literature in +University College, London, and later at Edinburgh. +Few men know English literature better +than he. His name will always be associated with +his monumental "Life of Milton," a solid, accurate, +exhaustive book; but he has written pleasantly on +"British Novelists and their Styles" and "Drummond +of Hawthornden," besides sundry other +books. Many of our poets have had capable +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">178</a></span> +biographers. Professor Knight of St Andrews has +devoted himself for many years to Wordsworth, +and has written his biography besides editing +his collected works. The late James Dykes +Campbell (1835-1894) wrote a biography of +Coleridge distinguished by remarkable thoroughness. +Professor W. J. Courthope has proved +himself Pope's best biographer and editor, and is +giving us a good "History of English Poetry," +which at present reaches only to the Reformation. +Mr Churton Collins, one of the most thorough of +our critics, has written on Swift, as has also Sir +Henry Craik; and Swift's life in Ireland has been +gracefully sketched by Mr Richard Ashe King, a +novelist whose "Love the Debt" and "The Wearing +of the Green" have commanded a large audience. +Swift has been a favourite subject with the +biographers. A life of him was the task upon which +<b>John Forster</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1812-1876</b></span> was engaged at the time of his death. +Forster was an untiring biographer, and he benefited +literature as well by his death as by his life, in +that he bequeathed his fine library of books and +manuscripts to the nation. John Forster wrote a +Life of Walter Savage Landor, another of Goldsmith, +and another of Charles Dickens, against +which it was urged that he had introduced too +much of his own personality. Perhaps Forster's +best work was his "Life of Sir John Eliot," an +expansion of a biography of that patriot which he +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">179</a></span> +had contributed to his "Statesmen of the Commonwealth."</p> + +<p class="p2">Biography is the great medium of instruction +and inspiration of that little band of Positive +philosophers who accept their gospel from +Auguste Comte, whose "Philosophie Positive" +they have translated into English. "Study the +'Philosophie Positive' for yourself," says George +Henry Lewes, who, with George Eliot, had much +enthusiasm for the new cult; "study it patiently, +give it the time and thought you would not grudge +to a new science or a new language; and then, +whether you accept or reject the system, you will +find your mental horizon irrevocably enlarged. +'But six stout volumes!' exclaims the hesitating +aspirant: Well, yes; six volumes requiring to be +meditated as well as read. I admit that they 'give +pause' in this busy bustling life of ours; but if +you reflect how willingly six separate volumes of +philosophy would be read in the course of the year +the undertaking seems less formidable. No one +who considers the immense importance of a +doctrine which will give unity to his life, would +hesitate to pay a higher price than that of a year's +study." Among the most gifted of the Positivists +is <b>Frederic Harrison</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1831-</b></span>, whose "Order and Progress," +and "Choice of Books," are well known. Among +his companions in literary and religious warfare +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">180</a></span> +have been <b>James Cotter Morison</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1831-1888</b></span>, who wrote +biographies of St Bernard of Clairvaux and Macaulay, +"The Service of Man" which was a contribution +to religious propaganda; and Richard +Congreve (born 1818), who was a pupil of Dr +Arnold at Rugby, and who has written many +thoughtful political tracts.</p> + +<p>An attempt to popularise Comte by an abridgment +of his great work was made by <b>Harriet +Martineau</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1802-1876</b></span>, who was born at Norwich, and was +one of the most versatile of Victorian writers. +None of her work has stood the test of time, +perhaps because she had so little of real genius, +although possessed undoubtedly of great intellectual +endowments. Not the less readily should +we recognise that she exercised considerable influence +upon her own generation. She wrote +many stories dealing with social subjects, and +tales illustrative of Political Economy, which dispersed +many a popular illusion. In a visit to +America she learned to sympathise with the +Northern States, and perhaps no writer of the +day did so much in England to excite sympathy +with the cause which ultimately proved victorious. +Miss Martineau's "Biographical Sketches" were +originally published in the <i>Daily News</i>, a journal +to which she was for many years a regular contributor, +and for which she wrote her own obituary +notice. Her historical work is mere compilation, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">181</a></span> +destitute alike of originality and thoroughness, and +the greater part of her other work has proved to be +ephemeral. Such tales, however, as "Deerbrook" +and "The Hour and the Man" have still admiring +readers. The publication of her "Letters on the +Laws of Man's Nature and Development" (1851) +excited much controversy, although her fearless +honesty won the respect even of her opponents.</p> + +<p>A writer who distinguished himself most notably +at one period by a combination of antagonism to +Supernatural Christianity, and a gift for writing +biography, was <b>John Morley</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1838-</b></span>. Mr Morley was +born at Blackburn, and educated at Cheltenham +and at Lincoln College, Oxford. Much of his +work was done in journalism; he edited in succession +the <i>Morning Star</i>, the <i>Literary Gazette</i>, +the <i>Fortnightly Review</i>, the <i>Pall Mall Gazette</i>, +and <i>Macmillan's Magazine</i>. He resigned the +editorship of the <i>Pall Mall Gazette</i> in 1883, +when he entered Parliament as member for +Newcastle-on-Tyne, and he gave up his post on +<i>Macmillan's Magazine</i> on entering a Liberal +Cabinet in 1886. He still edits the "English Men +of Letters Series," a remarkable collection of +handy biographies, for which he wrote a "Life +of Burke." His literary achievement, apart from +his essays, is entirely biographical, but it was +of enormous influence upon the intellectual +development of thoughtful young men at the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">182</a></span> +Universities during the seventies and eighties. He +has written lives of Voltaire, Rousseau, and Diderot, +which throw much light on the period prior to +the French Revolution, and give abundant evidence +that, had he not devoted himself to politics +he would have been able to produce a history of +the French Revolution of inestimable value. On +the other hand his "Life of Cobden" was a failure +from a literary standpoint. The essay "On Compromise" +is a most interesting development of +the fundamental idea of Milton's "Areopagitica," +and is probably the most exhaustive treatment of +the question—how far we are justified in keeping +back the expression of our opinions in deference to +the views and customs of our fellow-men.</p> + +<p>Another good biographer who gave up to Parliament +time which might have been better employed, +from the point of view of a lover of letters, +is <b>Sir George Otto Trevelyan</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1838-</b></span>, whose life of his +uncle, Lord Macaulay, is a delightful biography, +full of entertainment for the most frivolous of +readers. Not less entertaining is Sir George +Trevelyan's "Early History of Charles James Fox" +(1880), a book which makes one wish that the +writer had devoted himself to that epoch of our +history, and had done for the period of the Georges +what his uncle had done for their immediate +predecessors. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">183</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Lord Houghton</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1809-1885</b></span> wrote poetry as Richard +Monckton Milnes, and his lines are still frequently +quoted. But his biography of Keats—"Life, +Letters, and Literary Remains of John +Keats (1848)," although not now in any publisher's +list, is certain to be long remembered. Lord +Houghton's life was written by his friend, Sir +Wemyss Reid, author also of a "Monograph on +Charlotte Brontë." His son, after serving as Lord-Lieutenant +of Ireland, became Earl of Crewe; his +daughter, Florence Henniker, keeps alive the +literary tradition of the family, and is known as a +writer of short stories. Lord Houghton had a +genuine love of letters and of the society of literary +men. So also had <b>Henry Crabb Robinson</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1775-1867</b></span>, whose +diary edited by Dr Sadler (1869) brings one in +touch with all the literary men and women of the +period. At his house in Russell Square Robinson +gave breakfasts, to which it became a distinction +to be invited. <b>Samuel Rogers's</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1763-1855</b></span> breakfasts have +been described in many memoirs. Rogers wrote +all his poems long years before the Queen began +to reign, but he lived for another thirty years with +the reputation of a good conversationalist and +story-teller. His "Table Talk" was published in +1856, and it is full of good stories. Two valuable +books concerning Rogers have been written +by Mr Peter William Clayden, "Early Life of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">184</a></span> +Samuel Rogers," and "Rogers and His Contemporaries."</p> + +<p class="p2">An important biography was written by <b>James +Spedding</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1810-1881</b></span>, whose whole life was devoted to a +study of Bacon, and to a thorough destruction of +Macaulay's criticism upon the great philosopher. +The "Letters and the Life of Francis Bacon, +including all his Occasional Works, newly collected +and set forth, with a Commentary Biographical +and Historical," was published in seven +volumes between 1857 and 1874.</p> + +<p class="p2">Two of the most notable political philosophers +of the era were George Cornewall Lewis and +Bagehot. <b>Sir George Lewis</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1806-1863</b></span> held important +posts in the Governments of his day, being at +one time Home Secretary and at another Secretary +of State for War. He wrote "A Dialogue +on the Best Form of Government" and many +other treatises. <b>Walter Bagehot</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1826-1877</b></span> was one of the +greatest authorities of his day on banking and +finance. He wrote "Physics and Politics," +"Economic Studies," and several other works +which have little relation to literature; but +his "Literary Studies" indicated a critical acquaintance +with the best books. A brilliant +publicist of our day, who combines, like Bagehot, +a love of affairs with keen literary instincts, is +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">185</a></span> +<b>Goldwin Smith</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1823-</b></span>, who has made his home in +Toronto, Canada, for many years now, but who +was once intimately associated with Oxford University. +Goldwin Smith has written many books +and pamphlets, one on "The Relations between +England and America," another on "The Political +Destiny of Canada," and he has written a short +biography of Cowper.</p> + +<p class="p2">The most famous traveller of the reign and one +of our greatest men of letters was <b>George Borrow</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1803-1881</b></span>, +who went to Spain as an agent of the British +and Foreign Bible Society. Hence his "Bible in +Spain," which has become one of the most popular +books in our language as it is one of the most +fascinating. It was first published in 1843 under +the title "The Bible in Spain, or Journeys, +Adventures, and Imprisonments of an Englishman +in an attempt to circulate the Scriptures in +the Peninsula." "Lavengro" (1851) and "The +Romany Rye" (1857) have enjoyed almost an +equal popularity with "The Bible in Spain."</p> + +<p class="p2">Herman Melville (1819-1891) was an American +citizen, and his work, therefore, does not +come within the scope of this volume. I am the +more sorry for this, that I consider Melville's +name is entitled to rank with that of George +Borrow as one of the two travellers during the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">186</a></span> +epoch whose books make literature. It is small +disparagement to the majority of our great travellers +that they have not been men of letters, that +their books, although serviceable to their generation, +are of little moment considered from the +standpoint of art. Although Mr H. M. Stanley, +Dr Nansen, and other adventurous spirits of our +time, may be quite as important in the general +drift of the world's doings as any of the literary +men whose names are contained in this volume, +their books have no place whatever in literature. +It is noteworthy, however, that books written by +travellers have been, during the past ten years +or more, by far the most popular form of reading, +apart from fiction. Interest in historical study +and speculative writing seems to have declined; +interest in travel is as marked as ever.</p> + +<p class="p2">The journalism of the reign has been so intimately +associated with literature that were my +space more ample I should have chosen to devote +a chapter to that subject alone. Many of the men +I have mentioned, perhaps most of them, have at +one time or another contributed to the journals or +magazines of the day. Even the novelists have a +peculiar interest in journalism, because of late +years as large a proportion of their pecuniary +reward has come from what is called serial +publication in this or that magazine or newspaper +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">187</a></span> +as from book publication. Apart from fiction, +access to magazines and newspapers has become, +if it has not always been, an easy and pleasant way +of making oneself heard upon the subject nearest +to one's heart. Literary journalists, who have +afterwards republished their contributions in +volume form include Sydney Smith and John +Wilson at the beginning of the reign; as +also Douglas Jerrold, Mark Lemon, Edmund +Yates, Charles Mackay, and George Augustus +Sala. <b>Sydney Smith</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1771-1845</b></span> left nothing that we can +read to-day. He lives as a pleasant memory. We +know that he must have been a liberal-minded, as +he was certainly a very witty clergyman. He wrote +on "The Ballot" in 1837 and on "The Church +Bills" in 1838, and he went on writing zealously +until his death. "The Wit and Wisdom of Sydney +Smith" was published in 1861. <b>John Wilson</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1785-1854</b></span> has +a more purely literary record. As editor of <i>Blackwood's +Magazine</i>, he made that publication a power +in the land. His "Recreations of Christopher +North" appeared in 1842. Many of his essays +and sketches may still be read with real pleasure, +and indeed his influence will be very much alive +for many a year to come. <b>Douglas Jerrold</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1803-1857</b></span> is also +well known to-day by his "Black-eyed Susan" +and "Mrs Caudle's Curtain Lectures." His son, +Blanchard Jerrold (1826-1884), wrote his life. +<b>Mark Lemon</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1809-1870</b></span> was one of the first editors of <i>Punch</i> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">188</a></span> +newspaper. His hundreds of articles and many +novels are all well nigh forgotten, but his name will +always receive honourable mention in the history +of journalism. <b>Edmund Yates</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1831-1894</b></span>, who founded <i>The +World</i> newspaper in 1874, will be remembered by +his well written "Autobiography"—one of the +best books of the kind ever issued. Yates wrote +many novels, but they have all passed out of +memory. <b>Charles Mackay</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1814-1889</b></span> was an active journalist +for a number of years. He wrote novels, poems, +and criticisms, and an entertaining autobiography +entitled "Forty Years' Recollections of Life, Literature, +and Public Affairs." Dr Mackay was father +of Eric Mackay, author of "Love Letters of a +Violinist," and stepfather of Miss Marie Corelli +the novelist. <b>George Augustus Sala</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1828-1895</b></span>, who wrote +so continuously for the <i>Daily Telegraph</i> and other +journals, was also author of many books as well +as the inevitable autobiography. "The Land of +the Golden Fleece," "America Revisited," and +"Living London" are well known. <b>Richard +Jefferies</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1848-1887</b></span> published his "Gamekeeper at Home" +in the <i>Pall Mall Gazette</i>. "Wood Magic" (1881), +"Bevis" (1882), and "The Story of My Heart" +(1883), are his best books.</p> + +<p class="p2">These names suggest a hundred others. The +most honoured journalist of to-day is <b>Frederick +Greenwood</b> (<b>1830-</b> ), who has edited "The Cornhill +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">189</a></span> +Magazine" and more than one newspaper. He +has written poems, stories, and essays, his +"Lover's Lexicon" and "Dreams" being two +of his latest volumes.</p> + +<p>Another editor of <i>The Cornhill Magazine</i>, <b>James +Payn</b> (<b>1830-</b> ), has written many successful novels, of which +"Lost Sir Massingberd" (1864) and "By Proxy" +(1878) are perhaps the most popular. Mr Payn's +many accomplishments, his delightful humour and +gift of genial anecdote, have endeared him to a +wide circle.</p> + +<p>A journalist of equal distinction was <b>Richard +Holt Hutton</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1826-1897</b></span>, the editor of the <i>Spectator</i>, who in +that journal maintained for thirty-five years the +high-water mark of dignified and independent +criticism, in an age in which the extensive intercourse +of authors and critics, the constant communication +between the writers of books and +the writers for newspapers, has made independent +criticism a difficult, and, indeed, almost impossible +achievement. Mr Hutton wrote many +books, two of the most notable being "Essays +Literary and Speculative," which were full of +thoughtful and discerning estimates of the works +of Wordsworth, George Eliot, and other writers.</p> + +<p class="p2">Memoirs abound in the epoch, although we +are mainly indebted to translations. Amiel's +"Journal," translated by Mrs Humphry Ward, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">190</a></span> +"Marie Bashkirtseff's Diary," translated by +Mathilde Blind, reflect one side of this literary +taste; while the thousand and one memoirs concerning +Napoleon I. represents another. The +most popular series of political memoirs in +English we owed to <b>Charles Cavendish Fulke +Greville</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1794-1865</b></span>, who became Clerk to the Privy Council +in 1821, and held that post until 1860. After +his death his diary was edited by Mr Henry +Reeve. The first series of the "Greville Memoirs" +dealing with the reign of George IV. and +William IV., appeared in 1875 and created immense +excitement.<a name="FNanchor_19" id="FNanchor_19" href="#Footnote_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> The later volumes excited +less interest.</p> + +<p class="p2">"The Life of the late Prince Consort" (1874) by +<b>Sir Theodore Martin</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1816-</b></span>, naturally contained no +indiscretions although it did much to enhance, +if that were possible, kindly memories of the +Queen's husband. Sir Theodore Martin made +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">191</a></span> +his first fame under the pseudonym of Bon +Gaultier. His "Book of Ballads," written in conjunction +with Professor Aytoun, had much success. +Sir Theodore Martin also wrote Aytoun's +"Memoir" (1867), and "The Life of Lord +Lyndhurst" (1883). He has translated the Odes +of Horace, "The Vita Nuova" of Dante, Goethe's +"Faust," and Heine's "Poems and Ballads." In +1885 he published a "Sketch of the Life of +Princess Alice."</p> + +<p class="p2">It is difficult to know where to place <b>Sir Arthur +Helps</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1817-1875</b></span>, who wrote plays, novels, histories, and +essays. He was an overrated writer in his time. +He is perhaps underrated now. Two series of +"Friends in Council" appeared, the first in 1847, +the second in 1859. They dealt with all manner +of abstract subjects, such as "war," "despotism," +and so on, and were very popular. Another +volume, "Companions of my Solitude," was +equally successful. Helps was rash enough to +enter into competition with Prescott in treating +of the Spanish Conquest of America; but the +picturesque books of the earlier writer are still +with us while Helps's "Life of Pizarro" (1869) +and "Life of Cortes" (1871) are almost forgotten. +That also is the fate of his romance, "Realmah" +(1868) and of his tragedies, "Catherine Douglas" +and "Henry II." Sir Arthur Helps was Clerk to +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">192</a></span> +the Privy Council, and he edited the "Principal +Speeches and Addresses of the late Prince Consort" +(1862).</p> + +<p class="p2">Sir Arthur Helps also edited for <b>Queen Victoria</b><span class="sidenote"><b>1819-</b></span> +her "Leaves from a Journal of our Life in the +Highlands" (1868). The Queen has also published +"The Early Days of His Royal Highness +the Prince Consort" (1867), and "More Leaves from +the Journal of our Life in the Highlands" (1884).</p> + +<p>Her Majesty has been credited with a genuine +taste for letters, and a love for good poetry and +good fiction. With some show of authority it +has been stated that her favourite novelists are +Sir Walter Scott, Miss Austen, and Miss Brontë; +while it is quite evident to the least inquisitive that +many literary theologians have had some measure +of her regard. Happily the times have long +passed when literature needed the patronage of +the powerful. To-day it can honourably stand +alone. But it is pleasing to remember that the +sovereign whose sixty years of rule make so remarkable +a record in literature, as in many other +aspects of the world's progress, has taken a sympathetic +interest in the books and bookmen of the +epoch.</p> + +<p class="p2">The Queen will have seen reputations blaze +forth and flicker out ignominiously; she will have +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">193</a></span> +seen many a writer hailed for immortal to-day +and forgotten to-morrow. She will have seen, +however, a succession of writers, Browning and +Tennyson, Carlyle and Ruskin, most notable of +all, who in their impulse towards high ideals +of human brotherhood, in their enthusiasm of +humanity, have given us a literature without a +parallel in history; and she will not be without a +sense of gratification that that literature will go +down the ages bearing the name of Victorian. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194"></a></span></p> + +<h2 class="p6">INDEX</h2> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">195</a></span></p> +<div class="index"> +<ul class="none"> +<li>Abbott, Edwin. Distinguished member of Broad Church party; 'Philochristus' and 'Onesimus'; his 'Through Nature to Christ' perhaps the best evidence of the development of his party, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</li> +<li>Abbott, Evelyn, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</li> + +<li>'Adam Bede,' <a href="#Page_49">49</a>; + Reade on, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li> + +<li>'Addresses and Reviews,' <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.</li> + +<li>'Admiral's Daughter, The,' <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</li> + +<li>'Adventures of Harry Richmond, The,' <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</li> + +<li>'Agnes Grey,' <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</li> + +<li>'Agriculture and Prices, History of,' <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li> + +<li>'A Hard Struggle,' <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li> + +<li>Ainsworth, W. H. 'Old St Paul's,' 'The Tower of London,' and 'Rookwood' his best novels, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</li> + +<li>'Alec Forbes of Howglen,' <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li> + +<li>Alexander, Mrs (Mrs Hector), <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> + +<li>'Alexander the Great,' <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</li> + +<li>'Alice's Adventures in Wonderland,' <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</li> + +<li>Allen, Grant. 'Anglo-Saxon Britain,' <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</li> + +<li>'All in All,' <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li> + +<li>'All Sorts and Conditions of Men,' <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li> + +<li>Allingham, William. Writer of Celtic and Irish poems and ballads; edited <i>Fraser's Magazine</i>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.</li> + +<li><i>All the Year Round</i>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</li> + +<li>A.L.O.E. (Miss Charlotte Maria Tucker). Most popular stories, 'Pride and his Pursuers,' 'Exiles in Babylon,' 'House Beautiful,' and 'Cyril Ashley,' <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> + +<li>'Alton Locke,' <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.</li> + +<li>'America Revisited,' <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li> + +<li>'Amiel's Journal,' <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</li> + +<li>'And Shall Trelawney Die,' <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li> + +<li>'Angel in the House, The,' <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</li> + +<li>'Anglo-Saxon Britain,' 99.</li> + +<li>'Animal Intelligence,' <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.</li> + +<li>'Ann Sherwood,' <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li> + +<li>'Annals of the Parish,' <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li> + +<li>'Anthony Hope,' <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li> + +<li>'Anthropology' (Tylor's), <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</li> + +<li>'Antiquity of Man, The,' <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</li> + +<li>Anti-theological books. The three most notable, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</li> + +<li>'Apologia pro Vitâ Suâ,' <a href="#Page_110">110</a>.</li> + +<li>'Appreciations,' <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.</li> + +<li>Archer, William, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.</li> + +<li>Aristotle's 'Politics,' Jowett's translation, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</li> + +<li>Arnold, Dr. 'History of Rome,' <a href="#Page_102">102</a>. (<i>Vide infra.</i>)</li> + +<li>Arnold, Matthew, and Wordsworth, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>; + his poetic gifts first recognised by Swinburne, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>; + 'Literature and Dogma'; 'God and the Bible'; influence on contemporary religious thought, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>; + Professor of Poetry; 'Essays in Criticism'; definition of criticism; +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">196</a></span> + educational work, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>; + best known by his poetry, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>; + 'Empedocles on Etna'; 'The Strayed Reveller'; 'Poems,' <a href="#Page_20">20</a>; + 'Thyrsis,' <a href="#Page_21">21</a>; + admiration for Emily Brontë, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</li> + +<li>Arnold, Sir Edwin. 'Light of Asia' and 'Light of the World,' <a href="#Page_26">26</a>; + on Henry Kingsley, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</li> + +<li>Arnold, Thomas. At Rugby; Dr Hawkins' recommendation; his methods; 'Thucydides'; 'History of Rome'; a purifying influence, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>; + at first unpopular; reaction in his favour; his best known pupils, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>. (<i>Vide supra.</i>)</li> + +<li>Ashley, Professor W. J. 'Economic History and Theory,' <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Athenæum</i> The, and Tupper's 'Proverbial Philosophy,' <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Aunt Judy's Magazine</i>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> + +<li>'Aurora Leigh,' <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li> + +<li>Austin, Alfred. Laureate, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>; + 'The Golden Age'; 'Savonarola'; 'English Lyrics,' etc., <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</li> + +<li>'Autobiography of W. B. Scott,' <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.</li> + +<li>'Autobiography' (Mill), <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</li> + +<li>'Autobiography' (Yates), <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li> + +<li>'Ave atque Vale,' <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</li> + +<li>'Ayrshire Legatees,' <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li> + +<li>Aytoun, Professor, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.</li> + +<li class="alpha">Bagehot, Walter. A great authority on banking and finance; 'Physics and Politics'; 'Economic Studies'; 'Literary Studies,' <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li> + +<li>Bailey, Philip James; author of 'Festus,' <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.</li> + +<li>Bain, Alexander. Assisted Mill in his 'Logic'; 'The Senses and the Intellect'; 'The Emotions and the Will'; 'Mental and Moral Science'; style, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.</li> + +<li>Balfour, Francis Maitland, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.</li> + +<li>'Ballades in Blue China ,' <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</li> + +<li>'Ballads and Lyrics of Old France,' <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</li> + +<li>'Ballads for the Times,' <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li> + +<li>'Ballot, The,' <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.</li> + +<li>Banim, John and Michael, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li> + +<li>'Barchester Towers,' <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</li> + +<li>Barham, Richard Harris. 'Ingoldsby Legends' first appeared in <i>Bentley's Miscellany</i>; his novel, 'My Cousin Nicholas,' all but forgotten, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</li> + +<li>'Barnaby Rudge,' <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</li> + +<li>Barnes, William. Philologist and poet; author of 'Poems of Rural Life in the Dorset Dialect,' <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li> + +<li>'Barrack-Room Ballads,' <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</li> + +<li>Barrie, J. M. 'A Window in Thrums,' written before he had read Dr MacDonald's books; probably influenced by John Galt, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li> + +<li>'Barry Cornwall,' <a href="#Page_35">35</a>-<a href="#Page_36">36</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Beagle, The</i>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li> + +<li>'Beau Austin,' <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</li> + +<li>'Beauchamp's Career,' <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</li> + +<li>Beddoes, Thomas Lovell, author of 'The Bride's Tragedy' and 'Death's Jest Book,' <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.</li> + +<li>Bell, Currer, Ellis, and Acton, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</li> + +<li>Bentham, Jeremy, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</li> + +<li>Bentinck, Lord George. Biography of, by Lord Beaconsfield, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</li> + +<li>Bentley, Robert, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Bentley's Miscellany</i> and 'Ingoldsby Legends,' <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</li> + +<li>Besant, Sir Walter. 'All Sorts and Conditions of Men,' practical influence of; collaboration with James Rice; 'Ready Money Mortiboy'; 'The Golden Butterfly,' <a href="#Page_65">65</a>. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">197</a></span></li> + +<li>'Bevis,' <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li> + +<li>'Bible Inspiration,' <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.</li> + +<li>'Biographical History of Philosophy,' <a href="#Page_148">148</a>-<a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</li> + +<li>'Biographical Sketches,' <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.</li> + +<li>'Black but Comely,' <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</li> + +<li>Black, William. First appearance as a novelist in 'Love or Marriage,' <a href="#Page_68">68</a>; + 'A Daughter of Heth'; 'Madcap Violet'; 'Macleod of Dare,' <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</li> + +<li>'Black-eyed Susan,' <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.</li> + +<li>Blackmore, Richard Doddridge. 'Lorna Doone,' received coldly at first; an unexcelled master of rustic comedy; 'The Maid of Sker'; 'Christowell'; 'Cripps the Carrier,' <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Blackwood's Magazine</i>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.</li> + +<li>'Blessed Damozel, The,' <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li> + +<li>Blind, Mathilde. Translated 'Marie Bashkirtseff's Diary,' <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li> + +<li>'Blot in the 'Scutcheon, A,' <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.</li> + +<li>'Book of Ballads' (Martin and Aytoun), <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.</li> + +<li>'Book of Verses,' <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.</li> + +<li>Boole. The Logician, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.</li> + +<li>Booth, Charles. 'Life and Labor of the People,' <a href="#Page_144">144</a>-<a href="#Page_145">145</a>.</li> + +<li>'Borderers, The,' <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.</li> + +<li>Borrow, George. The most famous traveller of the reign; 'Bible in Spain'; 'Lavengro'; 'The Romany Rye,' <a href="#Page_185">185</a>.</li> + +<li>'Botanic Garden, The,' <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li> + +<li>Braddon, Miss, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> + +<li>Bradley, Professor A. C. Editor of Green's 'Prolegomena,' and author of 'Ethical Studies,' <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</li> + +<li>Brewer, Rev. John Sherren. Chief work a 'Calendar of Letters and Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII.,' <a href="#Page_88">88</a>; + 'The Reign of Henry VIII.,' <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</li> + +<li>Brewster, Sir David. The first writer of the era to popularise science; founder of <i>Edinburgh Cyclopædia</i>; his 'Life of Newton,' 'Martyrs of Science,' and 'More Worlds than One' still widely read, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>.</li> + +<li>'Bride's Tragedy, The,' <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Bridgewater Treatises</i>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</li> + +<li>Bright, James Franck. 'English History for the use of Public Schools,' <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</li> + +<li>'British Novelists and their Styles,' <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</li> + +<li>Broad Church party, manifesto of, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>.</li> + +<li>Brontë, Anne. 'Poems'; 'Agnes Grey,' <a href="#Page_47">47</a>; + 'The Tenant of Wildfell Hall,' <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</li> + +<li>Brontë, Charlotte. Early years, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>; + Brussels; 'Poems'; 'The Professor'; 'Jane Eyre'; 'Shirley'; 'Villette'; marriage and death, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>; + Mrs Gaskell's 'Life,' <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</li> + +<li>Brontë, Emily. 'Poems'; 'Wuthering Heights'; 'Last Lines'; 'The Old Stoic,' <a href="#Page_47">47</a>; + Swinburne's criticism of 'Wuthering Heights,' <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</li> + +<li>Brooke, Stopford Augustus. Secession from the Church of England; 'Primer of English Literature,' 'History of Early English Poetry,' 'Theology in the English Poets,' and 'Life of Milton,' <a href="#Page_166">166</a>. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">198</a></span></li> + +<li>Broughton, Miss Rhoda, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> + +<li>Browne, Hablot, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</li> + +<li>Browning, Elizabeth Barrett, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>; + not in the least incomprehensible; 'Cry of the Children'; 'Cowper's Grave'; 'Aurora Leigh'; 'Sonnets from the Portuguese'; her opinion of 'Aurora Leigh'; 'Casa Guidi Windows'; death, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li> + +<li>Browning, Robert. Friendship with Tennyson; social traits, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>; + superb characterisation; charge of obscurity; half his work not obscure; 'The Ring and the Book'; 'Men and Women'; and 'Dramatic Idyls' are exciting stories; 'Luria'; 'In a Balcony'; and 'A Blot in the 'Scutcheon' as readable as railway novels; his small audience, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>; + 'Pauline'; hard fight for recognition; Elizabeth Barrett's appreciation; marriage, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>-<a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li> + +<li>Bryce, James. 'The Holy Roman Empire'; parliamentary life, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</li> + +<li>Buckland, Frank. Author of books on 'Natural History,' <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</li> + +<li>Buckland, William. Author of 'Geology and Mineralogy considered with reference to Natural Theology,' <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</li> + +<li>Buckle, Henry Thomas. 'History of Civilization in England'; defects of, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.</li> + +<li>Burney, Fanny, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.</li> + +<li>Burton, John Hill. 'History of Scotland,' <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</li> + +<li>'By Proxy,' <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</li> + +<li>Byron, death of, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>; + attitude towards Wordsworth, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.</li> + +<li class="alpha">Caird, Edward. 'Philosophy of Kant'; 'Essays on Literature and Philosophy'; 'The Evolution of Religion,' <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</li> + +<li>Cairnes, John Elliott, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</li> + +<li>'Calendar of Letters and Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII., A,' <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li> + +<li>'Calendar of Spanish State Papers of Elizabeth,' <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</li> + +<li>'Called to be Saints,' <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li> + +<li>'Callista,' <a href="#Page_111">111</a>.</li> + +<li>Calverley, Charles Stuart. One of the most famous successors of Hood and Barham; wrote 'Fly Leaves' and 'Verses and Translations,' <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</li> + +<li>Campbell, James Dykes. Biographer of Coleridge, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li> + +<li>Campbell, Lewis, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</li> + +<li>Carleton, William. 'Traits and Stories of the Irish Peasantry'; 'Tales of Ireland'; 'Fardorougha the Miser'; 'Black Prophet,' <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</li> + +<li>Carlyle, Thomas. Birth; education; his father's influence, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>; + as tutor; biographer; Madame de Staël's influence, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>; + veneration for Goethe, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>-<a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>-<a href="#Page_121">121</a>; + 'Wilhelm Meister'; 'Life of Schiller,' <a href="#Page_113">113</a>; + marriage; Richter's influence, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>; + personal character, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>-<a href="#Page_120">120</a>; + domestic relations, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>-<a href="#Page_120">120</a>; + Froude's 'Letters' and Reminiscences, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>-<a href="#Page_116">116</a>; + his influence, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>-<a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>; + intentions respecting 'Reminiscences,' <a href="#Page_119">119</a>-<a href="#Page_120">120</a>; + 'Sartor Resartus'; <i>Fraser's Magazine</i>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>; + influence of his teaching on younger minds, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>-<a href="#Page_123">123</a>; +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">199</a></span> + 'Past and Present'; 'Latter-day Pamphlets'; John Stuart Mill; Governor Eyre and Jamaica riots, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>; + 'Heroes and Hero-Worship'; 'French Revolution'; 'Cromwell'; 'Frederick II. of Prussia'; his place in literature; 'Schiller' criticised; 'Life of John Sterling,' <a href="#Page_124">124</a>; + Mill on the 'French Revolution,' <a href="#Page_125">125</a>; + Carlyle's judgments endorsed by John Morley; his 'Cromwell'; his 'Frederick II.,' <a href="#Page_126">126</a>-<a href="#Page_127">7</a>; + his enormous personality, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>-<a href="#Page_8">8</a>; + <i>Edinburgh Cyclopædia</i>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>; + contempt for Darwinian hypothesis, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>.</li> + +<li>Carroll, Lewis. 'Euclid and his Modern Rivals'; 'A Tangled Tale'; 'Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'; 'Through the Looking-glass,' <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</li> + +<li>'Casa Guidi Windows,' <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li> + +<li>Cassels, Walter Richard. Author of 'Supernatural Religion,' <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.</li> + +<li>'Catherine Douglas,' <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.</li> + +<li>'Cave-hunting,' <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</li> + +<li>'Caxtons, The,' <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</li> + +<li>Cellini's 'Autobiography' (Symonds'), <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</li> + +<li>Celtic Renaissance, The, and Thomas Moore, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Challenger</i> Expedition, The, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>.</li> + +<li>'Channings, The,' <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li> + +<li>Chapman, Dr, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.</li> + +<li>Charles, Mrs. Author of 'The Schönberg Cotta Family' and 'Kitty Trevelyan's Diary,' <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> + +<li>'Charles O'Malley,' <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</li> + +<li>Charlesworth, Maria Louisa. Author of 'Ministering Children,' <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> + +<li>'Chartist Parson, The,' <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.</li> + +<li>Chartist poets, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li> + +<li>'Childhood of Religion,' <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</li> + +<li>'Childhood of the World,' <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</li> + +<li>'Child's Garden of Verses, A,' <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</li> + +<li>'Chips from a German Workshop,' <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</li> + +<li>'Choice of Books,' <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</li> + +<li>'Choir Invisible, The,' <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li> + +<li>'Christian Evidences,' <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.</li> + +<li>'Christian Year, The,' <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</li> + +<li>'Christowell,' <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</li> + +<li>'Church Bills, The,' <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.</li> + +<li>Church, Richard William. Author of works on <i>Dante</i> and <i>St Anselm</i>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</li> + +<li>'Cithara,' <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li> + +<li>'City of Dreadful Night, The,' <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.</li> + +<li>'Civilisation, History of,' <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.</li> + +<li>'Classical' essays, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.</li> + +<li>Clayden, Peter William, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>; + 'Early Life of Samuel Rogers' and 'Rogers and His Contemporaries,' <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li> + +<li>Clifford, Mrs W. K., <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> + +<li>Clive, Mrs Archer. Author of 'Paul Ferrell,' <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li> + +<li>Clodd, Edward. 'Childhood of the World'; 'Childhood of Religion'; 'Pioneers of Evolution,' <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</li> + +<li>'Cloister and the Hearth, The,' <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</li> + +<li><a name="Clough" id="Clough"></a>Clough, Arthur Hugh, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>; + Lowell's estimate of; a pupil of Dr Arnold; 'The Bothie of Tober-na-Vuolich'; death, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li> + +<li>Colenso, John William. 'The Pentateuch and Book of Joshua Critically Examined,' condemned as heretical, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>; + invited to the Abbey pulpit, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</li> + +<li>Coleridge, death of, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>; + on 'Thalaba,' <a href="#Page_6">6</a>; +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">200</a></span> + Dykes Campbell's biography of, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li> + +<li>Coleridge, Hartley, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.</li> + +<li>Coleridge, Sara, and Southey, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>; + 'Phantasmion,' <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.</li> + +<li>Collet, Miss Clara, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li> + +<li>Collins, J. Churton, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li> + +<li>Collins, William Wilkie. The novelist of sensation. 'The Woman in White'; 'The Moonstone'; 'The New Magdalen,' <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</li> + +<li>'Companions of my Solitude,' <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.</li> + +<li>Comte, Auguste and the 'Philosophie Positive,' <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</li> + +<li>Congreve, Richard. A writer of thoughtful political tracts, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.</li> + +<li>'Coningsby,' <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</li> + +<li>'Conquest of England, The,' <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.</li> + +<li>'Considerations on Representative Government,' <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.</li> + +<li>'Constitutional History' (Hallam's), <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</li> + +<li>—— (May's), <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</li> + +<li>—— (Stubbs'), <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li> + +<li>Cook, Eliza. Her claims to consideration; 'The Old Armchair; the <i>Journal</i>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li> + +<li>Cooper, Thomas. Chartist poet, wrote 'The Purgatory of Suicides,' &c., <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li> + +<li>Conybeare, Rev. W. J., <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.</li> + +<li>'Coral Reefs, Structure and distribution of,' <a href="#Page_155">155</a>.</li> + +<li>Corelli, Miss Marie, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Cornhill Magazine</i>, The, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.</li> + +<li>'Corn Law Rhymes,' <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li> + +<li>'Count Cagliostro,' <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</li> + +<li>'Count Julian,' <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li> + +<li>Courthope, Professor W. J. Pope's best biographer and editor; 'History of English Poetry,' <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li> + +<li>'Courtships of Queen Elizabeth, The,' <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</li> + +<li>Cowper, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>.</li> + +<li>'Cowper's Grave,' <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li> + +<li>Cox, Sir George. 'Mythology of the Aryan Nations;' 'History of Greece,' <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</li> + +<li>Craik, Mrs, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>. <i>See</i> <a href="#Mulock">Mulock</a>.</li> + +<li>Craik, Sir Henry. A writer on Swift, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li> + +<li>'Cranford,' <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</li> + +<li>'Creed of Christendom, The,' <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</li> + +<li>Creighton, Mandell. 'History of the Papacy from the Great Schism to the Sack of Rome,' <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.</li> + +<li>Crewe, Earl of, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</li> + +<li>'Cripps the Carrier,' <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</li> + +<li>Critics of the Era— +<ul class="none"> +<li>Abbott, Dr E., <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</li> +<li>Allingham, W., <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.</li> +<li>Arnold, Dr, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.</li> +<li>Arnold, M., <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.</li> +<li>Ashley, Professor W. J., <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li> +<li>Bagehot, W., <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li> +<li>Bain, A., <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.</li> +<li>Bentley, R., <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.</li> +<li>Booth, C., <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li> +<li>Borrow, G., <a href="#Page_185">185</a>.</li> +<li>Bradley, Professor A. C., <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</li> +<li>Brewster, Sir D., <a href="#Page_150">150</a>.</li> +<li>Brooke, S. A., <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</li> +<li>Buckland, Dean, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</li> +<li>Buckland, F., <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</li> +<li>Caird, E., <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</li> +<li>Cairnes, J. E., <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</li> +<li>Campbell, J. D., <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li> +<li>Cassels, W. R., <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.</li> +<li>Church, R. W., <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</li> +<li>Clayden, P. W., <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</li> +<li>Clifford, W. K., <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</li> +<li>Colenso, J. W., <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.</li> +<li>Collet, Miss C., <a href="#Page_144">144</a>. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">201</a></span></li> +<li>Collins, C., <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li> +<li>Congreve, R., <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.</li> +<li>Conybeare, Rev. W. J., <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.</li> +<li>Courthope, Professor W. J., <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li> +<li>Craik, Sir H., <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li> +<li>Cunningham, Dr, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li> +<li>Darwin, C., <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</li> +<li>Dowden, E., <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.</li> +<li>Faraday, M., <a href="#Page_150">150</a>.</li> +<li>Farrar, F. W., <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.</li> +<li>Fawcett, H., <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</li> +<li>Ferrier, J. F., <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.</li> +<li>Forster, J., <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li> +<li>Foster, M., <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.</li> +<li>Garnett, Dr, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</li> +<li>Geikie, Sir A., <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</li> +<li>Geikie, J., <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</li> +<li>Gosse, E., <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.</li> +<li>Green, T. H., <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.</li> +<li>Greenwood, F., <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li> +<li>Greg, W. R., <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</li> +<li>Greville, C. C. F., <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li> +<li>Hamerton, P. G., <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.</li> +<li>Harrison, F., <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</li> +<li>Helps, Sir A., <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.</li> +<li>Henley, W. E., <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.</li> +<li>Hooker, Sir J., <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.</li> +<li>Houghton, Lord, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</li> +<li>Howson, J. S., <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.</li> +<li>Hutton, R. H., <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</li> +<li>Huxley, T. H., <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.</li> +<li>Jefferies, R., <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li> +<li>Jerrold, D., <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.</li> +<li>Jevons, W. S., <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</li> +<li>Jowett, B., <a href="#Page_162">162</a>.</li> +<li>Keble, J., <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</li> +<li>King, R. A., <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li> +<li>Knight, Professor, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li> +<li>Lang, A., <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</li> +<li>Lemon, M., <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.</li> +<li>Leslie, T. E. C., <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li> +<li>Lewes, G. H., <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</li> +<li>Lewis, Sir G. C., <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li> +<li>Liddon, H. P., <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</li> +<li>Lightfoot, J. B., <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.</li> +<li>Lockhart, J. G., <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</li> +<li>Lyell, Sir C., <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</li> +<li>Lynch, T. T., <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</li> +<li>Mackay, C., <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li> +<li>Manning, Cardinal, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.</li> +<li>Mansel, H. L., <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.</li> +<li>Marshall, A., <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</li> +<li>Martin, Sir T., <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li> +<li>Martineau, Dr J., <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</li> +<li>Martineau, Miss, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.</li> +<li>Masson, D., <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</li> +<li>Maurice, J. F. D., <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</li> +<li>Mill, J. S., <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</li> +<li>Miller, H., <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.</li> +<li>Mivart, St G., <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.</li> +<li>Morison, J. C., <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.</li> +<li>Morley, J., <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</li> +<li>Murchison, Sir R. I., <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</li> +<li>Murray, Dr J., <a href="#Page_155">155</a>.</li> +<li>Myers, F. W. H., <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.</li> +<li>Newman, F. W., <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</li> +<li>Pater, W., <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.</li> +<li>Pattison, M., <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</li> +<li>Payn, J., <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</li> +<li>Potter, Miss B., <a href="#Page_144">144</a>-<a href="#Page_5">5</a>.</li> +<li>Pusey, E. B., <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.</li> +<li>Reid, Sir W., <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</li> +<li>Robertson, F. W., <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</li> +<li>Robinson, H. C., <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</li> +<li>Rogers, S., <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</li> +<li>Rogers, T., <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li> +<li>Romanes, G. J., <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.</li> +<li>Ruskin, J., <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.</li> +<li>Ryle, J. C., <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.</li> +<li>Saintsbury, G., <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</li> +<li>Sala, G. A., <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li> +<li>Sanderson, B., <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.</li> +<li>Schloss, D. F., <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li> +<li>Scott, W. B., <a href="#Page_173">173</a>. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">202</a></span></li> +<li>Sidgwick, H., <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</li> +<li>Smith, H. Ll., <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li> +<li>Smith, G., <a href="#Page_185">185</a>.</li> +<li>Smith, S., <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.</li> +<li>Spedding, J., <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li> +<li>Spencer, H., <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.</li> +<li>Spurgeon, C. H., <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.</li> +<li>Stanley, A. P., <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.</li> +<li>Stephen, L., <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.</li> +<li>Stewart, B., <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.</li> +<li>Temple, Dr, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>.</li> +<li>Toynbee, A., <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li> +<li>Trevelyan, Sir G. O., <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</li> +<li>Tyndall, J., <a href="#Page_150">150</a>.</li> +<li>Victoria, Q., <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</li> +<li>Wallace, A. R., <a href="#Page_156">156</a>.</li> +<li>Whately, R., <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</li> +<li>Wilson, J., <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.</li> +<li>Yates, E., <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li></ul></li> + +<li>'Critiques and Addresses,' <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.</li> + +<li>'Cromwell,' <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>.</li> + +<li>'Cromwell's Place in History,' <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li> + +<li>Cross, J. W., <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li> + +<li>Cross, Mrs (George Eliot), <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li> + +<li>'Crotchet Castle,' <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</li> + +<li>Crowe, Mrs. Author of 'Susan Hopley' and 'The Night Side of Nature,' <a href="#Page_71">71</a>-<a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li> + +<li>'Crown of Wild Olive,' <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</li> + +<li>'Cry of the Children,' <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li> + +<li>Cunningham, Dr. 'Growth of English History and Commerce,' <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li> + +<li>'Curiosities of Literature,' <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</li> + +<li>'Cyril Ashley,' <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> + +<li class="alpha"><i>Daily Telegraph, The</i>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li> + +<li>'Daniel Deronda,' <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li> + +<li>'Dante and His Circle,' <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li> + +<li>Darwin, Charles, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>; + early reception of his theory; Bishop Wilberforce in the <i>Quarterly Review</i>; education; Professor Henslow; <i>Beagle</i> expedition, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>; + 'Journals of Researches,' republished as 'A Naturalist's Voyage Round the World'; 'Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs' a revolutionary work; the theory now somewhat modified; the theory of evolution; contemporaneous discovery by Dr Wallace; 'Origin of Species'; 'Descent of Man'; 'Earth Worms,' <a href="#Page_156">156</a>; + the hypothesis now generally accepted; popular interpretators, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.</li> + +<li>Darwin, Erasmus, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li> + +<li>Darwin, Francis, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>.</li> + +<li>Darwin, George Howard, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>.</li> + +<li>'Daughter of Heth, A,' <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</li> + +<li>'David Copperfield' and Thackeray, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</li> + +<li>'David Elginbrod,' <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li> + +<li>Davis, Thomas. Wrote 'National and Historical Ballads, Songs and Poems,' <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li> + +<li>Dawkins, William Boyd, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>; + 'Cave-hunting'; 'Early Man in Britain,' <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</li> + +<li>'Death of Marlowe, The,' <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.</li> + +<li>'Death's Jest Book,' <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.</li> + +<li>'Deerbrook,' <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</li> + +<li>'Defence of Guenevere,' <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li> + +<li>'Deformed, The,' <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</li> + +<li>De Morgan, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.</li> + +<li>De Quincey's opinion of 'Count Julian,' <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li> + +<li>'Descent of Man,' <a href="#Page_156">156</a>.</li> + +<li>'Descriptive Sociology,' <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.</li> + +<li>De Vere, Thomas Aubrey. Wrote 'The Waldenses,' 'Alexander the Great,' 'St Thomas of Canterbury,' and a volume of critical essays, &c., <a href="#Page_33">33</a>. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">203</a></span></li> + +<li>'Dialogue on the best form of Government, A,' <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li> + +<li>'Diamond Necklace, The,' <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</li> + +<li>'Diana of the Crossways,' <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</li> + +<li>Dickens, Charles. Literary equipment of, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>; + achieved immediate fame with his first great book; birth; Dickens senior and 'Micawber'; the <i>Morning Chronicle</i>; 'Boz'; the <i>Monthly Magazine</i>; 'Pickwick'; 'Oliver Twist'; 'Nicholas Nickleby'; 'The Old Curiosity Shop'; 'Barnaby Rudge'; the most popular writer our literature has seen, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>; + criticisms, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>; + Thackeray's enthusiasm, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>; + 'Life' of, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Dictionary of National Biography</i>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</li> + +<li>Disraeli, Benjamin. 'Vivian Grey'; 'The Young Duke'; 'Venetia'; 'Henrietta Temple'; 'Coningsby'; 'Tancred'; 'Sybil'; Biography of Lord George Bentinck, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</li> + +<li>D'Israeli, Isaac. 'Curiosities of Literature,' <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</li> + +<li>'Dissertations and Discussions,' <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.</li> + +<li>Dobell, Sydney, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>; + admiration for Emily Brontë, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</li> + +<li>Dobson, Austin. Author of 'Vignettes in Rhyme'; 'Proverbs in Porcelain,' &c., <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</li> + +<li>'Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde,' <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</li> + +<li>'Dr Thorne,' <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</li> + +<li>Dodgson, Rev. C. L., <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</li> + +<li>Dowden, Edward. Eminent critic of Wordsworth and Shelley; 'Shakspere, his Mind and Art'; 'Studies in Literature,' <a href="#Page_173">173</a>; + 'Life of Shelley,' <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</li> + +<li>Doyle, Conan, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li> + +<li>'Dramatic Idyls,' <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.</li> + +<li>'Dramatic Scenes,' <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.</li> + +<li>'Dream of Eugene Aram,' <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li> + +<li>'Dream of Gerontius,' <a href="#Page_111">111</a>.</li> + +<li>'Dream of John Ball,' <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.</li> + +<li>'Dreams,' <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</li> + +<li>'Dress,' <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> + +<li>'Drink,' <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</li> + +<li>'Drummond of Hawthornden,' <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Dublin University Magazine</i>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</li> + +<li>Dufferin, Lady, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li> + +<li>'Early Days of His Royal Highness the Prince Consort,' <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</li> + +<li>'Early History of Charles James Fox,' <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</li> + +<li>'Early Italian Poets, The,' <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li> + +<li>'Early Life of Samuel Rogers,' <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li> + +<li>'Early Man in Britain,' <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</li> + +<li>'Earthly Paradise, The,' <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li> + +<li>'Earth Worms,' <a href="#Page_156">156</a>.</li> + +<li>'East Lynne,' <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li> + +<li>'Ecce Homo,' <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</li> + +<li>'Ecclesiastical Sonnets,' <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.</li> + +<li>'Economic History and Theory,' <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li> + +<li>'Economics of Industry,' <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</li> + +<li>'Economic Studies,' <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Edinburgh Cyclopædia</i> and Carlyle, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Edinburgh Review</i> and Macaulay, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</li> + +<li>'Education' (Spencer's), <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.</li> + +<li>'Education of the World, The,' <a href="#Page_162">162</a>.</li> + +<li>'Egoist, The,' <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</li> + +<li>'Eirenicon,' <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.</li> + +<li>'Elements of Politics,' <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</li> + +<li>Eliot, George. Early years; Strauss's 'Life of Jesus'; <i>Westminster Review</i>; George Henry Lewes; 'Scenes of Clerical Life'; 'Adam Bede,' <a href="#Page_49">49</a>; +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">204</a></span> + 'The Mill on the Floss'; 'Silas Marner'; 'Romola'; 'Felix Holt'; 'Middlemarch'; 'Daniel Deronda'; marriage; death; her letters a disappointment; her poetry; 'Spanish Gipsy'; 'Choir Invisible'; 'by her novels she must be judged,' <a href="#Page_50">50</a>; + catholicity of sympathy, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>-<a href="#Page_52">52</a>; + has not maintained her position, but has an assured place, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.</li> + +<li>Eliot, George, and Spencer, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Eliza Cook's Journal</i>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li> + +<li>Elliott, Ebenezer. Author of 'Corn Law Rhymes,' &c., <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li> + +<li>'Emotions and the Will, The,' <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.</li> + +<li>'Empedocles on Etna,' <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li> + +<li>'Endeavour after the Christian Life,' <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</li> + +<li>'English History and Commerce, Growth of,' <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li> + +<li>'English History for the Use of Public Schools,' <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</li> + +<li>'English in Ireland, The,' <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li> + +<li>'English Lyrics,' <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</li> + +<li>'English Men of Letters Series,' <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</li> + +<li>'English Seamen in the Sixteenth Century,' <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li> + +<li>'Englishwomen of Letters,' <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li> + +<li>'Enigmas of Life,' <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</li> + +<li>'Eothen,' <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</li> + +<li>'Epic of Hades,' <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li> + +<li>'Epic of Women and other Poems,' <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li> + +<li>'Esmond,' <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</li> + +<li>'Essay in Aid of the Grammar of Assent,' <a href="#Page_111">111</a>.</li> + +<li>'Essay on Ritualism,' <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</li> + +<li>'Essays and Reviews,' <a href="#Page_162">162</a>.</li> + +<li>'Essays and Studies,' <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</li> + +<li>'Essays,' by T. E. C. Leslie, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li> + +<li>'Essays, Classical and Modern' (Myers), <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.</li> + +<li>'Essays in Criticism' (Arnold), <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> + +<li>'Essays, Literary and Speculative' (Hutton), <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</li> + +<li>'Essays on Literature and Philosophy' (Caird), <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</li> + +<li>'Essays on Unsettled Questions in Political Economy' (Mill), <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.</li> + +<li>'Ethical Studies,' <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</li> + +<li>'Ethical Theory, Types of,' <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</li> + +<li>'Euclid and his Modern Rivals,' <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</li> + +<li>'European Morals from Augustus to Charlemagne,' <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</li> + +<li>'Evan Harrington,' <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</li> + +<li>Evans, Mary Ann (George Eliot), <a href="#Page_49">49</a>-<a href="#Page_53">53</a>.</li> + +<li>'Evolution of Religion, The,' <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</li> + +<li>Ewing, Mrs. Author of 'Remembrances of Mrs Overtheway,' <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> + +<li>'Examination of Sir William Hamilton's Philosophy,' <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.</li> + +<li>'Excursion, The,' <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.</li> + +<li>'Exiles in Babylon,' <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> + +<li>'Expansion of England, The,' <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</li> + +<li class="alpha">'Face of the Deep, The,' <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li> + +<li>Faraday, Michael. Famous physicist; Royal Institution Lectures; 'Magneto-electricity'; devotion to science, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>.</li> + +<li>'Faraday as a Discoverer,' <a href="#Page_150">150</a>.</li> + +<li>'Fardorougha the Miser,' <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</li> + +<li>'Far from the Madding Crowd,' <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li> + +<li>'Farina,' <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</li> + +<li>Farrar, Frederick William, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.</li> + +<li>'Faust' (Martin's translation), <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.</li> + +<li>Fawcett, Henry. A disciple of the Ricardo school; 'Manual of Political Economy,' <a href="#Page_142">142</a>-<a href="#Page_143">143</a>; +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">205</a></span> + a critic of Indian finance; Postmaster-General, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</li> + +<li>Ferguson, Sir Samuel, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li> + +<li>'Felix Holt,' <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li> + +<li>Ferrier, James Frederick. Professor of moral philosophy at St Andrews; 'Lectures in Greek Philosophy,' <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.</li> + +<li>'Festus,' <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.</li> + +<li>Finlay, George. 'A History of Greece from its Conquest by the Romans to the Present Time'; Greek War of Independence, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</li> + +<li>'First Principles' (Spencer's), <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.</li> + +<li>Fitzgerald, Edward. 'Letters and Literary Remains' and 'Omar Khayyám,' <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.</li> + +<li>'Fly-Leaves,' <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</li> + +<li>'Footprints of Former Men in Far Cornwall,' <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li> + +<li>'Footprints of the Creator,' <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</li> + +<li>'Fors Clavigera,' <a href="#Page_133">133</a>-<a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</li> + +<li>Forster, John. 'Life of Swift'; 'Life of Walter Savage Landor'; 'Goldsmith'; 'Dickens'; 'Life of Sir John Eliot,' <a href="#Page_178">178</a>; + 'Statesmen of the Commonwealth,' <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Fortnightly Review</i>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</li> + +<li>'Forty Years' Recollections of Life, Literature and Public Affairs,' <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li> + +<li>Foster, Michael, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.</li> + +<li>'Foul Play,' <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</li> + +<li>Fox, Charles James, and 'Madoc,' <a href="#Page_6">6</a>; + 'Early History of,' <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</li> + +<li>'Framley Parsonage,' <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</li> + +<li>'Frank Mildmay,' <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Fraser's Magazine</i>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.</li> + +<li>'Frederick II. of Prussia,' <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>.</li> + +<li>Freeman, Edward A. First work, 'A History of Architecture'; 'History of Federal Government; 'History of the Norman Conquest'; 'Reign of William Rufus'; 'Old English History,' <a href="#Page_81">81</a>; + not a metaphysician; the 'Norman Conquest,' worth the effort of reading it; Regius Professor at Oxford, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>; + contrasted with Froude, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.</li> + +<li>'French Revolution,' <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</li> + +<li>'Frenchwomen of Letters,' <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li> + +<li>'Friends in Council,' <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.</li> + +<li>Froude, James Anthony. Contrasted with Freeman; abandoned supernatural Christianity, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>; + 'The Spirit's Trials'; 'The Lieutenant's Daughter'; 'Nemesis of Faith'; his great work, 'The History of England,' <a href="#Page_84">84</a>; + his style and sympathies, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>; + the 'À Becket' articles inaccurate; his 'Life of Carlyle'; Sir Fitz James Stephen's defence of the 'Life,' <a href="#Page_86">86</a>-<a href="#Page_87">87</a>; + 'Short Studies on Great Subjects'; 'Life of Bunyan'; 'Life of Cæsar'; Carlyle's influence in 'The English in Ireland'; 'Lectures on the Council of Trent'; 'English Seamen in the Sixteenth Century'; 'Life and Letters of Erasmus,' <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li> + +<li>Froude, Richard Hurrell. 'Literary Remains of,' <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.</li> + +<li>Fullerton, Lady Georgina. Author of 'Ann Sherwood,' <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li> + +<li class="alpha">Gairdner, James. 'Life and Reign of Richard III.,' <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</li> + +<li>'Gamekeeper at Home, The,' <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li> + +<li>Gardiner, Samuel Rawson. The Historian of the Stuart kings; now well into the study of the Protectorate, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>; +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">206</a></span> + minor works, 'The Gunpowder Plot'; 'Cromwell's Place in History'; not a brilliant writer, but absolutely fair and impartial; his books the safest guide to the period, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li> + +<li>Garnett, Richard (Doctor), and Marston, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>; + a partisan of Shelley; an acute critic, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</li> + +<li>Gaskell, Mrs. 'Mary Barton' her first success; 'Ruth,' 'North and South,' 'Sylvia's Lovers,' 'Cranford,' and 'The Life of Charlotte Brontë' her most enduring works, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</li> + +<li>Gatty, Mrs, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> + +<li>'Gebir,' <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li> + +<li>Geikie, James. 'The Great Ice Age,' <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</li> + +<li>Geikie, Sir Archibald. His 'Text Book of Geology' a model of lucid writing, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</li> + +<li>'Geoffrey Hamlyn,' <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.</li> + +<li>'Geology and Mineralogy considered with reference to Natural Theology,' <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</li> + +<li>'Geology, Principles of' (Lyell's), <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</li> + +<li>'Geology, Text Book of' (Geikie's), <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Germ</i>, The, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li> + +<li>Gibbon's 'Rome,' Milman's edition of, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</li> + +<li>'Glaciers, On the Structure and Motion of,' <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.</li> + +<li>'Gladiators, The,' <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</li> + +<li>Gladstone, William Ewart, and Macaulay, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>; + 'The State in its Relations with the Church'; Macaulay's review; 'Essay on Ritualism'; and 'The Vatican Decrees'; 'Studies in Homer'; 'Gleanings'; on Newman's secession, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</li> + +<li>'Gleanings' (W. E. Gladstone), <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</li> + +<li>'Goblin Market,' <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li> + +<li>'God and the Bible,' <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</li> + +<li>'Golden Age, The,' <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</li> + +<li>'Golden Butterfly, The,' <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li> + +<li>'Golden Treasury of Songs and Lyrics, The,' <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li> + +<li>Goldsmith, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>; + Life of, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li> + +<li>Gosse, Edmund. A poet and critic; joint translator with Mr Wm. Archer of <i>Ibsen</i>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>; + best biography, 'Life of Gray,' <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.</li> + +<li>'Government, A Dialogue on the best form of,' <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li> + +<li>'Government, On the Proper Sphere of,' <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.</li> + +<li>'Grammar of Assent,' <a href="#Page_111">111</a>.</li> + +<li>'Great Ice Age, The,' <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</li> + +<li>'Greece, History of' (Cox's), <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</li> + +<li>'Greece, History of' (Finlay's), <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</li> + +<li>'Greece, History of' (Grote's), <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.</li> + +<li>'Greece, History of' (Thirlwall's), <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.</li> + +<li>Green, Alice Stopford. 'Town Life in the Fifteenth Century,' <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.</li> + +<li>Green, John Richard. 'Short History of the English People'; place as a historian, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>; + critics, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>-<a href="#Page_98">98</a>; + enlarged edition; dedication; Bishop Stubbs and Professor Freeman; 'The Making of England,'; 'The Conquest of England'; Sir Archibald Geikie's tribute; adverse criticisms, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.</li> + +<li>Green, Thomas Hill. Long a leader of the Hegelian philosophy at Oxford; published through <i>Contemporary Review</i> articles on 'Mr Herbert Spencer and Mr G. H. Lewes: their Application of the Doctrine of Evolution to Thought,' <a href="#Page_147">147</a>; +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">207</a></span> + his 'Prolegomena to Ethics,' finally edited by Professor Bradley; a moral force in Oxford apart from his philosophy, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</li> + +<li>Greenwood, Frederick. The most honoured journalist of to-day; edited <i>Cornhill Magazine</i>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>; + writer of poems, stories, and essays; 'Lover's Lexicon'; 'Dreams,' <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</li> + +<li>Greg, William Rathbone. Anti-theological writer; 'The Creed of Christendom'; 'Enigmas of Life'; 'Rocks Ahead,' <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</li> + +<li>Greville, Charles Cavendish Fulke. His political memoirs the most popular series we have, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li> + +<li>'Greville Memoirs,' <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li> + +<li>'Griffith Gaunt,' <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</li> + +<li>Grote, George. <i>Westminster Review</i>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>; + M.P. for the City of London; 'History of Greece'; Bishop Thirlwall's appreciation, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>; + influence respecting views of Athenian democracy, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</li> + +<li>Grote and J. S. Mill, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</li> + +<li>'Growth of English History and Commerce,' <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li> + +<li>'Gryll Grange,' <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li> + +<li>'Gunpowder Plot, The,' <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li> + +<li class="alpha">Hallam, Henry. 'View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages,' <a href="#Page_77">77</a>; + Constitutional History of England'; 'Introduction to the Literature of Europe in the Fifteenth, Sixteenth, and Seventeenth Centuries,' <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</li> + +<li>Hamerton, Philip Gilbert. Author of 'Marmorne,' <a href="#Page_171">171</a>; + intimately acquainted with French life; edited <i>The Portfolio</i>; 'The Intellectual Life,' <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.</li> + +<li>'Hand and Soul,' <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li> + +<li>'Handy Andy,' <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li> + +<li>'Hard Cash,' <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</li> + +<li>Hardy, Thomas. Earlier fame won with 'Far from the Madding Crowd'; later popularity by 'Tess of the D'Urbervilles,' 'The Return of the Native,' and 'The Woodlanders' greater than either, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li> + +<li>'Harold,' <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</li> + +<li>Harrison, Frederic. A gifted Positivist; 'Order and Progress'; 'Choice of Books,' <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</li> + +<li>'Harry Lorrequer,' <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</li> + +<li>Hawker, Robert Stephen. Author of 'Song of the Western Men,' and 'Footprints of Former Men in Far Cornwall,' <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li> + +<li>'Headlong Hall,' <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</li> + +<li>Heine's 'Poems and Ballads' (Martin's translation), <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.</li> + +<li>Helps, Sir Arthur. 'Friends in Council'; 'Companions of my Solitude'; 'Life of Pizarro'; 'Life of Cortes'; 'Realmah'; 'Catherine Douglas'; 'Henry II.,' <a href="#Page_191">191</a>; + edited 'Principal Speeches and Addresses of the late Prince Consort,' and 'Leaves from a Journal,' <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</li> + +<li>Henley, William Ernest. 'Book of Verses'; 'Song of the Sword'; a critic of exceptional vigour; 'Views and Reviews,' <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.</li> + +<li>Henley, W. E., and Stevenson, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</li> + +<li>Hennell, Sarah, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">208</a></span></li> + +<li>Henniker, Florence, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</li> + +<li>'Henrietta Temple,' <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</li> + +<li>'Henry II.' 191.</li> + +<li>Henslow, Professor, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li> + +<li>'Herodotus,' Sayce's edition of, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</li> + +<li>'Heroes and Hero-Worship,' <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.</li> + +<li>'High Tide on the Coast of Lincolnshire,' <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li> + +<li>'Hillyars and the Burtons, The,' <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.</li> + +<li>Historians of the Era— +<ul class="none"> +<li>Allan, G., <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</li> +<li>Arnold, Dr, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.</li> +<li>Brewer, Rev. J. S., <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li> +<li>Bright, J. B., <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</li> +<li>Bryce, J., <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</li> +<li>Buckle, H. T., <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.</li> +<li>Burton, J. H., <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</li> +<li>Carlyle, T., <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</li> +<li>Clodd, E., <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</li> +<li>Cox, Sir G., <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</li> +<li>Creighton, M., <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.</li> +<li>Dawkins, W. B., <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.</li> +<li>Finlay, G., <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</li> +<li>Freeman, E. A., <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li> +<li>Froude, J. A., <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.</li> +<li>Gairdner, J., <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</li> +<li>Gardiner, S. R., <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</li> +<li>Gladstone, W. E., <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</li> +<li>Green, J. R., <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</li> +<li>Green, Mrs, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.</li> +<li>Grote, G., <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</li> +<li>Hallam, H., <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</li> +<li>Hume, Major M., <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</li> +<li>Kemble, J. M., <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</li> +<li>Kinglake, A. W., <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</li> +<li>Kitchin, G. W., <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.</li> +<li>Lecky, W. E. H., <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</li> +<li>Lingard, J., <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</li> +<li>Lubbock, Sir J., <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</li> +<li>Macaulay, T. B., <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</li> +<li>MacCarthy, J., <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li> +<li>Massey, W. M., <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li> +<li>May, Sir T. E., <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li> +<li>Merivale, C., <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</li> +<li>Milman, H. H., <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</li> +<li>Molesworth, Rev. W. N., <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li> +<li>Müller, F. M., <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</li> +<li>Napier, Sir Charles, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</li> +<li>Newman, J. H., <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.</li> +<li>Palgrave, Sir F., <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li> +<li>Sayce, A. H., <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</li> +<li>Seeley, Sir J. R., <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</li> +<li>Stanhope, Earl, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li> +<li>Stubbs, W., <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</li> +<li>Symonds, J. A., <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.</li> +<li>Thirlwall, C., <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.</li> +<li>Tylor, E. B., <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</li></ul></li> + +<li>'History and Politics,' <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</li> + +<li>'History of Agriculture and Prices' (Rogers), <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li> + +<li>'History of Christianity under the Empire' (Milman), <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</li> + +<li>'History of Civilization in England' (Buckle), <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.</li> + +<li>'History of Early English Poetry' (Brooke), <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</li> + +<li>'History of Eighteenth Century Literature, A' (Oliphant), <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> + +<li>'History of England from the Fall of Wolsey to the Defeat of the Spanish Armada, The' (Froude), <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.</li> + +<li>'History of England from 1603-1642' (Gardiner), <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</li> + +<li>'History of England from the Accession of James II.' (Macaulay), <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.</li> + +<li>'History of England from 1713 to 1783' (Earl Stanhope), <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li> + +<li>'History of England' (Lingard), <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</li> + +<li>'History of England under George III.' (Massey), <a href="#Page_95">95</a>. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">209</a></span></li> + +<li>'History of England, 1830-1873' (Molesworth), <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li> + +<li>'History of English Poetry' (Courthope), <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li> + +<li>'History of English Thought in the Eighteenth Century' (Stephen), <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.</li> + +<li>'History of France previous to the Revolution' (Kitchin), <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.</li> + +<li>'History of Federal Government' (Freeman), <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li> + +<li>'History of Greece' (Cox), <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</li> + +<li>'History of Greece' (Finlay), <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</li> + +<li>'History of Greece' (Grote), <a href="#Page_100">100</a>-<a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</li> + +<li>'History of Greece' (Thirlwall), <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.</li> + +<li>'History of Normandy and England' (Palgrave), <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li> + +<li>'History of Our Own Time, 1830-1897 (MacCarthy), <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li> + +<li>'History of Rome' (Arnold), <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.</li> + +<li>'History of Samuel Titmarsh and the Great Hoggarty Diamond, The,' <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</li> + +<li>'History of Scotland' (Burton), <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</li> + +<li>'History of Trade Unionism, The' (Webb), <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.</li> + +<li>'History of the Church of England' (Molesworth), <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li> + +<li>'History of the Eighteenth Century' (Lecky), <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</li> + +<li>'History of the Four Georges' (MacCarthy), <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</li> + +<li>'History of the Jews' (Milman), <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</li> + +<li>'History of the Norman Conquest' (Freeman), <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li> + +<li>'History of the Papacy from the Great Schism to the Sack of Rome' (Creighton), <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.</li> + +<li>'History of the Peace' (Martineau), <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li> + +<li>'History of the Romans under the Empire' (Merivale), <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</li> + +<li>'History of the Reign of Queen Anne' (Stanhope), <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li> + +<li>'History of the War in the Crimea,' (Kinglake), <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</li> + +<li>'Holy Roman Empire, The,' <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</li> + +<li>'Homer' (Lang's translation), <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</li> + +<li>'Homer, Studies in,' <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</li> + +<li>Hood, Thomas. 'Song of the Shirt' and 'Dream of Eugene Aram' most popular, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li> + +<li>Hooker, Sir Joseph, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.</li> + +<li>Horne, Richard Hengist. Wrote 'Orion,' 'Judas Iscariot,' 'The Death of Marlowe,' &c., <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.</li> + +<li>Houghton, Lord (Monckton Milnes). 'Life, Letters, and Literary Remains of John Keats'; his life written by Sir Wemyss Reid, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</li> + +<li>'Hour and the Man, The,' <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</li> + +<li>'Hours in a Library,' <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.</li> + +<li>'Hours of Thought on Sacred Things,' <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</li> + +<li>'House Beautiful,' <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> + +<li>'House of Life, The,' <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.</li> + +<li>Howson, John Saul. Joint authorship with Rev. W. J. Conybeare of 'The Life and Epistles of St Paul,' <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.</li> + +<li>Hughes, Thomas. A pupil of Dr Arnold's; wrote finest boy's book in the language, 'Tom Brown's School Days,' <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.</li> + +<li>Hume, Major Martin. 'The Year after the Armada'; 'The Courtships of Queen Elizabeth'; 'Calendar of Spanish State Papers of Elizabeth,' <a href="#Page_89">89</a>. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">210</a></span></li> + +<li>Hunt, Holman, and the pre-Raphaelite Movement, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li> + +<li>Hutton, Richard Holt. Editor of the <i>Spectator</i>; A dignified and independent critic; 'Essays, Literary and Speculative,' <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</li> + +<li>Huxley, Thomas Henry. A profound Metaphysician as well as a great scientist; early days; <i>Rattlesnake</i> Voyage; Royal and Linnæan Society Papers; Natural History and Palæontology Chairs, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>; + Inspector of Fisheries; President of the Royal Society; 'Physiography'; his 'Lay Sermons,' 'Addresses and Reviews,' 'Critiques and Addresses,' and 'American Addresses,' rank among the finest prose of our age, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.</li> + +<li>'Hypatia,' <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</li> + +<li class="alpha">Ibsen. Gosse and Archer's translations, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.</li> + +<li>'Ice Age, The Great,' <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</li> + +<li>'Idylls of the King, The,' <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.</li> + +<li>'Imaginary Conversations,' <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li> + +<li>'Imaginary Portraits,' <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.</li> + +<li>'In a Balcony,' <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.</li> + +<li>'In a Glass Darkly,' <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</li> + +<li>'Industrial Revolution, The,' <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li> + +<li>Ingelow, Jean. Outlived her popularity; 'High Tide on the Coast of Lincolnshire' and 'Supper at the Mill' her most enduring work, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li> + +<li>'Ingoldsby Legends,' <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</li> + +<li>'In Memoriam,' <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.</li> + +<li>'Intellectual Life, The,' <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.</li> + +<li>'International Scientific Series' and Spencer, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.</li> + +<li>'Interpretation of Scripture, The,' <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</li> + +<li>'Irish Melodies,' <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</li> + +<li class="alpha">'Jackdaw of Rheims,' <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</li> + +<li>James, G. P. R., <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</li> + +<li>'Jane Eyre,' <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</li> + +<li>Jefferies, Richard. 'Gamekeeper at Home,' published in the <i>Pall Mall Gazette</i>; 'Wood Magic'; 'Bevis'; 'The Story of My Heart,' <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li> + +<li>Jerrold, Douglas. 'Black-eyed Susan'; 'Mrs Caudle's Curtain Lectures,' <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.</li> + +<li>'Jesus, Strauss's Life of,' <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.</li> + +<li>Jevons, William Stanley, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</li> + +<li>'John Inglesant,' <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</li> + +<li>'John Ploughman's Talk,' <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.</li> + +<li>Jones, Ebenezer. Wrote 'Studies in Sensation and Event,' <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li> + +<li>Jones, Sumner, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li> + +<li>'John Halifax, Gentleman,' <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li> + +<li>Journalism and Novelists, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>-<a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</li> + +<li>'Journals of Researches during a Voyage round the World,' <a href="#Page_154">154</a>-<a href="#Page_155">155</a>.</li> + +<li>Jowett, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>; + 'The Interpretation of Scripture'; brilliant translations of Plato, Thucydides, and 'The Politics' of Aristotle; John Bright's admiration of Jowett's classic English; 'Life,' written by Evelyn Abbott and Lewis Campbell, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</li> + +<li>'Judas Iscariot,' <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.</li> + +<li class="alpha">'Katerfelto,' <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</li> + +<li>Kavanagh, Julia. Now little known. Wrote 'Madeleine,' 'Women in France in the 18th Century,' 'Englishwomen of Letters,' and 'Frenchwomen of Letters,' <a href="#Page_72">72</a>. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">211</a></span></li> + +<li>Keats, death of, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>; + Biography, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</li> + +<li>Keble, John. Professor of Poetry at Oxford; 'Christian Year'; 'Lyra Innocentium'; 'Life of Bishop Wilson,' <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</li> + +<li>Kemble, John Mitchell. His 'Saxons in England' still useful, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</li> + +<li>King, Richard Ashe. Has sketched Swift's life in Ireland; 'Love the Debt'; 'The Wearing of the Green,' <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li> + +<li>'Kingdom of Christ,' <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.</li> + +<li>Kinglake, Alexander William. 'History of the War in the Crimea,' a brilliant effort; his 'Eothen' scarcely less popular, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</li> + +<li>Kingsley, Charles. 'The Saint's Tragedy'; 'Alton Locke,' <a href="#Page_53">53</a>; + 'Yeast'; 'Two Years Ago'; 'Hypatia'; 'Westward Ho'; 'The Three Fishers'; 'The Sands of Dee'; Professor of History at Cambridge; his influence great and beneficial, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>-<a href="#Page_55">55</a>.</li> + +<li>Kingsley, Henry. 'Geoffrey Hamlyn,' the best novel of Australian life; 'Ravenshoe,' and 'The Hillyars and The Burtons' forcible effective works, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>; + Sir Edwin Arnold and Mrs Thackeray Ritchie's testimony, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</li> + +<li>Kingston, W. H. G. Author of one hundred and twenty-five stories of the sea, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</li> + +<li>'King's Tragedy, The,' <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.</li> + +<li>Kipling, Rudyard. 'Soldiers Three'; 'Wee Willie Winkie'; 'Barrack-Room Ballads,' <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</li> + +<li>Kitchin, George William. 'History of France previous to the Revolution,' <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.</li> + +<li>'Kitty Trevelyan's Diary,' <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> + +<li>Knight, Professor, of St Andrews. Biographer of Wordsworth and editor of his collected works, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li> + +<li class="alpha">'Lachrymæ Musarum,' <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</li> + +<li>'Lady Geraldine's Courtship,' <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</li> + +<li>'Lady of Lyons, The,' <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</li> + +<li>'Lady's Walk, The,' <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li> + +<li>'Lalla Rookh,' <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</li> + +<li>'Land of the Golden Fleece, The,' <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li> + +<li>Landor, Walter Savage. Temperament; 'Gebir'; 'Count Julian,' 15; + 'Imaginary Conversations' and 'Longer Prose Works' have all cultured men for readers now; Swinburne's admiration of, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li> + +<li>Landor and 'Madoc,' <a href="#Page_6">6</a>.</li> + +<li>Lang, Andrew. 'Ballads and Lyrics of Old France'; 'Ballades in Blue China'; translator of Homer and Theocritus, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>; + 'Life of Sir Stafford Northcote'; 'Life of John Gibson Lockhart,' <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</li> + +<li>'Laodamia,' <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</li> + +<li>'Last Days of Pompeii,' <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</li> + +<li>'Last Lines,' <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</li> + +<li>'Last of the Barons, The,' <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</li> + +<li>'Latin Christianity,' <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.</li> + +<li>'Latter-day Pamphlets,' <a href="#Page_123">123</a>.</li> + +<li>Laureate, The present, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>-<a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</li> + +<li>'Lavengro,' <a href="#Page_185">185</a>.</li> + +<li>'Lay Sermons,' <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.</li> + +<li>'Lead Kindly Light,' <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.</li> + +<li>'Leaves from a Journal,' <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</li> + +<li>Lecky, William Edward Hartpole. 'History of England in the Eighteenth Century'; 'Rise and Influence of the Spirit of Rationalism' and 'European Morals from Augustus to Charlemagne' justly popular, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">212</a></span></li> + +<li>'Lectures in Greek Philosophy,' <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.</li> + +<li>'Lectures on the Council of Trent,' <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li> + +<li>'Lectures on the Jewish Church,' <a href="#Page_162">162</a>.</li> + +<li>'Lectures on Science for Unscientific People,' <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.</li> + +<li>'Lectures on the Eastern Church,' <a href="#Page_161">161</a>-<a href="#Page_162">162</a>.</li> + +<li>'Lectures on the Science of Language,' <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</li> + +<li>Le Fanu, Joseph Sheridan, 'Uncle Silas'; 'In a Glass Darkly,' <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</li> + +<li>'Legends and Lyrics,' <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.</li> + +<li>Lemon, Mark, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>. + Editor of <i>Punch</i>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>-<a href="#Page_8">8</a>.</li> + +<li>Leslie, Thomas Edward Cliffe. His 'Essays' full of terse and suggestive criticism, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li> + +<li>'Letters and Life of Francis Bacon' (Spedding), <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li> + +<li>'Letters' and 'Reminiscences' of Carlyle, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>-<a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>-<a href="#Page_120">120</a>.</li> + +<li>'Letters on the Laws of Man's Nature and Development,' <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</li> + +<li>'Letter to Keble,' <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.</li> + +<li>Lever, Charles. <i>Dublin University Magazine</i>; 'Charles O'Malley' and 'Harry Lorrequer' still command attention, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</li> + +<li>Lewes, George Henry. 'Biographical History of Philosophy,' <a href="#Page_148">148</a>; + his 'Life of Goethe' the standard work; 'Ranthorpe'; edited <i>Fortnightly Review</i>; 'Seaside Studies'; 'Problems of Life and Mind,' <a href="#Page_149">149</a>; + on 'Philosophie Positive,' <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</li> + +<li>Lewes, George Henry, and George Eliot, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.</li> + +<li>Lewis, Sir George Cornewall. A notable political philosopher; wrote 'A Dialogue on the Best Form of Government,' <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li> + +<li>'Liberty,' <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</li> + +<li>Liddon, Henry Parry. Bampton lectures 'On the Divinity of Jesus Christ'; one of the most eloquent of preachers, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</li> + +<li>'Lieutenant's Daughter,' <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li> + +<li>'Life and Death of Jason,' <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li> + +<li>'Life and Epistles of St Paul,' <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.</li> + +<li>'Life and Letters of Erasmus,' <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li> + +<li>'Life and Reign of Richard III.,' <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</li> + +<li>'Life and Times of Stein,' <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</li> + +<li>'Life, Letters and Literary Remains of John Keats,' <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</li> + +<li>'Life of Bishop Wilson,' <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</li> + +<li>'Life of Bunyan,' <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li> + +<li>'Life of Burke,' <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</li> + +<li>'Life of Byron,' <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li> + +<li>'Life of Cardinal Manning,' <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.</li> + +<li>'Life of Carlyle,' <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li> + +<li>'Life of Cæsar,' <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li> + +<li>'Life of Charlotte Brontë, The,' <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</li> + +<li>'Life of Christ,' <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.</li> + +<li>'Life of Cicero,' <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</li> + +<li>'Life of Cobden,' <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</li> + +<li>'Life of Cortes,' <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.</li> + +<li>'Life of Cowper,' <a href="#Page_6">6</a>.</li> + +<li>'Life of Dickens,' <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li> + +<li>'Life of Dr Arnold,' <a href="#Page_161">161</a>. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">213</a></span></li> + +<li>'Life of Edward Irving,' <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> + +<li>'Life of F. W. Robertson,' <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</li> + +<li>'Life of Goethe,' <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</li> + +<li>'Life of Gray,' <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.</li> + +<li>'Life of Hume,' <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.</li> + +<li>'Life of Isaac Casaubon,' <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</li> + +<li>'Life of Jesus,' <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.</li> + +<li>'Life of John Gibson Lockhart,' <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</li> + +<li>'Life of John Sterling,' <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.</li> + +<li>'Life of Jowett,' <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</li> + +<li>'Life of Lord Lyndhurst,' <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.</li> + +<li>'Life of Lord Macaulay,' <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</li> + +<li>'Life of Milton,' <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</li> + +<li>'Life of Nelson' (Mahan's), <a href="#Page_6">6</a>.</li> + +<li>'Life of Nelson' (Southey's), <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.</li> + +<li>'Life of Newton,' <a href="#Page_150">150</a>.</li> + +<li>'Life of Pizarro,' <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.</li> + +<li>'Life of St Paul,' <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.</li> + +<li>'Life of Schiller,' <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.</li> + +<li>'Life of Shelley,' <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</li> + +<li>'Life of Sir John Eliot,' <a href="#Page_178">178</a>-<a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</li> + +<li>'Life of Sir Stafford Northcote,' <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</li> + +<li>'Life of Sir Walter Scott,' <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</li> + +<li>'Life of the late Prince Consort, The,' <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li> + +<li>'Life of Walter Savage Landor,' <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li> + +<li>Lightfoot, Joseph Barber. One of the greatest scholars in the English Church, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.</li> + +<li>'Light of Asia, The,' <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li> + +<li>'Light of the World, The,' <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li> + +<li>'Limits of Religious Thought, The,' <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.</li> + +<li>Lingard, John. 'History of England' impartial, but dull, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</li> + +<li>Linton, Mrs Lynn, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Literary Gazette</i>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</li> + +<li>'Literary Studies,' <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li> + +<li>'Literature and Dogma,' <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</li> + +<li>'Literature of Europe' (Hallam's), <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</li> + +<li>'Little Schoolmaster Mark,' <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</li> + +<li>'Living London,' <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li> + +<li>Lockhart, John Gibson. Editor of the <i>Quarterly Review</i>; his 'Life of Scott,' the most important biography of the reign, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</li> + +<li>'Logic' (Mill's), <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.</li> + +<li>'Logic,' (Whately's), <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</li> + +<li>'Longer Prose Works,' <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li> + +<li>'Lorna Doone,' <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</li> + +<li>'Lost and Saved,' <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li> + +<li>'Lost Sir Massingberd,' <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</li> + +<li>'Love in a Valley,' <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</li> + +<li>'Love Letters of a Violinist,' <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li> + +<li>'Love or Marriage,' <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li> + +<li>'Love the Debt,' <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li> + +<li>Lover, Samuel. Best known works, 'Rory O'More' and 'Handy Andy,' <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li> + +<li>'Lover's Lexicon,' <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</li> + +<li>Lubbock, Sir John. 'Pre-historic Times'; 'Origin of Civilization,' <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</li> + +<li>'Luria,' <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.</li> + +<li>Lyall, Edna, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> + +<li>Lyell, Sir Charles. Abandoned law for geology; his 'Principles of Geology' a revolutionary work; the smaller 'Student's Elements of Geology' injured in literary merit, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>; + converted to Darwin's views; 'The Antiquity of Man,' <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</li> + +<li>Lynch, Thomas Toke. His poems in the <i>Rivulet</i> now in most hymnologies, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</li> + +<li>'Lyra Innocentium,' <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</li> + +<li>'Lyrical Ballads,' <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</li> + +<li>Lytton, Edward Bulwer. 'Pelham'; 'Zanoni'; 'Harold'; 'Rienzi'; 'The Last of the Barons'; 'The Last Days of Pompeii'; 'The Caxtons'; 'Money'; 'Richelieu'; 'The Lady of Lyons'; one of the 'cleverest' men of his age, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">214</a></span></li> + +<li class="alpha">Macaulay, Thomas Babington. His work guided by rhetorical principles; earliest efforts in <i>Quarterly Magazine</i> and <i>Edinburgh Review</i>; Jeffrey on his 'Milton,' <a href="#Page_91">91</a>; + qualities of his 'Essays'; his career; 'History of England from the Accession of James II.' very successful, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>; + now severely criticised, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>; + in spite of its deficiencies, a great work, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>-<a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li> + +<li>Macaulay and Hawker, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li> + +<li>MacCarthy, Justin. 'History of Our Own Time, 1830-1897,' <a href="#Page_95">95</a>; + 'History of the Four Georges,' <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</li> + +<li>MacDonald, George. 'Robert Falconer'; 'David Elginbrod'; 'Alec Forbes of Howglen,' <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li> + +<li>Mackay, Charles. Novelist, poet and critic; 'Forty Years' Recollections of Life, Literature and Public Affairs,' <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li> + +<li>Mackay, Eric. 'Love Letters of a Violinist,' <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li> + +<li>'Macleod of Dare,' <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</li> + +<li>Macquoid, Mrs, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Macmillan's Magazine</i>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</li> + +<li>'Madcap Violet,' <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</li> + +<li>'Madeleine,' <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li> + +<li>'Madoc,' <a href="#Page_6">6</a>.</li> + +<li>Mahon, Lord, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li> + +<li>'Maiden and Married Life of Mary Powell,' <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li> + +<li>'Maid of Sker, The,' <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</li> + +<li>'Maid Marion,' <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</li> + +<li>'Makers of Florence,' <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> + +<li>'Making of England, The,' <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.</li> + +<li>Malet, Lucas, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Manchester Examiner</i> and Ruskin, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.</li> + +<li>Mangan, James Clarence, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li> + +<li>Manning, Anne. Author of 'Maiden and Married Life of Mary Powell,' <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li> + +<li>Manning, Cardinal. Books and sermons of theological interest only; his 'Life,' <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.</li> + +<li>Mansel, Henry Longueville. 'The Limits of Religious Thought'; 'Metaphysics, or the Philosophy of Consciousness, Phenomenal and Real'; a skilful fighter, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.</li> + +<li>'Manual of Political Economy' (Fawcett's), <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</li> + +<li>'Marie Bashkirtseff's Diary,' <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li> + +<li>'Marcian Colonna,' <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.</li> + +<li>'Marie de Méranie,' <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li> + +<li>'Marius the Epicurean,' <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.</li> + +<li>'Marmorne,' <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.</li> + +<li>Marryat, Captain Frederick. 'Frank Mildmay'; 'Mr Midshipman Easy'; 'Peter Simple'; editor of <i>Metropolitan Magazine</i>; appreciated by Carlyle and Ruskin, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>-<a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</li> + +<li>Marsh, Mrs. Author of 'The Admiral's Daughter' and 'The Deformed,' <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</li> + +<li>Marshall, Alfred. Author of 'Economics of Industry' and 'Principles of Economics,' <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</li> + +<li>Marston, John Westland. Author of 'Strathmore,' 'Marie de Méranie,' and 'A Hard Struggle,' <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li> + +<li>Marston, Philip Bourke. Published 'Song Tide and other Poems,' 'All in All,' and 'Wind Voices,' <a href="#Page_39">39</a>. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">215</a></span></li> + +<li>Martin, Sir Theodore. 'Life of the late Prince Consort,' <a href="#Page_190">190</a>; + 'Book of Ballads'; 'Memoir of Aytoun'; 'Life of Lord Lyndhurst'; translated the Odes of Horace; 'The Vita Nuova'; 'Faust'; and Heine's 'Poems and Ballads'; 'Sketch of the Life of Princess Alice,' <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.</li> + +<li>Martineau, Harriet. 'History of the Peace,' <a href="#Page_95">95</a>; + Abridgment of Comte; influence upon her own generation; very versatile writer; her 'Biographical Sketches' originally published in <i>Daily News</i>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>; + her historical work mere compilation; 'Deerbrook'; 'The Hour and the Man'; 'Letters on the Laws of Man's Nature and Development,' <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</li> + +<li>Martineau, James. Early career, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>; + from Bentham to Kant; 'Endeavour after the Christian Life'; 'Hours of Thought on Sacred Things'; 'Study of Spinoza'; 'Types of Ethical Theory,' <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</li> + +<li>'Martyrs of Science,' <a href="#Page_150">150</a>.</li> + +<li>'Mary Barton,' <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</li> + +<li>'Mary Tudor,' <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</li> + +<li>'Masks and Faces,' <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</li> + +<li>Massey, Gerald. Chartist poet. Wrote 'Poems and Charms' and 'Voices of Freedom and Lyrics of Love,' &c., <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li> + +<li>Massey, William Nathaniel. 'History of England under George III.' 95</li> + +<li>Masson, David. 'Life of Milton'; 'British Novelists and their Styles'; 'Drummond of Hawthornden,' <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</li> + +<li>'Master of Ballantrae, The,' <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</li> + +<li>'Maud,' <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.</li> + +<li>'Maude,' <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li> + +<li>Maurice, John Frederick Denison. Editor of the <i>Athenæum</i>; joined the Anglican Church, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>; + 'Subscription no Bondage'; 'Kingdom of Christ' tracts; 'Politics for the People'; organised the Christian socialist and co-operative movement, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.</li> + +<li>Maxse, Admiral, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</li> + +<li>May, Sir Thomas Erskine. Continued the work of Hallam and Stubbs, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>; + 'Democracy in Europe'; 'Constitutional History,' <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</li> + +<li>Melbourne, Lord, and Macaulay, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</li> + +<li>'Melincourt,' <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</li> + +<li>Melville, George John Whyte. The novelist of the hunting field; 'Katerfelto'; 'Black but Comely'; 'The Queen's Maries'; 'The Gladiators,' <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</li> + +<li>'Memoirs of Barry Lyndon,' <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</li> + +<li>'Memoir of Principal Tulloch,' <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> + +<li>'Memorials of Canterbury,' <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.</li> + +<li>'Men and Women,' <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.</li> + +<li>'Mental and Moral Science,' <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.</li> + +<li>'Mental Evolution in Animals,' <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.</li> + +<li>Meredith, George. 'Love in a Valley,' <a href="#Page_60">60</a>; + The Browning of Novelists; 'The Shaving of Shagpat'; 'Farina'; 'The Ordeal of Richard Feverel' considered his best novel; 'Evan Harrington'; 'Rhoda Fleming'; 'The Adventures of Harry Richmond'; 'Beauchamp's Career'; 'The Egoist'; 'The Tragic Comedians'; 'Diana of the Crossways'; Stevenson's admiration for 'The Egoist,' <a href="#Page_61">61</a>; +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">216</a></span> + 'Sandra Belloni,' <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</li> + +<li>Meredith, George, and Rossetti, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.</li> + +<li>Merivale, Charles. 'History of the Romans under the Empire,' <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</li> + +<li>'Metaphysics, or the Philosophy of Consciousness, Phenomenal and Real,' <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.</li> + +<li>Methodism and Carlyle, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.</li> + +<li>'Methods of Ethics,' <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Metropolitan Magazine, The</i>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</li> + +<li>'Middle Ages' (Hallam's), <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</li> + +<li>'Middlemarch,' <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li> + +<li>Mill, James. 'History of India'; 'Analysis of the Human Mind,' <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</li> + +<li>Mill, John Stuart. Ruskin's scorn of; education, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>; + influence of Wordsworth; the India House; <i>Westminster Review</i>; Carlyle's 'French Revolution,' <a href="#Page_138">138</a>; + 'Political Economy'; 'Liberty'; 'Subjection of Women'; contemporary opinion of Mrs Mill, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>; + 'Logic'; 'Essays on Unsettled Questions in Political Economy'; 'Principles of Political Economy'; 'Liberty'; 'Sir William Hamilton's Philosophy'; 'Dissertations and Discussions'; 'Considerations on Representative Government'; a stimulator of public opinion, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>; + his philosophical weaknesses, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>-<a href="#Page_42">42</a>; + abandonment of early positions; 'Autobiography'; a socialist at the last, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</li> + +<li>Miller, Hugh, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>. + Journalist; <i>The Witness</i>; 'Old Red Sandstone'; 'Footprints of the Creator'; 'The Testimony of the Rocks,' <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</li> + +<li>'Mill on the Floss, The,' <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li> + +<li>Millais, Sir John, and the pre-Raphaelite movement, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li> + +<li>Milman, Henry Hart. 'Gibbon's Rome'; 'History of the Jews'; 'History of Christianity under the Empire,' <a href="#Page_102">102</a>; + 'Latin Christianity'; Dean Stanley's appreciation, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.</li> + +<li>'Milton, Masson's Life of,' <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</li> + +<li>'Ministering Children,' <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> + +<li>Minor Poets, The, of our era, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</li> + +<li>'Mirandola,' <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.</li> + +<li>'Mr Herbert Spencer and Mr G. H. Lewes; their application of the Doctrine of Evolution to Thought,' <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.</li> + +<li>'Mr Midshipman Easy,' <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</li> + +<li>'Mrs Caudle's Curtain Lectures,' <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.</li> + +<li>'Mrs Halliburton's Troubles,' <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li> + +<li>Mivart, St George, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.</li> + +<li>'Modern' Essays (Myers), <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.</li> + +<li>'Modern Painters,' <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.</li> + +<li>Molesworth, Rev. William Nassau. 'History of England, 1830-1873'; 'History of the Church of England,' <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li> + +<li>'Molière,' by Mrs Oliphant, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> + +<li>'Money,' <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</li> + +<li>'Monks of St Mark, The,' <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</li> + +<li>'Monograph on Charlotte Brontë,' <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Monthly Magazine, The</i>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</li> + +<li>'Moonstone, The,' <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</li> + +<li>Moore, Thomas. The pioneer of the 'Celtic Renaissance'; 'Irish Melodies,' <a href="#Page_33">33</a>; + 'Lalla Rookh'; 'Life of Byron,' <a href="#Page_34">34</a>. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">217</a></span></li> + +<li>'More Leaves from the Journal of our Life in the Highlands,' <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</li> + +<li>'More Worlds than One,' <a href="#Page_150">150</a>.</li> + +<li>Morison, James Cotter. Biographer of St Bernard of Clairvaux and Macaulay; 'The Service of Man,' <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.</li> + +<li>Morley, John. Antagonist of 'Supernatural Christianity'; a gifted biographer and journalist; editor of <i>Morning Star</i>, <i>Literary Gazette</i>, <i>Fortnightly Review</i>, <i>Pall Mall Gazette</i>, and <i>Macmillan's Magazine</i>; editor of 'English Men of Letters Series'; 'Life of Burke'; influence, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>; + lives of Voltaire, Rousseau, Diderot; 'Life of Cobden'; his essay 'On Compromise' probably the most exhaustive treatment of the question, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</li> + +<li>Morley, John, and Macaulay, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Morning Chronicle, The</i>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Morning Star</i>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</li> + +<li>Morris, Sir Lewis. Wrote 'Songs of Two Worlds'; 'Epic of Hades'; 'A Vision of Saints,' &c., <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li> + +<li>Morris, William. Connection with Rossetti, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>; + versatility of his genius; 'Dream of John Ball'; 'News from Nowhere,' <a href="#Page_24">24</a>; + 'Defence of Guenevere'; 'Life and Death of Jason'; 'The Earthly Paradise,' <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li> + +<li>Moulton, Mrs Chandler, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li> + +<li>Müller, Friedrich Max. Eminent Philologist; 'Lectures on the Science of Language'; 'Chips from a German Workshop,' <a href="#Page_99">99</a>; + early religious systems, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</li> + +<li><a name="Mulock" id="Mulock"></a>Mulock, Dinah. 'John Halifax, Gentleman,' her best and most successful book, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li> + +<li>'Munera Pulveris,' <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.</li> + +<li>Murchison, Sir Roderick Impey. Geologist; popularity of his 'Siluria,' <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</li> + +<li>Murray, Dr John, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>.</li> + +<li>'My Beautiful Lady,' <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li> + +<li>'My Cousin Nicholas,' <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</li> + +<li>Myers, Ernest, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.</li> + +<li>Myers, Frederick William Henry. 'Saint Paul'; his 'Classical' and 'Modern' critical essays full of delightful ideas; biography of Wordsworth, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.</li> + +<li>'Mythology of the Aryan Nations,' <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</li> + +<li class="alpha">Nansen, Dr, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.</li> + +<li>'Napoleon, A Short History of,' <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</li> + +<li>'National and Historical Ballads, Songs and Poems,' <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li> + +<li><i>National Reformer, The</i>, and 'The City of Dreadful Night,' <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.</li> + +<li>'Natural History,' <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</li> + +<li>'Natural Religion,' <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</li> + +<li>'Naturalist's Voyage Round the World, A,' <a href="#Page_155">155</a>.</li> + +<li>'Nelson Memorial, The,' <a href="#Page_6">6</a>.</li> + +<li>'Nemesis of Faith,' <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li> + +<li>'Never too Late to Mend,' <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</li> + +<li>'New Arabian Nights, The,' <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</li> + +<li>'Newcomes, The,' <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</li> + +<li>'New Magdalen, The,' <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</li> + +<li>Newman, Francis William. 'The Soul,' 'Theism,' 'Phases of Faith,' <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.</li> + +<li>Newman, John Henry. Early religious tendencies; 'My Battle with Liberalism,' <a href="#Page_107">107</a>; + Matthew Arnold's description of Newman, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>-<a href="#Page_108">108</a>; + Tractarian movement; 'Lead Kindly Light'; 'Tracts for the Time'; Tract XC., <a href="#Page_108">108</a>-<a href="#Page_109">109</a>; +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">218</a></span> + joins Church of Rome; Father Achilli, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>; + 'Apologia pro Vitâ Suâ,'; Kingsley's attack and defeat, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>-<a href="#Page_111">111</a>; + Froude on Newman's character, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>; + 'Dream of Gerontius'; 'Verses on Various Occasions,' <a href="#Page_111">111</a>; + 'Callista'; 'A Sketch of the Third Century'; 'Essay in Aid of the Grammar of Assent,' <a href="#Page_111">111</a>; + Swinburne's 'Apostrophe'; Newman's influence on England and her Prime Ministers, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</li> + +<li>'New Poems,' <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li> + +<li>'News from Nowhere,' <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.</li> + +<li>'Nicholas Nickleby,' <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</li> + +<li>'Nightmare Abbey,' <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</li> + +<li>'Night Side of Nature, The,' <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Nonconformist, The</i>, and Spencer, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.</li> + +<li>'North and South,' <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</li> + +<li>Norton, Mrs. Author of 'Stuart of Dunleath' and 'Lost and Saved,' <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li> + +<li>Novelists and journalism, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>-<a href="#Page_187">187</a>.</li> + +<li>Novelists of the Era:— +<ul class="none"> +<li>Alexander, Mrs, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> +<li>A.L.O.E., <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> +<li>Ainsworth, W. H., <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</li> +<li>Barrie, J. M., <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li> +<li>Besant, Sir W., <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li> +<li>Black, W., <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li> +<li>Blackmore, R. D., <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</li> +<li>Braddon, Miss, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> +<li>Brontë, Anne, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</li> +<li>Brontë, Charlotte, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>.</li> +<li>Brontë, Emily, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</li> +<li>Broughton, Miss R., <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> +<li>Carleton, W., <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</li> +<li>Carroll, Lewis, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</li> +<li>Charles, Mrs, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> +<li>Charlesworth, Miss M. L., <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> +<li>Clifford, Mrs W. K., <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> +<li>Clive, Mrs Archer, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li> +<li>Craik, Mrs, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li> +<li>Crowe, Mrs, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</li> +<li>Collins, W. W., <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</li> +<li>Corelli, Miss M., <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> +<li>Dickens, C., <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</li> +<li>Disraeli, B., <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</li> +<li>Doyle, Conan, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li> +<li>Eliot, George, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.</li> +<li>Ewing, Mrs, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> +<li>Fullerton, Lady G., <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li> +<li>Gaskell, Mrs, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</li> +<li>Hardy, T., <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li> +<li>Hope, Anthony, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li> +<li>James, G. P. R., <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</li> +<li>Kavanagh, Miss J., <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li> +<li>Kingsley, C., <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.</li> +<li>Kingsley, H., <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.</li> +<li>Kingston, W. H. G., <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</li> +<li>Le Fanu, J. S., <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</li> +<li>Lever, C., <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</li> +<li>Linton, Mrs Lynn, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> +<li>Lyall, Edna, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> +<li>Lytton, E. B., <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</li> +<li>MacDonald, G., <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li> +<li>Macquoid, Mrs, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> +<li>Malet, L., <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> +<li>Manning, Anne, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li> +<li>Marryat, Captain F., <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</li> +<li>Marsh, Mrs, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</li> +<li>Melville, G. J. W., <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</li> +<li>Meredith, G., <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</li> +<li>Mulock, Miss D., <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li> +<li>Norton, Mrs, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li> +<li>Oliphant, Mrs, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> +<li>Ouida, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> +<li>Peacock, T. L., <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</li> +<li>Pemberton, Max, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li> +<li>'Q.', <a href="#Page_63">63</a>. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">219</a></span></li> +<li>Reade, C., <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</li> +<li>Rice, J., <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li> +<li>Schreiner, Miss O., <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> +<li>Sergeant, Miss A., <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> +<li>Shorthouse, J. H., <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</li> +<li>Stevenson, R. L., <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</li> +<li>Stretton, Mrs, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li> +<li>Thackeray, W. M., <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</li> +<li>Trollope, A., <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</li> +<li>Tucker, Miss C. M., <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> +<li>Ward, Mrs H., <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> +<li>Warren, S., <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li> +<li>Weyman, S., <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li> +<li>Wood, Mrs H., <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li> +<li>Yonge, Miss C., <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li></ul></li> + +<li class="alpha">Odes of Horace (Martin's translation), <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.</li> + +<li>'Old Arm Chair, The,' <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li> + +<li>'Old Curiosity Shop, The,' <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</li> + +<li>'Old English History,' <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li> + +<li>'Old Red Sandstone,' <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</li> + +<li>'Old St Paul's,' <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</li> + +<li>'Old Stoic, The,' <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</li> + +<li>Oliphant, Mrs. Type of the age; wrote biography, criticism, and every form of prose; 'Makers of Florence'; 'Life of Edward Irving'; 'History of Eighteenth Century Literature'; 'Memoir of Principal Tulloch'; 'Cervantes'; 'Molière'; 'Dress'; neither a good critic nor a very accurate student; her fame will have to rest on her novels, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>; + 'Salem Chapel'; 'Passages in the life of Margaret Maitland' her first novel; 'The Lady's Walk' the last, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li> + +<li>'Oliver Twist,' <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</li> + +<li>'Omar Khayyám,' <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.</li> + +<li>'On Compromise,' <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</li> + +<li>'Onesimus,' <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</li> + +<li>'On the Divinity of Jesus Christ,' <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</li> + +<li>'On the Proper Sphere of Government,' <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.</li> + +<li>'On the Structure and Motion of Glaciers,' <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.</li> + +<li>'Ordeal of Richard Feverel,' <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</li> + +<li>'Order and Progress,' <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</li> + +<li>'Origin of Civilization,' <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</li> + +<li>'Origin of Species,' <a href="#Page_156">156</a>.</li> + +<li>'Orion,' <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.</li> + +<li>O'Shaughnessy, Arthur. Wrote 'Epic of Women and other Poems,' <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li> + +<li>Ouida, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Oxford and Cambridge Magazine, The</i>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li> + +<li class="alpha">Palgrave, Francis Turner. Editor of the 'Golden Treasury of Songs and Lyrics,' <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li> + +<li>Palgrave, Sir Francis. Wrote 'History of Normandy and England,' <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Pall Mall Gazette</i>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li> + +<li>'Palmyra,' <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</li> + +<li>'Paper Money Lyrics and other Poems,' <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</li> + +<li>'Passages from the Diary of a Late Physician,' <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li> + +<li>'Passages in the Life of Margaret Maitland,' <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li> + +<li>'Past and Present,' <a href="#Page_123">123</a>.</li> + +<li>Pater, Walter. A great Critic; 'Marius the Epicurean'; 'Imaginary Portraits'; 'The most Rhythmical of English Prose Writers'; 'Renaissance'; 'Appreciations,' <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.</li> + +<li>Patmore, Coventry. 'Angel in the House' not always sincere, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>; + 'Unknown Eros,' <a href="#Page_32">32</a>. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">220</a></span></li> + +<li>Pattison, Mark. 'The Tendencies of Religious Thought in England'; profound scholar; 'Life of Isaac Casaubon,' <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</li> + +<li>'Paul Ferrell,' <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li> + +<li>'Pauline,' <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</li> + +<li>Payn, James. Editor <i>Cornhill Magazine</i>; 'Lost Sir Massingberd' and 'By Proxy' the most popular of his novels, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</li> + +<li>Peacock, Thomas Love. Influence of, on Meredith; 'The Monks of St Mark'; 'Palmyra'; 'Headlong Hall'; 'Melincourt'; 'Nightmare Abbey'; 'Maid Marion'; 'Crotchet Castle'; 'Paper Money Lyrics and other Poems,' <a href="#Page_62">62</a>; + 'Gryll Grange'; his relations with other famous men, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li> + +<li>'Peg Woffington,' <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</li> + +<li>'Pelham,' <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</li> + +<li>Pemberton, Max, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li> + +<li>'Pendennis,' <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</li> + +<li>'Pentateuch and Book of Joshua Critically Examined, The,' <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.</li> + +<li>'Peter Simple,' <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</li> + +<li>'Phantasmion,' <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.</li> + +<li>'Phases of Faith,' <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.</li> + +<li>'Philip Van Artevelde,' <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.</li> + +<li>'Philochristus,' <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</li> + +<li>'Philosophy of Kant,' <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</li> + +<li>'Physics and Politics,' <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li> + +<li>'Physiography,' <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.</li> + +<li>'Pickwick Papers,' influence of eighteenth century humorists marked in, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>; + first appearance of, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</li> + +<li>'Pioneers of Evolution,' <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</li> + +<li>'Poems and Charms,' <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li> + +<li>'Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell,' <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</li> + +<li>'Poems' by George Meredith, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</li> + +<li>'Poems,' by Matthew Arnold, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li> + +<li>'Poems of Rural Life in the Dorset Dialect,' <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li> + +<li>Poets of the Era:— +<ul class="none"> +<li>Arnold, M., <a href="#Page_17">17</a>-<a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li> +<li>Arnold, Sir Edwin, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li> +<li>Austin, A., <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li> +<li>Bailey, P. J., <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.</li> +<li>Banim, J., <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li> +<li>Banim, M., <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li> +<li>Barham, R. H., <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</li> +<li>Barnes, W., <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li> +<li>Beddoes, T. L., <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.</li> +<li>Browning, Mrs, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>-<a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li> +<li>Browning, Robert, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>-<a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li> +<li>Calverley, C. S., <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</li> +<li>Clough, A. H., <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li> +<li>Coleridge, H., <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.</li> +<li>Coleridge, Sara, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.</li> +<li>Cook, Eliza, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li> +<li>Cooper, T., <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li> +<li>Davis, T., <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li> +<li>De Vere, T. A., <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</li> +<li>Dobell, S., <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</li> +<li>Dobson, A., <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</li> +<li>Dufferin, Lady, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li> +<li>Elliott, E., <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li> +<li>Ferguson, Sir S., <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li> +<li>FitzGerald, E., <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li> +<li>Hawker, R. S., <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li> +<li>Hood, T., <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li> +<li>Horne, R. H., <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.</li> +<li>Ingelow, Jean, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li> +<li>Jones, E., <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li> +<li>Kipling, R., <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</li> +<li>Landor, W. S., <a href="#Page_15">15</a>-<a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li> +<li>Lang, A., <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</li> +<li>Lover, S., <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li> +<li>Mangan, J. C., <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li> +<li>Marston, J. W., <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li> +<li>Marston, P. B., <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li> +<li>Massey, G., <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li> +<li>Moore, T., <a href="#Page_33">33</a>. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">221</a></span></li> +<li>Morris, Sir Lewis, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li> +<li>Morris, William, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.</li> +<li>O'Shaughnessy, A., <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li> +<li>Patmore, C., <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</li> +<li>Procter, A. A., <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.</li> +<li>Procter, B. W., <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.</li> +<li>Rossetti, Christina, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li> +<li>Rossetti, Dante G., <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li> +<li>Rossetti, Maria Francesca, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li> +<li>Smith, A., <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</li> +<li>Southey, R., <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.</li> +<li>Swinburne, A. C., <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li> +<li>Taylor, Sir Henry, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.</li> +<li>Tennyson, A., <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.</li> +<li>Thomson, J., <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.</li> +<li>Tupper, M. F., <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li> +<li>Watson, W., <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</li> +<li>Woolner, T., <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li> +<li>Wordsworth, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</li></ul></li> + +<li>'Political Destiny of Canada,' <a href="#Page_185">185</a>.</li> + +<li>'Political Economy' (Fawcett's), <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</li> + +<li>'Political Economy' (Mill's), <a href="#Page_139">139</a>-<a href="#Page_141">141</a>.</li> + +<li>'Political Economy' (Sidgwick's), <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</li> + +<li>'Politics for the People,' <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Portfolio, The</i>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.</li> + +<li>Potter, Miss Beatrice, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li> + +<li>Praed, Winthrop Mackworth, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.</li> + +<li>'Præterita,' <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.</li> + +<li>'Pre-historic Times,' <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</li> + +<li>'Prelude, The,' <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.</li> + +<li>'Pre-Raphaelitism,' <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.</li> + +<li>'Pre-Raphaelite Movement, The,' <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li> + +<li>'Pride and his Pursuers,' <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> + +<li>'Primer of English Literature,' <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</li> + +<li>'Primitive Culture,' <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</li> + +<li>'Prince Otto,' <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</li> + +<li>'Principles of Economics,' <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</li> + +<li>'Principles of Geology,' <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</li> + +<li>'Principles of Psychology,' <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.</li> + +<li>'Problems of Life and Mind,' <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</li> + +<li>Procter, Adelaide Anne. Wrote 'Legends and Lyrics,' &c., <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.</li> + +<li>Procter, Bryan Waller. Wrote 'Dramatic Scenes'; 'Marcian Colonna'; 'Mirandola,' &c., <a href="#Page_35">35</a>-<a href="#Page_36">36</a>.</li> + +<li>'Professor, The,' <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</li> + +<li>'Prolegomena to Ethics,' <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</li> + +<li>'Proverbial Philosophy,' <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li> + +<li>'Proverbs in Porcelain,' <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Punch</i>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.</li> + +<li>'Purgatory of Suicides, The,' <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li> + +<li>Pusey, Edward Bouverie. Founder of the modern high church movement; a writer of 'Tracts for the Times'; 'Letter to Keble'; 'Eirenicon,' <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.</li> + +<li>'Put Yourself in His Place,' <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</li> + +<li class="alpha">'Q,' <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Quarterly Magazine, The</i>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Quarterly Review, The</i>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</li> + +<li>'Queen's Maries, The,' <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</li> + +<li>'Queen Mary,' <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.</li> + +<li class="alpha">'Raleigh,' <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li> + +<li>'Ranthorpe,' <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Rattlesnake</i> Survey, The, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.</li> + +<li>'Ravenshoe,' <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.</li> + +<li>Reade, Charles, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>-<a href="#Page_58">58</a>. + 'Peg Woffington'; 'The Cloister and the Hearth'; 'Griffith Gaunt'; 'Hard Cash'; 'Foul Play'; 'Put Yourself in His Place'; 'Never Too Late to Mend'; 'Masks and Faces'; 'Drink,' <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</li> + +<li>'Ready Money Mortiboy,' <a href="#Page_65">65</a>. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">222</a></span></li> + +<li>'Realmah,' <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.</li> + +<li>Reid, Sir Wemyss. 'Monograph on Charlotte Brontë,' and life of Lord Houghton, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</li> + +<li>'Reign of Henry VIII.', <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</li> + +<li>'Reign of William Rufus and Accession of Henry I.,' <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li> + +<li>'Rejected Addresses,' <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.</li> + +<li>'Relations between England and America, The,' <a href="#Page_185">185</a>.</li> + +<li>'Remembrances of Mrs Overtheway,' <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> + +<li>'Renaissance in Italy,' <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.</li> + +<li>'Renaissance. Studies in Art and Poetry' (later), <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.</li> + +<li>'Return of the Native, The,' <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li> + +<li>'Rhetoric' (Whately's), <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</li> + +<li>'Rhoda Fleming,' <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</li> + +<li>Rice, James. Collaborated with Walter Besant in 'Ready Money Mortiboy' and 'The Golden Butterfly,' &c., <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li> + +<li>'Richelieu,' <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</li> + +<li>'Rienzi,' <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</li> + +<li>'Ring and The Book, The,' <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.</li> + +<li>'Rise and Influence of the Spirit of Rationalism,' <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</li> + +<li>'Ritualism, Essay on,' <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</li> + +<li>'Rivulet, The,' <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</li> + +<li>'Robert Falconer,' <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li> + +<li>Robertson, Frederick William, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>; + 'Life,' <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</li> + +<li>Robinson, Henry Crabb. 'Diary,' edited by Dr Sadler, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</li> + +<li>'Rocks Ahead,' <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</li> + +<li>Rogers, Thorold. 'History of Agriculture and Prices,' <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li> + +<li>Rogers, Samuel. His 'Table Talk' full of good stories, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</li> + +<li>'Rogers and his Contemporaries,' <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li> + +<li>'Rogers, Early Life of,' <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li> + +<li>'Roman Empire, The Holy,' <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</li> + +<li>'Rome, History of' (Dr Arnold's), <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.</li> + +<li>Romanes, George John. 'Animal Intelligence,' 'Mental Evolution in Animals,' <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.</li> + +<li>'Romany Rye, The,' <a href="#Page_185">185</a>.</li> + +<li>'Romola,' <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li> + +<li>'Rookwood,' <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</li> + +<li>'Rory O'More,' <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li> + +<li>Rossetti, Christina Georgina. 'Goblin Market,' 'Called to be Saints,' 'The Face of the Deep,' 'Maude,' 'New Poems,' <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li> + +<li>Rossetti, Dante Gabriel, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>; + the pre-Raphaelite movement; the <i>Germ</i>; 'The Blessed Damozel'; 'Hand and Soul'; connection with Ruskin, Morris, Swinburne, and <i>Oxford and Cambridge Magazine</i>; 'The Early Italian Poets,' <a href="#Page_23">23</a>; + 'The White Ship'; 'The King's Tragedy'; 'Sister Helen'; 'The House of Life,' <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.</li> + +<li>Rossetti, Maria Francesca. 'Shadow of Dante,' <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li> + +<li>'Recreations of Christopher North,' <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.</li> + +<li>'Rubáyát of Omar Khayyám of Naishápur,' <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.</li> + +<li>Ruskin, John, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>. + 'Præterita'; early influences; Oxford; 'Salsette and Elephanta'; 'Modern Painters'; Mazzini's opinion of, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>; + 'Seven Lamps of Architecture,' <a href="#Page_130">130</a>-<a href="#Page_131">131</a>; + the 'Stones of Venice'; 'Pre-Raphaelitism'; Slade lectures; as economist; 'Unto this Last,' <a href="#Page_132">132</a>; + the <i>Cornhill Magazine</i> readers; his socialism; 'Munera Pulveris'; 'Time and Tide by Wear and Tyne'; <i>Manchester Examiner</i>; 'Fors Clavigera,' <a href="#Page_133">133</a>; +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">223</a></span> + the tea-shop in the Marylebone Road; St George's Guild; Ruskin museum, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>; + his influence; 'Crown of Wild Olive'; 'Time and Tide,' 'Sesame and Lilies,' <a href="#Page_135">135</a>-<a href="#Page_6">6</a>; + his self criticism, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>; + scorn of John Stuart Mill, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</li> + +<li>'Ruth,' <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</li> + +<li>Ryle, John Charles. Famous literary exponent of the Evangelical position; 'Shall we know one another in Heaven'; 'Bible Inspiration,' <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.</li> + +<li class="alpha">Saintsbury, George. Profound knowledge of French and English literature, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>; + in brief biographies of Sir Walter Scott and others most excellent, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.</li> + +<li>'Saint Paul,' <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.</li> + +<li>'Saint's Tragedy, The,' <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.</li> + +<li>'St Ives,' <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</li> + +<li>St Luke. Schleiermacher's Essay on, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.</li> + +<li>'St Thomas of Canterbury,' <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</li> + +<li>Sala, George Augustus. 'The Land of the Golden Fleece'; 'America Revisited'; 'Living London,' <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li> + +<li>'Salem Chapel,' <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li> + +<li>'Salsette and Elephanta,' <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.</li> + +<li>Sanderson, Burdon, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.</li> + +<li>'Sandra Belloni,' <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</li> + +<li>'Sands of Dee, The,' <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</li> + +<li>'Sartor Resartus,' <a href="#Page_121">121</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Saturday Review, The</i>, and Freeman, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.</li> + +<li>'Savonarola,' <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</li> + +<li>'Saxons in England,' <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</li> + +<li>Sayce, Archibald Henry, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</li> + +<li>'Scenes of Clerical Life,' <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.</li> + +<li>Schloss, D. F., <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li> + +<li>'Schönberg-Cotta Family, The,' <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> + +<li>Schreiner, Miss Olive, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> + +<li>'Science, Lectures on, for Unscientific People,' <a href="#Page_150">150</a>-<a href="#Page_151">151</a>.</li> + +<li>Scott, Sir Walter. Death of, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>; + on 'Madoc,' <a href="#Page_6">6</a>; + Lockhart's 'Life of,' <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</li> + +<li>Scott, William Bell. Best known by his 'Autobiography,' <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.</li> + +<li>'Seaside Studies,' <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</li> + +<li>Seeley, Sir John Robert. 'Life and Times of Stein'; German and English criticisms; 'History and Politics,' <a href="#Page_104">104</a>; + 'Expansion of England'; 'A Short History of Napoleon'; 'Ecce Homo'; censure and praise; Mr Gladstone; 'Natural Religion,' <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</li> + +<li>'Select Charters,' <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li> + +<li>'Selections from Wordsworth,' <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.</li> + +<li>'Senses and the Intellect, The,' <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.</li> + +<li>Sergeant, Miss Adeline, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> + +<li>'Service of Man, The,' <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.</li> + +<li>'Sesame and Lilies,' <a href="#Page_135">135</a>-<a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li> + +<li>'Seven Lamps of Architecture,' <a href="#Page_130">130</a>-<a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</li> + +<li>'Shadow of Dante,' <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li> + +<li>'Shakspere, his Mind and Art,' <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.</li> + +<li>'Shall we know one another in Heaven,' <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.</li> + +<li>'Shaving of Shagpat, The,' <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</li> + +<li>Shelley. Death of, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>; + on Southey's 'Thalaba,' <a href="#Page_6">6</a>; + acquaintance with Peacock, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>; + Dowden's 'Life of,' <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</li> + +<li>Sherlock Holmes, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li> + +<li>'Shirley,' <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</li> + +<li>'Short History of Napoleon, A,' <a href="#Page_105">105</a>. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">224</a></span></li> + +<li>'Short History of the English People,' <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</li> + +<li>Shorthouse, Joseph Henry. 'John Inglesant'; 'Sir Perceval'; 'Little Schoolmaster Mark,' <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</li> + +<li>'Short Studies on Great Subjects,' <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li> + +<li>Sidgwick, Henry. 'Principles of Political Economy'; 'Methods of Ethics'; a compromise; 'Elements of Politics,' <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</li> + +<li>'Silas Marner,' <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li> + +<li>'Siluria,' <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</li> + +<li>'Sinai and Palestine,' <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.</li> + +<li>'Sir Perceval,' <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</li> + +<li>'Sister Helen,' <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.</li> + +<li>'Sketches by Boz,' <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</li> + +<li>'Sketch of the Life of Princess Alice,' <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.</li> + +<li>Smith, Alexander, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</li> + +<li>Smith, Goldwin. 'The Relations between England and America'; 'The Political Destiny of Canada,' <a href="#Page_185">185</a>.</li> + +<li>Smith, H. Llewellyn, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li> + +<li>Smith, Sydney. 'The Ballot'; 'The Church Bills'; 'The Wit and Wisdom of Sydney Smith,' <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.</li> + +<li>'Social Statics,' <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.</li> + +<li>'Soldiers Three,' <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</li> + +<li>'Some Aspects of Robert Burns,' <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</li> + +<li>'Song of the Shirt,' <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li> + +<li>'Song of the Sword,' <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.</li> + +<li>'Song of the Western Men,' <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li> + +<li>'Songs of Two Worlds,' <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li> + +<li>'Song Tide and other Poems,' <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li> + +<li>'Sonnets from the Portuguese,' <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li> + +<li>'Sonnets on the War,' <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</li> + +<li>'Soul, The,' <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</li> + +<li>Southey, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>-<a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li> + +<li>'Spanish Gypsy,' <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li> + +<li>Spedding, James. 'Letters and Life of Francis Bacon,' <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li> + +<li>'Speeches and Addresses of the late Prince Consort,' <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</li> + +<li>Spencer, Herbert. The most characteristic philosopher of the century; 'On the Proper Sphere of Government'; <i>Nonconformist</i>; <i>Westminster Review</i>; 'Social Statics'; 'Principles of Psychology'; 'Education'; 'First Principles,' <a href="#Page_145">145</a>; + 'Descriptive Sociology'; universality of his knowledge; his 'Study of Sociology' and 'Education' books which all who read must enjoy, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.</li> + +<li>'Spencer, Mr Herbert, and Mr G. H. Lewes: their Application of the Doctrine of Evolution to Thought,' <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.</li> + +<li>'Spirit's Trials, The,' <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li> + +<li>Spurgeon, Charles Haddon. Most distinguished Nonconformist minister of the period; 'John Ploughman's Talk,' <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Standard, The</i>. Austin's connection with, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</li> + +<li>Stanley, Arthur Penrhyn. 'Life of Dr Arnold'; 'Memorials of Canterbury'; 'Sinai and Palestine,' <a href="#Page_161">161</a>; + 'Lectures on the Eastern Church'; 'Lectures on the Jewish Church'; leader of the Broad Church movement; proposed the suppression of the Athanasian creed in church services; his 'Life,' written by Dean Bradley, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>.</li> + +<li>Stanley, H. M., <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.</li> + +<li>Stanhope, Earl (Lord Mahon). 'History of the Reign of Queen Anne,' and 'History of England from 1713-1783,' <a href="#Page_95">95</a>. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">225</a></span></li> + +<li>'State in its Relations with the Church, The,' <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</li> + +<li>'Statesmen of the Commonwealth,' <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</li> + +<li>'Stein, Life and Times of,' <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</li> + +<li>Stephen, Leslie. A critic of remarkable learning; 'Hours in a Library'; 'History of English Thought in the Eighteenth Century,' <a href="#Page_175">175</a>; + first editor of the <i>Dictionary of National Biography</i>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</li> + +<li>Stephen, Leslie, and Macaulay, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li> + +<li>Stevenson, Robert Louis. One of the most picturesque figures in literature; 'With a Donkey in the Cevennes,' <a href="#Page_59">59</a>; + his plays; 'Beau Austin,' probably the greatest contribution to the drama of the era; 'Virginibus Puerisque'; 'Some Aspects of Robert Burns'; 'A Child's Garden of Verse'; 'Underwoods'; his place as a novelist; 'Treasure Island'; 'The New Arabian Nights'; 'The Master of Ballantrae'; 'Prince Otto'; 'St Ives'; 'Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde,' <a href="#Page_60">60</a>; + his admiration of 'The Egoist,' <a href="#Page_61">61</a>; + his influence on the modern historical romance, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li> + +<li>Stewart, Balfour, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.</li> + +<li>'Stones of Venice,' <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.</li> + +<li>'Story of My Heart, The,' <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li> + +<li>'Stuart of Dunleath,' <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li> + +<li>Stubbs, William. Librarian at Lambeth Palace; edited mediæval chronicles, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>; + Regius Professor of History at Oxford; 'Select Charters'; 'Constitutional History'; profoundly scientific, but not dry-as-dust, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li> + +<li>'Student's Elements of Geology,' <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</li> + +<li>'Studies in Art and Poetry,' <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.</li> + +<li>'Studies in Homer,' <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</li> + +<li>'Studies in Literature,' <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.</li> + +<li>'Studies in Sensation and Event,' <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li> + +<li>'Study of Sociology,' <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.</li> + +<li>'Study of Spinoza, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</li> + +<li>'Strathmore,' <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li> + +<li>Strauss, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.</li> + +<li>'Strayed Reveller, The,' <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li> + +<li>Stretton, Mrs. Author of 'The Valley of a Hundred Fires,' <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li> + +<li>'Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs,' <a href="#Page_155">155</a>.</li> + +<li>'Subjection of Women,' <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</li> + +<li>'Subscription no Bondage,' <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.</li> + +<li>'Supernatural Religion,' <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.</li> + +<li>'Supper at the Mill,' <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li> + +<li>'Susan Hopley,' <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</li> + +<li>'Swallow Flights,' <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li> + +<li>Swift, modern biographies of, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li> + +<li>Swinburne, Algernon Charles. Only comparable to Landor, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>; + 'Ave atque Vale' an imperishable elegy; a great poet and a great prose writer, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>; + connection with Rossetti, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>; + admiration for Matthew Arnold, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, + and Emily Brontë, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</li> + +<li>'Sybil,' <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</li> + +<li>'Sylvia's Lovers,' <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</li> + +<li>Symonds, John Addington. 'Renaissance in Italy,' <a href="#Page_103">103</a>; + Cellini's 'Autobiography,' <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</li> + +<li class="alpha">'Table Talk' (Rogers's), <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</li> + +<li>'Table Talk' (Southey's), <a href="#Page_6">6</a>.</li> + +<li>'Tales of Ireland,' <a href="#Page_66">66</a>. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">226</a></span></li> + +<li>'Tancred' 57.</li> + +<li>'Tangled Tale, A,' <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</li> + +<li>'Task, The,' <a href="#Page_6">6</a>.</li> + +<li>Taylor, Sir Henry. Author of 'Philip Van Artevelde,' &c., <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.</li> + +<li>Temple, Frederick. 'The Education of the World'; Bishop of London, Archbishop of Canterbury, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>.</li> + +<li>'Tenant of Wildfell Hall, The,' <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</li> + +<li>'Tendencies of Religious Thought in England, The,' <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</li> + +<li>Tennyson, Alfred. Purity of his style; music; no great characterisation in 'Harold' or 'Queen Mary'; insight of 'Maud'; 'In Memoriam' and 'The Idylls of the King' won him wider audiences, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>; + his transcendentalism; friendship with Browning; social traits, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>; + popularity, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.</li> + +<li>'Ten Thousand a Year,' <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li> + +<li>'Tess of the D'Urbervilles,' <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li> + +<li>'Testimony of the Rocks, The,' <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</li> + +<li>Thackeray, William Makepeace, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>-<a href="#Page_46">46</a>; + admiration for 'David Copperfield'; his literary position, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>; + <i>Fraser's Magazine</i>; 'History of Samuel Titmarsh and the Great Hoggarty Diamond'; 'Yellow Plush Papers'; 'Memoirs of Barry Lyndon'; 'Vanity Fair'; 'Pendennis'; 'Esmond'; 'The Newcomes'; 'The Virginians'; contested Oxford; <i>Cornhill Magazine</i>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>; + his death; his five great novels the basis of his future fame, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>; + Trollope's biography of, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>; + burlesqued G. P. R. James, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</li> + +<li>'Thalaba,' <a href="#Page_6">6</a>.</li> + +<li>'Theism,' <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</li> + +<li>Theocritus (Lang's), <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</li> + +<li>'Theology in the English Poets,' <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</li> + +<li>Thirlwall, Connop (Bishop). 'History of Greece'; Grote's appreciation of; Schleiermacher's 'Essay on St Luke,' <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.</li> + +<li>'Thomas à Becket,' <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li> + +<li>Thomson, James. Author of 'The City of Dreadful Night,' <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.</li> + +<li>'Three Fishers, The,' <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</li> + +<li>'Through Nature to Christ,' <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</li> + +<li>'Through the Looking-Glass,' <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</li> + +<li>'Thucydides,' <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.</li> + +<li>'Thyrsis,' <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li> + +<li>'Time and Tide by Wear and Tyne,' <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</li> + +<li>'Tom Brown's School Days,' <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.</li> + +<li>'Tower of London, The,' <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</li> + +<li>'Town Life in the Fifteenth Century,' <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.</li> + +<li>Toynbee, Arnold. 'The Industrial Revolution,' <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li> + +<li>'Tract XC.,' <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.</li> + +<li>'Tracts for the Time,' <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.</li> + +<li>'Trade Unionism, History of,' <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.</li> + +<li>'Tragic Comedians, The,' <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</li> + +<li>'Traits and Stories of the Irish Peasantry,' <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</li> + +<li>'Treasure Island,' <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</li> + +<li>Trevelyan, Sir George Otto. His 'Life of Lord Macaulay' a delightful biography; 'Early History of Charles James Fox,' <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</li> + +<li>Trollope, Anthony. 'Barchester Towers'; 'Framley Parsonage'; 'Dr Thorne'; 'Life of Cicero'; his biography of Thackeray the best that has yet appeared, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</li> + +<li>Tucker, Miss C. M. (A.L.O.E.), <a href="#Page_73">73</a>. (<i>Vide supra.</i>) +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">227</a></span></li> + +<li>Tupper, Martin Farquhar. 'Proverbial Philosophy'; 'Ballads for the Times,' 'Raleigh,' 'Cithara,' <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li> + +<li>Turner, Sharon, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</li> + +<li>'Two Years Ago,' <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</li> + +<li>Tylor, Edward Burnett. 'Primitive Culture'; 'Anthropology,' <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</li> + +<li>Tyndall, John. 'Faraday as a Discoverer,' <a href="#Page_150">150</a>; + 'Lectures on Science for Unscientific People'; Huxley's eulogy of; 'On the Structure and Motion of Glaciers,' <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.</li> + +<li>'Types of Ethical Theory,' <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</li> + +<li class="alpha">'Uncle Silas,' <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</li> + +<li>'Underwoods,' <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</li> + +<li>'Unknown Eros,' <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.</li> + +<li>'Unto this Last,' <a href="#Page_132">132</a>-<a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li> + +<li class="alpha">'Valley of a Hundred Fires, The,' <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li> + +<li>'Vanity Fair,' <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</li> + +<li>'Vatican Decrees, The,' <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</li> + +<li>'Venetia,' <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</li> + +<li>'Verses and Translations,' <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</li> + +<li>'Verses on Various Occasions,' <a href="#Page_111">111</a>.</li> + +<li>Victoria, Queen. 'Leaves from a Journal'; 'The Early Days of the Prince Consort'; 'More Leaves from the Journal,' <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</li> + +<li>'Views and Reviews,' <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.</li> + +<li>'Vignettes in Rhyme,' <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</li> + +<li>'Villette,' <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</li> + +<li>'Virginians, The,' <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</li> + +<li>'Virginibus Puerisque,' <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</li> + +<li>'Vision of Saints, A,' <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li> + +<li>'Vita Nuova' (Martin's), <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.</li> + +<li>'Vivian Grey,' <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</li> + +<li>'Voices of Freedom and Lyrics of Love,' <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li> + +<li class="alpha">'Waldenses, The,' <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</li> + +<li>Wallace, Alfred Russel, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>.</li> + +<li>Ward, Mrs Humphry, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>; + Translated Amiel's 'Journal,' <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</li> + +<li>Warren, Samuel. 'Passages from a Diary of a Late Physician,' 'Ten Thousand a Year,' <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li> + +<li>Watson, William. Author of 'Wordsworth's Grave,' 'Lachrymæ Musarum,' &c., <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</li> + +<li>'Wearing of the Green, The,' <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li> + +<li>Webb, Mr and Mrs Sidney. 'The History of Trade Unionism,' <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.</li> + +<li>'Wee Willie Winkie,' <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Westminster Review</i>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.</li> + +<li>'Westward Ho,' <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</li> + +<li>Weyman, Stanley, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li> + +<li>Whately, Richard. His 'Logic' and 'Rhetoric,' pre-Victorian; Archbishop of Dublin, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>; + 'Christian Evidences,' <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.</li> + +<li>'White Ship, The,' <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.</li> + +<li>Wilberforce, Bishop, and Darwin, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li> + +<li>'Wilhelm Meister,' <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.</li> + +<li>Wilson, John. Editor of <i>Blackwood's Magazine</i>; 'Recreations of Christopher North,' <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.</li> + +<li>'Window in Thrums, A,' <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li> + +<li>'Wind Voices,' <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li> + +<li>'Wit and Wisdom of Sidney Smith, The,' <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.</li> + +<li>'With a Donkey in the Cevennes,' <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Witness, The</i>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</li> + +<li>'Woman in White, The,' <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</li> + +<li>'Woman in France in the 18th Century,' <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li> + +<li>Women novelists, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.</li> + +<li>'Woodlanders, The,' <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li> + +<li>'Wood Magic,' <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li> + +<li>Wood, Mrs Henry. 'The Channings' and 'Mrs Haliburton's Troubles' her best novels; 'East Lynne' the most popular, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">228</a></span></li> + +<li>Woolner, Thomas, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li> + +<li>Wordsworth, William. 'Lyrical Ballads'; 'Laodamia'; Keble's eulogy on; laureate, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>; + Arnold's estimate of, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>; + Wordsworth Society; a vital force in the last decade; Arnold's 'Selections'; 'The Excursion,' 'The Prelude,' 'Ecclesiastical Sonnets,' 'The Borderers,' <a href="#Page_9">9</a>; + on the Brownings' marriage, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</li> + +<li>'Wordsworth's Grave,' <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</li> + +<li>Wordsworth, Knight's biography of, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li> + +<li>Wordsworth Society, The, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.</li> + +<li>'Wuthering Heights,' <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</li> + +<li class="alpha">Yates, Edmund. Founded <i>The World</i>; his 'Autobiography' one of the best books of the kind ever issued, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li> + +<li>'Yeast,' <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</li> + +<li>'Yellow Plush Papers, The,' <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</li> + +<li>Yonge, Miss Charlotte, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> + +<li>'Young Duke, The,' <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</li> + +<li class="alpha">'Zanoni,' <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</li> +</ul> +</div> + +<p class="center p4">TURNBULL AND SPEARS, PRINTERS, EDINBURGH</p> + +<p class="center p6"> +London: 10 Henrietta Street<br /> +Covent Garden, W.C.</p> + +<p class="center p4"><span class="b15">A Selected List</span><br /> +of<br /> +<span class="b20">Books</span><br /> +published by<br /> +<span class="b15">Mr James Bowden</span></p> + +<p class="center p4">Telegraphic Address:<br /> +"Reperuse, London"</p> + +<p class="center p6"><i>Mr JAMES BOWDEN'S Announcements.</i></p> +<hr class="l30" /> + +<p class="center">NEW NOVEL BY JOSEPH HOCKING.</p> + +<p class="center"><i>Crown 8vo, cloth gilt, 3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p class="center b20">The Birthright</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="b15">By Joseph Hocking,</span><br /> +Author of "All Men are Liars," "Andrew Fairfax," &c.</p> + +<p class="center">With Illustrations by Harold Piffard.</p> +<hr class="l15" /> + +<p class="center"><i>OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.</i></p> + +<p>"This volume proves beyond all doubt that Mr Hocking has +mastered the art of the historical romancist. 'The Birthright' is, in +its way, quite as well constructed, as well written, and as full of incident +as any story that has come from the pen of Mr Conan Doyle +or Mr Stanley Weyman."—<i>The Spectator.</i></p> + +<p>"We read Mr Hocking's book at a sitting; not because we had +any leisure for the task, but simply because the book compelled us.... +We hold our breath as each chapter draws to an end, yet cannot +stop there, for the race is unflagging.... We congratulate Mr +Hocking upon his book, for it is a great advance upon anything he +has done. We prophesy a big public for 'The Birthright.'"—<i>The +Daily Chronicle.</i></p> + +<p>"'The Birthright' will be appreciated on account of its successions +of exciting scenes, its crisp dialogue, its play of varied character, and +a certain eerie air of superstition with which it is pervaded....—<i>The +Daily Mail.</i></p> + +<p>"A thoroughly enjoyable romance.... Mr Hocking has woven +a story which few will lay down unfinished. The interest never +flags for a moment, and the faithfulness with which the scenery of the +land of Tre, Pol and Pen is described, and the quaint dialect and +traditions of its older inhabitants are reproduced, is beyond praise."—<i>Weekly +Times.</i></p> + +<p>"We feel certain that, were we still condemned to go to bed at +nine, we should sleep with the book under our pillow, and wake with +the birds to see what happened.... A capital story of its class."—<i>The +Star.</i></p> + +<hr class="l15" /> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">THE LAUREL LIBRARY—Volume I.</span></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Second Edition now Ready.</span></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Crown 8vo, cloth elegant, gilt top, 2s.</i></p> + +<p class="center b20">Litanies of Life</p> + +<p class="center b15">By Kathleen Watson</p> + +<hr class="l15" /> +<p class="center">Mr <span class="smcap">T. P. O'Connor, M.P.</span>, in <i>The Weekly Sun</i><br /> +("A Book of the Week")</p> + +<p>"Fancy a woman ... so gifted, sitting down with the resolve to +crush into a few words the infinite tale of all the whole race of her +sex can suffer, and you have an idea of what this remarkable book is +like.... As wonderful an epitome of a world of sorrow as I have +ever read."</p> + +<p>"A work of great charm, over which one likes to linger, and +dream, and think.... The words flow with that tuneful felicity +which belongs more to poetry than to prose."—<i>Liverpool Post.</i></p> + +<p>"The five short, poignant stories which make up this excellent +little book, are remarkable for distinction of style, and interesting +by reason of the writer's observation of life and character, and the +originality of her reflections.... Miss Watson can tell a story in a +way to cut the reader to the heart.... The reader of sensibility +will find a chastened pleasure in every one of them."—<i>The Morning.</i></p> + +<p>"So real is this first sketch, so human, so sensitively delicate, so +successful in its curious mingling of boldness and tenderness, that the +reader necessarily imagines it to be autobiographical, believing that +only out of actual sorrow could be distilled so true a record of passion +and of regret."—<i>The Daily Mail.</i></p> + +<p>"Written in most admirable prose, this collection of five beautiful, +though sad stories, will appeal to all lovers of good literature.... +It adds to its worth as a clever book the additional charm of being a +good one."—<i>Lloyd's Newspaper.</i></p> + +<hr class="l15" /> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">THE LAUREL LIBRARY—Volume II.</span></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Crown 8vo, cloth elegant, gilt top, 2s.</i></p> + +<p class="center b20">The Widow Woman</p> + +<p class="center b15">A CORNISH TALE.</p> + +<p class="center b15">By Charles Lee.</p> + +<hr class="l15" /> +<p class="center"><i>OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.</i></p> + +<p>"Such a delightfully natural love story is this that even staid old +people who have not read one for a score of years will admit that it is +quite unromantic enough to be sensible.... We close the book with +a feeling of gratitude to the author who has supplied us with such a +delightful study."—<i>Manchester Courier.</i></p> + +<p>"A delightful little work.... Mr Lee knows these fisher folk by +heart, and has the ability to draw them to the life in a few bright +strokes of drollery.... The character sketching is admirable, the +scenes and situations are most vividly brought out, and the pervading +humour is of a genuine stamp."—<i>Sheffield Independent.</i></p> + +<p>"An entertaining story.... A clever, humorous and thoroughly +enjoyable book."—<i>Scotsman.</i></p> + +<p>"A fascinating book.... From beginning to end it is delightfully +fresh and vigorous; the vignettes of Cornish life and character are +quaint and humorous; and the snatches of unsophisticated philosophy, +not without a dash of subtlety, are as amusing as they are original.... +Nothing so deliciously witty as John Trehill's courtship has been +written of late, and another story from the author's pen will be awaited +with the keenest pleasure and interest."—<i>Dundee Advertiser.</i></p> + +<p>"The story, simple and homely in its nature, is told with a humour +and abandon that makes the book most delightful reading."—<i>Glasgow +Daily Mail.</i></p> + +<p>"The book is one to read, having the blessed quality of making +you chuckle: the best of qualities in literature, one is inclined to say, +in these tired days."—<i>Black and White.</i></p> + +<hr class="l15" /> + +<p class="center">STORIES OF LOWER LONDON.</p> + +<p class="center"><i>Crown 8vo, cloth gilt, 3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p class="center b20">East End Idylls</p> + +<p class="center b15">By A. St John Adcock.</p> + +<hr class="l15" /> + +<p>"This is a remarkable book. It is a collection of short stories on +East End life, but they are told with that real realism of observation +of which Mr Morrison has set the fashion. The setting is real, the +slang is real, the manners and customs seem to have been drawn from +life."—<i>The Daily News.</i></p> + +<p>"It does not need any actual experience of East End life to tell the +reader of these 'East End Idylls' that they are the work of a master-hand.... +The little idylls are all exquisitely done—exquisitely, we +say, because there is no other word which will do full justice to the +performance."—<i>The Sun.</i></p> + +<p>"Very vivid sketches of the East End as it is to-day. In the intimacy +they display with life in the slums, and in the terseness and +force of their style, they boldly challenge comparison with 'Tales of +Mean Streets,' nor do they lose by the comparison. Mr Adcock's +themes are less gloomy and hopeless than Mr Morrison's. Amid all +the misery he loves to recount deeds of unselfish devotion and simple +heroism; nor do I believe that he is less true to life because his realism +is less grim."—<i>The Pall Mall Gazette.</i></p> + +<p>"Distinctly a book worth reading. There is heroism here, and +knowledge—true insight, in fact—and sympathy."—<i>The Leeds +Mercury.</i></p> + +<p>"A series of touching and delightful sketches. Much has been +written of the East End, but rarely with more charm or sympathy +than by Mr Adcock."—<i>The Star.</i></p> + +<p>"Mr Adcock possesses a graphic pen, and has sketched the loves +and hates, the joys and the sorrows of the dwellers in London's mighty +East in a series of short, vigorous stories that make up a very delightful +volume."—<i>Lloyd's Newspaper.</i></p> + +<hr class="l15" /> + +<p class="center">A BOOK OF YACHTING STORIES<br /> +FOR HOLIDAY READING.</p> + +<p class="center"><i>Crown 8vo, cloth, price 3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p class="center b20">The Paper Boat</p> + +<p class="center b15">By "Palinurus."</p> +<hr class="l15" /> + +<p class="center"><i>OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.</i></p> + +<p>"Lively tales of yachting adventure.... 'The Paper Boat' will +be a pleasant companion on any cruise, and we wish her a prosperous +voyage on her own account as well."—<i>Glasgow Herald.</i></p> + +<p>"Bright and amusing.... There is some charming description +in the book, which is in every respect eminently readable, making no +heavy demands on the reader, and keeping him in good humour."—<i>The +Sportsman.</i></p> + +<p>"Brightly written stories of the sea.... The stories have a +brightness and freshness which cannot fail to give pleasure."—<i>Manchester +Courier.</i></p> + +<p>"We unreservedly recommend this book to any one on holiday as +a sure tonic against business worries and city soot. It has the same +effect as a whip of salt spray on the face of a jaded worker."—<i>N. B. +Daily Mail.</i></p> + +<p>"The author writes with strength and picturesqueness on a subject +of which he is evidently a master, and one cannot read his stories +without a thrill of the excitement that is one of the greatest charms +of yachting."—<i>Dundee Advertiser.</i></p> + +<p>"A charming volume in all respects.... A more delightful story, +or better told, than 'The Voyage of the Florette' there could not be. +We envy those who have not read it. The book is full of life and +go."—<i>Sheffield Telegraph.</i></p> + +<p>"As bright and breezy as can be wished.... One of the best +volumes of light short stories offered to the public for a long time +past."—<i>Lloyd's Newspaper.</i></p> + +<hr class="l15" /> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">New Work by the Rev. Frederick Langbridge.</span></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Crown 8vo, cloth gilt, 3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p class="center b20">The Dreams of Dania</p> + +<p class="center b15">By Frederick Langbridge,<br /> +Author of "Sent back by the Angels," &c.</p> + +<p class="center b15">With Four Full-Page Illustrations by J. B. Yeats.</p> + +<p>"Mr Langbridge's novel is one which will be read with unmixed +pleasure. It is sprightly and often amusing, reproducing the talk of +Irish peasants and Irish editors. It is also pathetic as it gives us with +much sympathy and good taste a picture of an Irish rector in sickness +and sorrow.... Narrated by Mr Langbridge in a manner that holds +the interest of the reader from beginning to end. Bridget is one of the +raciest characters in recent fiction, and a novel at once so healthy and +so pleasant should be heartily welcomed."—<i>British Weekly.</i></p> + +<hr class="l15" /> + +<p class="center"><i>Crown 8vo, Art Linen, 3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p class="center b20">Orgeas and Miradou</p> + +<p class="center b15">With other Pieces</p> + +<p class="center b15">By Frederick Wedmore</p> + +<p class="center">Author of "Renunciations," "English Episodes," &c.</p> + +<p>"The beautiful story of 'Orgeas and Miradou,' is specially typical +of Mr Wedmore's power of expressing and translating the poignancy +of human emotion.... It is charged with depths of feeling, and +vivid in its extreme reticence and discrimination of touch. In it +there is nothing short of divination."—<i>The Athenæum.</i></p> + +<hr class="l15" /> + +<p class="center">SECOND EDITION NOW READY.</p> + +<p class="center"><i>Fcap. 4to, art canvas, gilt, 3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p class="center b20">The House of Dreams</p> + +<p class="center b15"><i>An Allegory</i></p> + +<p class="center b15">By an Anonymous Author.</p> +<hr class="l15" /> + +<p>"'The House of Dreams' belongs to the same class as Mrs Oliphant's +'A Pilgrim in the Unseen,' and may rival the great popularity of that +striking fancy.... A book of signal literary beauty, of profound +tenderness, and deeply reverent throughout; the work of a man who +finds in earth and heaven alike the sign and token of the Cross."—<i>The +British Weekly.</i></p> + +<p>"A very beautiful allegory.... The author's deep reverence and +exalted phantasy never ring false, and his work cannot fail to inspire +the reader with reverence for ideals undreamed of in worldly philosophy."—<i>The +Pall Mall Gazette.</i></p> + +<p>"An allegory worthy to rank among the greatest achievements of +that form of literature.... The great gospel of love and hope shines +out from these splendid pages.... 'The House of Dreams' is a +book which religious teachers will find it abundantly worth their +while to study."—<i>Christian World.</i></p> + +<p>"It is in truth a prose poem, one of the most beautiful and delightful +we have ever read.... Nothing could be better than that the +leaders of all Churches should breathe the pure and tender atmosphere +of 'The House of Dreams,' and carry it with them into the world of +daily reality."—<i>Methodist Times.</i></p> + +<p>"A vision of extraordinary force and significance.... It seems to +us that no thoughtful reader will be likely to rise from a perusal of +this book without feeling himself heartened, so inspiring are certain +of its passages.... It is full of high suggestion, of pathos, and of +poetry."—<i>The Literary World.</i></p> + +<hr class="l15" /> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">The Fiftieth Thousand Now Ready.</span></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Long 8vo, sewed, 1s.; cloth extra, gilt, gilt top, 2s.</i></p> + +<p class="center b20">The Child, the Wise Man,<br /> +and the Devil</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="b15">By Coulson Kernahan</span><br /> +Author of "God and the Ant."</p> + +<hr class="l15" /> +<p class="center"><i>SOME OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.</i></p> + +<p><i>The Bookman</i> says—</p> + +<p>"It is the author's special gift to stimulate the minds of Christian +teachers.... In this little work he has given us work which +deserves to live.... No one can read these pages without +emotion."</p> + +<p><i>The Daily Mail</i> says—</p> + +<p>"The writer's views are expressed with bold and manly sincerity, +and in a spirit of true reverence. His little book must make a very +deep and abiding impression upon the hearts and minds of all who +read it to the end."</p> + +<p><i>The Echo</i> says—</p> + +<p>"There will be few readers of this work who will not allow with +enthusiasm the moral earnestness, the poetic imagination, and the +literary charm of Mr Kernahan's stern muse."</p> + +<p><i>The British Weekly</i> says—</p> + +<p>"By far the best piece of work that Mr Kernahan has done.... +The spirit of the age, with its yearnings, its sorrows, its vague +aspiration, finds expression in these pages."</p> + +<p><i>The Queen</i> says—</p> + +<p>"A work of genius. No one who has read it will ever be likely +to forget it."</p> + +<p><i>The Saturday Review</i> says—</p> + +<p>"There is a touch of genius, perhaps even more than a touch, +about this brilliant and original booklet."</p> + +<p><i>The Illustrated London News</i> says—</p> + +<p>"All must recognise the boundless charity, the literary power, and +the intense sincerity of one of the most interesting works of the +year."</p> + +<hr class="l15" /> + +<p>"We put first of the books for girls 'When Hearts are +Young' by Deas Cromarty."—<i>The Christian World</i> on "The +Season's Gift Books."</p> + +<p class="center"><i>Crown 8vo, cloth extra, gilt, 2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p class="center b20">When Hearts are Young</p> + +<p class="center b15">By Deas Cromarty</p> + +<p class="center">With Eight Illustrations by Will Morgan.</p> + +<hr class="l15" /> + +<p class="center"><i>OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.</i></p> + +<p><i>The Manchester Guardian</i> says—</p> + +<p><i>"It is delightful to read. One has come across few recent books that leave +a pleasanter impression on the reader's memory."</i></p> + +<p><i>The Star</i> says—</p> + +<p>"There is true insight into the peasant character of the lower +fringe of the Highlands.... The girl Maggie is true to the life.... +<i>One is grateful for the wholesomeness of this gentle story.</i>"</p> + +<p><i>Lloyd's News</i> says—</p> + +<p><i>"This is one of the pleasantest volumes we have picked up for a long time.... +It is a tender, beautiful love story, very fresh and wholesome, with a +wealth of fine descriptive writing."</i></p> + +<p><i>The Methodist Times</i> says—</p> + +<p>"Deas Cromarty ... comes in a good second to these great +writers (Barrie and Maclaren). <i>There is the freshness of the mountain +breezes about the book which gives zest to the reading of it.</i>"</p> + +<p><i>The Manchester Courier</i> says—</p> + +<p><i>"Those who pick up the book will find difficulty in laying it down before the +last page is reached."</i></p> + +<p><i>The Methodist Recorder</i> says—</p> + +<p>"One of the most charming stories of the season.... <i>This is as +truly an 'Idyll' as anything Tennyson ever wrote.</i>"</p> + +<hr class="l15" /> + +<p class="center">NEW BOOK BY CUTCLIFFE HYNE.</p> + +<p class="center"><i>Crown 8vo, cloth, gilt, 6s.</i></p> + +<p class="center b20">The 'Paradise' Coal Boat</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="b15">By Cutcliffe Hyne,</span><br /> +Author of "The Recipe for Diamonds," &c.</p> + +<p>"In Mr Cutcliffe Hyne our great Anglo-Indian romancer (Rudyard +Kipling) seems to have found a worthy comrade.... Grim and +powerful tales.... Alike from a literary and political point of view +Mr Cutcliffe Hyne has, in his latest volume, deserved well of the +commonwealth."—<i>The Star.</i></p> + +<p>"Mr Hyne knows the sea, and the seamy side of sea life. He also +knows the West Coast of Africa, and whether we are voyaging with +him in a tramp steamer between London and Shields, or off the Lagos +Coast, we feel that we are somehow in the proper atmosphere. Constructively +his stories are always excellent."—<i>The Scotsman.</i></p> + +<hr class="l15" /> + +<p class="center">A NEW VOLUME OF SERMONS.</p> + +<p class="center"><i>Just Published, crown 8vo, buckram, 3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p class="center b20">The Sorrow of God<br /> +And Other Sermons</p> + +<p class="center b15">By Rev. John Oates.</p> + +<p>"For the contents of 'The Sorrow of God' we have nothing but +praise, and we could wish for nothing more than that the book might +be widely circulated. Spiritual insight, large culture, with its consequent +breadth of sympathy and eloquent expression, are the distinguishing +features of what is, without exaggeration, a collection of +notable sermons.... Those of our readers who value a fresh utterance +on the great problems of religion will lose no time in getting +acquainted with a book we have been able to notice all too briefly."—<i>The +Sunday School Chronicle.</i></p> + +<p>"There are many noble utterances in these sermons.... It is +because the author helps us to feel purer and better that we so heartily +commend his book."—<i>The New Age.</i></p> + +<hr class="l15" /> +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Fourth Edition.</span> <i>Long 8vo, cloth, 1s.</i></p> + +<p class="center b20">Manners for Men</p> + +<p class="center b15">By Madge of "Truth"</p> + +<p class="center">(Mrs Humphry.)</p> + +<p>"Always in most excellent taste as well as astonishingly complete. +Certainly the world would be a very much pleasanter place to live in +if all men did read and practise her admirable precepts."—<i>Saturday +Review.</i></p> + +<p>"It is a charmingly-written code of true manners."—<i>Leeds Mercury.</i></p> + +<p>"Very welcome will be this little book, written sensibly and +brightly."—<i>Daily Telegraph.</i></p> + +<p>"Mrs Humphry's book will be worth more than its weight in gold.... +Excellent, robust common sense, tempered by genuine goodness +of heart, is a characteristic of everything she writes."—<i>The Queen.</i></p> + +<p>"A very dainty and instructive epitome of all that we ought to be.... +To a shy young man this tactful volume should be invaluable."—<i>To-Day.</i></p> + +<hr class="l15" /> + +<p class="center">NEW BOOK BY MRS HUMPHRY.</p> + +<p class="center"><i>Long 8vo, cloth, round corners, 1s.</i></p> + +<p class="center b20">Manners for Women</p> + +<p class="center">By the Author of, and a Companion to, the above.</p> + +<p>This new work is intended to mirror the social and home life of a +girl and woman of the present day. The subjects treated will include: +The Girl in Society—Cards and Calls—Engagement—Marriage—Weddings—Entertaining—Restaurants—Clubs—Correspondence—Dress—Mothers +and Daughters—Mourning—Home Life, &c.</p> + +<hr class="l15" /> + +<p class="center"><i>Crown 8vo, cloth, 2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p class="center b20">The White Slaves of England</p> + +<p class="center">Being true Pictures of Certain Social Conditions +of England in the year 1897.</p> + +<p class="center b15">By Robert H. Sherard.</p> + +<p class="center">With about 40 Illustrations by Harold Piffard.</p> + +<p>Dr <span class="smcap">Alfred Russel Wallace</span> says:—"You have done a service to +the cause of humanity in publishing it, and the author in writing it. +That such things as Mr Sherard describes should exist at the very +end of the century, when all our public writers are boasting of our +wealth, our progress, and our civilisation, is a sufficient proof that +our so-called civilisation is rotten to the core, worse in many respects +than it has ever been before."</p> + +<p>Mr <span class="smcap">Hall Caine</span> says:—"The appalling revelations of Robert +Sherard in his recent book are enough to make a man's heart bleed +for the awful sufferings of women in the bitter struggle for bread. +On the fate of our women, especially our working women, the future +of our country, I truly believe, depends; and it is amazing that +Parliament and the Press, and, above all, the Church, have hitherto +given so little attention to so great a problem."</p> + +<p>Dr <span class="smcap">Max Nordau</span> says:—"I have now read your book 'The +White Slaves of England.' I am not easily unnerved, but at times +it was almost too much for me.... May it be your lot to become +the Plimsoll of the alkali and lead-workers. This would be an +achievement grand enough to satisfy the ambition of the greatest."</p> + +<p>"An indictment which should rouse a cry of passionate indignation +throughout the land. A careful and noble exposure of industrial +iniquity."—<i>The Echo.</i></p> + +<hr class="l15" /> + +<p class="center">NEW NOVEL BY SHAN F. BULLOCK.</p> + +<p class="center"><i>Crown 8vo, cloth gilt, 3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p class="center b20">The Charmer</p> + +<p class="center">A SEASIDE COMEDY</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="b15">By Shan F. Bullock,</span><br /> +Author of "The Awkward Squads," "By Thrasna River," &c.</p> + +<p class="center">With Illustrations by Bertha Newcombe.</p> + +<p>"Mr Anthony Hope at his best has given us nothing more delicious +in humour. The pages of the book ripple—as we turn them—with +fun as sparkling and spontaneous as the ripple of the salt water upon +the sandy beach whither Mr Bullock leads us. Surely no more +delightful picture of Irish life and of Irish people—the people whom +we love while we laugh at, and laugh at while we love—has been +drawn than is to be found in 'The Charmer.'"—From an illustrated +article on Mr Bullock and his work in <i>The Young Man</i>.</p> + +<hr class="l15" /> + +<p class="center"><i>Crown 8vo, cloth gilt, 6s.</i></p> + +<p class="center b20">Methodist Idylls</p> + +<p class="center b15">By Harry Lindsay.</p> + +<p>"Worthy of any writer who has yet set himself to depict Methodist +life.... A very helpful and right religious book."—<i>Methodist Times.</i></p> + +<p>"A book which in its lovely prose chapters gives an insight into +the true romance, the April sunshine, of Methodist life.... We hope +that the volume may find its way into every Methodist home."—<i>Methodist +Recorder.</i></p> + +<p>"A most admirable attempt to throw into permanent form some +portraits of the old and vanishing Methodists.... As a study in +Methodism, Mr Lindsay's work can be cordially and heartily commended."—<i>The +Sun.</i></p> + +<p>"Extremely interesting stories ... admirably told."—<i>The Scotsman.</i></p> + +<hr class="l15" /> + +<p class="center">NEW BOOK BY REV. F. B. MEYER.</p> + +<p class="center b20">Work-a-day Sermons</p> + +<p class="center b15">By Rev. F. B. Meyer, B.A.</p> + +<p>Few names in the Christian ministry are held in such honour as is +accorded by earnest Christian men and women of every sect to that of +the Rev. F. B. Meyer, who has an enormous audience outside his own +church. Hence the announcement of a new volume of Sermons by +him will be peculiarly welcome, and all the more so for the fact that +this is a book which is intended, not for the few, but for the work-a-day +many, for whose encouragement and consolation Mr Meyer has +here given the very fine gold of his thoughts upon spiritual things +and upon the intimate association which exists—or should exist—between +the things of the work-a-day life and the higher life.</p> + +<hr class="l15" /> +<p class="center">NEW BOOKLET BY RICHARD LE GALLIENNE</p> + +<p class="center"><i>Long 8vo, price One Shilling.</i></p> + +<p class="center b20">If I Were God</p> + +<p class="center b15">By Richard Le Gallienne.</p> + +<p>The announcement of a new book—and especially of a new book of +a peculiarly Le Galliennesque and characteristic description by the +author of "The Book-Bills of Narcissus," "The Religion of a Literary +Man," and "Prose Fancies," will be received with very eager and unusual +interest. Whatever may be the opinions entertained by individual +readers about Mr Le Gallienne's own views, there is no denying +that no book by him has yet appeared which has not aroused exceptional +interest and exceptional discussion. His last venture is likely +to be even more universally talked about. It is a greatly-daring but +extremely beautiful and reverent attempt to deal with the terrible +problem of the presence of moral and physical evil, but quite apart +from its value as a contribution to the philosophy of life, it is a singularly +striking and beautiful piece of literary work, full of the exquisite +imaginings and lovely fancies of the accomplished poet and +man of letters.</p> + +<hr class="l15" /> + +<p class="center">BY THE LATE WM. BRIGHTY RANDS.</p> + +<p class="center"><i>Fcap. 8vo, buckram, 340 pp., 3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="b20">I. Lazy Lessons</span><br /> +and Essays on Conduct.</p> + +<p class="center"><i>Fcap. 8vo, buckram, 192 pp., 2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p class="center b20">II. Lilliput Lectures.</p> + +<p class="center b15">With Introductions by R. Brimley Johnson.</p> + +<p>These two instructive books for Children by the late William +Brighty Rands, "the laureate of the nursery," as he has been called, +may be classed as entirely new works, although some portions appeared +in magazine form under the author's numerous pen-names. +The two books have been edited by Mr R. Brimley Johnson, who +supplies a biographical and critical introduction.</p> + +<hr class="l15" /> + +<p class="center">NEW NOVEL BY E. PHIPPS TRAIN.</p> + +<p class="center"><i>Crown 8vo, cloth gilt, 3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p class="center b20">A Deserter from Philistia</p> + +<p class="center b15">By E. Phipps Train</p> + +<p class="center">Author of "A Social Highwayman," etc.</p> + +<p>This is a book which, with ordinary luck, should bid fair to rival +the popularity of "Called Back" or "Mr Barnes of New York." From +first to last it is enthrallingly interesting, and dealing, as it does, with +the life "behind the scenes" of a great dancer who is the "darling" +of her public, it gives its readers a peep into a world of which little +is known by outsiders. Rarely have the trials and temptations, the +thousand and one cares and anxieties of those whose business it is +always to wear a smiling face, in order that they may entertain their +public, been drawn with such skill and vividness.</p> + +<hr class="l30" /> +<p class="center"><i>London: 10 Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, W.C.</i></p> + +<div class="footnotes p6"> + +<h2>FOOTNOTES</h2> + +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_1" id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> As, for example, <i>The Battle of Blenheim</i>, <i>The Inchcape +Rock</i> and <i>The Cataract of Lodore</i>.</p> + +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_2" id="Footnote_2" href="#FNanchor_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> "The Nelson Memorial," by J. K. Laughton, 1896. +"The Life of Nelson. The embodiment of the Sea Power +of Great Britain," by Captain A. T. Mahan, 1897.</p> + +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_3" id="Footnote_3" href="#FNanchor_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> "Select Poems of Wordsworth," by Matthew Arnold. +"Golden Treasury Series."</p> + +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_4" id="Footnote_4" href="#FNanchor_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> Charles Kingsley's "Two Years Ago" appeared the +same year—in 1857.</p> + +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_5" id="Footnote_5" href="#FNanchor_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Reprinted in 1875 in "Essays and Studies."</p> + +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_6" id="Footnote_6" href="#FNanchor_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> See "Poems and Prose Remains" by Arthur Hugh +Clough, with a Selection from his Letters, and a Memoir, +edited by his wife. 2 vols., 1888.</p> + +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_7" id="Footnote_7" href="#FNanchor_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> All over the country the peasants chanted a ballad of +which the burden is still remembered. <span class="smcap">Macaulay</span>, History, +Vol. II., p. 371.</p> + +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_8" id="Footnote_8" href="#FNanchor_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> Charles Kingsley's novels and miscellaneous writings +are published by Macmillan & Co., in twenty-nine volumes. +Henry Kingsley's novels have been recently issued by Ward +& Lock in twelve volumes.</p> + +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_9" id="Footnote_9" href="#FNanchor_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> "The Collected Works of Charles Lever." Downey +& Co.</p> + +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_10" id="Footnote_10" href="#FNanchor_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> A New Library Edition of the novels of Wilkie Collins +has just been published by Chatto and Windus.</p> + +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_11" id="Footnote_11" href="#FNanchor_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> Froude's "History of England," vol. ii. chap. ix.</p> + +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_12" id="Footnote_12" href="#FNanchor_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> "Lectures on the Council of Trent," "English Seamen in +the Sixteenth Century," and "Life and Letters of Erasmus."</p> + +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_13" id="Footnote_13" href="#FNanchor_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> "Memoirs of Mark Pattison."</p> + +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_14" id="Footnote_14" href="#FNanchor_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> Mrs Thackeray-Ritchie, <i>Harper's Magazine</i> (1883).</p> + +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_15" id="Footnote_15" href="#FNanchor_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> "Reminiscences," by Thomas Carlyle. 2nd Edition. +Edited by C. E. Norton (1887).</p> + +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_16" id="Footnote_16" href="#FNanchor_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> When George Eliot read Carlyle's eulogy on Emerson +in introducing his essays to the British public, she wrote:—"I +have shed many tears over it: this is a world worth abiding +in while one man can thus venerate and love another."—Cross's +"Life of George Eliot."</p> + +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_17" id="Footnote_17" href="#FNanchor_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> Green's "Short History of the English People."</p> + +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_18" id="Footnote_18" href="#FNanchor_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> "Autobiography" by John Stuart Mill (1869), pp. 232, +233.</p> + +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_19" id="Footnote_19" href="#FNanchor_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> A contemporary epigram thus expressed the general +feeling:</p> + +<div class="poem"> +<p class="footnote i4"> +"For fifty years he listened at the door,</p> +<p class="footnote i4">And heard some scandal, but invented more.</p> +<p class="footnote i4">This he wrote down; and statesmen, queens, and kings,</p> +<p class="footnote i4">Appear before us quite as common things.</p> +<p class="footnote i4">Most now are dead; yet some few still remain</p> +<p class="footnote i4">To whom these 'Memoirs' give a needless pain;</p> +<p class="footnote i4">For though they laugh, and say ''Tis only Greville,'</p> +<p class="footnote i4">They wish him and his 'Memoirs' at the D—l."</p> +</div> +</div> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Victorian Literature, by Clement K. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Victorian Literature + Sixty Years of Books and Bookmen + +Author: Clement K. Shorter + +Release Date: May 29, 2012 [EBook #39851] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK VICTORIAN LITERATURE *** + + + + +Distributed Proofreaders + + + + + + +Transcriber's Note: + + Inconsistent hyphenation and spelling in the original document have + been preserved. Obvious typographical errors have been corrected. + + Italic text is denoted by _underscores_ and bold text by =equal + signs=. + + + + + VICTORIAN LITERATURE + + SIXTY YEARS OF BOOKS + AND BOOKMEN + + + + + _Births have brought us richness and variety, + And other births will bring us richness and variety; + I do not call one greater and one smaller; + That which fills its period and place is equal to any_. + + _Walt Whitman_ + + + + + VICTORIAN + LITERATURE + + SIXTY YEARS + OF BOOKS AND + BOOKMEN + + BY + CLEMENT SHORTER + + LONDON: JAMES BOWDEN + 10 HENRIETTA STREET + COVENT GARDEN W.C. 1897 + + + + +INTRODUCTORY + + +Asked by a kindly publisher to add one more to the Jubilee volumes which +commemorate the sixtieth year of the Queen's reign, I am pleased at the +opportunity thus afforded me of gathering up a few impressions of +pleasant reading hours. "Every age," says Emerson, "must write its own +books; or rather, each generation for the next succeeding. The books of +an older period will not fit this." It is true, of course, and as a +result the popular favourite of to-day is well-nigh forgotten to-morrow. +In reading the critical journals of thirty years ago it is made quite +clear that they contain few judgments which would be sustained by a +consensus of critical opinion to-day. Whether time will deal as hardly +with the critical judgments of to-day we may not live to see. I have no +ambition to put this book to a personal test. So far as it has any worth +at all it is meant to be bibliographical and not critical. It aspires to +furnish the young student, in handy form, with as large a number of +facts about books as can be concentrated in so small a volume. That this +has been done under the guise of a consecutive narrative, and not in +the form of a dictionary, is merely for the convenience of the writer. + +I have endeavoured to say as little as possible about living poets and +novelists. With the historians and critics the matter is of less +importance. To say that Mr Samuel Rawson Gardiner has written a useful +history, or that Professor David Masson's "Life of Milton" is a valuable +contribution to biographical literature, will excite no antagonism. But +to attempt to assign Mr W. B. Yeats a place among the poets, or "Mark +Rutherford" a position among the prose writers of the day, is to +trespass upon ground which it is wiser to leave to the critics who write +in the literary journals from week to week. It was not possible to +ignore all living writers. I have ignored as many as I dared. + +It was my intention at first to devote a chapter to Sixty Years of +American Literature. But for that task an Englishman who has paid but +one short visit to the United States has no qualification. He can write +of American literature only as seen through English eyes. That is to see +much of it, it is true. Few Americans realise the enormous influence +which the literature of their own land has had upon this country. +Probably the most read poet in England during the sixty years has been +Longfellow. Probably the most read novel has been "Uncle Tom's Cabin." +Among people who claim to be distinctly literary Hawthorne has been all +but the favourite novelist, Washington Irving not the least popular of +essayists, and Emerson the most invigorating moral influence. In my +youth "The Wide, Wide World" and "Queechy" were in everybody's hands; as +the stories of Bret Harte, William Dean Howells, Thomas Bailey Aldrich, +Frank Stockton, Henry James, and Mary Wilkins are to-day. Apart from +Dickens, nearly all our laughter has come from Mark Twain and Artemus +Ward. + +In history, we in England have read Prescott and Motley; in poetry we +have read Walt Whitman, William Cullen Bryant, John Greenleaf Whittier, +and, above all, James Russell Lowell, who endeared himself to us alike +as a poet, a critic, and in his own person when he represented the +United States at the Court of St James's. Lastly I recall the delight +with which as a boy I read the "Autocrat of the Breakfast Table," and +the joy with which as a man I visited the author, Dr Oliver Wendell +Holmes, in his pleasant study in Beacon Street, Boston. These and many +other writers have made America and the Americans very dear to +Englishmen, and this in spite of much wild and foolish talk in the +journals of the two countries. + +I have to thank Mr William Mackenzie, the well-known publisher of +Glasgow, for kindly letting me draw upon some articles which I wrote +for his "National Cyclopaedia" ten years ago, and upon the literary +section, which he and his editor, Mr John Brabner, permitted me to +contribute at that time to a book entitled "The Victorian Empire." I +have also to thank my friends, Dr Robertson Nicoll and Mr L. F. Austin, +for kindly reading my proof-sheets, Mr Edward Clodd for valuable +suggestions, and Mr Sydney Webb, a friend of old student days, for +reading the chapter which treats briefly of sociology and economics. + +A compilation of this kind can scarcely hope to escape the defects of +most such enterprises--errors both of date and of fact. I shall be glad +to receive corrections for the next edition. + + CLEMENT K. SHORTER. + + _September 27, 1897._ + + + + +CHAPTER I + +The Poets + + +When Queen Victoria came to the throne in 1837, most of the great poets +who had been inspired by the French Revolutionary epoch were dead. Keats +had died in Rome in 1821, Shelley was drowned in the Gulf of Spezzia in +1822, Byron died at Missolonghi in 1824, Scott at Abbotsford in 1832, +and Coleridge at Highgate in 1834. Southey was Poet Laureate, although +Wordsworth held a paramount place, recognised on all hands as the +greatest poet of the day. + + +The gulf which separates the =Southey (1774-1843)= of the laureateship +from the Southey who presents himself to our judgment to-day is almost +impossible to bridge over. Southey, as the average bookman thinks of him +now, is the author of a "Life of Nelson" and of one or two lyrics and +ballads.[1] The "Life of Nelson" is constantly republished for an age +keenly bent on Nelson worship, but for the exacting it has been +superseded by at least two biographies from living authors.[2] That +Southey should live mainly by a book which was merely a publisher's +commission, and not by the works which he and his contemporaries deemed +immortal, is one of the ironies of literature. Southey's "Cowper" is a +much better biography than his "Nelson," but in Cowper the world has +almost ceased to be interested. It does not now read "Table Talk" and +"The Task" any more than it reads "Thalaba" and "Madoc," although every +cultivated household of sixty years ago could talk freely of these +poems. There will probably be a revival of interest in Cowper. It is +safe to assume that there will never be a revival of interest in +Southey, and that his very lengthy poems are doomed to oblivion. + + +And yet it is interesting to note where Southey's contemporaries placed +him. Shelley thought "Thalaba" magnificent, and its influence was marked +in "Queen Mab." Coleridge spoke of its "pastoral charm." Landor found +"Madoc" superb. Scott said that he had read it three or four times with +ever-increasing admiration. It kept Charles James Fox out of bed till +the small hours! But inexorable time has declared that these poems have +no permanent place in literature. Time, however, has left us a kindly +memory of Southey the man. Sara Coleridge's assertion that he was "on +the whole the best man she had ever known," tallies with the judgment of +many others of his contemporaries--who did not come into collision with +his relentless prejudices. + + +Relentless prejudice was equally a characteristic of Southey's greater +successor as Poet Laureate. =William Wordsworth (1770-1850)= had written +all the poems by which he will live when the Queen came to the throne, +but further recognition awaited the author of "Lyrical Ballads" and +"Laodamia" in the thirteen years of his life that were yet to come. It +was in 1839 that Keble, as Professor of Poetry at Oxford, welcomed +Wordsworth when he received the honorary degree of D.C.L. with the +eulogy that he had "shed a celestial light upon the affections, the +occupations and the piety of the poor." In 1842 he obtained an annuity +from the Civil List, and in the following year he succeeded Southey as +laureate. The mere fact, however, that Wordsworth wrote nothing of +importance in the present reign does not permit of his dismissal as a +pre-Victorian author. His real influence, splendid and serene, was made +upon the age which is passing away. + + He found us when the age had bound + Our souls in its benumbing round; + He spoke, and loosed our heart in tears. + +During the period in which Wordsworth's poems were coming from the press +he was scoffed at alike by Byron and by the authors of "Rejected +Addresses," and they appealed to a sympathetic audience. Coleridge had, +indeed, praised him generously enough, but the author of "The Ode to +Duty" knew nothing of the enthusiastic partisanship which was to be his +lot in the later years of his life, and for more than a quarter of a +century after his death. I have before me two books which will serve to +indicate the high-water-mark of Wordsworth's popularity. One is a volume +of selections from his poems, which was edited by Mr Matthew Arnold,[3] +the other, a volume of Transactions of the Wordsworth Society, which was +privately issued to the members. In his little volume of "Selections" Mr +Arnold, then recognised on all hands as our most important living +critic, insisted upon Wordsworth's pre-eminence in poetry, placing him +indeed on a level with Shakspere and Milton, and assigning to Byron and +Shelley a secondary rank. + +Mr Arnold, as events proved, only echoed a pervading sentiment. The +Wordsworth Society was founded, with the Archbishop of Canterbury, the +Dean of St Paul's, the Lord Chief Justice of England, the then American +Minister--Mr Lowell--and a number of distinguished literary men, among +its members. The Transactions of that Society give evidence that among +the thoughtful men and women of the last decade Wordsworth was by far +the strongest influence, that he was not merely a literary tradition, +but that he was a vital force in the minds and hearts of nearly all the +most interesting people of the period. Students of to-day, however, will +be well content to read Wordsworth only in Matthew Arnold's +"Selections." Here they will find him as a sonneteer proclaiming liberty +with scarcely less zeal and power than Milton. They will find him as the +sympathetic friend of the poor and of the oppressed. To be dead to the +charm of Matthew Arnold's "Selections from Wordsworth" is to care +nothing for poetry. To appreciate with any measure of enthusiasm the +twelve volumes of Wordsworth's collected writings is equally to have +one's sense of true poetry deadened and destroyed. We have no time now +for "The Excursion" and "The Prelude." We have less for Wordsworth's +"Ecclesiastical Sonnets" and "The Borderers." For his copious prose +moralizings one has no toleration whatever. + + +It is not easy to judge whether =Alfred Tennyson (1809-1892)= will ever +cease to retain the very wide hold upon the public which was his for at +least thirty years prior to his death, and which is his to-day. The +poems of Tennyson might be read by succeeding generations of Englishmen +if only for their exquisite purity of style. Music he has also in +abundance. In "Harold," "Queen Mary," and his other plays there is no +great gift of characterisation, and these assuredly will go the way of +Southey's more ambitious poems. But in "Maud" Tennyson caught the social +aspiration of his time with singular insight. The world, he pleaded--and +England in particular--was given over to money-getting. The capitalist +was more tyrannical than the old, expiring slave-owner. Even peace was a +mere word. There was a worse tyranny than that which left men for dead +on the battle-field. There was the tyranny which ground them to dust for +a bare pittance in mill and factory. Tennyson never wrote with greater +force or with more perfect dramatic and lyric art, and his poem is as +striking and effective to-day as at the time of its publication in 1855. + + +Lord Tennyson--for the Poet Laureate accepted a peerage in 1890--won the +hearts of a wider audience by "In Memoriam," and of a still larger one +by "The Idylls of the King." "In Memoriam," a lengthy elegy on his +college friend, Arthur Hallam, touched the great religious public of +England. The poem reflected a certain transcendentalism of view which +was fast becoming fashionable. + + "There lives more faith in honest doubt, + Believe me, than in half the creeds" + +was, in fact, more and more the prevailing tone among all phases of +Protestantism where a few years earlier the exact opposite had been +insisted upon. + + +One of the most agreeable pictures which our literary period affords is +offered by the friendship between Lord Tennyson and Robert Browning. The +two men were not seldom compared; each had his partisans, and each his +enthusiastic disciples. Neither from a social nor from a literary point +of view would they seem to have had much in common. Browning was a +regular diner-out, he appeared systematically at every picture-gallery, +and at every public entertainment, and in all these things he was keenly +interested: he loved society. Lord Tennyson, on the other hand, lived a +retired life in one or other of his country houses. He was morbidly +sensitive to the attentions of the crowd, and amusing stories are told +of his desire to avoid the "vulgar" gaze. Considered as literary men, +the contrast between these poets was greater. Tennyson's language was +dainty, simple, full of grace; his characters monotonous, lacking in +vigour. Browning wrote with rugged force, and sometimes with an +obscurity which left the reader bewildered. But his gift of +characterisation was superb, and his men and women for individuality are +comparable only to those of Shakspere. The hearts of all of us go out to +Tennyson when we think of the music of his verses, of his gifts of +natural description, his fine and captivating imagination; but our +hearts and our intellects go out to Browning, as to one who has +enshrined our best thoughts, who has touched all our deepest emotions. +It is true that half of Browning's sixteen volumes are flatly +incomprehensible to the majority of us; but the other half are equal in +bulk to the whole of Lord Tennyson's writings, and quite free from any +suspicion of obscurity. The "Ring and the Book" is not obscure. It is an +exciting story, dramatically told. So also are the poems called "Men and +Women," and the "Dramatic Idyls." "Luria," "In a Balcony," "A Blot in +the 'Scutcheon," are as readable as railway novels. And yet Browning +had, and has, none of the popularity of Tennyson. The one writer sold by +thousands, and his financial reward was probably unprecedented in +poetry; the other had but a small audience, an audience which never +approached to one-third of his rival's. Notwithstanding all this, it is +pleasing to note that the two poets loyally esteemed one another, as +the dedication of some of their books conspicuously proves. + + +To write thus early of =Robert Browning (1812-1889)= is to anticipate in +the literary record. "Pauline," the poet's first poem, was published, it +is true, in 1833; and that and successive poems were accepted by good +critics as the work of a true poet. Nevertheless, Browning had to fight +his way as no poet of equal merit has ever had to do, and it was very +late indeed in the Victorian epoch that he became more than the poet of +a limited circle. One there was, certainly, who appreciated his work +from the first with no common fervour, for the world has long been +familiar with the statement that a reference by Elizabeth Barrett in +"Lady Geraldine's Courtship" first brought the two poets together in +1845-- + + "From Browning some 'Pomegranate' + Which, if cut deep down the middle, + Shows a heart within blood-tinctured, + Of a veined humanity." + +They were married a year later. As exemplifying the condescension of +their earlier contemporaries it is interesting to note Wordsworth's +observation on the event--and Wordsworth had no humour--"So, Robert +Browning and Elizabeth Barrett have gone off together! Well, I hope they +may understand each other--nobody else could!" Lord Granville, who was +staying in Florence when a son was born to the poets there in 1849, was +still more amusing although equally uncritical. "Now there are not two +incomprehensibles but three incomprehensibles," he said. + + +It cannot be charged against =Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1806-1861)= +that she was in the least incomprehensible. Her "Cry of the Children," +"Cowper's Grave," and "Aurora Leigh," have the note of extreme +simplicity. Nor is obscurity a characteristic of "Sonnets from the +Portuguese," which were not translations, but so named to disguise a +wife's devotion to her husband. "Aurora Leigh" she styled a "novel in +verse," and it was in fact a very readable romance, marked by that zest +for social reform which characterised the period.[4] "The most mature of +my works, and the one into which my highest convictions upon Life and +Art have entered," she wrote of it. + +After the marriage the pair lived principally at Florence. In their +Florentine home--Casa Guidi--"Aurora Leigh," and "Casa Guidi Windows" +were written, and here Mrs Browning died in June 1861. One may still see +the house upon which the Florentine municipality has inscribed a tablet +in gratitude for the "golden ring" of poetry with which the +enthusiastic woman poet had attempted to unite England and Italy. + + +Another great Florentine by adoption, =Walter Savage Landor +(1775-1864)=, came to live near the Brownings. His rugged nature must +have been not a little soothed by the gentle little woman with "a soul +of fire enclosed in a shell of pearl." Landor was educated at Rugby, at +Ashbourne, and at Trinity College, Oxford. From Rugby he was removed to +avoid expulsion, and at Oxford he was rusticated. All this was the +outcome of an excitable temperament, which led in later life to domestic +complications, and to exile from his family in Florence. It found no +reflection in his many beautiful works. As a poet, however, Landor holds +no considerable rank, although here placed among them. "Gebir" was +published in 1798 and "Count Julian" in 1812. Both these lengthy poems +have received the rapturous praise of authoritative critics, De Quincey +even declaring that Count Julian was a creation worthy to rank beside +the Prometheus of AEschylus and Milton's Satan. Southey insisted indeed +that Landor had written verses "of which he would rather have been the +author than of any produced in our time." But Landor's poems, although +obtainable in his collected works, and published in selections, command +no audience to-day. With his prose the case is otherwise. There is +little in the six volumes of "Imaginary Conversations," or in the two +volumes of "Longer Prose Works," that does not merit attention alike for +style and matter. "Give me," he says in one of his prefaces, "ten +accomplished men for readers and I am content." Landor has all +accomplished men for readers now. And all are at one with the critic who +said that, "excepting Shakspere, no other writer has furnished us with +so many delicate aphorisms of human nature." Mr Swinburne's expression +of veneration is well known. + + "I came as one whose thoughts half linger, + Half run before; + The youngest to the oldest singer + That England bore. + + I found him whom I shall not find + Till all grief end; + In holiest age our mightiest mind, + Father and friend." + +The connecting link between Landor and his young admirer is sufficiently +apparent. In genuine accomplishment, the imaginative literature of our +era has produced no one comparable to Landor, save only =Algernon +Charles Swinburne (1837- )=. Mr Swinburne has written well in several +languages other than his own. In his own he has written tragedies of +wider purpose than those of Tennyson, of equal insight with those of +Browning. He has written noble sonnets, lyrics of exquisite melody, and +one poem, "Ave atque Vale," which takes rank among the imperishable +elegies of our literature. He has abundant spontaneity and a marvellous +gift of rhythm. Added to all this, he is a critic of almost unequalled +learning and distinction. He was the first to give adequate recognition +to the poetic genius of Matthew Arnold and Emily Bronte. He knows +Elizabethan literature with remarkable thoroughness, and he knows the +literature of many ages and many lands better than most of the +professors. His appreciation of Charles Lamb endears him to English +readers, and his eulogies of Victor Hugo command the respect of +Frenchmen. A great poet and a great prose writer, Mr Swinburne is +perhaps the most distinguished literary figure of our day. Only when in +the distant years his country has lost him, will a great folly be +generally recognised. Why, it will be asked, did we not spontaneously +call for him--arch democrat and arch rebel though he may have been--as +the only possible successor to Lord Tennyson as Poet Laureate? + + +It has been said that Mr Swinburne was the first to recognise the great +poetical gifts of =Matthew Arnold (1822-1888)=. Writing in the +Fortnightly Review in 1867,[5] he remarked that the fame of Mr Matthew +Arnold had for some years been almost exclusively the fame of a prose +writer. "Those students," he continued, "could hardly find hearing, who +with all esteem and enjoyment of his essays ... retained the opinion +that, if justly judged, he must be judged by his verse and not by his +prose." The view that Arnold excelled as a prose writer continued to +hold sway for many years after Mr Swinburne wrote, and it was current up +to the date of Arnold's death. "Literature and Dogma" and "God and the +Bible," the former of which first appeared in 1873, excited an +extraordinary amount of attention, and helped largely to modify the +religious beliefs of many men and women now rapidly approaching middle +age. The son of a famous clergyman, Dr Thomas Arnold of Rugby, Matthew +Arnold was a product of that Broad Church movement which Dr Arnold had +helped largely to inspire. A fellow-pupil of Dr Stanley, Dean of +Westminster, Arnold went further than the Dean in his opposition to +supernaturalism in religion, though he stopped short of the fiery +antagonism which another eminent Anglican churchman, Bishop Colenso, +displayed towards the miraculous stories of the Old Testament. But far +more than Stanley or Colenso did he influence the Protestant +Christianity of his day. This, however, scarcely enters into the +discussion of Matthew Arnold the poet. More akin to that side of +Arnold's life is his literary criticism. For many years he held in this +field a well nigh undisputed throne. For a time he was Professor of +Poetry at Oxford. But his influence came mainly through a volume called +"Essays in Criticism" (1865), of which it is not too much to say that +the paper entitled "The Function of Criticism at the Present Time," gave +a new impulse to all students of books. Here and elsewhere Arnold +emphasised the opinion that not only a fine artistic instinct but a vast +amount of knowledge, admitting of comparisons, is necessary as the +equipment of a critic. Criticism he defined as "a disinterested +endeavour to learn and propagate the best that is known and thought in +the world." Matthew Arnold had other claims as a prose writer. His +appeal for the study of Celtic literature initiated and encouraged a +revival of learning in Wales and in Ireland; and his books and essays on +Education--for his main income for many years was derived from his +salary as an Inspector of Schools--did much to further the cause which +his brother-in-law, Mr W. E. Forster, began with the great Education Act +of 1870. + +But it is as a poet, as Mr Swinburne foretold, that Matthew Arnold lives +in literature. It is strange to some of us to note how largely the bulk +of his prose work has dropped out of the memory of the younger +generation. The diligent collector possesses some forty-five volumes of +Mr Arnold's writings; but although there has been a cheap reprint of +many of these, it is only by his collected poems that he is widely known +to-day. Mr Swinburne, in the essay to which I have referred, tells of +the joy with which, as a schoolboy, he came upon a copy of "Empedocles +on Etna." He must then have been about fifteen years of age, as +"Empedocles on Etna and Other Poems by A" was published in 1852. It +contained "Tristram and Iseult," "Stanzas in Memory of the Author of +'Obermann,'" and many now accepted favourites. "The Strayed Reveller" by +"A" was a still earlier volume of anonymous verse (1849); and, in 1853, +"Poems" by Matthew Arnold made the poet known by name to a small circle. +A substantial recognition as a poet did not however fall to Matthew +Arnold while he lived. His career is, indeed, a striking example of the +fact that our views of contemporary literature require to be revised +every decade. Ten years ago everyone was discussing Matthew Arnold's +views concerning Isaiah and St Paul, and the Nonconformists, whom he +chaffed good-humouredly, have reconstructed many of their beliefs +through a study of his works. People were excited by his views on +education and by his views on literature, but not by his poetry. To-day +his poetry is all of him that remains, and its charm is likely to +soothe the more strenuous minds among us for at least another +generation, and perhaps for all time. + + +In "Thyrsis," a striking elegy on =Arthur Hugh Clough (1819-1861)=, +Arnold struck a note which has only Milton's "Lycidas" and Shelley's +"Adonais" to call forth comparisons. Clough was not a Keats, but he was +a more considerable personage than Milton's friend, and indeed he has +been persistently underrated by many men of letters. Not indeed by all. +"We have a foreboding," said Mr Lowell, "that Clough will be thought a +hundred years hence, to have been the truest expression in verse of the +moral and intellectual tendencies of the period in which he lived." +Clough was the son of a cotton merchant of Liverpool, and he was a pupil +of Dr Arnold at Rugby. He gained a Balliol scholarship, and went into +residence in 1837. The coming years brought doubts and distractions, +religious and political, and Clough parted from Oxford. His most famous +poem, "The Bothie of Tober-na-Vuolich," was published in 1848. In 1852 +he sailed to Boston in the same ship that carried Thackeray and Lowell. +Emerson, who had met him in England, welcomed him there. Travelling +through Europe for his health, he died of paralysis in Florence in +1861.[6] + + +The catalogue of great English poets of the period is completed with the +names of Rossetti and Morris. Perhaps there is no more romantic figure +in modern literature than =Dante Gabriel Rossetti (1828-1882)=, although +he has suffered cruelly from the biographer. His father, Gabriele, was +an Italian exile, a critic of Dante, a teacher of Italian in London. His +mother was a sister of the notorious Polidori, whose charlatanry is +remembered wherever an interest in Lord Byron prevails. + +The younger Rossetti had relatives--a brother, William Michael, who has +written verses, criticisms, and a ponderous biography of Gabriel; and a +sister, =Maria Francesca Rossetti (1827-1876)=, whose "Shadow of Dante" +makes good reading for admirers of the great Florentine, and, indeed, +may be recommended to every English student of Dante. Another sister, +=Christina Georgina Rossetti (1830-1894)=, wrote many books. She will +live by her "Goblin Market" (1862), and by numerous short poems. Books +of the type of "Called to be Saints" and "The Face of the Deep: A +Commentary on the Revelation," have also won her much affection and +admiration from religious sympathisers. She was not responsible for +"Maude" and "New Poems," inadequate works which her brother thought fit +to publish after her death. They are practically worthless. + +Dante Rossetti was a considerable painter as well as a poet. His name is +written large in that pre-Raphaelite movement which gave him for +associates Mr Holman Hunt and Sir John Millais. The movement, which had +Mr John Ruskin for its literary champion, when reduced to simple +statement, meant a harking back to early mediaeval art. Sir John Millais +and Mr Holman Hunt speedily abandoned this position, and Rossetti +himself was never a pre-Raphaelite in any real sense. The +pre-Raphaelites issued in 1850 a journal under the editorship of +Rossetti's brother, and to the _Germ_, as it was called, Rossetti +contributed his poem, "The Blessed Damozel," and a story, "Hand and +Soul." To the _Germ_ also, Thomas Woolner (1825-1892), the sculptor, +contributed the poems of "My Beautiful Lady." + + +One epoch in the life of Rossetti was his introduction to Mr Ruskin, and +another was his first acquaintance with William Morris. Ruskin bought +his pictures with characteristic generosity, and further assisted +Rossetti to publish "The Early Italian Poets" (1861), afterwards +reprinted as "Dante and his Circle" (1874). William Morris introduced +Rossetti to his Oxford friends, including Mr Swinburne, and to the +_Oxford and Cambridge Magazine_, in which many of his finest poems were +published. After his wife's death, from an overdose of laudanum in 1862, +Rossetti moved to Queen's House, Cheyne Walk, where for a time he had +for associates in payment of rent Mr Swinburne and Mr George Meredith, +though the latter never actually lived in the house. From that time to +his death he published many important poems--ballads of singular power +like "The White Ship," "The King's Tragedy," and "Sister Helen," and the +many splendid sonnets of "The House of Life." The two volumes of +Rossetti's collected works must always command readers. Rossetti died at +Birchington-on-Sea, and a simple tomb in the churchyard marks his grave. + + +The name of =William Morris (1834-1896)= closes the list of Victorian +poets of the first rank. Morris was as versatile as Rossetti. He touched +many branches of Art with remarkable success. Now he was designing +wall-papers, and became a successful manufacturer in this branch of +commerce: now he was indefatigable in printing notable books in English +literature from a type which he had himself selected. The wall-paper has +given a new direction to the decoration of English houses, and the +Kelmscott Press has added many beautiful books to our libraries, and +given an impetus to a revival of taste in printing. This was but a part +of Morris's life. Although a rich man, he was a vigorous lecturer on +behalf of Socialism, and wrote many books, such as, for example: "The +Dream of John Ball" (1888), and "News from Nowhere" (1891), in support +of his ideals. From the appearance of his "Defence of Guenevere" (1858), +and "Life and Death of Jason" (1867), he was always publishing, and his +translations from Homer, Virgil, and Scandinavian literature make a +small library by themselves. But a practical handbook to Victorian +literature needs but to mention one of his books. "The Earthly Paradise" +(1868-70), will live as long as a love of good story-telling remains to +us. The tales are told by twenty-four travellers who desire to find the +earthly paradise, and the book opens as do the Canterbury Tales with a +Prologue. The lyrical introduction is one of the most quotable things in +our later literature:-- + + "Of Heaven or Hell I have no power to sing, + I cannot ease the burden of your fears, + Or make quick-coming death a little thing, + Or bring again the pleasure of past years, + Nor for my words shall ye forget your tears, + Or hope again for aught that I can say, + The idle singer of an empty day. + + "Dreamer of dreams, born out of my due time, + Why should I strive to set the crooked straight? + Let it suffice me that my murmuring rhyme + Beats with light wing against the ivory gate, + Telling a tale not too importunate + To those who in the sleepy region stay, + Lulled by the singer of an empty day. + + "Folk say, a wizard to a Northern King + At Christmastide such wondrous things did show + That through one window men beheld the Spring, + And through another saw the Summer glow, + And through a third the fruited vines arow, + While still, unheard, but in its wonted way, + Piped the drear wind of that December day." + +William Morris has not seldom been confused with a writer with whom he +had nothing in common but the name. =Sir Lewis Morris (1833- )=, a +Welsh squire, and candidate for Parliament, has stood for convention as +decisively as William Morris has stood against it. His "Songs of Two +Worlds" (1871-5), and "Epic of Hades" (1876), brought him a considerable +popularity, which "A Vision of Saints," and later books have not been +able to maintain. Another literary knight of our time who has secured a +large share of public attention through his verse is =Sir Edwin Arnold +(1832- )=, whose "Light of Asia" interpreted to many the story of +Buddha's career. A poem upon Christ and Christianity "The Light of the +World," owed the fact of its smaller success to the greater familiarity +of the public with its main incidents. Sir Edwin Arnold has won other +laurels as a traveller and as a journalist. + + +Some of the best poetry of the era has been produced by writers whose +principal achievements are in the realm of prose. The Brontes, Charles +Kingsley, George Meredith, and George Eliot--to name but a few--all +wrote verse which must ultimately have secured attention had they not +made great reputations as novelists. + +Assuredly, the three most successful poems in Victorian literature, of +that portion of it which is already passing into oblivion, are +"Proverbial Philosophy," "Festus," and "Philip Van Artevelde." The +"Proverbial Philosophy" of =Martin Farquhar Tupper (1810-1889)= +created an excitement in literary and non-literary circles, which it is +difficult for the present generation to comprehend. It is true that when +it was first published, in 1838, it was greeted by the _Athenaeum_ as "a +book not likely to please beyond the circle of a few minds as eccentric +as the author's." In spite of this, it sold in thousands and hundreds of +thousands; it went through over nine hundred editions in England, and +five hundred thousand copies at least were sold in America. It was +translated into French, German, and many other tongues; its author was a +popular hero, although of his later books, including "Ballads for the +Times," "Raleigh, his Life and Death," and "Cithara," the very names are +by this time forgotten. Of "Proverbial Philosophy" itself there are few +enough copies in demand to-day, and it is difficult for us to place +ourselves in the position of those who felt its charm. What to the early +Victorian Era was counted for wisdom, and piety, and even for beauty, +counts to the present age for mere commonplace verbiage. Tupper's name +has taken a place in our language as the contemptuous synonym for a +poetaster. "Festus," on the other hand, although not read to-day, has +always commanded respectful attention. Its author, =Philip James Bailey +(1816- )=, wrote "Festus" in its first form, at the age of twenty, and +it was published in 1839. The book was enlarged again and again, till it +reached to three times its original length. It may be that this +enlargement has had something to do with its fate. "Festus" was +frequently compared to the best work of Goethe and of Mr Browning. Even +a more pronounced recognition accrued to the dramatic poems of =Sir +Henry Taylor (1800-1886)=, and more particularly to "Philip Van +Artevelde" (1834), which was described by the _Quarterly Review_ as "the +noblest effort in the true old taste of our English historical drama, +that has been made for more than a century," and which attracted the +keenest attention of all Sir Henry Taylor's contemporaries. His +entertaining "Autobiography" has told us that Taylor, who was an +important official at the Colonial Office, knew all the famous men of +his time. + + +Women have occupied no small share in the literary history of the past +sixty years, although it is in fiction that their most enduring +triumphs have been secured. The most popular women poets, next in order +to Mrs Browning, have been Eliza Cook and Jean Ingelow. =Eliza Cook +(1818-1889)= wrote for the most part the kind of verses which would now +be rejected by the editor of the Poet's Corner of a provincial +newspaper. She would be little more than a vague memory, were it not for +"The Old Arm-Chair"; but she has other claims to consideration. In the +forties and the fifties _Eliza Cook's Journal_ was one of the most +prominent publications of the day, and it did much for the cause of +literature and philanthropy. =Jean Ingelow (1820-1897)= survived, as +did Eliza Cook, to see her verse well-nigh forgotten, and yet it is +stated that two hundred thousand copies of her poems have been sold in +America alone. Miss Ingelow, who was born in Boston, Lincolnshire, and +died in London, will live in anthologies by her ballad, "High Tide on +the Coast of Lincolnshire," by a song in "Supper at the Mill," and by +sundry short poems. + + +A certain brighter and more humorous kind of verse had its beginnings +with Thomas Hood and the author of "The Ingoldsby Legends." =Thomas +Hood (1798-1845)= has endeared himself to the whole reading world by +his "Song of the Shirt" (1844); and his "Dream of Eugene Aram" (1829) is +not less familiar. But in addition to this he had an abundance of wit +and drollery side by side with pathos and tenderness, which will always +make a splendid tradition and a great inspiration. Hood was a +journalist. His prototype, =Richard Harris Barham (1788-1845)=, was an +Anglican clergyman. His pseudonym of Thomas Ingoldsby calls up memories +of some of the quaintest and drollest verse ever written. "The Ingoldsby +Legends" were first contributed to _Bentley's Miscellany_, and +afterwards collected in volumes. "The Jackdaw of Rheims" is the most +popular. Barham's once successful novel, "My Cousin Nicholas," is now +all but forgotten. + + +The most famous successors of Hood and Barham have been Calverley and Mr +Austin Dobson. =Charles Stuart Calverley (1831-1884)= wrote "Fly +Leaves" and "Verses and Translations." Mr Dobson has published, in +addition to many valuable prose works, the exquisite "Vignettes in +Rhyme" and "Proverbs in Porcelain," which, with Mr Andrew Lang's +"Ballades in Blue China," form a dainty contribution to the lighter +literature of the epoch. + + +A determination to say as little as possible concerning writers still +young in years, though already famous, will make, it may be, my summary +of Victorian poetry seem inadequate to many. Mr Traill, a discerning +critic, has specified some hundred or more "minor poets" who flourish +to-day! But it cannot be doubted that the minor poet of our era, with +his excellent technique, his deep feeling, and his high-minded +impulsiveness, is separated by an immense gulf from the minor poet of an +earlier period. The Pyes and the Hayleys, who were famous in an age when +criticism was less of an art, had little enough of the real poetical +faculty. That faculty can scarcely be denied to the hundred or more of +living bards who now claim the suffrages of the poetry-loving reader. It +cannot be denied also to many men who have passed away during the +present era--to Alexander Smith and Sydney Dobell in one period, and to +Coventry Patmore and James Thomson in another. =Alexander Smith +(1830-1867)= was an industrious essayist as well as a poet. Tennyson +and Mrs Browning concurred in their esteem of Smith as a poet "whose +works show fancy, and not imagination"; and this might with truth be +said of too many of the minor bards, and, indeed, constitutes the +dividing line. Sydney Yendys, under which pseudonym =Sydney Dobell +(1824-1874)= co-operated with Smith in "Sonnets on the War" (1855), was +a poet of similar temperament. + + +=Coventry Patmore (1823-1896)= is known to the many through his "Angel +in the House," a poem upon domestic bliss which breathed a note not +always sincere, but to which Mr Ruskin assured a certain popularity +through effective quotation in his "Sesame and Lilies." A certain +ecstatic band of admirers attached more importance to Patmore's "Unknown +Eros." These admirers spoilt him by adulation. He probably looked +forward with the same keen assurance to the verdict of posterity as did +Southey; and posterity it is all but certain will be as ruthless in the +one case as in the other. + + +Patmore's life was one of luxury and independence. Quite the reverse was +the fate of =James Thomson (1834-1882)=, whose great poem, "The City +of Dreadful Night," was published in Mr Charles Bradlaugh's _National +Reformer_ in 1874, and not republished as a book until 1880. Thomson had +a melancholy career which ended in drink and disaster. He died in +University Hospital, London. His "City of Dreadful Night" is peculiarly +a reflection of the age that is passing. It secured even during the +poet's life the commendation of George Eliot, of George Meredith, and of +other critics; and it may yet command a large audience, who breathe the +note of pessimism which was always characteristic of the writer:-- + + "The sense that every struggle brings defeat + Because Fate holds no prize to crown success, + That all the oracles are dumb or cheat + Because they have no secret to express; + That none can pierce the vast black veil uncertain + Because there is no light beyond the curtain; + That all is vanity and nothingness." + + +A poet whom one names with peculiar reverence is =Thomas Aubrey de Vere +(1814- )=, the son of Sir Aubrey de Vere, who was also a poet. Aubrey +de Vere, the younger, knew and loved Wordsworth, to whom in 1842 he +dedicated "The Waldenses: A Lyrical Tale," and yet retains, sixty years +later, the most sympathetic interest in modern literary effort. Mr de +Vere is an Irishman, and was educated at Trinity College, Dublin. He has +written many volumes of poetry and prose, his dramatic poems "Alexander +the Great" and "St Thomas of Canterbury" having, no doubt, been largely +inspired by the successes of his friend and relative, Sir Henry Taylor, +and by his father's brilliant drama, "Mary Tudor." One of his most +recent books was a volume of critical essays containing a notable study +of Wordsworth. + + +Irishmen have been fairly conspicuous in the poetry of the epoch, and +the term "Celtic Renaissance" has begun to be used hopefully by lovers +of Ireland who desire that country to have a literature as distinctly +Irish as Scotland has a literature definitely Scottish. =Thomas Moore +(1779-1852)= was the pioneer of this movement. He had, it is true, done +all his work before the Queen came to the throne, although he lived yet +another fifteen years. His "Irish Melodies" began to appear in 1807, +"Lalla Rookh" was published in 1817, and the "Life of Byron" in 1830. +Moore was as much an inspiration to modern Ireland as Burns to modern +Scotland, and the one country holds the name of its poet as +reverentially in memory as does the other. Moore, however, lacked the +note of passionate sincerity which pertained to Burns; although we may +fairly ask what would have been the career of Burns had he been thrown +early into the literary and social life of London--the London of Byron's +time. + + +The influence of Moore was strong in =Thomas Davis (1814-1845)= whose +"National and Historical Ballads, Songs and Poems" caused so great a +ferment in the heart of Young Ireland. Many other Irish writers deserve +to be named, such as James Clarence Mangan (1803-1849), Sir Samuel +Ferguson (1810-1886), Lady Dufferin (1807-1867) and John Banim +(1798-1842), who wrote, in conjunction with his brother Michael, some +twenty-four volumes of Irish stories and verses. =Samuel Lover (1797-1868)= +is best known in England by his romance "Rory O'More" and +his ever popular "Handy Andy," but in Ireland he is remembered as a +writer of lyrics and ballads of heart-stirring character. + + +An Irishman by descent, although not by birth, was =Edward FitzGerald +(1809-1883)=, who was born in Suffolk and lived all his life in the +neighbourhood of Woodbridge in that county. FitzGerald's "Letters and +Literary Remains" fill three substantial volumes, but he lives for us by +his translation or rather paraphrase of the "Rubayat of Omar Khayyam of +Naishapur," which first appeared in 1859. It is generally agreed that +FitzGerald, a nineteenth century pagan, always reverently questioning +the mystery of existence, superadded his own personal thoughts and +feelings to the verses of the old Persian singer. In doing this he +touched deeply a certain aspect of the second half of the nineteenth +century and founded a cult. FitzGerald's verses, however, have been +ardently admired by many who are far from accepting their pessimist view +of life. + + +=Hartley Coleridge (1796-1849)= wrote and published his admirable +sonnets before 1837. He was a son of Samuel Taylor Coleridge +(1772-1834), whose literary remains were edited by Henry Nelson +Coleridge, a nephew and son-in-law. H. N. Coleridge married the great +poet's only daughter, =Sara Coleridge (1803-1852)=, who wrote one +poem, "Phantasmion," and whose letters throw much light on an important +chapter of literary history. + + +=Bryan Waller Procter (1787-1874)=, better known as "Barry Cornwall," +was at school with Lord Byron at Harrow. His "Dramatic Scenes," +"Marcian Colonna," and "Mirandola" were much talked of in their day. +Procter was admired as a poet by Byron, Moore, and other famous +contemporaries, but no one reads him now. A happier fate has befallen +his daughter, =Adelaide Anne Procter (1825-1864)=, whose "Legends and +Lyrics" are still widely popular. + + +Winthrop Mackworth Praed, who wrote much admirable humorous and +satirical verse, is not a Victorian author, although his present +popularity makes that rather hard to realise. He died in 1839. =Richard +Hengist Horne (1803-1884)=, on the other hand, although he lived into +our time, is now remembered only by his friendship with Mrs Browning and +by the humorous freak of publishing his epic "Orion" at a farthing. He +was the author of a miracle play entitled "Judas Iscariot," a tragedy +entitled "The Death of Marlowe," and many other works. + + +Another writer of well-nigh forgotten tragedies was =Thomas Lovell +Beddoes (1803-1849)=, who wrote "The Bride's Tragedy" and "Death's +Jest Book." A like extinction, it is to be feared, has befallen Ebenezer +Jones and Ebenezer Elliott--the former of whom belonged to that +spasmodic school of poets of which Alexander Smith and Philip James +Bailey were supposed to be the leaders. =Ebenezer Jones (1820-1860)= +wrote "Studies in Sensation and Event," to which in 1879 his brother, +Sumner Jones, attached an interesting biography. There is very genuine +poetry in the volume, but it is not likely to be republished. =Ebenezer +Elliott (1781-1849)= had a very different fate. He enjoyed for many +years the suffrages of the multitude. His "Corn Law Rhymes" played a +considerable part in the political agitation of the period. James +Montgomery called him "the poet of the poor." Another writer with a fine +democratic impulse was =Gerald Massey (1828- )=, who was associated +with the Chartist movement, and wrote "Poems and Charms" and "Voices of +Freedom and Lyrics of Love." Another Chartist was =Thomas Cooper +(1805-1892)=, who wrote "The Purgatory of Suicides" and many other poems +and an entertaining autobiography. Cooper was an active political +agitator, and was imprisoned for two years in Stafford gaol for +sedition. + + +A poet who holds a great place in the minds of many is =William Barnes +(1820-1886)=, who kept a school for a time in Mr Thomas Hardy's town of +Dorchester. He afterwards became a clergyman and rector of +Winterbourne-Came. He was a philologist as well as a poet, and published +many works on language. His interest for us here is in his "Poems of +Rural Life in the Dorset Dialect" (1844). Another poet-clergyman of +great learning was =Robert Stephen Hawker (1803-1875)= whose work +reflects Devonshire and Cornwall as Barnes' reflects Dorsetshire. He +wrote the "Song of the Western Men" which he deceived Macaulay into +believing to be an old Cornish ballad, and the great historian +introduced it into his "History of England" as an example of the +excitement caused by the arrest of the seven bishops.[7] Its stirring +refrain:-- + + "And shall Trelawney die, and shall Trelawney die? + Then thirty thousand Cornish boys will know the reason why" + +will always keep Hawker in remembrance. He was vicar of Morwenstow and +wrote several volumes of poems and some prose, including "Footprints of +Former Men in Far Cornwall." + + +Two poets, father and son, made the name of Marston honoured in their +days. John Westland Marston (1819-1890) was born at Boston, +Lincolnshire. He wrote two dramas, "Strathmore" and "Marie de Meranie," +which had much success some years ago. Another work, "A Hard Struggle," +obtained the enthusiastic praise of Dickens. Dr Garnett claims for +Marston that he was long the chief upholder of the poetical drama on the +English stage. =Philip Bourke Marston (1850-1887)=, a son of Westland +Marston, should not have failed of literary success, as he had for +godfather Philip James Bailey, the author of "Festus," and for godmother +Miss Mulock, author of "John Halifax, Gentleman." He, however, became +blind at three years of age. He published three volumes of verse, "Song +Tide and Other Poems" (1871), "All in All" (1875) and "Wind Voices" +(1883). They were never popular, although his poetry gained him the +esteem of many eminent men, Rossetti and Mr Swinburne among others. Mrs +Chandler Moulton, an American lady who wrote "Swallow Flights," gave us +a memoir of Philip Bourke Marston. In this she was assisted by Mr +William Sharp, who was also one of Rossetti's biographers. Mrs Moulton +did a like good office to the memory of =Arthur O'Shaughnessy +(1844-1881)=, a poet of considerable distinction in his day. +O'Shaughnessy married the younger Marston's sister. His "Epic of Women & +Other Poems," published in 1870, was a volume of very great promise. He +wrote other verses, which never attained to quite the same measure of +success. + + +It only remains for me to name =Alfred Austin (1835- )= the Poet +Laureate. After Lord Tennyson's death in 1892 the office remained vacant +for four years. The two poets who might have been considered to have +had some claim, William Morris and Mr Swinburne, were supposed to be +impossible on account of democratic sympathies, although it is doubtful +if either would have accepted the office. Almost every living poet, +however small the bulk of his achievement, and however inconsiderable +his years, was nominated--by the press--in turn. Finally, in 1896, by a +pleasant irony of circumstances, the laureateship was given to a +journalist,--for Mr Austin had been a leader-writer on the staff of the +_Standard_ newspaper for many years. He has written "The Golden Age, a +Satire" (1871), "Savonarola" (1881), "English Lyrics" (1891), and many +prose works. His "English Lyrics" contained an appreciative introduction +by William Watson, the author of "Wordsworth's Grave," "Lachrymae +Musarum," and other poems which have been received with abundant +cordiality by the press and public. Another living poet who has been +well and justly praised is =Rudyard Kipling (1864- )=. He made his +earliest fame as a writer of short stories of Indian military life. +"Soldiers Three" and "Wee Willie Winkie" have entirely captivated the +imagination of Mr Kipling's contemporaries. It is as a poet, however, +that he will perhaps longest retain his hold upon them. His +"Barrack-Room Ballads" (1892) are finely touched with that martial +spirit which so strongly appeals to the heart of our nation. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[1] As, for example, _The Battle of Blenheim_, _The Inchcape Rock_ and +_The Cataract of Lodore_. + +[2] "The Nelson Memorial," by J. K. Laughton, 1896. "The Life of Nelson. +The embodiment of the Sea Power of Great Britain," by Captain A. T. +Mahan, 1897. + +[3] "Select Poems of Wordsworth," by Matthew Arnold. "Golden Treasury +Series." + +[4] Charles Kingsley's "Two Years Ago" appeared the same year--in 1857. + +[5] Reprinted in 1875 in "Essays and Studies." + +[6] See "Poems and Prose Remains" by Arthur Hugh Clough, with a +Selection from his Letters, and a Memoir, edited by his wife. 2 vols., +1888. + +[7] All over the country the peasants chanted a ballad of which the +burden is still remembered. MACAULAY, History, Vol. II., p. 371. + + + + +CHAPTER II + +The Novelists + + +Any comparison of the novels of the Victorian Era, with the novels of +the Georgian Period, must be very much to the disadvantage of the +former. The great epoch of English fiction began with Goldsmith and +Richardson, and ended with Sir Walter Scott. It was an epoch which gave +us "The Vicar of Wakefield," "Clarissa," "Tom Jones," "Pride and +Prejudice," "Humphrey Clinker," and "Tristram Shandy." That fiction had +a naturalness and spontaneity to which the novels of the Victorian Era +can lay no claim. The novels of the period with which we are concerned +aspire to regenerate mankind. Dickens, indeed, started off with but +little literary equipment save sundry eighteenth century novels. He had +read Smollett, and Fielding, and Sterne, diligently. But the influence +of these humourists--so marked in "Pickwick"--became qualified in his +succeeding books by the strenuous spirit of the times. + + +It is alike interesting in itself and convenient for my purpose that +the most popular novelist of the Victorian era should have published his +first great book in 1837. Dickens awoke then to abundant fame, and his +popularity has never waned for an instant during the sixty succeeding +years. To-day he may be more or less decried by "literary" people, but +his audience has multiplied twofold. He has added to it the countless +thousands whom the School Board has given to the reading world. + +=Charles Dickens (1812-1870)= was born at Landport, Portsea, his +father being an improvident clerk in the Navy Pay Office at Portsmouth. +Dickens senior has been immortalized for us by the not too pleasing +portrait of "Micawber." After infinite struggle and penury, Dickens +became a reporter for the _Morning Chronicle_. Under the signature of +"Boz" he wrote "Sketches" for the _Monthly Magazine_ in 1834. "Pickwick" +appeared from April 1836 to November 1837, and alike in parts and in +book form took the world by storm. It was succeeded by "Oliver Twist" +(1838), "Nicholas Nickleby" (1839), "The Old Curiosity Shop" (1840), and +"Barnaby Rudge" (1841). From this time forth Dickens was the most +popular writer that our literature has seen. Within twelve years after +his death some four millions of his books were sold in England, and +there is no reason to believe that this popularity has in any way +abated, although George Eliot foretold that much of Dickens's humour +would be meaningless to the next generation, that is to say, to the +generation which is now with us. It is the fashion to call Dickens the +novelist of the half-educated, to charge him with lack of +reflectiveness, with incapacity for serious reasoning. His humour has +been described as insincere, his pathos as exaggerated. Much of this +indictment may with equal justice be made against Richardson and even +against Jane Austen, who surely anticipated Dickens by the creation of +the Rev. William Collins. + +If Dickens had been a learned University Professor he would not have +possessed the equipment most needful for the artist who was to portray +to us in an imperishable manner the London which is now fast +disappearing. The people who censure Dickens are those for whom he has +served a purpose and is of no further use. They are a mere drop in the +ocean of readers. It is not easy to-day to gauge his precise position. +The exhaustion of many of his copyrights has given up his work to a host +of rival publishers. There are probably thousands of men and women now, +as there were in the fifties and sixties, who have been stimulated by +him, and who have found in his writings the aid to a cheery optimism +which has made life more tolerable amid adverse conditions. Mrs Richmond +Ritchie, Thackeray's daughter, tells us how keenly Dickens's capacity +for stirring the heart was felt even in the home of the rival novelist. +Thackeray's youngest daughter, then a child, looked up from the book she +was reading to ask the question, "Papa, why do you not write books like +'Nicholas Nickleby'"? Thackeray himself shared the general enthusiasm. +"David Copperfield!" he writes to a correspondent, "By Jingo! It is +beautiful! It is charming! Bravo Dickens! It has some of his very +brightest touches--those inimitable Dickens touches which make such a +great man of him. And the reading of the book has done another author a +great deal of good.... It has put me on my mettle and made me feel that +I must do something; that I have fame and name and family to support." + + +If Dickens is still beloved by the multitude, the name of =William +Makepeace Thackeray (1811-1863)= has entirely eclipsed his in the +minds of a certain literary section of the community. Thackeray stands +to them for culture, Dickens for illiteracy. Thackeray had indeed a more +polished intellect; he had also a more restrained style. Thackeray was +born at Calcutta. His father, who was an Indian civil servant, died when +the boy was only five years old. He was educated at Charterhouse School +and Trinity College, Cambridge. In 1831 he went to Weimar. He studied +long at Paris with a view to becoming an artist, and when "Pickwick" +wanted an illustrator to continue the work of Seymour who had committed +suicide, Thackeray applied to Dickens, but Hablot Browne was chosen, and +Thackeray was disappointed--happily for the world, which lost an +indifferent artist to gain a great author. Thackeray in 1837--the year +which saw the publication of "Pickwick" as a volume--joined the staff of +_Fraser's Magazine_. In that journal appeared in succession "The History +of Samuel Titmarsh and the Great Hoggarty Diamond," "The Yellowplush +Papers," and "The Memoirs of Barry Lyndon." In 1847 "Vanity Fair" was +begun in numbers, and not till then did its author secure real renown. +"Pendennis" was published in 1850, and "Esmond" in 1852. "The Newcomes" +(1854) is in some measure a sequel to "Pendennis," as "The Virginians" +(1858) is in some measure a sequel to "Esmond." These are the five works +by Thackeray which everyone must read. In 1857 Thackeray unsuccessfully +contested Oxford. In 1859 he undertook the editorship of the new +_Cornhill Magazine_ which flourished in his hands. These were the +halcyon days of magazine editors. On Macaulay's death in 1859, Thackeray +talked of purchasing the historian's vacant house. A friend remarked +upon his prosperity. "To make money one must edit a magazine," was the +answer. He did not buy Macaulay's house, but built himself one at +Palace Green, and here he died the day before Christmas-day 1863. His +daughter, Anne Thackeray, who became Mrs Richmond Ritchie, has written +"Old Kensington" and other stories of singular charm. + +The twenty-six volumes of Thackeray's works make a veritable nursery of +style for the modern literary aspirant. But it is, as has been said, +upon his five great novels that his future fame must rest. They are as +permanent a picture of life among the well-to-do classes as those +Dickens has given us of life among the poor. + + +=Charlotte Bronte (1816-1855)=, who gave to Thackeray the enthusiastic +hero-worship of her early years, called him a Titan, and dedicated "Jane +Eyre" to him, had little enough in common with the author of "Vanity +Fair." The daughter of a poor parson of Irish birth, she was born at +Thornton in Yorkshire. She and two sisters grew up in the cramped +atmosphere of a vicarage at Haworth, in the centre of the moorlands. +They wrote stories and poems from childhood, and dreamed of literary +fame. Meanwhile it was necessary to add to the scanty stipend of their +father; two of them went back as governesses to the school in which they +had been educated; and all of them a little later attempted the +uncongenial life of private governesses. The desire to have a school of +their own led Charlotte and her sister Emily to Brussels, where they +studied French and German. Returning to the Haworth parsonage, the three +sisters, Charlotte, Emily, and Anne, with money left them by an aunt, +published a volume of verse--"Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell." +Then each sister produced from her drawer the manuscript of a novel, and +Charlotte's "Professor," Emily's "Wuthering Heights," and Anne's "Agnes +Grey" were sent round to the publishers and returned more than once to +the parsonage. Finally the "Professor" was read by Smith & Elder, who +asked for a longer story by the writer. "Jane Eyre" (1847) was the +result, and that story became one of the most successful novels of the +day. It was followed by "Shirley" (1849) and "Villette" (1853). In 1854 +Charlotte Bronte became Mrs Arthur Bell Nicholls, and the wife of her +father's curate. In the following year she died. "The Professor" was +published two years after her death. + + +=Emily Bronte (1818-1848)= accomplished less than her elder sister, +but her name will live as long. She secured the admiration of Sydney +Dobell, of Matthew Arnold, and of Mr Swinburne, and her best verse is +perhaps the greatest ever written by a woman. "Last Lines" and "The Old +Stoic" will rank with the finest poetry in our literature. Her one +novel, "Wuthering Heights," has been most happily criticised by Mr +Swinburne: "As was the author's life so is her book in all things; +troubled and taintless, with little of rest in it and nothing of +reproach. It may be true that not many will ever take it to their +hearts; it is certain that those who do like it will like nothing very +much better in the whole world of poetry or prose." + +Emily Bronte's sole contributions to literature were the poems written +in conjunction with her two sisters under the name of Ellis Bell, some +further poems published by her sister Charlotte after her death, and the +single novel "Wuthering Heights." + + +=Anne Bronte (1819-1849)= wrote more than her sister Emily, but with +less of recognition. She contributed verses to the little volume of +poems under the name of Acton Bell, and additional verses were published +after her death by Charlotte. In addition to this she wrote two novels, +the first of them "Agnes Grey," and the second "The Tenant of Wildfell +Hall." This last, curiously enough, went into a second edition during +Anne's lifetime, and she contributed a preface to it defending herself +against her critics. Neither Anne's poetry nor her novels are of any +account to-day. They would not be read, were it not for the glory with +which her two sisters have surrounded the name of Bronte. + +Women novelists have abundantly flourished during the Victorian Era, but +then the path was made easy for them by Jane Austen, Maria Edgeworth, +and Fanny Burney. By all those who delight in debatable comparisons the +name of George Eliot is frequently brought into contrast with that of +Charlotte Bronte. =George Eliot (1819-1880)= was born at Griff in +Warwickshire, her real name being Mary Ann Evans. She was for a time at +a school at Nuneaton, and afterwards at Coventry. At first she was an +evangelical churchwoman, but about 1842 she became acquainted with two +or three cultivated women friends at whose houses she met Froude, +Emerson, and Francis Newman, all of whom represented a reverent +antagonism to supernatural Christianity. In conjunction with Sarah +Hennell, she undertook a translation of Strauss's "Life of Jesus." On +her father's death, in 1849, she came to London and became associated +with Dr Chapman in the editorship of the _Westminster Review_. It was +her friendship with George Henry Lewes, whom she met in 1851, which gave +her the first impulse towards fiction. Lewes was an active critic, and a +writer of two now forgotten novels. Miss Evans's "Scenes of Clerical +Life" were sent to Blackwood's Magazine in 1856. The stories were a +great success. Thackeray and Dickens were loud in expressions of +admiration. In 1859 "Adam Bede" was published and made George Eliot +famous. "It is the finest thing since Shakspere," said Charles Reade. +Her success, however, did not lead to hasty production. She wrote only +six novels during the remainder of her life. "I can write no word that +is not prompted from within," she said. "The Mill on the Floss" was +written in 1860; "Silas Marner" in 1861; "Romola" in 1863; "Felix Holt" +in 1866; "Middlemarch" in 1871-1872; and "Daniel Deronda" in 1876. + +In 1880 Miss Mary Ann Evans became Mrs Walter Cross, but after a few +months of wedded life she died of inflammation of the heart at 4 Cheyne +Walk, Chelsea. Her husband wrote her biography, not with much success. +So entirely was George Eliot's best mind concentrated upon her books +that her letters, and indeed her personality, were a disappointment to +all but a few hero-worshippers. + + +The novels, with two volumes of poems and two of essays, make up George +Eliot's collected works. The essays written before and after her novels +give, like her letters, but few indications of her remarkable powers. +Nor, although "The Spanish Gipsy" is deeply interesting, can her poetry +be counted for much. "The Choir Invisible" is her best known poem. It is +by her novels that she must be judged, and these, for insight into +character, analysis of the motives which guide men, and sympathy with +the intellectual and moral struggles which make up so large a part of +life, have a literary niche to themselves. With singular catholicity she +paints the simplest faith and the highest idealism. Whether it be an +Evangelical clergyman, a Dissenting minister, or a Methodist +factory-girl, she enters into the spirit of their lives with fullest +sympathy. Carlyle could see in Methodism only "a religion fit for gross +and vulgar-minded people, a religion so-called, and the essence of it +_cowardice_ and _hunger_, terror of pain and appetite for pleasure both +carried to the infinite." George Eliot's sympathies were wider. She won +the heart of Methodists, who have stood in imagination listening to +Dinah Morris addressing the Hayslope peasantry, as she gained the +devotion of Roman Catholics like Lord Acton, who have seen in her +portrait of Savonarola a wise expression of their faith. And it is not +only in religious matters that her sympathies are so broad. The +sententious dulness of Mr Macey is as much within the range of her +feelings as the manliness of Adam Bede or the scholastic pride of old +Bardo. She feels equally for the weak and frivolous Hetty and the lofty, +self-sustained Romola. "At least eighty out of a hundred," she says, "of +your adult male fellow-Britons returned in the last census are neither +extraordinarily silly nor extraordinarily wicked, nor extraordinarily +wise; their eyes are neither deep and liquid with sentiment, nor +sparkling with suppressed witticisms; they have probably had no +hairbreadth escapes or thrilling adventures; their brains are certainly +not pregnant with genius, and their passions have not manifested +themselves at all after the fashion of a volcano. They are simply men of +complexions more or less muddy, whose conversation is more or less bald +and disjointed. Yet these commonplace people--many of them--bear a +conscience, and have felt the sublime promptings to do the painful +right; they have their unspoken sorrows and their sacred joys; their +hearts have perhaps gone out towards their first-born, and they have +mourned over the irreclaimable dead. Nay, is there not a pathos in their +very insignificance, in our comparison of their dim and narrow existence +with the glorious possibilities of that human nature which they share? +Depend upon it you would gain unspeakably if you would learn with me to +see some of the poetry and the pathos, the tragedy and the comedy, lying +in the experience of a human soul that looks out through dull gray eyes, +and that speaks in a voice of quite ordinary tones." The creations of +George Eliot,--Tito and Baldassare, Mrs Poyser and Silas Marner, Dorothy +Brooke and Gwendolen,--are not as familiar to the reading public of +to-day as they were to that of ten or fifteen years ago. Of the +idolatry which almost made her a prophetess of a new cult we hear +nothing now. She has not maintained her position as Dickens, Thackeray, +and Charlotte Bronte have maintained theirs. But if there be little of +partisanship and much detraction, it is idle to deny that George Eliot's +many gifts, her humour, her pathos, her remarkable intellectual +endowments, give her an assured place among the writers of Victorian +literature. + + +The next in order of prominence among the novelists of the period is +=Charles Kingsley (1819-1875)=. He was born at Holne Vicarage, on the +borders of Dartmoor, and was educated at King's College, London, and +Magdalen College, Cambridge. After this he received the curacy of +Eversley, in Hampshire, of which parish he finally became rector. In +1848 he published a drama entitled "The Saint's Tragedy," with St +Elizabeth of Hungary as heroine. A year later his novel of "Alton Locke" +gained him the title of "The Chartist Parson." This tale, in which +Carlyle is introduced in the person of an old Scotch bookseller, was a +crude and yet vigorous expression of sympathy with the Chartist +movement, and its influence was tremendous. For its sympathy with the +working classes, and in its reflection of the broad and tolerant +Christianity of which Kingsley was always the eloquent preacher, "Alton +Locke," in common with "Yeast" and "Two Years Ago," is a valuable +contribution to literature. Kingsley, however, became a truer artist +when, as in "Hypatia" and "Westward Ho!" he had not social and religious +ends in view. "Hypatia," in spite of many historical errors, is a +brilliant sketch of the early Church at Alexandria. Gibbon, from whom +Kingsley obtained the hint for this book, would have revelled in the +apparent endorsement by a latter-day clergyman of his estimate of the +early Christianity of the East. "Westward Ho!" is a picturesque +narrative of English rivalry with Spain in the reign of Elizabeth. The +contrasts of character in Frank and Amyas Leigh perhaps give this novel +a claim to be considered Kingsley's best effort. He wrote many other +works, including children's stories, scientific lectures, and poems, +among which last the beautiful ballads, "The Three Fishers" and "The +Sands of Dee," are the most popular. For nine years he held the office +of Professor of Modern History at Cambridge University, but his +unphilosophical views of history made his presence there a misfortune. A +model country clergyman, a man essentially healthy-minded and interested +in all phases of life and thought, Kingsley's influence, especially on +young men, during the past five-and-thirty years, has been very great +and very beneficial. + + +=Henry Kingsley (1830-1876)=, a younger brother of Charles, wrote many +novels and romances, three of them memorable. "Geoffrey Hamlyn" is +popular as the best novel of Australian life. To Australia he had gone +to make his fortune at the diggings. He did not make a fortune, but +joined the colonial mounted police instead. Compelled by his office to +attend an execution, he threw up the post in disgust, and returned to +England to find his brother installed as Vicar of Eversley and on the +high road to fame. Little wonder that he attempted to emulate him, and +he succeeded. + +Never, surely, has literature produced two brothers so remarkable, and +at the same time so different. Both gave us energetic heroes, and loved +manliness. In Charles Kingsley, however, the novelist was always largely +subordinated to the preacher. In Henry there was nothing of the preacher +whatever. "Geoffrey Hamlyn," "Ravenshoe" and "The Hillyars and The +Burtons," are all forcible, effective works, and they have secured +generous praise and appreciation from many a literary colleague. But +Henry was a bit of a ne'er-do-well, and so his personality has been +carefully screened from the public. His name is not even mentioned in +Charles Kingsley's biography. Sir Edwin Arnold, however, who knew him +at Oxford, and Mrs Thackeray Ritchie, who knew him towards the end of +his life, testify to certain delightful qualities of mind and heart +which peculiarly appealed to them.[8] + + +A writer not less successful than Charles Kingsley, but in no way +comparable as a man, was =Edward Bulwer Lytton (1803-1873)=, Baron +Lytton, who was born in London, and created no small sensation in 1828 +by the publication of "Pelham." This was followed by a long list of +novels of infinite variety. Some dealt with the preternatural like +"Zanoni," and others with history, psychology, and ethics. Of these the +most popular were doubtless the historical "Harold," "Rienzi," "The Last +of the Barons," and "The Last Days of Pompeii," which still hold their +own with the younger generation. The thoughtful men of to-day do not +however read "The Caxtons" as they did in the sixties and seventies. +Lytton was one of the cleverest men of his age--using the word in no +friendly sense--he was a clever novelist, a clever dramatist (his comedy +of "Money," and his tragedies "Richelieu" and "The Lady of Lyons," +still hold the stage), and a clever Parliamentary debater. + + +Another writer, with higher claims to consideration than those of +literature, was =Benjamin Disraeli (1804-1881)=, Earl of Beaconsfield. +Disraeli entered life under conditions peculiarly favourable to a +successful literary career. His father, Isaac D'Israeli, was an +enthusiastic bookworm, whose "Curiosities of Literature" and other books +are an inexhaustible mine of anecdote on the quarrels and calamities of +authors. The young Disraeli wrote "Vivian Grey" in 1827, following this +very successful effort with "The Young Duke," "Venetia," "Henrietta +Temple," and other novels. In 1837 he was returned to Parliament as +member for Maidstone. His career as an orator and statesman does not +concern us here; suffice to say that of his many later novels +"Coningsby," "Tancred," and "Sybil" are by far the ablest and most +brilliant, and that "Sybil" was an effective exposure of many abuses in +the relations of capital to labour. In addition to his work as a +novelist, Lord Beaconsfield wrote an able biography of his friend and +colleague, Lord George Bentinck. + + +One of the most successful of the greater novelists of the reign was +=Charles Reade (1814-1884)=, who first became famous by "Peg +Woffington" in 1852. "The Cloister and the Hearth" was published in +1861, and "Griffith Gaunt" in 1866. Several of his later novels were +written "with a purpose." In "Hard Cash" he drew attention to the abuses +of private lunatic asylums; in "Foul Play" he aroused public interest in +the iniquities of ship-knackers; in "Put Yourself in His Place," he +attacked Trades Unions, and in "Never Too Late to Mend" he exposed some +of the abuses of our prison system as it existed at that time. Reade was +also an industrious dramatist; "Masks and Faces," and "Drink," are among +his most popular plays. Of all his books "The Cloister and the Hearth" +is the best, and also the most widely read. It has for its hero the +father of Erasmus. + + +Those who in days to come will want to know what provincial life was +really like in England in early Victorian times will enquire for the +novels of =Anthony Trollope (1815-1822)=. "Barchester Towers," +"Framley Parsonage," and "Dr Thorne," are the most popular of a series +of tales, in all of which the country life of England, its clergy and +squirearchy, are portrayed. Trollope wrote on many subjects. His "Life +of Cicero" secured the commendation of Professor Freeman, and his +biography of Thackeray, though all too slight, is the best book about +the author of "Vanity Fair" that has so far been given us. + + +Another novelist of about equal status with Trollope in mid-Victorian +fiction is =George John Whyte Melville (1821-1878)=. Major Whyte +Melville is the novelist of all lovers of the hunting-field, and +strangely enough he fell a victim to the very sport which he had done so +much to picture. He was killed by a fall from his horse. Whyte +Melville's hunting novels include "Katerfelto" and "Black but Comely." +He also wrote historical novels, of which "The Queen's Maries" and "The +Gladiators" were the most popular, and he had a pretty gift of verse. + + +Literature has rarely produced a more picturesque figure than =Robert +Louis Stevenson (1850-1894)=. The son of a famous Scottish engineer he +was destined, like his great countryman Sir Walter Scott, for a +Writership to the Signet. He took, however, to literature instead, and +died at forty-four in Samoa,--where he had gone for his health,--after a +remarkable literary achievement. With a style not always rigidly +grammatical, but always impressive and distinguished, he shone in many +branches of literary work. He wrote travel pictures like "With a Donkey +in the Cevennes," which were incomparably superior to those of any +contemporary; his plays--written in collaboration with Mr W. E. +Henley--had a power of their own, and one of them, "Beau Austin," +although not accepted by the public, is probably the greatest +contribution to the drama of the era. As a critic of life and of books +Stevenson has also an honourable place. I know of no better treatment of +the one than "Virginibus Puerisque," or of the other than "Some Aspects +of Robert Burns." He has given abundant pleasure to children by "A +Child's Garden of Verses," and in "Underwoods" he has scarcely less +successfully appealed to their elders. + +It is as a novelist, however, that Stevenson fills the largest place. He +is the inheritor of the traditions of Scott, with the world-pain of his +own epoch superadded. Men and boys alike have found "Treasure Island" +absorbing, while men have also pondered over the widely different powers +which are displayed in "The New Arabian Nights" and "The Master of +Ballantrae," "Prince Otto," and "St Ives." "Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde" is a +parable which has thrilled us all. + + +Stevenson delighted to call Mr George Meredith his master, and the two +men were friends of years. =George Meredith (1828- )= began his +literary career in 1851, with a volume of poems, one of which, "Love in +a Valley," is still an unqualified joy to all who read it. Mr Meredith +has published several volumes of poems since then, and all of them have +their loyal admirers, but it is as a novelist that the world at large +appraises him. + +His concentrated thought and vivid passion have gained for him the title +of the "Browning of novelists." Each of his books in turn has had its +ardent partisans among cultivated and thoughtful readers. "The Shaving +of Shagpat" appeared in 1856, and "Farina" in 1857. "The Ordeal of +Richard Feverel," which appeared in 1859, is by many considered +Meredith's best novel. It treats, with subtle humour and profound +philosophical insight, of the problem of a youth's education, and is +full of truth to life. "Feverel" was followed by "Evan Harrington" +(1861), while "Rhoda Fleming" (1865), "The Adventures of Harry Richmond" +(1871), "Beauchamp's Career" (1876), "The Egoist" (1879), "The Tragic +Comedians" (1881), and "Diana of the Crossways" (1885), have each of +them abundance of readers. Merely to enumerate George Meredith's novels +is to call to the memory of all who have read them a widening of mental +and moral vision. The rich vein of poetry running through the books, +their humour and imagination, place their author in the very front rank +of English novelists. "I should never forgive myself," said Robert Louis +Stevenson, "if I forgot 'The Egoist,' which, of all the novels I have +read (and I have read thousands), stands in a place by itself. I have +read 'The Egoist' five or six times, and I mean to read it again." +Others have spoken with equal enthusiasm of "Sandra Belloni," with its +sweet singer Emilia; others of "Beauchamp's Career," with its +aristocratic Radical, now generally understood to have been intended for +Admiral Maxse. + +Mr Meredith dedicated his volume of "Poems" of 1851 to =Thomas Love +Peacock (1785-1866)=, who, perhaps, more than any other writer +influenced his own style. Peacock was born at Weymouth, and he was +mainly self-educated. In 1804 and 1806 he published two small volumes of +poetry, "The Monks of St Mark" and "Palmyra." In 1812 he became +acquainted with Shelley, and the two were intimate at Great Marlow where +Peacock lived in 1815, and later. Peacock's novels "Headlong Hall" +(1816-1817), "Melincourt" (1817) and "Nightmare Abbey" (1818), which +have been two or three times reprinted within the last five or six +years, gained no commensurate attention on their appearance, although +one of them was translated into French. In 1819 Peacock became a clerk +in the India House, and married a Welsh girl, Jane Gryffdh. "Maid +Marion" appeared in 1822, "Crotchet Castle" in 1831, and in 1837 "Paper +Money Lyrics and other Poems." All the novels I have named, and they +are his most famous, belong to the pre-Victorian period, but "Gryll +Grange," his last novel, was published in 1861. Peacock is interesting +as a novelist and for his relations with other famous men. He was, as I +have said, the friend of Shelley, and he was the father-in-law of Mr +George Meredith. Added to this he succeeded to James Mill's post at the +India House, and vacated it for James Mill's son, John Stuart Mill. + +To R. L. Stevenson we undoubtedly owe much of the impulse to the modern +romantic movement, which adds every day an historical novel or a story +of adventure to our libraries. It has given us Stanley Weyman, "Q" (A. +T. Quiller Couch), "Anthony Hope," Max Pemberton, and Conan Doyle, the +creator of Sherlock Holmes. Another Scotsman, =George MacDonald (1824- )=, +whose "Robert Falconer," "David Elginbrod," and "Alec Forbes +of Howglen," have charmed nearly a generation, had less influence than +might have been thought upon the younger Scottish writers, who have made +Scottish scenes and Scottish dialect so marked an element in many +popular works. James Matthew Barrie, for example, had written "A Window +in Thrums," before he had read one of Dr MacDonald's books. Mr Barrie +was probably influenced, however, by John Galt (1779-1859), whose +"Ayrshire Legatees" and "Annals of the Parish" were written before the +Queen began to reign. + +A writer whose most striking book was published sufficiently long ago to +justify its inclusion here, was =Joseph Henry Shorthouse (1834- )=. His +"John Inglesant" gained for him a reputation which his "Sir Percival" +did not sustain. Mr Shorthouse has written nothing since "John +Inglesant" so beautiful as his "Little Schoolmaster Mark," a singularly +poetical conception of abnormal childhood. + +The best stories for children have been written by =Lewis Carroll +(1833- )=. This is the pseudonym of the Rev. Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, a +lecturer on mathematics at Christ Church, Oxford, and the author of +several mathematical text-books. In "Euclid and his Modern Rivals" and +"A Tangled Tale," Mr Dodgson has succeeded in combining his taste for +science with a rich humour, but his fame rests upon his remarkable +fairy-stories, "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland," published in 1865, +and its sequel, "Through the Looking-Glass," which appeared in 1872. Men +and women, quite as much as little children, have found pleasure and +entertainment in these happy efforts of a genius as individual as +anything our age has produced. + + +I have purposely all but ignored many writers of fiction who are still +actively engaged in literary pursuits. The daily journals bring their +achievements sufficiently to the front. But literary workers owe so much +to the untiring zeal of =Sir Walter Besant (1838- )= in their behalf, +that at the risk of inconsistency I mention his "All Sorts and +Conditions of Men," a story which not only sold by thousands, but had a +practical influence such as is rarely given to poet or novelist to +achieve. The writer dreams of a wealthy heiress devoting her time and +money to purifying and elevating the East End of London. She builds a +Palace of Delight, and devotes it to the service of the people. In May, +1887, the dream was realised, for the Queen opened just such a Palace +for the People in the Mile-End Road. How far this institution, the +outcome of a novelist's imagination and the generous subscriptions of +philanthropists, has achieved the regeneration of the London poor, +history has yet to record. Sir Walter Besant wrote at an earlier period +twelve novels in conjunction with =James Rice (1843-1882)=, a +collaborator of singular humour and imagination. Of the books written +conjointly, "Ready Money Mortiboy" and "The Golden Butterfly" are the +most popular. + + +Passing from the acknowledged masters in imaginative literature, one +turns to a crowd of popular and interesting writers who have charmed and +delighted multitudes of readers. Foremost among these are Lever and +Marryat. =Charles Lever (1806-1872)= was for some time editor of the +_Dublin University Magazine_, but his Irish stories, "Charles O'Malley" +and "Harry Lorrequer" are his chief title to fame. That the rollicking +humour of these books still commands attention is proved by a recent +luxurious re-issue of them.[9] + +Another Irishman, who won the affections of Irishmen as Lever won their +laughter, was =William Carleton (1798-1869)=, who was born at +Prillisk, county Tyrone. He was the youngest of fourteen children. His +equal knowledge of Irish and English gave him an intimacy with the +folk-lore and fairy tales, which make up so large a part in the lives of +the poorer among his countrymen, and "Traits and Stories of the Irish +Peasantry" (1833) and "Tales of Ireland" (1834), were the result. His +romance, "Fardorougha the Miser," appeared in 1839, and he treated in +1847 of the horrors of the Irish famine in his "Black Prophet." Carleton +has for many years ceased to be read in England, but he shares in the +revived interest in Irish literature, which has taken the place of +interest in Irish politics. =Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu (1814-1873)= also +made a great success with "Uncle Silas" (1864) and "In a Glass Darkly" +(1872). + +=Frederick Marryat (1792-1848)= ran away to sea several times before +his father, a member of Parliament of great wealth, consented to his +being a sailor. He was a successful and popular naval officer before he +was twenty-one. He was thirty-seven years of age when he wrote his first +novel, "Frank Mildmay," the success of which led him to adopt literature +as the profession of his later life. Of his many novels, of which "Mr +Midshipman Easy" and "Peter Simple" are perhaps the best, several +appeared in the _Metropolitan Magazine_, which Marryat edited for four +years. Not only is Marryat the most delightful of writers for boys, but +it is interesting to note that both Carlyle and Ruskin during long terms +of illness solaced themselves with his wonderful sea-stories. + + +A writer who gave much healthy pleasure to schoolboys was =William Henry +Giles Kingston (1814-1880)=, who left behind him one hundred and +twenty-five stories of the sea. Another writer for boys, =William +Harrison Ainsworth (1805-1882)=, was the son of a Manchester +solicitor. The majority of his thirty novels treat of historical themes. +The best of them, "Old St Paul's," "The Tower of London," and +"Rookwood," have been translated into most modern languages. Scarcely +less popular for a time was =G. P. R. James (1801-1860)=, who also +dealt freely with history. Thackeray burlesqued James so skilfully that +he has already become a tradition. He was British Consul in Virginia, +and afterwards at Venice, where he died. + + +Living English novelists of well-deserved popularity, are Mr Hardy, Mr +Black, and Mr Blackmore. + +=Thomas Hardy (1840- )= made his earlier fame by "Far from the Madding +Crowd" (1874). He made his later popularity by "Tess of the +D'Urbervilles" (1892). Between these books came two stories greater than +either--"The Return of the Native" (1878) and "The Woodlanders" (1887). +One must read those books to appreciate how very great a novelist Mr +Hardy is, how full of poetry and of insight. The Dorsetshire landscape +which, under the guise of "Wessex," he has made so familiar, will be +classic ground for many a day to all lovers of good literature. + + +Although =William Black (1841- )=, who was born in Glasgow, has +written numerous stories about the West Highlands of Scotland, he has no +affinity whatever to the new Scotch school. He made his first appearance +as a novelist in 1867 with "Love or Marriage," and almost every year +since he has published a story, over thirty novels now bearing his name. +Black has recognised the value of the picturesque back-ground afforded +by West Highland scenery, with its accompanying incidents in the outdoor +life of the deer stalker and angler. He has given us some real +characterization in "A Daughter of Heth" (1871), in "Madcap Violet" +(1876): while "Macleod of Dare" (1878) is perhaps the best thing he has +written. + + +=Richard Doddridge Blackmore (1825- )= has written many interesting +novels, but it has been his perverse fate to live by only one of them. +"Lorna Doone" was published in 1869, and although received coldly at +first, finally achieved great popularity: and visits to the Lorna Doone +country, as that part of Devonshire is called, make part of the +travelled education of every literary American. As a master of rustic +comedy he stands unexcelled in our day, and the merits of certain other +novels--"The Maid of Sker," "Christowell" and "Cripps the Carrier"--may +some day become more fully recognised. + + +Not less popular than the novelist of locality--for this description may +surely be applied to Mr Hardy and the two other writers I have named--is +the novelist of sensation. =William Wilkie Collins (1824-1889)= was +the most prominent exponent of that School. "The Woman in White," which +appeared in 1860 in _All the Year Round_, took the town by storm, but +Count Fosco would be pronounced a tiresome villain to-day. With "The +Moonstone" and "The New Magdalen" Wilkie Collins secured almost equal +success. Although it has been affirmed that a new Wilkie Collins, that +is to say a novelist of pure sensation, might even now have a great +vogue, it is quite certain that the actual Wilkie Collins has lost the +greater part of his.[10] Another novelist who presents himself as little +more than a name to the present generation is =Samuel Warren +(1807-1877)=. He was a doctor, and, like his homotype, Mr Conan Doyle +half a century later, studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh. +His "Passages from the Diary of a Late Physician" began in _Blackwood's +Magazine_ in 1830, and was well received, but a still greater success +attended his "Ten Thousand a Year," which appeared first in the same +periodical. + + +Time has dealt unkindly with Samuel Warren: it is yet to be seen how +time will deal with another popular favourite, =Mrs Henry Wood +(1820-1887)=, who was born in Worcestershire and made the city of +Worcester the centre of many of her stories. The "Channings" and "Mrs +Halliburton's Troubles" are her best novels and they have had a +well-deserved popularity, for Mrs Wood had a splendid faculty for +telling a story. Her even more popular novel, "East Lynne," will +probably survive for many a year as a stage play. + + +Next to Charlotte Bronte and George Eliot the most distinguished woman +novelist of the era is =Mrs Gaskell (1810-1865)=, who, as Elizabeth +Cleghorn Stevenson, married William Gaskell, a Unitarian minister of +Manchester. Mrs Gaskell's first literary success was "Mary Barton," the +story of a Manchester factory girl. "Ruth," "North and South," and +"Sylvia's Lovers" were equally successful, but the two books which are +certain to secure immortality to their author are "Cranford" (1853), and +"The Life of Charlotte Bronte" (1857). "Cranford" is an idyll of village +life which is sure to charm many generations of readers, and not a few +artists have delighted to illustrate its quaint and fascinating +character studies. "Cranford" has been identified with Knutsford in +Cheshire. Mrs Gaskell's biography of her friend Charlotte Bronte has +probably had a larger sale than any other biography in our literature. +Many causes contributed to this--the popularity of the Bronte novels, +the exceptionally romantic and pathetic life of their authors, Mrs +Gaskell's own fame as a writer of fiction, and the literary skill with +which she treated the material at her command. + + +Other women writers who have had a large measure of fame, and are now +well-nigh forgotten, are Mrs Marsh (1791-1874), who wrote "The Admiral's +Daughter" and "The Deformed," Mrs Crowe (1800-1876), who wrote "Susan +Hopley" and "The Night Side of Nature," Mrs Archer Clive (1801-1873), +who wrote "Paul Ferroll," Lady Georgiana Fullerton (1812-1885), the +author of "Ann Sherwood," Mrs Stretton (1812-1878), who wrote "The +Valley of a Hundred Fires." + + +All these are now little more than names to us, but not so =Anne +Manning (1800-1879)=, whose "Maiden and Married Life of Mary Powell" +will long continue to be read. It is an effective presentation of Milton +and his first wife. =Mrs Norton (1808-1877)=, "the Byron of +poetesses," as Lockhart described her, wrote several novels, "Stuart of +Dunleath" and "Lost and Saved" being perhaps the best known in their +time, but she lives now mainly in George Meredith's "Diana of the +Crossways." =Dinah Mulock (1826-1887)= (Mrs Craik) may still be ranked +among our most popular novelists, although her best and most successful +book, "John Halifax, Gentleman," was published in 1857. The memory of +=Julia Kavanagh (1824-1877)=, although her "Madeleine" was +enthusiastically greeted on its appearance, has all but faded away. Miss +Kavanagh's "Woman in France in the 18th Century," "English Women of +Letters," and "French Women of Letters," were handsomely got-up books, +and are still to be found in many old-fashioned libraries. + + +Two of the most popular writers for children were A.L.O.E. and Mrs +Ewing. A.L.O.E. or A Lady of England, was the pseudonym of =Charlotte +Maria Tucker (1821-1893)=, who after many years of successful literary +labour, went out to India for the Church Missionary Society, at the age +of fifty-four. Miss Tucker's most popular stories were "Pride and his +Pursuers," "Exiles in Babylon," "House Beautiful," and "Cyril Ashley." +Scarcely less popular was =Mrs Ewing (1841-1885)=, whose mother, Mrs +Gatty, edited _Aunt Judy's Magazine_. It was in this magazine that Mrs +Ewing's "Remembrances of Mrs Overtheway" made their appearance. + + +Another writer of great popularity, =Mrs Charles (1828-1896)=, secured +an immense success with "The Schoenberg-Cotta Family," "Kitty Trevelyan's +Diary," and other books of a semi-religious, semi-historical tendency. +It is a natural association, not derived from similarity of name, to +mention =Maria Louisa Charlesworth (1819-1880)= at the same time, +because Miss Charlesworth's "Ministering Children" had an enormous +success with the religious public of England,--the public which supports +Missionary Societies and Sunday Schools. + + +I might easily devote many pages to the living women novelists who have +impressed themselves upon the era; but that scarcely comes within the +scope of this little book. There are, to name but a few, Mrs Lynn +Linton, Mrs Humphry Ward, Ouida, Miss Braddon, Miss Marie Corelli, Miss +Olive Schreiner, Miss Rhoda Broughton, Edna Lyall, Lucas Malet, Miss +Charlotte Yonge, Miss Adeline Sergeant, Mrs Macquoid, Mrs Alexander, Mrs +W. K. Clifford--names which recall to thousands of readers many familiar +books and some of the happiest hours they have ever spent. + + +With the name of =Mrs Oliphant (1828-1897)=, who has recently died, I +may fitly close this survey of Victorian fiction. Mrs Oliphant struck +the note of the era alike in her versatility and in her lack of +thoroughness. She was so versatile that she once offered to write a +whole number of _Blackwood's Magazine_, a publication to which she was +for years a valued contributor. And she would have done it with fair +effectiveness. That she wrote good fiction is now generally +acknowledged. She wrote also biography, criticism, and every form of +prose. Her "Makers of Florence" has been a popular history,--it treats +of Dante, Giotto, and Savonarola,--as her "Life of Edward Irving" has +been a popular biography. She wrote many other books apart from her +fiction, "A History of Eighteenth Century Literature," a "Memoir of +Principal Tulloch," biographies of Cervantes and Moliere, and a volume +on "Dress." But she was not a good critic, nor was she a very accurate +student. It is upon her novels that her fame will have to rest. "Salem +Chapel," a skilful delineation of a minister and his congregation, has +been compared to George Eliot's "Silas Marner." "Passages in the Life of +Margaret Maitland" (1849) was her first novel and "The Lady's Walk" +(1897) her last, and in the intervening years she probably wrote sixty +or seventy stories, each of them containing indications of a genius +which, with more concentration, would have given her an enduring place +in English fiction. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[8] Charles Kingsley's novels and miscellaneous writings are published +by Macmillan & Co., in twenty-nine volumes. Henry Kingsley's novels have +been recently issued by Ward & Lock in twelve volumes. + +[9] "The Collected Works of Charles Lever." Downey & Co. + +[10] A New Library Edition of the novels of Wilkie Collins has just been +published by Chatto and Windus. + + + + +CHAPTER III + +The Historians + + +The reign of Victoria has been pre-eminently the reign of the historian +in our literature. Greater poets we had seen in the reigns of the +Georges, greater essayists in the reign of Anne. But Grote and Carlyle, +Macaulay and Gardiner, Bishop Stubbs and Dr Freeman, had no counterparts +in an earlier age--always excepting the one great name of Gibbon. Before +them there were chroniclers of contemporary events and pamphleteers +under the guise of historians, but little more. Goldsmith's histories +are the laughing-stock of those to whom the modern methods of research +are familiar, and even Hume had little of the spirit of the genuine +student. Hallam and Lingard were the pioneers in this branch of +literature, although both of them had done their work before Queen +Victoria came to the throne. + +=Henry Hallam (1777-1859)= was born at Windsor, where his father held +a canonry. His first great work, entitled "View of the State of Europe +during the Middle Ages," was published in 1818, and his "Constitutional +History of England, from the Accession of Henry VII. to the Death of +George II.," in 1827. In 1838 he produced his "Introduction to the +Literature of Europe in the Fifteenth, Sixteenth, and Seventeenth +Centuries." Of these three works the first and the last are valuable +mainly for their stimulus to the more philosophical and imaginative work +of later writers, but the "Constitutional History" remains the text-book +for the period which it covers. Macaulay praised it highly, possibly +because of the Whiggism which undoubtedly underlies some of the more +debatable propositions in the book; but Macaulay and many other writers +have disputed the correctness of many of Hallam's judgments. To write +the constitutional history of England from the earliest period to the +year 1485, where Hallam begins, was a far more difficult undertaking +than to deal with the reigns of the Tudors and the Stuarts. This work +devolved on Dr Stubbs. + +=William Stubbs (1825- )=, who was appointed Bishop of Oxford in 1889, +was born at Knaresborough, and was educated at Ripon Grammar School and +at Christ Church, Oxford. In 1850 he became vicar of Navestock, in +Essex, and in 1862 he was made librarian at Lambeth Palace. His editions +of mediaeval chronicles were well calculated to smooth the path of any +future historian, and the critical introductions showed the profound +scholarship of the editor. Probably no one man has done so much to throw +light on the obscure by-ways of history, and as Regius Professor of +Modern History at Oxford, a post he accepted in 1866, he gave so great a +stimulus to historical study that many brilliant writers have since been +proud to call him "master." In 1870 he published his "Select Charters," +of which the "Introductions" are also invaluable, and between 1874 and +1878 he wrote his great work, "The Constitutional History of England in +its Origin and Development," the three volumes of which carry us down to +the death of Richard III. The book is profoundly scientific in its +method, but it is a mistaken, although popular, belief which classes Dr +Stubbs among Dryasdust investigators. The work glows with life and +interest, and is full of suggestive parallels for modern political +society. + +The work of tracing the growth of the English constitution, which had +been so worthily begun by Hallam, and continued in so wise and scholarly +a fashion by Bishop Stubbs, was carried on by =Sir Thomas Erskine May +(1815-1886)=, who, a few days before his death, was created Baron +Farnborough. After a long official career in connection with the House +of Commons, he was appointed Clerk to the House in 1871. In addition to +several publications dealing with Parliamentary forms, and a book on +"Democracy in Europe," he wrote a "Constitutional History since the +Accession of George III.," thus continuing the work from the point at +which Hallam had dropped it, and completing a continuous history of the +English Constitution. + +When we turn to what is more popularly understood by the history of a +country, the political and social life of peoples, and the wars and +conquests of nations, we are not less fortunate in the results attained. +=John Lingard (1771-1851)= had, it is true, written his great work +before 1837. "The History of England, from the First Invasion by the +Romans to the Commencement of the Reign of William III.," appeared in +eight volumes between 1819 and 1830. Lingard was the son of a Winchester +carpenter. He was for some time the Professor of Moral Philosophy at a +Roman Catholic College. His religious views doubtless affected, in +considerable measure, his judgment of events, especially in the reign of +Henry VIII., but he is a fairly impartial historian. He confesses that +he has been more anxious to arrive at the facts than troubled as to the +garb in which those facts were presented to the public, and his work is +really very dull in consequence. A contemporary of Lingard, who covered +much of the same historic ground, was Sharon Turner (1768-1847), and yet +another was =John Mitchell Kemble (1807-1857)=, whose "Saxons in +England" (1849) still fills a useful place. Another distinguished +writer, of what we may term the earlier school of historical research, +was =Sir Francis Palgrave (1788-1861)=, one of whose accomplished sons, +Francis Turner Palgrave, is still living (born 1824), whilom Professor +of Poetry at Oxford and the friend of Tennyson, the author of excellent +verse, and, moreover, the editor of that incomparable volume, the +"Golden Treasury of Songs and Lyrics." Sir Francis was the son of a +Jewish stockbroker named Cohen, and changed his name on becoming a +Christian. His best book, the "History of Normandy and of England," lost +much of its value by the publication of Freeman's monumental work, "The +History of the Norman Conquest." + +=Edward Augustus Freeman (1823-1892)= was born at Harborne, in +Staffordshire, and educated at Trinity College, Oxford. His first work +was a "History of Architecture," published in 1849. In 1863 he issued +the first volume of a "History of Federal Government." The "History of +the Norman Conquest," in five large volumes, appeared between 1867 and +1876, and the "Reign of William Rufus, and Accession of Henry I.," in +1882. His "Old English History" was a most delightful collection of the +primitive stories which have always had a great fascination for +beginners in history. There was scarcely any period of European history +with which the author of the "Norman Conquest" did not show a thorough +familiarity. No historian has had a keener grasp of hard solid facts, or +is more able to make common-sense deductions from them. "I am quite +unable," he candidly confessed, "to appreciate physical or metaphysical +works in any language," and he hated literary discussion, which he +contemptuously termed "Chatter about Harriet," in reference to the +debatable question of Shelley's treatment of his wife. Perhaps this lack +of breadth did not materially spoil him for his work. Of his many +volumes of histories and essays, those on the "Norman Conquest" must be +given the first place. It has been said, indeed, that the work takes as +long to read as the event took to achieve, but it is worth reading +nevertheless. The battle of Hastings, or, as Mr Freeman would say, of +Senlac, was a turning-point in our national history, and we have here +the most complete description of that great struggle. Since Freeman's +death some attempt has been made to question his accuracy and his +scholarship; but it has not amounted to very much. When Dr Stubbs, with +whom difference of political views has in no way impaired a lifelong +friendship, was appointed Bishop of Chester in 1884, Mr Freeman +succeeded him as Regius Professor of Modern History at Oxford, where he +was followed on his death by Mr Froude. + +It would be hard to find a greater contrast, both in method and in +manner, than between Edward Freeman and James Anthony Froude. Freeman's +style, though clear and trenchant, was never brilliant; Froude's +language compares with that of the best artists in literature. Freeman +was always scrupulously exact, never at fault in a fact or a date; +Froude was notoriously careless, and slipped at every turn. Freeman +cared nothing for theories; Froude was never so happy as when he stopped +abruptly in a description to discourse on the mysteries of Providence or +the follies of mankind. Between men of such opposite natures no +friendship was possible, and in the _Saturday Review_ and other +periodicals Freeman commented vigorously, and not always fairly, on the +other's inaccuracy. + +=James Anthony Froude (1818-1894)= was one of three gifted brothers, +another being William Froude (1810-1879), the mathematician and +engineer; and the third, Richard Hurrell Froude (1803-1836), a leader of +the Tractarian movement, whose "Literary Remains" were published after +his death by Keble and Newman. Froude was educated at Oriel College, +Oxford, and for a time came under the influence of the movement of which +his elder brother was a leading spirit, but ultimately he abandoned +supernatural Christianity altogether, substituting for it a kind of +poetic Theism which he partly adopted from Carlyle. In 1847 he published +anonymously two novels, "The Spirit's Trials" and "The Lieutenant's +Daughter," which contained some not very generous criticisms on his +brother and former friends. His "Nemesis of Faith," which appeared in +1848, was a further criticism of the doctrines which he had abandoned. +Between the years 1856 and 1869 he published the twelve volumes of his +great work, "The History of England, from the Fall of Wolsey to the +Defeat of the Spanish Armada," which achieved a great and, in many +respects, a well-deserved popularity. Rarely indeed has history been +written with so much brilliancy and picturesque power. The earlier +volumes have been much discredited among historical students: yet we +would not willingly miss such delightful word-painting as his +description of the Pilgrimage of Grace and other scenes in the career of +the Eighth Henry, whom he selected for rehabilitation. It was, of +course, a vain and impossible task to remove the odium which has settled +upon the name of Henry VIII.; but it was as well that the attempt should +be made. Henry had appeared to the mass of modern Englishmen as an +old-world ogre, and Mr Froude has at least enabled them to see that he +was after all a man. Mr Freeman, himself the most conscientious and +laborious of writers, expressed his hearty contempt for an author who +professed in the preface to his history that he took up the subject +because he had "nothing better to do." As, however, Froude warmed to his +work his book increased in value, and there are few who will deny the +most sterling worth to his "Edward VI.," "Mary," and "Elizabeth." His +escape from Tractarianism had made him unfriendly to all kindred +movements, and his views of the struggle between Catholicism and +Evangelicalism in the sixteenth century are more worthy of a Puritan +divine than of an academic writer of our own day. But we can forgive all +this, and much more, to one who has described with so much delicate +fancy the adventurous life of Drake and Hawkins, the intrigues of the +Scottish Queen, and the restless fickleness and untruthfulness of +Elizabeth. His exquisite literary style and general breadth of sympathy +are shown in such passages as his sketch of the rise of Protestantism +and the execution of More and Fisher:-- + +"Whilst we exult in that chivalry with which the Smithfield martyrs +bought England's freedom with their blood, so we will not refuse our +admiration to those other gallant men whose high forms, in the sunset of +the old faith, stand transfigured on the horizon, tinged with the light +of its dying glory."[11] + +Inaccuracy and tactlessness, however, seemed to haunt Mr Froude like +evil spirits. He wrote a series of articles on Thomas a Becket, but the +numerous mistakes and misstatements brought down on him once again the +strictures of Mr Freeman. He wrote a biography of Carlyle, to whom he +acted as literary executor, and the whole of the literary world was in +arms at the revelations of Carlyle's somewhat unamiable relations with +his wife, and of his too contemptuous sentiments about many personal +friends. Still, Mr Froude's great literary faculty will secure to this +biography a far greater permanence than will fall to the lot of the +thousand-and-one memoirs which have appeared during the reign. Even +should Carlyle's writings cease to be generally studied, it is not +improbable that Froude's "Life of Carlyle" will always be read as an +important chapter in literary history. In this connection I cannot do +better than quote from an unpublished letter from Sir Fitz James +Stephen, Mr Froude's co-executor, to Mr Froude:-- + +"For about fifteen years I was the intimate friend and constant +companion of both you and Mr Carlyle, and never in my life did I see any +one man so much devoted to any other as you were to him during the whole +of that period of time. The most affectionate son could not have acted +better to the most venerated father. You cared for him, soothed him, +protected him as a guide might protect a weak old man down a steep and +painful path. The admiration you habitually expressed for him both +morally and intellectually was unqualified. You never said to me one +ill-natured word about him down to this day. It is to me wholly +incredible that anything but a severe regard for truth, learnt to a +great extent from his teaching, could ever have led you to embody in +your portrait of him a delineation of the faults and weaknesses which +mixed with his great qualities. + +"Of him I will make only one remark in justice to you. He did not use +you well. He threw upon you the responsibility of a decision which he +ought to have taken himself in a plain, unmistakable way. He considered +himself bound to expiate the wrongs which he had done to his wife. If he +had done this himself it would have been a courageous thing; but he did +not do it himself. He did not even decide for himself that it should be +done after his death. If any courage was shown in the matter, it was +shown by you, and not by him. You took the responsibility of deciding +for him that it ought to be done. You took the odium of doing it, of +avowing to the world the faults and weaknesses of one whom you regarded +as your teacher and master. In order to present to the world a true +picture of him as he really was, you, well knowing what you were about, +stepped into a pillory in which you were charged with treachery, +violation of confidence, and every imaginable base motive, when you were +in fact guilty of no other fault than that of practising Mr Carlyle's +great doctrine that men ought to tell the truth." + +Mr Froude has other claims to remembrance. In his "Short Studies on +Great Subjects," many of them essays written for _Fraser's Magazine_, of +which he was for a long time editor, are some very wise and thoughtful +papers, particularly one on the Book of Job. His "Life of Bunyan" is +characteristic, as is also his "Life of Caesar." Carlyle taught him +hero-worship, and from Carlyle also he learnt the disposition which +inspired his powerful book, "The English in Ireland in the Eighteenth +Century." + +He also wrote two picturesque books of travel, and three volumes of +lectures[12] delivered at Oxford during his occupancy of the chair of +history, which had been previously held in succession by his two great +rivals, Bishop Stubbs and Dr Freeman. + +The historian who devoted himself most earnestly to Mr Froude's chief +historical period, and whose writings were in some measure a reply to +his, was the =Rev. John Sherren Brewer (1810-1879)=, who for many +years was Professor of English Literature at King's College, London. +Brewer's chief work, a "Calendar of Letters and Papers, Foreign and +Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII.," comes down, however, to 1530, +the year in which Mr Froude's history commences, and thus Brewer stands +alone as an authority on Henry's early reign. A compressed work in one +volume, "The Reign of Henry VIII.," was published after his death. Mr +Froude concludes his narrative at the year 1588, the year of the Spanish +Armada, but no recent writer of mark has treated of the closing years of +Elizabeth's reign in any detail, although we owe to Major Martin Hume a +well-written study entitled "The Year after the Armada." Major Hume, who +is the best living authority upon this period, has also written upon +"The Courtships of Queen Elizabeth," and has edited for the Public +Record Office the Calendar of Spanish State Papers of Elizabeth. + + +The next great period of English history, that of the Stuart kings, is +dealt with by Professor Gardiner. =Samuel Rawson Gardiner (1829- )= +was born at Ropley, in Hampshire, and was educated at Winchester and at +Christ Church, Oxford. His whole life has been devoted to the most +laborious research in the annals of the reigns of James I., Charles I., +and the Protectorate of Cromwell. He has not, like Mr Froude, taken up +history as a pleasant literary recreation, but has given years of +unremitting labour to the production of each separate volume. He is now +well into the study of the Protectorate, the first volume of his history +of which appeared in 1894. He has written many minor books, one dealing +with "The Gunpowder Plot," and another with "Cromwell's Place in +History." Mr Gardiner will not perhaps be counted a brilliant writer. He +gives us none of the fire and eloquence, almost bordering on poetry, +which we find so abundantly in Froude; but he has been described by Sir +John Seeley as the only historian who has trodden the controversial +ground of seventeenth-century English political history with absolute +fairness and impartiality. James and Charles, Buckingham and Bristol, +Strafford and Pym, stand out in clear and well-defined lineaments. There +is no hero-worship to blind us; no flowing rhetoric to atone for +insufficient knowledge. We see these men in their weakness and in their +strength, neither side monopolising the virtue and the patriotism, but +each, on occasion, acting from noble or ignoble motives. It may be urged +that too much attention is devoted to the follies of princes and the +intrigues of courtiers, and certainly of the inner life of the nation we +get all too little in Mr Gardiner's pages: but it may be fairly said +that these books are the safest and best of guides to one of the most +important and critical periods in our political history. It is +impossible to avoid contrasting Mr Gardiner with a far more popular and +more brilliant historian, Lord Macaulay, and the contrast is, in some +respects, in favour of the former. Mr Gardiner sees that in dealing +with the complexities of human motives we are on very uncertain and +delicate ground. We need to pause step by step to weigh probabilities +and to qualify our every statement, although such hesitancy and +qualification is not conducive to brilliant writing. + + +The importance of this rhetorical principle was fully grasped by =Thomas +Babington Macaulay, (1800-1859)= and, accordingly, in his writings a +single definite and distinct motive is seized upon as the guiding +principle of every action, and, by the simple plan of ignoring +complexities in human character, we are carried along in an easy manner +to positive and undoubting opinions. "I wish," said Lord Melbourne, +"that I were as cock-sure of _anything_ as Tom Macaulay is of +everything;" and the remark hit off an undoubted failing, at least from +the standpoint of sound and trustworthy workmanship. Macaulay, whose +father was a distinguished philanthropist and slavery abolitionist, was +born at Rothley Temple, in Leicestershire. From a private school he went +to Trinity College, Cambridge. His earliest efforts in literature were +articles for Knight's _Quarterly Magazine_, and contributions to the +_Edinburgh Review_, the first of which, on "Milton," drew from Lord +Jeffrey the remark, "The more I think the less I can conceive where you +picked up that style." Perhaps Macaulay's essays have been more popular +even than his history. The extraordinary knowledge they display, the +discursive familiarity with all poetry and fiction, ancient and modern, +and their enthusiastic interest in historical events, make them a kind +of education to men whose reading has been slight, or who are beginners +in the art of reading--an art at which Macaulay was such an adept. In +1830 Macaulay entered Parliament as member for Calne, and four years +later received the post of member of the Indian Council at Calcutta, +with a salary of L10,000 a year. He left India in 1838, having rendered +great service to that country by assisting to frame the Indian penal +code. After his return to England he sat in Parliament for many years as +member for Edinburgh, and for a short time held a seat in Lord +Melbourne's Cabinet. Some of his speeches in the House were among the +most eloquent and successful to which that assembly has listened. In +1849 the first two volumes of his "History of England from the Accession +of James II." were published. The great success of these and the +succeeding volumes made him one of the most popular authors of his day. +In 1857 Macaulay was made a Peer, but he never spoke in the House of +Lords. He died in December 1859, before he had finished the "Reign of +William III.," and was buried in Westminster Abbey. During the later +years of Macaulay's life, and for many years after his death, he +received the unstinted praise, not only of the great mass of readers, +but even of cultured brother authors. Of late years this has changed; a +reaction has set in, and perhaps the time has not yet come to assign to +him his true place in literature. When Sir George Trevelyan's admirable +life of his uncle appeared in 1876, a number of eminent writers based +upon that book a criticism of Macaulay's work. Mr Gladstone wrote in the +_Quarterly Review_, Mr Leslie Stephen in the _Cornhill Magazine_, and Mr +John Morley in the _Fortnightly Review_. In each separate case the +review was unfavourable. All alike agreed as to his high qualities as a +man; his sincerity, generosity, kindliness, and purity, his love of +children and his brotherly devotion; but each in turn found matter for +censure in his work. One condemned his style, another his Whig +partialities, another his boundless optimism, and another his errors of +judgment or alleged misstatements of facts. It is true that Macaulay is +sometimes inaccurate, that he is not seldom unjust to the characters +whom he paints so vividly. It is now a commonplace to say that his +history was written, as Carlyle said, "to prove that Providence was on +the side of the Whigs." It is clear that he was a man of strong literary +prejudices, and he undoubtedly owes much of his popularity to the fact +that he expresses in grandly rhetorical language the average sentiment +of his day, its belief in material prosperity, and its delight in being +told that there has been no age of the world so happy as our own. All +this is true, and yet it is also true that Macaulay's real services to +literature are lost sight of when such an estimate is propounded too +harshly. + +In spite of obvious deficiencies, Macaulay's history is a great work. It +fills up a gap in historical literature, and such incidents as the trial +of the seven bishops and the siege of Londonderry excel both in +picturesqueness and in accuracy. But Macaulay has claims far beyond his +merits as a historian. The critics who condemn him so freely seem to +have forgotten their own early years. "If I am in the wrong," said +Macaulay of his history, "I shall at least have set the minds of others +at work." He has set the minds of others at work. What cultivated man or +woman lives, with whom Macaulay's writings have not been among the first +books read, who has not been made to feel that all the great poetry, and +fiction, and history to which he alludes so freely must be well worth +careful study? What matter if in after-years we discover that Macaulay +was unjust to Bacon the man, and was entirely ignorant of Bacon the +philosopher; or understand clearly what he meant by saying that such +critiques as Lessing's "Laocoon" "filled him with wonder and despair?" +If we have been encouraged by him to desire a wider knowledge, if we +have learnt from him to admire so many great writers, so many famous +statesmen, we may surely forgive him much, if indeed there be anything +to forgive. + +=Earl Stanhope (1805-1875)=, who did most of his historical work when, +as an expectant peer, he was known as Lord Mahon, was a great friend of +Macaulay's. In 1870 he published a "History of the Reign of Queen Anne," +which began at the year 1701, and thus served as a connecting link +between Macaulay's history and his own larger work--the "History of +England, from the Peace of Utrecht down to the Peace of Versailles +(1713-1783)." The continuation of Earl Stanhope's narrative may be found +either in Mr Lecky's "Eighteenth Century," or in =William Nathaniel +Massey's (1809-1881)= "History of England under George III." Mr Massey +brings us down to the Peace of Amiens in 1801, from which date Harriet +Martineau leads us to 1846 in a work ("History of the Peace") which is +quite unworthy of her abilities. The reign of Victoria has been written +by many hands, not the least successful being the "History of England, +1830-1873" of the =Rev. William Nassau Molesworth (1816-1890)= of +Rochdale, the author also of a "History of the Church of England." +Equally popular is the "History of Our Own Time, 1830-1897," of =Justin +MacCarthy (1830- )=, who has also written a "History of the Four +Georges," and many popular novels. Nor must we forget the brilliant +literary effort of =Alexander William Kinglake (1811-1891)= who, in +his "History of the War in the Crimea," has made a younger generation +familiar with a struggle in which their fathers took so brave a part. Mr +Kinglake was for some years the Liberal member for Bridgewater. His +first literary effort, "Eothen," a volume of travels, is scarcely less +popular than his history. By far the most important work, however, on +English history, in a period subsequent to that dealt with by Macaulay, +is Lecky's "History of England in the Eighteenth Century," a work of +great thoroughness and thoughtfulness, the eighth and concluding volume +of which was published in 1890. =William Edward Hartpole Lecky +(1838- )=, who was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, which he now +represents in Parliament, is one of the most brilliant and suggestive +writers of our age. His "Rise and Influence of the Spirit of +Rationalism," and "European Morals from Augustus to Charlemagne," as +well as the "History of the Eighteenth Century," are justly popular. + +It is impossible to enumerate all the important contributions to +historical study of the past few years, but the "History of Scotland, +from the Invasion of Agricola to the Revolution of 1688," by =John Hill +Burton (1809-1881)=, and the "Life and Reign of Richard III.," by +James Gairdner must not be forgotten, nor the "History of the War in +the Peninsula," by Sir Charles Napier (1786-1860). Many writers have +embodied the main conclusions of the historians we have named, in brief, +but useful, histories for the use of the more advanced schools. The more +successful of these are the Rev. James Franck Bright and the late John +Richard Green. =James Franck Bright (1832- )= is master of University +College, Oxford, and his "English History for the use of Public Schools" +is a work so lucidly and carefully written, that it is entitled to be +lifted out of the category of mere text-books, and to take rank as good +literature. Still more is this true of Green's "Short History of the +English People." =John Richard Green (1837-1883)= was born at Oxford, +and educated at Magdalen College School and at Jesus College. For some +time he was vicar of St Philip's, Stepney. His "Short History," +published in 1874, was speedily adopted in schools, and had an enormous +sale among general readers. It was immediately recognised that a +brilliant writer had appeared, one who had assimilated all that was +worthy in the work of laborious contemporary historians, had himself +made much study of original documents, and had welded all together by +the power of real genius. A critic here and there devoted himself to +discovering the errors, mainly of dates, which, owing to the illness of +the author, disfigured the first edition. But the popular instinct +which declared this to be a great work, was a sound one. In the main its +conclusions are just. There is not a line of cheap sentiment or +rhetorical clap-trap in the book. Mr Green soon afterwards enlarged his +work, and published it in four handsome volumes, which he dedicated to +his friends--"My Masters in the Study of English History,"--Bishop +Stubbs and Professor Freeman. Later on appeared "The Making of England," +and, after his decease, another volume, "The Conquest of England," +written on his deathbed, was published by his widow, Alice Stopford +Green, who has written "Town Life in the Fifteenth Century." Sir +Archibald Geikie, the geologist, once rendered a tribute to Green for +endeavouring to bring geological science to the aid of historical +research; but on the question of the Teutonic element in our nation, it +has been urged that Green follows his friends, Stubbs and Freeman, all +too readily, and ignores the evidence from anthropology in favour of the +very great prevalence of Celtic blood in the English-speaking race. + +I regret that my space will not permit me to write at length of the men +who have studied so thoroughly sciences which have so much bearing upon +history, and who have written delightful books upon them. I must be +content merely to mention the names of William Boyd Dawkins, who has +written "Cave-hunting" and "Early Man in Britain;" and Sir John Lubbock, +banker and member of Parliament, who has written "Pre-historic Times" +and "The Origin of Civilization and the Primitive Condition of Man," +also various books on natural science, and some very inadequate literary +essays. Nor must I forget Edward Burnett Tylor's "Primitive Culture" and +"Anthropology," Grant Allen's "Anglo-Saxon Britain," and Edward Clodd's +"Childhood of the World," "Childhood of Religion," and "Pioneers of +Evolution." From such works as these it is but a very short step to the +writings of Max Mueller. =Friedrich Max Mueller (1823- )=, son of the +German poet, Wilhelm Mueller, was educated at the University of Leipzig, +and made a special study of philosophy in Germany for many years before +he came to the land of his adoption, in 1846. Appointed an Oxford +professor, first of modern languages and later of comparative philology, +a science which he may almost be said to have created, he has become an +Englishman both in speech and in writing. Max Mueller's most popular +works are his interesting "Lectures on the Science of Language," and his +"Chips from a German Workshop," in which he deals not only with the +common origin of the world's leading languages, but in a skilful and +almost startling manner reconstructs, by the aid of language alone, the +conditions out of which have risen the various religious and social +systems of the early nations. The writers who have most prominently +followed in Max Mueller's footsteps, as elucidators of primitive +religious belief, are Professor Sayce and the Rev. Sir George Cox. +=Archibald Henry Sayce (1846- )=, who succeeded Max Mueller in the +chair of comparative philology at Oxford, has written numerous books and +treatises dealing with the Chaldean and other ancient nations, and has +also published an annotated edition of Herodotus, noticeable chiefly for +its unfavourable verdict on the "Father of History." =Sir George Cox +(1827- )=, whose "Mythology of the Aryan Nations" has provoked much +adverse criticism from its extreme application of the "Solar" theory to +the interpretation of myth, epic, and romance, has also written an +interesting "History of Greece" in two volumes. + +The "History of Greece" which may be considered one of the most +satisfactory achievements of the Victorian era, is that by Grote, +published in twelve volumes. =George Grote (1794-1871)= was born at +Clay Hill, near Beckenham, and was educated at the Charterhouse School. +He early went into the banking-house in Threadneedle Street, of which +his father was one of the partners, but found time to devote himself to +philosophy and history, and to write for the _Westminster Review_, the +organ of philosophical Radicalism. It was as a representative of this +phase of thought that he was returned as member of Parliament for the +city of London in 1833. He sat in the House as one of a small body of +philosophical Radicals until 1841, bringing forward annually a +resolution in favour of the ballot. He retired from Parliamentary life +to devote himself more energetically to his "History of Greece," the +first two volumes of which appeared in 1846; the twelfth, and last, +which takes us to the death of Alexander the Great, was published in +1856. During the same years, but unknown to Grote, =Connop Thirlwall +(1797-1875)=, Bishop of St David's, a former schoolfellow of his, was +engaged upon the same task. Each acknowledged the superiority of his +rival's work, and Grote said that he should never have written his had +Thirlwall's book appeared a few years earlier; but there can be little +hesitation in assigning the higher place to Grote. Of Thirlwall it may +be said, however, that but for Grote his history would have taken high +rank, and would have been a welcome relief from the foolish but once +popular work of William Mitford. Thirlwall is also interesting for +having translated, in 1825, Schleiermacher's "Essay on St Luke," and +thus first introduced German theology into England. Grote's history is a +book of high educational value. In it we have all that is best in +Herodotus, Thucydides, and the other ancient historians, added to the +sound and weighty judgment of a clear-sighted modern critic, +exceptionally free from prejudice. It was Grote's great destiny to free +the English mind from the erroneous impressions which had so long +prevailed as to the real character of the Athenian democracy, and we +cannot find elsewhere a truer or juster picture of Athens at the height +of her power. A great work on Greek history in later aspects than those +of Grote and Thirlwall is "A History of Greece, from its Conquest by the +Romans to the Present Time," by =George Finlay (1799-1875)=. Finlay +fought in the Greek War of Independence, and lived for the greater part +of his life in Athens. + +A number of clergymen besides Dr Thirlwall have shown an able grasp of +classical history. Dr Arnold wrote a "History of Rome," based on +Niebuhr, which, although interesting, is scarcely worthy of so great a +man. =Charles Merivale (1808-1893)=, Dean of Ely, wrote an admirable +summary of Roman history from the foundation of the city in B.C. 753 to +the fall of Augustulus in A.D. 476; but his great work is the "History +of the Romans under the Empire," which is indispensable for a thorough +appreciation of Gibbon. =Henry Hart Milman (1791-1868)=, Dean of St +Paul's, did good service to historical scholarship by his edition of +Gibbon's pre-eminent work, and by his own "History of the Jews," +"History of Christianity under the Empire," and "Latin Christianity." +The nine volumes of this last were called by Dean Stanley "a complete +epic and philosophy of mediaeval Christianity." Milman is said to have +described himself as "the last learned man in the Church," but in the +presence of so eminent a scholar as =Mandell Creighton (1843- )=, +Bishop of London, the statement is meaningless. Dr Creighton's great +work, "A History of the Papacy From the Great Schism to the Sack of +Rome," is of the highest value in the consecutive study of European +history; and so also is the work of another clergyman, =George William +Kitchin (1827- )=, Dean of Durham, whose "History of France previous +to the Revolution," is very attractively written. + +A writer who generalises freely from the facts of history, and whose +generalisations were once very popular, and, according to Sir Mackenzie +Wallace, are still widely read in Russia, was =Henry Thomas Buckle +(1821-1862)=, who published in 1857 the first volume of the "History of +Civilisation in England;" a second volume appeared in 1861, but the +author died before he had completed his intended undertaking. Buckle +unduly emphasises the influence of national and moral laws upon the +progress of civilisation, minimises the influence of individuals, and +overlooks the momentous action of heredity. A writer of equal importance +with Buckle was =John Addington Symonds (1840-1893)=, whose +"Renaissance in Italy" is a work of great literary merit, and whose +translation of Cellini's "Autobiography" has superseded Roscoe's. + +Passing from historic Italy to Germany we may note that "The Holy Roman +Empire" of =James Bryce (1838- )= created quite a _furore_ as a prize +essay at Oxford, and, in its enlarged shape, forms the only English +sketch of German history of great literary merit. Mr Bryce was, some +years ago, announced to write a "History of Germany" of more formidable +dimensions, but the glamour of parliamentary life and a seat in the +Cabinet have robbed us of a capable historian. Although we are without a +satisfactory German history we possess two very solid contributions to +such a work. With one of these, Carlyle's "Frederick II.," I shall deal +later; the other is =Sir John Robert Seeley's (1834-1895)= "Life and +Times of Stein; or, Germany and Prussia in the Napoleonic Age." When +this work appeared it was received with high commendation in Germany, +but in England with the qualification that it had none of the literary +charm of the author's earlier efforts. To such criticism Professor +Seeley--he received the professorship of modern history at Cambridge on +Kingsley's resignation in 1869--replied in a series of papers entitled +"History and Politics," wherein he practically contended that it was the +business of historians to be dull, and that brilliant history-writing +was, as a matter of fact, little other than fiction. Still, in his +lectures on "The Expansion of England" (1883) and "A Short History of +Napoleon" (1886) he succeeded in making himself entirely interesting. + +The books which gave Sir John Seeley his greatest fame--he received a +knighthood in 1893--were not, however, historical, but, in a sense, +theological; and with him we find ourselves in the midst of the great +religious controversies of the reign. "Ecce Homo; a Survey of the Life +and Work of Jesus Christ," was published anonymously in 1865. While +censured on many sides on account of its alleged heterodoxy, it drew +from opponents unstinted admiration on account of its perfect literary +workmanship. One of these opponents was Mr Gladstone, who ventured the +prophecy that the author would at a later period write something from a +more orthodox standpoint. The prediction was not verified, for in 1882 a +further work, "Natural Religion," by the Author of "Ecce Homo," showed +still less sympathy with the supernatural side of religion. + +Mr Gladstone, who flung himself into this as into so many other +controversies, has a fame quite apart from any literary achievement. But +whatever posterity may say of his influence on the destinies of the +nation which he has helped for so many years to rule, it is certain that +his powers as an author would have made the reputation of a man of less +versatility. + +=William Ewart Gladstone (1809- )=, the son of a Lancashire merchant, +was born at Liverpool. Into his political career it is not my province +to enter. His first literary work, "The State in its Relations with the +Church," was made famous through a review by Macaulay. Later in life he +indulged in theological controversy, publishing an "Essay on Ritualism" +and "The Vatican Decrees." Mr Gladstone's chief work is, however, his +"Studies in Homer," in which he argues for the unity of the poem, for +the foundation in fact of its main incidents, and for the definite +personality of the author. His contributions to periodical literature +have been innumerable, and only a few--and those non-controversial and +non-classical--have been republished in his five volumes of "Gleanings." +Mr Gladstone's chief opponent in theological controversy, Cardinal +Newman, has profoundly influenced his religious views. "In my opinion," +wrote Mr Gladstone many years after Newman had become a Roman Catholic, +"his secession from the Church of England has never yet been estimated +among us at anything like the full amount of its calamitous importance. +It has been said that the world does not know its greatest men; neither, +I will add, is it aware of the power and weight carried by the words and +the acts of those among its greatest men whom it does know. The +ecclesiastical historian will perhaps hereafter judge that this +secession was a much greater event even than the partial secession of +John Wesley, the only case of personal loss suffered by the Church of +England since the Reformation which can be at all compared with it in +magnitude." + +=John Henry Newman (1801-1890)= was born in London, and educated at a +private school at Ealing and at Trinity College, Oxford. Inclined at +first to the liberal Christianity which men like Whately and Milman were +furthering among churchmen, he was, he says, "rudely awakened by two great +blows--illness and bereavement"; and he devoted himself to a life-long +opposition to what he has called "the great apostasy--liberalism in +religion." "My battle," he writes, "was with liberalism; by liberalism I +mean the anti-dogmatic principle and its developments." From 1828 to +1843 he held the incumbency of St Mary's Church, Oxford, and the +influence which he then exerted was of the deepest moment for the future +of religious life in England. "Who," says Matthew Arnold, himself, like +his father before him, one of the leaders of the movement which Newman +has hated so intensely, "who could resist the charm of that spiritual +apparition, gliding in the dim afternoon light through the aisles of St +Mary's, rising into the pulpit, and then, in the most entrancing of +voices, breaking the silence with words and thoughts which were a +religious music--subtle, sweet, mournful? I seem to hear him still, +saying: 'After the fever of life, after wearinesses and sicknesses, +fightings and despondings, languor and fretfulness, struggling and +succeeding; after all the changes and chances of this troubled, +unhealthy state,--at length comes death, at length the white throne of +God, at length the beatific vision.'" During these years at St Mary's +what is called the Tractarian movement sprang to life--a movement, as we +have said, against Broad-Churchism. It was at the beginning of the +movement, on his way home from Sicily in 1833, whilst pondering over the +difficulties of the task he had undertaken, that Newman wrote the hymn +"Lead, kindly Light," which is now as popular in the most advanced and +liberalized churches as it can be in those nearest to its author's +religious standpoint. The "Tracts for the Times," whence Tractarians +derived their name, were written by Newman, Hurrell Froude, Pusey, and +others. Bishop Bloomfield said that the whole movement was nothing but +Newmania. The writers argued now in short papers, now in elaborate +treatises, for the Divine mission of the Anglican Church. Not till +"Tract XC." was reached did the alarm of the Protestant party manifest +itself in any practical form. In that Tract Newman declared that +subscription to the Thirty-nine Articles was not inconsistent with the +acceptance of Roman Catholic teaching on purgatory, on the invocation of +saints, and on the mass. The Hebdomadal Council of the University +condemned the Tract. Two years later Newman resigned his position at St +Mary's, and in 1845 formally joined the Church of Rome. According to +Disraeli, Anglicanism "reeled under the shock," and Dean Stanley +remarked to a friend that the fortunes of the English Church might have +been very different "had Newman been able to read German."[13] + +In 1848 he was appointed head of the Birmingham Oratory, and there he +resided--with one short break as rector of the Roman Catholic University +at Dublin--for nearly forty years. In 1879 he was created a cardinal, +and his visit to Rome and installation as a Prince of the Sacred College +excited much attention in England. Although by temperament and +inclination one of the least combative and most retiring of men, +Cardinal Newman found himself again and again in the thick of the +argumentative fray. At one time he was involved in a libel action by an +ex-priest and ultra-Protestant lecturer named Father Achilli, and this +cost Newman and his friends twelve thousand pounds; at another time he +was arguing with the foremost English statesman, Mr Gladstone, as to the +probable loyalty of English Roman Catholics if the Papacy and the +English Government were brought into collision. In one great controversy +of his life he was generally admitted to have achieved a success, and +this success is associated with an enduring literary work, the +autobiography which he calls his "Apologia pro Vita Sua." Reviewing +Froude's "History of England" in _Macmillan's Magazine_ (January 1864), +Charles Kingsley charged Newman with being careless about truth, and +with teaching that cunning and not truth-seeking was the acceptable +method of the Roman Catholic clergy. Brought to bay by Newman, Kingsley +contradicted himself in an amazing fashion, and even the most +enthusiastic Protestants were compelled to admit that the clever +novelist was no match for the trained dialectician. Mrs Kingsley, in her +charming life of her husband, practically admits that he was worsted in +the conflict, and J. A. Froude, his brother-in-law, wrote: "Kingsley +entirely misunderstood Newman's character. Newman's whole life had been +a struggle for truth. He had neglected his own interests; he had never +thought of them at all. He had brought to bear a most powerful and +subtle intellect to support the convictions of a conscience which was +superstitiously sensitive. His single object had been to discover what +were the real relations between man and his Maker, and to shape his own +conduct by the conclusions at which he arrived. To represent such a +person as careless of truth was neither generous nor even reasonable." + +The final outcome of the controversy was the publication of the +"Apologia," a work which, alike in beauty of style and devotion of +spirit, must be assigned a very high place in religious literature. My +space is too limited to pass in review, or even to name, the thirty-six +volumes which contain the writings of this eloquent preacher and +teacher. His "Dream of Gerontius" and "Verses on Various Occasions" show +his high qualities as a poet; his "Apologia," "Callista," and "Essay in +aid of the Grammar of Assent," display his genius as a prose stylist. In +"Callista: a Sketch of the Third Century," he pictures a beautiful Greek +girl, who becomes a convert to Christianity after a severe struggle +between human affection and religious faith. The "Grammar of Assent" is +an apology for Christianity, far above the narrow controversies in which +the author took so distinguished a part. + + +The question whether Cardinal Newman or Carlyle has been the most +influential personality in Victorian literature will be largely decided +by the temperament of the critic. Mr Swinburne, looking at them both +from a standpoint of antagonism to the priestly proclivities of the one +and to the tyrannical proclivities of the other, apostrophised them +jointly in the well-known lines:-- + + "With all our hearts we praise you whom ye hate, + High souls that hate us; for our hopes are higher, + And higher than yours the goal of our desire, + Though high your ends be as your hearts are great." + +Newman, indeed, left England more dominated by ritual than in any other +period of its history, the Roman Church more powerful than ever before, +the new High Church party in the Establishment a great institution, with +the rival Prime Ministers, Mr Gladstone and Lord Salisbury, among its +supporters, and a taste for ritual conspicuous in the chapels of the +Nonconformists. And yet with all this Carlyle was the more dominant +personality. + +=Thomas Carlyle (1795-1881)= was born at Ecclefechan, in +Dumfriesshire, on the 4th of December 1795. His father was a stonemason, +at whose death Carlyle thus tenderly wrote in his Diary:--"I owe him +much more than existence. I owe him a noble inspiring example. It was he +_exclusively_ that determined on educating me; that from his small +hard-earned funds sent me to school and college, and made me whatever I +am and may become. Let me not mourn for my father, let me do worthily of +him. So shall he still live, even here in me, and his worth plant itself +honourably forth into new generations." From Annan Grammar School the +young Carlyle went to Edinburgh University, where he became a voracious +reader, although never a great classical scholar. He then took the post +of mathematical tutor at Annan school, and afterwards at Kirkcaldy, +where he was friendly with Edward Irving, afterwards the famous +preacher. Disgusted with this life he flung up his appointment, and +determined to study for the law. For some time he eked out a scanty +subsistence in Edinburgh by writing biographies for Brewster's +_Encyclopaedia_. It was at this period that he obtained some measure of +mental and moral stimulus from his German studies. Goethe opened a new +world to him. He began to study German in 1819, induced thereto by +Madame de Stael's interesting account of the German poets and +philosophers. Goethe was seventy-five years old when in 1824 he received +from Carlyle an English translation of "Wilhelm Meister," with a letter, +saying, "Four years ago, when I read your 'Faust' among the mountains of +my native Scotland, I could not but fancy I might one day see you, and +pour out before you, as before a father, the woes and wanderings of a +heart whose mysteries you seemed so thoroughly to comprehend, and could +so beautifully represent." Two years later Carlyle sent Goethe his "Life +of Schiller," and once again he expressed his intense devotion to one +"whose voice came to me from afar, with counsel and help, in my utmost +need." "For if," he continues, "I have been delivered from darkness +into any measure of light, if I know aught of myself and my destination, +it is to the study of your writings more than to any other circumstance +that I owe this; it is you more than any other man that I should always +thank and reverence with the feeling of a disciple to his Master, nay, +of a son to his spiritual Father." In the meantime Carlyle had married +Jane Welsh, the daughter of a doctor in Haddington, and had settled at +the lonely farm-house of Craigenputtock, in Dumfriesshire. There he was +visited by Emerson, and there he remained for six years, before removing +to London. Not only had Carlyle then translated "Wilhelm Meister" and +written the "Life of Schiller," but he had made numerous translations +from Musaeus, Tieck, and Richter, and had published essays on these and +other German authors. Jean Paul Richter had a peculiar attraction for +him, and there can be no doubt that Carlyle owed his extraordinary +style, in some degree, to his study of the German humorist. + +The forty-seven years of Carlyle's London life (1834-1881) were years of +incessant literary activity. The thirty volumes which came from his pen +during that time not only secured for him a permanent place amongst the +historians, biographers, and essayists of our literature, but they +kindled for him a glow of intense personal enthusiasm amongst the best +of his contemporaries, such as, perhaps, no other English author has +enjoyed. At his death on the 5th of February, 1881, the world knew +Carlyle, apart from his books, as a man of simple tastes, content, in +spite of the wealth which literary success had brought, to reside amidst +unostentatious surroundings, ever ready to help the distressed and +needy, refusing a title and the like official recognitions, and carrying +out to the letter the reverence, earnestness, and unobtrusive manliness +which he had inculcated in his writings; devotedly attached to his wife, +whom he described on her tombstone as having "unweariedly forwarded him +as none else could, in all of good that he did or attempted;" and, in +short, worthy of the address presented to him on his eightieth birthday, +by nearly all the men of literary and scientific eminence in England, +including, amongst others, Lord Tennyson and George Eliot, Robert +Browning and Professor Huxley. "A whole generation has elapsed," they +said, "since you described for us the hero as a man of letters. We +congratulate you and ourselves on the spacious fulness of years which +has enabled you to sustain this rare dignity amongst mankind in all its +possible splendour and completeness." The publication of Mr Froude's +nine volumes of memorials caused a considerable revulsion of feeling. +The Carlyle of these "Letters" and "Reminiscences" appeared to be +over-censorious in his estimate of his contemporaries, not too +considerate in his relations with his wife, and, however admirable he +might find contentment in Richter or Heyne, not content without much +murmuring to accept a life of restricted means. + +To give too much emphasis to this view of Carlyle's character is to +ignore certain peculiarities of Mr Froude's biographical and historical +style, to which reference has already been made. It will suffice to +point out here that there are other sources of information about Carlyle +than the books of his accredited biographer. Sir Henry Taylor, Mrs +Oliphant, Mr Charles Eliot Norton, Mrs Gilchrist, and other friends of +Carlyle's later life have published much additional matter, and have +shown, as it were, the other side of the shield. To Sir Henry Taylor, +who knew him well, he seemed "the most faithful and true-hearted of +men," and from many sources we learn that Mr Froude's picture is not +that of the true Carlyle; that he was not a selfish husband, that his +married life was not unhappy, that he was not altogether dumb to the +heroes living, whilst eloquent over heroes dead, and that, in spite of +many faults, he was a noble high-minded man, a "kingly soul," as +Longfellow called him. Writing in his Diary during his second visit to +England in 1847, Emerson says:--"Carlyle and his wife live on beautiful +terms. Their ways are very engaging, and in her bookcase all his books +are inscribed to her as they came from year to year, each with some +significant lines." + +The letters which Carlyle wrote to his wife at the time she lost her +mother are most touchingly affectionate. This is what she wrote to a +friend at that time:--"In great matters he is always kind and +considerate, but these little attentions which we women attach so much +importance to, he was never in the habit of rendering to anyone. And, +now, the desire to replace the irreplaceable makes him as good in little +things as he used to be in great." And to Carlyle himself she +writes:--"God keep you, my dear husband, and bring you safe back to me. +The house looks very desolate without you, and my mind feels empty too. +I expect, with impatience, the letter that is to fix your return." + +On another occasion, writing to her husband's mother, she says:--"You +have others behind and I have only him--only him in the whole wide world +to love me and take care of me--poor little wretch that I am. Not but +that numbers of people love me, after their fashion, far more than I +deserve, but then his fashion is so different from theirs, and seems +alone to suit the crotchety creature that I am." And then her pride in +her husband is well exemplified by an experience related in a letter to +him, which shows also how wide and deep is that mysterious impersonal +influence of great authors on men who are totally unknown to them:--"A +man of the people mounted the platform and spoke; a youngish, +intelligent-looking man, who alone, of all the speakers, seemed to +understand the question, and to have feelings as well as notions about +it. He spoke with a heart-eloquence that left me warm. I never was more +affected by public speaking.... A sudden thought struck me: this man +would like to know you. I would give him my address in London. I +borrowed a piece of paper and handed him my address. When he looked at +it he started as if I had sent a bullet into him, caught my hand, and +said, 'Oh, it is your husband! Mr Carlyle has been my teacher and +master! I have owed everything to him for years and years!' I felt it a +credit to you really to have had a hand in turning out this man, was +prouder of that heart-tribute to your genius than any amount of +reviewers' praises or aristocratic invitations to dinner." + +It is because the spirit which breathes in the words of this young +workman has been the guiding moral force of numbers of men and women in +all stations of life, during the last sixty years, that I have devoted +so much space to Carlyle. It is of the greatest importance to literature +that the man whose eloquent preaching of justice, sincerity, and +reverence has turned the hearts of thousands of his fellowmen towards +nobility and simplicity of life, should not himself have been out of +harmony with all that he taught. "The world," says Thackeray's gifted +daughter, "has pointed its moral finger of late at the old man in his +great old age, accusing himself in the face of all, and confessing the +overpowering irritations which the suffering of a lifetime had laid upon +him and upon her he loved. That old caustic man of deepest feeling, with +an ill-temper and a tender heart, and a racking imagination, speaking +from the grave, and bearing unto it that cross of passionate remorse +which few among us dare to face, seems to some of us now a figure nobler +and truer, a teacher greater far than in the days when all his pain and +love and remorse were still hidden from us all."[14] + +Of the "Reminiscences" which excited so much criticism on account of +their references to persons still living, Carlyle wrote on the last +page:--"I still mainly mean to _burn_ this book before my own departure, +but feel that I shall always have a kind of grudge to do it, and an +indolent excuse. 'Not _yet_; wait, any day that can be done!' and that +it is possible the thing _may_ be left behind me, legible to interested +survivors--_friends_ only, I will hope, and with _worthy_ curiosity, not +_un_worthy! In which event, I solemnly forbid them, each and all, to +_publish_ this bit of writing _as it stands here_, and warn them that +_without fit editing_ no _part_ of it should be printed (nor so far as I +can order _shall_ ever be), and that the 'fit editing' of perhaps +nine-tenths of it will, after I am gone, have become _impossible_."[15] + +The only editing which Mr Froude deemed "fit" was the omission of this +paragraph from his edition of the work. And yet to read, with the +"worthy curiosity" of which he speaks, of his love for father and wife, +and of his kindly solicitude for brothers and sisters, whom he +constantly assisted, is to make him nearer and dearer to those who care +to remember that he was after all but human. Carlyle spoke with too +little kindness, it must be owned, of Wordsworth, and Coleridge, and +Lamb, because he saw only the palpable weaknesses of their characters, +and was blinded by forbidding externals to the sterling worth of these +great men; but he loved Emerson, and Tennyson, and Ruskin, and he +profoundly revered Goethe, who, after all, was the only one of his +contemporaries who could take rank anywhere near him.[16] Carlyle +recognised that Goethe was incomparably his superior in every way; that +he was, as Matthew Arnold calls him, "the greatest poet of the present +age, and the greatest critic of all ages," the one man of transcendent +genius whom Europe has produced since Dante and Shakspere. To have first +led England to appreciate Goethe is not the least of Carlyle's many +services to his country. To have acted as an inspiring and helpful +prophet is perhaps his greatest. "Sartor Resartus" first appeared in +_Fraser's Magazine_ for 1833, where it met with but scanty recognition, +and, indeed, half-ruined the editor, whose subscribers anxiously asked +when the "tailor sketches" were coming to an end. It is surely something +more than a passing fashion in literature which leads us now to take up +these well-worn pages with so much of tenderness and sympathy. "There is +in man," he says, "a Higher than Love of Happiness; he can do without +Happiness, and instead thereof find Blessedness! Was it not to preach +forth this same Higher that sages and martyrs, the Poet and the Priest, +in all times, have spoken and suffered; bearing testimony, through life +and through death, of the Godlike that is in Man, and how, in the +Godlike only, has he Strength and Freedom?" How can it be said that +Carlyle did not love humanity when we read the lines in which he +expresses reverence for the "toilworn Craftsman that, with earth-made +Implement, laboriously conquers the Earth and makes her man's?" +"Venerable to me," he continues, "is the hard Hand; crooked, coarse; +wherein notwithstanding lies a cunning virtue, indefeasibly royal, as of +the Sceptre of this Planet. Venerable, too, is the rugged face, all +weather-tanned, besoiled, with its rude intelligence; for it is the face +of a Man living manlike. O, but the more venerable for thy rudeness, and +even because we must pity as well as love thee! Hardly entreated +Brother! For us was thy back so bent, for us were thy straight limbs and +fingers so deformed; thou wert our Conscript on whom the lot fell, and +fighting our battles wert so marred." + +It is impossible to exaggerate the effect upon the younger minds of his +age of Carlyle's stirring words, inciting to worthy and ever worthier +effort:--"Do the duty which lies nearest to thee, which thou knowest to +be a duty. In all situations out of the pit of Tophet, wherein a living +man has stood, there is actually a prize of quite infinite value placed +within his reach, namely a duty for him to do; this highest of Gospels +forms the basis and worth of all other gospels whatever." "Brother," he +says elsewhere, "thou hast possibility in thee for much, the possibility +of writing on the eternal skies the record of a heroic life. Is not +every man, God be thanked, a potential hero? The measure of a nation's +greatness, of its worth under the sky to God and to man, is not the +quantity of bullion it has realised, but the quantity of heroisms it has +achieved, of noble pieties and valiant wisdoms that were in it, that +still are in it." + +Little less valuable than "Sartor Resartus" is "Past and Present," which +was published in 1843. The reverence and delicacy with which it touches +the monasticism of a bygone age are as remarkable as the prophetic +vision with which it deals with the social problems of our latter-day +life. State-aided emigration, co-operation and national education, are +some of the many changes advocated here and elsewhere. Not till the +"Latter-day Pamphlets" (1850) did Carlyle become an eloquent advocate of +"force" as a guide in politics, thereby alienating John Stuart Mill and +many of his old friends. His language then seemed to degenerate into +mere shrieking and scolding. The world must be governed, he declared, by +men of heroic mould, who know what is good for the inferior natures +around them. Let such inferior natures, if need be, be scourged into +silence. Parliaments he spoke of contemptuously as "talking shops," and +his sympathies went out heartily to Governor Eyre at the time of the +Jamaica riots, and to the Southern States at the time of the American +Civil War. An admiration for "heaven-sent heroes" had always been +strong in Carlyle, although it certainly had not its after meaning when +he wrote in early life, "Not brute force, but only persuasion and faith +are the kings of this world." In "Heroes and Hero-worship," a course of +lectures delivered in 1840, he had waxed eloquent over Mahomet, Luther, +and Napoleon, and three years earlier, in 1837, he had published in his +"French Revolution" a brilliant eulogy of Mirabeau. His vindication of +Cromwell was brought about perhaps mainly by his appreciation of the +Protector's high-handed resoluteness, and his "Life of Frederick II. of +Prussia" was the apology for a man who was the very embodiment of +despotic ideals. + +But quite apart from Carlyle's worth as a moral teacher or as a +controversialist, his place in literature is very high. His short +biography of Schiller was an epoch-making book, because of the influence +it has exercised upon the study of German literature: but it bears +little evidence of the genius of its author, and, in consequence of the +abundance of Schiller correspondence subsequently brought to light, it +has been superseded by the biographies of Palleskie and Duntzer. +Carlyle's "Life of John Sterling" is, however, a work of great power, a +kind of prose "Lycidas," which, like that great elegy, has rescued from +oblivion a man in whom the world would soon have ceased to be +interested. Carlyle, again, was an essayist of striking individuality. +Few literary sketches are more picturesque than his "Count Cagliostro" +and "The Diamond Necklace," and the essays on Johnson and Burns are +models of generous human insight. With literary insight, however, +Carlyle was not too well endowed, at least, when purely imaginative +literature was concerned, and he once expressed the opinion that +Shakspere had better have written in prose. "It is part of my creed," he +wrote to Emerson, "that the only poetry is history could we tell it +right." His method of telling it gives him a place by himself among +historians, a place so singular that it is impossible to classify him. +"Carlyle's 'French Revolution,'" said John Stuart Mill, "is one of those +productions of genius which is above all rule, and is a law to itself." +The deathbed of Louis XV., the taking of the Bastille, and the execution +of Danton, are never-to-be-forgotten descriptions, and the poetical +passage which follows the relation of the bloody horrors of 1789 cannot +be too often quoted:--"O evening sun of July, how, at this hour, thy +beams fall slant on reapers amid peaceful woody fields; on old women +spinning in cottages; on ships far out in the silent main; on Balls at +the Orangerie of Versailles, where high-rouged Dames of the Palace are +even now dancing with double-jacketed Hussar-Officers;--and also on this +roaring Hell-porch of a Hotel-de-Ville!" + +The scientific history of the French Revolution has yet to be written; +and even to appreciate Carlyle's prose epic adequately we should know +something of Mignet, Thiers, Morse Stephens, and von Sybel, but neither +the accumulation of fresh facts, nor a philosophical deduction from such +facts, can impair the value of Carlyle's work. That, in spite of all his +fire and passion, Carlyle could delineate character with most judicial +fairness, may be demonstrated by turning to Mr John Morley's essays on +Robespierre and the other revolutionists, and observing how his calm and +unprejudiced intellect has pronounced judgments in every way endorsing +Carlyle's. + +Carlyle's "Cromwell" has less attraction for us to-day than the "French +Revolution"; but the service to historical study was even greater. +Opinions will always differ as to the wisdom of the Protector's policy +and the righteousness of his deeds, but since the publication of these +letters and speeches, "edited with the care of an antiquarian and the +genius of a poet,"[17] Cromwell's sincerity and genuine piety have been +unimpugned. There are others beside Mr Froude who esteem the "History of +Frederick II." Carlyle's greatest work. The humour of the book is +wonderful, for Carlyle is the greatest humorist since Sterne, and +nowhere is this humour more conspicuous than in "Frederick." The +splendid portraits of all the most important figures in the eighteenth +century fix themselves indelibly in the memory, and it is even said that +German soldiers study the art of war from the descriptions of +Frederick's campaigns. Nevertheless, the book has much in it that is +unsatisfying to Englishmen. Frederick and his father could not easily +excite the hero-worshipping inclinations of a free people, and even +Carlyle became disillusioned as he proceeded with his task, and finally +admitted that Frederick was not worth the trouble he had given to him. +He commenced it as a "History of Frederick the Great," and concluded it +as a "History of Frederick, _called_ the Great." + + +Carlyle is surely the greatest figure in our modern literature. He wrote +no poetry worth consideration, it is true. His verse would long since +have been forgotten had it not been for his effectiveness as a prose +writer. But although we are accustomed to the claim for poetry that it +ranks higher than prose, it must be conceded that in Victorian +literature this is not the case, and that Carlyle's enormous +personality, his capacity for influencing others for good and ill, have +made him the greatest moral and intellectual force of his age. To him we +owe the indifference to mere political shibboleths, the lull in party +warfare, which is the note of our age. He gave no definite answer to any +question, but he gave us the impetus which led others to seek for +solutions. His literary influence on Froude and Mill, Mr Ruskin and Mr +Lecky, and numbers of others was tremendous. The place which was +occupied by Swift in the eighteenth century is held by Carlyle in the +nineteenth, and though every line that he has written should cease to be +read, he will still be remembered as the greatest of literary figures in +an age of great men of letters. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[11] Froude's "History of England," vol. ii. chap. ix. + +[12] "Lectures on the Council of Trent," "English Seamen in the +Sixteenth Century," and "Life and Letters of Erasmus." + +[13] "Memoirs of Mark Pattison." + +[14] Mrs Thackeray-Ritchie, _Harper's Magazine_ (1883). + +[15] "Reminiscences," by Thomas Carlyle. 2nd Edition. Edited by C. E. +Norton (1887). + +[16] When George Eliot read Carlyle's eulogy on Emerson in introducing +his essays to the British public, she wrote:--"I have shed many tears +over it: this is a world worth abiding in while one man can thus +venerate and love another."--Cross's "Life of George Eliot." + +[17] Green's "Short History of the English People." + + + + +CHAPTER IV + +The Critics + + +The plan of describing all the writers of a period who are not poets, +novelists and historians as critics is open to many objections, although +I intend to adopt it. If Matthew Arnold's plea for poetry as a criticism +of life holds good, it is precisely the poets, novelists and historians +who are the true critics. An alternative plan would have been to give a +chapter to prose writers and another to the poets; and still another +arrangement would have been to divide the subject, as De Quincey +suggested, into the literature of power and the literature of +imagination, the former including the philosophers and historians, the +latter the poets, the novelists, and the more picturesque of the prose +writers--Carlyle and Ruskin, for example. + + +One unhesitatingly assigns to Mr Ruskin the distinction of the critic +whose work is most eloquent and impressive. =John Ruskin (1819- )= was +born in Hunter Street, Brunswick Square, London. He has told us in his +autobiography, "Praeterita," of his early life under a tender mother's +care, of his boyish affection for Byron and Scott, and of the youthful +impulse to art study excited by the present of Rogers's "Italy," with +Turner's illustrations. In 1837 he was entered as a gentleman commoner +at Christ Church, Oxford, gaining, two years later, the Newdigate prize +for English poetry, his subject being "Salsette and Elephanta." In 1843 +he produced the first volume of "Modern Painters: their Superiority in +the Art of Landscape Painting to all the Ancient Masters. By a Graduate +of Oxford." The work originated, he says, "in indignation at the shallow +and false criticism of the periodicals of the day on the work of the +great living artist to whom it principally refers." The artist in +question was Joseph Mallord William Turner, upon whom Ruskin has +pronounced somewhat contradictory judgments at different periods in his +career. "Modern Painters" soon extended beyond the mere essay at first +intended, and in its final form of five handsome volumes, it was not +only a philosophical treatise on landscape painting, but an exhaustive +dissertation on many phases of life from one whom Mazzini declared to +possess "the most analytic brain in Europe." + +Another important work, "The Seven Lamps of Architecture" (1849), is a +brilliant attempt at reform in domestic and church architecture. The +"lamps" represent the characteristics which good architecture should +possess. The first is the Lamp of Sacrifice: "What of beauty and what of +riches we may possess, let a portion be dedicated to God. It was in this +spirit that our cathedrals were built." The second, the Lamp of Truth, +is a plea for honesty in architecture, no imitation wood or marble, but +solid wood and solid stone. "Exactly as a woman of feeling," he says, +"would not wear false jewels, so would a builder of honour disdain false +ornaments. The using of them is just as downright and inexcusable a +lie." The third is the Lamp of Power: "Until that street architecture of +ours is bettered, until we give it some size and boldness, until we give +our windows recess and our walls thickness, I know not how we can blame +our architects for their feebleness in more important work." The fourth +is the Lamp of Beauty, and in this chapter he maintains that "all the +most lovely forms and thoughts" are directly taken from natural objects. +The fifth is the Lamp of Life. "To those who love architecture," he +says, "the life and accent of the hand are everything." The sixth is the +Lamp of Memory: "All public edifices should be records of national life, +all ordinary dwelling-houses endeared to their owners by sacred and +sweet associations. There is infinite sanctity in a good man's house!" +The seventh is the Lamp of Obedience, and here he pleads eloquently for +the enforcement of an established type of architecture--the Gothic, in +his judgment, lending itself most readily to all services, vulgar or +noble. The "Stones of Venice" (1851-1853), in three volumes, gives in +further detail Ruskin's views of the laws of architecture. The +pre-Raphaelite movement of Millais, Rossetti, and Holman Hunt early +enlisted his sympathy, and in "Pre-Raphaelitism" (1851) he declared that +they had worthily followed the advice given in "Modern Painters," to "go +to nature in all singleness of heart, and walk with her laboriously and +trustingly, having no other thought but how best to penetrate her +meaning; rejecting nothing, selecting nothing, and scorning nothing." +From that time until his Slade lectures at Oxford in 1883-1884 Ruskin +wrote several books on painting and architecture, all of them in a style +which attracts even those who are least in sympathy with his opinions. + +But as Goethe declared of himself that posterity would honour him, not +for his poetry, but for his discoveries in science, so Ruskin, perhaps +more justly, insists that it is as an economist that he is most +deserving of remembrance. The four essays on the first principles of +political economy, entitled "Unto this Last" (1862), he declares to be +"the truest, rightest-worded, and most serviceable things" he has ever +written. These essays were originally published by Thackeray in the +_Cornhill Magazine_, but the remonstrances of its readers brought the +series to a speedy end. The principles of state socialism there +initiated have since entered the field in direct contest with the +established order of things. Mr Ruskin would have every child in the +country taught a trade at the cost of government; he would have +manufactories and workshops entirely under government regulation for the +production and sale of every necessary of life, and for the exercise of +every useful art; he would permit competition with government +manufactories and shops, but all who desired work could be sure of it at +the state establishments: finally, he would provide comfortable homes +for the old and destitute, as "it ought to be quite as natural and +straightforward a matter for a labourer to take his pension from his +parish, because he has deserved well of his parish, as for a man in +higher rank to take his pension from his country because he has deserved +well of his country." Ruskin has amplified his economic doctrines in +"Munera Pulveris," "Time and Tide by Wear and Tyne," and "Fors +Clavigera." "Time and Tide" is a collection of letters on the laws of +work to the late Thomas Dixon, a working corkcutter of Sunderland. They +were originally published in the _Manchester Examiner_. "Fors Clavigera" +is a series of ninety-six letters to working-men, which were issued in +monthly parts, and rendered additionally interesting by the quantity of +autobiographical anecdotes so freely interspersed in their pages. The +title is derived, as Ruskin has explained, from the Latin _fors_, the +best part of three good English words--force, fortitude, and fortune; +the root of the adjective _clavigera_ being either _clava_, a club, +_clavis_, a key, or _clavus_, a nail, and _gero_, to carry. Fors the +Club-bearer therefore represents the strength of Hercules or of Deed; +the Key-bearer, the strength of Ulysses or of Patience; and the +Nail-bearer, the strength of Lycurgus or of Law. + +To carry out his principles practically, Ruskin established for a short +time a tea shop in the Marylebone Road, where nothing but the best tea +was sold at a fair price, and he founded the St George's Guild with a +view of showing "the rational organisation of country life independent +of that of cities;" or in other words, the restoration of the peasantry +to the soil of England. One of the conditions of membership was that +every member should give one-tenth of his property to the guild for +carrying out its work. Ruskin led the way, his property being then +estimated at L70,000. He has told us in "Fors" that out of the L157,000 +left him by his parents he has spent L153,000. Much of this must have +gone to the Ruskin Museum at Sheffield. + +It is, however, in following Carlyle as a bracing, invigorating +influence that Ruskin has most claim on the gratitude of the present +generation. If Carlyle taught us to be content with this "miserable +actual," with such environment as may have fallen to our lot, his +disciple has given the impulse which has led to the beautifying of that +environment. The more refined taste in dress, furniture, and in +dwelling-houses which has characterized the later Victorian era, and, +side by side therewith, a greater simplicity of life on the part of the +more cultured rich, are in an especial degree due to the influence of +Ruskin. "What is chiefly needed in England at the present day," he says, +"is to show the quantity of pleasure that may be obtained by a +consistent, well-administered competence, modest, confessed, and +laborious. We need examples of people who, leaving Heaven to decide +whether they are to rise in the world, decide for themselves that they +will be happy in it, and have resolved to seek--not greater wealth, but +simpler pleasures; not higher fortune, but deeper felicity; making the +first of possessions, self-possession; and honouring themselves in the +harmless pride and calm pursuits of peace." In the "Crown of Wild +Olive," "Time and Tide," and "Sesame and Lilies," he emphasizes this +teaching with his customary eloquence. Of these books, by far the most +important is "Sesame and Lilies," which was written, he says, "while my +energies were still unbroken and my temper unfretted, and if read in +connection with 'Unto this Last,' contains the chief truths I have +endeavoured through all my life to display, and which, under the +warnings I have received to prepare for its close, I am chiefly thankful +to have learnt and taught." It treats of "the majesty of the influence +of good books and of good women, if we know how to read them and how to +honour." How to read books he shows by analyzing the well-known passage +from Milton's "Lycidas" on "The Pilot of the Galilean Lake," and +explaining the deep meaning of its every word. How to honour women, how +women may become worthy of honour, he shows by taking us to Shakspere +and to Scott, whose Portias and Rosalinds, Catherine Seytons and Diana +Vernons are ever ready at critical moments to be a help and a guidance +to men; and finally he appeals to the great Florentine, and shows us +Beatrice leading Dante through the starry spheres of heaven up to the +very throne of light and of truth. But the book is full of healthy and +helpful passages, and is, like so much that its author has written, a +moral inspiration for all who read it. "I am a great man," Ruskin once +said, with a consciousness of genius which reminds us that Horace and +Milton, Shakspere and Goethe were equally outspoken. Posterity, we may +well believe, will endorse the self-criticism, and will not willingly +let his works or his memory die. + +Of late years Mr Ruskin has lived, not in the most robust health, in a +house at Coniston, in the English Lake District. + +The next most prominent critic of the period is one upon whom Ruskin has +always poured his bitterest scorn, and who yet will be ever remembered +with warmest reverence by those who are old enough to have been his +contemporaries. I mean John Stuart Mill. + +Jeremy Bentham, who gave such an impulse to all political reform, and +made a complete revolution in English jurisprudence, died in 1832. His +friend James Mill, who wrote the "History of India" and an "Analysis of +the Human Mind," died four years later. "It was," says Professor Bain, +"James Mill's greatest contribution to human progress to have given us +his son." It may be so, and yet he seems to have done his utmost to +spoil the gift, not, as children are usually spoiled, by +over-indulgence, but by the most excessive severity. + +=John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)= born in Rodney Street, Pentonville. His +education, which was conducted by his father, would have been the mental +ruin of a mind of smaller powers. "I never was a boy," he said, "never +played at cricket; it is better to let Nature have her own way." He +began Greek at three, and Latin at eight years of age. The list of +classical authors with whose works he was familiar at thirteen is truly +appalling. This in itself would have been a small matter had not his +cold, stern father discouraged all imaginative reading. Poetry in +particular he was taught to look upon as mere vanity, and there are few +passages in Mill's "Autobiography" more interesting than the story how +in early manhood Wordsworth's poetry came to him like veritable "balm in +Gilead," for spiritual refreshment and healing. In 1823 he obtained a +clerkship in the India House, from which he withdrew, with ample +compensation, when the Indian Government was transferred to the Crown in +1858. Meanwhile he had been an industrious contributor to the +_Westminster Review_ and other periodicals, and regularly attended the +debates of the Speculative Society which met at Grote's house. Scarcely +any scene in literature is better known than the destruction of the +manuscript of Carlyle's "French Revolution" which he had lent to Mill. +Mill lent it to Mrs Taylor, the lady who afterwards became his wife, and +it was inadvertently destroyed. The speechless agony of Mill when he +went to inform his friend, the self-command with which Carlyle and his +wife concealed their own misery in endeavouring to moderate his +self-reproaches--these and many other details have been made familiar to +us by many pens. Mill gave Carlyle what monetary compensation he could, +and acted, as he always acted in life, with all possible nobleness. Mrs +Taylor, who was the real culprit on this occasion, was the wife of a +wholesale druggist in Mark Lane. When Mill made her acquaintance, his +father remonstrated, but he replied that he had no other feelings +towards her than he would have towards an equally able man. The +equivocal friendship, which was the talk of all Mill's circle of +acquaintances, lasted for twenty years, when Mr Taylor died, and Mill +married his widow. It is impossible to regard the enthusiasm of Mill for +this lady without feeling how much there was in it of the humorous, how +much also of the pathetic. That Mill had a most exaggerated opinion of +her intellectual attainments there can be no doubt. He declared her to +be the author of all that was best in his writings. Much of his +"Political Economy," he said, was her work, and also the "Liberty" and +the "Subjection of Women." His language with regard to her was always +extravagant, and Grote said that "only John Mill's reputation could +survive such displays." Mill's brother George declared that she was +"nothing like what John thought her," and there is much evidence to show +that she was but a weak reflection of her husband. Still, it is +impossible not to sympathize with such an illusion. Mrs Mill died in +1858, and was buried at Avignon, in France, where Mill himself spent +many of the later years of his life, and where he died in 1873. It was +at Avignon that the Crown Princess of Prussia and the Princess Alice of +Hesse proposed to visit him, when he, with due courtesy, declined to see +them. + +Mill's works, which are very extensive, deal with philosophical, +psychological, economical, and political problems. His "Logic" was +published in 1843, his "Essays on Unsettled Questions in Political +Economy" in 1844, his "Principles of Political Economy" in 1848, and his +"Liberty" in 1858. In 1865 he published his "Examination of Sir William +Hamilton's Philosophy." Four volumes of "Dissertations and Discussions" +appeared between 1859 and 1867, and "Considerations on Representative +Government" in 1861. In 1865 he entered Parliament as Member for +Westminster, losing his seat, however, in 1868. It would be hard to +speak too highly of Mill. As a man he was all kindliness and considerate +thoughtfulness for others, and his ideal of life was a very high one. +Carlyle's Letters, Caroline Fox's Memoirs, and many other sources of +information, make this clear. On the literary side he will be variously +estimated, as we survey him from one or other aspect of his many-sided +career. As a stimulator of public opinion the work he did was enormous. +This is not the place to discuss the value of this or that movement +associated with his name; but there can be no doubt that many questions, +like the reform of the land laws, were initiated by him. In the +seventies his philosophy dominated Oxford. It is of no account to-day. + +On the philosophical side Mill's position is weakened by his ignorance +of the more simple sciences, which we now know to be of the greatest +moment in the study of intellectual problems. Mill knew little of +physics, and of biology still less. His education in this respect +belonged to the old-fashioned type. His work in logic is all but +unshaken, although his book has been superseded for school and college +use. His psychology, however, his ethics, much of his economics, and +above all, his metaphysics, must be corrected by later ideas. Doubtless +Mill's readjustments in mental science are most valuable, especially his +rehandling of the old doctrines; but fundamentally these are Hume's. +Mill's chief philosophical work was destructive. He utterly routed the +remnants of a still earlier philosophy, furbished up with all the +knowledge and all the acuteness of Sir William Hamilton. But the great +generalizations which have changed the whole drift of our philosophy are +the Conservation of Energy, and Evolution, including as the latter does +the laws and conditions of life, and in particular the doctrine of +Heredity. For adequate philosophical guidance on these subjects we must +turn to Herbert Spencer. + +But first let me point to the number of political economists who have +followed Mill in the discussion of the relation of society to the +"wealth" it produces. Mill's "Political Economy" was more of a +systematic summary of the prevailing doctrines than an original work. It +long formed, however, the basis of ordinary English knowledge on the +subject, and by its adhesion to the Wages Fund and other erroneous +theories, it did not a little harm as well as good to Economic Science. +Mill's most enthusiastic disciple in economics, =Henry Fawcett +(1833-1884)=, went far beyond his master in his acceptance of the main +doctrines of the Ricardo school. Many of the positions maintained in his +"Political Economy" were abandoned by Mill before his death, +particularly the Wages Fund theory; and in his "Autobiography" he traced +his own progress to views which, as he said, would class him "under the +general designation of Socialist." He declared himself in favour of "the +common ownership in the raw material of the globe, and an equal +participation of all in the benefits of combined labour."[18] + +Professor Fawcett, who published his "Manual of Political Economy" in +1863, continued to the last to hold to the old views, and especially to +favour as little as possible the intervention of the State. As member of +Parliament, first for Brighton and afterwards for Hackney, he did great +service by his criticisms of Indian finance. For more than four years +(1880-1884) he held the position of Postmaster-General, and introduced +many valuable reforms into the department under his administration. +Other economists of importance, =John Elliott Cairnes (1824-1875)= and +=William Stanley Jevons (1835-1882)=, have differed from Mill in many +theoretic principles; but the fairest survey of the later developments +of Mill's economics is given by =Henry Sidgwick (1838- )=, +Knightbridge Professor of Moral Philosophy at Cambridge, and by Alfred +Marshall (born 1842). In his "Principles of Political Economy" (1883) +Sidgwick attempts, with great clearness, to criticise the conflicting +views of the older economists in the light of the modern and more +socialist views. He also attempts in his "Methods of Ethics" (1874) a +compromise between the Utilitarian and the Intuitionist schools, and he +does this also in his "Elements of Politics" (1891), a comprehensive +survey of political science. Mr Marshall, who holds the Chair of +Political Economy at Cambridge, has written "Economics of Industry" +(1879), and "Principles of Economics" (1890). A writer who did much to +make foreign economists known in England, and who seemed at one time +destined to be the able leader of a new school, was =Thomas Edward +Cliffe Leslie (1827-1882)=, whose "Essays" are full of terse and +suggestive criticism. Cliffe Leslie died, however, without writing any +work of first-rate importance. He did something, however, following the +line of writers like Richard Jones (1790-1855), to bring academic theory +to the test of actual facts. + +During the last twenty years of the century, economic study has taken +increasingly the direction of elaborate investigation of the +circumstances of industrial life. On the one hand, a school of economic +historians,--Arnold Toynbee, with a brilliant _aperAu_ on "The +Industrial Revolution," Thorold Rogers in his monumental "History of +Agriculture and Prices," Dr Cunningham, in the "Growth of English +History and Commerce," and Professor W. J. Ashley in "Economic History +and Theory," have greatly extended our knowledge of past industry. On +the other, we have the colossal work undertaken at his own expense by Mr +Charles Booth, assisted by a group of zealous students--including H. +Llewellyn Smith, D. F. Schloss, and Miss Clara Collet, now all filling +official posts at the Labor Department of the Board of Trade; and Miss +Beatrice Potter (now Mrs Sidney Webb)--a complete survey of London life, +statistical, economic, industrial, and social. The nine volumes of this +"Life and Labor of the People," already issued, constitute one of the +most important statistical works ever undertaken by a private person. Mr +and Mrs Sidney Webb wrote together another valuable contribution to +economic science in "The History of Trade Unionism" (1894). + +But political economy is merely a branch of the larger science of +sociology, and for the first general treatment of the whole science, +since Comte, we turn to the most characteristic philosopher of the +century. =Herbert Spencer (1820- )= was born at Derby, where his +father was a teacher of mathematics. From his father and uncle, the +latter a Congregational minister, he received his early education. +Articled at seventeen years of age to a civil engineer, he followed that +profession with some success for seven or eight years, when he gradually +drifted into literature--a series of letters by him "On the Proper +Sphere of Government" appearing in the _Nonconformist_ for 1842. A few +years later, he wrote for the _Westminster Review_, at the house of the +editor of which magazine he met George Eliot in 1851, and began the most +famous friendship of his life. It was also in 1851 that he published his +first work, "Social Statics," and four years later his "Principles of +Psychology." In 1861 he published his work on "Education," and the +following year his "First Principles." Between that time and 1896 he has +slowly built up a system of synthetic philosophy, in a dozen bulky +volumes, which has secured him a very large following not only in +England, but throughout the Continent and America. His "Descriptive +Sociology" is the production of many writers, who have worked under his +direction, collecting facts from travellers and scientists all over the +world. + +To have placed Psychology and Ethics on a scientific basis in harmony +with the discoveries of the century is a truly great achievement. Many +years have now passed away since Herbert Spencer claimed the whole +domain of knowledge as his own, and undertook to revise, in accordance +with the latest lights, the whole sphere of philosophy. What must have +seemed intolerable presumption in 1860 became in 1896 a completed task. +In universality of knowledge he rivals Aristotle and Bacon at a time +when the sphere of learning is immensely larger than in their epochs. It +is not within the province of this survey of literature to go through +the twelve large volumes of his works in detail. We would rather point +out that, to the unphilosophical reader, who would willingly know +something of Spencer's literary powers, the "Study of Sociology," which +he wrote for the "International Scientific Series," and the treatise on +"Education" are books which all who read must enjoy. + +To him, with Mill, belongs the glory of restoring to Great Britain the +old supremacy in philosophy given to her by Bacon, continued by Locke, +Hume, and Berkeley, but temporarily interrupted by Kant and Hegel. + +Another writer who has attempted to combine psychology with physiology +is =Alexander Bain (1818- )=, who was for many years Professor of +Logic in the University of Aberdeen, and twice Lord Rector. Bain +assisted Mill in the preparation of his "Logic," and has himself written +a treatise on that science, also lengthy works on "The Senses and the +Intellect," and "The Emotions and the Will." Perhaps his work on "Mental +and Moral Science" is his best-known contribution to student literature. +Although he is the author of books on grammar and composition, Professor +Bain's style is always oppressively heavy and unattractive. As Spencer +and Bain combined psychology with physiology, so it was the effort of +Boole and De Morgan to extend the scope of logic by an ingenious +application of mathematics. + +The leader for many years of the "Hegelian" school of philosophy at +Oxford, which has long held the field against Mill on the one hand and +Spencer on the other, was =Thomas Hill Green (1838-1882)=, who was +appointed Whyte Professor of Moral Philosophy in 1877, and who published +the same year a series of articles in the _Contemporary Review_, on "Mr +Herbert Spencer and Mr G. H. Lewes: their Application of the Doctrine of +Evolution to Thought." He was preparing for publication his +"Prolegomena to Ethics" at the time of his death, and the work was +finally edited by Professor A. C. Bradley, who has himself written a +treatise on logic, and whose Hegelian work, entitled "Ethical Studies," +is of the highest interest. Green was a moral force in Oxford, quite +apart from his philosophical speculation, as the following extract from +one of his lectures will indicate:--"I confess to hoping for a time when +the phrase, 'the education of a gentleman,' will have lost its meaning, +because the sort of education which alone makes the gentleman in any +true sense will be within the reach of all. As it was the aspiration of +Moses that all the Lord's people should be prophets, so with all +seriousness and reverence we may hope and pray for a condition of +English society in which all honest citizens will recognize themselves +and be recognized by each other as gentlemen." + +=George Henry Lewes (1817-1878)=, whose name is frequently joined with +that of Spencer by his association of biology with ethics and +psychology, was the son of Charles Lee Lewes, the actor, and was one of +the most versatile writers of our times. His first important work was +the "Biographical History of Philosophy," originally published in 1845 +in Knight's Shilling Library, but amplified without improvement into two +substantial volumes in 1867. Lewes's distaste for the ordinary +metaphysics, and the severity of his criticism on Hegel, have rendered +this work the _bete noir_ of all transcendental students; but it remains +the one English "History of Philosophy" of any pretension. More +unqualified praise may be given to the "Life of Goethe," which Lewes +published in 1855. Perhaps no other man then living could have shown +himself competent to deal with Goethe's many-sidedness--to discuss +"Faust" and "Tasso," "Hermann und Dorothea" at one moment, the poet's +biological and botanical discoveries the next, and to estimate at their +true worth the speculations on colours, which Goethe held to be more +calculated than his poems to secure him immortality. The book remains +the standard life of the great Weimar sage in this country, and is +popular in Germany, in spite of a vast Goethe literature which has been +published since its appearance. In addition to these great works Lewes +wrote two novels, one of which, "Ranthorpe," Charlotte Bronte praised +enthusiastically. He edited the _Fortnightly Review_, and also initiated +a craze for aquaria, by his "Seaside Studies;" he endeavoured, indeed, +to popularise many of the sciences, particularly physiology. His last +years were devoted to philosophical questions, and his "Problems of Life +and Mind" were published in fragments, the concluding volume, under +George Eliot's editorship, after his death. + +The earliest writer of the era to popularise science was =Sir David +Brewster (1781-1868)=, an eminent physicist, in whose _Edinburgh +Cyclopaedia_ Carlyle commenced his literary career. His "Life of Newton," +"Martyrs of Science," and "More Worlds than One" are still widely read. +=Michael Faraday (1791-1867)=, another famous physicist, is still +better remembered by our own generation, principally for his popular +lectures at the Royal Institution, where he was superintendent of the +laboratory for forty-eight years. He was a blacksmith's son, and was +originally apprenticed to a bookbinder. After his discovery of +magneto-electricity, he had, he told Tyndall, a hard struggle to decide +whether he should make wealth or science the pursuit of his life. +Tyndall calculates that Faraday could easily have realised L150,000; but +he declared for science and died a poor man. + +=John Tyndall (1820-1893)=, who once said that it was his great +ambition to play the part of Schiller to this Goethe, succeeded Faraday +at the Royal Institution, and wrote about him eloquently in his "Faraday +as a Discoverer." Tyndall was born at Leighlin Bridge, Carlow, Ireland, +in 1820. His father was a member of the Irish constabulary. His services +to many branches of science were great; but he concerns us here not so +much by his treatises on electricity, sound, light, and heat, or by his +discoveries in diamagnetism, as by his "Lectures on Science for +Unscientific People," which, Huxley said, was the most scientific book +he had ever read, and which has yet the transcendent merit of giving +enjoyment as well as instruction, even to the readers of three-volume +novels. In 1856 Tyndall made a journey to Switzerland, in company with +Professor Huxley, and the friends afterwards wrote a treatise "On the +Structure and Motion of Glaciers." Geological treatises may be said to +have given the fullest play to the literary side of science. The work of +Robert Bentley and Sir Joseph Hooker in botany, of Michael Foster, St +George Mivart, and Francis Maitland Balfour in biology, is, it may be, +equal or superior to that of the bulk of the writers whose achievements +we have chronicled; but it is not a part of literature. Burdon +Sanderson, Balfour Stewart, and a host of other men, have done +incalculable service in the Victorian era--service, it is to be feared, +which scarcely obtains as generous recognition as the cheap +generalisations of smaller men; but scientific text-books, however +important, are scarcely within the scope of these chapters. Geology, on +the other hand, is, as it were, a conglomerate of the sciences, and +lends itself readily to the most eloquent literary expression. Few +writers have been more widely read than =Hugh Miller (1802-1856)=, a +Cromarty stone-mason, whose first enthusiasm for study of the rocks +arose from following his trade, but whose life was mainly devoted to +journalism, and to editing _The Witness_. His "Old Red Sandstone," +"Footprints of the Creator," and "The Testimony of the Rocks" were +effective in kindling a taste for natural science. + +The special study which Miller gave to the Red Sandstone rocks was +extended by =Sir Roderick Impey Murchison (1792-1871)= to the Silurian +System, and his work entitled "Siluria" has passed through many +editions. Scotland seems to have been the nursery of geologists, for +Miller and Murchison, Lyell and the brothers Geikie, were all born north +of the Tweed. =Sir Charles Lyell (1797-1875)= was born at Kinnordy, in +Forfarshire, and educated at Midhurst, and at Exeter College, Oxford. +Called to the bar, he went the Western Circuit for two years, but, when +attending some of Dr Buckland's lectures, he became attached to geology. +His "Principles of Geology," first published in 1830, caused a +revolution in the science. Never before had there been presented such a +connected illustration of the influences which had caused the earth's +changes in the unresting distribution of land and water areas. Much of +Lyell's great work reads like a fairy tale; much might have been thought +the fruit of an imaginative rather than of a scientific mind. Lyell's +smaller book, the "Student's Elements of Geology," was injured in +literary merit by the progressive study of the science of which he had +been the second father. The constant addition of fresh knowledge, and +his conversion to Darwin's views, necessitated the continual rewriting +of parts and further revision by other hands after the author's death. +"The Antiquity of Man" (in defence of Darwin's theory) is of more value +from a literary standpoint. Before the beginning of the reign =William +Buckland (1784-1856)=, Dean of Westminster, by whose lectures Lyell +had so much profited, had written his famous Bridgewater Treatise on +"Geology and Mineralogy considered with reference to Natural Theology." +His son, =Frank Buckland (1826-1880)=, wrote clever and readable books +on "Natural History," and had genuine enthusiasm for the study of animal +life; but he was charged with having vulgarised the studies in which he +took so keen an interest. The most distinguished living geologist is Sir +Archibald Geikie, who is now director-general of the Geological Survey +of the United Kingdom. His "Text Book," which was first published in +1882, is a model of lucid writing, and his essays are among the most +pleasant literary products of the age. His brother, James Geikie, has +written an important work on glaciation, entitled "The Great Ice Age." + +But the scientific literature of the past sixty years might almost be +said to be summarised in the work of =Charles Darwin (1809-1882)=. A +funeral in Westminster Abbey, amid the mourning of many nations, closed +the career of one whose life-work had often been greeted with scorn. +"Our century is Darwin's century," said a leading German newspaper +(_Allgemeine Zeitung_) at his death, and the statement is no +exaggeration. Those who witnessed the long stream of prelates and nobles +who filed through the Abbey at his funeral, the then Archbishop of +Canterbury (Dr Tait) and the present Prime Minister (Lord Salisbury) +among the number, could not but recall the reception of the great +investigator's theory twenty years before. Bishop Wilberforce in +particular denounced it in the _Quarterly Review_ as "a flimsy +speculation." Darwin's antecedents were of a nature such as, on the +principle of heredity, a great man should possess. His paternal +grandfather, Erasmus Darwin, was a poet, whose "Botanic Garden" may +still be read with interest. His maternal grandfather was Josiah +Wedgwood, the famous potter. Darwin was the son of a doctor of +Shrewsbury, and was educated at the Grammar School of that city and at +Christ's College, Cambridge. Here his natural history studies were +sympathetically directed by Professor Henslow, the botanist, by whose +recommendation he was selected to accompany the _Beagle_ on its +expedition to survey the South American coast. The results of his +travels were embodied in his first important work, "Journals of +Researches during a Voyage round the World," which was published in +1839, and was republished under the title of "A Naturalist's Voyage +round the World." In the same year he married his cousin, Miss Wedgwood, +and, after a few years of London life, took up his residence in a +pleasant country house at Down, near Beckenham, in Kent. Here he pursued +his remarkable investigations until his death, surrounded by his +accomplished children, and finding, as he told a friend, his highest +emotional gratification in the joys of family life and a love of animate +nature. Two of his sons, George Howard Darwin and Francis Darwin, have +done good work in science, the one in geology and astronomy, the other +in botany. Darwin himself wrote also on the "Structure and Distribution +of Coral Reefs," revolutionising the popular view concerning these +remarkable phenomena. Discovering that reef-building polyps cannot live +at depths of more than twenty fathoms, he found it necessary to explain +the presence of rocks built by them which rise from more than 2000 feet +below the surface of the sea. This he did on the hypothesis of a gradual +subsidence of the sea-floor whilst the polyps are at work. This view has +since been generally accepted by geologists, although somewhat modified +by Dr John Murray's observation in the _Challenger_ expedition, that the +reefs are not always of solid coral, and that they may in many cases +have been formed on the cones of extinct volcanoes. + +Darwin had pondered for many years over the theory which was to make him +famous before he decided to bring his conclusions before the public. +After considerable observation of every form of animal and vegetable +life and experiments in selective breeding he concluded that the species +of plants and animals now on the earth were not created in their present +form, but had been evolved by unbroken descent with modification of +structure from cruder forms, the remains of many of which are constantly +discovered in the older rocks. He discovered in 1858 that =Alfred Russel +Wallace (1822- )= had independently arrived at the same conclusions, +and so it was agreed that their views should be jointly laid before the +Linnaean Society. In 1859 the "Origin of Species" was published, and it +was followed by a number of works bearing upon the same subject, the +most notable of all being the "Descent of Man." Darwin's work on "Earth +Worms," perhaps the most purely literary of all his writings, appeared +the year before his death. It is not the province of a sketch of +Victorian literature to discuss the many important bearings of the +Darwinian hypothesis. Received with unbounded contempt by literary men +so eminent as Carlyle and Ruskin, it was accepted only with +qualification by men of science like Agassiz, Carpenter, and Owen; but +an overwhelming majority of scientific men in England, America, and +above all in Continental countries, have declared in its favour. The +theory has received popular interpretation in Germany from Haeckel, and +in England from Huxley, although in this connection we must not forget +=George John Romanes (1848-1894)=, the author of "Animal Intelligence" +and "Mental Evolution in Animals," Grant Allen, and Edward Clodd. + +=Thomas Henry Huxley (1825-1895)=, one of the greatest of our men of +science, was of interest not only on account of his vast scientific +attainments, but for his profound acquaintance with metaphysics, as +illustrated in his "Life of Hume," his wide culture, and his exquisite +literary style. He was born and educated at Ealing, in Middlesex, where +his father was a schoolmaster. He studied medicine at the Charing Cross +Hospital, then entered the Royal Navy as an assistant surgeon, and went +in the _Rattlesnake_ to survey the Barrier Reef of Australia. The papers +which he sent to the Royal and Linnaean Societies gave him fame. After +his return he devoted himself to original research; but work of that +sort brings no recompense in money, and Huxley's means were narrow. In +1854, however, he obtained the chairs of Natural History and +Palaeontology at the School of Mines, and to this he afterwards added the +appointment of Inspector of Fisheries. The "blue ribbon" of science, +the Presidency of the Royal Society, was conferred on him in 1883. +Huxley wrote much on biological problems, and by the publication of his +"Physiography" gave a new name to the science which has extended the +scope of the old Physical Geography: but his chief interest for us here +is in his "Lay Sermons," "Addresses and Reviews," his "Critiques and +Addresses," and his "American Addresses," all of which may take rank +among the finest prose of our age. + + +As an interesting contrast to the work of Darwin and Huxley, and all +that it has implied to modern literature, one may refer once again to +the movement inspired by Cardinal Newman. His most prominent associates +for many years, neither of whom, however, left the Church of England for +the Church of Rome, were Pusey and Keble. + +=Edward Bouverie Pusey (1800-1882)= was practically the founder of the +modern High Church movement in the Anglican community. A writer of +"Tracts for the Times," he was, after Newman had "gone over to Rome," +the recognized head of the movement, and his followers were frequently +called "Puseyites." A demoralization of the party seemed inevitable on +Newman's secession, but the publication of Dr Pusey's "Letter to Keble" +gave it fresh life. In 1866 his "Eirenicon," a proposal for the reunion +of Christendom, drew a reply from Cardinal Newman, with whom, however, +he maintained the profoundest friendship to the end. =John Keble +(1792-1866)=, who was born at Fairford, in Gloucestershire, was a man +of far higher gifts. Educated at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, he +obtained a fellowship at Oriel. For some years he was Professor of +Poetry at Oxford, a position for which he had qualified himself by the +publication of the "Christian Year," a volume of religious poems for +every Sunday and church festival, many of which have been admitted into +the hymnology of all the Christian sects. Perhaps truer poetry is to be +found in his "Lyra Innocentium," a series of poems on children, for +there the human element is more marked. Keble also wrote a "Life of +Bishop Wilson," and published several volumes of sermons. + + +The movement of Liberal theology, to which men like Keble gave the name +of "national apostasy," was headed in its earlier developments by +Archbishop Whately and Dr Arnold of Rugby, and more recently by the Rev. +Frederick Denison Maurice and Dean Stanley. =Richard Whately +(1787-1863)=, who was at Oriel with Keble, had published his once +popular "Logic" and "Rhetoric" before the commencement of the reign of +Victoria, and in 1831 had been made Archbishop of Dublin, a position +which he held till his death, in 1863, winning all hearts by his +kindness and liberality, by his generous tolerance and zeal for +progress. His "Logic" is chiefly of importance for the impetus it gave +to the study of that science. His "Christian Evidences" gained in its +day a wider audience. =Thomas Arnold (1795-1842)= was born at East +Cowes, in the Isle of Wight, and was educated at Winchester, and with +Keble at Corpus Christi College, Oxford. After ordination he removed to +Laleham-on-Thames, where he prepared young men for the universities. +When, in 1827, the head-mastership of Rugby became vacant, Arnold was +elected on the strength of a recommendation by Dr Hawkins, to the effect +that he "would change the face of education all through the public +schools of England." The prophecy was fulfilled. He was the first to +introduce modern languages and modern history and mathematics into the +regular school course. At the same time he always insisted on the value +of the classics as a basis of education, and himself prepared an edition +of "Thucydides," and wrote a "History of Rome" in its earlier periods, +which is at least eminently interesting. His services to his country as +an educational reformer were even greater on the moral side. Dr Arnold +was a purifying influence to men of the higher classes, to a degree +which is inexplicable to the present generation. For a time he was +unpopular, and his school suffered, through his advocacy of church +reform and his association with political Liberalism; but the success of +his pupils at the universities had caused a reaction in his favour at +the time of his death, which occurred all too early, for he was only +forty-seven. Of his many distinguished pupils, perhaps the best known +are Tom Hughes and Dean Stanley. =Thomas Hughes (1823-1896)=, who in +1882 was made a county-court judge, wrote many books, but only one of +them entitles him to be remembered to-day. In a moment of happy +inspiration, he wrote the finest boy's book in the language. "Tom +Brown's School Days" was published in 1857. It is a picture of life at +Rugby, under Dr Arnold's healthy, manly guidance. + +=Arthur Penrhyn Stanley (1815-1881)= wrote his "Life of Dr Arnold" in +1844. A son of Edward Stanley, Bishop of Norwich, he was born at +Alderley, in Cheshire. From Rugby he went to Balliol College, Oxford, +where he had an exceptionally distinguished career. In 1851 he became a +canon of Canterbury, and his picturesque "Memorials of Canterbury" were +the outcome of residence in that city. In 1863 he was made Dean of +Westminster, notwithstanding the opposition of the High Church party, to +whom the theological views expressed in his numerous works were +distasteful. Of these writings, "Sinai and Palestine," "Lectures on the +Eastern Church," and "Lectures on the Jewish Church," are the best +known. As Dean of Westminster Dr Stanley became an active leader of the +Broad Church movement. Although not a contributor to "Essays and +Reviews" his services to the movement were incalculable. He invited Max +Mueller to lecture in the Abbey, befriended Pere Hyacinthe, and gave +sympathy to Bishop Colenso. His speeches in the Lower House of +Convocation, particularly one in which he proposed the suppression of +the Athanasian Creed in the services of the Church, made him many +enemies; but few ecclesiastics have been so beloved by both sovereign +and people. One recalls the pleasant, active little man, so proud of his +Abbey Church, with a deep sigh that he should be no more. His life was +written by his successor, Dean Bradley. + +Of the contributors to "Essays and Reviews," the manifesto of the Broad +Church party, which appeared in 1860, Frederick Temple must be +mentioned, because his contribution, "The Education of the World," led +to a frantic effort to prevent his receiving the bishopric of Exeter, an +effort which was unsuccessful. In 1885 Dr Temple was made Bishop of +London, and in 1896 Archbishop of Canterbury. Other distinguished +writers in "Essays and Reviews" were Dr Jowett and Mr Mark Pattison. +=Benjamin Jowett (1817-1893)=, master of Balliol, who wrote the essay +on "The Interpretation of Scripture," achieved his greatest successes by +his brilliant translations of Plato, Thucydides, and "The Politics" of +Aristotle. His Plato drew from John Bright, who was little inclined to +appreciate the great thoughts of the Athenian philosopher, an expression +of admiration for the classic English of the Oxford professor. Jowett's +life was written by Evelyn Abbott and Lewis Campbell. =Mark Pattison +(1813-1884)=, whose contribution to "Essays and Reviews" was on "The +Tendencies of Religious Thought in England," assisted Newman and Pusey +in the early days of the Tractarian movement, but finally went over to +the Liberalism which they so much dreaded. In 1861 he was elected Rector +of Lincoln College, Oxford. Pattison was a profound scholar. Few men +have led lives so absorbed in books. The results of his learning are +apparent in his interesting "Life of Isaac Casaubon," which he had hoped +to follow by a life of Scaliger. + +But men like Jowett and Pattison have been the arm-chair representatives +of a movement which found one of its most active supporters in =John +Frederick Denison Maurice (1805-1872)=. Maurice was the son of a +Unitarian minister, and was born at Normanstone, near Lowestoft. For a +time he was editor of the _Athenaeum_, but joined the Anglican Church in +1831, and accepted a curacy near Leamington. A treatise entitled +"Subscription no Bondage," which defined his position in the Church, +excited much attention, as did also his tracts on the "Kingdom of +Christ." In conjunction with Kingsley and Hughes he published pamphlets +called "Politics for the People," and organised the Christian socialist +and co-operative movement of 1850. Like Kingsley, Maurice may be +labelled a Broad Churchman, not so much on doctrinal grounds as for the +breadth of his sympathies. It was social rather than theological +problems to which he attached importance. Kingsley, indeed, described +himself to correspondents as a Broad Churchman, a High Churchman, and an +Evangelical, as the mood seemed to take him. Bishop Colenso is a good +type of the more militant theologians. =John William Colenso +(1814-1883)= first came before the public as the author of mathematical +text-books. At this time he was vicar of Forncett St Mary, in Norfolk, +but in 1853 he was made Bishop of Natal. In South Africa he was a +zealous advocate of the rights of the natives against the oppression of +the Boers and Cape Town officials; but in a measure his influence was +weakened by the publication of his work on Biblical criticism, "The +Pentateuch and Book of Joshua Critically Examined," which was condemned +by both Houses of Convocation as heretical. When Colenso came to England +in 1874 he was inhibited from preaching in the dioceses of London, +Lincoln, and Oxford. At Oxford, however, his sermon was read from the +pulpit of Balliol while the Bishop sat below, and the same device was +pursued at Mr Stopford Brooke's Church in London. Dean Stanley invited +him to the Abbey pulpit, claiming freedom from the jurisdiction of Dr +Jackson, the then Bishop of London; but Colenso declined to increase the +ill-feeling which had been excited. + +Another distinguished member of the Broad Church party, =Edwin Abbott +(1838- )=, was head-master of the City of London School from 1865 to +1889. He has published several educational works. His religious +influence has developed itself through "Philochristus; Memoirs of a +Disciple of our Lord," and "Onesimus; Memoirs of a Disciple of St Paul," +also by a volume of sermons, "Through Nature to Christ," which is +perhaps the best evidence of the development of the Broad Church +movement. Dr Whately, one of its founders, argued for the miracles as +indicative of the Divine origin of Christianity; Dr Abbott esteems the +insistence on miracles as a bar to belief. Perhaps the purest and most +inspiring of all the eloquent teachers belonging to this party was +=Frederick William Robertson (1816-1853)= of Brighton, whose sermons +have been widely read, especially in America, and whose lectures are as +helpful and bracing as any written in our time. Robertson's remarkable +career of only thirty-seven years has been made known to us by the +beautiful life which was written by Mr Stopford Brooke. =Stopford +Augustus Brooke (1832- )= was born in Dublin and educated at Trinity +College. At first he was a Church of England clergyman and a Queen's +Chaplain, but seceded in 1880 on account of his inability to believe in +many supernatural phases of Christian teaching. His "Primer of English +Literature," "History of Early English Poetry," "Theology in the English +Poets," and "Life of Milton" have the ring of the genuine, and, indeed, +of the great, critic. + +Outside the pale of the Anglican community, but powerful factors in that +same Broad Church movement which has been charged with "stretching the +old formula to meet the new facts," one recalls the names of Lynch and +Martineau. =Thomas Toke Lynch (1818-1871)= was born at Dunmow, in +Essex, and held for many years the ministry of a small Congregational +Church, first in Grafton Street and afterwards in the Hampstead Road, +London. He died in comparative obscurity; but the poems in his +"Rivulet," once condemned as heretical, have found their way into most +hymnologies. + +=James Martineau (1805- )= was born at Norwich, and was originally +educated for the profession of civil engineer, but turned to theological +studies, and was for some time the minister of a Presbyterian Church in +Dublin. Then, during a residence in Liverpool, he became a supporter of +the philosophy of Bentham and the elder Mill, but finally abandoned that +position for Kantian metaphysics. Thenceforth he was to be a great power +on behalf of the Theistic and Unitarian position, and he turned +vigorously upon the materialistic beliefs which he had abandoned, and +was, it may be added, somewhat too harsh to his sister Harriet when, +later in life, she adopted them. His "Endeavour after the Christian +Life" and "Hours of Thought on Sacred Things" are two of his best known +works, although a more philosophical interest attaches to his "Study of +Spinoza" and his "Types of Ethical Theory." + +I have dwelt at some length on the work of the High Church and Broad +Church parties during the reign, because with these bodies it has been a +period of great literary achievement, and it can scarcely be claimed +that Evangelicanism, however earnest, zealous, and numerically powerful, +has added much of enduring worth to religious literature. =Richard +William Church (1815-1890)=, Dean of St Paul's, who wrote so +eloquently on Dante and St Anselm, belonged to the Liberal High Church +school, as did also =Henry Parry Liddon (1829-1890)=, a canon of the +same cathedral, whose Bampton lectures "On the Divinity of Jesus Christ" +marked him out as one of the most eloquent of modern preachers. One of +the greatest scholars in the English Church, =Joseph Barber Lightfoot +(1828-1889)=, Bishop of Durham, who replied to the author of +"Supernatural Religion," belonged to the same party. Midway between the +Broad Church and the Evangelical schools we find =Frederick William +Farrar (1831- )=, Dean of Canterbury, who, as head-master of +Marlborough College, wrote stories of boy life. He succeeded Kingsley as +a Canon of Westminster, and excited much attention by his sermons on the +doctrine of eternal punishment. His lives of Christ and of St Paul have +been widely read. =John Charles Ryle (1816- )=, Bishop of Liverpool, +has been perhaps the most famous literary exponent of the Evangelical +position. "Shall we know one another in Heaven" and "Bible Inspiration" +were characteristic books from his pen. =John Saul Howson +(1816-1885)=, Dean of Chester, who, in conjunction with the Rev. W. J. +Conybeare, wrote an able work on "The Life and Epistles of St Paul," was +also a Low Churchman. + +The most distinguished Nonconformist minister of the Victorian period, +and the man whose sermons found most readers, was =Charles Haddon +Spurgeon (1834-1892)=, with whom eloquence and earnestness were +combined with the possession of a simple English style, which he derived +from a study of the Puritan fathers. In "John Ploughman's Talk" (1868) +Spurgeon put forth much homely wisdom in a quaint and humorous garb. + + +I have said well nigh enough concerning speculative writers and +theologians, but it is necessary to mention here =Henry Longueville +Mansel (1820-1871)=, who succeeded Milman as Dean of St Paul's. Mansel +was a vigorous defender of the Anglican position. "The Limits of +Religious Thought" was the title of one of his books; "Metaphysics, or +the Philosophy of Consciousness, Phenomenal and Real" was another, but +he crossed swords with many disputants, with F. D. Maurice, with J. S. +Mill, and indeed he was ever a fighter, subtle and skilful. Another +theologian, =Cardinal Manning (1808-1892)=, was a disputant on behalf +of Roman Catholicism, he having left the Anglican Church in 1851. His +many books and sermons are to-day only of interest to the theological +student. His life was written in 1896, and caused much controversy +through its exceeding candour and indiscretion. + + +Philosophy has had notable students also in Ferrier, Caird, and +Clifford. =James Frederick Ferrier (1808-1864)= who was a nephew of +Susan Ferrier the author of "Marriage," was professor of moral +philosophy at St Andrews. He wrote "Lectures in Greek Philosophy" and +other works. =Edward Caird (1835- )= is master of Balliol and he has +written "Philosophy of Kant," "Essays on Literature and Philosophy," and +"The Evolution of Religion." =William Kingdon Clifford (1845-1879)= +belonged to the opposite camp. He obtained an early reputation as a +mathematician and became professor of applied mathematics in University +College, London, in 1871. His powerful contributions to the literary +side of science were contained in "Seeing and Thinking" and "Lectures +and Essays," the latter volume being edited after his death by his +friends Mr Leslie Stephen and Sir Frederick Pollock. + + +The three most notable books that we have seen from the anti-theological +side, apart from Matthew Arnold's "Literature and Dogma," are "The Creed +of Christendom," "Phases of Faith," and "Supernatural Religion," +although to these may perhaps be added translations of the Lives of +Christ, of Strauss, and of Renan. The "Creed of Christendom" was the +work of =William Rathbone Greg (1809-1881)=, who wrote also "Enigmas +of Life" (1872), and "Rocks Ahead" (1874). "Phases of Faith" was the +work of =Francis William Newman (1805-1897)=, a younger brother of +Cardinal Newman, but at the opposite pole of religious conviction. He +has written many books, the most successful being one on "The Soul" +(1849). Another on "Theism" (1858), was inspired by the same theistic, +but non-Christian impulse. "Phases of Faith" (1858), was his most +successful work. The author of "Supernatural Religion" is Walter Richard +Cassels, who has also published a reply to Bishop Lightfoot's strictures +upon his larger work--a work now all but forgotten, but which created a +considerable sensation at the time of its appearance. + +The age has been, particularly in its later developments, an age of good +critics of literature. Criticism unhappily rarely lasts much beyond its +own decade. Even Mr Matthew Arnold lives now only by his poetry, and the +many good things that he said about books are being steadily forgotten. +Arnold was a great critic, and so also was =Walter Pater (1839-1894)=, +whose "Marius the Epicurean" and "Imaginary Portraits" should have +ranked him with writers of imagination were it not that criticism was +his dominant faculty. Pater has been described as "the most rhythmical +of English prose writers," and his "Renaissance: Studies in Art and +Poetry," and his "Appreciations" give him a very high place among the +writers of our time. + +=Philip Gilbert Hamerton (1834-1894)= was another great critic, who +wrote at least one work of imagination. "Marmorne" is a very pretty +story of life in France. With every aspect of French life Mr Hamerton +was well acquainted, as he lived in that country for very many years. He +wrote regularly upon art topics, and edited an art magazine, _The +Portfolio_; but it is by his volume of essays entitled "The Intellectual +Life" that he will be most kindly remembered for many a year to come. + + +Certain writers whom I must mention are entitled to a place both as +critics and as poets. Mr W. E. Henley, Mr F. W. H. Myers, William Bell +Scott, and William Allingham for example. =William Ernest Henley +(1849- )= has written plays in conjunction with R. L. Stevenson, and +his "Book of Verses" and "Song of the Sword" entitle him to very high +rank among the poets of the day. But he is also a critic of exceptional +vigour and force, and since Matthew Arnold there has been no volume of +criticism so full of discrimination and sound judgment as "Views and +Reviews." Ill health has compelled Mr Henley to waste much of his +undoubted talent. He is at present editing fine library editions of +Burns and Byron. =Frederic William Henry Myers (1843- )= wrote "Saint +Paul," a poem of considerable reputation, but his critical essays are +more widely known. They were published in two volumes, "Classical" and +"Modern," and are full of delightful ideas delightfully expressed. His +biography of Wordsworth is a daintily fanciful memoir, abounding in +good criticism. Mr Myers's brother Ernest is also a poet, and so also +was =William Bell Scott (1811-1890)=. He was, it is true, a poet of a +narrow range, but a critic of great energy and industry. Bell Scott +became best known by his "Autobiography," published after his death. In +it he discussed Rossetti and the Pre-Raphaelite movement with sufficient +frankness. =William Allingham (1824-1889)= wrote many poems and +ballads full of the Celtic spirit, and of Ireland, which he loved as the +land of his birth. Allingham was for a time editor of _Fraser's +Magazine_, and he contributed regularly to the chief literary +periodicals of his day. + + +Literary critics of importance to-day are Edward Dowden, Richard +Garnett, George Saintsbury, Edmund Gosse, Leslie Stephen, and Andrew +Lang--all of whom are happily living and writing. + +=Edward Dowden (1843- )=, who is an Irishman, and a professor of +Trinity College, Dublin, has a genius for accuracy and is a master of +detail. For textual criticism of Wordsworth and Shelley he has no +superior. He has an immense knowledge of the literature of many +languages, and holds without dispute the first place among living +students of German literature in this country. His knowledge of English +literature is profound, and in "Shakspere, his Mind and Art," and +"Studies in Literature," he has said some singularly illuminating +things about books. With his "Life of Shelley" one observes a certain +deterioration; Professor Dowden, with all his profound love of +literature, has scarcely the qualities which would find attraction in +the curiously impulsive character of the poet Shelley. Dowden was +happier when writing about Southey, and he is still more at home with +great impersonal literary figures like Shakspere and Goethe. + + +=Richard Garnett (1835- )=,--better known to the world to-day as Dr +Garnett--has also written on Shelley, not merely with sympathy but with +partisanship. Dr Garnett, who is honourably associated with the British +Museum Library, is a most acute critic, a biographer of Carlyle and +Emerson, a translator from the Greek and German, and, like Professor +Dowden, a poet. + + +=George Saintsbury (1845- )=, who is Professor of English Literature +at the University of Edinburgh, has been an industrious critic for many +years, and his knowledge of French literature in particular is profound. +His acquaintance with English literature in the seventeenth century has, +however, considerably vitiated his style. It is not easy to tolerate the +phraseology of the seventeenth century in modern books. This defect of +style is regrettably noticeable in two volumes of literary history which +Professor Saintsbury has published, one dealing with the seventeenth +and the other with the nineteenth century. It is in certain brief +biographies of Sir Walter Scott and others that Professor Saintsbury is +most excellent; but his wide knowledge and his genuine grasp of the most +salient characteristics of good literature are indisputable qualities +which rank him high among the bookmen of his day. + + +=Edmund Gosse (1849- )= is not less distinguished than the writers I +have named. He would be widely known as a writer of charming verse were +he not actively engaged in literary criticism. The son of a famous +naturalist, Mr Gosse is the author of many admirably written books about +the literature of the past and the present. What Carlyle so largely did +for German literature by introducing it to English readers Mr Gosse has +done for Scandinavian literature. In conjunction with Mr William +Archer--a dramatic critic of singular insight--he has translated Ibsen, +whose influence has been as marked during the past ten years as the +influence of German writers was marked during the previous thirty. Mr +Gosse's best biography is his "Life of Gray." + + +A critic of remarkable learning is =Leslie Stephen (1832- )=, whose +"Hours in a Library" and "History of English Thought in the Eighteenth +Century" are books which have profoundly impressed the age. Mr Leslie +Stephen has written a large number of biographies, all of them +characterised by singular accuracy, by remarkable graces of style, and +by genuine insight. He was the first editor of the _Dictionary of +National Biography_, a work which has proved invaluable to students of +our later literature. + + +=Andrew Lang (1844- )= is the last of the critics I have named, and +not the least active. He has shone in many branches of literary work. +His "Ballads and Lyrics of Old France," "Ballades in Blue China," and +numerous other verses, have gained him considerable reputation as a +poet. His translations of Homer and Theocritus are by many counted the +finest translations that our literature has seen. Some have contended +that his musical prose rendering of the Odyssey is incomparably superior +to all the efforts of Pope, of Cowper, and of the many other poets who +have attempted to render Homer in verse. Mr Lang is an authority on +folk-lore; he has joined issue with Professor Max Mueller on many points +which are of keen interest to those who are attracted towards the +science of language and the study of comparative religion. As a writer +of fairy-tales, and as the editor of books of fairy-stories, Mr Lang has +endeared himself to thousands belonging to the younger generation. But +all this is but dimly and inefficiently to appraise Mr Lang's marvellous +versatility. He has written fiction, history, and, above all, biography, +his biographical work including a Life of Sir Stafford Northcote and a +Life of John Gibson Lockhart, Scott's son-in-law. + + +Biography has generally been written by literary critics, and one +requires no apology in any case for ranking the biographers among the +critics. =John Gibson Lockhart (1794-1854)= himself was a notable +example. He was editor of the _Quarterly Review_, and an industrious +writer for many years; but he is best known to us by his "Life of Sir +Walter Scott," which was published--it is worthy of note--in 1837, the +year of the Queen's accession. Lockhart's "Scott" is beyond question the +most important biography of the reign. The longest is that of Milton by +Professor Masson. =David Masson (1822- )= has held a chair of +literature in University College, London, and later at Edinburgh. Few +men know English literature better than he. His name will always be +associated with his monumental "Life of Milton," a solid, accurate, +exhaustive book; but he has written pleasantly on "British Novelists and +their Styles" and "Drummond of Hawthornden," besides sundry other books. +Many of our poets have had capable biographers. Professor Knight of St +Andrews has devoted himself for many years to Wordsworth, and has +written his biography besides editing his collected works. The late +James Dykes Campbell (1835-1894) wrote a biography of Coleridge +distinguished by remarkable thoroughness. Professor W. J. Courthope has +proved himself Pope's best biographer and editor, and is giving us a +good "History of English Poetry," which at present reaches only to the +Reformation. Mr Churton Collins, one of the most thorough of our +critics, has written on Swift, as has also Sir Henry Craik; and Swift's +life in Ireland has been gracefully sketched by Mr Richard Ashe King, a +novelist whose "Love the Debt" and "The Wearing of the Green" have +commanded a large audience. Swift has been a favourite subject with the +biographers. A life of him was the task upon which =John Forster +(1812-1876)= was engaged at the time of his death. Forster was an +untiring biographer, and he benefited literature as well by his death as +by his life, in that he bequeathed his fine library of books and +manuscripts to the nation. John Forster wrote a Life of Walter Savage +Landor, another of Goldsmith, and another of Charles Dickens, against +which it was urged that he had introduced too much of his own +personality. Perhaps Forster's best work was his "Life of Sir John +Eliot," an expansion of a biography of that patriot which he had +contributed to his "Statesmen of the Commonwealth." + + +Biography is the great medium of instruction and inspiration of that +little band of Positive philosophers who accept their gospel from +Auguste Comte, whose "Philosophie Positive" they have translated into +English. "Study the 'Philosophie Positive' for yourself," says George +Henry Lewes, who, with George Eliot, had much enthusiasm for the new +cult; "study it patiently, give it the time and thought you would not +grudge to a new science or a new language; and then, whether you accept +or reject the system, you will find your mental horizon irrevocably +enlarged. 'But six stout volumes!' exclaims the hesitating aspirant: +Well, yes; six volumes requiring to be meditated as well as read. I +admit that they 'give pause' in this busy bustling life of ours; but if +you reflect how willingly six separate volumes of philosophy would be +read in the course of the year the undertaking seems less formidable. No +one who considers the immense importance of a doctrine which will give +unity to his life, would hesitate to pay a higher price than that of a +year's study." Among the most gifted of the Positivists is =Frederic +Harrison (1831- )=, whose "Order and Progress," and "Choice of Books," +are well known. Among his companions in literary and religious warfare +have been =James Cotter Morison (1831-1888)=, who wrote biographies of +St Bernard of Clairvaux and Macaulay, "The Service of Man" which was a +contribution to religious propaganda; and Richard Congreve (born 1818), +who was a pupil of Dr Arnold at Rugby, and who has written many +thoughtful political tracts. + +An attempt to popularise Comte by an abridgment of his great work was +made by =Harriet Martineau (1802-1876)=, who was born at Norwich, and +was one of the most versatile of Victorian writers. None of her work has +stood the test of time, perhaps because she had so little of real +genius, although possessed undoubtedly of great intellectual endowments. +Not the less readily should we recognise that she exercised considerable +influence upon her own generation. She wrote many stories dealing with +social subjects, and tales illustrative of Political Economy, which +dispersed many a popular illusion. In a visit to America she learned to +sympathise with the Northern States, and perhaps no writer of the day +did so much in England to excite sympathy with the cause which +ultimately proved victorious. Miss Martineau's "Biographical Sketches" +were originally published in the _Daily News_, a journal to which she +was for many years a regular contributor, and for which she wrote her +own obituary notice. Her historical work is mere compilation, destitute +alike of originality and thoroughness, and the greater part of her other +work has proved to be ephemeral. Such tales, however, as "Deerbrook" and +"The Hour and the Man" have still admiring readers. The publication of +her "Letters on the Laws of Man's Nature and Development" (1851) excited +much controversy, although her fearless honesty won the respect even of +her opponents. + +A writer who distinguished himself most notably at one period by a +combination of antagonism to Supernatural Christianity, and a gift for +writing biography, was =John Morley (1838- )=. Mr Morley was born at +Blackburn, and educated at Cheltenham and at Lincoln College, Oxford. +Much of his work was done in journalism; he edited in succession the +_Morning Star_, the _Literary Gazette_, the _Fortnightly Review_, the +_Pall Mall Gazette_, and _Macmillan's Magazine_. He resigned the +editorship of the _Pall Mall Gazette_ in 1883, when he entered +Parliament as member for Newcastle-on-Tyne, and he gave up his post on +_Macmillan's Magazine_ on entering a Liberal Cabinet in 1886. He still +edits the "English Men of Letters Series," a remarkable collection of +handy biographies, for which he wrote a "Life of Burke." His literary +achievement, apart from his essays, is entirely biographical, but it was +of enormous influence upon the intellectual development of thoughtful +young men at the Universities during the seventies and eighties. He has +written lives of Voltaire, Rousseau, and Diderot, which throw much light +on the period prior to the French Revolution, and give abundant evidence +that, had he not devoted himself to politics he would have been able to +produce a history of the French Revolution of inestimable value. On the +other hand his "Life of Cobden" was a failure from a literary +standpoint. The essay "On Compromise" is a most interesting development +of the fundamental idea of Milton's "Areopagitica," and is probably the +most exhaustive treatment of the question--how far we are justified in +keeping back the expression of our opinions in deference to the views +and customs of our fellow-men. + +Another good biographer who gave up to Parliament time which might have +been better employed, from the point of view of a lover of letters, is +=Sir George Otto Trevelyan (1838- )=, whose life of his uncle, Lord +Macaulay, is a delightful biography, full of entertainment for the most +frivolous of readers. Not less entertaining is Sir George Trevelyan's +"Early History of Charles James Fox" (1880), a book which makes one wish +that the writer had devoted himself to that epoch of our history, and +had done for the period of the Georges what his uncle had done for their +immediate predecessors. + +=Lord Houghton (1809-1885)= wrote poetry as Richard Monckton Milnes, +and his lines are still frequently quoted. But his biography of +Keats--"Life, Letters, and Literary Remains of John Keats (1848)," +although not now in any publisher's list, is certain to be long +remembered. Lord Houghton's life was written by his friend, Sir Wemyss +Reid, author also of a "Monograph on Charlotte Bronte." His son, after +serving as Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, became Earl of Crewe; his +daughter, Florence Henniker, keeps alive the literary tradition of the +family, and is known as a writer of short stories. Lord Houghton had a +genuine love of letters and of the society of literary men. So also had +=Henry Crabb Robinson (1775-1867)=, whose diary edited by Dr Sadler +(1869) brings one in touch with all the literary men and women of the +period. At his house in Russell Square Robinson gave breakfasts, to +which it became a distinction to be invited. =Samuel Rogers's +(1763-1855)= breakfasts have been described in many memoirs. Rogers +wrote all his poems long years before the Queen began to reign, but he +lived for another thirty years with the reputation of a good +conversationalist and story-teller. His "Table Talk" was published in +1856, and it is full of good stories. Two valuable books concerning +Rogers have been written by Mr Peter William Clayden, "Early Life of +Samuel Rogers," and "Rogers and His Contemporaries." + + +An important biography was written by =James Spedding (1810-1881)=, +whose whole life was devoted to a study of Bacon, and to a thorough +destruction of Macaulay's criticism upon the great philosopher. The +"Letters and the Life of Francis Bacon, including all his Occasional +Works, newly collected and set forth, with a Commentary Biographical and +Historical," was published in seven volumes between 1857 and 1874. + + +Two of the most notable political philosophers of the era were George +Cornewall Lewis and Bagehot. =Sir George Lewis (1806-1863)= held +important posts in the Governments of his day, being at one time Home +Secretary and at another Secretary of State for War. He wrote "A +Dialogue on the Best Form of Government" and many other treatises. +=Walter Bagehot (1826-1877)= was one of the greatest authorities of +his day on banking and finance. He wrote "Physics and Politics," +"Economic Studies," and several other works which have little relation +to literature; but his "Literary Studies" indicated a critical +acquaintance with the best books. A brilliant publicist of our day, who +combines, like Bagehot, a love of affairs with keen literary instincts, +is =Goldwin Smith (1823- )=, who has made his home in Toronto, +Canada, for many years now, but who was once intimately associated with +Oxford University. Goldwin Smith has written many books and pamphlets, +one on "The Relations between England and America," another on "The +Political Destiny of Canada," and he has written a short biography of +Cowper. + + +The most famous traveller of the reign and one of our greatest men of +letters was =George Borrow (1803-1881)=, who went to Spain as an agent +of the British and Foreign Bible Society. Hence his "Bible in Spain," +which has become one of the most popular books in our language as it is +one of the most fascinating. It was first published in 1843 under the +title "The Bible in Spain, or Journeys, Adventures, and Imprisonments of +an Englishman in an attempt to circulate the Scriptures in the +Peninsula." "Lavengro" (1851) and "The Romany Rye" (1857) have enjoyed +almost an equal popularity with "The Bible in Spain." + + +Herman Melville (1819-1891) was an American citizen, and his work, +therefore, does not come within the scope of this volume. I am the more +sorry for this, that I consider Melville's name is entitled to rank with +that of George Borrow as one of the two travellers during the epoch +whose books make literature. It is small disparagement to the majority +of our great travellers that they have not been men of letters, that +their books, although serviceable to their generation, are of little +moment considered from the standpoint of art. Although Mr H. M. Stanley, +Dr Nansen, and other adventurous spirits of our time, may be quite as +important in the general drift of the world's doings as any of the +literary men whose names are contained in this volume, their books have +no place whatever in literature. It is noteworthy, however, that books +written by travellers have been, during the past ten years or more, by +far the most popular form of reading, apart from fiction. Interest in +historical study and speculative writing seems to have declined; +interest in travel is as marked as ever. + + +The journalism of the reign has been so intimately associated with +literature that were my space more ample I should have chosen to devote +a chapter to that subject alone. Many of the men I have mentioned, +perhaps most of them, have at one time or another contributed to the +journals or magazines of the day. Even the novelists have a peculiar +interest in journalism, because of late years as large a proportion of +their pecuniary reward has come from what is called serial publication +in this or that magazine or newspaper as from book publication. Apart +from fiction, access to magazines and newspapers has become, if it has +not always been, an easy and pleasant way of making oneself heard upon +the subject nearest to one's heart. Literary journalists, who have +afterwards republished their contributions in volume form include Sydney +Smith and John Wilson at the beginning of the reign; as also Douglas +Jerrold, Mark Lemon, Edmund Yates, Charles Mackay, and George Augustus +Sala. =Sydney Smith (1771-1845)= left nothing that we can read to-day. +He lives as a pleasant memory. We know that he must have been a +liberal-minded, as he was certainly a very witty clergyman. He wrote on +"The Ballot" in 1837 and on "The Church Bills" in 1838, and he went on +writing zealously until his death. "The Wit and Wisdom of Sydney Smith" +was published in 1861. =John Wilson (1785-1854)= has a more purely +literary record. As editor of _Blackwood's Magazine_, he made that +publication a power in the land. His "Recreations of Christopher North" +appeared in 1842. Many of his essays and sketches may still be read with +real pleasure, and indeed his influence will be very much alive for many +a year to come. =Douglas Jerrold (1803-1857)= is also well known +to-day by his "Black-eyed Susan" and "Mrs Caudle's Curtain Lectures." +His son, Blanchard Jerrold (1826-1884), wrote his life. =Mark Lemon +(1809-1870)= was one of the first editors of _Punch_ newspaper. His +hundreds of articles and many novels are all well nigh forgotten, but +his name will always receive honourable mention in the history of +journalism. =Edmund Yates (1831-1894)=, who founded _The World_ +newspaper in 1874, will be remembered by his well written +"Autobiography"--one of the best books of the kind ever issued. Yates +wrote many novels, but they have all passed out of memory. =Charles +Mackay (1814-1889)= was an active journalist for a number of years. He +wrote novels, poems, and criticisms, and an entertaining autobiography +entitled "Forty Years' Recollections of Life, Literature, and Public +Affairs." Dr Mackay was father of Eric Mackay, author of "Love Letters +of a Violinist," and stepfather of Miss Marie Corelli the novelist. +=George Augustus Sala (1828-1895)=, who wrote so continuously for the +_Daily Telegraph_ and other journals, was also author of many books as +well as the inevitable autobiography. "The Land of the Golden Fleece," +"America Revisited," and "Living London" are well known. =Richard +Jefferies (1848-1887)= published his "Gamekeeper at Home" in the _Pall +Mall Gazette_. "Wood Magic" (1881), "Bevis" (1882), and "The Story of My +Heart" (1883), are his best books. + + +These names suggest a hundred others. The most honoured journalist of +to-day is =Frederick Greenwood (1830- )=, who has edited "The +Cornhill Magazine" and more than one newspaper. He has written poems, +stories, and essays, his "Lover's Lexicon" and "Dreams" being two of his +latest volumes. + +Another editor of _The Cornhill Magazine_, =James Payn (1830- )=, has +written many successful novels, of which "Lost Sir Massingberd" (1864) +and "By Proxy" (1878) are perhaps the most popular. Mr Payn's many +accomplishments, his delightful humour and gift of genial anecdote, have +endeared him to a wide circle. + +A journalist of equal distinction was =Richard Holt Hutton +(1826-1897)=, the editor of the _Spectator_, who in that journal +maintained for thirty-five years the high-water mark of dignified and +independent criticism, in an age in which the extensive intercourse of +authors and critics, the constant communication between the writers of +books and the writers for newspapers, has made independent criticism a +difficult, and, indeed, almost impossible achievement. Mr Hutton wrote +many books, two of the most notable being "Essays Literary and +Speculative," which were full of thoughtful and discerning estimates of +the works of Wordsworth, George Eliot, and other writers. + + +Memoirs abound in the epoch, although we are mainly indebted to +translations. Amiel's "Journal," translated by Mrs Humphry Ward, "Marie +Bashkirtseff's Diary," translated by Mathilde Blind, reflect one side of +this literary taste; while the thousand and one memoirs concerning +Napoleon I. represents another. The most popular series of political +memoirs in English we owed to =Charles Cavendish Fulke Greville +(1794-1865)=, who became Clerk to the Privy Council in 1821, and held +that post until 1860. After his death his diary was edited by Mr Henry +Reeve. The first series of the "Greville Memoirs" dealing with the reign +of George IV. and William IV., appeared in 1875 and created immense +excitement.[19] The later volumes excited less interest. + + +"The Life of the late Prince Consort" (1874) by =Sir Theodore Martin +(1816- )=, naturally contained no indiscretions although it did much to +enhance, if that were possible, kindly memories of the Queen's husband. +Sir Theodore Martin made his first fame under the pseudonym of Bon +Gaultier. His "Book of Ballads," written in conjunction with Professor +Aytoun, had much success. Sir Theodore Martin also wrote Aytoun's +"Memoir" (1867), and "The Life of Lord Lyndhurst" (1883). He has +translated the Odes of Horace, "The Vita Nuova" of Dante, Goethe's +"Faust," and Heine's "Poems and Ballads." In 1885 he published a "Sketch +of the Life of Princess Alice." + + +It is difficult to know where to place =Sir Arthur Helps (1817-1875)=, +who wrote plays, novels, histories, and essays. He was an overrated +writer in his time. He is perhaps underrated now. Two series of "Friends +in Council" appeared, the first in 1847, the second in 1859. They dealt +with all manner of abstract subjects, such as "war," "despotism," and so +on, and were very popular. Another volume, "Companions of my Solitude," +was equally successful. Helps was rash enough to enter into competition +with Prescott in treating of the Spanish Conquest of America; but the +picturesque books of the earlier writer are still with us while Helps's +"Life of Pizarro" (1869) and "Life of Cortes" (1871) are almost +forgotten. That also is the fate of his romance, "Realmah" (1868) and of +his tragedies, "Catherine Douglas" and "Henry II." Sir Arthur Helps was +Clerk to the Privy Council, and he edited the "Principal Speeches and +Addresses of the late Prince Consort" (1862). + + +Sir Arthur Helps also edited for =Queen Victoria (1819- )= her "Leaves +from a Journal of our Life in the Highlands" (1868). The Queen has also +published "The Early Days of His Royal Highness the Prince Consort" +(1867), and "More Leaves from the Journal of our Life in the Highlands" +(1884). + +Her Majesty has been credited with a genuine taste for letters, and a +love for good poetry and good fiction. With some show of authority it +has been stated that her favourite novelists are Sir Walter Scott, Miss +Austen, and Miss Bronte; while it is quite evident to the least +inquisitive that many literary theologians have had some measure of her +regard. Happily the times have long passed when literature needed the +patronage of the powerful. To-day it can honourably stand alone. But it +is pleasing to remember that the sovereign whose sixty years of rule +make so remarkable a record in literature, as in many other aspects of +the world's progress, has taken a sympathetic interest in the books and +bookmen of the epoch. + + +The Queen will have seen reputations blaze forth and flicker out +ignominiously; she will have seen many a writer hailed for immortal +to-day and forgotten to-morrow. She will have seen, however, a +succession of writers, Browning and Tennyson, Carlyle and Ruskin, most +notable of all, who in their impulse towards high ideals of human +brotherhood, in their enthusiasm of humanity, have given us a literature +without a parallel in history; and she will not be without a sense of +gratification that that literature will go down the ages bearing the +name of Victorian. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[18] "Autobiography" by John Stuart Mill (1869), pp. 232, 233. + +[19] A contemporary epigram thus expressed the general feeling: + + "For fifty years he listened at the door, + And heard some scandal, but invented more. + This he wrote down; and statesmen, queens, and kings, + Appear before us quite as common things. + Most now are dead; yet some few still remain + To whom these 'Memoirs' give a needless pain; + For though they laugh, and say ''Tis only Greville,' + They wish him and his 'Memoirs' at the D--l." + + + + +INDEX + + + Abbott, Edwin. Distinguished member of Broad Church party; + 'Philochristus' and 'Onesimus'; his 'Through Nature to Christ' + perhaps the best evidence of the development of his party, 165. + + Abbott, Evelyn, 163. + + 'Adam Bede,' 49; + Reade on, 50. + + 'Addresses and Reviews,' 158. + + 'Admiral's Daughter, The,' 71. + + 'Adventures of Harry Richmond, The,' 61. + + 'Agnes Grey,' 47, 48. + + 'Agriculture and Prices, History of,' 144. + + 'A Hard Struggle,' 38. + + Ainsworth, W. H. 'Old St Paul's,' 'The Tower of London,' and + 'Rookwood' his best novels, 67. + + 'Alec Forbes of Howglen,' 63. + + Alexander, Mrs (Mrs Hector), 74. + + 'Alexander the Great,' 33. + + 'Alice's Adventures in Wonderland,' 64. + + Allen, Grant. 'Anglo-Saxon Britain,' 99. + + 'All in All,' 39. + + 'All Sorts and Conditions of Men,' 65. + + Allingham, William. Writer of Celtic and Irish poems and ballads; + edited _Fraser's Magazine_, 173. + + _All the Year Round_, 69. + + A.L.O.E. (Miss Charlotte Maria Tucker). Most popular stories, + 'Pride and his Pursuers,' 'Exiles in Babylon,' 'House Beautiful,' + and 'Cyril Ashley,' 73. + + 'Alton Locke,' 53. + + 'America Revisited,' 188. + + 'Amiel's Journal,' 189. + + 'And Shall Trelawney Die,' 38. + + 'Angel in the House, The,' 31. + + 'Anglo-Saxon Britain,' 99. + + 'Animal Intelligence,' 157. + + 'Ann Sherwood,' 72. + + 'Annals of the Parish,' 63. + + 'Anthony Hope,' 63. + + 'Anthropology' (Tylor's), 99. + + 'Antiquity of Man, The,' 153. + + Anti-theological books. The three most notable, 170. + + 'Apologia pro Vita Sua,' 110. + + 'Appreciations,' 171. + + Archer, William, 175. + + Aristotle's 'Politics,' Jowett's translation, 163. + + Arnold, Dr. 'History of Rome,' 102. (_Vide infra._) + + Arnold, Matthew, and Wordsworth, 8; + his poetic gifts first recognised by Swinburne, 17; + 'Literature and Dogma'; 'God and the Bible'; influence on + contemporary religious thought, 18; + Professor of Poetry; 'Essays in Criticism'; definition of + criticism; + educational work, 19; + best known by his poetry, 19, 20, 171; + 'Empedocles on Etna'; 'The Strayed Reveller'; 'Poems,' 20; + 'Thyrsis,' 21; + admiration for Emily Bronte, 47. + + Arnold, Sir Edwin. 'Light of Asia' and 'Light of the World,' 26; + on Henry Kingsley, 56. + + Arnold, Thomas. At Rugby; Dr Hawkins' recommendation; his + methods; 'Thucydides'; 'History of Rome'; a purifying influence, + 160; + at first unpopular; reaction in his favour; his best known + pupils, 161. (_Vide supra._) + + Ashley, Professor W. J. 'Economic History and Theory,' 144. + + _Athenaeum_ The, and Tupper's 'Proverbial Philosophy,' 27. + + _Aunt Judy's Magazine_, 73. + + 'Aurora Leigh,' 14. + + Austin, Alfred. Laureate, 39; + 'The Golden Age'; 'Savonarola'; 'English Lyrics,' etc., 40. + + 'Autobiography of W. B. Scott,' 173. + + 'Autobiography' (Mill), 138, 142. + + 'Autobiography' (Yates), 188. + + 'Ave atque Vale,' 17. + + 'Ayrshire Legatees,' 63. + + Aytoun, Professor, 191. + + + Bagehot, Walter. A great authority on banking and finance; + 'Physics and Politics'; 'Economic Studies'; 'Literary Studies,' + 184. + + Bailey, Philip James; author of 'Festus,' 28. + + Bain, Alexander. Assisted Mill in his 'Logic'; 'The Senses and the + Intellect'; 'The Emotions and the Will'; 'Mental and Moral + Science'; style, 147. + + Balfour, Francis Maitland, 151. + + 'Ballades in Blue China,' 30, 176. + + 'Ballads and Lyrics of Old France,' 176. + + 'Ballads for the Times,' 27. + + 'Ballot, The,' 187. + + Banim, John and Michael, 34. + + 'Barchester Towers,' 58. + + Barham, Richard Harris. 'Ingoldsby Legends' first appeared in + _Bentley's Miscellany_; his novel, 'My Cousin Nicholas,' all + but forgotten, 30. + + 'Barnaby Rudge,' 42. + + Barnes, William. Philologist and poet; author of 'Poems of Rural + Life in the Dorset Dialect,' 37. + + 'Barrack-Room Ballads,' 40. + + Barrie, J. M. 'A Window in Thrums,' written before he had read + Dr MacDonald's books; probably influenced by John Galt, 63. + + 'Barry Cornwall,' 35-36. + + _Beagle, The_, 154. + + 'Beau Austin,' 60. + + 'Beauchamp's Career,' 61. + + Beddoes, Thomas Lovell, author of 'The Bride's Tragedy' and + 'Death's Jest Book,' 36. + + Bell, Currer, Ellis, and Acton, 47, 48. + + Bentham, Jeremy, 137. + + Bentinck, Lord George. Biography of, by Lord Beaconsfield, 57. + + Bentley, Robert, 151. + + _Bentley's Miscellany_ and 'Ingoldsby Legends,' 30. + + Besant, Sir Walter. 'All Sorts and Conditions of Men,' practical + influence of; collaboration with James Rice; 'Ready Money + Mortiboy'; 'The Golden Butterfly,' 65. + + 'Bevis,' 188. + + 'Bible Inspiration,' 168. + + 'Biographical History of Philosophy,' 148-149. + + 'Biographical Sketches,' 180. + + 'Black but Comely,' 59. + + Black, William. First appearance as a novelist in 'Love or + Marriage,' 68; + 'A Daughter of Heth'; 'Madcap Violet'; 'Macleod of Dare,' 69. + + 'Black-eyed Susan,' 187. + + Blackmore, Richard Doddridge. 'Lorna Doone,' received coldly at + first; an unexcelled master of rustic comedy; 'The Maid of + Sker'; 'Christowell'; 'Cripps the Carrier,' 69. + + _Blackwood's Magazine_, 49, 70, 74, 187. + + 'Blessed Damozel, The,' 23. + + Blind, Mathilde. Translated 'Marie Bashkirtseff's Diary,' 190. + + 'Blot in the 'Scutcheon, A,' 12. + + 'Book of Ballads' (Martin and Aytoun), 191. + + 'Book of Verses,' 172. + + Boole. The Logician, 147. + + Booth, Charles. 'Life and Labor of the People,' 144-145. + + 'Borderers, The,' 9. + + Borrow, George. The most famous traveller of the reign; 'Bible + in Spain'; 'Lavengro'; 'The Romany Rye,' 185. + + 'Botanic Garden, The,' 154. + + Braddon, Miss, 74. + + Bradley, Professor A. C. Editor of Green's 'Prolegomena,' and + author of 'Ethical Studies,' 148. + + Brewer, Rev. John Sherren. Chief work a 'Calendar of Letters and + Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII.,' 88; + 'The Reign of Henry VIII.,' 89. + + Brewster, Sir David. The first writer of the era to popularise + science; founder of _Edinburgh Cyclopaedia_; his 'Life of + Newton,' 'Martyrs of Science,' and 'More Worlds than One' + still widely read, 150. + + 'Bride's Tragedy, The,' 36. + + _Bridgewater Treatises_, 153. + + Bright, James Franck. 'English History for the use of Public + Schools,' 97. + + 'British Novelists and their Styles,' 177. + + Broad Church party, manifesto of, 162. + + Bronte, Anne. 'Poems'; 'Agnes Grey,' 47; + 'The Tenant of Wildfell Hall,' 48. + + Bronte, Charlotte. Early years, 46; + Brussels; 'Poems'; 'The Professor'; 'Jane Eyre'; 'Shirley'; + 'Villette'; marriage and death, 47; + Mrs Gaskell's 'Life,' 71. + + Bronte, Emily. 'Poems'; 'Wuthering Heights'; 'Last Lines'; 'The + Old Stoic,' 47; + Swinburne's criticism of 'Wuthering Heights,' 48. + + Brooke, Stopford Augustus. Secession from the Church of England; + 'Primer of English Literature,' 'History of Early English + Poetry,' 'Theology in the English Poets,' and 'Life of + Milton,' 166. + + Broughton, Miss Rhoda, 74. + + Browne, Hablot, 45. + + Browning, Elizabeth Barrett, 13; + not in the least incomprehensible; 'Cry of the Children'; + 'Cowper's Grave'; 'Aurora Leigh'; 'Sonnets from the + Portuguese'; her opinion of 'Aurora Leigh'; 'Casa Guidi + Windows'; death, 14. + + Browning, Robert. Friendship with Tennyson; social traits, 11; + superb characterisation; charge of obscurity; half his work + not obscure; 'The Ring and the Book'; 'Men and Women'; and + 'Dramatic Idyls' are exciting stories; 'Luria'; 'In a + Balcony'; and 'A Blot in the 'Scutcheon' as readable as + railway novels; his small audience, 12; + 'Pauline'; hard fight for recognition; Elizabeth Barrett's + appreciation; marriage, 13-14. + + Bryce, James. 'The Holy Roman Empire'; parliamentary life, 104. + + Buckland, Frank. Author of books on 'Natural History,' 153. + + Buckland, William. Author of 'Geology and Mineralogy considered + with reference to Natural Theology,' 153. + + Buckle, Henry Thomas. 'History of Civilization in England'; + defects of, 103. + + Burney, Fanny, 49. + + Burton, John Hill. 'History of Scotland,' 96. + + 'By Proxy,' 189. + + Byron, death of, 5; + attitude towards Wordsworth, 8. + + + Caird, Edward. 'Philosophy of Kant'; 'Essays on Literature + and Philosophy'; 'The Evolution of Religion,' 170. + + Cairnes, John Elliott, 143. + + 'Calendar of Letters and Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII., + A,' 88. + + 'Calendar of Spanish State Papers of Elizabeth,' 89. + + 'Called to be Saints,' 22. + + 'Callista,' 111. + + Calverley, Charles Stuart. One of the most famous successors of + Hood and Barham; wrote 'Fly Leaves' and 'Verses and + Translations,' 30. + + Campbell, James Dykes. Biographer of Coleridge, 178. + + Campbell, Lewis, 163. + + Carleton, William. 'Traits and Stories of the Irish Peasantry'; + 'Tales of Ireland'; 'Fardorougha the Miser'; 'Black Prophet,' 66. + + Carlyle, Thomas. Birth; education; his father's influence, 112; + as tutor; biographer; Madame de Stael's influence, 113; + veneration for Goethe, 113-114, 120-121; + 'Wilhelm Meister'; 'Life of Schiller,' 113; + marriage; Richter's influence, 114; + personal character, 115-120; + domestic relations, 115-120; + Froude's 'Letters' and Reminiscences, 115-116; + his influence, 118-119, 128; + intentions respecting 'Reminiscences,' 119-120; + 'Sartor Resartus'; _Fraser's Magazine_, 121; + influence of his teaching on younger minds, 122-123; + 'Past and Present'; 'Latter-day Pamphlets'; John Stuart Mill; + Governor Eyre and Jamaica riots, 123; + 'Heroes and Hero-Worship'; 'French Revolution'; 'Cromwell'; + 'Frederick II. of Prussia'; his place in literature; 'Schiller' + criticised; 'Life of John Sterling,' 124; + Mill on the 'French Revolution,' 125; + Carlyle's judgments endorsed by John Morley; his 'Cromwell'; + his 'Frederick II.,' 126-7; + his enormous personality, 127-8; + _Edinburgh Cyclopaedia_, 150; + contempt for Darwinian hypothesis, 156. + + Carroll, Lewis. 'Euclid and his Modern Rivals'; 'A Tangled + Tale'; 'Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'; 'Through the + Looking-glass,' 64. + + 'Casa Guidi Windows,' 14. + + Cassels, Walter Richard. Author of 'Supernatural Religion,' 171. + + 'Catherine Douglas,' 191. + + 'Cave-hunting,' 99. + + 'Caxtons, The,' 56. + + Cellini's 'Autobiography' (Symonds'), 104. + + Celtic Renaissance, The, and Thomas Moore, 33. + + _Challenger_ Expedition, The, 155. + + 'Channings, The,' 70. + + Chapman, Dr, 49. + + Charles, Mrs. Author of 'The Schoenberg Cotta Family' and 'Kitty + Trevelyan's Diary,' 73. + + 'Charles O'Malley,' 66. + + Charlesworth, Maria Louisa. Author of 'Ministering Children,' 73. + + 'Chartist Parson, The,' 53. + + Chartist poets, 37. + + 'Childhood of Religion,' 99. + + 'Childhood of the World,' 99. + + 'Child's Garden of Verses, A,' 60. + + 'Chips from a German Workshop,' 99. + + 'Choice of Books,' 179. + + 'Choir Invisible, The,' 50. + + 'Christian Evidences,' 160. + + 'Christian Year, The,' 159. + + 'Christowell,' 69. + + 'Church Bills, The,' 187. + + Church, Richard William. Author of works on _Dante_ and _St + Anselm_, 167. + + 'Cithara,' 27. + + 'City of Dreadful Night, The,' 32. + + 'Civilisation, History of,' 103. + + 'Classical' essays, 172. + + Clayden, Peter William, 183; + 'Early Life of Samuel Rogers' and 'Rogers and His + Contemporaries,' 184. + + Clifford, Mrs W. K., 74. + + Clive, Mrs Archer. Author of 'Paul Ferrell,' 72. + + Clodd, Edward. 'Childhood of the World'; 'Childhood of Religion'; + 'Pioneers of Evolution,' 99. + + 'Cloister and the Hearth, The,' 58. + + Clough, Arthur Hugh, 21; + Lowell's estimate of; a pupil of Dr Arnold; 'The Bothie of + Tober-na-Vuolich'; death, 21. + + Colenso, John William. 'The Pentateuch and Book of Joshua + Critically Examined,' condemned as heretical, 164; + invited to the Abbey pulpit, 165. + + Coleridge, death of, 5; + on 'Thalaba,' 6; + Dykes Campbell's biography of, 178. + + Coleridge, Hartley, 35. + + Coleridge, Sara, and Southey, 7; + 'Phantasmion,' 35. + + Collet, Miss Clara, 144. + + Collins, J. Churton, 178. + + Collins, William Wilkie. The novelist of sensation. 'The Woman + in White'; 'The Moonstone'; 'The New Magdalen,' 69. + + 'Companions of my Solitude,' 191. + + Comte, Auguste and the 'Philosophie Positive,' 179. + + Congreve, Richard. A writer of thoughtful political tracts, 180. + + 'Coningsby,' 57. + + 'Conquest of England, The,' 98. + + 'Considerations on Representative Government,' 140. + + 'Constitutional History' (Hallam's), 78. + + ---- (May's), 80. + + ---- (Stubbs'), 79. + + Cook, Eliza. Her claims to consideration; 'The Old Armchair; the + _Journal_, 29. + + Cooper, Thomas. Chartist poet, wrote 'The Purgatory of Suicides,' + &c., 37. + + Conybeare, Rev. W. J., 168. + + 'Coral Reefs, Structure and distribution of,' 155. + + Corelli, Miss Marie, 74. + + _Cornhill Magazine_, The, 45, 93, 133. + + 'Corn Law Rhymes,' 37. + + 'Count Cagliostro,' 125. + + 'Count Julian,' 15. + + Courthope, Professor W. J. Pope's best biographer and editor; + 'History of English Poetry,' 178. + + 'Courtships of Queen Elizabeth, The,' 89. + + Cowper, 6. + + 'Cowper's Grave,' 14. + + Cox, Sir George. 'Mythology of the Aryan Nations;' 'History of + Greece,' 100. + + Craik, Mrs, 72. _See_ Mulock. + + Craik, Sir Henry. A writer on Swift, 178. + + 'Cranford,' 71. + + 'Creed of Christendom, The,' 170. + + Creighton, Mandell. 'History of the Papacy from the Great Schism + to the Sack of Rome,' 103. + + Crewe, Earl of, 183. + + 'Cripps the Carrier,' 69. + + Critics of the Era-- + Abbott, Dr E., 165. + Allingham, W., 173. + Arnold, Dr, 160. + Arnold, M., 171. + Ashley, Professor W. J., 144. + Bagehot, W., 184. + Bain, A., 147. + Bentley, R., 151. + Booth, C., 144. + Borrow, G., 185. + Bradley, Professor A. C., 148. + Brewster, Sir D., 150. + Brooke, S. A., 166. + Buckland, Dean, 153. + Buckland, F., 153. + Caird, E., 170. + Cairnes, J. E., 143. + Campbell, J. D., 178. + Cassels, W. R., 171. + Church, R. W., 167. + Clayden, P. W., 183. + Clifford, W. K., 170. + Colenso, J. W., 164. + Collet, Miss C., 144. + Collins, C., 178. + Congreve, R., 180. + Conybeare, Rev. W. J., 168. + Courthope, Professor W. J., 178. + Craik, Sir H., 178. + Cunningham, Dr, 144. + Darwin, C., 153. + Dowden, E., 173. + Faraday, M., 150. + Farrar, F. W., 168. + Fawcett, H., 142. + Ferrier, J. F., 169. + Forster, J., 178. + Foster, M., 151. + Garnett, Dr, 174. + Geikie, Sir A., 153. + Geikie, J., 153. + Gosse, E., 175. + Green, T. H., 147. + Greenwood, F., 188. + Greg, W. R., 170. + Greville, C. C. F., 190. + Hamerton, P. G., 171. + Harrison, F., 179. + Helps, Sir A., 191. + Henley, W. E., 172. + Hooker, Sir J., 151. + Houghton, Lord, 183. + Howson, J. S., 168. + Hutton, R. H., 189. + Huxley, T. H., 157. + Jefferies, R., 188. + Jerrold, D., 187. + Jevons, W. S., 143. + Jowett, B., 162. + Keble, J., 159. + King, R. A., 178. + Knight, Professor, 178. + Lang, A., 176. + Lemon, M., 187. + Leslie, T. E. C., 144. + Lewes, G. H., 148. + Lewis, Sir G. C., 184. + Liddon, H. P., 167. + Lightfoot, J. B., 168. + Lockhart, J. G., 177. + Lyell, Sir C., 152. + Lynch, T. T., 166. + Mackay, C., 188. + Manning, Cardinal, 169. + Mansel, H. L., 169. + Marshall, A., 143. + Martin, Sir T., 190. + Martineau, Dr J., 166. + Martineau, Miss, 180. + Masson, D., 177. + Maurice, J. F. D., 163. + Mill, J. S., 137. + Miller, H., 151. + Mivart, St G., 151. + Morison, J. C., 180. + Morley, J., 181. + Murchison, Sir R. I., 152. + Murray, Dr J., 155. + Myers, F. W. H., 172. + Newman, F. W., 170. + Pater, W., 171. + Pattison, M., 163. + Payn, J., 189. + Potter, Miss B., 144-5. + Pusey, E. B., 158. + Reid, Sir W., 183. + Robertson, F. W., 165. + Robinson, H. C., 183. + Rogers, S., 183. + Rogers, T., 144. + Romanes, G. J., 157. + Ruskin, J., 129. + Ryle, J. C., 168. + Saintsbury, G., 174. + Sala, G. A., 188. + Sanderson, B., 151. + Schloss, D. F., 144. + Scott, W. B., 173. + Sidgwick, H., 143. + Smith, H. Ll., 144. + Smith, G., 185. + Smith, S., 187. + Spedding, J., 184. + Spencer, H., 145. + Spurgeon, C. H., 168. + Stanley, A. P., 161. + Stephen, L., 175. + Stewart, B., 151. + Temple, Dr, 162. + Toynbee, A., 144. + Trevelyan, Sir G. O., 182. + Tyndall, J., 150. + Victoria, Q., 192. + Wallace, A. R., 156. + Whately, R., 159. + Wilson, J., 187. + Yates, E., 188. + + 'Critiques and Addresses,' 158. + + 'Cromwell,' 124, 126. + + 'Cromwell's Place in History,' 90. + + Cross, J. W., 50. + + Cross, Mrs (George Eliot), 50. + + 'Crotchet Castle,' 62. + + Crowe, Mrs. Author of 'Susan Hopley' and 'The Night Side of + Nature,' 71-72. + + 'Crown of Wild Olive,' 135. + + 'Cry of the Children,' 14. + + Cunningham, Dr. 'Growth of English History and Commerce,' 144. + + 'Curiosities of Literature,' 57. + + 'Cyril Ashley,' 73. + + + _Daily Telegraph, The_, 188. + + 'Daniel Deronda,' 50. + + 'Dante and His Circle,' 23. + + Darwin, Charles, 153; + early reception of his theory; Bishop Wilberforce in the + _Quarterly Review_; education; Professor Henslow; _Beagle_ + expedition, 154; + 'Journals of Researches,' republished as 'A Naturalist's Voyage + Round the World'; 'Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs' + a revolutionary work; the theory now somewhat modified; the + theory of evolution; contemporaneous discovery by Dr Wallace; + 'Origin of Species'; 'Descent of Man'; 'Earth Worms,' 156; + the hypothesis now generally accepted; popular interpretators, + 157. + + Darwin, Erasmus, 154. + + Darwin, Francis, 155. + + Darwin, George Howard, 155. + + 'Daughter of Heth, A,' 69. + + 'David Copperfield' and Thackeray, 44. + + 'David Elginbrod,' 63. + + Davis, Thomas. Wrote 'National and Historical Ballads, Songs and + Poems,' 34. + + Dawkins, William Boyd, 98; + 'Cave-hunting'; 'Early Man in Britain,' 99. + + 'Death of Marlowe, The,' 36. + + 'Death's Jest Book,' 36. + + 'Deerbrook,' 181. + + 'Defence of Guenevere,' 25. + + 'Deformed, The,' 71. + + De Morgan, 147. + + De Quincey's opinion of 'Count Julian,' 15. + + 'Descent of Man,' 156. + + 'Descriptive Sociology,' 146. + + De Vere, Thomas Aubrey. Wrote 'The Waldenses,' 'Alexander the + Great,' 'St Thomas of Canterbury,' and a volume of critical + essays, &c., 33. + + 'Dialogue on the best form of Government, A,' 184. + + 'Diamond Necklace, The,' 125. + + 'Diana of the Crossways,' 61. + + Dickens, Charles. Literary equipment of, 41; + achieved immediate fame with his first great book; birth; + Dickens senior and 'Micawber'; the _Morning Chronicle_; + 'Boz'; the _Monthly Magazine_; 'Pickwick'; 'Oliver Twist'; + 'Nicholas Nickleby'; 'The Old Curiosity Shop'; 'Barnaby + Rudge'; the most popular writer our literature has seen, 42; + criticisms, 43; + Thackeray's enthusiasm, 44; + 'Life' of, 178. + + _Dictionary of National Biography_, 176. + + Disraeli, Benjamin. 'Vivian Grey'; 'The Young Duke'; 'Venetia'; + 'Henrietta Temple'; 'Coningsby'; 'Tancred'; 'Sybil'; Biography + of Lord George Bentinck, 57. + + D'Israeli, Isaac. 'Curiosities of Literature,' 57. + + 'Dissertations and Discussions,' 140. + + Dobell, Sydney, 31; + admiration for Emily Bronte, 47. + + Dobson, Austin. Author of 'Vignettes in Rhyme'; 'Proverbs in + Porcelain,' &c., 30. + + 'Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde,' 60. + + 'Dr Thorne,' 58. + + Dodgson, Rev. C. L., 64. + + Dowden, Edward. Eminent critic of Wordsworth and Shelley; + 'Shakspere, his Mind and Art'; 'Studies in Literature,' 173; + 'Life of Shelley,' 174. + + Doyle, Conan, 63. + + 'Dramatic Idyls,' 12. + + 'Dramatic Scenes,' 36. + + 'Dream of Eugene Aram,' 29. + + 'Dream of Gerontius,' 111. + + 'Dream of John Ball,' 24. + + 'Dreams,' 189. + + 'Dress,' 74. + + 'Drink,' 58. + + 'Drummond of Hawthornden,' 177. + + _Dublin University Magazine_, 66. + + Dufferin, Lady, 34. + + + 'Early Days of His Royal Highness the Prince Consort,' 192. + + 'Early History of Charles James Fox,' 182. + + 'Early Italian Poets, The,' 23. + + 'Early Life of Samuel Rogers,' 184. + + 'Early Man in Britain,' 99. + + 'Earthly Paradise, The,' 25. + + 'Earth Worms,' 156. + + 'East Lynne,' 70. + + 'Ecce Homo,' 105. + + 'Ecclesiastical Sonnets,' 9. + + 'Economic History and Theory,' 144. + + 'Economics of Industry,' 143. + + 'Economic Studies,' 184. + + _Edinburgh Cyclopaedia_ and Carlyle, 150. + + _Edinburgh Review_ and Macaulay, 91. + + 'Education' (Spencer's), 145. + + 'Education of the World, The,' 162. + + 'Egoist, The,' 61. + + 'Eirenicon,' 158. + + 'Elements of Politics,' 143. + + Eliot, George. Early years; Strauss's 'Life of Jesus'; + _Westminster Review_; George Henry Lewes; 'Scenes of + Clerical Life'; 'Adam Bede,' 49; + 'The Mill on the Floss'; 'Silas Marner'; 'Romola'; 'Felix + Holt'; 'Middlemarch'; 'Daniel Deronda'; marriage; death; + her letters a disappointment; her poetry; 'Spanish Gipsy'; + 'Choir Invisible'; 'by her novels she must be judged,' 50; + catholicity of sympathy, 51-52; + has not maintained her position, but has an assured place, 53. + + Eliot, George, and Spencer, 145. + + _Eliza Cook's Journal_, 29. + + Elliott, Ebenezer. Author of 'Corn Law Rhymes,' &c., 37. + + 'Emotions and the Will, The,' 147. + + 'Empedocles on Etna,' 20. + + 'Endeavour after the Christian Life,' 167. + + 'English History and Commerce, Growth of,' 144. + + 'English History for the Use of Public Schools,' 97. + + 'English in Ireland, The,' 88. + + 'English Lyrics,' 40. + + 'English Men of Letters Series,' 181. + + 'English Seamen in the Sixteenth Century,' 88. + + 'Englishwomen of Letters,' 72. + + 'Enigmas of Life,' 170. + + 'Eothen,' 96. + + 'Epic of Hades,' 26. + + 'Epic of Women and other Poems,' 39. + + 'Esmond,' 45. + + 'Essay in Aid of the Grammar of Assent,' 111. + + 'Essay on Ritualism,' 106. + + 'Essays and Reviews,' 162. + + 'Essays and Studies,' 17. + + 'Essays,' by T. E. C. Leslie, 144. + + 'Essays, Classical and Modern' (Myers), 172. + + 'Essays in Criticism' (Arnold), 19. + + 'Essays, Literary and Speculative' (Hutton), 189. + + 'Essays on Literature and Philosophy' (Caird), 170. + + 'Essays on Unsettled Questions in Political Economy' (Mill), 140. + + 'Ethical Studies,' 148. + + 'Ethical Theory, Types of,' 167. + + 'Euclid and his Modern Rivals,' 64. + + 'European Morals from Augustus to Charlemagne,' 96. + + 'Evan Harrington,' 61. + + Evans, Mary Ann (George Eliot), 49-53. + + 'Evolution of Religion, The,' 170. + + Ewing, Mrs. Author of 'Remembrances of Mrs Overtheway,' 73. + + 'Examination of Sir William Hamilton's Philosophy,' 140. + + 'Excursion, The,' 9. + + 'Exiles in Babylon,' 73. + + 'Expansion of England, The,' 105. + + + 'Face of the Deep, The,' 22. + + Faraday, Michael. Famous physicist; Royal Institution Lectures; + 'Magneto-electricity'; devotion to science, 150. + + 'Faraday as a Discoverer,' 150. + + 'Fardorougha the Miser,' 66. + + 'Far from the Madding Crowd,' 68. + + 'Farina,' 61. + + Farrar, Frederick William, 168. + + 'Faust' (Martin's translation), 191. + + Fawcett, Henry. A disciple of the Ricardo school; 'Manual of + Political Economy,' 142-143; + a critic of Indian finance; Postmaster-General, 143. + + Ferguson, Sir Samuel, 34. + + 'Felix Holt,' 50. + + Ferrier, James Frederick. Professor of moral philosophy at St + Andrews; 'Lectures in Greek Philosophy,' 169. + + 'Festus,' 27, 28. + + Finlay, George. 'A History of Greece from its Conquest by the + Romans to the Present Time'; Greek War of Independence, 102. + + 'First Principles' (Spencer's), 145. + + Fitzgerald, Edward. 'Letters and Literary Remains' and 'Omar + Khayyam,' 35. + + 'Fly-Leaves,' 30. + + 'Footprints of Former Men in Far Cornwall,' 38. + + 'Footprints of the Creator,' 152. + + 'Fors Clavigera,' 133-134. + + Forster, John. 'Life of Swift'; 'Life of Walter Savage Landor'; + 'Goldsmith'; 'Dickens'; 'Life of Sir John Eliot,' 178; + 'Statesmen of the Commonwealth,' 179. + + _Fortnightly Review_, 93, 181. + + 'Forty Years' Recollections of Life, Literature and Public + Affairs,' 188. + + Foster, Michael, 151. + + 'Foul Play,' 58. + + Fox, Charles James, and 'Madoc,' 6; + 'Early History of,' 182. + + 'Framley Parsonage,' 58. + + 'Frank Mildmay,' 67. + + _Fraser's Magazine_, 45, 173. + + 'Frederick II. of Prussia,' 124, 126, 127. + + Freeman, Edward A. First work, 'A History of Architecture'; + 'History of Federal Government; 'History of the Norman + Conquest'; 'Reign of William Rufus'; 'Old English History,' + 81; + not a metaphysician; the 'Norman Conquest,' worth the effort + of reading it; Regius Professor at Oxford, 82; + contrasted with Froude, 83. + + 'French Revolution,' 124, 125. + + 'Frenchwomen of Letters,' 72. + + 'Friends in Council,' 191. + + Froude, James Anthony. Contrasted with Freeman; abandoned + supernatural Christianity, 83; + 'The Spirit's Trials'; 'The Lieutenant's Daughter'; 'Nemesis + of Faith'; his great work, 'The History of England,' 84; + his style and sympathies, 85; + the 'A Becket' articles inaccurate; his 'Life of Carlyle'; + Sir Fitz James Stephen's defence of the 'Life,' 86-87; + 'Short Studies on Great Subjects'; 'Life of Bunyan'; 'Life + of Caesar'; Carlyle's influence in 'The English in Ireland'; + 'Lectures on the Council of Trent'; 'English Seamen in the + Sixteenth Century'; 'Life and Letters of Erasmus,' 88. + + Froude, Richard Hurrell. 'Literary Remains of,' 83. + + Fullerton, Lady Georgina. Author of 'Ann Sherwood,' 72. + + + Gairdner, James. 'Life and Reign of Richard III.,' 96. + + 'Gamekeeper at Home, The,' 188. + + Gardiner, Samuel Rawson. The Historian of the Stuart kings; + now well into the study of the Protectorate, 89; + minor works, 'The Gunpowder Plot'; 'Cromwell's Place in + History'; not a brilliant writer, but absolutely fair and + impartial; his books the safest guide to the period, 90. + + Garnett, Richard (Doctor), and Marston, 38; + a partisan of Shelley; an acute critic, 174. + + Gaskell, Mrs. 'Mary Barton' her first success; 'Ruth,' 'North + and South,' 'Sylvia's Lovers,' 'Cranford,' and 'The Life of + Charlotte Bronte' her most enduring works, 71. + + Gatty, Mrs, 73. + + 'Gebir,' 15. + + Geikie, James. 'The Great Ice Age,' 153. + + Geikie, Sir Archibald. His 'Text Book of Geology' a model of + lucid writing, 153. + + 'Geoffrey Hamlyn,' 55. + + 'Geology and Mineralogy considered with reference to Natural + Theology,' 153. + + 'Geology, Principles of' (Lyell's), 152. + + 'Geology, Text Book of' (Geikie's), 153. + + _Germ_, The, 23. + + Gibbon's 'Rome,' Milman's edition of, 102. + + 'Glaciers, On the Structure and Motion of,' 151. + + 'Gladiators, The,' 59. + + Gladstone, William Ewart, and Macaulay, 93; + 'The State in its Relations with the Church'; Macaulay's + review; 'Essay on Ritualism'; and 'The Vatican Decrees'; + 'Studies in Homer'; 'Gleanings'; on Newman's secession, 106. + + 'Gleanings' (W. E. Gladstone), 106. + + 'Goblin Market,' 22. + + 'God and the Bible,' 18. + + 'Golden Age, The,' 40. + + 'Golden Butterfly, The,' 65. + + 'Golden Treasury of Songs and Lyrics, The,' 81. + + Goldsmith, 41; + Life of, 178. + + Gosse, Edmund. A poet and critic; joint translator with Mr Wm. + Archer of _Ibsen_, 175; + best biography, 'Life of Gray,' 175. + + 'Government, A Dialogue on the best form of,' 184. + + 'Government, On the Proper Sphere of,' 145. + + 'Grammar of Assent,' 111. + + 'Great Ice Age, The,' 153. + + 'Greece, History of' (Cox's), 100. + + 'Greece, History of' (Finlay's), 102. + + 'Greece, History of' (Grote's), 100, 101. + + 'Greece, History of' (Thirlwall's), 101. + + Green, Alice Stopford. 'Town Life in the Fifteenth Century, '98. + + Green, John Richard. 'Short History of the English People'; place + as a historian, 97; + critics, 97-98; + enlarged edition; dedication; Bishop Stubbs and Professor + Freeman; 'The Making of England,'; 'The Conquest of England'; + Sir Archibald Geikie's tribute; adverse criticisms, 98. + + Green, Thomas Hill. Long a leader of the Hegelian philosophy at + Oxford; published through _Contemporary Review_ articles on + 'Mr Herbert Spencer and Mr G. H. Lewes: their Application of + the Doctrine of Evolution to Thought,' 147; + his 'Prolegomena to Ethics,' finally edited by Professor + Bradley; a moral force in Oxford apart from his philosophy, + 148. + + Greenwood, Frederick. The most honoured journalist of to-day; + edited _Cornhill Magazine_, 188; + writer of poems, stories, and essays; 'Lover's Lexicon'; + 'Dreams,' 189. + + Greg, William Rathbone. Anti-theological writer; 'The Creed of + Christendom'; 'Enigmas of Life'; 'Rocks Ahead,' 170. + + Greville, Charles Cavendish Fulke. His political memoirs the + most popular series we have, 190. + + 'Greville Memoirs,' 190. + + 'Griffith Gaunt,' 58. + + Grote, George. _Westminster Review_, 100; + M.P. for the City of London; 'History of Greece'; Bishop + Thirlwall's appreciation, 101; + influence respecting views of Athenian democracy, 102. + + Grote and J. S. Mill, 139. + + 'Growth of English History and Commerce,' 144. + + 'Gryll Grange,' 63. + + 'Gunpowder Plot, The,' 90. + + + Hallam, Henry. 'View of the State of Europe during the Middle + Ages,' 77; + Constitutional History of England'; 'Introduction to the + Literature of Europe in the Fifteenth, Sixteenth, and + Seventeenth Centuries,' 78. + + Hamerton, Philip Gilbert. Author of 'Marmorne,' 171; + intimately acquainted with French life; edited _The Portfolio_; + 'The Intellectual Life,' 172. + + 'Hand and Soul,' 23. + + 'Handy Andy,' 34. + + 'Hard Cash,' 58. + + Hardy, Thomas. Earlier fame won with 'Far from the Madding + Crowd'; later popularity by 'Tess of the D'Urbervilles,' + 'The Return of the Native,' and 'The Woodlanders' greater + than either, 68. + + 'Harold,' 10, 56. + + Harrison, Frederic. A gifted Positivist; 'Order and Progress'; + 'Choice of Books,' 179. + + 'Harry Lorrequer,' 66. + + Hawker, Robert Stephen. Author of 'Song of the Western Men,' + and 'Footprints of Former Men in Far Cornwall,' 38. + + 'Headlong Hall,' 62. + + Heine's 'Poems and Ballads' (Martin's translation), 191. + + Helps, Sir Arthur. 'Friends in Council'; 'Companions of my + Solitude'; 'Life of Pizarro'; 'Life of Cortes'; 'Realmah'; + 'Catherine Douglas'; 'Henry II.,' 191; + edited 'Principal Speeches and Addresses of the late Prince + Consort,' and 'Leaves from a Journal,' 192. + + Henley, William Ernest. 'Book of Verses'; 'Song of the Sword'; + a critic of exceptional vigour; 'Views and Reviews,' 172. + + Henley, W. E., and Stevenson, 60. + + Hennell, Sarah, 49. + + Henniker, Florence, 183. + + 'Henrietta Temple,' 57. + + 'Henry II.' 191. + + Henslow, Professor, 154. + + 'Herodotus,' Sayce's edition of, 100. + + 'Heroes and Hero-Worship,' 124. + + 'High Tide on the Coast of Lincolnshire,' 29. + + 'Hillyars and the Burtons, The,' 55. + + Historians of the Era-- + Allan, G., 99. + Arnold, Dr, 102, 160. + Brewer, Rev. J. S., 88. + Bright, J. B., 97. + Bryce, J., 104. + Buckle, H. T., 103. + Burton, J. H., 96. + Carlyle, T., 112. + Clodd, E., 99. + Cox, Sir G., 100. + Creighton, M., 103. + Dawkins, W. B., 98. + Finlay, G., 102. + Freeman, E. A., 81. + Froude, J. A., 83. + Gairdner, J., 96. + Gardiner, S. R., 89. + Gladstone, W. E., 105, 106. + Green, J. R., 97. + Green, Mrs, 98. + Grote, G., 100. + Hallam, H., 77. + Hume, Major M., 89. + Kemble, J. M., 80. + Kinglake, A. W., 96. + Kitchin, G. W., 103. + Lecky, W. E. H., 96. + Lingard, J., 80. + Lubbock, Sir J., 99. + Macaulay, T. B., 91. + MacCarthy, J., 95. + Massey, W. M., 95. + May, Sir T. E., 79. + Merivale, C., 102. + Milman, H. H., 102. + Molesworth, Rev. W. N., 95. + Mueller, F. M., 99. + Napier, Sir Charles, 97. + Newman, J. H., 107. + Palgrave, Sir F., 81. + Sayce, A. H., 100. + Seeley, Sir J. R., 104. + Stanhope, Earl, 95. + Stubbs, W., 78. + Symonds, J. A., 103. + Thirlwall, C., 101. + Tylor, E. B., 99. + + 'History and Politics,' 104. + + 'History of Agriculture and Prices' (Rogers), 144. + + 'History of Christianity under the Empire' (Milman), 102. + + 'History of Civilization in England' (Buckle), 103. + + 'History of Early English Poetry' (Brooke), 166. + + 'History of Eighteenth Century Literature, A' (Oliphant), 74. + + 'History of England from the Fall of Wolsey to the Defeat of the + Spanish Armada, The' (Froude), 84, 85. + + 'History of England from 1603-1642' (Gardiner), 89. + + 'History of England from the Accession of James II.' (Macaulay), + 92. + + 'History of England from 1713 to 1783' (Earl Stanhope), 95. + + 'History of England' (Lingard), 80. + + 'History of England under George III.' (Massey), 95. + + 'History of England, 1830-1873' (Molesworth), 95. + + 'History of English Poetry' (Courthope), 178. + + 'History of English Thought in the Eighteenth Century' (Stephen), + 175. + + 'History of France previous to the Revolution' (Kitchin), 103. + + 'History of Federal Government' (Freeman), 81. + + 'History of Greece' (Cox), 100. + + 'History of Greece' (Finlay), 102. + + 'History of Greece' (Grote), 100-102. + + 'History of Greece' (Thirlwall), 101. + + 'History of Normandy and England' (Palgrave), 81. + + 'History of Our Own Time, 1830-1897 (MacCarthy), 95. + + 'History of Rome' (Arnold), 102, 160. + + 'History of Samuel Titmarsh and the Great Hoggarty Diamond, The,' + 45. + + 'History of Scotland' (Burton), 96. + + 'History of Trade Unionism, The' (Webb), 145. + + 'History of the Church of England' (Molesworth), 95. + + 'History of the Eighteenth Century' (Lecky), 96. + + 'History of the Four Georges' (MacCarthy), 96. + + 'History of the Jews' (Milman), 102. + + 'History of the Norman Conquest' (Freeman), 81. + + 'History of the Papacy from the Great Schism to the Sack of Rome' + (Creighton), 103. + + 'History of the Peace' (Martineau), 95. + + 'History of the Romans under the Empire' (Merivale), 102. + + 'History of the Reign of Queen Anne' (Stanhope), 95. + + 'History of the War in the Crimea,' (Kinglake), 96. + + 'Holy Roman Empire, The,' 104. + + 'Homer' (Lang's translation), 176. + + 'Homer, Studies in,' 106. + + Hood, Thomas. 'Song of the Shirt' and 'Dream of Eugene Aram' most + popular, 29. + + Hooker, Sir Joseph, 151. + + Horne, Richard Hengist. Wrote 'Orion,' 'Judas Iscariot,' 'The + Death of Marlowe,' &c., 36. + + Houghton, Lord (Monckton Milnes). 'Life, Letters, and Literary + Remains of John Keats'; his life written by Sir Wemyss Reid, + 183. + + 'Hour and the Man, The,' 181. + + 'Hours in a Library,' 175. + + 'Hours of Thought on Sacred Things,' 167. + + 'House Beautiful,' 73. + + 'House of Life, The,' 24. + + Howson, John Saul. Joint authorship with Rev. W. J. Conybeare + of 'The Life and Epistles of St Paul,' 168. + + Hughes, Thomas. A pupil of Dr Arnold's; wrote finest boy's + book in the language, 'Tom Brown's School Days,' 161. + + Hume, Major Martin. 'The Year after the Armada'; 'The Courtships + of Queen Elizabeth'; 'Calendar of Spanish State Papers of + Elizabeth,' 89. + + Hunt, Holman, and the pre-Raphaelite Movement, 23. + + Hutton, Richard Holt. Editor of the _Spectator_; A dignified + and independent critic; 'Essays, Literary and Speculative,' 189. + + Huxley, Thomas Henry. A profound Metaphysician as well as a great + scientist; early days; _Rattlesnake_ Voyage; Royal and + Linnaean Society Papers; Natural History and Palaeontology + Chairs, 157; + Inspector of Fisheries; President of the Royal Society; + 'Physiography'; his 'Lay Sermons,' 'Addresses and Reviews,' + 'Critiques and Addresses,' and 'American Addresses,' rank + among the finest prose of our age, 158. + + 'Hypatia,' 54. + + + Ibsen. Gosse and Archer's translations, 175. + + 'Ice Age, The Great,' 153. + + 'Idylls of the King, The,' 10. + + 'Imaginary Conversations,' 16. + + 'Imaginary Portraits,' 171. + + 'In a Balcony,' 12. + + 'In a Glass Darkly,' 66. + + 'Industrial Revolution, The,' 144. + + Ingelow, Jean. Outlived her popularity; 'High Tide on the Coast + of Lincolnshire' and 'Supper at the Mill' her most enduring + work, 29. + + 'Ingoldsby Legends,' 30. + + 'In Memoriam,' 10. + + 'Intellectual Life, The,' 172. + + 'International Scientific Series' and Spencer, 146. + + 'Interpretation of Scripture, The,' 163. + + 'Irish Melodies,' 33. + + + 'Jackdaw of Rheims,' 30. + + James, G. P. R., 67. + + 'Jane Eyre,' 46, 47. + + Jefferies, Richard. 'Gamekeeper at Home,' published in the _Pall + Mall Gazette_; 'Wood Magic'; 'Bevis'; 'The Story of My Heart,' + 188. + + Jerrold, Douglas. 'Black-eyed Susan'; 'Mrs Caudle's Curtain + Lectures,' 187. + + 'Jesus, Strauss's Life of,' 49. + + Jevons, William Stanley, 143. + + 'John Inglesant,' 64. + + 'John Ploughman's Talk,' 168. + + Jones, Ebenezer. Wrote 'Studies in Sensation and Event,' 37. + + Jones, Sumner, 37. + + 'John Halifax, Gentleman,' 72. + + Journalism and Novelists, 186-7. + + 'Journals of Researches during a Voyage round the World,' + 154-155. + + Jowett, Benjamin, 162; + 'The Interpretation of Scripture'; brilliant translations of + Plato, Thucydides, and 'The Politics' of Aristotle; John + Bright's admiration of Jowett's classic English; 'Life,' + written by Evelyn Abbott and Lewis Campbell, 163. + + 'Judas Iscariot,' 36. + + + 'Katerfelto,' 59. + + Kavanagh, Julia. Now little known. Wrote 'Madeleine,' 'Women in + France in the 18th Century,' 'Englishwomen of Letters,' and + 'Frenchwomen of Letters,' 72. + + Keats, death of, 5; + Biography, 183. + + Keble, John. Professor of Poetry at Oxford; 'Christian Year'; + 'Lyra Innocentium'; 'Life of Bishop Wilson,' 159. + + Kemble, John Mitchell. His 'Saxons in England' still useful, 80. + + King, Richard Ashe. Has sketched Swift's life in Ireland; 'Love + the Debt'; 'The Wearing of the Green,' 178. + + 'Kingdom of Christ,' 164. + + Kinglake, Alexander William. 'History of the War in the Crimea,' + a brilliant effort; his 'Eothen' scarcely less popular, 96. + + Kingsley, Charles. 'The Saint's Tragedy'; 'Alton Locke,' 53; + 'Yeast'; 'Two Years Ago'; 'Hypatia'; 'Westward Ho'; 'The Three + Fishers'; 'The Sands of Dee'; Professor of History at + Cambridge; his influence great and beneficial, 54-55. + + Kingsley, Henry. 'Geoffrey Hamlyn,' the best novel of Australian + life; 'Ravenshoe,' and 'The Hillyars and The Burtons' + forcible effective works, 55; + Sir Edwin Arnold and Mrs Thackeray Ritchie's testimony, 56. + + Kingston, W. H. G. Author of one hundred and twenty-five stories + of the sea, 67. + + 'King's Tragedy, The,' 24. + + Kipling, Rudyard. 'Soldiers Three'; 'Wee Willie Winkie'; + 'Barrack-Room Ballads,' 40. + + Kitchin, George William. 'History of France previous to the + Revolution,' 103. + + 'Kitty Trevelyan's Diary,' 73. + + Knight, Professor, of St Andrews. Biographer of Wordsworth and + editor of his collected works, 178. + + + 'Lachrymae Musarum,' 40. + + 'Lady Geraldine's Courtship,' 13. + + 'Lady of Lyons, The,' 56. + + 'Lady's Walk, The,' 75. + + 'Lalla Rookh,' 33. + + 'Land of the Golden Fleece, The,' 188. + + Landor, Walter Savage. Temperament; 'Gebir'; 'Count Julian,' 15; + 'Imaginary Conversations' and 'Longer Prose Works' have all + cultured men for readers now; Swinburne's admiration of, 16. + + Landor and 'Madoc,' 6. + + Lang, Andrew. 'Ballads and Lyrics of Old France'; 'Ballades in + Blue China'; translator of Homer and Theocritus, 176; + 'Life of Sir Stafford Northcote'; 'Life of John Gibson + Lockhart,' 177. + + 'Laodamia,' 7. + + 'Last Days of Pompeii,' 56. + + 'Last Lines,' 47. + + 'Last of the Barons, The,' 56. + + 'Latin Christianity,' 103. + + 'Latter-day Pamphlets,' 123. + + Laureate, The present, 39-40. + + 'Lavengro,' 185. + + 'Lay Sermons,' 158. + + 'Lead Kindly Light,' 108. + + 'Leaves from a Journal,' 192. + + Lecky, William Edward Hartpole. 'History of England in the + Eighteenth Century'; 'Rise and Influence of the Spirit of + Rationalism' and 'European Morals from Augustus to Charlemagne' + justly popular, 96. + + 'Lectures in Greek Philosophy,' 169. + + 'Lectures on the Council of Trent,' 88. + + 'Lectures on the Jewish Church,' 162. + + 'Lectures on Science for Unscientific People,' 151. + + 'Lectures on the Eastern Church,' 161-162. + + 'Lectures on the Science of Language,' 99. + + Le Fanu, Joseph Sheridan, 'Uncle Silas'; 'In a Glass Darkly,' 66. + + 'Legends and Lyrics,' 36. + + Lemon, Mark, 187. + Editor of _Punch_, 187-8. + + Leslie, Thomas Edward Cliffe. His 'Essays' full of terse and + suggestive criticism, 144. + + 'Letters and Life of Francis Bacon' (Spedding), 184. + + 'Letters' and 'Reminiscences' of Carlyle, 115-116, 119-120. + + 'Letters on the Laws of Man's Nature and Development,' 181. + + 'Letter to Keble,' 158. + + Lever, Charles. _Dublin University Magazine_; 'Charles O'Malley' + and 'Harry Lorrequer' still command attention, 66. + + Lewes, George Henry. 'Biographical History of Philosophy,' 148; + his 'Life of Goethe' the standard work; 'Ranthorpe'; edited + _Fortnightly Review_; 'Seaside Studies'; 'Problems of Life + and Mind,' 149; + on 'Philosophie Positive,' 179. + + Lewes, George Henry, and George Eliot, 49. + + Lewis, Sir George Cornewall. A notable political philosopher; + wrote 'A Dialogue on the Best Form of Government,' 184. + + 'Liberty,' 139. + + Liddon, Henry Parry. Bampton lectures 'On the Divinity of Jesus + Christ'; one of the most eloquent of preachers, 167. + + 'Lieutenant's Daughter,' 84. + + 'Life and Death of Jason,' 25. + + 'Life and Epistles of St Paul,' 168. + + 'Life and Letters of Erasmus,' 88. + + 'Life and Reign of Richard III.,' 96. + + 'Life and Times of Stein,' 104. + + 'Life, Letters and Literary Remains of John Keats,' 183. + + 'Life of Bishop Wilson,' 159. + + 'Life of Bunyan,' 88. + + 'Life of Burke,' 181. + + 'Life of Byron,' 34. + + 'Life of Cardinal Manning,' 169. + + 'Life of Carlyle,' 86. + + 'Life of Caesar,' 88. + + 'Life of Charlotte Bronte, The,' 71. + + 'Life of Christ,' 168. + + 'Life of Cicero,' 58. + + 'Life of Cobden,' 182. + + 'Life of Cortes,' 191. + + 'Life of Cowper,' 6. + + 'Life of Dickens,' 178. + + 'Life of Dr Arnold,' 161. + + 'Life of Edward Irving,' 74. + + 'Life of F. W. Robertson,' 166. + + 'Life of Goethe,' 149. + + 'Life of Gray,' 175. + + 'Life of Hume,' 157. + + 'Life of Isaac Casaubon,' 163. + + 'Life of Jesus,' 49. + + 'Life of John Gibson Lockhart,' 177. + + 'Life of John Sterling,' 124. + + 'Life of Jowett,' 163. + + 'Life of Lord Lyndhurst,' 191. + + 'Life of Lord Macaulay,' 182. + + 'Life of Milton,' 166, 177. + + 'Life of Nelson' (Mahan's), 6. + + 'Life of Nelson' (Southey's), 5. + + 'Life of Newton,' 150. + + 'Life of Pizarro,' 191. + + 'Life of St Paul,' 168. + + 'Life of Schiller,' 113, 124. + + 'Life of Shelley,' 174. + + 'Life of Sir John Eliot,' 178-179. + + 'Life of Sir Stafford Northcote,' 177. + + 'Life of Sir Walter Scott,' 177. + + 'Life of the late Prince Consort, The,' 190. + + 'Life of Walter Savage Landor,' 178. + + Lightfoot, Joseph Barber. One of the greatest scholars in the + English Church, 168. + + 'Light of Asia, The,' 26. + + 'Light of the World, The,' 26. + + 'Limits of Religious Thought, The,' 169. + + Lingard, John. 'History of England' impartial, but dull, 80. + + Linton, Mrs Lynn, 74. + + _Literary Gazette_, 181. + + 'Literary Studies,' 184. + + 'Literature and Dogma,' 18. + + 'Literature of Europe' (Hallam's), 78. + + 'Little Schoolmaster Mark,' 64. + + 'Living London,' 188. + + Lockhart, John Gibson. Editor of the _Quarterly Review_; his + 'Life of Scott,' the most important biography of the reign, 177. + + 'Logic' (Mill's), 140. + + 'Logic,' (Whately's), 159. + + 'Longer Prose Works,' 16. + + 'Lorna Doone,' 69. + + 'Lost and Saved,' 72. + + 'Lost Sir Massingberd,' 189. + + 'Love in a Valley,' 60. + + 'Love Letters of a Violinist,' 188. + + 'Love or Marriage,' 68. + + 'Love the Debt,' 178. + + Lover, Samuel. Best known works, 'Rory O'More' and 'Handy Andy,' + 34. + + 'Lover's Lexicon,' 189. + + Lubbock, Sir John. 'Pre-historic Times'; 'Origin of + Civilization,' 99. + + 'Luria,' 12. + + Lyall, Edna, 74. + + Lyell, Sir Charles. Abandoned law for geology; his 'Principles + of Geology' a revolutionary work; the smaller 'Student's + Elements of Geology' injured in literary merit, 152; + converted to Darwin's views; 'The Antiquity of Man,' 153. + + Lynch, Thomas Toke. His poems in the _Rivulet_ now in most + hymnologies, 166. + + 'Lyra Innocentium,' 159. + + 'Lyrical Ballads,' 7. + + Lytton, Edward Bulwer. 'Pelham'; 'Zanoni'; 'Harold'; 'Rienzi'; + 'The Last of the Barons'; 'The Last Days of Pompeii'; 'The + Caxtons'; 'Money'; 'Richelieu'; 'The Lady of Lyons'; one of + the 'cleverest' men of his age, 56. + + + Macaulay, Thomas Babington. His work guided by rhetorical + principles; earliest efforts in _Quarterly Magazine_ and + _Edinburgh Review_; Jeffrey on his 'Milton,' 91; + qualities of his 'Essays'; his career; 'History of England + from the Accession of James II.' very successful, 92; + now severely criticised, 93; + in spite of its deficiencies, a great work, 94-95. + + Macaulay and Hawker, 38. + + MacCarthy, Justin. 'History of Our Own Time, 1830-1897,' 95; + 'History of the Four Georges,' 96. + + MacDonald, George. 'Robert Falconer'; 'David Elginbrod'; 'Alec + Forbes of Howglen,' 63. + + Mackay, Charles. Novelist, poet and critic; 'Forty Years' + Recollections of Life, Literature and Public Affairs,' 188. + + Mackay, Eric. 'Love Letters of a Violinist,' 188. + + 'Macleod of Dare,' 69. + + Macquoid, Mrs, 74. + + _Macmillan's Magazine_, 181. + + 'Madcap Violet,' 69. + + 'Madeleine,' 72. + + 'Madoc,' 6. + + Mahon, Lord, 95. + + 'Maiden and Married Life of Mary Powell,' 72. + + 'Maid of Sker, The,' 69. + + 'Maid Marion,' 62. + + 'Makers of Florence,' 74. + + 'Making of England, The,' 98. + + Malet, Lucas, 74. + + _Manchester Examiner_ and Ruskin, 133. + + Mangan, James Clarence, 34. + + Manning, Anne. Author of 'Maiden and Married Life of Mary + Powell,' 72. + + Manning, Cardinal. Books and sermons of theological interest + only; his 'Life,' 169. + + Mansel, Henry Longueville. 'The Limits of Religious Thought'; + 'Metaphysics, or the Philosophy of Consciousness, Phenomenal + and Real'; a skilful fighter, 169. + + 'Manual of Political Economy' (Fawcett's), 142. + + 'Marie Bashkirtseff's Diary,' 190. + + 'Marcian Colonna,' 36. + + 'Marie de Meranie,' 38. + + 'Marius the Epicurean,' 171. + + 'Marmorne,' 171. + + Marryat, Captain Frederick. 'Frank Mildmay'; 'Mr Midshipman + Easy'; 'Peter Simple'; editor of _Metropolitan Magazine_; + appreciated by Carlyle and Ruskin, 66-67. + + Marsh, Mrs. Author of 'The Admiral's Daughter' and 'The + Deformed,' 71. + + Marshall, Alfred. Author of 'Economics of Industry' and + 'Principles of Economics,' 143. + + Marston, John Westland. Author of 'Strathmore,' 'Marie de + Meranie,' and 'A Hard Struggle,' 38. + + Marston, Philip Bourke. Published 'Song Tide and other Poems,' + 'All in All,' and 'Wind Voices,' 39. + + Martin, Sir Theodore. 'Life of the late Prince Consort,' 190; + 'Book of Ballads'; 'Memoir of Aytoun'; 'Life of Lord + Lyndhurst'; translated the Odes of Horace; 'The Vita Nuova'; + 'Faust'; and Heine's 'Poems and Ballads'; 'Sketch of the Life + of Princess Alice,' 191. + + Martineau, Harriet. 'History of the Peace,' 95; + Abridgment of Comte; influence upon her own generation; very + versatile writer; her 'Biographical Sketches' originally + published in _Daily News_, 180; + her historical work mere compilation; 'Deerbrook'; 'The Hour + and the Man'; 'Letters on the Laws of Man's Nature and + Development,' 181. + + Martineau, James. Early career, 166; + from Bentham to Kant; 'Endeavour after the Christian Life'; + 'Hours of Thought on Sacred Things'; 'Study of Spinoza'; + 'Types of Ethical Theory,' 167. + + 'Martyrs of Science,' 150. + + 'Mary Barton,' 71. + + 'Mary Tudor,' 33. + + 'Masks and Faces,' 58. + + Massey, Gerald. Chartist poet. Wrote 'Poems and Charms' and + 'Voices of Freedom and Lyrics of Love,' &c., 37. + + Massey, William Nathaniel. 'History of England under George III.' + 95 + + Masson, David. 'Life of Milton'; 'British Novelists and their + Styles'; 'Drummond of Hawthornden,' 177. + + 'Master of Ballantrae, The,' 60. + + 'Maud,' 10. + + 'Maude,' 22. + + Maurice, John Frederick Denison. Editor of the _Athenaeum_; joined + the Anglican Church, 163; + 'Subscription no Bondage'; 'Kingdom of Christ' tracts; 'Politics + for the People'; organised the Christian socialist and + co-operative movement, 164. + + Maxse, Admiral, 62. + + May, Sir Thomas Erskine. Continued the work of Hallam and Stubbs, + 79; + 'Democracy in Europe'; 'Constitutional History,' 80. + + Melbourne, Lord, and Macaulay, 91. + + 'Melincourt,' 62. + + Melville, George John Whyte. The novelist of the hunting field; + 'Katerfelto'; 'Black but Comely'; 'The Queen's Maries'; 'The + Gladiators,' 59. + + 'Memoirs of Barry Lyndon,' 45. + + 'Memoir of Principal Tulloch,' 74. + + 'Memorials of Canterbury,' 161. + + 'Men and Women,' 12. + + 'Mental and Moral Science,' 147. + + 'Mental Evolution in Animals,' 157. + + Meredith, George. 'Love in a Valley,' 60; + The Browning of Novelists; 'The Shaving of Shagpat'; 'Farina'; + 'The Ordeal of Richard Feverel' considered his best novel; + 'Evan Harrington'; 'Rhoda Fleming'; 'The Adventures of Harry + Richmond'; 'Beauchamp's Career'; 'The Egoist'; 'The Tragic + Comedians'; 'Diana of the Crossways'; Stevenson's admiration + for 'The Egoist,' 61; + 'Sandra Belloni,' 62. + + Meredith, George, and Rossetti, 24. + + Merivale, Charles. 'History of the Romans under the Empire,' 102. + + 'Metaphysics, or the Philosophy of Consciousness, Phenomenal and + Real,' 169. + + Methodism and Carlyle, 51. + + 'Methods of Ethics,' 143. + + _Metropolitan Magazine, The_, 67. + + 'Middle Ages' (Hallam's), 77. + + 'Middlemarch,' 50. + + Mill, James. 'History of India'; 'Analysis of the Human Mind,' 137. + + Mill, John Stuart. Ruskin's scorn of; education, 137; + influence of Wordsworth; the India House; _Westminster Review_; + Carlyle's 'French Revolution,' 138; + 'Political Economy'; 'Liberty'; 'Subjection of Women'; + contemporary opinion of Mrs Mill, 139; + 'Logic'; 'Essays on Unsettled Questions in Political Economy'; + 'Principles of Political Economy'; 'Liberty'; 'Sir William + Hamilton's Philosophy'; 'Dissertations and Discussions'; + 'Considerations on Representative Government'; a stimulator + of public opinion, 140; + his philosophical weaknesses, 141-42; + abandonment of early positions; 'Autobiography'; a socialist + at the last, 142. + + Miller, Hugh, 151. + Journalist; _The Witness_; 'Old Red Sandstone'; 'Footprints + of the Creator'; 'The Testimony of the Rocks,' 152. + + 'Mill on the Floss, The,' 50. + + Millais, Sir John, and the pre-Raphaelite movement, 23. + + Milman, Henry Hart. 'Gibbon's Rome'; 'History of the Jews'; + 'History of Christianity under the Empire,' 102; + 'Latin Christianity'; Dean Stanley's appreciation, 103. + + 'Milton, Masson's Life of,' 177. + + 'Ministering Children,' 73. + + Minor Poets, The, of our era, 31. + + 'Mirandola,' 36. + + 'Mr Herbert Spencer and Mr G. H. Lewes; their application of the + Doctrine of Evolution to Thought,' 147. + + 'Mr Midshipman Easy,' 67. + + 'Mrs Caudle's Curtain Lectures,' 187. + + 'Mrs Halliburton's Troubles,' 70. + + Mivart, St George, 151. + + 'Modern' Essays (Myers), 172. + + 'Modern Painters,' 130, 132. + + Molesworth, Rev. William Nassau. 'History of England, 1830-1873'; + 'History of the Church of England,' 95. + + 'Moliere,' by Mrs Oliphant, 74. + + 'Money,' 56. + + 'Monks of St Mark, The,' 62. + + 'Monograph on Charlotte Bronte,' 183. + + _Monthly Magazine, The_, 42. + + 'Moonstone, The,' 69. + + Moore, Thomas. The pioneer of the 'Celtic Renaissance'; 'Irish + Melodies,' 33; + 'Lalla Rookh'; 'Life of Byron,' 34. + + 'More Leaves from the Journal of our Life in the Highlands,' 192. + + 'More Worlds than One,' 150. + + Morison, James Cotter. Biographer of St Bernard of Clairvaux and + Macaulay; 'The Service of Man,' 180. + + Morley, John. Antagonist of 'Supernatural Christianity'; a gifted + biographer and journalist; editor of _Morning Star_, _Literary + Gazette_, _Fortnightly Review_, _Pall Mall Gazette_, and + _Macmillan's Magazine_; editor of 'English Men of Letters + Series'; 'Life of Burke'; influence, 181; + lives of Voltaire, Rousseau, Diderot; 'Life of Cobden'; his + essay 'On Compromise' probably the most exhaustive treatment + of the question, 182. + + Morley, John, and Macaulay, 93. + + _Morning Chronicle, The_, 42. + + _Morning Star_, 181. + + Morris, Sir Lewis. Wrote 'Songs of Two Worlds'; 'Epic of Hades'; + 'A Vision of Saints,' &c., 26. + + Morris, William. Connection with Rossetti, 23; + versatility of his genius; 'Dream of John Ball'; 'News from + Nowhere,' 24; + 'Defence of Guenevere'; 'Life and Death of Jason'; 'The Earthly + Paradise,' 25. + + Moulton, Mrs Chandler, 39. + + Mueller, Friedrich Max. Eminent Philologist; 'Lectures on the + Science of Language'; 'Chips from a German Workshop,' 99; + early religious systems, 100. + + Mulock, Dinah. 'John Halifax, Gentleman,' her best and most + successful book, 72. + + 'Munera Pulveris,' 133. + + Murchison, Sir Roderick Impey. Geologist; popularity of his + 'Siluria,' 152. + + Murray, Dr John, 155. + + 'My Beautiful Lady,' 23. + + 'My Cousin Nicholas,' 30. + + Myers, Ernest, 173. + + Myers, Frederick William Henry. 'Saint Paul'; his 'Classical' + and 'Modern' critical essays full of delightful ideas; biography + of Wordsworth, 172. + + 'Mythology of the Aryan Nations,' 100. + + + Nansen, Dr, 186. + + 'Napoleon, A Short History of,' 105. + + 'National and Historical Ballads, Songs and Poems,' 34. + + _National Reformer, The_, and 'The City of Dreadful Night,' 32. + + 'Natural History,' 153. + + 'Natural Religion,' 105. + + 'Naturalist's Voyage Round the World, A,' 155. + + 'Nelson Memorial, The,' 6. + + 'Nemesis of Faith,' 84. + + 'Never too Late to Mend,' 58. + + 'New Arabian Nights, The,' 60. + + 'Newcomes, The,' 45. + + 'New Magdalen, The,' 69. + + Newman, Francis William. 'The Soul,' 'Theism,' 'Phases of Faith,' + 170, 171. + + Newman, John Henry. Early religious tendencies; 'My Battle with + Liberalism,' 107; + Matthew Arnold's description of Newman, 107-108; + Tractarian movement; 'Lead Kindly Light'; 'Tracts for the Time'; + Tract XC., 108-109; + joins Church of Rome; Father Achilli, 109; + 'Apologia pro Vita Sua,'; Kingsley's attack and defeat, 110-111; + Froude on Newman's character, 110; + 'Dream of Gerontius'; 'Verses on Various Occasions,' 111; + 'Callista'; 'A Sketch of the Third Century'; 'Essay in Aid of + the Grammar of Assent,' 111; + Swinburne's 'Apostrophe'; Newman's influence on England and her + Prime Ministers, 112. + + 'New Poems,' 22. + + 'News from Nowhere,' 24. + + 'Nicholas Nickleby,' 42. + + 'Nightmare Abbey,' 62. + + 'Night Side of Nature, The,' 72. + + _Nonconformist, The_, and Spencer, 145. + + 'North and South,' 71. + + Norton, Mrs. Author of 'Stuart of Dunleath' and 'Lost and Saved,' + 72. + + Novelists and journalism, 186-187. + + Novelists of the Era:-- + Alexander, Mrs, 74. + A.L.O.E., 73. + Ainsworth, W. H., 67. + Barrie, J. M., 63. + Besant, Sir W., 65. + Black, W., 68. + Blackmore, R. D., 69. + Braddon, Miss, 74. + Bronte, Anne, 48. + Bronte, Charlotte, 46. + Bronte, Emily, 47. + Broughton, Miss R., 74. + Carleton, W., 66. + Carroll, Lewis, 64. + Charles, Mrs, 73. + Charlesworth, Miss M. L., 73. + Clifford, Mrs W. K., 74. + Clive, Mrs Archer, 72. + Craik, Mrs, 72. + Crowe, Mrs, 71. + Collins, W. W., 69. + Corelli, Miss M., 74. + Dickens, C., 42. + Disraeli, B., 57. + Doyle, Conan, 63. + Eliot, George, 49. + Ewing, Mrs, 73. + Fullerton, Lady G., 72. + Gaskell, Mrs, 71. + Hardy, T., 68. + Hope, Anthony, 63. + James, G. P. R., 67. + Kavanagh, Miss J., 72. + Kingsley, C., 53. + Kingsley, H., 55. + Kingston, W. H. G., 67. + Le Fanu, J. S., 66. + Lever, C, 66. + Linton, Mrs Lynn, 74. + Lyall, Edna, 74. + Lytton, E. B., 56. + MacDonald, G., 63. + Macquoid, Mrs, 74. + Malet, L., 74. + Manning, Anne, 72. + Marryat, Captain F., 66. + Marsh, Mrs, 71. + Melville, G. J. W., 59. + Meredith, G., 60. + Mulock, Miss D., 72. + Norton, Mrs, 72. + Oliphant, Mrs, 74. + Ouida, 74. + Peacock, T. L., 62. + Pemberton, Max, 63. + 'Q.', 63. + Reade, C., 57. + Rice, J., 65. + Schreiner, Miss O., 74. + Sergeant, Miss A., 74. + Shorthouse, J. H., 64. + Stevenson, R. L., 59. + Stretton, Mrs, 72. + Thackeray, W. M., 44. + Trollope, A., 58. + Tucker, Miss C. M., 73. + Ward, Mrs H., 74. + Warren, S., 70. + Weyman, S., 63. + Wood, Mrs H., 70. + Yonge, Miss C., 74. + + + Odes of Horace (Martin's translation), 191. + + 'Old Arm Chair, The,' 29. + + 'Old Curiosity Shop, The,' 42. + + 'Old English History,' 81. + + 'Old Red Sandstone,' 152. + + 'Old St Paul's,' 67. + + 'Old Stoic, The,' 47. + + Oliphant, Mrs. Type of the age; wrote biography, criticism, and + every form of prose; 'Makers of Florence'; 'Life of Edward + Irving'; 'History of Eighteenth Century Literature'; 'Memoir + of Principal Tulloch'; 'Cervantes'; 'Moliere'; 'Dress'; + neither a good critic nor a very accurate student; her fame + will have to rest on her novels, 74; + 'Salem Chapel'; 'Passages in the life of Margaret Maitland' + her first novel; 'The Lady's Walk' the last, 75. + + 'Oliver Twist,' 42. + + 'Omar Khayyam,' 35. + + 'On Compromise,' 182. + + 'Onesimus,' 165. + + 'On the Divinity of Jesus Christ,' 167. + + 'On the Proper Sphere of Government,' 145. + + 'On the Structure and Motion of Glaciers,' 151. + + 'Ordeal of Richard Feverel,' 61. + + 'Order and Progress,' 179. + + 'Origin of Civilization,' 99. + + 'Origin of Species,' 156. + + 'Orion,' 36. + + O'Shaughnessy, Arthur. Wrote 'Epic of Women and other Poems,' 39. + + Ouida, 74. + + _Oxford and Cambridge Magazine, The_, 23. + + + Palgrave, Francis Turner. Editor of the 'Golden Treasury of Songs + and Lyrics,' 81. + + Palgrave, Sir Francis. Wrote 'History of Normandy and England,' + 81. + + _Pall Mall Gazette_, 181, 188. + + 'Palmyra,' 62. + + 'Paper Money Lyrics and other Poems,' 62. + + 'Passages from the Diary of a Late Physician,' 70. + + 'Passages in the Life of Margaret Maitland,' 75. + + 'Past and Present,' 123. + + Pater, Walter. A great Critic; 'Marius the Epicurean'; 'Imaginary + Portraits'; 'The most Rhythmical of English Prose Writers'; + 'Renaissance'; 'Appreciations,' 171. + + Patmore, Coventry. 'Angel in the House' not always sincere, 31; + 'Unknown Eros,' 32. + + Pattison, Mark. 'The Tendencies of Religious Thought in England'; + profound scholar; 'Life of Isaac Casaubon,' 163. + + 'Paul Ferrell,' 72. + + 'Pauline,' 13. + + Payn, James. Editor _Cornhill Magazine_; 'Lost Sir Massingberd' + and 'By Proxy' the most popular of his novels, 189. + + Peacock, Thomas Love. Influence of, on Meredith; 'The Monks of + St Mark'; 'Palmyra'; 'Headlong Hall'; 'Melincourt'; 'Nightmare + Abbey'; 'Maid Marion'; 'Crotchet Castle'; 'Paper Money Lyrics + and other Poems,' 62; + 'Gryll Grange'; his relations with other famous men, 63. + + 'Peg Woffington,' 58. + + 'Pelham,' 56. + + Pemberton, Max, 63. + + 'Pendennis,' 45. + + 'Pentateuch and Book of Joshua Critically Examined, The,' 164. + + 'Peter Simple,' 67. + + 'Phantasmion,' 35. + + 'Phases of Faith,' 170, 171. + + 'Philip Van Artevelde,' 28. + + 'Philochristus,' 165. + + 'Philosophy of Kant,' 170. + + 'Physics and Politics,' 184. + + 'Physiography,' 158. + + 'Pickwick Papers,' influence of eighteenth century humorists + marked in, 41; + first appearance of, 42. + + 'Pioneers of Evolution,' 99. + + 'Poems and Charms,' 37. + + 'Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell,' 47. + + 'Poems' by George Meredith, 60, 62. + + 'Poems,' by Matthew Arnold, 20. + + 'Poems of Rural Life in the Dorset Dialect,' 37. + + Poets of the Era:-- + Arnold, M., 17-21. + Arnold, Sir Edwin, 26. + Austin, A., 39. + Bailey, P. J., 28. + Banim, J., 34. + Banim, M., 34. + Barham, R. H., 30. + Barnes, W., 37. + Beddoes, T. L., 36. + Browning, Mrs, 14-15. + Browning, Robert, 13-14. + Calverley, C. S., 30. + Clough, A. H., 21. + Coleridge, H., 35. + Coleridge, Sara, 35. + Cook, Eliza, 29. + Cooper, T., 37. + Davis, T., 34. + De Vere, T. A., 33. + Dobell, S., 31. + Dobson, A., 30. + Dufferin, Lady, 34. + Elliott, E., 37. + Ferguson, Sir S., 34. + FitzGerald, E., 34. + Hawker, R. S., 38. + Hood, T., 29. + Horne, R. H., 36. + Ingelow, Jean, 29. + Jones, E., 37. + Kipling, R., 40. + Landor, W. S., 15-16. + Lang, A., 30. + Lover, S., 34. + Mangan, J. C, 34. + Marston, J. W., 38. + Marston, P. B., 39. + Massey, G., 37. + Moore, T., 33. + Morris, Sir Lewis, 26. + Morris, William, 24. + O'Shaughnessy, A., 39. + Patmore, C., 31. + Procter, A. A., 36. + Procter, B. W., 35. + Rossetti, Christina, 22. + Rossetti, Dante G., 22. + Rossetti, Maria Francesca, 22. + Smith, A., 31. + Southey, R., 5. + Swinburne, A. C., 16. + Taylor, Sir Henry, 28. + Tennyson, A., 10. + Thomson, J., 32. + Tupper, M. F., 27. + Watson, W., 40. + Woolner, T., 23. + Wordsworth, 7. + + 'Political Destiny of Canada,' 185. + + 'Political Economy' (Fawcett's), 142. + + 'Political Economy' (Mill's), 139-141. + + 'Political Economy' (Sidgwick's), 143. + + 'Politics for the People,' 164. + + _Portfolio, The_, 172. + + Potter, Miss Beatrice, 144. + + Praed, Winthrop Mackworth, 36. + + 'Praeterita,' 130. + + 'Pre-historic Times,' 99. + + 'Prelude, The,' 9. + + 'Pre-Raphaelitism,' 132. + + 'Pre-Raphaelite Movement, The,' 23. + + 'Pride and his Pursuers,' 73. + + 'Primer of English Literature,' 166. + + 'Primitive Culture,' 99. + + 'Prince Otto,' 60. + + 'Principles of Economics,' 143. + + 'Principles of Geology,' 152. + + 'Principles of Psychology,' 145. + + 'Problems of Life and Mind,' 149. + + Procter, Adelaide Anne. Wrote 'Legends and Lyrics,' &c., 36. + + Procter, Bryan Waller. Wrote 'Dramatic Scenes'; 'Marcian + Colonna'; 'Mirandola,' &c., 35-36. + + 'Professor, The,' 47. + + 'Prolegomena to Ethics,' 148. + + 'Proverbial Philosophy,' 27. + + 'Proverbs in Porcelain,' 30. + + _Punch_, 187. + + 'Purgatory of Suicides, The,' 37. + + Pusey, Edward Bouverie. Founder of the modern high church + movement; a writer of 'Tracts for the Times'; 'Letter to + Keble'; 'Eirenicon,' 158. + + 'Put Yourself in His Place,' 58. + + + 'Q,' 63. + + _Quarterly Magazine, The_, 91. + + _Quarterly Review, The_, 28, 93, 154, 177. + + 'Queen's Maries, The,' 59. + + 'Queen Mary,' 10. + + + 'Raleigh,' 27. + + 'Ranthorpe,' 149. + + _Rattlesnake_ Survey, The, 157. + + 'Ravenshoe,' 55. + + Reade, Charles, 57-58. + 'Peg Woffington'; 'The Cloister and the Hearth'; 'Griffith + Gaunt'; 'Hard Cash'; 'Foul Play'; 'Put Yourself in His Place'; + 'Never Too Late to Mend'; 'Masks and Faces'; 'Drink,' 58. + + 'Ready Money Mortiboy,' 65. + + 'Realmah,' 191. + + Reid, Sir Wemyss. 'Monograph on Charlotte Bronte,' and life of + Lord Houghton, 183. + + 'Reign of Henry VIII.', 89. + + 'Reign of William Rufus and Accession of Henry I.,' 81. + + 'Rejected Addresses,' 8. + + 'Relations between England and America, The,' 185. + + 'Remembrances of Mrs Overtheway,' 73. + + 'Renaissance in Italy,' 103. + + 'Renaissance. Studies in Art and Poetry' (later), 171. + + 'Return of the Native, The,' 68. + + 'Rhetoric' (Whately's), 159. + + 'Rhoda Fleming,' 61. + + Rice, James. Collaborated with Walter Besant in 'Ready Money + Mortiboy' and 'The Golden Butterfly,' &c., 65. + + 'Richelieu,' 56. + + 'Rienzi,' 56. + + 'Ring and The Book, The,' 12. + + 'Rise and Influence of the Spirit of Rationalism,' 96. + + 'Ritualism, Essay on,' 106. + + 'Rivulet, The,' 166. + + 'Robert Falconer,' 63. + + Robertson, Frederick William, 165; + 'Life,' 166. + + Robinson, Henry Crabb. 'Diary,' edited by Dr Sadler, 183. + + 'Rocks Ahead,' 170. + + Rogers, Thorold. 'History of Agriculture and Prices,' 144. + + Rogers, Samuel. His 'Table Talk' full of good stories, 183. + + 'Rogers and his Contemporaries,' 184. + + 'Rogers, Early Life of,' 184. + + 'Roman Empire, The Holy,' 104. + + 'Rome, History of' (Dr Arnold's), 160. + + Romanes, George John. 'Animal Intelligence,' 'Mental Evolution in + Animals,' 157. + + 'Romany Rye, The,' 185. + + 'Romola,' 50. + + 'Rookwood,' 67. + + 'Rory O'More,' 34. + + Rossetti, Christina Georgina. 'Goblin Market,' 'Called to be + Saints,' 'The Face of the Deep,' 'Maude,' 'New Poems,' 22. + + Rossetti, Dante Gabriel, 22; + the pre-Raphaelite movement; the _Germ_; 'The Blessed Damozel'; + 'Hand and Soul'; connection with Ruskin, Morris, Swinburne, + and _Oxford and Cambridge Magazine_; 'The Early Italian + Poets,' 23; + 'The White Ship'; 'The King's Tragedy'; 'Sister Helen'; 'The + House of Life,' 24. + + Rossetti, Maria Francesca. 'Shadow of Dante,' 22. + + 'Recreations of Christopher North,' 187. + + 'Rubayat of Omar Khayyam of Naishapur,' 35. + + Ruskin, John, 129. + 'Praeterita'; early influences; Oxford; 'Salsette and Elephanta'; + 'Modern Painters'; Mazzini's opinion of, 130; + 'Seven Lamps of Architecture,' 130-131; + the 'Stones of Venice'; 'Pre-Raphaelitism'; Slade lectures; as + economist; 'Unto this Last,' 132; + the _Cornhill Magazine_ readers; his socialism; 'Munera + Pulveris'; 'Time and Tide by Wear and Tyne'; _Manchester + Examiner_; 'Fors Clavigera,' 133; + the tea-shop in the Marylebone Road; St George's Guild; Ruskin + museum, 134; + his influence; 'Crown of Wild Olive'; 'Time and Tide,' 'Sesame + and Lilies,' 135-6; + his self criticism, 136; + scorn of John Stuart Mill, 137. + + 'Ruth,' 71. + + Ryle, John Charles. Famous literary exponent of the Evangelical + position; 'Shall we know one another in Heaven'; 'Bible + Inspiration,' 168. + + + Saintsbury, George. Profound knowledge of French and English + literature, 174; + in brief biographies of Sir Walter Scott and others most + excellent, 175. + + 'Saint Paul,' 172. + + 'Saint's Tragedy, The,' 53. + + 'St Ives,' 60. + + St Luke. Schleiermacher's Essay on, 101. + + 'St Thomas of Canterbury,' 33. + + Sala, George Augustus. 'The Land of the Golden Fleece'; 'America + Revisited'; 'Living London,' 188. + + 'Salem Chapel,' 75. + + 'Salsette and Elephanta,' 130. + + Sanderson, Burdon, 151. + + 'Sandra Belloni,' 62. + + 'Sands of Dee, The,' 54. + + 'Sartor Resartus,' 121. + + _Saturday Review, The_, and Freeman, 83. + + 'Savonarola,' 40. + + 'Saxons in England,' 80. + + Sayce, Archibald Henry, 100. + + 'Scenes of Clerical Life,' 49. + + Schloss, D. F., 144. + + 'Schoenberg-Cotta Family, The,' 73. + + Schreiner, Miss Olive, 74. + + 'Science, Lectures on, for Unscientific People,' 150-151. + + Scott, Sir Walter. Death of, 5; + on 'Madoc,' 6; + Lockhart's 'Life of,' 177. + + Scott, William Bell. Best known by his 'Autobiography,' 173. + + 'Seaside Studies,' 149. + + Seeley, Sir John Robert. 'Life and Times of Stein'; German and + English criticisms; 'History and Politics,' 104; + 'Expansion of England'; 'A Short History of Napoleon'; 'Ecce + Homo'; censure and praise; Mr Gladstone; 'Natural Religion,' + 105. + + 'Select Charters,' 79. + + 'Selections from Wordsworth,' 8, 9. + + 'Senses and the Intellect, The,' 147. + + Sergeant, Miss Adeline, 74. + + 'Service of Man, The,' 180. + + 'Sesame and Lilies,' 135-136. + + 'Seven Lamps of Architecture,' 130-131. + + 'Shadow of Dante,' 22. + + 'Shakspere, his Mind and Art,' 173. + + 'Shall we know one another in Heaven,' 168. + + 'Shaving of Shagpat, The,' 61. + + Shelley. Death of, 5; + on Southey's 'Thalaba,' 6; + acquaintance with Peacock, 62; + Dowden's 'Life of,' 174. + + Sherlock Holmes, 63. + + 'Shirley,' 47. + + 'Short History of Napoleon, A,' 105. + + 'Short History of the English People,' 97. + + Shorthouse, Joseph Henry. 'John Inglesant'; 'Sir Perceval'; + 'Little Schoolmaster Mark,' 64. + + 'Short Studies on Great Subjects,' 88. + + Sidgwick, Henry. 'Principles of Political Economy'; 'Methods of + Ethics'; a compromise; 'Elements of Politics,' 143. + + 'Silas Marner,' 50. + + 'Siluria,' 152. + + 'Sinai and Palestine,' 161. + + 'Sir Perceval,' 64. + + 'Sister Helen,' 24. + + 'Sketches by Boz,' 42. + + 'Sketch of the Life of Princess Alice,' 191. + + Smith, Alexander, 31. + + Smith, Goldwin. 'The Relations between England and America'; 'The + Political Destiny of Canada,' 185. + + Smith, H. Llewellyn, 144. + + Smith, Sydney. 'The Ballot'; 'The Church Bills'; 'The Wit and + Wisdom of Sydney Smith,' 187. + + 'Social Statics,' 145. + + 'Soldiers Three,' 40. + + 'Some Aspects of Robert Burns,' 60. + + 'Song of the Shirt,' 29. + + 'Song of the Sword,' 172. + + 'Song of the Western Men,' 38. + + 'Songs of Two Worlds,' 26. + + 'Song Tide and other Poems,' 39. + + 'Sonnets from the Portuguese,' 14. + + 'Sonnets on the War,' 31. + + 'Soul, The,' 170. + + Southey, 5-7, 15. + + 'Spanish Gypsy,' 50. + + Spedding, James. 'Letters and Life of Francis Bacon,' 184. + + 'Speeches and Addresses of the late Prince Consort,' 192. + + Spencer, Herbert. The most characteristic philosopher of the + century; 'On the Proper Sphere of Government'; _Nonconformist_; + _Westminster Review_; 'Social Statics'; 'Principles of + Psychology'; 'Education'; 'First Principles,' 145; + 'Descriptive Sociology'; universality of his knowledge; his + 'Study of Sociology' and 'Education' books which all who read + must enjoy, 146. + + 'Spencer, Mr Herbert, and Mr G. H. Lewes: their Application of + the Doctrine of Evolution to Thought,' 147. + + 'Spirit's Trials, The,' 84. + + Spurgeon, Charles Haddon. Most distinguished Nonconformist minister + of the period; 'John Ploughman's Talk,' 168. + + _Standard, The_. Austin's connection with, 40. + + Stanley, Arthur Penrhyn. 'Life of Dr Arnold'; 'Memorials of + Canterbury'; 'Sinai and Palestine,' 161; + 'Lectures on the Eastern Church'; 'Lectures on the Jewish + Church'; leader of the Broad Church movement; proposed + the suppression of the Athanasian creed in church services; + his 'Life,' written by Dean Bradley, 162. + + Stanley, H. M., 186. + + Stanhope, Earl (Lord Mahon). 'History of the Reign of Queen + Anne,' and 'History of England from 1713-1783,' 95. + + 'State in its Relations with the Church, The,' 106. + + 'Statesmen of the Commonwealth,' 179. + + 'Stein, Life and Times of,' 104. + + Stephen, Leslie. A critic of remarkable learning; 'Hours in a + Library'; 'History of English Thought in the Eighteenth + Century,' 175; + first editor of the _Dictionary of National Biography_, 176. + + Stephen, Leslie, and Macaulay, 93. + + Stevenson, Robert Louis. One of the most picturesque figures + in literature; 'With a Donkey in the Cevennes,' 59; + his plays; 'Beau Austin,' probably the greatest contribution + to the drama of the era; 'Virginibus Puerisque'; 'Some + Aspects of Robert Burns'; 'A Child's Garden of Verse'; + 'Underwoods'; his place as a novelist; 'Treasure Island'; + 'The New Arabian Nights'; 'The Master of Ballantrae'; 'Prince + Otto'; 'St Ives'; 'Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde,' 60; + his admiration of 'The Egoist,' 61; + his influence on the modern historical romance, 63. + + Stewart, Balfour, 151. + + 'Stones of Venice,' 132. + + 'Story of My Heart, The,' 188. + + 'Stuart of Dunleath,' 72. + + Stubbs, William. Librarian at Lambeth Palace; edited mediaeval + chronicles, 78; + Regius Professor of History at Oxford; 'Select Charters'; + 'Constitutional History'; profoundly scientific, but not + dry-as-dust, 79. + + 'Student's Elements of Geology,' 152. + + 'Studies in Art and Poetry,' 171. + + 'Studies in Homer,' 106. + + 'Studies in Literature,' 173. + + 'Studies in Sensation and Event,' 37. + + 'Study of Sociology,' 146. + + 'Study of Spinoza, 167. + + 'Strathmore,' 38. + + Strauss, 49. + + 'Strayed Reveller, The,' 20. + + Stretton, Mrs. Author of 'The Valley of a Hundred Fires,' 72. + + 'Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs,' 155. + + 'Subjection of Women,' 139. + + 'Subscription no Bondage,' 164. + + 'Supernatural Religion,' 171. + + 'Supper at the Mill,' 29. + + 'Susan Hopley,' 71. + + 'Swallow Flights,' 39. + + Swift, modern biographies of, 178. + + Swinburne, Algernon Charles. Only comparable to Landor, 16; + 'Ave atque Vale' an imperishable elegy; a great poet and a + great prose writer, 17; + connection with Rossetti, 24; + admiration for Matthew Arnold, 17, + and Emily Bronte, 48. + + 'Sybil,' 57. + + 'Sylvia's Lovers,' 71. + + Symonds, John Addington. 'Renaissance in Italy,' 103; + Cellini's 'Autobiography,' 104. + + + 'Table Talk' (Rogers's), 183. + + 'Table Talk' (Southey's), 6. + + 'Tales of Ireland,' 66. + + 'Tancred' 57. + + 'Tangled Tale, A,' 64. + + 'Task, The,' 6. + + Taylor, Sir Henry. Author of 'Philip Van Artevelde,' &c., 28. + + Temple, Frederick. 'The Education of the World'; Bishop of + London, Archbishop of Canterbury, 162. + + 'Tenant of Wildfell Hall, The,' 48. + + 'Tendencies of Religious Thought in England, The,' 163. + + Tennyson, Alfred. Purity of his style; music; no great + characterisation in 'Harold' or 'Queen Mary'; insight of + 'Maud'; 'In Memoriam' and 'The Idylls of the King' won him + wider audiences, 10; + his transcendentalism; friendship with Browning; social traits, + 11; + popularity, 12. + + 'Ten Thousand a Year,' 70. + + 'Tess of the D'Urbervilles,' 68. + + 'Testimony of the Rocks, The,' 152. + + Thackeray, William Makepeace, 44-46; + admiration for 'David Copperfield'; his literary position, 44; + _Fraser's Magazine_; 'History of Samuel Titmarsh and the Great + Hoggarty Diamond'; 'Yellow Plush Papers'; 'Memoirs of Barry + Lyndon'; 'Vanity Fair'; 'Pendennis'; 'Esmond'; 'The + Newcomes'; 'The Virginians'; contested Oxford; _Cornhill + Magazine_, 45; + his death; his five great novels the basis of his future fame, + 46; + Trollope's biography of, 58; + burlesqued G. P. R. James, 67. + + 'Thalaba,' 6. + + 'Theism,' 170. + + Theocritus (Lang's), 176. + + 'Theology in the English Poets,' 166. + + Thirlwall, Connop (Bishop). 'History of Greece'; Grote's + appreciation of; Schleiermacher's 'Essay on St Luke,' 101. + + 'Thomas a Becket,' 86. + + Thomson, James. Author of 'The City of Dreadful Night,' 32. + + 'Three Fishers, The,' 54. + + 'Through Nature to Christ,' 165. + + 'Through the Looking-Glass,' 64. + + 'Thucydides,' 160. + + 'Thyrsis,' 21. + + 'Time and Tide by Wear and Tyne,' 133, 135. + + 'Tom Brown's School Days,' 161. + + 'Tower of London, The,' 67. + + 'Town Life in the Fifteenth Century,' 98. + + Toynbee, Arnold. 'The Industrial Revolution,' 144. + + 'Tract XC.,' 108. + + 'Tracts for the Time,' 108. + + 'Trade Unionism, History of,' 145. + + 'Tragic Comedians, The,' 61. + + 'Traits and Stories of the Irish Peasantry,' 66. + + 'Treasure Island,' 60. + + Trevelyan, Sir George Otto. His 'Life of Lord Macaulay' a + delightful biography; 'Early History of Charles James Fox,' + 182. + + Trollope, Anthony. 'Barchester Towers'; 'Framley Parsonage'; + 'Dr Thorne'; 'Life of Cicero'; his biography of Thackeray + the best that has yet appeared, 58. + + Tucker, Miss C. M. (A.L.O.E.), 73. (_Vide supra._) + + Tupper, Martin Farquhar. 'Proverbial Philosophy'; 'Ballads for + the Times,' 'Raleigh,' 'Cithara,' 27. + + Turner, Sharon, 80. + + 'Two Years Ago,' 54. + + Tylor, Edward Burnett. 'Primitive Culture'; 'Anthropology,' 99. + + Tyndall, John. 'Faraday as a Discoverer,' 150; + 'Lectures on Science for Unscientific People'; Huxley's eulogy + of; 'On the Structure and Motion of Glaciers,' 151. + + 'Types of Ethical Theory,' 167. + + + 'Uncle Silas,' 66. + + 'Underwoods,' 60. + + 'Unknown Eros,' 32. + + 'Unto this Last,' 132-3, 136. + + + 'Valley of a Hundred Fires, The,' 72. + + 'Vanity Fair,' 45. + + 'Vatican Decrees, The,' 106. + + 'Venetia,' 57. + + 'Verses and Translations,' 30. + + 'Verses on Various Occasions,' 111. + + Victoria, Queen. 'Leaves from a Journal'; 'The Early Days of the + Prince Consort'; 'More Leaves from the Journal,' 192. + + 'Views and Reviews,' 172. + + 'Vignettes in Rhyme,' 30. + + 'Villette,' 47. + + 'Virginians, The,' 45. + + 'Virginibus Puerisque,' 60. + + 'Vision of Saints, A,' 26. + + 'Vita Nuova' (Martin's), 191. + + 'Vivian Grey,' 57. + + 'Voices of Freedom and Lyrics of Love,' 37. + + + 'Waldenses, The,' 33. + + Wallace, Alfred Russel, 156. + + Ward, Mrs Humphry, 74; + Translated Amiel's 'Journal,' 189. + + Warren, Samuel. 'Passages from a Diary of a Late Physician,' 'Ten + Thousand a Year,' 70. + + Watson, William. Author of 'Wordsworth's Grave,' 'Lachrymae + Musarum,' &c., 40. + + 'Wearing of the Green, The,' 178. + + Webb, Mr and Mrs Sidney. 'The History of Trade Unionism,' 145. + + 'Wee Willie Winkie,' 40. + + _Westminster Review_, 49, 138, 145. + + 'Westward Ho,' 54. + + Weyman, Stanley, 63. + + Whately, Richard. His 'Logic' and 'Rhetoric,' pre-Victorian; + Archbishop of Dublin, 159; + 'Christian Evidences,' 160. + + 'White Ship, The,' 24. + + Wilberforce, Bishop, and Darwin, 154. + + 'Wilhelm Meister,' 113. + + Wilson, John. Editor of _Blackwood's Magazine_; 'Recreations + of Christopher North,' 187. + + 'Window in Thrums, A,' 63. + + 'Wind Voices,' 39. + + 'Wit and Wisdom of Sidney Smith, The,' 187. + + 'With a Donkey in the Cevennes,' 59. + + _Witness, The_, 152. + + 'Woman in White, The,' 69. + + 'Woman in France in the 18th Century,' 72. + + Women novelists, 49. + + 'Woodlanders, The,' 68. + + 'Wood Magic,' 188. + + Wood, Mrs Henry. 'The Channings' and 'Mrs Haliburton's Troubles' + her best novels; 'East Lynne' the most popular, 70. + + Woolner, Thomas, 23. + + Wordsworth, William. 'Lyrical Ballads'; 'Laodamia'; Keble's eulogy + on; laureate, 7; + Arnold's estimate of, 8; + Wordsworth Society; a vital force in the last decade; Arnold's + 'Selections'; 'The Excursion,' 'The Prelude,' 'Ecclesiastical + Sonnets,' 'The Borderers,' 9; + on the Brownings' marriage, 13. + + 'Wordsworth's Grave,' 40. + + Wordsworth, Knight's biography of, 178. + + Wordsworth Society, The, 8, 9. + + 'Wuthering Heights,' 47, 48. + + + Yates, Edmund. Founded _The World_; his 'Autobiography' one of + the best books of the kind ever issued, 188. + + 'Yeast,' 54. + + 'Yellow Plush Papers, The,' 45. + + Yonge, Miss Charlotte, 74. + + 'Young Duke, The,' 57. + + + 'Zanoni,' 56. + + +TURNBULL AND SPEARS, PRINTERS, EDINBURGH + + + + + London: 10 Henrietta Street + Covent Garden, W.C. + + + A Selected List + of + Books + published by + Mr James Bowden + + + Telegraphic Address: + "Reperuse, London" + + + + +_Mr JAMES BOWDEN'S Announcements._ + + +NEW NOVEL BY JOSEPH HOCKING. + +_Crown 8vo, cloth gilt, 3s. 6d._ + +The Birthright + +By Joseph Hocking, Author of "All Men are Liars," "Andrew Fairfax," &c. + +With Illustrations by Harold Piffard. + + +_OPINIONS OF THE PRESS._ + +"This volume proves beyond all doubt that Mr Hocking has mastered the +art of the historical romancist. 'The Birthright' is, in its way, quite +as well constructed, as well written, and as full of incident as any +story that has come from the pen of Mr Conan Doyle or Mr Stanley +Weyman."--_The Spectator._ + +"We read Mr Hocking's book at a sitting; not because we had any leisure +for the task, but simply because the book compelled us.... We hold our +breath as each chapter draws to an end, yet cannot stop there, for the +race is unflagging.... We congratulate Mr Hocking upon his book, for it +is a great advance upon anything he has done. We prophesy a big public +for 'The Birthright.'"--_The Daily Chronicle._ + +"'The Birthright' will be appreciated on account of its successions of +exciting scenes, its crisp dialogue, its play of varied character, and a +certain eerie air of superstition with which it is pervaded....--_The +Daily Mail._ + +"A thoroughly enjoyable romance.... Mr Hocking has woven a story which +few will lay down unfinished. The interest never flags for a moment, and +the faithfulness with which the scenery of the land of Tre, Pol and Pen +is described, and the quaint dialect and traditions of its older +inhabitants are reproduced, is beyond praise."--_Weekly Times._ + +"We feel certain that, were we still condemned to go to bed at nine, we +should sleep with the book under our pillow, and wake with the birds to +see what happened.... A capital story of its class."--_The Star._ + + + + +THE LAUREL LIBRARY--VOLUME I. + +SECOND EDITION NOW READY. + +_Crown 8vo, cloth elegant, gilt top, 2s._ + +Litanies of Life + +By Kathleen Watson + + +Mr T. P. O'CONNOR, M.P., in _The Weekly Sun_ ("A Book of the Week") + +"Fancy a woman ... so gifted, sitting down with the resolve to crush +into a few words the infinite tale of all the whole race of her sex can +suffer, and you have an idea of what this remarkable book is like.... As +wonderful an epitome of a world of sorrow as I have ever read." + + +"A work of great charm, over which one likes to linger, and dream, and +think.... The words flow with that tuneful felicity which belongs more +to poetry than to prose."--_Liverpool Post._ + +"The five short, poignant stories which make up this excellent little +book, are remarkable for distinction of style, and interesting by reason +of the writer's observation of life and character, and the originality +of her reflections.... Miss Watson can tell a story in a way to cut the +reader to the heart.... The reader of sensibility will find a chastened +pleasure in every one of them."--_The Morning._ + +"So real is this first sketch, so human, so sensitively delicate, so +successful in its curious mingling of boldness and tenderness, that the +reader necessarily imagines it to be autobiographical, believing that +only out of actual sorrow could be distilled so true a record of passion +and of regret."--_The Daily Mail._ + +"Written in most admirable prose, this collection of five beautiful, +though sad stories, will appeal to all lovers of good literature.... It +adds to its worth as a clever book the additional charm of being a good +one."--_Lloyd's Newspaper._ + + + + +THE LAUREL LIBRARY--VOLUME II. + +_Crown 8vo, cloth elegant, gilt top, 2s._ + +The Widow Woman + +A CORNISH TALE. + +By Charles Lee. + + +_OPINIONS OF THE PRESS._ + +"Such a delightfully natural love story is this that even staid old +people who have not read one for a score of years will admit that it is +quite unromantic enough to be sensible.... We close the book with a +feeling of gratitude to the author who has supplied us with such a +delightful study."--_Manchester Courier._ + +"A delightful little work.... Mr Lee knows these fisher folk by heart, +and has the ability to draw them to the life in a few bright strokes of +drollery.... The character sketching is admirable, the scenes and +situations are most vividly brought out, and the pervading humour is of +a genuine stamp."--_Sheffield Independent._ + +"An entertaining story.... A clever, humorous and thoroughly enjoyable +book."--_Scotsman._ + +"A fascinating book.... From beginning to end it is delightfully fresh +and vigorous; the vignettes of Cornish life and character are quaint and +humorous; and the snatches of unsophisticated philosophy, not without a +dash of subtlety, are as amusing as they are original.... Nothing so +deliciously witty as John Trehill's courtship has been written of late, +and another story from the author's pen will be awaited with the keenest +pleasure and interest."--_Dundee Advertiser._ + +"The story, simple and homely in its nature, is told with a humour and +abandon that makes the book most delightful reading."--_Glasgow Daily +Mail._ + +"The book is one to read, having the blessed quality of making you +chuckle: the best of qualities in literature, one is inclined to say, in +these tired days."--_Black and White._ + + + + +STORIES OF LOWER LONDON. + +_Crown 8vo, cloth gilt, 3s. 6d._ + +East End Idylls + +By A. St John Adcock. + + +"This is a remarkable book. It is a collection of short stories on East +End life, but they are told with that real realism of observation of +which Mr Morrison has set the fashion. The setting is real, the slang is +real, the manners and customs seem to have been drawn from life."--_The +Daily News._ + +"It does not need any actual experience of East End life to tell the +reader of these 'East End Idylls' that they are the work of a +master-hand.... The little idylls are all exquisitely done--exquisitely, +we say, because there is no other word which will do full justice to the +performance."--_The Sun._ + +"Very vivid sketches of the East End as it is to-day. In the intimacy +they display with life in the slums, and in the terseness and force of +their style, they boldly challenge comparison with 'Tales of Mean +Streets,' nor do they lose by the comparison. Mr Adcock's themes are +less gloomy and hopeless than Mr Morrison's. Amid all the misery he +loves to recount deeds of unselfish devotion and simple heroism; nor do +I believe that he is less true to life because his realism is less +grim."--_The Pall Mall Gazette._ + +"Distinctly a book worth reading. There is heroism here, and +knowledge--true insight, in fact--and sympathy."--_The Leeds Mercury._ + +"A series of touching and delightful sketches. Much has been written of +the East End, but rarely with more charm or sympathy than by Mr +Adcock."--_The Star._ + +"Mr Adcock possesses a graphic pen, and has sketched the loves and +hates, the joys and the sorrows of the dwellers in London's mighty East +in a series of short, vigorous stories that make up a very delightful +volume."--_Lloyd's Newspaper._ + + + + +A BOOK OF YACHTING STORIES FOR HOLIDAY READING. + +_Crown 8vo, cloth, price 3s. 6d._ + +The Paper Boat + +By "Palinurus." + + +_OPINIONS OF THE PRESS._ + +"Lively tales of yachting adventure.... 'The Paper Boat' will be a +pleasant companion on any cruise, and we wish her a prosperous voyage on +her own account as well."--_Glasgow Herald._ + +"Bright and amusing.... There is some charming description in the book, +which is in every respect eminently readable, making no heavy demands on +the reader, and keeping him in good humour."--_The Sportsman._ + +"Brightly written stories of the sea.... The stories have a brightness +and freshness which cannot fail to give pleasure."--_Manchester +Courier._ + +"We unreservedly recommend this book to any one on holiday as a sure +tonic against business worries and city soot. It has the same effect as +a whip of salt spray on the face of a jaded worker."--_N. B. Daily +Mail._ + +"The author writes with strength and picturesqueness on a subject of +which he is evidently a master, and one cannot read his stories without +a thrill of the excitement that is one of the greatest charms of +yachting."--_Dundee Advertiser._ + +"A charming volume in all respects.... A more delightful story, or +better told, than 'The Voyage of the Florette' there could not be. We +envy those who have not read it. The book is full of life and +go."--_Sheffield Telegraph._ + +"As bright and breezy as can be wished.... One of the best volumes of +light short stories offered to the public for a long time +past."--_Lloyd's Newspaper._ + + + + +NEW WORK BY THE REV. FREDERICK LANGBRIDGE. + +_Crown 8vo, cloth gilt, 3s. 6d._ + +The Dreams of Dania + +By Frederick Langbridge, Author of "Sent back by the Angels," &c. + +With Four Full-Page Illustrations by J. B. Yeats. + +"Mr Langbridge's novel is one which will be read with unmixed pleasure. +It is sprightly and often amusing, reproducing the talk of Irish +peasants and Irish editors. It is also pathetic as it gives us with much +sympathy and good taste a picture of an Irish rector in sickness and +sorrow.... Narrated by Mr Langbridge in a manner that holds the interest +of the reader from beginning to end. Bridget is one of the raciest +characters in recent fiction, and a novel at once so healthy and so +pleasant should be heartily welcomed."--_British Weekly._ + + +_Crown 8vo, Art Linen, 3s. 6d._ + +Orgeas and Miradou + +With other Pieces + +By Frederick Wedmore + +Author of "Renunciations," "English Episodes," &c. + +"The beautiful story of 'Orgeas and Miradou,' is specially typical of Mr +Wedmore's power of expressing and translating the poignancy of human +emotion.... It is charged with depths of feeling, and vivid in its +extreme reticence and discrimination of touch. In it there is nothing +short of divination."--_The Athenaeum._ + + + + +SECOND EDITION NOW READY. + +_Fcap. 4to, art canvas, gilt, 3s. 6d._ + +The House of Dreams + +_An Allegory_ + +By an Anonymous Author. + + +"'The House of Dreams' belongs to the same class as Mrs Oliphant's 'A +Pilgrim in the Unseen,' and may rival the great popularity of that +striking fancy.... A book of signal literary beauty, of profound +tenderness, and deeply reverent throughout; the work of a man who finds +in earth and heaven alike the sign and token of the Cross."--_The +British Weekly._ + +"A very beautiful allegory.... The author's deep reverence and exalted +phantasy never ring false, and his work cannot fail to inspire the +reader with reverence for ideals undreamed of in worldly +philosophy."--_The Pall Mall Gazette._ + +"An allegory worthy to rank among the greatest achievements of that form +of literature.... The great gospel of love and hope shines out from these +splendid pages.... 'The House of Dreams' is a book which religious teachers +will find it abundantly worth their while to study."--_Christian World._ + +"It is in truth a prose poem, one of the most beautiful and delightful +we have ever read.... Nothing could be better than that the leaders of +all Churches should breathe the pure and tender atmosphere of 'The House +of Dreams,' and carry it with them into the world of daily +reality."--_Methodist Times._ + +"A vision of extraordinary force and significance.... It seems to us +that no thoughtful reader will be likely to rise from a perusal of this +book without feeling himself heartened, so inspiring are certain of its +passages.... It is full of high suggestion, of pathos, and of +poetry."--_The Literary World._ + + + + +THE FIFTIETH THOUSAND NOW READY. + +_Long 8vo, sewed, 1s.; cloth extra, gilt, gilt top, 2s._ + +The Child, the Wise Man, and the Devil + +By Coulson Kernahan + +Author of "God and the Ant." + + +_SOME OPINIONS OF THE PRESS._ + +_The Bookman_ says-- + +"It is the author's special gift to stimulate the minds of Christian +teachers.... In this little work he has given us work which deserves to +live.... No one can read these pages without emotion." + +_The Daily Mail_ says-- + +"The writer's views are expressed with bold and manly sincerity, and in +a spirit of true reverence. His little book must make a very deep and +abiding impression upon the hearts and minds of all who read it to the +end." + +_The Echo_ says-- + +"There will be few readers of this work who will not allow with +enthusiasm the moral earnestness, the poetic imagination, and the +literary charm of Mr Kernahan's stern muse." + +_The British Weekly_ says-- + +"By far the best piece of work that Mr Kernahan has done.... The spirit +of the age, with its yearnings, its sorrows, its vague aspiration, finds +expression in these pages." + +_The Queen_ says-- + +"A work of genius. No one who has read it will ever be likely to forget +it." + +_The Saturday Review_ says-- + +"There is a touch of genius, perhaps even more than a touch, about this +brilliant and original booklet." + +_The Illustrated London News_ says-- + +"All must recognise the boundless charity, the literary power, and the +intense sincerity of one of the most interesting works of the year." + + + + +"We put first of the books for girls 'When Hearts are Young' by Deas +Cromarty."--_The Christian World_ on "The Season's Gift Books." + +_Crown 8vo, cloth extra, gilt, 2s. 6d._ + +When Hearts are Young + +By Deas Cromarty + +With Eight Illustrations by Will Morgan. + + +_OPINIONS OF THE PRESS._ + +_The Manchester Guardian_ says-- + +"It is delightful to read. One has come across few recent books that +leave a pleasanter impression on the reader's memory."_ + +_The Star_ says-- + +"There is true insight into the peasant character of the lower fringe of +the Highlands.... The girl Maggie is true to the life.... _One is +grateful for the wholesomeness of this gentle story._" + +_Lloyd's News_ says-- + +_"This is one of the pleasantest volumes we have picked up for a long +time.... It is a tender, beautiful love story, very fresh and wholesome, +with a wealth of fine descriptive writing."_ + +_The Methodist Times_ says-- + +"Deas Cromarty ... comes in a good second to these great writers (Barrie +and Maclaren). _There is the freshness of the mountain breezes about the +book which gives zest to the reading of it._" + +_The Manchester Courier_ says-- + +_"Those who pick up the book will find difficulty in laying it down +before the last page is reached."_ + +_The Methodist Recorder_ says-- + +"One of the most charming stories of the season.... _This is as truly an +'Idyll' as anything Tennyson ever wrote._" + + + + +NEW BOOK BY CUTCLIFFE HYNE. + +_Crown 8vo, cloth, gilt, 6s._ + +The 'Paradise' Coal Boat + +By Cutcliffe Hyne, Author of "The Recipe for Diamonds," &c. + +"In Mr Cutcliffe Hyne our great Anglo-Indian romancer (Rudyard Kipling) +seems to have found a worthy comrade.... Grim and powerful tales.... +Alike from a literary and political point of view Mr Cutcliffe Hyne has, +in his latest volume, deserved well of the commonwealth."--_The Star._ + +"Mr Hyne knows the sea, and the seamy side of sea life. He also knows +the West Coast of Africa, and whether we are voyaging with him in a +tramp steamer between London and Shields, or off the Lagos Coast, we +feel that we are somehow in the proper atmosphere. Constructively his +stories are always excellent."--_The Scotsman._ + + +A NEW VOLUME OF SERMONS. + +_Just Published, crown 8vo, buckram, 3s. 6d._ + +The Sorrow of God + +And Other Sermons + +By Rev. John Oates. + +"For the contents of 'The Sorrow of God' we have nothing but praise, and +we could wish for nothing more than that the book might be widely +circulated. Spiritual insight, large culture, with its consequent +breadth of sympathy and eloquent expression, are the distinguishing +features of what is, without exaggeration, a collection of notable +sermons.... Those of our readers who value a fresh utterance on the +great problems of religion will lose no time in getting acquainted with +a book we have been able to notice all too briefly."--_The Sunday School +Chronicle._ + +"There are many noble utterances in these sermons.... It is because the +author helps us to feel purer and better that we so heartily commend his +book."--_The New Age._ + + + + +FOURTH EDITION. _Long 8vo, cloth, 1s._ + +Manners for Men + +By Madge of "Truth" + +(Mrs Humphry.) + +"Always in most excellent taste as well as astonishingly complete. +Certainly the world would be a very much pleasanter place to live in if +all men did read and practise her admirable precepts."--_Saturday +Review._ + +"It is a charmingly-written code of true manners."--_Leeds Mercury._ + +"Very welcome will be this little book, written sensibly and +brightly."--_Daily Telegraph._ + +"Mrs Humphry's book will be worth more than its weight in gold.... +Excellent, robust common sense, tempered by genuine goodness of heart, +is a characteristic of everything she writes."--_The Queen._ + +"A very dainty and instructive epitome of all that we ought to be.... To +a shy young man this tactful volume should be invaluable."--_To-Day._ + + +NEW BOOK BY MRS HUMPHRY. + +_Long 8vo, cloth, round corners, 1s._ + +Manners for Women + +By the Author of, and a Companion to, the above. + +This new work is intended to mirror the social and home life of a girl +and woman of the present day. The subjects treated will include: The +Girl in Society--Cards and Calls--Engagement--Marriage--Weddings-- +Entertaining--Restaurants--Clubs--Correspondence--Dress--Mothers +and Daughters--Mourning--Home Life, &c. + + + + +_Crown 8vo, cloth, 2s. 6d._ + +The White Slaves of England + +Being true Pictures of Certain Social Conditions of England in the year +1897. + +By Robert H. Sherard. + +With about 40 Illustrations by Harold Piffard. + + +Dr ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE says:--"You have done a service to the cause of +humanity in publishing it, and the author in writing it. That such +things as Mr Sherard describes should exist at the very end of the +century, when all our public writers are boasting of our wealth, our +progress, and our civilisation, is a sufficient proof that our so-called +civilisation is rotten to the core, worse in many respects than it has +ever been before." + +Mr HALL CAINE says:--"The appalling revelations of Robert Sherard in his +recent book are enough to make a man's heart bleed for the awful +sufferings of women in the bitter struggle for bread. On the fate of our +women, especially our working women, the future of our country, I truly +believe, depends; and it is amazing that Parliament and the Press, and, +above all, the Church, have hitherto given so little attention to so +great a problem." + +Dr MAX NORDAU says:--"I have now read your book 'The White Slaves of +England.' I am not easily unnerved, but at times it was almost too much +for me.... May it be your lot to become the Plimsoll of the alkali and +lead-workers. This would be an achievement grand enough to satisfy the +ambition of the greatest." + +"An indictment which should rouse a cry of passionate indignation +throughout the land. A careful and noble exposure of industrial +iniquity."--_The Echo._ + + + + +NEW NOVEL BY SHAN F. BULLOCK. + +_Crown 8vo, cloth gilt, 3s. 6d._ + +The Charmer + +A SEASIDE COMEDY + +By Shan F. Bullock, + +Author of "The Awkward Squads," "By Thrasna River," &c. + +With Illustrations by Bertha Newcombe. + +"Mr Anthony Hope at his best has given us nothing more delicious in +humour. The pages of the book ripple--as we turn them--with fun as +sparkling and spontaneous as the ripple of the salt water upon the sandy +beach whither Mr Bullock leads us. Surely no more delightful picture of +Irish life and of Irish people--the people whom we love while we laugh +at, and laugh at while we love--has been drawn than is to be found in +'The Charmer.'"--From an illustrated article on Mr Bullock and his work +in _The Young Man_. + + +_Crown 8vo, cloth gilt, 6s._ + +Methodist Idylls + +By Harry Lindsay. + +"Worthy of any writer who has yet set himself to depict Methodist +life.... A very helpful and right religious book."--_Methodist Times._ + +"A book which in its lovely prose chapters gives an insight into the +true romance, the April sunshine, of Methodist life.... We hope that the +volume may find its way into every Methodist home."--_Methodist +Recorder._ + +"A most admirable attempt to throw into permanent form some portraits of +the old and vanishing Methodists.... As a study in Methodism, Mr +Lindsay's work can be cordially and heartily commended."--_The Sun._ + +"Extremely interesting stories ... admirably told."--_The Scotsman._ + + + + +NEW BOOK BY REV. F. B. MEYER. + +Work-a-day Sermons + +By Rev. F. B. Meyer, B.A. + +Few names in the Christian ministry are held in such honour as is +accorded by earnest Christian men and women of every sect to that of the +Rev. F. B. Meyer, who has an enormous audience outside his own church. +Hence the announcement of a new volume of Sermons by him will be +peculiarly welcome, and all the more so for the fact that this is a book +which is intended, not for the few, but for the work-a-day many, for +whose encouragement and consolation Mr Meyer has here given the very +fine gold of his thoughts upon spiritual things and upon the intimate +association which exists--or should exist--between the things of the +work-a-day life and the higher life. + + +NEW BOOKLET BY RICHARD LE GALLIENNE + +_Long 8vo, price One Shilling._ + +If I Were God + +By Richard Le Gallienne. + +The announcement of a new book--and especially of a new book of a +peculiarly Le Galliennesque and characteristic description by the author +of "The Book-Bills of Narcissus," "The Religion of a Literary Man," and +"Prose Fancies," will be received with very eager and unusual interest. +Whatever may be the opinions entertained by individual readers about Mr +Le Gallienne's own views, there is no denying that no book by him has +yet appeared which has not aroused exceptional interest and exceptional +discussion. His last venture is likely to be even more universally +talked about. It is a greatly-daring but extremely beautiful and +reverent attempt to deal with the terrible problem of the presence of +moral and physical evil, but quite apart from its value as a +contribution to the philosophy of life, it is a singularly striking and +beautiful piece of literary work, full of the exquisite imaginings and +lovely fancies of the accomplished poet and man of letters. + + + + +BY THE LATE WM. BRIGHTY RANDS. + +_Fcap. 8vo, buckram, 340 pp., 3s. 6d._ + +I. Lazy Lessons and Essays on Conduct. + +_Fcap. 8vo, buckram, 192 pp., 2s. 6d._ + +II. Lilliput Lectures. + +With Introductions by R. Brimley Johnson. + +These two instructive books for Children by the late William Brighty +Rands, "the laureate of the nursery," as he has been called, may be +classed as entirely new works, although some portions appeared in +magazine form under the author's numerous pen-names. The two books have +been edited by Mr R. Brimley Johnson, who supplies a biographical and +critical introduction. + + +NEW NOVEL BY E. PHIPPS TRAIN. + +_Crown 8vo, cloth gilt, 3s. 6d._ + +A Deserter from Philistia + +By E. Phipps Train + +Author of "A Social Highwayman," etc. + +This is a book which, with ordinary luck, should bid fair to rival the +popularity of "Called Back" or "Mr Barnes of New York." From first to +last it is enthrallingly interesting, and dealing, as it does, with the +life "behind the scenes" of a great dancer who is the "darling" of her +public, it gives its readers a peep into a world of which little is +known by outsiders. Rarely have the trials and temptations, the thousand +and one cares and anxieties of those whose business it is always to wear +a smiling face, in order that they may entertain their public, been +drawn with such skill and vividness. + + +_London: 10 Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, W.C._ + + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Victorian Literature, by Clement K. 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