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diff --git a/39672.txt b/39672.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3f13359 --- /dev/null +++ b/39672.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6142 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of How to Make an Index, by Henry B. Wheatley + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: How to Make an Index + +Author: Henry B. Wheatley + +Release Date: May 12, 2012 [EBook #39672] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOW TO MAKE AN INDEX *** + + + + +Produced by Steven Gibbs and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + [Illustration] + + + The Book-Lover's Library. + + Edited by + + Henry B. Wheatley, F.S.A. + + + + + =By the Same Author.= + +_Tastefully printed and bound in cloth_, =4s. 6d.=; _in Roxburgh_, =7s. +6d.= _Large Paper_, =21s.= + + _HOW TO FORM A LIBRARY._ + +"An admirable guide to the best bibliographies and books of +reference.... It is altogether a volume to be desired."--_Globe._ + +"Everything about this book is satisfactory--paper, type, margin, +size--above all, the contents."--_St. James's Gazette._ + + _HOW TO CATALOGUE A LIBRARY._ + +"Every collector of books knows how many and difficult are the problems +that present themselves in connection with cataloguing. Mr. Wheatley +deals with all patiently, wisely, and exhaustively."--_British Weekly._ + +"Mr. Wheatley's volume is unique. It is written with so much care and +such profound knowledge of the subject that there can be no doubt that +it will satisfactorily meet all requirements."--_Bristol Mercury._ + + ELLIOT STOCK, + 62, PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON. + + + + + HOW TO MAKE + AN INDEX + + + BY + + HENRY B. WHEATLEY, F.S.A. + + AUTHOR OF "HOW TO CATALOGUE A LIBRARY" + "HOW TO FORM A LIBRARY," ETC., ETC. + + + "M. Bochart ... me prioit surtout d'y faire un Index, etant, + disoit-il, l'ame des gros livres."--_Menagiana._ + + + LONDON + ELLIOT STOCK, 62, PATERNOSTER ROW + 1902 + + + + + [Illustration] + + + _PREFACE._ + + +[Illustration: _I]n 1878 I wrote for the Index Society, as its first +publication, a pamphlet entitled "What is an Index?" The present little +book is compiled on somewhat similar lines; but, as its title suggests, +it is drawn up with a more practical object. The first four chapters are +"Historical," and the other four are "Practical"; but the historical +portion is intended to lead up to the practical portion by showing what +to imitate and what to avoid._ + +_There has been of late years a considerable change in public opinion +with respect to the difficulties attending the making of both indexes +and catalogues. It was once a common opinion that anyone without +preparatory knowledge or experience could make an index. That that +opinion is not true is amply proved, I hope, in the chapter on the "Bad +Indexer."_ + +_I have attempted to describe the best way of setting to work on an +index. To do this with any hope of success it is necessary to give +details that may to some seem puerile, but I have ventured on +particulars for which I hope I may not be condemned._ + +_I must also ask the forbearance of my readers for the constant use of +the personal pronoun. If I could have left it out, I would gladly have +done so; but to a great extent this book relates to the experiences of +an old indexer. They must be taken for what they are worth, and I hope +forgiveness will be extended to me for the form in which these +experiences are related._ + + H. B. W. + + + + + [Illustration] + + + CONTENTS. + + + _HISTORICAL._ + PAGE + CHAPTER I. + + INTRODUCTION + +The So-called Evils of Index Learning--Glanville and + Swift--Thomas Fuller's Defence of the Index--Advantages of + saving the Brain by knowing where to find what is + wanted--Dr. Johnson's Division of Necessary + Knowledge--Gradual Introduction of the Word + "Index"--Synonyms--Final Triumph of Index--Interesting + Indexes--Prynne's Index to his _Histrio-Mastix_--Index to + Richardson's Novels--David Hume an Indexer--Sir James Paget + enjoyed making Indexes--Amusing Blunder in Musical Index 1 + + + CHAPTER II. + + AMUSING AND SATIRICAL INDEXES. + +Leigh Hunt's Good Word for Indexes--Indexes to _Tatler_ and + _Spectator_, and _The Athenian Oracle_--Table of Contents to + Shenstone's _Schoolmistress_--Index to _Biglow Papers_--Dr. + William King and his Satirical Indexes--"Boyle upon + Bentley"--The Royal Society and Sir Hans Sloane + ridiculed--Speaker Bromley's _Travels_--Reprint with King's + Index 25 + + + CHAPTER III. + + THE BAD INDEXER. + +Some of the Worst Indexes in Periodicals--Jewel's + _Apology_--Classified in place of completely Alphabetical + Indexes--Mr. Poole's Opinion of Indexes to Periodicals--Miss + Hetherington's Examples of Bad Indexes--Want of Complete + Alphabetization--Confusion of _u_ and _n_, and Blunders + caused by it--Classification within the Alphabet--Variety of + Alphabets--Want of Cross References--Useless Cross + References--Amusing Mistranslations--Incorrect Filling-up of + Contractions--Bad Index to Walpole's _Letters_--Incorrect + Use of the Line for Repetition of Heading--Index to Pepys's + _Diary_--Evil of an Indexless Book--Complaints 53 + + + CHAPTER IV. + + THE GOOD INDEXER. + +Difficulties of being Exact--Value of a Good + Index--Scaliger, Nicolas Antonio, Pineda, Samuel + Jeake--Carlyle on Indexless Books--Macaulay's Opinion of the + Aim of an Index--Official Indexes--Amount paid by Parliament + for Indexes--Good Legal Indexes--Indexes to Jeremy Bentham's + _Works_, and to Ruskin's _Fors Clavigera_--Dr. Birkbeck + Hill's Index to Boswell's _Life of Johnson_--Boswell's + Original Index--Issue of Revised Index to Ranke's _History + of England_--The Indexer born and made--Characteristics of a + Good Indexer 85 + + + _PRACTICAL._ + + CHAPTER V. + + DIFFERENT CLASSES OF INDEXES. + +Easiest Kinds of Indexes to make--Concordances--Scientific + Books--Incompleteness of some Indexes--Indexes to Catalogues + of Libraries--Proposed Subject Index to the Catalogue of the + British Museum--Controversy in _The Times_--Mr. Fortescue's + Opinion--Dictionary Catalogue 118 + + + CHAPTER VI. + + GENERAL RULES FOR ALPHABETICAL INDEXES. + +Rules, with Explanations and Illustrations: (1) One Index to each + Book; (2) One Alphabet; (3) Order of the English Alphabet; + (4) Arrangement of Headings; (5) Arrangement of Foreign + Proper Names; (6) Proper Names with Prefixes; (7) Titles of + Peers rather than their Family Names; (8) Compound Names; + (9) Adjective _v._ Substantive as a Catchword; (10) + Shortness of Entries; (11) Repetition of Short Entries; (12) + Abstracts of the Contents of Articles in Periodicals; (13) + Authorities to be Indexed; (14) Division of the Page for + Reference; (15) Use of Numerals for Series of Volumes; (16) + Certain Entries to be printed in Capitals; (17) Type for + Headings--Arrangement of Oriental Names--Sir George + Birdwood's Memorandum 132 + + + CHAPTER VII. + + HOW TO SET ABOUT AN INDEX. + +Hints as to the Making of an Index--Two Kinds of Index--Arrangement + of Growing Indexes--Use of Cards, Paper Slips, or + Foolscap--Indexer's Knowledge of the Book to be + Indexed--Selection of the best Catchword--Use of + Numerals--Index for Different Editions of Same Book--Cutting + up and arranging Slips--Sorting into Alphabet--Pasting down + the Slips--Paste to Use--Calculations of the Relative + Lengths of the Letters of the Alphabet--Preparation of + "Copy" for the Printer--Correction of the Press 172 + + + CHAPTER VIII. + + GENERAL OR UNIVERSAL INDEX. + +Early Proposals for an Index Society--Foundation of a + Society--Indexes of History and Biography--General Index: + What it should be 206 + +INDEX 225 + + + + + [Illustration] + + + HOW TO MAKE AN INDEX. + + CHAPTER I. + + INTRODUCTION. + + + "I for my part venerate the inventor of Indexes; and I know not + to whom to yield the preference, either to Hippocrates, who was + the great anatomiser of the human body, or to that unknown + labourer in literature who first laid open the nerves and + arteries of a book." + --ISAAC DISRAELI, _Literary Miscellanies_. + + +[Illustration: I]t is generally agreed that that only is true knowledge +which consists of information assimilated by our own minds. Mere +disjointed facts kept in our memories have no right to be described as +knowledge. It is this understanding that has made many writers jeer at +so-called index-learning. Thus, in the seventeenth century, Joseph +Glanville, writing in his _Vanity of Dogmatizing_, says: "Methinks 'tis +a pitiful piece of knowledge that can be learnt from an index, and a +poor ambition to be rich in the inventory of another's treasure." Dr. +Watts alluded to those whose "learning reaches no farther than the +tables of contents"; but then he added a sentence which quite takes the +sting from what he had said before, and shows how absolutely needful an +index is. He says: "If a book has no index or table of contents, 'tis +very useful to make one as you are reading it." + +Swift had his say on index-learning, too. In the _Tale of a Tub_ +(Section VII.) he wrote: "The most accomplisht way of using books at +present is twofold: Either serve them as some men do Lords, learn their +titles exactly, and then brag of their acquaintance. Or secondly, which +indeed is the choicer, the profounder and politer method, to get a +thorough insight into the Index, by which the whole book is governed and +turned, like fishes by the tail. For to enter the palace of Learning at +the great gate, requires an expense of time and forms; therefore men of +much haste and little ceremony are content to get in by the back-door. +For, the Arts are all in a flying march, and therefore more easily +subdued by attacking them in the rear.... Thus men catch Knowledge by +throwing their wit on the posteriors of a book, as boys do sparrows with +flinging salt upon their tails. Thus human life is best understood by +the wise man's Rule of regarding the end. Thus are the Sciences found +like Hercules' oxen, by tracing them backwards. Thus are old Sciences +unravelled like old stockings, by beginning at the foot." + +Thomas Fuller, with his usual common-sense, wisely argues that the +diligent man should not be deprived of a tool because the idler may +misuse it. He writes: "An Index is a necessary implement and no +impediment of a book except in the same sense wherein the carriages +[_i.e._ things carried] of an army are termed _impedimenta_. Without +this a large author is but a labyrinth without a clue to direct the +reader therein. I confess there is a lazy kind of learning which is only +indical, when scholars (like adders which only bite the horses' heels) +nibble but at the tables, which are calces librorum, neglecting the body +of the book. But though the idle deserve no crutches (let not a staff be +used by them but on them), pity it is the weary should be denied the +benefit thereof, and industrious scholars prohibited the accommodation +of an index, most used by those who most pretend to contemn it." + +The same objection to "indical" learning is urged to-day, but it is +really a futile one. No man can know everything; he may possess much +true knowledge, but there is a mass of matter that the learned man knows +he can never master completely. He does not care to burden his mind with +what might be to him useless lumber. In this case his object is only to +know where he can find the information when he wants it. Indexes are of +the greatest help to these men, and for their purposes the indexes ought +to be well made. But it is needless to labour this point, for has not +Johnson, in his clear and virile language, said the last word on the +matter?--"Knowledge is of two kinds; we know a subject ourselves, or we +know where we can find information upon it. When we inquire into any +subject, the first thing we have to do is to know what books have +treated of it. This leads us to look at catalogues and the backs of +books." + +Before going further, it would be well for author and reader to come to +an agreement as to what an index really is. An index may, in certain +circumstances, be arranged in the order of the book, like a table of +contents, or it may be classified or chronological; but the index to a +book such as we all think of when we speak of an index should be +alphabetical. The other arrangements must be exceptional, because the +books indexed are exceptional. + +It is strange, however, to find how long the world was in coming to this +very natural conclusion. The first attempt at indexing a book was in the +form of an abstract of contents in the order of the book itself. Seneca, +in sending certain volumes to his friend Lucilius, accompanied them with +notes of particular passages, so that he "who only aimed at the useful +might be spared the trouble of examining them entire." Cicero used the +word "index" to express the table of contents of a book, and he asked +his friend Atticus to send him two library clerks to repair his books. +He added that he wished them to bring with them some parchment to make +indexes upon. + +Many old manuscripts have useful tables of contents, and in Dan Michel's +_Ayenbite of Inwyt_ (1340) there is a very full table with the heading: +"Thise byeth the capiteles of the boc volyinde." + +It was only a step to arrange this table of contents in the order of the +alphabet, and thus form a true index; but it took a long time to take +this step. Alphabetical indexes of names are to be found in some old +manuscript books, but it may be said that the general use of the +alphabetical arrangement is one of those labour-saving expedients which +came into use with the invention of printing. + +Erasmus supplied alphabetical indexes to many of his books; but even in +his time arrangement in alphabetical order was by no means considered +indispensable in an index, and the practice came into general use very +slowly. + +The word "index" had a hard fight with such synonyms as "calendar," +"catalogue," "inventory," "register," "summary," "syllabus." In time it +beat all its companions in the race, although it had the longest +struggle with the word "table."[1] + + [1] All these words are fairly common; but there is another + which was used only occasionally in the sixteenth century. This + is "pye," supposed to be derived from the Greek [Greek: Pinax], + among the meanings of which, as given in Liddell and Scott's + Lexicon, is, "A register, or list." The late Sir T. Duffus + Hardy, in some observations on the derivation of the word + "Pye-Book," remarks that the earliest use he had noted of pye in + this sense is dated 1547: "A Pye of all the names of such + Balives as been to accompte pro anno regni regis Edwardi Sexti + primo."--_Appendix to the "35th Report of the Deputy Keeper of + the Public Records,"_ p. 195. + +Cicero used the word "index," and explained it by the word "syllabus." +Index was not generally acknowledged as an English word until late in +the seventeenth century. + +North's racy translation of Plutarch's _Lives_, the book so diligently +used by Shakespeare in the production of his Roman histories, contains +an alphabetical index at the end, but it is called a table. On the +title-page of Baret's _Alvearie_ (1573), one of the early English +dictionaries, mention is made of "two _Tables_ in the ende of this +booke"; but the tables themselves, which were compiled by Abraham +Fleming, being lists of the Latin and French words, are headed "Index." +Between these two tables, in the edition of 1580, is "an Abecedarie, +Index or Table" of Proverbs. The word "index" is not included in the +body of the dictionary, where, however, "Table" and "Regester" are +inserted. "Table" is defined as "a booke or regester for memorie of +thinges," and "regester" as "a reckeninge booke wherein thinges dayly +done be written." By this it is clear that Baret did not consider index +to be an English word. + +At the end of Johnson's edition of Gerarde's _Herbal_ (1636) is an +"Index Latinus," followed by a "Table of English names," although a few +years previously Minsheu had given "index" a sort of half-hearted +welcome into his dictionary. Under that word in the _Guide into Tongues_ +(1617) is the entry, "vide Table in Booke, in litera T.," where we read, +"a Table in a booke or Index." Even when acknowledged as an English +word, it was frequently differentiated from the analytical table: for +instance, Dugdale's _Warwickshire_ contains an "Index of Towns and +Places," and a "Table of men's names and matters of most note"; and +Scobell's _Acts and Ordinances of Parliament_ (1640-1656), published +1658, has "An Alphabetical Table of the most material contents of the +whole book," preceded by "An Index of the general titles comprized in +the ensuing Table." There are a few exceptions to the rule here set +forth: for instance, Plinie's _Natural Historie of the World_, +translated by Philemon Holland (1601), has at the beginning, "The +Inventorie or Index containing the contents of 37 bookes," and at the +end, "An Index pointing to the principal matters." In Speed's _History +of Great Britaine_ (1611) there is an "Index or Alphabetical Table +containing the principal matters in this history." + +The introduction of the word "index" into English from the Latin word in +the nominative shows that it dates from a comparatively recent period, +and came into the language through literature and not through speech. In +earlier times it was the custom to derive our words from the Latin +accusative. The Italian word _indice_ was from the accusative, and this +word was used by Ben Jonson when he wrote, "too much talking is ever the +indice of a fool" (_Discoveries_, ed. 1640, p. 93). The French word +_indice_ has a different meaning from the Italian _indice_, and +according to Littre is not derived from _index_, but from _indicium_. It +is possible that Jonson's "indice" is the French, and not the Italian, +word. + +Drayton uses "index" as an indicator: + + "Lest when my lisping guiltie tongue should hault, + My lookes might prove the index to my fault." + --_Rosamond's Epistle_, lines 103-104. + +Shakespeare uses the word as a table of contents at the beginning of a +book rather than as an alphabetical list at the end: for instance, +Nestor says: + + "Our imputation shall be oddly poised + In this wild action: for the success, + Although particular, shall give a scantling + Of good or bad unto the general; + And in such _indexes_, although small pricks + To their _subsequent volumes_, there is seen + The baby figure of the giant mass + Of things to come at large." + --_Troilus and Cressida_, I. 3. + +Buckingham threatens: + + "I'll sort occasion, + As _index_ to the story we late talk'd of, + To part the queen's proud kindred from the king." + --_Richard III._, II. 2. + +And Iago refers to "an _index_ and obscure prologue to the history of +lust and foul thoughts" (_Othello_, II. 1). It may be remarked in the +quotation from _Troilus and Cressida_ that Shakespeare uses the proper +plural--"indexes"--instead of "indices," which even now some writers +insist on using. No word can be considered as thoroughly naturalised +that is allowed to take the plural form of the language from which it is +obtained. The same remark applies to the word "appendix," the plural of +which some write as "appendices" instead of "appendixes." In the case of +"indices," this word is correctly appropriated to another use. + +Indexes need not necessarily be dry; and some of the old ones are full +of quaint touches which make them by no means the least interesting +portion of the books they adorn. John Florio's translation of +Montaigne's _Essays_ contains "An Index or Table directing to many of +the principal matters and personages mentioned in this Booke," which is +full of curious entries and odd cross references. The entries are not in +perfect alphabetical order. A few of the headings will give a good idea +of the whole: + + "Action better than speach." + + "Action to some is rest." + + "Beasts are Physitians, Logitians, Musitians, Artists, Students, + Politikes, Docible, Capable of Military Order, of Affections, of + Justice, of Friendship, of Husbandry, of thankefulnesse and of + compassion," etc. + + "Bookes and Bookishnesse." + + "Bookes not so profitable as Conference--as deare as children." + + "Bruit creatures have imagination." + + "Cloysters not without cares." + + "Good fortune not to be despised altogether." + + "Societie of bookes." + +Here are some of the cross references: + + "Alteration _vide_ Inconstancy." + + "Amitie _vide_ Friendship." + + "Ant _vide_ Emmets." + + "Apprehension _vide_ Imagination." + + "Balladmakers _vide_ Rymers." + + "Boasting _vide_ Vaunting." + + "Chance _vide_ Fortune." + + "Common People _vide_ the Vulgar." + + "Disparity _vide_ Equality." + + "Emperickes _vide_ Physitians." + +An instance of how loosely the word "index" has been used will be found +in Robert Boyle's _Some Considerations touching the Usefulnesse of +Experimental Natural Philosophy_ (Oxford, 1663). This book is divided +into two parts, and at the end of each part is "The Index." This +so-called index is arranged in order of the pages, and is really only a +full table of contents. + +Indexes did not become at all common till the sixteenth century, and Mr. +Cornelius Walford asked in _Notes and Queries_ what was the earliest +index. Mr. Edward Solly answered: "Polydore Vergil in _Anglicae Historiae_ +(1556), has what may fairly be called a good index--thirty-seven pages. +This may be taken as a starting-point as to date; and we may ask for +earlier examples" (6th S. xi. 155). Another contributor referred to an +earlier edition of Polydore Vergil (1546), and still another one cited +Lyndewood's _Provinciale_ (1525), which has several indexes. + +One old index may be singled out as having caused its author serious +misfortune. William Prynne concocted a most wonderful attack upon the +"stage" under the title of _Histrio-Mastix_ (1633), which is absolutely +unreadable by reason of the vast mass of authorities gathered from every +century and every nation, to prove the wickedness of play-acting. +Carlyle refers to the _Histrio-Mastix_ as "a book still extant, but +never more to be read by mortal." + +If Prynne had sent his child out into the world without an index, he +might have escaped from persecution, as no one would have found out the +enormities which were supposed to lurk within the pages of the book. But +he was unwise enough to add a most elaborate index, in which all the +attacks upon a calling that received the sanction of the Court were +arranged in a convenient form for reference. Attorney-General Noy found +that the author himself had forged the weapons which he (the prosecutor) +could use in the attack. This is proved by a passage in Noy's speech at +Prynne's trial, where he points out that the accused "says Christ was a +Puritan, in his Index." Noy calls it an index, but Prynne himself +describes it as "A Table (with some brief additions) of the chiefest +passages in this treatise."[2] + + [2] There is a note to the table which shows that the book grew + in size during the printing--"p. signifying the page, f. the + folioes from pag. 513 to 545 (which exceeded the Printer's + computation), m. the marginall notes: if you finde f. before any + pages from 545 to 568, then looke the folioes which are + overcast; if p. then the page following." + +The entries in the index are so curious and one-sided in their +accusations that it is worth while to quote some of them rather fully: + + "Actors of popular or private enterludes for gaine or pleasure, + infamous, unlawfull and that as well in Princes, Noblemen, + Gentlemen, Schollers, Divines or Common Actors." + + "AEschylus, one of the first inventors of Tragedies--his strange + and sudden death." + + "Christ wept oft, but never laughed--a puritan--dishonoured and + offended with Stage playes." + + "Crossing of the face when men go to plays shuts in the Devil." + + "Devils, inventors and fomentors of stage plays and dancing. + Have stage plays in hell every Lord's day night." + + "Heaven--no stage plays there." + + "Herod Agrippa smitten in theater by an angel and so died." + + "Herod the great, the first erecter of a theater among the Jews + who thereupon conspire his death." + + "King James his statute against prophaning scripture and God's + name in Playes--his Statutes make Players rogues and Playes + unlawfull pastimes." + + "Kings--infamous for them to act or frequent Playes or favour + Players." + + "Plagues occasioned by stage plays. All the Roman actors + consumed by a plague." + + "Play-bookes see Bookes." + + "Players infamous ... + ---- many of them Papists and most desperate wicked wretches." + + "Play haunters the worst and lewdest persons for the most + part...." + + "Play haunting unlawfull...." + + "Play-houses stiled by the Fathers and others, the Devil's + temples, Chappels and synagogues...." + + "Play-poets examples of God's judgements on the chiefest of + them...." + + "Puritans, condemners of Stage-playes and other corruptions + stiled so--The very best and holiest Christians called + so....--Christ, his prophets, apostles, the Fathers and + Primitive christians Puritans as men now judged--hated and + condemned onely for their grace yea holinesse of life--Accused + of hypocrisie and sedition, and why." + + "Puritan, an honourable nickname of Christianity and grace." + + "Theaters overturned by tempests." + +It was the strong terms in which women actors are denounced that gave +such offence at Court, where the Queen and her ladies were specially +attracted to the stage. Prynne's book was published six weeks before +Henrietta Maria acted in a pastoral at Somerset House, so that the +following passage could not have been intended to allude to the +Queen:[3] + + [3] See Cobbett's _State Trials_, vol. 3, coll. 561-586. + + "Women actors notorious whores ... and dare then any Christian + women be so more than whorishly impudent as to act, to speake + publikely on a stage perchance in man's apparell and cut haire + here proved sinfull and abominable in the presence of sundry men + and women?... O let such presidents of impudency, of impiety be + never heard of or suffered among Christians." + +There are some interesting letters in Ellis's _Original Letters_ (2nd +Series, vol. 3) which illustrate the effect on the Court of these +violent expressions of opinion. Jo. Pory wrote to Sir Thomas Puckering +on September 20th, 1632: "That which the Queen's Majesty, some of her +ladies and all her maides of honour are now practicing upon is a +Pastorall penned by Mr. Walter Montague, wherein her Majesty is pleased +to acte a parte, as well for her recreation as for the exercise of her +Englishe." + +George Gresley wrote to the same Puckering on the following 31st of +January: "Mr. Prinne an Utter Barrister of Lincoln's Inne is brought +into the High Commission Court and Star Chamber, for publishing a Booke +(a little before the Queene's acting of her play) of the unlawfullness +of Plaies wherein in the Table of his Booke and his brief additions +thereunto he hath these words [the extracts given above are here +printed], which wordes it is thought by some will cost him his eares, or +heavily punnisht and deepely fined." + +Those who thought thus were amply justified in their opinion. Mr. Hill +Burton observes that it was a very odd compliment to Queen Henrietta +Maria to presume that these words refer to her, and he adds that the +supposition reminds him of Victor Hugo's sarcasm respecting Napoleon +III., that when the Parisian police overheard any one use the terms +"ruffian" and "scoundrel," they said, "You must be speaking of the +Emperor!" + +Prynne is so full in his particulars that he might have given us much +information respecting the stage in his own day, which we should have +welcomed; but, instead, he is ever more ready to draw his examples from +Greek and Latin authorities. + +In the eighteenth century a practice arose of drawing up indexes of +sentiments and opinions as distinguished from facts. Such indexes +required a special skill in the indexer, who was usually the original +author. There is a curious poetical index to the Iliad in Pope's +_Homer_, referring to all the places in which similes are used. + +Samuel Johnson was very anxious that Richardson should produce such an +index to his novels. In the _Correspondence of Samuel Richardson_ (vol. +v., p. 282) is a letter from Johnson to the novelist, in which he +writes: "I wish you would add an _index rerum_, that when the reader +recollects any incident, he may easily find it, which at present he +cannot do, unless he knows in which volume it is told; for Clarissa is +not a performance to be read with eagerness, and laid aside for ever; +but will be occasionally consulted by the busy, the aged and the +studious; and therefore I beg that this edition, by which I suppose +posterity is to abide, may want nothing that can facilitate its use." + +At the end of each volume of _Clarissa Harlowe_ Richardson added a sort +of table of all the passages best worth remembering, and as he was the +judge himself, it naturally extended to a considerable length. In +September, 1753, Johnson again wrote to Richardson suggesting the +propriety of making an index to his three works, but he added: "While I +am writing an objection arises; such an index to the three would look +like the preclusion of a fourth, to which I will never contribute; for +if I cannot benefit mankind I hope never to injure them." + +Richardson took the hint of his friend, and in 1755 appeared a volume of +four hundred and ten pages, entitled, _A Collection of the moral and +instructive Sentiments, Maxims, Cautions, and Reflexions contained in +the Histories of Pamela, Clarissa and Sir Charles Grandison, digested +under proper heads_. + +The tables of sentiments are arranged in separate alphabets for each +novel. The production of this book was a labour of love to its author, +who, moreover, was skilled in the mechanical work of indexing, and in +the early part of his career had filled up his leisure hours by +compiling indexes for the booksellers and writing prefaces and +dedications. At the end of his "collection" are two letters from the +author to two of his admirers; one was to a lady who was solicitous for +an additional volume to _Sir Charles Grandison_, supposing that work +ended too abruptly. + +David Hume is to be added to the list of celebrated men who have been +indexers, although he does not appear to have liked the work. In +referring to the fourth edition of his _Essays_ he wrote: "I intend to +make an index to it." Two years later he is grateful that the work of +indexing another book is to be done for him; writing to Millar (December +18th, 1759), he says: "I think that an Index will be very proper, and am +glad that you free me from the trouble of undertaking that task, for +which I know myself to be very unfit."[4] + + [4] Letters of David Hume to William Strahan, edited by G. + Birkbeck Hill, D.C.L. Oxford, 1888. + +Sir James Paget, the great surgeon, not only made indexes, but delighted +in the task. He told Dr. Goodhart, _apropos_ of the Hunterian Museum +Catalogues, College of Surgeons, that "it had always been a pleasure to +him to make an index."[5] + + [5] Paget's _Life_, p. 350. + +At the end of this chapter I must refer to an excellent blunder, because +it would not be fair to introduce it with the work of the bad indexer, +as it is an instance not exactly of ignorance, but of too great +cleverness. + +Of the Fetis Musical Library, bought by the Belgian Government at his +death for 152,000 francs, an excellent catalogue was compiled and +printed. In the index are references to Dumas (Alexandre) _pere_, and +Dumas (Alexandre) _fils_. The musician who consults the work will be +surprised at this unexpected development of these two famous authors' +powers, but will be disappointed on referring to the numbers cited to +find that they are reports of some legal proceedings brought by the firm +of Alexandre _pere et fils_, the well-known harmonium-makers, against a +rival firm. The indexer's better acquaintance with _Les Trois +Mousquetaires_ and _La Dame aux Camelias_ led him astray. + +My friend Mr. J. E. Matthew, who communicated this to me, adds: "After +many years of constant use of the catalogue, this is the only mistake, +beyond a literal, that I ever found." + + + + + [Illustration] + + CHAPTER II. + + AMUSING AND SATIRICAL INDEXES. + + + "It will thus often happen that the controversialist states his + case first in the title-page; he then gives it at greater length + in the introduction; again perhaps in a preface; a third time in + an analytical form through means of a table of contents; after + all this skirmishing he brings up his heavy columns in the body + of the book; and if he be very skilfull he may let fly a few + Parthian arrows from the index."--J. HILL BURTON'S + _Book-Hunter_. + + +[Illustration: O]ne of the last things the genuine indexer thinks of is +to make his work amusing; but some wits have been very successful in +producing humorous indexes, and others have seen their way to make an +author ridiculous by satirically perverting his meaning in the form of +an ordinary index. We can find specimens of each of these classes. + +Leigh Hunt has a charming little paper, "A Word upon Indexes," in his +_Indicator_. He writes: "Index-making has been held to be the driest as +well as lowest species of writing. We shall not dispute the humbleness +of it; but since we have had to make an index ourselves,[6] we have +discovered that the task need not be so very dry. Calling to mind +indexes in general, we found them presenting us a variety of pleasant +memories and contrasts. We thought of those to the Spectator, which we +used to look at so often at school, for the sake of choosing a paper to +abridge. We thought of the index to the Pantheon of Fabulous Histories +of the Heathen Gods, which we used to look at oftener. We remember how +we imagined we should feel some day, if ever our name should appear in +the list of Hs; as thus, Home, Howard, Hume, Huniades, ----. The poets +would have been better, but then the names, though perhaps less +unfitting, were not so flattering; as for instance Halifax, Hammond, +Harte, Hughes, ----. We did not like to come after Hughes." + + [6] To the original edition of the _Indicator_; the reprint (2 + vols. 8vo, 1834) has no index. + +The indexes to the _Tatler_ and the _Spectator_ are full of piquancy, +and possess that admirable quality of making the consulter wish to read +the book itself. The entries are so enticing that they lead you on to +devour the whole book. Hunt writes of them: "We have just been looking +at the indexes to the Tatler and Spectator, and never were more forcibly +struck with the feeling we formerly expressed about a man's being better +pleased with other writers than with himself. Our index seemed the +poorest and most second-hand in the world after theirs: but let any one +read theirs, and then call an index a dry thing if he can. As there 'is +a soul of goodness in things evil' so there is a soul of humour in +things dry, and in things dry by profession. Lawyers know this, as well +as index-makers, or they would die of sheer thirst and aridity. But as +grapes, ready to burst with wine, issue out of the most stony places, +like jolly fellows bringing burgundy out of a cellar; so an Index, like +the _Tatler's_, often gives us a taste of the quintessence of his +humour." The very title gives good promise of what is to be found in the +book: "A faithful Index of the dull as well as the ingenious passages in +the Tatlers." + +Here are a few entries chosen at random: + + Vol. 1-- + "Bachelor's scheme to govern a wife." + "Knaves prove fools." + + Vol. 2-- + "Actors censured for adding words of their own in their parts." + "Dead men, who." + "Dead persons heard, judged and censured. + ---- Allegations laid against them, their pleas." + "Love letters before and after marriage, found in a grave." + "Mathematical sieve to sift impertinences in writing and + discourse." + "News, Old People die in France." + + Vol. 3-- + "Flattery of women, its ill consequences." + "Maids of Honour, their allowance of Beef for their Breakfast in + Queen Elizabeth's time." + "Silence, significant on many occasions. + ---- Instances of it." + + Vol. 4-- + "Blockheads apt to admire one another." + "Female Library proposed for the Improvement of the Sex." + "Night, longer formerly in this Island than at present." + +In 1757 _A General Index to the Spectators, Tatlers, and Guardians_ was +published, and in 1760 the same work was re-issued with a new +title-page. Certain supposed blots in the original indexes were here +corrected and the following explanation made in the preface: +"Notwithstanding the learning and care of the compilers of the first +Indexes to these volumes, some slight inaccuracies have passed, and +where observed they are altered. Few readers who desire to know Mr. +Bickerstaff's Opinion of the Comedy called the Country Wife, or the +character of Mrs. Bickerstaff as an actress, would consult the Index +under the word _Acts_." This seems to refer to an entry in the index to +the first volume of the _Tatler_: + + "Acts the Country-Wife: (Mrs. Bignel)." + +The index to the original edition of the _Spectator_ is equally good +with that of the _Tatler_, but the entries are longer and more elaborate +than those in the latter. The references are not made to the pages, as +is the case with the _Tatler_, but to the numbers of the papers. The +following entries are worthy of quotation: + + Vol. 2-- + + "Gentry of England generally speaking in debt." + "Great men not truly known till some years after their deaths." + "Women, the English excel all other nations in beauty. + ---- Signs of their improvement under the Spectator's hands. + ---- Their pains in all ages to adorn the outside of their + heads." + +A precursor of the _Tatler_ and _Spectator_ was the curious _Athenian +Oracle_, of the eccentric John Dunton, each volume of which contained +"An Alphabetical Table for the speedy finding of any questions, by a +member of the Athenian Society," from which the following amusing +entries are taken: + + "Ark, what became of it after the Flood?" + + "Bees, a swarm lit upon the Crown and Scepter in Cheapside, + what do they portend?" + + "Hawthorn-tree at Glassenbury, what think you of it?" + + "Noah's flood, whither went the waters?" + + "Pied Piper, was he a man or daemon?" + + "Triumphant Arch erected in Cheapside 1691, described." + +A selection from this curious seventeenth-century miscellany was made by +Mr. J. Underhill, and published by Walter Scott a few years ago. + +Shenstone's _Schoolmistress_ is one of the works of genius which is +little known in the present day, but well repays perusal. A humorous +table of contents was prepared by the author, which he styled an index. +He wrote: "I have added a ludicrous index purely to show (fools) that I +am in jest." This was afterwards omitted, but D'Israeli reprinted it in +his _Curiosities of Literature_. It contains an amusing _precis_ of the +chief points of the poem; the whole is short, and a few extracts will +give an idea of its plan: + + "A CIRCUMSTANCE in the situation of the mansion of early + Discipline, discovering the surprising influence of the + connexion of ideas." + + "SOME peculiarities indicative of a country school, with a short + sketch of the sovereign presiding over it." + + "SOME account of her night-cap, apron and a tremendous + description of her birchen sceptre." + + "HER titles and punctilious nicety in the ceremonious assertion + of them." + + "A VIEW of this rural potentate as seated in her chair of state, + conferring honours distributing bounties and dispensing + proclamations." + +Gay composed a full and humorous index for his interesting picture of +eighteenth-century London--_Trivia_. The poet added a few entries to the +index in the quarto edition of his _Poems_ (1720). The following +selected references will show the character of the index: + + "Asses, their arrogance." + "Autumn, what cries then in use." + "Bully, his insolence to be corrected." + "Chairs and chariots prejudicial to health." + "Cellar, the misfortune of falling into one." + "Coach fallen into a hole described." + "Glazier, his skill at football." + "London, its happiness before the invention of Coaches and Chairs." + "Periwigs, how stolen off the head." + "Quarrels for the wall to be avoided." + "Schoolboys, mischievous in frosty weather." + "Wall, to whom to be given. + ---- to whom to be denied." + "Women, the ill consequence of gazing on them." + +Of modern examples of the amusing index, by far the best is that added +to the inimitable _Biglow Papers_ by the accomplished author, James +Russell Lowell. Here are some extracts from the index to the First +Series: + + "Adam, eldest son of, respected." + + "Babel, probably the first congress." + + "Birch, virtue of, in instilling certain of the dead languages." + + "Caesar, a tribute to. His _Veni, Vidi, Vici_ censured for undue + prolixity." + + "Castles, Spanish, comfortable accommodation in." + + "Eating Words, habit of, convenient in time of famine." + + "Longinus recommends swearing (Fuseli did the same thing)." + + "No, a monosyllable. Hard to utter." + + "Noah enclosed letter in bottle, probably." + + "Ulysses, husband of Penelope. Borrows money. (For full + particulars see _Homer_ and _Dante_.)" + + "Wrong, abstract, safe to oppose." + +The following are from the Second Series: + + "Antony of Padua, Saint, happy in his hearers." + + "Applause, popular, the _summum bonum_." + + "'Atlantic,' editors of, See _Neptune_. [There is no entry under + Neptune.]" + + "Belmont. See _Woods_." + + "Bible, not composed for use of coloured persons." + + "Charles I, accident to his neck." + + "Ezekiel would make a poor figure at a Caucus." + + "Facts, their unamiability. Compared to an old fashioned + stage-coach." + + "Family trees, a primitive forest of." + + "Jeremiah hardly the best guide in modern politics." + + "Missionaries, useful to alligators. Culinary liabilities of." + + "Rum and water combine kindly." + + "Shoddy, poor covering for outer or inner man." + + "'They'll say,' a notable bully." + + "Woods, the, See _Belmont_." + + "World, this, its unhappy temper." + + "Writing, dangerous to reputation." + +The witty Dr. William King, student of Christ Church, Oxford, and +afterwards Judge of the Irish Court of Admiralty, presented an example +of the skilled controversialist spoken of by Hill Burton as letting fly +"a few Parthian arrows from the Index." He was dubbed by Isaac D'Israeli +the inventor of satirical indexes, and he certainly succeeded in +producing several ill-natured ones. + +When the wits of Christ Church produced under the name of the Hon. +Charles Boyle the clever volume with which they thought to annihilate +the great Dr. Bentley, Dr. King was the one who assisted by producing a +bitter index. + +The first edition of _Dr. Bentley's Dissertation on the Epistles of +Phalaris and the Fables of Esop examin'd_ (1698) has no index; but Dr. +King's work was added to the second edition published in the same year. +It was styled, _A short account of Dr. Bentley by way of Index_. Then +follows: + + "Dr. Bentley's true story of the MS. prov'd false by the + testimonies of + ---- Mr. Bennet, p. 6. + ---- Mr. Gibson, p. 7. + ---- Dr. King, p. 8. + ---- Dr. Bentley, p. 19." + "Dr. Bentley's civil usage of Mr. Boyle. + "His civil language to + ---- Mr. Boyle. + ---- Sir W. Temple. + "His singular humanity to + ---- Mr. Boyle. + ---- Sir Edward Sherburne. + humanity to Foreigners. + "His Ingenuity in + ---- relating matters of fact. + ---- citing authors. + ---- transcribing and plundering + notes and prefaces of + ---- Mr. Boyle. + ---- Vizzanius. + ---- Nevelet. + ---- Camerarius. + ---- Editor of Hesychius. + ---- Salmasius. + ---- Dr. Bentley. + "His appeal to Foreigners. + ---- a suspicious plan. + ---- a false one. + "His modesty and decency in contradicting great men. + "(Long list from Plato to Every body). + "His happiness in confident assertions for want + ---- of Reading. + ---- of Judgment. + ---- of Sincerity. + "His profound skill in Criticism + From beginning to + The End." + +This is certainly more vindictive than witty. + +All the wits rushed madly into the fray, and Swift, in his "Battel +fought last Friday between the Antient and Modern Books in St. James's +Library," committed himself irretrievably to the wrong side in this way: +"A captain whose name was B-ntl-y, in person the most deformed of all +the moderns; tall but without shape or comeliness, large but without +strength or proportion. His armour was patched up of a thousand +incoherent pieces...." + +Then look at the leader of the opposing host: "Boyl clad in a suit of +armor which had been given him by all the gods immediately advanced +against the trembling foe, who now fled before him." + +It is amazing that such a perverted judgment should have been given by +some of our greatest writers, but all is to be traced to Bentley's +defects of temper, so that Dr. King was not altogether wrong in his +index. + +Sir George Trevelyan in his _Life of Macaulay_ refers to Bentley's +famous maxim (which in print and talk alike he dearly loved to quote), +that no man was ever written down except by himself, and quotes what the +historian wrote after perhaps his tenth perusal of Bishop Monk's life of +the great critic: "Bentley seems to me an eminent instance of the extent +to which intellectual powers of a most rare and admirable kind may be +impaired by moral defects." + +Charles Boyle's book went through four editions, and still there was +silence; but at last appeared the "immortal" _Dissertation_, as Porson +calls it, which not only defeated his enemies, but routed them +completely. Bentley's _Dissertation upon the Epistles of Phalaris_, with +an answer to the objections of the Hon. C. Boyle, Esq., first appeared +in 1699. De Quincey described it as one of the three most triumphant +dissertations existing upon the class of historico-critical problems, +"All three are loaded with a superfetation of evidence, and conclusive +beyond what the mind altogether wishes."[7] In another place De Quincey +points out the line of argument followed by Bentley: "It was by +anachronisms of this character that Bentley detected the spuriousness of +the letters ascribed to Phalaris. Sicilian towns, &c., were in those +letters called by names that did not arise until that prince had been +dead for centuries. Manufactures were mentioned that were of much later +invention. As handles for this exposure of a systematic forgery, which +oftentimes had a moral significance, these indications were valuable, +and gave excessive brilliancy to that immortal dissertation of +Bentley's."[8] + + [7] _Rosicrucians and Free-Masons_ (De Quincey's _Works_, vol. + 13, p. 388). + + [8] _Memorial Chronology_ (De Quincey's _Works_, vol. 14, p. 309). + +The fate which the wits thought to bring upon Bentley fell upon them, +and they quarrelled among themselves. It was believed that Charles +Boyle, when credit was to be obtained, looked upon himself as author of +the book; but afterwards, when it was discredited, he only awaited the +public trial of the conspirators to wash his hands of the whole affair. +Atterbury, who had much to do with the production of the volume, was +particularly annoyed by Boyle's conduct. He wrote to Boyle: "In laying +the design of the book, in writing above half of it, in reviewing +[revising] a great part of the rest, in transcribing the whole and +attending the press, half a year of my life went away. What I promised +myself from hence was that some service would be done to your +reputation, and that you would think so. In the first of these I was not +mistaken--in the latter I am. When you were abroad, sir, the highest you +could prevail with yourself to go in your opinion of the book was, that +you hoped it would do you no harm. When you returned I supposed you +would have seen that it had been far from hurting you. However, you have +not thought fit to let me know your mind on this matter; for since you +came to England, no one expression, that I know of, has dropped from you +that could give me reason to believe you had any opinion of what I had +done, or even took it kindly from me."[9] + + [9] _Memoirs of Bishop Atterbury_, compiled by Folkestone + Williams, vol. i. (1869), p. 42. + +In the same year (1698) King turned his attention to a less formidable +antagonist than the great Bentley. His _Journey to London_ is a very +ingenious parody of Dr. Martin Lister's _Journey to Paris_, and, the +pages of the original being referred to, it forms an index to that book. + +The Royal Society in its early years had to pass through a long period +of ridicule and misrepresentation. The author of _Hudibras_ commenced +the crusade, but the gibes of Butler were easier to bear than those of +Dr. William King, who was particularly savage against Sir Hans Sloane. +_The Transactioneer_ (1700) and _Useful Transactions in Philosophy_ +(1708-1709) were very galling to the distinguished naturalist, and +annoyed the Royal Society, whose _Philosophical Transactions_ were +unmercifully laughed at. To both the tracts referred to were prefixed +satirical tables of contents, and what made them the more annoying was +that the author's own words were very ingeniously used and turned +against him. King writes: "The bulls and blunders which Sloane and his +friends so naturally pour forth cannot be misrepresented, so careful I +am in producing them." + +Here is a specimen of the contents of _The Transactioneer_: + + "The Tatler's Opinion of a Virtuoso." + "Some Account of Sir Hans Sloane. + ---- of Dr. Salmon. + ---- of Mr. Oldenburg. + ---- of Dr. Plot." + "The Compiling of the Philosophical Transactions the work of a + single person. + ---- the excellence of his style. + ---- his clearness and perspicacity. + ---- Genius to Poetry. + ---- Verses on Jamaica Pepper. + ---- Politicks in Gardening. + ---- Skill in Botanicks." + +The following appear in the contents of the "Voyage to Cajamai" in +_Useful Transactions_: + + Preface of the author-- + + "Knew a white bramble in a dark room." + + Author's introduction-- + + "Mountains higher than hills." + + "Hay good for horses." + +The most important of King's indexes was that added to Bromley's +_Travels_, because it had the effect of balking a distinguished +political character of his ambition of filling the office of Speaker of +the House of Commons. + +William Bromley (1664-1732), after leaving Christ Church, Oxford, spent +several years in travelling on the Continent. He was elected a Member of +Parliament in 1689, and soon occupied a prominent position among the +non-jurors. In 1692 he published "_Remarks in the Grande Tour of France +and Italy, lately performed by a Person of quality._ London. Printed by +E. H. for Tho. Basset at the George in Fleet Street, 1692." A second +edition appeared in the following year: "_Remarks made in Travels +through France and Italy, with many Publick Inscriptions. Lately taken +by a Person of Quality_. London (Thomas Basset) 1693." + +In March, 1701-1702, Bromley was elected Member of Parliament for the +University of Oxford, which he continued to represent during the +remainder of his life. In 1702 he published another volume of travels: +"_Several Years' Travels through Portugal, Spain, Italy, Germany, +Prussia, Sweden, Denmark and the United Provinces performed by a +Gentleman_." + +In 1705 Bromley was supposed to have pre-eminent claims to the +Speakership, which office was then vacant; but what was supposed to be a +certainty was turned into failure by the action of his opponents. They +took the opportunity of reprinting his _Remarks_, with the addition of a +satirical index, as an electioneering squib. This reprint appeared as +"_Remarks in the Grand Tour ... performed by a Person of Quality in the +year 1691_. The second edition to which is added a table of the +principal matters. London. Printed for John Nutt near Stationers' Hall, +1705." This was really the third edition, but probably the reprinters +overlooked the edition of 1693. It was reprinted with the original +licence of "Rob. Midgley, Feb. 20th, 1691-2." + +In the Bodleian copy of this book there is a manuscript note by Dr. +Rawlinson to the effect that this index was drawn up by Robert Harley, +Earl of Oxford; but this was probably only a party rumour. Dr. Parr +possessed Bromley's own copy of the reprint with the following +manuscript note by the author: + + "This edition of these travels is a specimen of the good nature + and good manners of the Whigs, and I have reason to believe of + one of the ministry (very conversant in this sort of calumny) + for the sake of publishing '_the Table of the principal matters + &c_' to expose me whom the gentlemen of the Church of England + designed to be Speaker of the House of Commons, in the + Parliament, that met Oct. 25 1705. When notwithstanding the + Whigs and Court joining to keep me out of the chair, and the + greatest violence towards the Members, turning out some, and + threatening others, to influence their votes, I had the honour + (and I shall ever esteem it a greater honour than my + competitor's success) to have the suffrages of 205 disinterested + gentlemen for me: such a number as never lost such a question + before; and such as, with the addition of those that by force, + and contrary to their inclination, with the greatest reluctance + voted against me, must have prevailed for me. + + "This was a very malicious proceeding; my words and meaning + plainly perverted in several places; which if they had been + improper, and any observations trifling or impertinent, an + allowance was due for my being very young, when they were made. + But the performances of others, not entitled to such allowance + may be in this manner exposed, as appears by the like Tables + published for the Travels of Bp. Burnet and Mr. Addison. _Wm. + Bromley._" + +Dr. Parr took this all very seriously, and set great value upon the +book. He added a note to that written by Bromley, in which he said: + + "Mr. Bromley was very much galled with the republication, and + the ridiculous, but not untrue, representation of the contents. + Such a work would unavoidably expose the author to derision: + instead therefore of suffering it to be sold after my death, and + to become a subject of contemptuous gossip, or an instrument of + party annoyance, I think it a proper act of respect and kindness + for the Bromley family, for me to put it in possession of the + Rev. Mr. Davenport Bromley, upon the express condition that he + never sells it nor gives it away, that, after reading it, he + seals it up carefully and places it where no busy eye, nor + thievish hand can reach it. + "S. P." + +This note was written in 1823, and the precautions taken by Parr seem +rather belated. Even the family were little likely to mind the public +seeing a political skit more than a century old, which did no dishonour +to their ancestor's character. + +It is very probable that Harley was at the expense of reprinting the +book, as it is reported that every one who came to his house was asked +if he had seen Mr. Bromley's _Travels_; and when the answer was in the +negative, Harley at once fetched a copy, which he presented to his +visitor. There is no doubt, however, that the index was drawn up by Dr. +King. + +The index is neither particularly amusing nor clever, but it is very +ill-natured. Dr. Parr infers that the book is not misrepresented, but +there can be little doubt that the index is in most instances very +unfair. Thus the first entry in the table is: + + "Chatham, where and how situated, viz. on the other side of + Rochester bridge, though commonly reported to be on this side, + p. 1." + +The passage indexed is quite clear, and contains the natural statement +of a fact. + + "Lodged at Rochester, an episcopal seat in the same county + [Kent]. The cathedral church is plain and decent, and the city + appears well peopled. When I left it and passed the Bridge I was + at Chatham, the famous Dock, where so many of our great ships + are built." + +The following are some further entries from the index: + + "Dover and Calais neither of them places of Strength tho' + frontier towns, p. 2." + + "Boulogne the first city on the French shore, lies on the coast, + p. 2." [These are the same words as in the book.] + + "Crosses and Crucifixes on the Roads in France prove it not + England, p. 3." + +The passage here indexed is as follows: + + "Crosses and Crucifixes are so plentiful every where on this + road, that from them alone an Englishman will be satisfied he is + out of his own country; besides the Roads are much better than + ours." + + "Eight pictures take up less room than sixteen of the same size, + p. 14." + +This is founded on the following: + + "They contain the Histories of the Old and New Testaments, and + are placed in two rows one above the other; those that represent + the Old Testament are in the uppermost reaching round the room + and are sixteen. Those of the new are under them, but being only + eight reach not so far as the former, and where no pictures are + be the doors to the presses where the sacred vestments are + kept." + + "Travelling by night not proper to take a view of the adjacent + countries, p. 223." + +This is a version of the following: + + "The heat of the weather made travelling in the night most + desirable and we chose it between Sienna and Florence.... By + this means I could see little of the country." + + "The Duchess dowager of Savoy who was grandmother to the present + Duke was mother to his father, p. 243." + +This is a perversion of the following +perfectly natural observation: + + "This was designed by the Dutchess Christina grandmother of this + Duke in the minority of her son (his father) in 1660." + +The entry, "Jews at Legorn not obliged to wear red hats, p. 223," +contains nothing absurd, but rather is an interesting piece of +information, because the Jews were obliged to wear these hats in other +parts of Italy, and it was the knowledge of this fact that induced +Macklin to wear a red hat when acting Shylock, a personation which +induced an admirer to exclaim: + + "This is the Jew + That Shakespeare drew." + +Such perversions as these could have done Bromley, one would think, +little harm; but the real harm done consisted in bringing to light and +insisting upon the author's political attitude when he referred to King +William and Queen Mary as "the Prince and Princess of Orange." The +passage is as follows: + + "A gallery, where among the pictures of Christian Princes are + those of King Charles the Second and his Queen, King James the + Second and his Queen and the Prince and Princess of Orange." + +It would indeed seem strange that one who had thus referred to his King +and Queen should occupy so important a public office as Speaker of the +House of Commons. Another ground of offence was that when in Rome he +kissed the Pope's slipper. + +Although Bromley was disappointed in 1705, his time came; and after the +Tory reaction consequent on the trial of Sacheverell he was in 1710 +chosen Speaker without opposition. There is a portrait of Bromley in the +University Picture Gallery in the Bodleian at Oxford. + + + + + [Illustration] + + CHAPTER III. + + THE BAD INDEXER. + + "At the laundress's at the Hole in the Wall in Cursitor's Alley + up three pair of stairs, the author of my Church history--you + may also speak to the gentleman who lies by him in the flock + bed, my index maker."--SWIFT'S _Account of the Condition of + Edmund Curll_ (Instructions to a porter how to find Mr. Curll's + authors). + +[Illustration: B]ad indexers are everywhere, and what is most singular +is that each one makes the same sort of blunders--blunders which it +would seem impossible that any one could make, until we find these same +blunders over and over again in black and white. One of the commonest is +to place the references under unimportant words, for which no one would +think of looking, such as A and The. The worst indexes of this class are +often added to journals and newspapers. A good instance of confusion +will be found in the index to a volume of _The Freemason_ which is +before me; but this is by no means singular, and certainly not the worst +of its class. Under A we find the following entries: + + "Afternoon Outing of the Skelmersdale Lodge." + "An Oration delivered," etc. + "Annual Outing of the Queen Victoria Lodge." + "Another Masonic MS." + +Under B: + + "Bro. Bain's Masonic Library." + +Under F: + + "First Ball of the Fellowship Lodge. + "First Ladies' Night." + +Under I: + + "Interesting Extract from an 'Old Masonian's' Letter." + +Under L: + + "Ladies' Banquet." + "Ladies' Night." + "Ladies' Summer Outing." + "Late Bro. Sir B. W. Richardson." + +Under N: + + "New Grand Officers." + "New Home for Keighley Freemasons." + "New Masonic Hall." + +Under O: + + "Our Portrait Gallery." + +Under R: + + "Recent Festival." + +Under S: + + "Send-off dinner." + "Summer Festival." + "Summer Outing." + +Under T: + + "Third Ladies' Night." + +Under Y: + + "Ye olde Masonians." + +There are many other absurd headings, but these are the worst instances. +They show the confusion of not only placing references where they would +never be looked for, but of giving similar entries all over the index +under whatever heading came first to the mind of the indexer. For +instance, there is one _Afternoon_ Outing, one _Annual_ Outing, one +_Ladies'_ Outing, one _Summer_ Outing, and three other Outings under O. +None of these have any references the one from the other. + +There are a large number of indexes in which not only the best heading +is not chosen, but the very worst is. Thus, choosing at random, we find +such an order as the following in an old volume of the _Canadian +Journal_: + + "_A_ Monograph of the British Spongiadae." + + "_On_ the Iodide of Barium." + + "_Sir_ Charles Barry, a Biography." + + "_The_ late Professor Boole." + + "_The_ Mohawk Language." + +The same misarrangement will sometimes be found even in standard English +journals. + +The edition of Jewel's _Apology_, published by Isaacson in 1825, +contains an index which is worthy of special remark. It is divided into +four alphabets, referring respectively to (1) Life; (2) Apology; (3) +Notes to Life; (4) Notes to Apology; and this complicated machinery is +attached to a book of only 286 pages. I think it is scarcely too much to +say that there is hardly an entry in the index which would be of any use +to the consulter. A few examples will show that this is not an unfair +judgment: + + "_Belief_ of a Resurrection." + + "_Caution_, Reformers proceeded with Caution." + + "_If_ Protestants are Heretics let the Papists prove them so + from Scripture." + + "_In_ withdrawing themselves from the Church of Rome, + Protestants have not erred from Christ and his Apostles." + + "_King_ John." + + "_The_ Pope assumes Regal power and habit." + + "Ditto employs spies." + +That this idiotic kind of index (which can be of no possible use to any +one) is not yet extinct may be seen in one of those daintily printed +books of essays which are now so common. In mercy I will not mention the +title, but merely say that it was published in 1901. A few extracts will +show the character of the work: + + "_A_ Book," etc. + + "_Is_ public taste," etc. + + "_On_ reading old books." + + "_The_ advantage," etc. + + "_The_ blessedness," etc. + + "_The_ Book-stall Reader." + + "_The_ Girl," etc. + + "_The_ Long Life," etc. + + "_The_ Preservative," etc. + + "_The_ Prosperity," etc. + + "_Two_ Classes of Literature." + +There are many instances of such bad indexes, but it would be tedious to +quote more of them. The amazing thing is that many persons unconnected +with one another should be found to do the same ridiculous work, and +suppose that by any possibility it could be of use to a single human +being. But what is even more astounding is to find intelligent editors +passing such useless rubbish and wasting good type and paper upon it. + +Another prominent blunder in indexing periodicals is to follow in the +index the divisions of the paper. In an alphabetical index there should +be no classification, but the alphabet should be followed throughout. +Nothing is so maddening to consult as an index in which the different +divisions of the periodical are kept distinct, with a separate alphabet +under each. It is hopeless to consult these, and it is often easier to +turn over the pages and look through the volume than to refer to the +index. The main object of an index is to bring together all the items on +a similar subject which are separated in the book itself. + +The indexes of some periodicals are good, but those of the many are bad. +Mr. Poole and his helpers, who had an extensive experience of periodical +literature, made the following rule to be observed in the new edition of +Poole's _Index to Periodical Literature_: + + "All references must be made from an inspection, and if + necessary the perusal of each article. Hence, no use will be + made of the index which is usually printed with the volume, or + of any other index. Those indexes were _made by unskilful + persons_, and are full of all sorts of errors. It will be less + work to discard them entirely than to supply their omissions and + correct their errors." + +This rule is sufficiently severe, but it cannot be said that it is +unjust. + +Miss Hetherington, who has had a singularly large experience of indexes +to periodicals, has no higher idea of these than Mr. Poole. In an +article on "The Indexing of Periodicals" in the _Index to the Periodical +Literature of the World_ for 1892, she gives a remarkable series of +instances of absurd entries. Some of these are due to the vicious habit +of trying to save trouble by cutting up the lists of contents, and +repeating the entries under different headings. Miss Hetherington's +examples are well worth repeating; but as bad indexing is the rule, it +is scarcely worth while to gibbet any one magazine, as most of them are +equally bad. It is only amazing how any one in authority can allow such +absurdities as the following to be printed. These six groups are from +one magazine: + + "Academy in Africa, A Monkey's." + + "Africa, A Monkey's Academy in." + + "Monkey's Academy in Africa, A." + + "Aspects, The Renaissance in its Broader." + + "Renaissance in its Broader Aspects, The." + + "Campaign, His Last, and After." + + "His Last Campaign, and After." + + "Entertainment, The Triumph of the Variety." + + "Triumph of the Variety Entertainment, The." + + "Variety Entertainment, The Triumph of the." + + "Evicted Tenants, The Irish, Are they Knaves?" + + "Irish Evicted Tenants, The, Are they Knaves?" + + "French Revolution, Scenes from the." + + "Revolution, Scenes from the French." + + "Scenes from the French Revolution." + +Miss Hetherington adds, respecting this particular magazine: "But the +whole index might be quoted. The indexer seems to have had three lists +of contents for his purpose, but he has not always dared to use more +than two, and so "The Irish Evicted Tenants" do not figure under the +class "Knaves." The contributors are on another page, with figures only +against their names, the cause of reference not being specified." + +Equally absurd, and contrived on a similar system, are the following +entries from another magazine: + + "Eastern Desert on Foot, Through an." + + "Foot, Through an Eastern Desert on." + + "Through an Eastern Desert on Foot." + + "Finds, The Rev. J. Sturgis's." + + "Sturgis's Finds, The Rev. J." + + "Complexion! What a Pretty." + + "Pretty Complexion! What a." + + "What a Pretty Complexion!" + +These two groups are from a very prominent magazine: + + "Creek in Demerara, Up a." + + "Demerara, Up a Creek in." + + "Up a Creek in Demerara." + + "Home, The Russians at." + + "Russians at Home, The." + + "The Russians at Home." + +In the foregoing, by giving three entries, one, by chance, may be +correct; but in the following case there are two useless references: + + "Baron de Marbot, The Memoirs of the." + + "Memoirs of the Baron de Marbot, The." + + But nothing under _Marbot_. + +Some indexers have a fancy for placing authors under their Christian +names, as these three from one index. + + "Philip Bourke Marston." + + "Rudyard Kipling." + + "Walt Whitman." + +These entries are amusing: + + "Foot in it, On Putting One's." + + "On Putting One's Foot in it." + +Surely it is strange that such absurdities as these should continue to +be published! Mr. Poole drew attention to the evil, and Miss +Hetherington has done the same; yet it continues, and publishers are not +ashamed to print such rubbish as that just instanced. We may add a quite +recent instance--viz. _Longman's Magazine_ for October, 1901, which +contains an index to the thirty-eighth volume. It occupies two pages in +double columns, and there are no duplicate entries. In that small space +I find these useless entries: + + "According to the Code" (not under Code). + + "Disappearance of Plants" (not under Plants). + + "Eighteenth Century London through French Eye-glasses" (not + under London). + + "Gilbert White" (not under White). + + "Mission of Mr. Rider Haggard" (not under Haggard). + + "Some Eighteenth Century Children's Books" (not under Children's + Books). + + "Some Notes on an Examination" (not under Examination). + + * * * * * + +The two chief causes of the badness +of indexes are found-- + + 1. In the original composition. + + 2. In the bad arrangement. + +Of the first cause little need be said. The chief fault is due to the +incompetence of the indexer, shown by his use of trivial references, his +neglect of what should be indexed, his introduction of what might well +be left out, his bad analysis, and his bad headings. + +The second cause is still more important, because a competent indexer +may prepare his materials well, and keep clear of all the faults noticed +above, and yet spoil his work by neglect of a proper system of +arrangement. + +The chief faults under this second division consist of-- + + 1. Want of complete alphabetisation. + + 2. Classification within the alphabet. + + 3. Variety of alphabets. + + 4. Want of cross references. + +These are all considerable faults, and will therefore bear being +enlarged upon. + +1. _The want of complete alphabetisation_ is a great evil, but it was +very general at one time. In some old indexes references are arranged +under the first letter only. In the index to a large and valuable map of +England, published at the beginning of this century, the names of places +are not arranged further than the third letter, and this naturally gives +great trouble to the consulter. In order to save himself, the compiler +has given others a considerably greater amount of trouble. In arranging +entries in alphabetical order it is necessary to sort them to the most +minute difference of spelling. The alphabetical arrangement, however, +has its difficulties, which must be overcome; for instance, it looks +awkward when the plural comes before the singular, and the adjective +before the substantive from which it is formed, as "naval" and "navies" +before "navy." In such cases it will be necessary to make a heading such +as "Navy," which will include the plural and the adjective. + +The vowel I should be kept distinct from the consonant J, and the vowel +U from the consonant V. + +More blunders have probably been made by the confusing of u and n in old +books than from any other cause. These letters are identical in early +manuscripts, and consequently the modern copyist has to decide which +letter to choose, and sometimes he blunders. + +In Capgrave's _Chronicles of England_ is a reference to the "londe of +Iude," but this is misspelt "Inde" in the edition published in the +Master of the Rolls' Series in 1858. Here is a simple misprint caused by +the misreading of I for J and n for u; but this can easily be set right. +The indexer, however, has enlarged it into a wonderful blunder. Under +the letter I is the following curious piece of information: + + "India ... conquered by Judas Maccabeus and his brethren, 56"!! + +Many more instances of this confusion of the letters u and n might be +given, some of them causing permanent confusion of names; but two (which +are the complement of each other) will suffice. + +George Lo_n_don was a very eminent horticulturist in his day, who at +the Revolution was appointed Superintendent of the Royal Gardens; +but he can seldom get his name properly spelt because a later +horticulturist has made the name of Lo_u_don more familiar. In fact, I +was once called to account by a reviewer who supposed I had made a +mistake in referring to Lo_n_don instead of Lo_u_don. The reverse +mistake was once made by the great Duke of Wellington. C. J. Loudon +(who wrote a very bad hand) requested the Duke to let him see the +Waterloo beeches at Stratfieldsaye. The letter puzzled Wellington, who +knew nothing of the horticulturist, and read C. J. Lo_u_don as C. J. +Lo_n_don, and beeches as breeches; so he wrote off to the then Bishop of +London (Dr. Blomfield) to say that his Waterloo breeches disappeared +long ago. + +2. _Classification within the alphabet._--Examples have already been +given where the arrangement of the book is followed rather than the +alphabetical order; but these were instances of bad indexing, and +sometimes a good indexer fails in the same way, thus showing how +important is good arrangement. An index of great complexity, one full of +scientific difficulties, was once made by a very able man. The _precis_ +was admirable, and the various subjects were gathered together under +their headings with great skill--in fact, it could not well have been +more perfect; but it had one flaw which spoiled it. The nature of the +index necessitated a large number of subdivisions under the various +chief headings; these were arranged on a system clear to the compiler, +and probably a logical one to him. But the user of the index had not the +clue to this arrangement, and he could not find his way through the +complicated maze; it was an unfortunate instance of extreme cleverness. +When the index was finished, but before it was published, a simple +remedy for the confusion was suggested and carried out. The whole of the +subdivisions under each main heading were rearranged in perfect +alphabetical order. This was a heroic proceeding, but it was highly +successful, and the rearranged index gave satisfaction, and the same +system was followed in other indexes that succeeded it. + +3. _Variety of alphabets._--An index should be one and indivisible, and +should not be broken up into several alphabets. Foreigners are greater +sinners against this fundamental rule than Englishmen, and they almost +invariably separate the author or persons from subjects. Sometimes, +however, the division is not very carefully made, for in the _Autoren +Register_ to Carus' and Engelmann's _Bibliography of Zoology_ may be +found the following entries: _Schreiben_, _Schriften_, _Zu_ Humboldt's +Cosmos, _Zur_ Fauna. Some English books are much divided. Thus the new +edition of Hutchins's _Dorset_ (1874) has at the end eight separate +indexes: (1) Places, (2) Pedigrees, (3) Persons, (4) Arms, (5) Blazons, +(6) Glossarial, (7) Domesday, (8) Inquisitions. + +The index to the original quarto edition of Warton's _History of English +Poetry_ (1774) has six alphabets, but a general index compiled by Thomas +Fillingham, was published in 1804, uniform with the work in quarto. The +general index to the _Annual Register_ has as many as fourteen +alphabets. The general index to the _Reports of the British Association_ +is split up into six alphabets, following the divisions of each volume. + +4. _Want of cross references._--Although an alphabetical index should +not be classified, yet it is necessary to gather together the synonyms, +and place all the references under the best of these headings, with +cross references from the others. For instance, Wealth should be under +W, Finance under F, and Population under P; and they should not all be +grouped under Political Economy, because each of these subjects is +distinct and more conveniently found under the separate heading than +under a grouped heading. On the other hand, entries relating to +Tuberculosis must not be scattered over the index under such headings as +Consumption, Decline, and Phthisis, but be gathered together under the +heading chosen, with cross references from the others. In bad indexes +this rule is invariably broken, and it must be allowed that the proper +carrying out of this rule is very difficult, so that where it is +invariably adopted, we have one of the best signs of a really good +index. Bad indexers are usually much too haphazard in their work to +insert cross references. + +The careful use of cross references is next in importance to the +selection of appropriate headings. Great judgment, however, is required, +as the consulters are naturally irritated by being referred backwards +and forwards, particularly in a large index. At the same time, if +judiciously inserted, such references are a great help. Mr. Poole says, +in an article on his own index in the _Library Journal_: "If every +subject shall have cross references to its allies, the work will be +mainly a book of cross references rather than an index of subjects." He +then adds: "One correspondent gives fifty-eight cross references under +Mental Philosophy, and fifty-eight more might be added just as +appropriate." + +The indexer should be careful that his cross references are real, but he +has not always attended to this. In Eadie's _Dictionary of the Bible_ +(1850) there is a reference, "Dorcas _see_ Tabitha," but there is no +entry under Tabitha at all. + +In Cobbett's _Woodlands_ there is a good specimen of backwards and +forwards cross referencing. The author writes: + + "Many years ago I wished to know whether I could raise birch + trees from the _seed_.... I then looked into the great book of + knowledge, the _Encyclopaedia Britannica_; there I found in the + general dictionary: + + "'BIRCH TREE--See _Betula_ (Botany Index).' + + "I hastened to BETULA with great eagerness, and there I found: + + "'BETULA--See _Beech tree_.' + + "That was all, and this was pretty encouragement." + +William Morris used to make merry over the futility of some cross +references. He was using a print of an old English manuscript which was +full of notes in explanation of self-evident passages, but one difficult +expression--_viz._ "The bung of a thrub chandler"--was left unexplained. +In the index under Bung there was a reference to Thrub chandler, and +under Thrub chandler another back to Bung. Still the lexicographers are +unable to tell us what kind of a barrel a "thrub chandler" really was. I +give this story on the authority of my friend, Mr. S. C. Cockerell. + +No reference to the contents of a general heading which is without +subdivision should be allowed unless of course the page is given. + +There are too many vague cross references in the _Penny Cyclopaedia_ +where you are referred from the known to the unknown. If a general +heading be divided into sections, and each of these be clearly defined, +they should be cross referenced, but not otherwise. At present you may +look for Pesth and be referred to Hungary, where probably there is much +about Pesth, but you do not know where to look for it in the long +article without some clue. Sometimes cross references are mere +expedients, particularly in the case of a cyclopaedia published in +volumes or parts. Thus a writer agrees to contribute an article early in +the alphabet, but it is not ready in time for the publication of the +part, so a cross reference is inserted which sends the reader to a +synonym later on in the alphabet. In certain cases this has been done +two or three times. An instance occurs in the life of the distinguished +bibliographer, the late Henry Bradshaw (than whom no one was more +capable of producing a masterly article), who undertook to write on +"Printing" in the _Encyclopaedia Britannica_. When the time for +publication arrived (1885), Bradshaw was not ready, and in place of the +article appeared the cross reference, "PRINTING, TYPOGRAPHIC--See +_Typography_." Bradshaw died on February 10, 1886, and the article on +"Typography" which was published in Vol. 23 in 1888, was written by Mr. +Hessels. + +Cross referencing has its curiosities as well as other branches of our +subject. Perhaps the most odd collection of cross references is to be +found in Serjeant William Hawkins's _Pleas of the Crown_ (1716; 5th ed., +1771; 7th ed., 4 vols., 1795), of which it was said in the _Monthly +Magazine_ for June, 1801 (p. 419): "A plain, unlettered man is led to +suspect that the writer of the volume and the writer of the index are +playing at cross purposes." + +The following are some of the most amusing entries: + + "Cards _see_ Dice." + + "Cattle _see_ Clergy." + + "Chastity _see_ Homicide." + + "Cheese _see_ Butter." + + "Coin _see_ High Treason." + + "Convicts _see_ Clergy." + + "Death _see_ Appeal." + + "Election _see_ Bribery." + + "Farthings _see_ Halfpenny." + + "Fear _see_ Robbery." + + "Footway _see_ Nuisance." + + "Honour _see_ Constable." + + "Incapacity _see_ Officers." + + "King _see_ Treason." + + "Knaves _see_ Words." + + "Letters _see_ Libel." + + "London _see_ Outlawry." + + "Shop _see_ Burglary." + + "Sickness _see_ Bail." + + "Threats _see_ Words." + + "Westminster Hall _see_ Contempt and Lie." + + "Writing _see_ Treason." + +This arrangement of some of the cross references is perhaps scarcely +fair. They are spread over several elaborate indexes in the original, +and in their proper places do not strike one in the same way as when +they are set out by themselves. One of the instances given by the critic +in the _Monthly Magazine_ is unfairly cited. It is there given as +"Assault _see_ Son." The cross reference really is, "Assault _see_ Son +Assault." + +Hawkins's work is divided into two parts, and the folio editions have +two indexes, one to each part; the octavo edition has four indexes, one +to each volume. + +The index to Ford's _Handbook of Spain_ contains an amusing reference: + + "Wellington, _see_ Duke." + +Besides these four divisions of the chief faults in indexing, there are +many other pitfalls gaping wide to receive the careless indexer. + +Names are a great difficulty, but it is not necessary to refer to these +more generally here, as they are fully dealt with in the rules (_see_ +Chapter VI.) + +It is not often that an English indexer has to index a French book, but +should he do so he would often need to be careful. The Frenchman does +not care to leave that which he does not understand unexplained. The +translation of _Love's Last Shift_ as _La Derniere Chemise de l'Amour_, +attributed by Horace Walpole to the Dowager Duchess of Bolton in George +I.'s reign, is probably an invention, but some translations quite as +amusing are genuine. G. Brunet of Bordeaux, having occasion in his _La +France Litteraire au XV^e siecle_ to mention "White Knights," at one +time the seat of the Duke of Marlborough, translates it into _Le +Chevalier Blanc_. When Dr. Buckland, the geologist, died, a certain +French paper published a biography of him in which it was explained that +the deceased had been a very versatile writer, for besides his work on +geology he had produced one _Sur les Ponts et Chaussees_. This was a +puzzling statement, but it turned out to be a translation of +_Bridgewater Treatises_, in which series his _Geology and Mineralogy_ +was published in 1837. + +Sometimes contractions give trouble to the indexer, and he must be +careful not to fill them out unless he is sure of what they mean. Many +blunders have been made in this way. In the _Historie of Edward IV._ +(1471), edited by that careful and trustworthy antiquary John Bruce for +the Camden Society in 1838, there is the following remarkable statement: +"Wherefore the Kynge may say, as Julius Caesar sayde, he that is not +agaynst me is with me." + +This chapter might be made a very long one by instancing a series of +badly indexed books, but this would be a tedious recital devoid of any +utility, for the blunders and carelessness of the bad indexer are +singularly alike in their futility. It is nevertheless worth while to +mention the index to Peter Cunningham's complete edition of Walpole's +_Letters_, because that work deserves a good index. We may hope that +when Mrs. Toynbee publishes her new and complete edition of the +_Letters_, she will add a really satisfactory index. The present index +is very bad and most irritating to the person who uses it. Examples of +most of the careless and foolish blunders in indexing are to be found +here; for instance, there are long lists of references without +indication of the reason for any of them. The same person is entered in +two places if he is spoken of under slightly different names. The same +nobleman is referred to as Lord ---- and as the Earl of ----, while +sometimes a heading devoted to Lord ---- contains references to two +distinct men. Van Eyck has one reference under Van and another under +Eyck. Mrs. Godfrey is entered under both Godfrey and _La_ Godfrey. Many +other absurdities are to be found in the index, but the extract of one +heading will be sufficient to show how ill the arrangement is: + + "Gower, edition of, + ---- Baptist Leveson, + ---- Countess of, + ---- Dowager Lady, + ---- Duke of, + ---- Earl of, + ---- John, Earl, + ---- Lady, + ---- Lady Elizabeth, + ---- Lady Mary Leveson, + ---- Lord, + ---- Richard Leveson." + +There is no authority at all for a Duke of Gower, and if we look up the +reference (iv. 39) we find that it refers to "the late Lord G----," +possibly the Earl Gower. + +The confusion by which two persons are made into one has sometimes an +evil consequence worse than putting the consulter of an index on the +wrong scent, for the character of an innocent person may be taken away +by this means. (Constance) Lady Russell of Swallowfield points out in +_Notes and Queries_, that in the index to _Familiar Letters of Sir +Walter Scott_ (1894) there are three references under Lady Charlotte +Campbell, one of which is to a Lady C----, really intended for the +notorious Lady Conyngham, mistress to George IV. In another index Mary +Bellenden is described thus: "Bellenden, Miss, Mistress of George II." +This is really too bad; for the charming maid of honour called by Gay +"Smiling Mary, soft and fair as down," turned a deaf ear to the +importunities of the king, as we know on the authority of Horace +Walpole. + +The index to Lord Braybrooke's edition of Pepys's _Diary_ has many +faults, mostly due to bad arrangement; but it must be allowed that there +is a great difficulty in indexing a private diary such as this. The +diarist knew to whom he was referring when he mentioned Mr. or Mrs.----; +but where there are two or more persons of the same name, it is hard to +distinguish between them correctly. This has been a stumbling-block in +the compilation of the index to the new edition, in which a better +system was attempted. + +It has been said that a bad index is better than no index at all, but +this statement is open to question. Still, all must agree that an +indexless book is a great evil. Mr. J. H. Markland is the authority for +the declaration that "the omission of an index when essential should be +an indictable offence." Carlyle denounces the publishers of books +unprovided with this necessary appendage; and Baynes, the author of the +_Archaeological Epistle to Dean Mills_ (usually attributed to Mason), +concocted a terrible curse against such evil-doers. The reporter was the +learned Francis Douce, who said to Mr. Thoms: "Sir, my friend John +Baynes used to say that the man who published a book without an index +ought to be damned ten miles beyond Hell, where the Devil could not get +for stinging-nettles."[10] Lord Campbell proposed that any author who +published a book without an index should be deprived of the benefits of +the Copyright Act; and the Hon. Horace Binney, LL.D., a distinguished +American lawyer, held the same views, and would have condemned the +culprit to the same punishment. Those, however, who hold the soundest +views sometimes fail in practice; thus Lord Campbell had to acknowledge +that he had himself sinned before the year 1857. + + [10] _Notes and Queries_, 5th Series, VIII. 87. + +These are the words written by Lord Campbell in the preface to the first +volume of his _Lives of the Chief Justices_ (1857): "I have only further +to express my satisfaction in thinking that a heavy weight is now to be +removed from my conscience. So essential did I consider an index to be +to every book, that I proposed to bring a Bill into Parliament to +deprive an author who publishes a book without an Index of the privilege +of copyright; and moreover to subject him for his offence to a pecuniary +penalty. Yet from difficulties started by my printers, my own books have +hitherto been without an Index. But I am happy to announce that a +learned friend at the Bar, on whose accuracy I can place entire +reliance, has kindly prepared a copious index, which will be appended to +this work, and another for a new stereotyped edition of the Lives of the +Chancellors." + +Mr. John Morley, in an article in the _Fortnightly Review_ on Mr. +Russell's edition of Matthew Arnold's _Letters_, lifts up his voice +against an indexless book. He says: "One damning sin of omission Mr. +Russell has indeed perpetrated: the two volumes have no index, nor even +a table of contents."[11] _George Selwyn and his Contemporaries_, a most +interesting but badly arranged book, by John Heneage Jesse, was +published without an index, and a new edition was issued (1882) also +without this necessary addition. The student of the manners of the +eighteenth century must constantly refer to this book, and yet it is +almost impossible to find in it what you want without great waste of +labour. I have found it necessary to make a manuscript index for my own +use. + + [11] Quoted _Notes and Queries_, 8th Series, IX. 425. + + + + + [Illustration] + + CHAPTER IV. + + THE GOOD INDEXER. + + "Thomas Norton was appointed Remembrancer of the city of London + in 1570, and directions were given to him that 'he shall gather + together and reduce the same [the Bookes] into Indices, Tables + or Kalendars, whereby they may be more easily, readily and + orderly founde.'"--_Analytical Index to "Remembrancia,"_ p. v. + + +[Illustration: T]he acrostic + I I + N never + D did + E ensure + X exactness +made by a contributor to _Notes and Queries_ as a motto for an index +expresses very well the difficulties ever present to the indexer; and +the most successful will confess the truth that it contains, however +much others may consider his work to be good. + +There are many indexes which are only of partial merit, but which a +little more care and experience on the part of the indexer would have +made good. If the medium indexer felt that indexing was work that must +be done to the best of his ability, and he studied the best examples, he +would gradually become a good indexer. + +The famous bibliographer, William Oldys, rated the labours of the +diligent indexer very highly, and expressed his views very clearly thus: + + "The labour and patience, the judgment and penetration which are + required to make a good index is only known to those who have + gone through this most painful, but least praised part of a + publication. But laborious as it is, I think it is indispensably + necessary to manifest the treasures of any multifarious + collection, facilitate the knowledge to those who seek it, and + invite them to make application thereof."[12] + + [12] _Notes and Queries_, 2nd Series, XI. 309. + +Similar sentiments were expressed by a writer in the _Monthly Review_ +which have been quoted by Dr. Allibone in his valuable _Dictionary of +English Literature_.[13] + + [13] Vol. i., p. 85. + + "The compilation of an index is one of those useful labours for + which the public, commonly better pleased with entertainment + than with real service, are rarely so forward to express their + gratitude as we think they ought to be. It has been considered a + task fit only for the plodding and the dull: but with more truth + it may be said that this is the judgment of the idle and the + shallow. The value of anything, it has been observed, is best + known by the want of it. Agreeably to this idea, we, who have + often experienced great inconveniences from the want of indices, + entertain the highest sense of their worth and importance. We + know that in the construction of a good index, there is far more + scope for the exercise of judgment and abilities, than is + commonly supposed. We feel the merits of the compiler of such an + index, and we are ever ready to testify our thankfulness for his + exertions." + +A goodly roll may be drawn up of eminent men who have not been ashamed +to appear before the world as indexers. In the first rank we must place +the younger Scaliger, who devoted ten months on the compilation of an +elaborate index to Gruter's _Thesaurus Inscriptionum_. Bibliographers +have been unanimous in praise of the energy exhibited by the great +critic in undertaking so vast a labour. Antonio describes the index as a +Herculean work, and LeClerc observes that if we think it surprising that +so great a man should undertake so laborious a task we must remember +that such indexes can only be made by a very able man. + +Nicolas Antonio, the compiler of one of the fullest and most accurate +bibliographies ever planned, was a connoisseur of indexes, and wrote a +short essay on the makers of them. His _Bibliotheca Hispana_ is not +known so well as it deserves to be, but those who use it find it one of +the most trustworthy of guides. The system upon which the authors' names +are arranged is one that at first sight may seem to give cause for +ridicule, for they appear in an alphabet of Christian names; but when we +consider that the Spaniards and Portuguese stand alone among European +nations in respect to the importance they pay to the Christian name, and +remember, further, that authors and others are often alluded to by their +Christian names alone, we shall see a valid reason for the plan. Another +point that should not be forgotten is the number of Spanish authors who +have belonged to the religious orders and are never known by their +surnames. This arrangement, however, necessitates a full index of +surnames, and Antonio has given one which was highly praised both by +Baillet and Bayle, two men who were well able to form an opinion. + +Juan de Pineda's _Monarchia Ecclesiastica o historia Universal del +Mundo_ (_Salamanca_, 1588) has a very curious and valuable table which +forms the fifth volume of the whole set; and the three folio volumes of +indexes in one alphabet to the _Annales Ecclesiastici_ of Baronius form +a noble work. + +Samuel Jeake, senior, compiled a valuable work on "Arithmetick" in 1674, +which was published by his son in 1696: [Greek: Logistikelogia]; _or, +Arithmetick Surveighed and Reviewed_. Professor De Morgan specially +refers to this book in his _Arithmetical Books_, saying: "Those who know +the value of a large book with a good index will pick this one up when +they can." He praises it on account of the value of the information it +contains and the fulness of the references to that information. The +alphabetical table, directing to some special points noted in the +precedent treatise, was probably the work of Samuel Jeake, junior. The +author's epistle is dated from Rye, 1674, and one of the entries is +curious: + + "Winchelsea, when drowned 74." + +S. Jeake being a resident at Rye had an interesting note to add to this: + + "Among the records of this town of Rye is a Memorandum entered + that the year old Winchelsea was drowned (1287) corn was 2_s._ + the quarter." + +Thomas Carlyle denounced the putters forth of indexless books, and his +sincerity is proved by the publication in 1874 of a separate index to +the people's edition of his Works. In his introduction to _Cromwell's +Letters and Speeches_ he is very severe on some of the old folios he was +forced to use: + + "The Rushworths, Whitelocks, Nalsons, Thurloes; enormous folios, + these and many other have been printed and some of them again + printed but never yet edited,--edited as you edit wagon-loads of + broken bricks, and dry mortar simply by tumbling up the wagon! + Not one of those monstrous old volumes has so much as an index. + It is the general rule of editing on this matter. If your editor + correct the press, it is an honourable distinction." + +A very eminent name may be added to the list of indexers, for, when a +boy of fifteen, Macaulay made the index to a volume of the _Christian +Observer_ (of which periodical his father was editor), and this he +introduced to the notice of Hannah More in these words: + + "To add to the list, my dear Madam, you will soon see a work of + mine in print. Do not be frightened; it is only the Index to the + thirteenth volume of the _Christian Observer_, which I have had + the honour of composing. Index-making, though the lowest, is not + the most useless round in the ladder of literature; and I pride + myself upon being able to say that there are many readers of the + _Christian Observer_ who could do without Walter Scott's works, + but not without those of, my dear Madam, your affectionate + friend, THOMAS B. MACAULAY." + +Although proud of his work, Macaulay places index-making in a very low +position. In later life he used a contemptuous expression when he was +describing the appearance of those who followed the lowest grade in the +literary profession. The late Mr. H. Campkin, a veteran indexer, quotes +this description in the preface to one of his valuable indexes--that to +the twenty-five volumes of the _Sussex Archaeological Collections_: + + "The compilation of Indexes will always and naturally so, be + regarded as a humble art; 'index-makers in ragged coats of + frieze' are classed by Lord Macaulay as the very lowest of the + frequenters of the coffee houses of the Dryden and Swift era. + Yet ''tis my vocation, Hal,' and into very pleasant + companionship it has sometimes brought me, and if in this + probably the last of my twenty-five years' labours in this + direction, I have succeeded in furnishing a fairly practicable + key to a valuable set of volumes, my frieze coat, how tattered + soever signifieth not, will continue to hang upon my shoulders + not uncomfortably." + +Though he did not rate highly the calling of the indexer, Macaulay knew +that that lowly mortal has a considerable power in his hand if he +chooses to use it, for he can state in a few words what the author may +have hidden in verbiage, and he can so arrange his materials as to turn +an author's own words against himself. Hence Macaulay wrote to his +publishers, "Let no d---- Tory make the index to my History." When the +index was in progress he appears to have seen the draught, which was +fuller than he thought necessary. He therefore wrote to Messrs. +Longmans: + + "I am very unwilling to seem captious about such a work as an + Index. By all means let Mr. ---- go on. But offer him with all + delicacy and courtesy, from me this suggestion. I would advise + him to have very few heads, except proper names. A few there + must be, such as Convocation, Nonjurors, Bank of England, + National Debt. These are heads to which readers who wish for + information on these subject will naturally turn. But I think + that Mr. ---- will on consideration perceive that such heads as + Priestcraft, Priesthood, Party spirit, Insurrection, War, Bible, + Crown, Controversies, Dissent, are quite useless. Nobody will + ever look for them; and if every passage in which party-spirit, + dissent, the art of war, and the power of the Crown are + mentioned, is to be noticed in the Index, the size of the + volumes will be doubled. The best rule is to keep close to + proper names, and never to deviate from that rule without some + special occasion."[14] + +[14] Trevelyan's _Life and Letters of Macaulay_, chap. xi. + +These remarks exhibit Macaulay's eminently common-sense view of the +value of an index, but it is evident that he did not realise the +possibility of a good and full index such as might have been produced. +The _History of England_, with all its wealth of picturesque +illustration, deserves a full index compiled by some one capable of +exhibiting the spirit of that great work in a brilliant analysis. + +Sir George Trevelyan's delightful _Life_ of his uncle was originally +published without an index, and Mr. Perceval Clark made an admirable +one, both full and interesting, which was issued by the Index Society in +1881. Mr. Clark writes in his preface: + + "The single heading MACAULAY of course takes up a large space of + the Index, and will be found, together with a few other + headings, to contain everything directly touching him. The list + of his published writings refers of course only to writings + mentioned by his Biographer, and lays no claim to be considered + an exhaustive bibliography of his works. The books Macaulay read + that were 'mostly trash' have their places in the body of the + Index, while those that stood by him in all vicissitudes as + comforters, nurses, and companions, have half a page to + themselves under one of the sections of MACAULAY. The + particulars of his life and work in India are given under INDIA; + localities in London under LONDON; various newspapers under + NEWSPAPERS, and certain French and Italian towns visited by + Macaulay under their countries respectively." + +Just such an index one would like to see of the _History of England_. + +It may be added that the popular edition of the _Life_ published +subsequently has an index. + +A large number of official indexes are excellent, although some very bad +ones have been printed. Still, it may be generally stated that in +Government Departments there are those in power who know the value of a +good digest, and understand that it is necessary to employ skilled +labour. The work is well paid, and therefore not scamped; and plenty of +room is devoted to the index, which is printed in a satisfactory manner +in type well set out. + +We have no modern statistics to offer, but the often quoted statement +that in 1778 a total of L12,000 was voted for indexes to the Journals of +the House of Commons shows that the value of indexes was appreciated by +Parliament in the eighteenth century. The items of this amount were: + + "To Mr. Edward Moore L6400 as a final compensation for thirteen + years labour; Rev. Mr. Forster L3000 for nine years' labour; + Rev. Dr. Roger Flaxman L3000 for nine years' labour; and L500 to + Mr. Cunningham." + +One of the most admirable applications of index making is to be found in +the series of Calendars of State Papers issued under the sanction of the +Master of the Rolls, which have made available to all a mass of +historical material of unrivalled value. How many students have been +grateful for the indexes to these calendars, and also for the aid given +to him by the indexes to Parliamentary papers and other Government +publications! + +It is impossible to mention all the good official indexes, but a special +word of praise must be given to the indexes to the _Statutes of the +Realm_, the folio edition published by the Record Commission. I have +often consulted the _Alphabetical Index to the Statutes from Magna +Charta to the End of the Reign of Queen Anne_ (1824) with the greatest +pleasure and profit. It is a model of good workmanship. + +The lawyers have analytical minds, and they know how important full +indexes and digests are to complete their stock-in-trade. They have done +much, but there is still much to be done. Lord Thring drew up some +masterly instructions for an index to the Statute Law, which is to be +considered as a step towards a code. These instructions conclude with +these weighty words: + + "Let no man imagine that the construction of an index to the + Statute Law is a mere piece of mechanical drudgery, unworthy of + the energy and ability of an accomplished lawyer. Next to + codification, the most difficult task that can be accomplished + is to prepare a detailed plan for a code, as distinct from the + easy task of devising a theoretical system of codification. Now + the preparation of an index, such as has been suggested in the + above instructions, is the preparation of a detailed plan for a + code. Each effective title, is in effect, a plan for the + codification of the legal subject-matter grouped under that + title, and the whole index if completed would be a summary of a + code arranged in alphabetical order."[15] + + [15] These instructions, with specimens of the proposed index, are + printed in the _Law Magazine_ for August, 1877, 4th Series, + vol. 8, p. 491. + +That this question of digesting the law is to be considered as one which +should interest all classes of Englishmen, and not the lawyer only, may +be seen from an article in the _Nineteenth Century_ (September, 1877) on +the "Improvement of the Law by Private Enterprise," by the late Sir +James Fitzjames Stephen, who did so much towards a complete digest of +the law. He wrote: + + "I have long believed that the law might by proper means be + relieved of this extreme obscurity and intricacy, and might be + displayed in its true light as a subject of study of the deepest + possible interest, not only to every one who takes an interest + in politics or ethics, or in the application of logic and + metaphysics to those subjects. In short, I think that nothing + but the rearrangement and condensation of the vast masses of + matter contained in our law libraries is required, in order to + add to human knowledge what would be practically a new + department of the highest and most permanent interest. Law holds + in suspension both the logic and the ethics, which are in fact + recognised by men of business and men of the world as the + standards by which the practice of common life ought to be + regulated, and by which men ought to form their opinions in all + their most important temporal affairs. It would be a far greater + service to mankind than many people would suppose to have these + standards clearly defined and brought within the reach of every + one who cared to study them." + +The following remarks will apply with equal force to a more general and +universal index than that of the law: + + "The preparation of a digest either of the whole or of any + branch of the law is work of a very peculiar kind. It is one of + the few literary undertakings in which a number of persons can + really and effectively work together. Any given subject may, it + is true, be dealt with in a variety of different ways; but when + the general scheme, according to which it is to be treated, has + been determined on, when the skeleton of the book has been drawn + out, plenty of persons might be found to do the work of filling + up the details, though that work is very far from being easy or + matter of routine." + +The value of analytical or index work is set in a very strong light by +an observation of Sir James Stephen respecting the early digesters of +the law. The origin of English law is to be found in the year-books and +other series of old reports, which from the language used in them and +the black-letter printing with its contractions, etc., are practically +inaccessible. Lord Chief Justice Coke and others who reduced these books +into form are in consequence treated as ultimate authorities, although +the almost worshipped Coke is said by Sir James to be "one of the most +confused, pedantic, and inaccurate of men." + +A good index is that to the Works of Jeremy Bentham, published in 1843 +under the dictation of Sir John Bowring. _The Analytical Index to the +Works of Jeremy Bentham and to the Memoirs and Correspondence_ was +compiled by J. H. Burton, to whom it does great credit. The indexer +prefixed a sensible note, where he writes: + + "In some instances it would have been impossible to convey a + notion of the train of reasoning followed by the author, without + using his own words, and in these no attempt has been made to do + more than indicate the place where the subject is discussed. In + other cases where it has appeared to the compiler that an + intelligible analysis has been made, he may have failed in his + necessarily abbreviated sentences in embodying the meaning of + the original, but defects of this description are indigenous to + Indexes in general." + +But here all is utility, and it is to the literary index that we turn +for pleasure as well as instruction. + +The index to Ruskin's _Fors Clavigera_, vols. 1-8 (1887), is a most +interesting book, especially to Ruskin admirers. There are some +specially delightful original and characteristic references under the +heading of _London_, such as the following: + + "London, Fifty square miles outside of, demoralised by upper + classes + + ---- Its middle classes compare unfavourably with apes + + ---- Some blue sky in, still + + ---- Hospital named after Christ's native village in, + + ---- Honestest journal of, _Punch_. + + ---- crossings, what would they be without benevolent police?" + +The index is well made and the references are full of life and charm, +but the whole is spoilt by the bad arrangement. The entries are set out +in single lines under the headings in the successive order of the pages. +This looks unsystematic, as they ought to be arranged in alphabet. When +the references are given in the order of the pages they should be +printed in block. + +There are several entries commencing with "'s"; thus, under + + "ST. GEORGE." + p. 386: + "'s war + "of Hanover Square." + p. 387: + "'s Square + 's, Hanover Square" + p. 389: + "'s law + 's school + 's message + 's Chapel at Venice." + +In long headings that occupy separate pages these are repeated at the +top of the page, but the headings are not sufficiently full: thus the +saints are arranged in alphabet under _S_; George commences on page 386. +On + + p. 387: + "Saint--Saints _continued_ story of," + p. 388: + "what of gold etc. he thinks good for people, they shall have" + p. 389: + "tenth part of fortunes for" + p. 390: + "his creed" + p. 391: + "loss of a good girl for his work" + +In the case of all the references on these pages you have to go back to +page 386 to find out to whom they refer. + +There is a particularly bad block of references filling half a page +under _Lord_. + + "Lord, High Chancellor, 7.6; 's Prayer vital to a nation, 7.22; + Mayor and Corporation, &c of Hosts." + +It is a pity that an interesting index should be thus marred by bad +arrangement. + +Dr. Birkbeck Hill's complete index to his admirable edition of Boswell's +_Life of Johnson_ is a delightful companion to the work, and may be +considered as a model of what an index should be; for compilation, +arrangement, and printing all are good. Under the different headings are +capital abstracts in blocks. There are sub-headings in alphabet under +the main heading _Johnson_. + +A charming appendix to the index consists of "Dicta Philosophi: A +Concordance of Johnson's Sayings." + +Dr. Hill writes in his preface: + + "In my Index, which has cost me many months' heavy work, 'while + I bore burdens with dull patience and beat the track of the + alphabet with sluggish resolution,' I have, I hope, shown that I + am not unmindful of all that I owe to men of letters. To the + dead we cannot pay the debt of gratitude that is their due. Some + relief is obtained from its burthen, if we in our turn make the + men of our own generation debtors to us. The plan on which my + Index is made, will I trust be found convenient. By the + alphabetical arrangement in the separate entries of each article + the reader, I venture to think, will be greatly facilitated in + his researches. Certain subjects I have thought it best to form + into groups. Under America, France, Ireland, London, Oxford, + Paris and Scotland, are gathered together almost all the + references to those subjects. The provincial towns of France, + however, by some mistake I did not include in the general + article. One important but intentional omission I must justify. + In the case of the quotations in which my notes abound I have + not thought it needful in the Index to refer to the book unless + the eminence of the author required a separate and a second + entry. My labour would have been increased beyond all endurance + and my Index have been swollen almost into a monstrosity had I + always referred to the book as well as to the matter which was + contained in the passage that I extracted. Though in such a + variety of subjects there must be many omissions, yet I shall be + greatly disappointed if actual errors are discovered. Every + entry I have made myself, and every entry I have verified in the + proof sheets, not by comparing it with my manuscript, but by + turning to the reference in the printed volumes. Some indulgence + nevertheless may well be claimed and granted. If Homer at times + nods, an index maker may be pardoned, should he in the fourth or + fifth month of his task at the end of a day of eight hours' work + grow drowsy. May I fondly hope that to the maker of so large an + index will be extended the gratitude which Lord Bolingbroke says + was once shown to lexicographers? 'I approve,' writes his + lordship, 'the devotion of a studious man at Christ Church, who + was overheard in his oratory entering into a detail with God, + and acknowledging the divine goodness in furnishing the world + with makers of dictionaries.'" + +It is impossible to speak too highly of Dr. Hill's indexes to Boswell's +_Life of Johnson_ and Boswell's _Letters_ and _Johnson Miscellanies_. +Not only are they good indexes in themselves, but an indescribable +literary air breathes over every page, and gives distinction to the +whole. The index volume of the _Life_ is by no means the least +interesting of the set, and one instinctively thinks of the once +celebrated Spaniard quoted by the great bibliographer Antonio--that the +index of a book should be made by the author, even if the book itself +were written by some one else. + +The very excellence of this index has been used as a cause of complaint +against its compiler. It has been said that everything that is known of +Johnson can be found in the index, and therefore that the man who uses +it is able to pose as a student, appearing to know as much as he who +knows his _Boswell_ by heart; but this is somewhat of a joke, for no +useful information can be gained unless the book to which the index +refers is searched, and he who honestly searches ceases to be a +smatterer. It is absurd to deprive earnest readers of a useful help lest +reviewers and smatterers misuse it. + +Boswell himself made the original index to the _Life of Johnson_, which +has several characteristic signs of its origin. Mr. Percy Fitzgerald, in +his edition (1874), reprints the original "Table of Contents to the Life +of Johnson," with this note: + + "This is Mr. Boswell's own Index, the paging being altered to + suit the present edition; and the reader will see that it bears + signs of having been prepared by Mr. Boswell himself. In the + second edition he made various additions, as well as + alterations, which are characteristic in their way. Thus, 'Lord + Bute' is changed into 'the Earl of Bute,' and 'Francis Barber' + into 'Mr. Francis Barber.' After Mrs. Macaulay's name he added, + 'Johnson's acute and unanswerable refutation of her levelling + reveries'; and after that of Hawkins he put 'contradicted and + corrected.' There are also various little compliments introduced + where previously he had merely given the name. Such as 'Temple, + Mr., the author's old and most intimate friend'; 'Vilette, + Reverend Mr., his just claims on the publick'; 'Smith, Captain, + his attention to Johnson at Warley Camp'; 'Somerville, Mr., the + authour's warm and grateful remembrance of him'; 'Hall, General, + his politeness to Johnson at Warley Camp'; 'Heberden, Dr., his + kind attendance on Johnson.' On the other hand, Lord Eliot's + 'politeness to Johnson' which stands in the first edition, is + cut down in the second to the bald 'Eliot, Lord'; while + 'Loughborough, Lord, his talents and great good fortune,' may + have seemed a little offensive, and was expunged. The Literary + Club was reverentially put in capitals. There are also such odd + entries as 'Brutus, a ruffian,' &c." + +One wishes that there were more indexes like Dr. Hill's in the world; +and since I made an index to Shelley's works, I have often thought that +a series of indexes of great authors would be of inestimable value. + +First, all the author's works should be indexed, then his biographies, +and lastly the anecdotes and notices in reviews and other books. How +valuable would such books be in the study of our greatest poets! The +plan is quite possible of attainment, and the indexes would be +entertaining in themselves if made fairly full. + +It is not possible to refer to all the good indexes that have been +produced, for they are too numerous. A very remarkable index is that of +the publications of the Parker Society by Henry Gough, which contains a +great mass of valuable information presented in a handy form. It is the +only volume issued by the society which is sought after, as the books +themselves are a drug in the market. Mr. Gough was employed to make an +index to the publications of the Camden Society, which would have been +of still more value on account of the much greater interest of the books +indexed; but the expense of printing the index was too great for the +funds of the society, and it had to be abandoned, to the great loss of +the literary world. Most of the archaeological societies, commencing with +the Society of Antiquaries, have issued excellent indexes, and the +scientific societies also have produced indexes of varying merit. + +The esteem in which the indexes of _Notes and Queries_ are held is +evidenced by the high prices they realise when they occur for sale. Mr. +Tedder's full indexes to the Reports of the Conference of Librarians and +the Library Association may also be mentioned. + +A very striking instance of the great value which a general index of a +book may possess as a distinct work can be seen in the "Index to the +first ten volumes of Book Prices Current (1887-1896), constituting a +reference list of subjects and incidentally a key to Anonymous and +Pseudonymous Literature, London, 1901." + +Here, in one alphabet, is a brief bibliography of the books sold in ten +years well set out, and the dates of the distinctive editions clearly +indicated. The compilation of this index must have been a specially +laborious work, and does great credit to William Jaggard, of Liverpool, +the compiler. + +The authorities of the Clarendon Press, Oxford, are to be highly +commended for their conduct in respect to the index to Ranke's _History +of England_. This was attached to the sixth volume of the work published +in 1875. It is by no means a bad index in itself; but a revised index +was issued in 1897, which is a greatly improved edition by the addition +of dates and fuller descriptions and Christian names and titles to the +persons mentioned. The new index is substantially the same as the old +one, but the reviser has gone carefully through it, improving it at all +points, by which means it was extended over an additional twenty-three +pages. It is instructive to compare the two editions. Four references as +they appear in the two will show the improvement: + + _Old index._ _New index._ + + "Lower House." "Lower House see + Commons, House + of." + + "Window tax v. 102." "Window tax, imposed + 1695 v. 102." + + "Witt, John de." "Witt, Cornelius de." + + "Witt, Cornelius de." "Witt, John de." + +Miss Hetherington has very justly explained the cause of bad indexing. +She says that it has been stated in the _Review of Reviews_ that the +indexer is born, _not_ made, and that the present writer said: "An ideal +indexer needs many qualifications; but unlike the poet he is not born, +_but_ made!" She then adds to these differing opinions: "More truly he +is born _and_ made." + +I agree to the correction and forswear my former heresy. Certainly the +indexer requires to be born with some of the necessary qualities innate +in him, and then he requires to have those qualities turned to a +practical point by the study of good examples, so as to know what to +follow and what to avoid. Miss Hetherington goes on to say: + + "As a matter of fact, people without the first necessary + qualifications, or any aptitude whatever for the work are set to + compile indexes, and the work is regarded as nothing more than + purely mechanical copying that any hack may do. So long as + indexing and cataloguing are treated with contempt rather than + as arts not to be acquired in a day, or perhaps a year, and so + long as authors and their readers are indifferent to good work, + will worthless indexing continue."[16] + + [16] _Index to the Periodical Literature of the World_ (1892). + +What, then, are the chief characteristics that are required to form a +good indexer? I think they may be stated under five headings: + +1. Common-sense. + +2. Insight into the meaning of the author. + +3. Power of analysis. + +4. Common feeling with the consulter and insight into his mind, so that +the indexer may put the references he has drawn from the book under +headings where they are most likely to be sought. + +5. General knowledge, with the power of overcoming difficulties. + +The ignorant man cannot make a good index. The indexer will find that +his miscellaneous knowledge is sure to come in useful, and that which he +might doubt would ever be used by him will be found to be helpful when +least expected. It may seem absurd to make out that the good indexer +should be a sort of Admirable Crichton. There can be no doubt, however, +that he requires a certain amount of knowledge; and the good cataloguer +and indexer, without knowing everything, will be found to possess a keen +sense of knowledge. + +As I owe all my interest in bibliography and indexing to him, I may +perhaps be allowed to introduce the name of my elder brother, the late +Mr. B. R. Wheatley, a Vice-President of the Library Association, as that +of a good indexer. He devoted his best efforts to the advancement of +bibliography. When fresh from school he commenced his career by making +the catalogue of one of the parts of the great _Heber Catalogue_. He +planned and made one of the earliest of indexes to a library +catalogue--that of the Athenaeum Club. He made one of the best of indexes +to the transactions of a society in that of the Statistical Society, +which he followed by indexes of the Transactions of the Royal Medical +and Chirurgical Society, Clinical, and other societies. He also made an +admirable index to Tooke's _History of Prices_--a work of great labour, +which met with the high approval of the authors, Thomas Tooke and +William Newmarch. + + [Illustration] + + + + + [Illustration] + + CHAPTER V. + + DIFFERENT CLASSES OF INDEXES. + + + "Of all your talents you are a most amazing man at Indexes. What + a flag too, do you hang out at the stern! You must certainly + persuade people that the book overflows with matter, which (to + speak the truth) is but thinly spread. But I know all this is + fair in trade, and you have a right to expect that the publick + should purchase freely when you reduce the whole book into an + epitome for their benefit; I shall read the index with + pleasure."--WILLIAM CLARKE TO WILLIAM BOWYER, NICHOLS'S + _Literary Anecdotes_, vol. 3, p. 46. + +[Illustration: I]n dealing with the art of the indexer it is most +important to consider the different classes of indexes. There are simple +indexes, such as those of names and places, which only require care and +proper alphabetical arrangement. The makers of these often plume +themselves upon their work; but they must remember that the making of +these indexes can only be ranked as belonging to the lowest rung of the +index ladder. + +The easiest books to index are those coming within the classes of +History, Travel, Topography, and generally those that deal almost +entirely with facts. The indexing of these is largely a mechanical +operation, and only requires care and judgment. Verbal indexes and +concordances are fairly easy when the plan is settled; but they are +often works of great labour, and the compilers deserve great credit for +their perseverance. John Marbeck stands at the head of this body of +indefatigable workers who have placed the world under the greatest +obligations. He was the first to publish a concordance of the Bible,[17] +to be followed nearly two centuries later by the work of Alexander +Cruden, whose name has almost become a synonym for a concordance. After +the Bible come the works of Shakespeare, indexed by Samuel Ayscough +(1790), Francis Twiss (1805), Mrs. Cowden Clarke (1845), and Mr. John +Bartlett, who published in 1894 a still fuller concordance than that of +Mrs. Clarke. It is a vast quarto volume of 1,910 pages in double +columns, and represents an enormous amount of self-denying labour. Dr. +Alexander Schmidt's _Shakespeare Lexicon_ (1874) is something more than +a concordance, for it is a dictionary as well. + + [17] "A Concordance, that is to saie, a worke wherein by the + ordre of the letters of the ABC ye maie redely finde any + worde conteigned in the whole Bible, so often as it is there + expressed or mencioned ... anno 1550."--_Folio._ + +A dictionary is an index of words. We do not mention dictionaries in +this connection to insist on the fact that they are indexes of words, +but rather to point out that a dictionary such as those of Liddell and +Scott, Littre, Murray, and Bradley, reaches the high watermark of index +work, and so the ordinary indexer is able to claim that he belongs to +the same class as the producers of such masterpieces as these. + +Scientific books are the most difficult to index; but here there is a +difference between the science of fact and the science of thought, the +latter being the most difficult to deal with. The indexing of books of +logic and ethics will call forth all the powers of the indexer and show +his capabilities; but what we call the science of fact contains opinions +as well as facts, and some branches of political economy are subjects by +no means easy to index. + +Some authors indicate their line of reasoning by the compilation of +headings. This is a great help to the indexer; but if the author does +not present such headings, the indexer has to make them himself, and he +therefore needs the abilities of the _precis_-writer. + +There are indexes of Books, of Transactions, Periodicals, etc., and +indexes of Catalogues. Each of these classes demands a different method. +A book must be thoroughly indexed; but the index of Journals and +Transactions may be confined to the titles of the papers and articles. +It is, however, better to index the contents of the essays as well as +their titles. + +Before the indexer commences his work he must consider whether his index +is to be full or short. Sometimes it is not necessary to adopt the full +index--frequently it is too expensive a luxury for publisher or author; +but the short index can be done well if necessary. + +Whatever plan is followed, the indexer must use his judgment. This ought +to be the marked characteristic of the good indexer. The bad indexer is +entirely without this great gift. + +While trying to be complete, the indexer must reject the trivial; and +this is not always easy. He must not follow in the steps of the lady who +confessed that she only indexed those points which specially interested +her. We have fair warning of incompleteness in _The Register of Corpus +Christi Guild, York_, published by the Surtees Society in 1872, where we +read, on page 321: + + "This Index contains the names of all persons mentioned in the + appendix and foot-notes, but a selection only is given of those + who were admitted into the Guild or enrolled in the Obituary." + +The plan here adopted is not to be commended, for it is clear that so +important a name-list as this is should be thoroughly indexed. However +learned and judicious an editor may be, we do not choose to submit to +his judgment in the offhand decision of what is and what is not +important. + +There is a considerable difference in the choice of headings for a +general or special index--say, for instance, in indexing electrical +subjects the headings would differ greatly in the indexes of the +Institution of Civil Engineers or of the Institution of Electrical +Engineers. In the former, dynamos, transformers, secondary or storage +batteries, alternate and continuous currents would probably be grouped +under the general heading of Electricity, while in the latter we shall +find Dynamos under D, Transformers under T, Batteries under B, Alternate +under A, and Continuous under C. + +The indexes to catalogues of libraries, etc., are among the most +difficult of indexes to compile. It was not usual to attach an index of +subjects to a catalogue of authors until late years, and that to the +_Catalogue of the Athenaeum Club Library_ (1851) is an early specimen. +The _New York State Library Catalogue_ (1856) has an index, as have +those of the _Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society_ (1860) and the +_London Library_ (1865 and 1875). That appended to the _Catalogue of the +Manchester Free Library_ (1864) is more a short list of titles than an +index. + +There are special difficulties attendant on the indexing of catalogues. +Books are written in many languages, and there is considerable trouble +in bringing together the books on a given subject produced in many +countries. The titles of books are not drawn up on the same system or +with any wish to help the indexer. Titles are seldom straightforward, +for they are largely concocted to attract the readers, without any +honest wish to express correctly the nature of the contents of the book. +They are usually either too short or too enigmatical. The titles of +pamphlets, again, are often too long; and it may be taken as an axiom +that the longer the title the less important the book. + +The indexer, however, has a great advantage over the cataloguer, because +the latter is bound by bibliographical etiquette not to alter the title +of a book, while the indexer is at liberty to alter the title as he +likes, so as to bring together books on the same subject, however +different the titles may be. Herein consists the great objection to the +index composed of short titles, as in Dr. Crestadoro's _Index to the +Manchester Free Library Catalogue_. Books almost entirely alike in +subject are separated by reason of the different wording of the titles. +It is much more convenient to gather together under one entry books +identical in subject, and there is no utility in separating an +"elementary treatise" on electricity from "the elements" of electricity. +One important point connected with indexes to catalogues is to add the +date of the book after the name of the author, so that the seeker may +know whether the book is old or new. + +An index ought not to supersede the table of contents, as this is often +useful for those who cannot find what they want in the index, from +having forgotten the point of the heading under which it would most +likely appear in the alphabet. + +In the year 1900 there was a controversy in _The Times_ on a proposed +subject index to the catalogue of the library of the British Museum. It +was commenced on October 15th by a letter signed "A Scholar," and closed +on November 19th by the same writer, who summed up the whole +controversy. "A Scholar" expressed himself strongly against the +proposal, and as he himself confesses he used very arrogant language. In +consequence of which, most readers must have desired to find him proved +to be in the wrong. This desire was satisfied when Mr. Fortescue, the +keeper of the printed books at the British Museum, delivered his address +as President of the Library Association on August 27th last. + +The two points made by the "Scholar" were: (1) That the making of a +general subject index to the catalogue proposed by the authorities of +the British Museum would be a waste of money; (2) That it was a great +evil for the five-yearly indexes originated by Mr. Fortescue to be +discontinued. + +Now let us see what is to be said with authority on these points. + +Mr. Fortescue said: + + "Last Autumn ... I read with respectful astonishment a letter to + 'The Times' from a writer who preferred to veil his identity + under the modest signature of 'a Scholar.' There I read that + 'the studious public of this country and Europe in general have + been surprised by the news that the authorities of the British + Museum seriously contemplate the compilation of a subject index + to the vast collection of printed books in that library.' I can + assure you that the surprise of the studious public and of + Europe in general cannot have surpassed my own when I thus + learned of what the authorities were seriously contemplating. + Nevertheless, it left me able, I thought, to discern that their + vast conceptions had not been so fortunate as to gain the + approval of 'a Scholar' and to marvel whence _The Times_ and + other great journals had drawn their truly surprising + information. Some of the arguments put forth in sundry + criticisms of the 'scheme' showed how much thought had been + bestowed upon matters which then first dazzled my bewildered + imagination. It may come some day (who shall say what will + not?), this General Index, or it may never come. But up to the + present moment I am aware of no authority who is seriously + contemplating so large a venture unless perhaps it be 'a + Scholar' himself." + +Then as to the five-yearly indexes Mr. Fortescue said: + + "Experience has taught us that there is no form of subject-index + which the public values so highly as one which gives the most + recent literature on every possible subject. And to meet this + manifest want we shall certainly continue to issue, with all the + latest improvements I hope, the modest Indexes which we have + hitherto published in five-yearly (I am afraid as President of + The Library Association I should say 'in quinquennial') volumes. + The Museum sweeps its net so wide and in such remote seas that a + more or less complete collection of books on almost every + subject or historical event is gathered within it for future + students. To take only two incidents from the last year or two, + the next index will contain not less than a hundred and forty + books and pamphlets, in almost every European tongue, on the + Dreyfus case, and from four to five hundred books on the present + war in South Africa. Such bibliographical tests have more than + an ephemeral or immediate value. They will remain as records of + events or phases of thought long after their causes shall have + faded from all but the page of history." + +Of late years the dictionary catalogue has come very largely into use in +public libraries. This consists of a union of catalogue of authors and +index of subjects which is found to be very useful and illuminating to +the readers in free libraries, most of whom are probably not versed in +the niceties of bibliographical arrangement, but are more likely to want +a book on a particular subject than to require a special book which they +know. Mr. Cutter has written the history of the dictionary catalogue in +the _United States Special Report_ (pp. 533-539), and he traces it back +in America to about the year 1815. + +Excellent specimens of these dictionary catalogues have been produced. +They are of great value to the ordinary reader at a small public +library, but I venture to think that to construct one for a large +library is a waste of power, because if several large libraries of a +similar character do the same thing, there is constant repetition and +considerable loss by the unnecessary outlay. If a fairly complete +standard index were made, it could be used by all the libraries, and in +return the libraries might unite to pay its cost. I am pleased to know +that Mr. Fortescue prefers to keep index and catalogue distinct. He said +in his address: + + "I have formed, so far as I know, but one dogmatic conviction, + and it is this: that the best catalogue which the art of man can + invent is a catalogue in two inter-dependent yet independent + parts; the first and greater part an alphabetical catalogue of + authors, the second and lesser part a subject-index. I know well + that I shall be told that I am out of date, that such an opinion + is as the voice of one crying in the wilderness--that the + dictionary catalogue has won its battle--but even so, perhaps + the more so, do I feel it the part of a serious and immovable + conviction to declare my belief that--for student and librarian + alike--this twofold catalogue, author and subject each in its + own division, is the best catalogue a library can have, and that + the dictionary catalogue is the very worst. But whatever may be + our individual opinion on this head, it is only necessary to + enter into a very simple calculation to see that if the + dictionary system could have governed the rules of the British + Museum Catalogue it would by now have consisted of not less than + twelve million entries; and assuredly it would have been neither + completed nor printed to-day." + + [Illustration] + + + + + CHAPTER VI. + + GENERAL RULES FOR ALPHABETICAL + INDEXES. + + "In order to guard against blunders Bayle proposed that certain + directions should be drawn up for the guidance of the compilers + of indexes." + + +[Illustration: T]hese rules, originally drawn up by a committee of the +Index Society, were primarily intended for the use of indexers making +indexes of indexless books to be published by the society, which, being +produced separately from the books themselves, needed some introductory +note. In all cases, however, some explanation of the mode of compilation +should be attached to the index. The compiler comes fresh from his +difficulties and the expedients he has devised to overcome them, and it +is therefore well for him to explain to the user of the index what those +special difficulties are. + +The object of the Index Society was to set up a standard of uniformity +in the compilation of the indexes published by them. Although rigid +uniformity is not needed in all indexes, it is well that these should be +made in accordance with the best experience of past workers rather than +on a system which varies with the mood of the compiler. It is hoped that +the following rules may be of some practical use to future indexers. + +In the eighth chapter of _How to Catalogue a Library_ there are a series +of rules for making a catalogue of a small library in which are codified +the different points which had been discussed in the previous chapters. +In the present chapter the Index Society rules are printed in italic, +and to them are now added some illustrative remarks. There is +necessarily a certain likeness between rules for indexing and rules for +cataloguing, but the differences are perhaps more marked. At all events, +the rules for one class of work will not always be suitable for the +other class. + + + 1. _Every work should have one index to the whole set, and not an + index to each volume._ + +An index to each volume of a set is convenient if a general amalgamated +index to the whole set is given as well; but a work with several indexes +and no general one is most inconvenient and irritating, while to have +both seems extravagant. If, however, the author or publisher is willing +to present both, it is not for the user of the book to complain. + + + 2. _Indexes to be arranged in alphabetical order, proper names + and subjects being united in one alphabet. An introduction + containing some indication of the classification of the contents + of the book indexed to be prefixed._ + +In an alphabetical index the alphabet must be all in all. When the +alphabet is used, it must be used throughout. There is no advantage in +dividing proper names from subjects, as is so often done, particularly +in foreign indexes. Another objectionable practice frequently adopted in +the indexes of periodical publications is to keep together the entries +under the separate headings used in the journal itself, and thus to have +a number of distinct alphabets under different headings. This union of +alphabetical and classified indexing has been condemned on a former +page, and need not here be referred to further. + +In the case of large headings the items should be arranged in +alphabetical order under them. There is occasionally a difficulty in +carrying this out completely, but it should be attempted. We want as +little classification as possible in an alphabetical index. Mr. W. F. +Poole wisely said in reference to the proposal of one of his helpers on +the _Index of Periodical Literature_ to place Wealth, Finance, and +Population under the heading of Political Economy: "The fatal defect of +every classified arrangement is that nobody understands it except the +person who made it and he is often in doubt." + + + 3. _The entries to be arranged according to the order of the + English alphabet. I and J and U and V to be kept distinct._ + +There are few things more irritating than to find the alphabet confused +by the union of the vowel _i_ with the consonant _j_, or the vowel _u_ +with the consonant _v_. No doubt they were not distinguished some +centuries ago, but this is no reason why they should again be confused +now that they are usually distinct. There may be special reasons why +they should be mixed together in the British Museum Catalogue, but it is +not evident that these are sufficient. + +The only safe rule is to use the English alphabet as it is to-day in an +English index. One of the rules of the American Library Association is: +"The German _ae_, _oe_, _ue_ always to be written _ae_, _oe_, _ue_, and +arranged as _a_, _o_, _u_." By this Goethe would have to be written +Goethe, which is now an unusual form, and I think it would be better to +insist that where both forms are used, one or other should be chosen and +all instances spelt alike. It is a very common practice to arrange _ae_, +_oe_, _ue_, as if they were written _ae_, _oe_, _ue_; but this leads to +the greatest confusion, and no notice should be taken of letters that +are merely to be understood. + + + 4. _Headings consisting of two or more distinct words are not to + be treated as integral portions of one word; thus the + arrangement should be_: + + _Grave_, John } { _Grave_ at Kherson + _Grave_ at Kherson } { _Grave_, John + _Grave_ of Hope } { _Gravelot_ + _Grave_ Thoughts } not { _Grave_ of Hope + _Gravelot_ } { _Gravesend_ + _Gravesend_ } { _Grave_ Thoughts. + +The perfect alphabetical arrangement is often ignored, and it is not +always easy to decide as to what is the best order; but the above rule +seems to put the matter pretty clearly. If no system is adhered to, it +becomes very difficult to steer a course through the confusion. When +such entries are printed, a very incongruous appearance often results +from the use of a line to indicate repetition when a word similar in +spelling, but not really the same word, occurs; thus, in the above, +Grave _surname_, Grave _substantive_, and Grave _adjective_ must all be +repeated. It is inattention to this obvious fact that has caused such +ludicrous blunders as the following: + + "Mill on Liberty + ---- on the Floss."[18] + + [18] Miss Hetherington gives an additional instance of this + class of blunder, but her only authority is "said to be + from the index of a young lady's scrap book": + + "Patti, Adelina, + ---- oyster." + + The example in the text is absolutely genuine, although + it has been doubted. + + "Cotton, Sir Willoughby, + ----, price of." + + "Old age + ---- Artillery Yard + ---- Bailey." + +These are all genuine entries taken from books, and similar blunders are +not uncommon even in fairly good indexes; thus, in the _Calendar of +Treasury Papers_, 1714-1719, issued by the Public Record Office, under +_Ireland_ are the following entries: + + "Ireland, Mrs. Jane, Sempstress and Starcher to King William; + cxcvii. 32. + + ... Attorney General of, _See_ Attorney General, Ireland." + +Then follow nearly two columns on Ireland with the marks of repetition +(...) throughout. + +The names of streets in the _Post Office Directory_ are now arranged in +a strict alphabetical order on the lines laid down in this rule; thus we +have: + + "White Street + White's Row + White Heart + Whitechapel." + +Again: + + "Abbott Road + Abbott Street + Abbott's Road." + +Again: + + "King Square + King Street + King and Queen Street + King David Street + King Edward Road + King William Street + King's Arms Court + King's Road + Kinglake Street + Kingsbury Road + Kingsgate Street." + +Sometimes there is a slip, as might be expected in so complicated a list +of names. Thus in the foregoing sequence Kinghorn Street comes between +King William Street and King's Arms Court, while I think it ought to +come immediately before Kinglake Street; but, after all, this is a +matter of opinion. Strattondale Street comes before Stratton Street; but +this is merely a case of missorting. + +There is one piece of alphabetisation which the editor of the _Post +Office Directory_ has always adopted, and that is to place Upper and +Lower under those adjectives, and Old Bond Street under _Old_, and New +Bond Street under _New_. These two names belong to what is practically +one street (although each division is separately numbered), which is +always spoken of as Bond Street, and therefore for which the majority of +persons will look under Bond. South Molton Street is correctly placed +under South because there is no North Molton Street, and the street is +named after South Molton; while South Eaton Place is merely a +continuation of Eaton Place. Some persons, however, think that names +should be treated as they stand, and that we should not go behind them +to find out what they mean. + + + 5. _Proper Names of foreigners to be arranged alphabetically + under the prefixes_-- + + _Dal_ } { _Dal Sie_ + _Del_ } { _Del Rio_ + _Della_ } { _Della Casa_ + _Des_ } as { _Des Cloiseaux_ + _Du_ } { _Du Bois_ + _La_ } { _La Condamine_ + _Le_ } { _Le Sage_, + + _but not under the prefixes_-- + + _D_ as _Abbadie_ not _D'Abbadie_ + _Da_ " _Silva_ " _Da Silva_ + _De_ " _La Place_ " _De La Place_ + _Von_ " _Humboldt_ " _Von Humboldt_ + _Van_ " _Beneden_ " _Van Beneden_. + + _It is an acknowledged principle that when the prefix is a + preposition it is to be rejected; but when an article, it is to + be retained. When, however, as in the case of the French Du, + Des, the two are joined, it is necessary to retain the + preposition. This also applies to the case of the Italian Della, + which is often rejected by cataloguers. English names are, + however, to be arranged under the prefixes_: + + _De_ } { _De Quincey_ + _Dela_ } as { _Delabeche_ + _Van_ } { _Van Mildert_, + + _because these prefixes are meaningless in English, and form an + integral part of the name._ + +Whatever rule is adopted, some difficulty will be found in carrying it +out: for instance, if we consider Van Dyck as a foreigner, his name will +appear as Dyck (Van); but if as an Englishman, his name will be treated +as Vandyck. + +A prefix which is translated into the relative term in a foreign +language cannot be considered as a fixed portion of the name. Thus +Alexander von Humboldt, when away from his native Germany, translated +his name into Alexandre de Humboldt. The reason why prefixes are +retained in English names is because they have no meaning in themselves, +and cannot be translated. There is a difficulty here in respect to +certain names with De before them; for instance, the Rothschilds call +themselves De Rothschild, but when the head of the family in England was +made a peer of the United Kingdom he became Lord Rothschild without the +De. In fact, we have to come to the conclusion that when men think of +making changes in their names they pay very little attention to the +difficulties they are forging for the cataloguer and the indexer. + +In this rule no mention is made of such out-of-the-way forms as Im Thurn +and Ten Brink. It is very difficult to decide upon the alphabetical +position of these names. If the indexer had to deal with a number of +these curious prefixes, it would probably be well to ignore them; but +when in the case of an English index they rarely occur, it will probably +be better to put Im Thurn under I and Ten Brink under T. + +With respect to the translation of foreign titles, the historian Freeman +made a curious statement which is quoted in one of the American Q.P. +indexes. Freeman wrote: + + "No man was ever so clear [as Macaulay] from the vice of + thrusting in foreign words into an English sentence. One sees + this in such small matters as the accurate way in which he uses + foreign titles. He speaks, for instance, of the 'Duke of Maine,' + the 'Count of Avaux,' while in other writers one sees the + vulgarism of the _Court Circular_, 'Duke de Maine,' 'Duc de + Maine,'--perhaps 'Duc of Maine.'" + +Duke de Maine and Duc of Maine may be vulgar, they are certainly +incorrect; but I fail to see how it can be vulgar to call a man by his +right name--"Duc de Maine." I do not venture to censure Macaulay, but +for lesser men it is certainly a great mistake to translate the names of +foreigners, in spite of Freeman's expression of his strong opinion. + + + 6. _Proper names with the prefix St., as St. Albans, St. John, + to be arranged in the alphabet as if written in full--Saint. + When the word Saint represents a ceremonial title, as in the + case of St. Alban, St. Giles, and St. Augustine, these names are + to be arranged under the letters A and G respectively; but the + places St. Albans, St. Giles's, and St. Augustine's will be + found under the prefix Saint. The prefixes M' and Mc to be + arranged as if written in full--Mac._ + +This rule is very frequently neglected, more particularly in respect to +the neglect of the difference between Saint Alban the man and St. Albans +the place. + + + 7. _Peers to be arranged under their titles, by which alone in + most cases they are known, and not under their family names, + except in such a case as Horace Walpole, who is almost unknown + by his title of Earl of Orford, which came to him late in life. + Bishops, deans, etc., to be always under their family names._ + +About this rule there is great difference of opinion. The British Museum +practice is to catalogue peers under their surnames, and the same plan +has been adopted in the _Dictionary of National Biography_. It is rather +difficult to understand how this practice has come into being. There are +difficulties on both sides; but the great majority of peers are, I +believe, known solely by their titles, and when these noblemen are +entered under their family names cross references are required because +very few persons know the family names of peers. The Library Association +and Bodleian rules adopt the common-sense plan of entering noblemen +under their titles, and Mr. Cutter gives some excellent reasons for +doing this, although he cannot make up his mind to run counter to a +supposed well-established rule. Mr. Cutter writes: + + "STANHOPE Philip Dormer, 4th _Earl of Chesterfield_.... This is + the British Museum rule and Mr. Jewett's. Mr. Perkins prefers + entry under titles for British noblemen also, in which I should + agree with him if the opposite practice were not so well + established. The reasons for entry under the title are that + British noblemen are always spoken of, always sign by their + titles only, and seldom put the family name upon the title-pages + of their books, so that ninety-nine in a hundred readers must + look under the title first. The reasons against it are that the + founders of noble families are often as well known--sometimes + even better--by their family name as by their titles (as Charles + Jenkinson, afterwards Lord Liverpool; Sir Robert Walpole, + afterwards Earl of Orford); that the same man bears different + titles in different parts of his life (thus P. Stanhope + published his _History of England from the Peace of Utrecht_ as + Lord Mahon, and his _Reign of Queen Anne_ as Earl Stanhope); + that it separates members of the same family (Lord Chancellor + Eldon would be under Eldon, and his father and all his brothers + and sisters under the family name, Scott), [Mr. Cutter forgot + that Lord Eldon's elder brother William was also a peer--Lord + Stowell] and brings together members of different families (thus + the earldom of Bath has been held by members of the families of + Chande, Bourchier, Granville and Pulteney, and the family name + of the present Marquis of Bath is Thynne), which last argument + would be more to the point in planning a family history." + +The advocates of the practice of arranging peers under their family +names make much of the difficulties attendant on such changes of name as +Francis Bacon, Viscount St. Alban's, Benjamin Disraeli (afterwards Earl +of Beaconsfield), Sir John Lubbock (now Lord Avebury), and Richard +Monckton Milnes (afterwards Lord Houghton). These, doubtless, are +difficulties, but I believe that they amount in all to very few as +compared with the cases on the other side. + +This is a matter that might be settled by calculation, and it would be +well worth while to settle it. Mr. Cutter says that ninety-nine in a +hundred must look under the title first, but I doubt if the percentage +be quite as high as this. If it were, it ought to be conclusive against +any other arrangement than that under titles. + +Moreover, these instances do not really meet the case, for they belong +to another class, which has to be dealt with in cataloguing--that is, +those who change their names. When a man succeeds to a peerage he +changes his name just as a Commoner may change his name in order to +succeed to a certain property. + + + 8. _Foreign compound names to be arranged under the first name, + as Lacaze Duthiers. English compound names under the last, + except in such cases as Royston-Pigott, where the first name is + a true surname. The first name in a foreign compound is, as a + rule, the surname; but the first name in an English compound is + usually a mere Christian name._ + +This rule is open to some special difficulties. It can be followed with +safety in respect to foreign names, but special knowledge is required in +respect to English names. Of late years a large number of persons have +taken a fancy to bring into prominence their last Christian name when it +is obtained from a surname. They then hyphen their Christian name with +their surname, because they wish to be called by both. The Smiths and +the Joneses commenced the practice, but others have followed their lead. +The indexer has no means of telling whether in a hyphened name the first +name is a real surname or not, and he needs to know much personal and +family history before he can decide correctly. + +Hyphens are used most recklessly nowadays, and the user has no thought +of the trouble he gives to the indexer. If the Christian name is +hyphened to the surname, and all the family agree to use the two +together as their surname, the indexer must treat the compound name as a +true surname. Often a hyphen is used merely to show that the person +bearing the names wishes to be known by both, but with no intention of +making the Christian name into a surname. Thus a father may not give all +his children the same Christian name, but change it for each individual, +as one son may be James Somerset-Jones and another George Balfour-Jones. +In such a case as this the hyphen is quite out of place, and Jones must +still be treated as the only surname. No one has a right to expect his +Christian name to be treated as a surname merely by reason of his +joining the Christian name to the surname by a hyphen. He must publicly +announce his intention of treating his Christian name as a surname, or +change it by Act of Parliament. Even when the name is legally changed, +there is often room for confusion. The late Mr. Edward Solly, F.R.S., +who was very interested in these inquiries, drew my attention to the +fact that the family of Hesketh changed their name in 1806 to Bamford by +Act of Parliament, and subsequently obtained another Act to change it +back to Hesketh. The present form of the family names is +Lloyd-Hesketh-Bamford-Hesketh. + +With respect to Spanish and Portuguese names it is well to bear in mind +that there are several surnames made from Christian names, as, for +instance, Fernando is a Christian name and Fernandez is a surname, just +as with us Richard is a Christian name and Richards a surname. + + + 9. _An adjective is frequently to be preferred to a + substantive as a catchword; for instance, when it contains the + point of the compound, as Alimentary Canal, English History; + also when the compound forms a distinctive name, as Soane + Museum._ + +The object of this rule is often overlooked, and many indexers purposely +reject the use of adjectives as headings. One of the most marked +instances of an opposite rule may be seen in the index to Hare's _Walks +in London_ (1878), where all the alleys, bridges, buildings, churches, +courts, houses, streets, etc., are arranged under these headings, and +not under the proper name of each. There may be a certain advantage in +some of these headings, but few would look for Lisson Grove under Grove, +and the climax of absurdity is reached when Chalk Farm is placed under +Farm. + + + 10. _The entries to be as short as is consistent with + intelligibility, but the insertion of names without + specification of the cause of reference to be avoided, except in + particular cases. The extent of the references, when more than + one page, to be marked by indicating the first and last pages._ + +This rule requires to be carried out with judgment. Few things are more +annoying than a long string of references without any indication of the +cause of reference, but on the other hand it is objectionable to come +across a frivolous entry. The consulter is annoyed to find no additional +information in the book to what is already given in the index. It will +therefore be found best to set out the various entries in which some +fact or opinion is mentioned, and then to gather together the remaining +references under the heading of _Alluded to_. + +The most extreme instances of annoying block lists of references under a +name are to be found in Ayscough's elaborate index to the _Gentleman's +Magazine_, where all the references under one surname are placed +together without even the distinction of the Christian name. The late +Mr. Edward Solly made a curious calculation as to the time that would be +employed in looking up these references. For instance, under the name +Smith there are 2,411 entries _en masse_, and with no initial letters. +If there were these divisions, one would find Zachary Smith in a few +minutes, but now one must look to each reference to find what is wanted. +With taking down the volumes and hunting through long lists of names, +Mr. Solly found that two minutes were occupied in looking up each +reference; hence it might take the consulter eight days (working +steadily ten hours a day) to find out if there be any note about Zachary +Smith in the magazine, a task which no one would care to undertake. + +A like instance of bad indexing will be found in Scott's edition of +Swift's _Works_. Here there are 638 references to Robert Harley, Earl of +Oxford, without any indication of the reason why his name is entered in +the index. This case also affords a good instance of careless indexing +in another particular, for these references are separated under +different headings instead of being gathered under one, as follows: + + Harley (Robert) 277 references. + Oxford (Lord) 111 " + Treasurer, Lord Oxford 300 " + +The late Mr. B. R. Wheatley read a paper before the Conference of +Librarians (1877) on this subject of indexes, without details of the +reason or cause of reference, entitled, "An 'Evitandum' in Index-making, +principally met with in French and German Periodical Scientific +Literature" (_Transactions_, p. 88). He pointed out that often in German +Indexes the entries in the _Sach Register_ would be full and correct, +while those in the _Namen Register_ would usually be meagre, and consist +merely of the surnames of the authors and the initials of their +Christian names. He then referred to many instances of the uselessness +of these indexes. He further referred to the forty so-called indexes of +subjects added to Allibone's valuable _Critical Dictionary of English +Literature_, which are practically useless. He concluded his paper with +these words: + + "You are referred to the 'Morals and Manners' index for such + varied subjects as Apparitions, Divorce, Marriage, Duelling, + Freemasonry, Mormonism, Mythology, Spiritualism and Witchcraft. + There are 1,365 names in this index, and how are you to discover + which belong to any of the above subjects without wading through + the whole? It is, in fact, an entire system of indexing + backwards from particulars to generals, instead of from generals + to particulars. It is something like writing on a sign-post on + the road to Bath, 'To Somersetshire,' and if in one phrase I + were to add a characteristic entry to these sub-indexes, or to + give one form of reference which should be typical of this style + of index, I should say--Needle, _see_ Bottle of Hay. You find + the bottle of hay--but where is the needle?" + +The form in which the various entries in an index are to be drawn up is +worthy of much attention, and particular care should be taken to expunge +all redundant words. For example, it would be better to write: + + "Smith (John), his character; his execution," + +than + + "Smith (John), character of; execution of"; + +or + + "Brown (Robert) saves money," + +than + + "Brown (Robert), saving of money by." + +A good instance of the frivolous entry is the hackneyed quotation, + + "Best (Mr. Justice), his great mind," + +which is supposed to be a reference to a passage in this form: "Mr. +Justice Best said that he had a great mind to commit the man for trial." +This particular reference is almost too good to be true, and I have not +been able to trace it to its source. That has been said to be in the +index to one of Chitty's law-books, and it is added that possibly Chitty +had a grudge against Sir William Draper Best, one of the Puisne Judges +of the King's Bench from 1819 to 1824, and Lord Chief Justice of the +Common Pleas from 1824 to 1829, in which latter year he was created Lord +Wynford. Another explanation is that it was a joke of Leigh Hunt's, who +first published it in the _Examiner_. + + + 11. _Short entries to be repeated under such headings as are + likely to be required, in place of a too frequent use of cross + references. These references, however, to be made from cognate + headings, as Cerebral to Brain, and vice versa, where the + subject matter is different._ + +Cross references are very useful, but they are not usually popular with +those who are unaccustomed to them. They ought to be used where the +number of references under a certain heading is large, but it is always +better to duplicate the references than to refer too often to +insignificant entries. + + + 12. _In the case of journals and transactions brief abstracts of + the contents of the several articles or papers to be drawn up + and arranged in the alphabetical index under the heading of the + article._ + +The advantage of this plan is that a _precis_ can be made of the +articles or papers which will be useful to the reader as containing an +abstract of the contents, much of which might not be of sufficient +importance to be sorted out in the alphabet; in the case where the +entries are important they can be duplicated in the alphabet. A good +specimen of this plan of indexing may be found in the indexes to the +Journal of the Statistical Society. + + + 13. _Authorities quoted or referred to in a book, to be indexed + under each author's name, the titles of his works being + separately set out and the word "quoted" added in italics._ + +This rule is quite clear, and there is nothing to be added to it. It is +evident that all books quoted should be indexed. + + + 14. _When the indexed page is large, or contains long lists of + names, it is to be divided into four sections, referred to + respectively as a, b, c, d; thus if a page contains 64 lines, + 1-16 will be a, 17-32 b, 33-48 c, 49-64 d. If in double columns, + the page is still to be divided into four--a and b forming the + upper and lower halves of the first column, and c and d the + upper and lower halves of the second column._ + +This division of the page will often be found very useful, and save much +time to the consulter. + + + 15. _When a work is in more than one volume, the number of the + volume is to be specified by small Roman numerals. In the case + of long sets, such as the "Gentleman's Magazine," a special + Arabic numeral =for= indicating the volume, distinct from the + page numeral, may be employed with advantage._ + +The frequent use of high numbers in Roman capitals is very inconvenient. + + + 16. _Entries which refer to complete chapters or distinct + papers, to be printed in small capitals or italics._ + +This is useful as indicating that the italic entry is of more importance +than those in Roman type. + + + 17. _Headings to be printed in a marked type. A dash, instead + of indentation, to be used as a mark of repetition. The dash to + be kept for entries exactly similar, and the word to be repeated + when the second differs in any way from the first. The proper + name to be repeated when that of a different person. In the case + of joint authors, the Christian name or initials of the first, + whose surname is arranged in the alphabet, to be in parentheses, + but the Christian names of the second to be in the natural + order, as Smith (John) and Alexander Brown, not Smith (John) and + Brown (Alexander)._ + +Dashes should be of a uniform length, and that length should not be too +great. It is a mistake to suppose that the dash is to be the length of +the line which is not repeated. If it be necessary to make the +repetition of a portion of the title as well as the author, this should +be indicated by another dash, and not by the elongation of the former +one. + +The reason for the last direction in this rule is that the Christian +name is only brought back in order to make the alphabetical position of +the surname clear; and as this is not necessary in respect to the second +person, the names should remain in their natural order. + +The initials which stand for Christian names often give much trouble, +particularly among foreigners. Most Frenchmen use the letter M. to stand +for monsieur, giving no Christian name; but sometimes M. stands for +Michel or other Christian name commencing with M. The Germans are often +very careless in the use of initials, and I have found in one index of a +scientific periodical the following specimens of this confusion: (1) H. +D. Gerling, (2) H. W. Brandes, (3) D. W. Olbers. Here all three cases +look alike, but in the first H. D. represent two titles--Herr Doctor; in +the second, H. W. represent two Christian names--Heinrich Wilhelm; and +in the third one title and one Christian name--Dr. W. Olbers. + +The above rules do not apply to subject indexes, and in certain cases +may need modification in accordance with the special character of the +work to be indexed. On the whole, it may be said that an alphabetical +index is the best; but under special circumstances it may be well to +have a classified index. Generally it may be said that there are special +objections to classification, and therefore if a classified index is +decided upon, it must needs be exceptional, and rules must be made for +it by the maker of the index. + +In the foregoing rules no mention is made of the difficulties attendant +on the use of Oriental names. Under "Rules for a Small Library" in _How +to Catalogue a Library_, I wrote: + + "7. Oriental names to be registered in accordance with the + system adopted by a recognised authority on the subject." + +This, however, is only shifting the responsibility. In an ordinary +English index this point is not likely to give much trouble, and the +rule may be safely adopted of registration under the first name. But +where there are many names to be dealt with, difficulties are sure to +arise. In India the last name is usually adopted, and the forenames are +frequently contracted into initials, so that it is obligatory to use +this name. We must never forget the practical conclusion that a man's +real name is that by which he is known. But the indexer's difficulty in +a large number of cases is that he does not know what that name is. Sir +George Birdwood has kindly drawn up for me the following memorandum on +the subject, which is of great value, from the interesting historical +account of the growth of surnames in India under British rule which he +gives. + + + ON THE INDEXING OF THE NAMES OF + EASTERN PEOPLE. + + Confining myself to the people--Parsees, Hindoos, and Mussulmans + (_muslimin_)--of India, I find it very difficult to state an + unexceptionable rule for the indexing of their names; and I + index them in the order in which they are signed by the people + themselves. The first or forename of a Parsee or a Hindoo, but + not of a Mussulman if he be a Pathan, is his own personal or, as + we say, "Christian"--that is, baptismal or "water"--name; and + their second their father's personal name, and not his family + or, as we say, "blood" name, or true surname. The naming of + individuals in the successive generations of a Parsee or Hindoo, + and certain Mussulmanee families, runs thus: A. G., N. A., U. + N., and so on, the grandfather's name disappearing in the third + generation. + + The Parsees only in comparatively recent times adopted family or + true surnames derived from the personal or paternal names, or + both, of the first distinguished member of the family, or from + his occupation or place of residence, or from some notable + friend or patron of his, or from some title conferred on him by + the ruler whose subject he was. Thus the Patels of Bombay are + descended from Rustom (the son of) Dorabjee, who, for the + assistance he gave the English in 1692 against the Seedee of + Junjeera, was created, by _sanad_ (_i.e._ patent), _patel_ + (_i.e._ mayor) of the Coolees of Bombay. + + The Parsee Ashburners derive their patronymic from an ancestor + in the early part of the late century, the friend and associate + of a well-known English gentleman then resident in Western + India. The Bhownaggrees take their name from an ancestor, a + wealthy _jaghirdar_, who in 1744 built a tank of solid stone for + public use at Bhavnagar in Kattyawar, and also from their later + official connection with this well-known "model Native State." + The Jamsetjee Jejeebhoys and Comasjee Jehanghiers derive their + double-barreled surnames from the first baronet and knight, + respectively, of these two eminent Parsee families. Other + well-known Parsee surnames are Albless, Bahadurjee, Banajee, + Bengalee, Bhandoopwala, Bharda, Cama (or Kama), Dadysett, + Damanwala, Gamadia, Gazdar, Ghandi, Kapadia, Karaka, Khabrajee, + Kharagat, Kohiyar, Marzban, Modee, Petit (Sir Dinshaw Manockjee + Petit, first baronet of this name), Panday, Parak, Sanjana, + Sayar, Seth, Sethna, Shroff, Talyarkan, Wadia. Some of their + surnames are very eccentric, such as Doctor, Ready-money, + Solicitor, etc., and should be abolished. There is actually a + Dr. Solicitor. + + The interesting point about the Parsee surnames is that when + first introduced, through the influence of their close contact + with the English, they were not absolutely hereditary, but were + changed after a generation or two. Thus the present Bhownaggrees + used, at one time, the surname of Compadore, from the office so + designated held by one of their ancestors under the Portuguese. + + The Hindoos have always had surnames, and jealously guard their + authenticity and continuity in the traditions of their families, + although they do not, even yet in Western India, universally use + them in public. Their personal and paternal names are derived, + among the higher castes, from the names of the gods, the + thousand and one names of Vishnoo and Seeva, of Ganesha, etc., + and from the names of well-known mythological heroes, historical + saints, etc., the name selected being one the initial of which + indicates the lunar asterism (_nakshatra_) under which the + child (_i.e._ a son) is born; but their surnames have a tribal, + or, as in the case of the Parsees, a local, or official, or some + other merely accidental, origin. + + If, then, we had only to deal with the Hindoos and Parsees, they + might be readily indexed under their surnames. But when we come + to the Indian Mussulmans the problem is at once seen to be beset + with perplexities which seem to me impossible to unravel. The + Indian Mussulmans--indeed all _muslimin_--are classified as + Sayeds, Sheikhs, Mo(n)gols, and Pathans. The Sayeds (literally, + "nobles," "lords") are the descendants of the Prophet Mahomet, + through his son-in-law Allee; those descended through Fatima + being distinguished as Sayed Hussanee and Sayed Hooseinee, and + those from his other wives as Sayed Allee. The first name given + to a Mussulman of this class is the _quasi_-surname Sayed or + Meer (also, literally, "nobleman," "lord"), followed by the + personal name and the paternal name; but these _quasi_-surnames + often fall into disuse after manhood has been reached. + + The Sheikhs (literally, "chiefs"),--and all _muslimin_ descended + from Mahomet and Aboo Bukeer and Oomur are Sheikhs,--have one or + other of the following surnames placed before or after their + personal and paternal names: Abd, Allee, Bukhs, Goolam, Khoaja, + Sheikh. But as Sayeds are also all Sheikhs, they sometimes, on + attaining manhood, assume the surname of Sheikh, dropping that + of Sayed, or Meer, given to them at birth. + + The Mo(n)gols, whether of the Persian (Eranee) sect of Sheeahs, + or the Turkish (Tooranee) sect of Soonnees, have placed before, + or after, their personal and paternal names, one or other of the + following surnames: Aga ("lord"), Beg ("lord"), Meerza, and + Mo(n)gol. But in Persia both Sayeds and Sheikhs assume, instead + of their proper patronymics, the surname of Aga, or Beg, or + Mo(n)gol; while Mo(n)gols whose mothers are Sayeds are given the + pre, or post, surname of Meerza. + + The Pathans have the surname Khan ("lord") placed invariably + after their personal and paternal names. But Sayeds and Sheikhs + often have the word Khan placed after their class, personal, and + paternal names--not, however, as a surname, but as a + complimentary or substantial title, pure and simple. + + Again, all classes of _muslimin_, and the Hindoos also, and even + the Parsees, are in the habit of adding all sorts of + complimentary and substantial titles both before and after their + names. How, then, is it possible to apply any one rightly + reasoned rule to the indexing of such names, or any but the + arbitrary rule of thumb:--to index them in the order in which + the bearer of them places them in his signature to letters, + cheques, and other documents? This gets over all the + embarrassing difficulties created by the paraphernalia of a + man's official designations, complimentary--or substantial, + titles, etc. Take, for example, this transcript of a + hypothetical Hindoo official's visiting-card: + + "Dewan Sahib" (official and courtesy titles). + + "Rajashri" (special social title). + + "A." (personal name). + + "B." (paternal name). + + "Z." (family or true surname). + + No Englishman unfamiliar with the etiquettes of Indian personal + nomenclature could possibly index such a card as this with + intelligent correctness. But this Hindoo gentleman would simply + sign himself in a private letter, "A. B. Z." (_i.e._ A., the son + of B., of the clan of Z.), and so he should be indexed. + + The personal names of _muslimin_ also have for the most part an + astronomical association, being generally selected from those + beginning with the initial or finial letter of the name of the + planet ruling the day on which the child (_i.e._ a son) is born. + + I presume that what I have here said of the methods of naming + the Indian Mussulmans also applies to the _muslimin_ of Persia + and Central Asia and Turkey and Arabia; but beyond these + countries I have no information as to the methods of naming + people in the other Oriental Indies, such as Ceylon, Burmah, + China, and Japan. + + As to the transliteration of Oriental personal names, I always + accept that followed by the person bearing them. + + I have put the matter as briefly as possible, and almost too + briefly for absolute accuracy of expression; and it will be + noted I say nothing of local exceptions to the general rule + regulating Hindoo names of persons; and, again, nothing of + female names, Hindoo, Mussulmanee, or Parsee. + + GEORGE BIRDWOOD. + _January 9, 1902._ + + [Illustration] + + + + + [Illustration] + + CHAPTER VII. + + HOW TO SET ABOUT THE INDEX. + + "And thus by God's assistance we have finished our Table. + Miraculous almost was the execution done by David on the + Amalekites who saved neither man nor woman alive to bring + tidings to Gath. I cannot promise such exactness in our Index, + that no name hath escaped our enquiry: some few, perchance, + hardly slipping by, may tell tales against us. This I profess, I + have not, in the language of some modern quartermaster, wilfully + burnt towns, and purposely omitted them; and hope that such as + have escaped our discovering, will only upon examination appear + either not generally agreed on, by authors, for proper names, or + else by proportion falling without the bounds of Palestine, Soli + Deo gloria."--THOMAS FULLER. + + +[Illustration: R]ules are needed for index making in order to obtain +uniformity, but the mode of working must to a large extent be left to +the indexer. Most of us have our own favourite ways of doing things, and +it is therefore absurd to dictate to others how to set to work. If we +employ any one to do a certain work, we are entitled to expect it to be +well done; but we ought to allow the worker to adopt his own mode of +work. Some men will insist not only on the work being well done, but +also upon their way of doing it. This takes the spirit out of the +worker, and is therefore most unwise. + +Still, I have found that those who are unaccustomed to index work are +anxious to be informed how to proceed. The following notes are therefore +only intended as hints for the use of those who wish for them, and need +not be acted upon if the reader has a plan that he finds better suited +for his purpose. Two essentially different kinds of index must be +considered first: (1) There is the index which is always growing; and +(2) there is the index that is made at one time, and is printed +immediately it is ready for the press. The same course of procedure will +not be suitable for both these classes. + +1. Indexes to commonplace books belong to this category. It has been +usual here to leave a few pages blank for the index, and to arrange the +entries in strict alphabetical order under the first letters and then +under the first vowel following a consonant, or the second, when the +initial is a vowel. This is highly inconvenient and confusing, +especially when words without a second vowel, as _Ash_ and _Epps_, are +placed at the head of each letter, _Ash_ coming before _Adam_ and +_Abel_, and _Epps_ before _Ebenezer_. It is better to spare a few more +pages for the index, and plan the alphabet out so that the entries may +come in their correct alphabetical order. Unfortunately the blank index +is usually set out according to this absurd vowel system. Commonplace +books are now, however, very much out of fashion. A better system of +note-keeping is to use paper of a uniform size, to write each distinct +note on a separate sheet of paper, and to fasten the slips of paper +together by means of clips. If this plan is adopted, the notes are much +more easily consulted, and they can be rearranged as often as is +necessary. Now the index can be made on cards, or a special +alphabeticised[19] book can be set aside for the purpose. Cards of a +uniform size, kept in trays or boxes, are very convenient for the +purpose of making an ever-growing index. You can make a general index in +one alphabet, and when you have any special subject on hand, you can +choose out the particular cards connected with that subject, and arrange +them in a distinct alphabet. When the distinct alphabet is no longer +required, the cards can be rearranged in the general alphabet. Cards are +unquestionably the most convenient for an index that is ever changing in +volume and in form. Rearrangement can be made without the trouble of +re-writing the entries. + + [19] Some may consider this a monstrous word; but it conveys a + convenient description of blank books with the alphabet + marked on the leaves of the book either cut in or with + tablets projecting from the margin. + +2. For an index which is made straight off at one time, and sent to the +printer when finished, foolscap paper is probably the most convenient to +use. The pages as written upon can be numbered, and this will relieve +the mind of the indexer of fear that any of these should be lost. The +numbering will serve till the time comes for the index to be cut up and +arranged. + +Some indexers use separate slips of a uniform size, or cards, with a +single entry on each slip. Although this plan has the advantage that you +can keep your index in alphabetical order as you go along, which is +sometimes convenient for reference, it is, on the whole, a cumbersome +one for an index, although it is almost essential for a catalogue. + +In the present day when paper is so cheap, it is well to use fresh +sheets all of the same size--either quarto post or foolscap. Some +persons are so absurdly economical as to use the blank sides of used +paper, such as envelopes, etc., so that their manuscript is of all sizes +and will never range. It is necessary to warn such persons that they +lose more time by the inconvenient form of their paper than they gain by +not buying new material. + +In general practice the most convenient plan is to make your index +straight on, using the paper you have chosen. Another plan is to use a +portfolio of parchment with an alphabet cut on the leaves, and with +guards to receive several leaves of foolscap under each letter. Thus +every entry can be written at once in first letters. Where there are +many large headings this is very convenient, and time is saved by +entering the various references on the same folio without the constant +repetition of the same heading. Possibly the most convenient method is +to unite the two plans. Those references which we know to belong to +large headings can be entered on the folios in the alphabetical +guard-book, and the rest can be written straight through on the separate +leaves. + +Before commencing his work, the indexer must think out the plan and the +kind of index he is to produce; he will then consider how he is to draw +out the references. + +Whatever system is adopted, it is well to bear in mind that the indexer +should obtain some knowledge of the book he is about to index before he +sets to work. The following remarks by Lord Thring may be applied to +other subjects than law: + + "A complete knowledge of the whole _law_ is required before he + begins to make the index, for until he can look down on the + entire field of law before him, he cannot possibly judge of the + proper arrangement of the headings or of the relative importance + of the various provisions." + +During his work the indexer must constantly ask himself what it is for +which the consulter is likely to seek. The author frequently uses +periphrases to escape from the repetition of the same fact in the same +form, but these periphrases will give little information when inserted +as headings in an index; and it is in this point of selecting the best +catchword that the good indexer will show his superiority over the +commonplace worker. + +This paramount characteristic of the good indexer is by no means an easy +one to acquire. When the indexer is absorbed in the work upon which he +is working, he takes for granted much with which the consulter coming +fresh to the subject is not familiar. The want of this characteristic is +most marked in the case of the bad indexer. + +In printing references to the entries in an index it is important to +make a distinction between the volume and the page; this is done best by +printing the number of the volumes in Roman letters and the page in +Arabic numerals. When, however, the volumes are numerous, the Roman +letters become cumbersome, and mistakes are apt to occur, so that one is +forced to use Arabic numerals; and in order to distinguish between +volume and page, the numbers of the volumes must be printed in solid +black type. + +When a book is often reprinted in different forms it would be well to +refer to chapters and paragraphs, so that the same index would do for +all editions. The paragraphs in Dr. Jessopp's edition of North's _Lives +of the Norths_ are numbered, but they are not numbered throughout. The +references are very confusing and require a key. Thus, P stands for +Preface; F for Life of the Lord Keeper; D, Life of Dudley; J, Life of +Dr. John; R, Autobiography of Roger, and also Notes; R L, Letters from +Lady North; R I, Letters from Roger North; and S, Supplementary. In the +Letters the references are to pages and not to paragraphs. With such a +complicated system, one is tempted to leave the index severely alone. +This is the more annoying in that the index is not a long one, and the +pages might have been inserted without any great trouble. + +Much confusion has been caused by reprinting an index for one edition in +a later one without alteration. An instance may be given by citing the +reprint of Whitelock's _Memorials_, published at the University Press, +Oxford, in 1853. The original edition is in one volume folio (1682, +reprinted 1732), and the new edition is in four volumes octavo. But to +save expense the old index was printed to the new book. The difficulty +was in part got over by giving the pages of the 1732 edition in the +margin; but as may be imagined, it is a most troublesome business to +find anything by this means. Moreover, the old index is not a good one, +but thoroughly bad, with all the old misprints retained in the new +edition. As a specimen of the extreme inaccuracy of the compilation, it +may be mentioned that under one heading of thirty-four entries Mr. +Edward Peacock detected seven blunders. Although Mr. Peacock had no +statistics of the other entries, his experience led him to believe that +if any heading were taken at random, about one in four of the entries +would be found to be misprinted. + +In the case of a large index it is necessary to take into consideration +the greatly increased work connected with arrangement. The amount of +this may be said to increase in geometrical rather than in arithmetical +progression. When the indexer comes to the last page of a great book he +rejoices to have finished his work; but he will find by experience, when +he calculates the arrangement of his materials, that he has scarcely +done more than half of what is before him. + +If cards or separate slips are used, these will only need to be arranged +for the press; but if sheets of paper have been, written upon, these +will have to be cut up. There is little to be said about this, but it is +worth giving the hint that much time is saved if shears or large +scissors are used, so that the whole width of paper may be severed in +two cuts. + +In the case of a small index there is little difficulty with material, +for it can be arranged at once into first letters, and when the table is +cleared of the slips these can be placed in the pages of an ordinary +book to keep them distinct, and can then be sorted in perfect alphabet +and pasted down. In the case of a large index it will be necessary to +place the slips in a safer place. Large envelopes are useful receptacles +for first letters; and when the slips are placed in them, the indexer +will feel at ease and sure that none will be lost. + +It is well to go through the whole of the envelopes of first letters and +sort the slips into second and third letters before the pasting is +commenced, so that you may know that the order is correct, or make such +alterations as are necessary before it is too late. The final perfect +alphabetical arrangement can be made when the slips are placed on the +table ready to be pasted. + +The sorting of slips into alphabetical order seems a simple matter which +scarcely needs any particular directions; still such have been made. + +The late Mr. Charles F. Blackburn, who had had a considerable +experience, gave some instruction for sorting slips in his _Hints on +Catalogue Titles_ (1884). He wrote: + + "Having never seen in print any directions for putting titles + into alphabetical order, I venture to describe the system I have + been accustomed to use. First sort the entire heap into six + heaps, which will lie before you thus: + + A--D E--H I--M + N--R S T--Z. + + Then take the heap A--D and sort it into its component letters, + after which each letter can be brought into shape by use of the + plan first applied to the whole alphabet. It is best to go on + with the second process until you have the whole alphabet in + separate letters, because if you brought A, for example, into + its component parts and put them into alphabetical order, you + might not impossibly find some A's among the later letters--one + of the inevitable accidents of sorting quickly. With this hint + or two the young cataloguer will easily find his way; and + various devices for doing this or that more handily are sure to + suggest themselves in the course of practice. The great thing is + to be started." + +The latter part of this extract is good advice, but I think it is a +mistake to make two operations of the sorting in first letters, for it +can be done quite easily in one. + +The following suggestion made by Mr. Blackburn is a good one, and is +likely to save the very possible mixture of some of the heaps: + + "In my own practice I have got into a way of letting the slips + fall on the table at an angle of forty-five degrees. Then, if + the accumulation of titles should cause the heaps to slide, they + will run into one another distinct, so that they can be + separated instantly without sorting afresh." + +I have never myself found any difficulty in sorting out into first +letters at one time, and it soon becomes easy to place the slips in +their proper heaps without any thought. Mr. F. B. Perkins, of the Boston +Public Library, however, in his paper on "Book Indexes" gives some good +directions which are worth quoting here: + + "Next alphabet them by initial letters. This process is usually + best done by using a diagram or imaginary frame of five rows of + five letters each, on which to put the titles at this first + handling. The following arrangement of printers' dashes will + show what I mean. (The letters placed at the left hand of the + first row and right hand of the last indicate well enough where + the rest belong.) + + A ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- U + B ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- V + C ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- W + D ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- X + E ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- YZ."[20] + + [20] _Public Libraries in the United States._ Special Report. + Part I., 1876, p. 730. + +When the alphabetical arrangement is completed so far as the indexer +considers it necessary for his purpose, it is time to think of the +pasting down of the slips. This can be done in several ways, and the +operator will doubtless choose that which suits him best. As already +remarked, men will always find out the way most agreeable to themselves, +and it is unwise to insist on others following our way in preference to +their own. + +The human mind is capable of interesting itself in almost anything it +may undertake; but indexing cannot be other than hard work, and it is +unfair to make it harder by fixing unnecessary limits. The worker is +always happier at his work if he is allowed to do it in his own way. + +The first thing to settle is as to the paper upon which the index is to +be pasted. A very large-sized paper is inconvenient, and foolscap or +quarto is the best for constant handling,--all the pages should be of +exactly the same size. Sometimes it is necessary to have a small margin, +but generally the width of the paper used for the index should be +followed. There is no greater mistake than to study economy in the use +of paper for pasting on. Some persons have facilities for the use of +wastepaper that has been printed on on one side, and, not having been +used, is in good order and of equal size. Some persons cut up +newspapers, but this is a practice not to be recommended, not only on +account of the print, but because the paper is generally so abominably +bad and tearable. If the wastepaper referred to above is not within +reach, it is well to buy a good printing-paper, which can be cut into +the size required. There are, however, many cheap papers already +machine-cut into the size required, which can easily be obtained. + +Some with the love of saving strong upon them cut up newspapers into +lengths of about four inches wide, and paste the slips upon these, with +the result that all the ragged ends give continual trouble, and are apt +to be torn away. Of all savings, this is the most ill-advised. + +Although the "copy" is to be printed from at once, and will soon become +useless, it is a great comfort to have material that is convenient to +handle while it is required. Some thought may also be given to the +compositor, whose life will be made a burden to him if you send him +"copy" with all the ends loose. It is also well to keep the pages as +flat as possible, so that a heap of these do not wobble about, but keep +together smooth and tidy. + +Sometimes it may be desirable to paste only on half the paper, so as to +have room for additional entries. If this is done, the side must be +altered periodically, or the pages will slip about and give endless +trouble. + +When the index is in course of arrangement the greatest care must be +taken that none of the slips are lost, for such a loss is almost +irreparable--first because you do not know when a slip goes astray; and +even if you do know of your loss it is almost impossible to remedy it, +as you have no clue to the place from which the slip came. + +There will always be anxiety to the indexer while his work is being cut +up and sorted. A breeze from a window when a door is opened may blow +some of his slips away. Too many of the slips should not be allowed on +the table at one time, and the indexer will feel the greatest comfort +when he knows that his slips are safely reposing in their several +envelopes. All queries should also be kept in envelopes, and each +envelope should be inscribed with a proper description of its contents. +When the slips are pasted down they are safe--that is if they have been +affixed securely to the paper. + +Having made these general observations, we may now proceed to consider +how to paste. It seems a very simple matter, that requires no +directions; but even here a few remarks may not be out of place. + +When your paper is ready in a pile of about fifty pages, each page +numbered in its proper sequence, you can proceed to work. For the +purpose of laying down slips on uniform pages at one time, paste is the +only satisfactory material. Gum will only be used by the inexperienced. +It cannot be used satisfactorily on large surfaces, like paste, and when +it oozes up between the slips it is stickier and does more damage in +fixing the pages together than paste does. You might as well fix +paperhangings on your walls with gum. + +As to paste, if you have a long job on hand it is better to have it made +at home, of a good consistency, but not too thick. It ought to run +freely from the brush. A good cook will make good paste, but if you are +specially particular you can make it yourself. If you require it to last +for any time, you must add a little alum; but when you have a big index +before you, you will use a bowl of paste in an evening, and there is +therefore no question as to keeping. + +"Stickphast" is a very good material; it sticks well and keeps well, and +it is an excellent adjunct to the writing-table, but it is not suitable +for pasting down a long index. It is too dear, it is too thick, and it +is too lumpy. If the paste is made at home, it need not be lumpy; and +lumps, when you are pasting, are irritating to the last degree. + +The paper and the paste being ready, with a fair-sized brush to spread +the paste, we come to consider how best to proceed with the work in +hand. You require a good-sized table,--a large board on tressels in an +empty room is the best, but a dining-table will serve. At the extreme +right of the table you place the batch of paper upon which you are about +to paste, and then sort your slips in perfect order, ranging them in +columns from right to left. The object of thus going backwards is to +save you from passing over several columns as you take the slips off the +table, and, instead, going straight on. You can push your batch of paper +on as the various columns successively disappear. More slips should not +be set out than you can paste at one sitting, as it is not well to leave +the slips loose on the table. Of course, you can paste from the left +side if you wish, and then the columns will range from left to right; +but this is not so convenient for continued arrangement of the columns +of slips as you require them. + +There are more ways than one in placing the paste upon the paper; the +most usual way is to paste down the two sides of the paper just the +width of the slips, and some add a stroke down the middle. Another way +is to put a plentiful supply of paste on a page or board, and then to +place the back of each slip upon this. If you place your fingers on the +two ends and press them towards the middle, the slip will be ready to be +placed in its proper position, having taken up just sufficient paste. A +still different plan is to paste the board or paper as in the previous +case, and then place the face of the whole page on this. You then take +it off, and, placing the dry side on the batch of paper, proceed to +affix the slips to it. The advantage of the two last processes is that +the paper is not so wet as in the first-mentioned plan, and in +consequence the paper does not curl so much, but lies flatter. In the +first place the sheets must be set out separately on the floor to dry, +so that they may not stick together, but this is not so necessary in the +two latter processes. + +Some indexers strongly object to pasting. This was the case with Mr. E. +H. Malcolm, who wrote thus to _Notes and Queries_: + + "I long ago discovered the cause of imperfections in my own + work. It was the 'cutting into slips' and 'laying down' + processes. The fact is you cannot be sure of preserving the + cuttings or slips, if very numerous; they are almost certain to + get mixed or lost, or elude you somehow. My remedy is this. I + now take cheap notepaper and write one entry only on each leaf. + Having compiled my index thus from A to Z, I arrange my slips + and manipulate them as I would a pack of cards, although + shuffling only for the purpose of getting the arrangement of the + letters right. Thus I save myself all the labour and trouble of + pasting or laying down the slips in analytical order. I do not + mind a little extra expenditure of paper by only entering one + item on every slip, for I am compensated for the appearance of + bulk by finding that I have secured order and arrangement free + from the consequences of a finical arrangement of the slips and + a dirty and tiresome labour of pasting down."[21] + + [21] 5th S., vi. 114 (1876). + +As already pointed out in these pages, Mr. Malcolm is quite right +respecting slips for a growing index; but when it comes to sending the +"copy" to the printer the case is different. Here there is more safety +in the pasted down slips, which are less likely to be lost than the +loose ones even when numbered. + +As you proceed in your work you may wish to know how far your index +agrees with other indexes in its proportion of letters, and to calculate +what proportion of the whole you have already done. + +Some calculations as to the relative extent of the different letters +have been made. Thus B is the largest letter in an index of proper +names, but loses its pre-eminence in an index of subjects; and S takes +high rank in both classes. + +Mr. F. A. Curtis,[22] of the Eagle Insurance Office, made in 1858 a +calculation of the relative proportions of the different letters of the +alphabet in respect to proper names. He described his object in a letter +entitled, "On the Best Method of Constructing an Index." He wrote that, +having had occasion to construct an index of the lives assured in the +"Eagle" Company, he had drawn up a few observations upon the subject. +"The requirements of an index and the proportions of its several parts +are the two principal questions to be considered. Under the first head +it may be observed that the index of a company upon a large scale should +afford as much abstract information as possible. Those who refer to it +do so with different views, for the objects of their inquiry must +necessarily vary with their respective duties. It is therefore desirable +that the index should be constructed with a view to provide for the +wants of each person, so far, at least, as to enable him to obtain +information in the most direct way; and it will be proper to insert in +the index particulars some of which do not usually find a place in such +a book. Let it be supposed that an individual signing his name 'J. +Smith' inquires about the bonus, premium, or assignment, etc., of his +policy, without stating either number, date, or amount. This is not an +unusual case, and it will serve to illustrate my meaning by showing the +nature of the difficulties which have to be encountered. J. may stand +for John, James, Joseph, etc. There will probably be many of each kind +in connection with the like surname, and it would be very difficult to +discover, without a tedious investigation, to which policy J. Smith +refers, unless the individuality of each person recorded in the index +under that name be distinctly shown. The 'locality' of the assurance +might be adopted as a mark of distinction; and we should in many +instances be able to fix upon the right name by simply comparing the +address of the writer with the place where the policy was effected." + + [22] _Assurance Magazine_, vol. viii., 1860, pp. 54-7. + +This is a most valuable suggestion to all indexers. Many persons, to +save trouble at the time, write initials instead of full Christian +names. It should be a rule always to write these in full. When the index +comes to be printed, the Christian names can be contracted if it is +necessary to save space. The most important matter in the arrangement of +an index is to avoid the confusion of two persons as one, and the +possibility of making this blunder is greatly increased by the use of +initials instead of full names. In the _British Museum Catalogue_ it has +been found necessary in many cases to add particulars to distinguish +between men with the same names. + +Mr. Curtis goes on to say: + + "With regard to the second part of this subject--_i.e._ the + proportions of the several parts of the index--I may observe + that the most useful mode of division appears to me to be that + which is adopted by many offices--namely, to classify the + surname under its first letter, and to subdivide according to + the first vowel thereafter, adopting the first subdivision for + such names as 'Ash,' 'Epps,' etc., which have no succeeding + vowel." + +This, however, is a very unnatural arrangement, and has been, I believe, +very generally given up. It is therefore unnecessary to refer further to +Mr. Curtis's calculations of the proportions of the vowels in the +subdivisions. Calculations can be made for the subdivision of the +complete alphabet with a better result. Of course, in the case of +initial vowels the following consonants have most to be considered, and +in initial consonants the following vowels. Mr. Curtis's calculations +respecting the first letters of surnames are of much value. He used the +commercial lists of the _Post Office London Directory_, and compared +them with Liverpool, Hull, Manchester, Sheffield, Birmingham, and +Bristol directories, and with three lists of different assurance +companies; and after making his calculations from nearly 233,000 +surnames, he found the total average very similar in its result. Mr. +William Davis made similar calculations from the _Clergy List_, which +came out much the same. These he contributed to _Notes and Queries_,[23] +and subsequently he made a further calculation from French names.[24] + + [23] 2nd S., vi. 496. + + [24] 3rd S., iv. 371. + +I have united these results in one table as follows: + + MR. CURTIS. CLERGY LIST. FRENCH NAMES. + A 3.1 3.1 2.9 + B 10.9 11.3 11.5 + C 8.5 7.9 9.2 + D 4.3 4.7 10.7 + E 2.4 2.5 0.9 + F 3.6 3.1 3.9 + G 5.1 4.6 7.4 + H 8.6 9.3 3.5 + I, J 3.2 3.5 2.4 + K 2.0 1.8 6.4 + L 4.7 4.3 10.8 + M 6.7 6.9 8.8 + N 2.0 1.6 1.2 + O 1.0 1.1 0.6 + P 5.9 6.1 6.7 + Q 0.2 0.0 0.3 + R 4.6 4.4 5.3 + S 9.7 7.7 4.3 + T 4.0 4.4 3.3 + U, V 1.0 1.3 3.2 + W 7.9 8.3 0.8 + X 0.0 0.0 0.0 + Y 0.5 0.4 0.1 + Z 0.1 0.0 0.0 + +It will be noticed that B is strongest in all three, and C is fairly +equal. S is smaller in French names, but probably would be much larger +in German names. H and W are also much smaller in French, while D and L +are much larger. The preponderance of the latter letters is of course +caused by the large number of names beginning with _De_ and _La_. + +Indexes are not confined to proper names, and therefore it is necessary +to add some calculations as to the proportions of the several letters in +indexes of subjects. The following table is formed from three large +indexes, each different in character. I. represents Gough's _Index to +the Publications of the Parker Society_, which may be taken as a very +good standard index. The subjects are very varied, and there are no +specially long headings; it also contains proper names as well as +subjects. II. represents an index of subjects in Civil Engineering which +contains a good number of large headings. III. represents the index to +the Minutes of a public board, and also contains a considerable +proportion of large headings. It will be seen that the numbers vary so +considerably as to be of very little practical value. The percentages +are, I think, interesting, but they show conclusively that indexes will +vary so considerably that in order to obtain a satisfactory percentage a +separate calculation will have to be made in each case. Large headings +will vitiate any average; in fact, I have lately had to do with an index +in which R was the largest letter, on account of such extensive headings +as _Railways_ and _Roads_. + +One striking point in the averages is that B is found to be displaced +from the pre-eminent position it occupies in the percentages of proper +names. + + I. II. III. + A 10.67 2.63 5.58 + B 6.94 5.07 6.28 + C 15.63 8.26 8.84 + D 2.48 4.50 4.65 + E 3.23 6.94 11.39 + F 2.85 3.38 1.63 + G 4.34 3.56 1.86 + H 4.34 3.19 2.09 + I 1.74 2.72 1.39 + J 3.97 0.14 0.46 + K 0.74 0.05 0.23 + L 5.58 4.97 15.12 + M 5.71 5.82 7.67 + N 1.37 0.19 0.93 + O 1.74 1.31 1.63 + P 9.31 6.75 7.67 + Q 0.12 0.94 0.47 + R 2.48 12.38 8.14 + S 8.44 13.32 8.14 + T 3.60 5.72 1.40 + U 0.50 0.05 0.47 + V 0.99 0.61 2.33 + W 2.61 7.41 1.51 + X 0.03 0.00 0.00 + Y 0.22 0.00 0.00 + Z 0.37 0.09 0.06 + ------ ------ ------ + 100.00 100.00 100.00 + +When the whole index is pasted down it is not yet ready for the printer, +as it will require to be marked for the instruction of the compositor. +The printer will have general instructions as to the kind of type to be +used and the plan to be adopted, but it will be necessary to mark out +those words that are not to be repeated and to insert lines indicating +repetition. There are also sure to be little alterations in wording, +necessitated by the coming together of the slips, which could not be +foreseen when the slips were first written out. + +In a large work it is probable that your employers are importunate for +"copy," and you will be urged to send this to the printer as you have it +ready. If possible, it should be kept to the end, so that you may look +over it as a whole, and so see that the same subjects are not in more +places than one. You will probably have to make modifications in your +plan as you go along, and this may cause difficulties which you will now +be able to set right. + +Much of the value of an index depends upon the mode in which it is +printed, and every endeavour should be made to set it out with +clearness. It was not the practice in old indexes to bring the indexed +word to the front, but to leave it in its place in the sentence, so that +the alphabetical order was not made perceptible to the eye. + +There is a great deal to arrange in preparing for the press. Lines of +repetition are often a source of blundering, specimens of which have +already been given. + +The dash should not be too long, and very often space is saved and +greater clearness is obtained by putting the general heading on a line +by itself, and slightly indenting the following entries. + +Black type for headings and for the references to volume and page add +much to the clearness of an index, but some persons have a decided +objection to the spottiness that is thus given to the page. + +Tastes differ so much in respect to printing that it is not possible to +indicate the best style to be adopted, and so each must choose for +himself. One point, however, is of the greatest importance, and that is +where a heading is continued over leaf it should be repeated with the +addition of _continued_ at the end of the heading. It is not unusual in +such cases to see the dash used at the top of the page, which is absurd. + +When the index has been put into print, the indexer has still to correct +the press, and this is not always an easy matter, as the printer is +scarcely likely to have understood all the necessarily elaborate and +complicated marks used in preparing for the press. It will therefore +still be some time before the end is in sight, and probably the indexer +will see cause to agree with my statement on a former page, that in the +case of a large index, when the indexing of the book itself is +completed, little more than half of the total work is done. + + [Illustration] + + + + + [Illustration] + + CHAPTER VIII. + + GENERAL OR UNIVERSAL INDEX. + + "When Baillet, the learned author of the _Jugemens des Savans_, + was appointed by M. de Lamoignon keeper of the exquisite library + collected by that nobleman, he set to work to compile an index + of the contents of all the books contained in it, and this he is + said to have completed in August, 1682. After this date, + however, the Index continued to grow, and it extended to + thirty-two folio volumes, all written by Baillet's own hand." + + +[Illustration: A]s knowledge increases and books and magazines gather in +number, the need for many indexes becomes daily more evident. We often +are certain that something has been written on a subject in which we are +interested, but in vain we seek for a clue to it. We want a key to all +this ever-increasing literature. + +As long ago as 1842 the late Thomas Watts, of the British Museum, one of +the most learned and all-knowing of librarians, spoke to the late Dr. +Greenhill of Hastings on the need for the formation of an Index Society. +This date I give on the authority of Dr. Greenhill. Mr. Watts was a +perfect index in himself, and few inquirers sought information from him +which his fully stored mind was not able to supply; and he was not +jealous of the printed index, as some authorities are. Twelve years +after--in 1854--an announcement was made in _Notes and Queries_ of the +projected formation of a "Society for the Formation of a General +Literary Index." In the 2nd Series, vol. i., p. 486, the late Mr. Thomas +Jones, who signed himself "Bibliothecar. Chetham.," commenced a series +of articles, which he continued for several years, as a contribution to +this general index; but nothing more was heard of the society. Inquiries +were made in various numbers of _Notes and Queries_, but no response was +obtained. In 1876 a contributor to the same periodical, signing himself +"A. H.," proposed the formation of a staff of index compilers. In 1874 +the late Professor Stanley Jevons published his _Principles of Science_. +In the chapter on Classification he enlarged on the value of indexes, +and added: + + "The time will perhaps come when our views upon this subject + will be extended, and either Government or some public society + will undertake the systematic cataloguing and indexing of masses + of historical and scientific information, which are now almost + closed against inquiry" (1st ed., vol. ii., p. 405; 2nd ed., p. + 718). + +In the following year Mr. Edward Solly and I, without having then seen +this passage, consulted as to the possibility of starting an Index +Society, but postponed the actual carrying out of the scheme for a time. +In July of this same year, 1875, Mr. J. Ashton Cross argued in a +pamphlet that a universal index might be formed by co-operation through +a clearing-house, and would pay if published in separate parts. In +September, 1877, some letters by Mr. W. J. Thoms, who signed himself "A +Lover of Indexes," were published in the _Pall Mall Gazette_, in which +the foundation of an Index Society was strongly urged. In October, 1877, +Mr. Cross read a paper before the Conference of Librarians, which was a +revival of the scheme previously suggested. Mr. Robert Harrison, late +Secretary of the London Library, in a report of the Conference of +Librarians published in the _Athenaeum_ for October 13th, 1877, wrote: + + "Could not a permanent Index Society be founded with the support + of voluntary contributions of money as well as of subject + matter? In this way a regular staff could be set to work, under + competent direction, and could be kept steadily at work until + its performances became so generally known and so useful as to + enable it to stand alone and be self-supporting. Many readers + would readily jot down the name of any new subject they met with + in the book before them, and the page on which it occurs, and + forward their notes to be sorted and arranged by any society + that would undertake the work." + +Mr. Justin Winsor, the late distinguished librarian of Harvard +University, writing to the _Athenaeum_, said: + + "We have been in America striving for years to get some + organised body to undertake this very work." + +Following on all this correspondence, the Index Society was founded; but +after doing some useful work it was amalgamated with the Index Library +founded by Mr. Phillimore, having failed from want of popular support. +This want of permanent success was probably owing to its aim being too +general. Those who were interested in one class of index cared little +for indexes which were quite different in subject. + +I fear that the interest of the public in the production of indexes +(which is considerable) does not go to the length of willingness to pay +for these indexes, which from the fewness of those who care for these +helps must always be expensive. When suggestions were made in _Notes and +Queries_ for the compilation and publication of certain needed indexes, +Mr. J. Cuthbert Welch wrote that the editor of a journal offered to +publish an index if he could obtain sufficient subscribers. Respecting +this offer, the publisher said, "Altogether I had six offers to take one +copy each." This rebuff caused Mr. Welch to say, "Is it not rather that +people are not energetic to buy such indexes than that publishers are +not energetic enough to issue them?"[25] + + [25] 8th S., i. 364. + +There is still a great want for indexes of history and biography, and it +is probable that if the objects of the Index Society had been confined +to these it might have been more successful. In November, 1878, Mr. +Edward Solly wrote a letter to me in which he sketched out a very +important scheme for a biographical index which would be of the greatest +value. He wrote: + + "I do not think the Index Society can take up any subject of + greater utility, or one more likely to be of service to the + general public as well as students, than an Index of + Biographies. An entire index of all known lives would obviously + be much too large an undertaking; we can only attempt a part of + the subject. Probably in the first instance we should do well to + try and form an index of British lives; such a work would I + think, if tolerably complete, certainly fill at least ten large + octavo volumes. + + "The work might be considerably diminished in bulk if we were to + determine to leave out all names now to be found in certain + standard works such as Chalmers' Biographical Dictionary. It is + evident, however, that to do this would greatly diminish the + value of our index, and would cause us to put aside hundreds of + memoranda which it is most important to index, I mean references + to more recent notes, memoirs, letters and anecdotes, which are + to be met with in journals and lives, and which often throw new + and important light on older published Biographies. + + "It is on account of these difficulties that I would propose + that we endeavour to undertake an index of Biographical + references of persons who have died in a certain given + period--say 1800-1825, or 1800-1850, or perhaps 1750-1800. + + "With a view to this I should like to see lists made of all + Biographical matters in such books as the Gentleman's Magazine, + European Magazine, Monthly Magazine, Anti-Jacobin Magazine, etc. + Also such books as the Annual Necrology, Public Characters, + Living Authors, etc., and thirdly of references to Biographical + Memoranda dispersed throughout Lives and Memoirs such as + 'Kilvert's Memoirs,' I mean books in which no one from the title + would expect to find such information." + +It will be seen that such an index as is here sketched would be an +inestimable help to the student. It would form a useful supplement to +the _Dictionary of National Biography_, for it must be remembered that +such an index would contain a majority of references to men and women +whose claims to distinction or notoriety do not attain to the standard +set up by the promoters of that grand work. Possibly, if such an index +was undertaken by co-operation as an object in itself, and not as one +among other subjects, it might be compiled in one alphabet instead of in +periods, which would make it much more valuable for reference. Naturally +the great advantage of periods is that, if left incomplete, what is +published (if it covers a period) will always be of value, while a +portion of the alphabet would be almost worthless. + +The Rev. John E. B. Mayor has collected a great mass of biographical +references which are of much value. In an interesting communication on +his indexes he suggests the formation of a British Biographical Society +which might be called the Antony Wood Society.[26] + + [26] _Notes and Queries_, 5th S., xii. 511. + +There is one project of the Index Society which has never been +undertaken, but which is still wanted as much as ever--_viz._ a general +or universal index. Some think this to be an impossibility, and that to +attempt its preparation is a waste of time. Those who hold this opinion +have not sufficient faith in the simplicity and usefulness of the +alphabet. Every one has notes and references of some kind, which are +useless if kept unarranged, but, if sorted into alphabetical order, +become valuable. + +The object of the general index is just this, that anything, however +disconnected, can be placed there, and much that would otherwise be lost +will there find a resting-place. Always growing and never pretending to +be complete, the index will be useful to all, and its consulters will be +sure to find something worth their trouble, if not all they may require. + +Some attempts have been made at compiling a general index, for what are +_Poole's Index_, _Index of Essays_, Q.P. Indexes, Hetherington's _Index +to the Periodicals of the World_, and _Indexes to "The Times,"_ but +contributions towards a universal index? Such a work as is here proposed +can scarcely be carried out unless Government aid is extended to it; but +surely the small amount of money that need be expended upon a sort of +general inquiry office would be well laid out! + +A sort of skeleton index of universal information might be drawn up, and +this could be added to gradually, partly by specialised effort and +partly by the reception of any stray references of interest sent by +those who recognise that their notes would find a home. This could be +kept in a clearing-house and reference-room. + +When the index had become of some importance, and was recognised as a +help to the inquirer, it could be printed. When published, it might be +interleaved, so that additions might be made which could be sent to the +office. Gradually the index would grow into a work of very considerable +importance. + +One of the chief objections to index catalogues of public libraries is +that the same work is practically repeated by each library, while a +general index would be useful to all. Surely some arrangement might be +made by which the various libraries would contribute funds to the +central office and receive the indexes, which would serve their purpose +as well as those of all the other libraries! + +Having said so much, it seems necessary to explain rather more fully +what the general index should contain and what should be omitted. To +explain it in a few words, it should be a sort of encyclopaedia of +references rather than of direct information; but it should contain more +headings than any existing encyclopaedia. Every one must have felt the +want of some book which would give information or references on a large +number of subjects that are constantly topics of ordinary conversation, +but are consistently ignored in the ordinary books of reference. On the +other hand, mere technical references should be omitted, because these +details would overload the work, and because specialists have their own +sources of information. It is the general information which every one is +supposed to possess that is so difficult to obtain. + +In the first instance the groundwork of the index should be laid down +with care by an expert. All special bibliographies should be entered +under their subjects, both those published separately and those included +in other books. Various societies have published indexes. There are +those among the publications of the Index Society and many others. The +Bibliographical Society has published indexes to the German periodical +_Serapeum_ and to Dibdin's edition of Ames' and Herbert's _Typographical +Antiquities_; but very few persons know of these books. + +The authorities of the British Museum have given students an immense +help by gathering separate indexes and bibliographies on various +subjects into the dwarf bookcases in the Reading-room. Here are a large +number of aids to knowledge of which the general reader would have known +nothing if they had not so obligingly been brought under his notice.[27] + +[27] The late Professor Justin Winsor gave a list of indexes in + his useful _Handbook for Readers_ (for the Boston Public + Library); and I added a "Preliminary List of Indexes" to _What + is an Index?_ London, 1879. Other lists have also been published + by the British Museum, etc. + +A large number of books contain special information of importance on +various subjects, the existence of which would never be guessed from the +titles. Attempts at general indexes of special subjects have been +published, such as F. S. Thomas's _Historical Notes_ (1509-1714), and +the main points of these should be included in the proposed General +Index. + +When a good groundwork has been made, the index could be printed; and +doubtless, if this printed index was widely circulated, a large number +of helpers would speedily be found. Many persons know of places where +full information on some subject may be found, and would be glad to +place their collections where they would be helpful to others. + +There can surely be no doubt that a general inquiry office with such an +ever-growing index and a library of printed indexes would be a boon not +only to the student, but to the general public. Every day the great +truth that keys to knowledge are more and more required is generally +appreciated. + +As a groundwork for such a general index, selection could be made from +the books already mentioned; and from the index volumes of Watt's +_Bibliotheca Britannica_ (1824), which, with all its faults, is one of +the most valuable helps to bibliography, and the subject index of James +Darling's _Cyclopaedia Bibliographica_ (1854-1859), many useful +references could be obtained. These two books are gradually getting out +of date, but information may be obtained from their pages which is not +easily to be obtained elsewhere. + +In closing this subject, I feel that too great honour cannot be done to +the memory of W. F. Poole, who placed the world under great obligations +by the production of his _Index of Periodical Literature_. As far back +as 1848, when a student at Yale College, he published an _Index to +Subjects treated in the Reviews and other Periodicals_ (New York). In +1853 an improved edition was published as the _Index to Periodical +Literature_. When Mr. Poole attended the Library Conference at London in +1877 he expressed publicly his pleasure in seeing on the shelves of the +British Museum Library a copy of his first index, which he had not seen +for some years elsewhere. He realised that the work, if it were to be +continued, was too great an undertaking for one man, and he succeeded in +arranging for a co-operative index, which is continued now in several +supplements under the able superintendence of Mr. William I. Fletcher. + +An _Index to the "Times"_ was started by J. Giddings in 1862-63, but not +continued. Later, Mr. S. Palmer commenced a _Quarterly Index_, which has +been continued forward to the present time, and also backward. In 1899 +Bailey's _Annual Index to the "Times"_ came into being. + +The indexing of a paper such as the _Times_ is a very arduous and +difficult undertaking. In consequence, these indexes cannot be +considered as models of what such works should be. + +Mr. Corrie Leonard Thompson criticises in _Notes and Queries_ (7th S., +x. 345) the arrangement of the headings of Palmer's _Index to the +"Times"_ severely, but not unfairly. He writes: + + "The following are instances of the absurdities which appear in + the volume just issued (Oct.-Dec. 1842), and will serve to + illustrate the system which has been adopted throughout the + index: + + "In November, 1842, a floating chapel on the Severn was loosed + from its moorings; this occurrence appears in the index under + the heading, 'Disgraceful Act.' Again, referring to the dry + weather that was prevailing at the time, the entry is, 'Present + Dry Season.' Other references to the same subject are, however, + to be found under the heading 'Weather,' which of course is + correct. + + "A more marked example of carelessness or ignorance of the art + of indexing, or both, is that of two women who were committed to + Ruthin prison--one, Amelia Home for firing a pistol at a man + named Roberts; the other, Jane Williams, for stealing a mare + belonging to Robert Owen. This occurrence is entered under the + letter R--'Rather uncommon for Females.' The chance of any one + looking under Rather for an occurrence of this kind must be + infinitesimal, to say the least of it; and so on. A storm at + Saone-et-Loire is indexed under 'Fatal Storm,' and an account of + the trial of a small boy for stealing a twopenny pie will be + found under 'Atrocious Criminal.' A certain Jane Thomas was so + overjoyed at seeing her mother waiting at the stage-door of a + theatre that she died in her arms. The employment of capitals is + most remarkable, as is also the arrangement of the words, 'Death + of Jane Thomas in her Mother's Arms in Holborn at Joy in Seeing + her parent at the Stage Door to Receive her.' + + "The errors pointed out in these examples, omitting the last + instance, as well as the additional fault of indexing under + adjectives which have no distinctive feature in them to guide + the searcher, evidently arise from the fact that the simple + heading of the newspaper article has been taken, without any + attempt being made to discover the actual contents of such + article." + +As already stated on a previous page, it is most important to index the +articles in periodicals afresh, and not always to follow the heading of +the original. This is of course more particularly the case in respect to +newspapers, where the headings are drawn up to catch the reader's eye. +The same rule may be insisted on in respect to all indexing, and this is +so important that the restatement of it may well conclude this little +volume. + +In making a general index of several volumes, always index the volumes +afresh, and do not be contented with using what has been done before. It +is always wiser to put 'new wine into new bottles.' + + + + + [Illustration] + + INDEX. + + + Abecedarie as a synonym of index, 8. + + Acrostic as a motto for an index, 85. + + Adjectives, when to be used as catchwords, 151. + ---- (substantival) as headings, 151. + + Allibone's _Dictionary of English Literature_ alluded to, 87. + ---- the forty indexes, 155. + + Alphabet (One) for indexes, 134; + order of the English alphabet, 135. + + Alphabetisation, Want of complete, in indexes, 65. + + Alphabets, Variety of, in indexes, 69. + + _Annual Register_, fourteen alphabets in the index, 70. + + Antonio (N.), value of his _Bibliotheca Hispana_, 88. + ---- his quotation of the remark that an index should be made by + the author of the book, 109. + + Appendix, objection to the plural appendices, 12. + + _Archaeological Epistle to Dean Milles, not_ by Mason, but by + Baynes, 82. + + Arrangement (Bad) in indexes, 64. + + _Athenaeum (The)_, suggestion of an Index Society in 1877, 209. + + Athenaeum library catalogue, index of subjects, 117, 124. + + _Athenian Oracle_, Index to, 30. + + Atterbury (Bishop), his connection with the attack upon Dr. Bentley, + 40. + + Authorities quoted or referred to to be indexed, 159. + + _Ayenbite of Inwyt_, table of contents to the book, 6. + + + Baillet, his index to the books in the Lamoignon Library, 206. + + Baret's _Alvearie_, use of the words "index" and "table" in that + book, 8. + + Baronius, noble index to his Annales _Ecclesiastici_, 89. + + Bartlett (John), concordance to Shakespeare, 120. + + Bayle, his opinion on the need of judgment in the compilation of an + index, 132. + + Baynes (John), his terrible curse, 82. + + Bellenden (Mary) maligned in an index, 81. + + Bentham's _Works_, Good index to, by J. H. Burton, 102. + + Bentley's _Dissertation on the Epistle of Phalaris_, attack of the + "Wits" upon this book and Dr. King's Index, 36. + + Best (Mr. Justice), his great mind, 157. + + Bible, Concordances to the, 119. + + "Bibliothecar. Chetham.," his contribution to a general index in + _Notes and Queries_, 207. + + _Biglow Papers_, Humorous index to, 33. + + Biographical (British) Society suggested by the Rev. John E. B. + Mayor, 214. + + _Biography, Dictionary of National_, plan of arranging peers under + their surnames instead of their titles, 146. + + Birdwood's (Sir George) note "On the Indexing of the Names of Eastern + People," 164. + + Blackburn (Charles F.), _Hints on Catalogue Titles_ quoted, 183. + + "Book Prices Current," General index to, 113. + + Boswell's _Life of Johnson_, Boswell's own index, 109. + ---- Dr. Birkbeck Hill's admirable index to his edition, 105. + + Boyle (Hon. Charles), his attack upon Bentley, 36. + ---- offended Atterbury, 40. + + "Boyle upon Bentley," 36. + + Boyle's (Hon. Robert) _Considerations touching Natural Philosophy_, + table of contents called an index, 13. + + _British Association Reports_, index in six alphabets, 70. + + British Museum, collection of indexes in the Reading-room a great + boon, 218. + ---- proposed subject index to the catalogue of the library, 126. + + Bromley's (William) _Travels_, ill-natured index made to them by Dr. + King, 44; + his note on the attack made upon him, 46; + his Jacobite leanings, 52; + his portrait at Oxford, 52. + + Bruce's (John) edition of _Historie of Edward IV._, absurd filling + up of initials J. C., 78. + + Brunet (G.) translates _White Knight_ as _Le Chevalier Blanc_, 77. + + Buckland (Dr.) said to be the author of a work _Sur les Ponts et + Chaussees_, 77. + + Burton (Hill), _Book-Hunter_, allusion to the power in the hands of + an indexer, 24. + ---- his reference to Prynne's _Histrio-Mastix_, 20. + ---- his index to Bentham's _Works_, 102. + + + Calendar as a synonym of index, 7. + + Camden Society's publications, Proposed index to, 112. + + Campbell (Lady Charlotte) maligned in an index, 81. + + Campbell (Lord) proposed punishment for the publication of an + indexless book, 82. + ---- his confession, 83. + + Campkin (Henry), plea for index-makers, 92. + + _Canadian Journal_, bad index, 56. + + Capgrave's _Chronicle of England_, blunder in the index, 66. + + Cards or separate slips used for indexes, 182. + + Carlyle (Thomas), he denounces the putters-forth of indexless books, + 82, 91. + ---- his reference to Prynne's _Histrio-Mastix_, 15. + ---- his remarks on the want of indexes to the standard historical + collections, 91. + + Catalogue as a synonym of index, 7. + + Catalogues, Indexes to, 123. + ---- of libraries, Indexes to, 123. + + Chitty (E.), his supposed grudge against Justice Best, 157. + + _Christian Observer_, Index to, by Macaulay, 91. + + Cicero, his use of the word "index," 6, 8. + + Clark's (Perceval) index to Trevelyan's _Life of Macaulay_, 95. + + Clarke (Mrs. Cowden), her _Concordance to Shakespeare_, 120. + + Clarke (William) quoted, 118. + + Classification within the alphabet, Evils of, 58, 67. + + Cobbett's _Woodlands_ quoted, 72. + + Coke (Lord Chief Justice) an inaccurate man, 101. + + Commonplace books, Indexes to, 174. + + Concordances to the Bible, 119. + + Concordances to Shakespeare, 120. + + Contractions, dangers in filling them out, 78. + + _Corpus Christi Guild, York_, Incomplete index to _The Register_ of, + 122. + + Crestadoro's _Index to the Manchester Free Library Catalogue_, 125. + + Cross (J. Ashton), proposal for a universal index, 208, 209. + + Cross references not usually popular, 158. + ---- curiosities of, 72. + ---- want of, in indexes, 70. + + Cunningham (Mr.) paid L500 for indexing, 97. + + Curll's authors, instructions how to find them, 53. + + Curtis (F. A.) on the best method of constructing an index, 195. + + Cutter's rule as to the arrangement of peers under their surnames, + 146. + + Cutting up of entries when written on pages of paper, 182. + + + "Da," surnames not to be arranged under this prefix, 141. + + "Dal" surnames to be arranged under this prefix, 141. + + Darling's (James) _Cyclopaedia Bibliographica_, Index, 220. + + Dashes in printing representing repetition to be of uniform length, + 161, 204; + instances of incorrect use of them, 80, 138. + + "De," French surnames not to be arranged under this prefix, 141; + English surnames to be arranged under this prefix, 142. + + De Quincey on Bentley, 39. + + "Del," "Della," surnames to be arranged under these prefixes, 141. + + "Des," surnames to be arranged under this prefix, 141. + + Dictionary catalogue, its history, 129. + ---- Mr. Fortescue's objections to it, 130. + + Dictionary makers really indexers, 120. + + Disraeli's (Isaac) _Literary Miscellanies_ quoted, 1. + + Drayton (M.), his use of the word "index," 11. + + "Du," surnames to be arranged under this prefix, 141. + + Dugdale's _Warwickshire_, the words "index" and "table" both used, 9. + + Dumas (Alexandre) _pere et fils_, confused with Alexandre _pere et + fils_, harmonium-makers, 24. + + + Eadie's _Dictionary of the Bible_, Cross reference in, 72. + + Electricity, Indexes of, 123. + + Ellis's _Original Letters_ quoted, 19. + + _Encyclopaedia Britannica_, Cross references in, 72, 74. + + Envelopes as safe receptacles for index slips, 182, 189. + + Erasmus made alphabetical indexes, 7. + + + Fetis Musical Library, blunder in the index to the catalogue, 24. + + Flaxman (Dr. Roger) paid L3000 for indexing, 97. + + Fleming (Abraham), his use of the word "index," 8. + + Fletcher (William I.), his valuable additions to index literature, + 221. + + Ford's _Handbook of Spain_, Amusing cross reference in, 76. + + Forster (Rev. --) paid L3000 for indexing, 97. + + Fortescue (G. K.) on the proposed subject index to the British + Museum library catalogue, 126. + ---- on five-yearly indexes to the British Museum catalogue, 128. + + Freeman's opinion that foreign names should be Englished, 144. + + _Freemason_, bad index quoted, 54. + + Fuller (Thomas) quoted, 3, 172. + + + Gay's _Trivia_, humorous index, 32. + + _Gentleman's Magazine_, badness of the index of names, 153. + + Gerarde's _Herbal_, by Johnson, use of the words "index" and "table" + in that book, 9. + + Giddings (J.), index to _The Times_, 221. + + Glanville's (Joseph) _Vanity of Dogmatizing_ quoted, 2. + + Gough (H.), index to Parker Society's publications, 112. + + Greenhill (Dr.) on the formation of an Index Society, 207. + + Gruter's _Thesaurus Inscriptionum_, index to the book by Scaliger, 88. + + Gum an unsatisfactory material for laying down slips, 189. + + + Hardy (Sir T. Duffus), remarks on the "Pye-book," 7. + + Hare's _Walks in London_, Index to, 152. + + Harley (Robert, Earl of Oxford), the index to Bromley's _Travels_ + attributed to him, 46, 48. + + Harrison (Robert) proposes the formation of an Index Society in + _The Athenaeum_, 209. + + Hawkins's _Pleas of the Crown_, Odd cross references in, 75. + + Headings, alphabetical arrangement of, 137. + ---- instances of bad, 54. + ---- printing of, 160. + + Henrietta Maria offended with Prynne's _Histrio-Mastix_, 18. + + Heskeths, their change of name, 151. + + Hetherington's (Miss) opinions on the indexing of periodicals, 59; + specimens of absurd references quoted by her, 60; + on the qualifications of an indexer, 114. + + Hill's (Dr. Birkbeck) admirable indexes, 105-108. + + Historical collections, need of indexes to these standard works, 91. + + Homer, poetical index to Pope's translation of the Iliad, 21. + + House of Commons' Journals, sums paid for the indexes, 97. + + Hume (David), index to his _Essays_, 23; + he was glad to be saved from the drudgery of making one, 23. + + Hunt (Leigh), his opinion on index-making, 26. + ---- supposed author of the joke on Best's great mind, 157. + + Hutchins's _Dorset_, Separate indexes to, 69. + + Hyphen, Use of, in compound names, 149. + + + I and J to be kept distinct, 66, 135. + + Im Thurn, place of this name in the alphabet, 143. + + Index, alphabetical order not at first considered essential, 6; + classification to be abjured in an alphabetical index, 58, 67; + evils of dividing an index into several alphabets, 69; + _General or Universal Index_ (chap. viii.), 206, 223; + history of the word, 7; + use by the Romans, 6; + naturalisation of the word in English, 8; + introduced into English in the nominative case, 10; + _How to Set About the Index_ (chap. vii.), 172-205; + long struggle with the word "table," 7; + soul of a book, _Title-page_; + one index to each book, 134; + two chief causes of the badness of indexes, 64; + varied kinds of, 5. + + Index-learning ridiculed, 2. + + Index Society, its formation, 210; + published index to Trevelyan's _Life of Macaulay_, 95; + amalgamation with the Index Library, 210. + + Indexer, chief characteristics of a good indexer, 116; + difference of opinion as to whether the indexer is "born, _not_ + made," "not born, _but_ made," or "born _and_ made," 114; + power in his hands, 93; + _The Bad Indexer_ (chap. iii.), 53-84; + _The Good Indexer_ (chap. iv.), 85-117. + + Indexes, _Amusing and Satirical Indexes_ (chap. ii.), 25-52; + _Different Classes of Indexes_ (chap. v.), 118-131; + _General Rules for Alphabetical Indexes_ (chap. vi.), 132-171; + list of indexes, 218; + official indexes, 96; + to great authors proposed, 111; + veneration due to the inventor of indexes, 1. + + India said in the index to Capgrave's _Chronicle_ to be conquered by + Judas Maccabeus, 66. + + Indical, word used by Fuller, 4. + + Indice, word used by Ben Jonson, 10. + ---- French word, 10. + ---- Italian word, 10. + + Indices, objections to the use of this plural in English, 11. + + Indicium, the original of the French _indice_, 10. + + Initials, Careless use of, 161. + + Inventory as a synonym of index, 7. + + + J.C., absurd filling out of these initials, 78. + + Jaggard's (William) index to _Book Prices Current_, 113. + + Jeake's _Arithmetick Surveighed and Reviewed_, Index to, 89. + + Jevons (Professor Stanley), his suggestion of an Index Society, 208. + ---- his _Principles of Science_ quoted, 208. + + Jewel's _Apology_ by Isaacson, bad index, 56. + + Jews generally wore red hats in Italy, but not at Leghorn, 51. + + Johnson (Dr.), his division of necessary knowledge, 5. + ---- advises Richardson to add an index to his novels, 21. + + Jones (Thomas), his contribution to a general index in _Notes and + Queries_, 207. + + Jonson (Ben), his use of the word "indice," 10. + + + King (Dr. William), the inventor of satirical indexes, 35. + ---- his attack upon Bentley in the index to "Boyle upon Bentley," + 36. + + King (Dr. William), his parody of _Lister's Journey to Paris_, 42. + ---- his attack upon Sir Hans Sloane and the _Philosophical + Transactions"_, 42. + ---- satirical index to Bromley's _Travels_, 44. + + Knowledge, what is true, 1. + + + "La," surnames to be arranged under this prefix, 141. + + Lamoignon (M. de), his library, indexed by Baillet, 206. + + Lawyers good indexers, 98. + + "Le," surnames to be arranged under this prefix, 141. + + Library Association, Index to _Reports_, 113. + + Lister's _Journey to Paris_ parodied by Dr. King, 42. + + Littre, his derivation of indice, 10. + + Lo_n_don (George), his name often spelt Lo_u_don, 67. + + _Longman's Magazine_, bad index, 63. + + Lo_u_don (C. J.), the Duke of Wellington mistakes his signature for + that of the Bishop of London, 67. + + Lowell's _Biglow Papers_, humorous index, 33. + + + "M'" and "Mc" to be arranged as if written "Mac," 145. + + Macaulay (Lord) an indexer, 91. + ---- indexers treated with contempt by him, 92. + ---- his opinion on the index to his _History_, 93. + ---- objection to the indexing of his _History_ by a Tory, 93. + ---- his Englishing of foreign names approved by Freeman, 144. + ---- on Bentley's foibles, 38. + + Maine (Duc de), Duc of Maine, Duke de Maine, or Duke of Maine, 144. + + Malcolm (E. H.) quoted, 193. + + Markland (J. H.), remarks on indexing, 82. + + Mayor's (Rev. John E. B.) collection of biographical references, 214. + + Michel's (Dan) _Ayenbite of Inwyt_, table of contents, 6. + + Minsheu, his use of the word "index," 9. + + Montaigne's _Essays_, index to Florio's translation, 12. + + Moore (Edward) paid L6400 for indexing, 97. + + More (Hannah), Macaulay's letter to her, 91. + + Morley (John) protests against indexless books, 84. + + Morris (William) on an absurd cross reference, 72. + + + Names, authors arranged under their Christian names, 89; + compound names, 149; + proper names with prefixes, 145; + rule for the arrangement of compound names, 149; + rules for the arrangement of foreign and English respectively, + 141, 142. + + North's _Lives of the Norths_, index to Jessopp's edition, 179. + + Norton (Thomas), Remembrancer of London, an indexer, 85. + + _Notes and Queries_, announcement in its pages of the projected + formation of an Index Society in 1854, 207. + ---- indexes highly appreciated, 112. + + Noy (Attorney-General) prosecutes Prynne, 15 + + Numerals, Use of, for series of volumes, 159. + + + Oldys (William) on the need of indexes, 86. + + Oriental names, Rules for indexing, 163; + Sir George Birdwood's notes on the names of Eastern people, 164. + + Oxford (Robert Harley, Earl of) reported to be author of the index + to Bromley's _Travels_, 46, 48. + + + Page, when a division of a, should be marked, 159. + + Paget (Sir James) pleased to make an index, 23. + + Paper, saving of, an unwise economy, 176, 187. + + Parr (Dr.), note on the index to Bromley's _Travels_, 47. + + Paste the only material for laying down slips, 189. + + Peacock (Edward), detection of blunders in Oxford reprint of + Whitelock's _Memorials_, 181. + + Peers to be arranged under their titles, 145. + + _Penny Cyclopaedia_, vague cross references in, 73. + + Periodicals, transactions, etc., Indexing of, 121; + usually badly indexed, 59. + + Perkins (F. B.), plan of arranging slips, 185. + + _Philosophical Transactions_ laughed at by Dr. King, 42. + + Pineda (Juan de), index to his _Monarchia Ecclesiastica_, 89. + + Plays, Prynne's attack upon, 16. + + Plinie's _Natural Historie_, by Holland, Use of the word "index" + in, 10. + + Plutarch's _Lives_, by North, the index called a table, 8. + + Poole's (W. F.) _Index to Periodical Literature_ quoted, 59; + its great value, 220; + new edition by co-operation, 221; + his remarks on cross references, 71. + + Printing of headings, 160; + special type, 160. + + Prynne, _Histrio-Mastix_, specimens from the index, 14. + ---- a martyr to his conscientiousness in making an index, 15. + + Puritans, Prynne's praise of, 17. + + "Pye" as a synonym of index, 7 (note). + + "Pye-book," derivation, 7 (note). + + + Ranke's _History of England_, issue of revised index by the + Clarendon Press, 113. + + Rawlinson (Dr.) on the index to Bromley's _Travels_, 45. + + Register as a synonym of index, 7, 8. + + _Remembrancia_, Index to, quoted, 85. + + Repetition, Marks of, in an index, 161, 204; + instances of incorrect use of them, 80, 138. + + Richardson (S.), index to his three novels, 22. + ---- a practised indexer, 22. + + Royal Society attacked by Dr. King, 42. + + _Rules for Alphabetical Indexes_ (chap. vi.), 132-171. + + Rules for cataloguing referred to, 133. + + Ruskin's _Fors Clavigera_, Index to, 103. + + Russell (Constance, Lady) points out confusions in indexes, 80. + + + "St." to be arranged in the alphabet as "Saint," 145. + + Saints to be arranged under their proper names, 145. + + Scaliger, his index to Gruter's _Thesaurus Inscriptionum_, 88. + + Schmidt (Dr. Alexander), _Shakespeare Lexicon_ (1874), 120. + + "Scholar's (A)" opposition to publication of a subject-index to the + British Museum library catalogue, 126. + + Scientific books, Indexing of, 120. + + Scobell's _Acts and Ordinances of Parliament_, the words "index" and + "table" both used, 9. + + _Selwyn (George), and his Contemporaries_, published without an + index, 84. + + Seneca, his indication of the contents of his books, 6. + + Shakespeare, his use of the word "index," 11. + + Shenstone's _Schoolmistress_, humorous table of contents, 31. + + Shylock acted by Macklin in a red hat, 51. + + Sloane (Sir Hans) laughed at by Dr. King, 42. + + Solly (Edward), calculation of the time wasted in looking up a + reference in the index to the _Gentleman's Magazine_, 153. + ---- note on early indexes, 14. + ---- proposes the formation of an Index Society, 208. + ---- scheme of a biographical index, 211. + + _Spectator, The_, Index to, 30. + + _Spectators_, _Tatlers_, and _Guardians_, general index, 29. + + Speed's _History of Great Britaine_, the words "index" and "table" + both used, 10. + + State papers, indexes to the calendars, 97. + + Statutes of the realm, valuable index to the edition of the _Record + Commission_, 98. + + Stephen (Sir J. Fitzjames) on a complete digest of the law, 99. + ---- on the early digesters of the law, 101. + + Summary as a synonym of index, 7. + + Swift's _Battle of the Books_ quoted, 38. + ---- _Condition of Edmund Curll_ quoted, 53. + ---- his satirical reference to index-learning, 2. + ---- _Tale of a Tub_ quoted, 2. + ---- _Works_ edited by Scott, bad index, 154. + + Syllabus as a synonym of index, 7, 8. + + + Table as a synonym of index, 7, 8, 9. + + _Tatler, The_, Index to, 27. + + Tedder (H. R.), his indexes to _Reports of Conference of Librarians + and Library Association_, 112. + + Ten Brink, place of this name in the alphabet, 143. + + Thomas (F. S.), _Historical Notes_ referred to, 219. + + Thompson (Corrie L.), his criticism of Palmer's index to + _The Times_, 221. + + Thoms (W. J.) urged the formation of an Index Society, 209. + + Thring (Lord), his instructions for an index to the _Statute Law_, 98. + + Thrub-chandler, Bung of a, 73. + + _Times (The)_, Indexes to, 221; + criticism on Palmer's index, 221. + + Translations (French) of titles, 77. + + Trevelyan's _Life of Macaulay_, Index to, by Perceval Clark, 95. + + + U and N, Confusion between, 66. + + U and V to be kept distinct, 66, 135. + + + "Van," foreign names not to be indexed under this prefix, 141. + ---- English names to be indexed under this prefix, 142. + + Vergil (Polydore), _Anglicae Historiae_ has a good index, 14. + + "Von," surnames not to be arranged under this prefix, 141. + + + Walford (Cornelius), inquiry for the earliest index, 14. + + Walpole's _Letters_, Bad index to, 79; + examples of bad entries, 80. + + Warton's _History of English Poetry_, index, 70. + + Watt's _Bibliotheca Britannica_, index, 219. + + Watts (Dr.), his warning against index-learning, 2. + + Watts (Thomas), his expression of the need for an Index Society, 207. + + Welch (J. Cuthbert) on the publication of an index to a journal, 211. + + Wellington (Duke of), amusing misreading of Lo_u_don's letter, 67. + ---- cross reference in Ford's _Handbook to Spain_, 76. + + Wheatley (B. R.) as a good indexer, 117; + his "Evitandum" in indexing, 155. + + _White Knights_ translated as _Le Chevalier Blanc_, 77. + + Whitelock's _Memorial_, Carlyle's condemnation of, 91; + index to Oxford reprint, 180. + + Winsor (Justin) advocated the formation of Index Society, 210. + + Wynford (Lord), previously Sir W. D. Best, 157. + + + _York, Register of Corpu Christi Guild_, index, 122. + + + _Elliot Stock, Paternoster Row, London._ + + + + + [Illustration] + + + + + PREVIOUS VOLUMES OF + BOOK-LOVER'S LIBRARY. + +_Cloth, price_ =4s. 6d.=; _Roxburgh Half Morocco_, =7s. 6d.=; +_Large Paper_, =L1 1s.= _net_. + + +=How to Form a Library.= By HENRY B. WHEATLEY, F.S.A. Second Edition. + +CONTENTS: How Men have Formed Libraries.--How to Buy.--Public +Libraries.--General Bibliographies.--Special Bibliographies.--Publishing +Societies.--Child's Library.--One Hundred Books. + +=Old Cookery Books and Ancient Cuisine.= By WILLIAM CAREW HAZLITT. + +=The Literature of Local Institutions.= By G. LAURENCE GOMME, F.S.A. + The work is divided into the following Sections: 1. Local Government + generally.--2. The Shire.--3. The Hundred.--4. Municipal + Government.--5. Guilds.--6. The Manor.--7. The Township and Parish. + +=Foreign Visitors in England, and What They have Thought of Us.= Being + some Notes on their Books and Opinions during the last Three + Centuries. By EDWARD SMITH. + +=Modern Methods of Illustrating Books.= Commencing with the early forms + of illustrating books, and tracing the art down to our own day, the + author leads the reader up to modern processes of producing + illustrations. + +=The Dedication of Books.= To Patron and Friend. A Chapter in Literary + History. By HENRY B. WHEATLEY, F.S.A. + +=Gleanings in Old Garden Literature.= By WILLIAM CAREW HAZLITT. + +=The Story of some Famous Books.= Second Edition. By EDWARD SAUNDERS, + Author of "Salad for the Social." Interspersed in the narrative are + many amusing anecdotes, curious and suggestive allusions, and much + out-of-the way information which will be welcomed by the book-lover + and the student, as well as the reader who seeks amusement only. + +=The Enemies of Books.= By WILLIAM BLADES. Second Edition. This + entertaining volume gives a series of readable chapters on the + various causes which have operated in the destruction of books. + +=The Book of Noodles.= Stories of Simpletons; or, Fools and their + Follies. By W. A. CLOUSTON, Author of "The Book of Sindibad," + "Popular Tales and Fictions," etc., etc. + +=How to Catalogue a Library.= By HENRY B. WHEATLEY, F.S.A., Author of + "How to Form a Library." + +CONTENTS: Introduction on Cataloguing Generally.--The Battle of the +Rules.--Print _v._ MS.--How to treat a Title-page.--Reference and +Subject-Index.--The Arrangement of a Catalogue.--Something about +MSS.--Rules for a Small Library.--A List of Latinised Names of +Places.--A List of Classical Names.--An unusually copious Index is +added. + +=Reporting in the Olden Time and To-day.= By JOHN PENDLETON, + Author of "The History of Derbyshire." + +=Studies In Jocular Literature.= A Popular Subject more closely + Considered. By WILLIAM C. HAZLITT. + +=The Story of the IMITATIONE CHRISTI.= By LEONARD WHEATLEY. With + a Portrait of Thomas a Kempis. + +=Books Condemned to be Burnt.= By JAMES ANSON FARRER. + +=Books in Chains=, and other Bibliographical Papers. By WM. BLADES. + +=Literary Blunders=: A Chapter in the History of Human Error. By + HENRY B. WHEATLEY, F.S.A. + +=Book Song=: An Anthology of Poems of Books and Book-men, from + Modern Authors. Edited by GLEESON WHITE. + +=Walton and the Early Writers on Fishing.= By R. B. MANSTON, + Editor of the _Fishing Gazette_. + +=Books that have been Fatal to their Authors.= By Rev. P. H. + DITCHFIELD. + +=Book Verse=: An Anthology of Poems of Books and Book-men, from + the Earliest Times to Recent Years. Edited by W. ROBERTS. + +=The Literature of Music.= By JAMES E. MATTHEW, Author of "A + Manual of Musical History." + +=The Novels of Charles Dickens.= A Bibliography and Sketch. By + FREDERIC G. KITTON, Author of "Charles Dickens by Pen and + Pencil," etc. With a portrait which has not been published + before. + +=The Minor Writings of Charles Dickens=: A Bibliography and + Sketch. By F. G. KITTON, Author of "Dickensiana," "The Novels of + Charles Dickens," "Dickens and his Illustrators," etc. + +=Book Auctions in England in the Seventeenth Century.= By JOHN + LAWLER, Compiler of the Sunderland and Ashburnham Catalogues. + + + LONDON: + ELLIOT STOCK, 62, PATERNOSTER ROW. + + + + + Transcriber Notes: + +Passages in italics were indicated by _underscores_. + +Passages in bold were indicated by =equal signs=. + +Small caps were replaced with ALL CAPS. + +Throughout the document, the oe ligature was replaced with "oe". + +Throughout the dialogues, there were words used to mimic accents of +the speakers. Those words were retained as-is. + +The illustrations have been moved so that they do not break up +paragraphs and so that they are next to the text they illustrate. Thus +the page number of the illustration might not match the page number in +the List of Illustrations, and the order of illustrations may not be the +same in the List of Illustrations and in the book. + +Errors in punctuations and inconsistent hyphenation were not corrected +unless otherwise noted. + +In the first page, a period was added after "F.S.A". + +On page 6, the y in "boc volyinde" was a yogh in the book. + +On page 22, a quotation mark was removed after "proper heads.". + +On page 58, a quotation mark was added after "Classes of Literature." + +On page 77, the caret symbol followed by an "e" represents a +superscripted e. + +On page 110, a quotation mark was added before "Heberden, Dr." + +On page 112, "It it" was replaced with "It is". + +On page 115, "wil" was replaced with "will". + +On page 188, "with slip about" was replaced with "will slip about". + +On page 213, a period was placed after "etc". + +On page 216, a period was placed after "considerable importance". + +On page 225, a period was placed after "88". + +On page 228, a period was placed after "220". + +On page 229, a period was placed after "54". + +On page 229, a comma was placed after "Athenaeum". + +On page 232, a period was placed after 44. + +On page 235, a period was placed after "Corrie L". + +In the advertisements, a period was added after "Henry B". + + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's How to Make an Index, by Henry B. 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